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https://zeroday.forem.com/dineshgit17 | Dinesh Dawonauth - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Follow User actions Dinesh Dawonauth Data engineer who turns messy pipelines into reliable systems and side projects into accidental products. Obsessed with performance, clean design, and not fixing the same bug twice. Location Toronto, Ontario Joined Joined on Dec 21, 2025 Personal website https://www.dineshd.dev github website Pronouns He / Him Work Data Engineer @ Meridian More info about @dineshgit17 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages Python, SQL, PostgreSQL, data pipelines, system design, ML foundations, Next.js, React, and TypeScript. Strong generalist with a bias for backend correctness and frontend polish. Currently learning Advanced system design patterns, data modeling at scale, and ML infrastructure. Also learning when not to over engineer. Progress is steady. Coffee helps. Currently hacking on A personal portfolio platform, data pipelines, and a few side projects that started small and now refuse to stay simple. Shipping, refining, and occasionally deleting code responsibly. Available for Data engineering discussions, system design reviews, ML infrastructure ideas, and thoughtful side projects. Always happy to talk architecture, tradeoffs, or why something should stay simple. Post 1 post published Comment 3 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building Dinesh Dawonauth Dinesh Dawonauth Dinesh Dawonauth Follow Dec 22 '25 Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building # beginners # tools # cryptography 2 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Want to connect with Dinesh Dawonauth? Create an account to connect with Dinesh Dawonauth. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/arsalanmeee/azure-introduces-new-networking-updates-for-better-security-and-reliability-5682 | Azure Introduces New Networking Updates for Better Security and Reliability - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Arsalan Mlaik for Arsalan Malik Posted on Dec 7, 2025 Azure Introduces New Networking Updates for Better Security and Reliability # azure # networking # news # career Published on Makemychance Microsoft Azure has rolled out new networking improvements aimed at helping developers build more secure, stable, and highly available cloud applications. The latest updates strengthen DDoS protection , improve traffic filtering , and offer deeper network monitoring , making it easier for developers and DevOps teams to identify issues faster. Azure’s upgraded load balancing and automatic failover features also reduce downtime during heavy traffic or service interruptions. For high-availability workloads, Azure now provides improved zone redundancy , smarter cross-region routing , and more efficient connection management. These changes support developers working on distributed systems, microservices, and global applications. For general information, users can check the Azure homepage ( https://azure.microsoft.com ) or Microsoft’s website ( https://www.microsoft.com ). Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Arsalan Malik Follow Read More Makemychance More from Arsalan Malik Google Workspace Studio Agents: A Simple Guide for Developers # ai # cloud # network # news 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/naman_2004/extracting-dsa-question-statistics-from-codolio-and-takeuforward-tuf-5g7o | 📊 Extracting DSA Question Statistics from Codolio and TakeUForward (TUF) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Naman Posted on Jan 10 📊 Extracting DSA Question Statistics from Codolio and TakeUForward (TUF) # api # python # automation # tutorial If you're actively solving DSA problems across multiple platforms (LeetCode, GeeksforGeeks, Codeforces, TakeUForward) and also contributing to GitHub, wouldn't it be amazing to have one unified dashboard showing all your coding stats? In this tutorial, I'll show you how I built a Complete Coding Stats Aggregator that combines: DSA Stats from Codolio (LeetCode, GFG, Codeforces, etc.) TakeUForward progress separately GitHub Activity (commits, stars, PRs, active days) All exported to a single coding-stats.json file! 🎯 What We're Building A Python script that: ✅ Fetches coding stats from Codolio API (all platforms except TUF) ✅ Fetches TakeUForward stats separately (to avoid duplication) ✅ Fetches GitHub activity stats from Codolio's GitHub proxy ✅ Combines everything into coding-stats.json ✅ Categorizes DSA problems by difficulty: Easy, Medium, Hard 🔍 Step 1: Reverse Engineering the APIs 1.1 Finding the Codolio API Goal : Get your DSA stats from all platforms (except TUF) Open Codolio Profile : Go to codolio.com and log in Open Developer Tools : Windows/Linux: F12 or Ctrl+Shift+I Mac: Cmd+Option+I Go to Network Tab : Click on the "Network" tab Reload the Page : Press Ctrl+R (Windows/Linux) or Cmd+R (Mac) Filter Requests : Type "user" in the filter box Locate the API Call : Look for a request to https://api.codolio.com/user Extract Headers : Click on the request Go to "Headers" section Find authorization header Copy the entire Bearer token (starts with Bearer eyJ... ) API Endpoint : https://api.codolio.com/user What you need : Authorization token (Bearer token from headers) 1.2 Finding the TakeUForward API Goal : Get your TUF-specific stats Open Your TUF Profile : Visit https://takeuforward.org/profile/YOUR_USERNAME Open Developer Tools : F12 Go to Network Tab : Click "Network" Reload Page : Ctrl+R Filter : Type "dsa-progress" Find the Endpoint : Look for: https://backend-go.takeuforward.org/api/v1/shared/profile/dsa-progress/YOUR_USERNAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode API Endpoint : https://backend-go.takeuforward.org/api/v1/shared/profile/dsa-progress/{username} What you need : Your TUF username (no authentication required!) 1.3 Finding the GitHub Stats API (via Codolio) Goal : Get GitHub activity stats On Codolio Profile : Make sure your GitHub is connected Open Developer Tools : F12 Network Tab : Click "Network" Navigate to GitHub Section : Click on your GitHub stats in Codolio Filter : Type "github" Find the Endpoint : Look for: https://api.codolio.com/github/profile?userKey=YOUR_PROFILE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode API Endpoint : https://api.codolio.com/github/profile?userKey={profileName} What you need : Your Codolio profile name (username) 🛠️ Step 2: Understanding the Data Structures 2.1 Codolio Response (DSA Stats) { "data" : { "platformProfiles" : { "platformProfiles" : [ { "platform" : "leetcode" , "totalQuestionStats" : { "easyQuestionCounts" : 150 , "mediumQuestionCounts" : 200 , "hardQuestionCounts" : 50 , "totalQuestionCounts" : 400 } }, { "platform" : "gfg" , "totalQuestionStats" : { "basicQuestionCounts" : 100 , "schoolQuestionCounts" : 50 , "easyQuestionCounts" : 120 , "mediumQuestionCounts" : 80 , "hardQuestionCounts" : 30 , "totalQuestionCounts" : 380 } }, { "platform" : "tuf" , "totalQuestionStats" : { /* we skip this */ } } ] } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Points : Contains multiple platforms in one response Some platforms (like GFG) have basicQuestionCounts and schoolQuestionCounts → treat as Easy TUF is included but we skip it to avoid double-counting 2.2 TakeUForward Response { "data" : { "data" : { "solvedEasy" : 45 , "solvedMedium" : 60 , "solvedHard" : 15 , "totalSolved" : 120 } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2.3 GitHub Response (via Codolio) { "data" : { "githubProfile" : "naman08" , "stars" : 42 , "issues" : 15 , "totalActiveDays" : 365 , "pushRequestsCount" : 89 , "totalContributions" : 1247 } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 💻 Step 3: Writing the Complete Aggregator Script 3.1 Install Required Package pip install requests Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3.2 The Complete Script Create a file aggregator.py : import requests import json import os # ========================= # 1️⃣ CODOLIO (ALL EXCEPT TUF) # ========================= codolio_url = " https://api.codolio.com/user " codolio_headers = { " authorization " : " Bearer YOUR_TOKEN_HERE " , # 🔥 REPLACE THIS " accept " : " */* " , " referer " : " https://codolio.com/ " } res = requests . get ( codolio_url , headers = codolio_headers ) if res . status_code != 200 : print ( " ❌ Codolio Error: " , res . status_code ) exit () data = res . json () platforms = data [ " data " ][ " platformProfiles " ][ " platformProfiles " ] codolio_easy = codolio_medium = codolio_hard = codolio_total = 0 for p in platforms : if p . get ( " platform " ) == " tuf " : continue # ❌ Skip TUF to avoid duplicates q = p . get ( " totalQuestionStats " ) if not q : continue # Standard difficulty counts codolio_easy += q . get ( " easyQuestionCounts " ) or 0 codolio_medium += q . get ( " mediumQuestionCounts " ) or 0 codolio_hard += q . get ( " hardQuestionCounts " ) or 0 # Platform-specific easy categories (GFG, etc.) # Treat "basic" and "school" level as Easy codolio_easy += q . get ( " basicQuestionCounts " ) or 0 codolio_easy += q . get ( " schoolQuestionCounts " ) or 0 codolio_total += q . get ( " totalQuestionCounts " ) or 0 print ( f " ✅ Codolio: { codolio_total } problems " ) # ========================= # 2️⃣ TUF OFFICIAL API # ========================= tuf_url = " https://backend-go.takeuforward.org/api/v1/shared/profile/dsa-progress/YOUR_USERNAME " # 🔥 REPLACE tuf_headers = { " accept " : " application/json, text/plain, */* " , " origin " : " https://takeuforward.org " , " referer " : " https://takeuforward.org/ " } res = requests . get ( tuf_url , headers = tuf_headers ) if res . status_code != 200 : print ( " ❌ TUF Error: " , res . status_code ) exit () tuf_data = res . json ()[ " data " ][ " data " ] tuf_easy = tuf_data [ " solvedEasy " ] tuf_medium = tuf_data [ " solvedMedium " ] tuf_hard = tuf_data [ " solvedHard " ] tuf_total = tuf_easy + tuf_medium + tuf_hard print ( f " ✅ TUF: { tuf_total } problems " ) # ========================= # 3️⃣ FINAL DSA COMBINED # ========================= final_easy = codolio_easy + tuf_easy final_medium = codolio_medium + tuf_medium final_hard = codolio_hard + tuf_hard final_total = final_easy + final_medium + final_hard print ( f " 📊 Total DSA: { final_total } problems " ) # ========================= # 4️⃣ GITHUB STATS (FROM CODOLIO) # ========================= github_url = " https://api.codolio.com/github/profile?userKey=YOUR_PROFILE_NAME " # 🔥 REPLACE github_headers = { " accept " : " */* " , " referer " : " https://codolio.com/ " } try : res = requests . get ( github_url , headers = github_headers , timeout = 15 ) if res . status_code != 200 : raise Exception ( f " GitHub API error { res . status_code } " ) github_json = res . json () gh = github_json . get ( " data " , {}) # ✅ Extract the "data" object github_data = { " githubProfile " : gh . get ( " githubProfile " ), " stars " : gh . get ( " stars " , 0 ), " issues " : gh . get ( " issues " , 0 ), " totalActiveDays " : gh . get ( " totalActiveDays " , 0 ), " pushRequestsCount " : gh . get ( " pushRequestsCount " , 0 ), " commits " : gh . get ( " totalContributions " , 0 ) } print ( f " ✅ GitHub: { github_data [ ' commits ' ] } commits " ) except Exception as e : print ( f " ⚠️ GitHub fetch failed: { e } " ) github_data = {} # ========================= # 5️⃣ COMBINE & EXPORT JSON # ========================= output = { " codolio " : { " easy " : codolio_easy , " medium " : codolio_medium , " hard " : codolio_hard , " total " : codolio_total }, " tuf " : { " easy " : tuf_easy , " medium " : tuf_medium , " hard " : tuf_hard , " total " : tuf_total }, " final " : { " easy " : final_easy , " medium " : final_medium , " hard " : final_hard , " total " : final_total }, " github " : github_data } # Create public directory if it doesn't exist os . makedirs ( " public " , exist_ok = True ) with open ( " public/coding-stats.json " , " w " ) as f : json . dump ( output , f , indent = 2 ) print ( " \n 🎉 coding-stats.json generated successfully! " ) print ( f " 📍 Location: public/coding-stats.json " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3.3 Replace Placeholders Before running, replace: Line 10 : YOUR_TOKEN_HERE → Your Codolio Bearer token Line 44 : YOUR_USERNAME → Your TakeUForward username Line 73 : YOUR_PROFILE_NAME → Your Codolio profile name (e.g., naman08 ) 📤 Step 4: Run the Script python aggregator.py Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Expected Output : ✅ Codolio: 630 problems ✅ TUF: 120 problems 📊 Total DSA: 750 problems ✅ GitHub: 1247 commits 🎉 coding-stats.json generated successfully! 📍 Location: public/coding-stats.json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generated File ( public/coding-stats.json ): { "codolio" : { "easy" : 270 , "medium" : 280 , "hard" : 80 , "total" : 630 }, "tuf" : { "easy" : 45 , "medium" : 60 , "hard" : 15 , "total" : 120 }, "final" : { "easy" : 315 , "medium" : 340 , "hard" : 95 , "total" : 750 }, "github" : { "githubProfile" : "naman08" , "stars" : 42 , "issues" : 15 , "totalActiveDays" : 365 , "pushRequestsCount" : 89 , "commits" : 1247 } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 🔄 Step 5: Automate with GitHub Actions Create .github/workflows/update-stats.yml : name : Update Coding Stats on : schedule : - cron : ' 0 0 * * *' # Run daily at midnight UTC workflow_dispatch : # Allow manual trigger jobs : update-stats : runs-on : ubuntu-latest steps : - name : Checkout repository uses : actions/checkout@v3 - name : Set up Python uses : actions/setup-python@v4 with : python-version : ' 3.10' - name : Install dependencies run : pip install requests - name : Run aggregator script env : CODOLIO_TOKEN : ${{ secrets.CODOLIO_TOKEN }} TUF_USERNAME : ${{ secrets.TUF_USERNAME }} CODOLIO_PROFILE : ${{ secrets.CODOLIO_PROFILE }} run : | # Replace placeholders in script sed -i "s/YOUR_TOKEN_HERE/$CODOLIO_TOKEN/g" aggregator.py sed -i "s/YOUR_USERNAME/$TUF_USERNAME/g" aggregator.py sed -i "s/YOUR_PROFILE_NAME/$CODOLIO_PROFILE/g" aggregator.py # Run the script python aggregator.py - name : Commit and push changes run : | git config --local user.email "action@github.com" git config --local user.name "GitHub Action" git add public/coding-stats.json git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "📊 Update coding stats [$(date +'%Y-%m-%d')]" git push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Add GitHub Secrets Go to your repository → Settings → Secrets and variables → Actions → New repository secret: CODOLIO_TOKEN : Your Bearer token (without "Bearer " prefix) TUF_USERNAME : Your TakeUForward username CODOLIO_PROFILE : Your Codolio profile name 🎯 Conclusion You now have a fully automated coding stats aggregator that combines: ✅ Multi-platform DSA progress (via Codolio + TUF) ✅ GitHub activity metrics ✅ Auto-updates via GitHub Actions ✅ Ready-to-display JSON format Perfect for portfolios, resumes, or tracking your coding journey! Found this helpful? Star the repo and share with fellow developers! 🌟 Happy Coding! 🚀 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Naman Follow HI Joined Oct 2, 2024 More from Naman Mall Customer Segmentation using ML — A Step-by-Step Tutorial # datascience # tutorial # python # machinelearning Secure, Login-Free File Transfers with File_Storage # webdev # api # javascript # googlecloud 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/abirk/webrtc-p2p-vs-mcu-vs-sfu-1b89 | WebRTC P2P vs MCU vs SFU - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Kader Khan Posted on Jan 6 WebRTC P2P vs MCU vs SFU # systemdesign # devops # webrtc # webdev 1. What Is WebRTC (Quick Overview)? WebRTC stands for Web Real-Time Communication — an open standard that enables audio and video streaming directly between browsers and apps without plugins. It’s the foundation of modern video calling on the web because it: 📌 Works in most browsers 📌 Uses real-time protocols (RTP/UDP) for low delay 📌 Secures streams with encryption 📌 Doesn’t require installation of special plugins But at its core, WebRTC is originally designed for peer-to-peer connections — meaning one peer connects directly to another . This is great for 1-to-1 calls , but becomes complicated with more participants. 2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) ➝ Mesh Architecture 🌐 How P2P works Imagine you and one other person want a video call. WebRTC makes a direct connection between your device and theirs. Both devices send and receive streams directly — no server in the middle. This is ideal for one-to-one video calls : ✔ Low latency ✔ No central server required ✔ No additional cost 🧠 But what if more people join? If you add a third person , each participant must connect with each other : A ↔ B A ↔ C B ↔ C Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That’s 3 connections. If you add a fourth, it becomes more tangled: 6 total connections: A↔B, A↔C, A↔D, B↔C, B↔D, C↔D Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This pattern is called a mesh — each peer connects to all others directly. 📉 Problems with Mesh 🔄 Bandwidth explosion: Each peer must send its video stream to every other peer — quickly saturating upload bandwidth. 🖥 CPU & encoding cost: Each codec needs to encode video multiple times. 🧪 Not reliable when peers > ~4–6 , especially over mobile or slow networks. Thus, mesh works only for very small groups (usually up to ~5 participants). 3. Beyond Mesh — Server-Mediated Architectures To build scalable multi-party calling, we introduce a central media server . This server can relieve peers from uploading to every other peer. There are two major ways to do this: A. SFU — Selective Forwarding Unit 🧠 What SFU does With SFU: Every peer sends their stream once to the server. The SFU forwards streams to all other participants — but it doesn’t decode or re-encode them. Each peer receives the streams it wants and renders them. SFU acts like a traffic hub : one upload from each user, and multiple forwards. 📊 Example Imagine 5 participants: You send your stream _once_ → SFU SFU sends out your video to Bl, B2, B3, B4 → each gets the streams they subscribed to Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each participant still receives (N-1) streams, but they only upload once . ⭐ Advantages of SFU 📈 Scales better than mesh — because upload cost on the user side doesn’t explode. ⚡ Lower server load — the server just forwards , not processes bits deeply. 🎛 Clients can choose which streams to show (e.g., pin a speaker). 📱 Supports simulcast (multiple quality layers) — better adapts to bandwidth. ⚠ Limitations Still sends multiple streams to each client (could be heavy on download). Server introduces another hop — slightly more latency than direct mesh. B. MCU — Multipoint Control Unit 💡 What MCU does MCU also receives streams from all peers. But unlike SFU, it decodes and mixes them into a single combined stream : ✔ Every participant receives just one stream — no matter how many others are in call. ✔ MCU handles mixing, layout, encoding, and then sends that one stream to all clients. 🎨 Example In a call with 5 users: Each user sends their stream to the MCU. MCU combines all 5 videos into a tiled layout (e.g., a 2×2 grid plus one picture). That single mixed video is sent back to each participant. 💎 Advantages of MCU 📉 Clients receive only one video stream — minimal CPU & bandwidth. 📺 Easy consistent layout for all participants. 📼 Good for legacy devices that can’t handle many streams. 🔥 Downsides 🧠 Very heavy server processing — mixing + encoding is CPU intensive. 💰 Expensive to scale — server resources grow with participants. 😴 Less flexible — clients get one view determined by server (can’t rearrange locally). 4. SFU vs MCU — A Quick Comparison Aspect Mesh (P2P) SFU MCU Server Required ❌ No ✅ Yes ✅ Yes Upload per peer N-1 streams 1 stream 1 stream Download per peer N-1 streams N-1 streams 1 stream Server CPU Load Low Moderate Very High Client CPU Load High Moderate Very Low Scalability Poor High Moderate-High Layout Flexibility High High Low 5. Why SFU Is Dominating Modern Video Apps Today, services like Zoom, Google Meet, Jitsi, and many WebRTC SaaS platforms rely on SFU for group calls because it: ✔ Offers the best balance between scalability and performance ✔ Allows custom layouts and controls ✔ Supports simulcast adaptation to network conditions ✔ Doesn’t overwhelm the server like classic MCU does ([Clan Meeting][2]) MCU is still used for special cases like webinar broadcasting or legacy device support , but SFU is the most widely deployed. 6. Signaling, STUN & TURN — The Supporting Cast Real world WebRTC calls don’t magically connect peers: ✔ Signaling WebRTC uses signaling servers (your app’s backend) to exchange metadata so peers can discover each other and initiate connections. ✔ STUN Helps discover each peer’s public IP address through NAT. ✔ TURN Acts as a relay when direct connection isn’t possible (e.g., firewalls). All of these help establish WebRTC connections before any media is sent. 7. Practical Examples to Visualize 🧑🤝🧑 1-to-1 Call ✔ Mesh / P2P ✔ Direct connection — minimal cost ✔ Best for simple calls 👩👩👦 Small Group (3–6 users) ✔ Mesh still kinda works ✔ But upload & CPU start suffering 🧑💻 Large Group (8–50+ users) ✔ Best with SFU ✔ Each user uploads once, downloads only what they want ✔ Clients can choose video layout 📺 Webinar / Broadcast ✔ MCU or Hybrid ✔ Mixed stream broadcast to many viewers 8. Summary — How WebRTC Makes Video Conferencing Work WebRTC enables real-time audio/video streaming in browsers and apps. For two peers , direct P2P works fine. As participants grow, P2P becomes inefficient (mesh). SFU solves this by forwarding streams through a central server with minimal processing. MCU mixes all media into one stream but at high server cost. Real apps often use hybrid models — e.g., P2P when only 2 users, SFU for groups, and even MCU for broadcasting large sessions. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Kader Khan Follow "🚀 DevOps Architect | Infrastructure Alchemist | Cloud Whisperer 🌥️ Joined Feb 19, 2025 More from Kader Khan WebSocket VS Polling VS SSE # architecture # networking # webdev Consistent Hashing - System Design # systemdesign # algorithms # architecture # computerscience Event Sourcing - System Design Pattern # devops # aws # cloudnative # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/rogo032/10-proven-ways-to-cut-your-aws-bill-5157 | 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nikola Roganovic Posted on Jan 10 • Originally published at costlyfy.com 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill # aws # devops # cloud # sre 1. Right-size your EC2 instances One of the most common reasons for high AWS bills is overprovisioned EC2 instances. Many systems don’t use a fraction of their capacity and are usually just sitting there doing nothing. By regularly monitoring CPU, memory, and other metrics, you can right-size instances to match real usage. This single change often results in savings of 20 to 40 percent without affecting performance. 2. Use Auto Scaling instead of static resources Static servers cost money even when no one is using them. Auto Scaling allows your infrastructure to grow and shrink based on actual demand. This is especially useful for applications with daily traffic spikes or seasonal usage patterns. You only pay for what you need at any given moment. 3. Use Reserved Instances or Savings Plans for stable workloads If a service runs continuously and has predictable usage, on-demand pricing is usually the most expensive option. Reserved Instances and Savings Plans offer significant discounts in exchange for long-term commitment. They work best for databases, core backend services, and internal systems. A small amount of planning can lead to substantial monthly savings. But be careful, if you buy them ahead of time and don’t use them, you’re still going to pay for them. 4. Use Spot Instances for batch and non-critical workloads Spot Instances take advantage of unused AWS capacity and are therefore much cheaper than standard instances. They are ideal for batch jobs, CI pipelines, and data processing tasks. While interruptions are possible, most of these workloads can handle restarts. When designed correctly, the cost savings can be dramatic. Don't use them for stable production workloads 5. Shut down idle resources This one seems obvious, but many, many people forget about idle instances, or sometimes they don’t even know about them until it’s too late. Idle resources are silent budget killers. EC2 instances, RDS databases, and load balancers often remain running without serving any real purpose. Automating shutdowns outside of working hours is simple and highly effective. This is often the fastest way to see immediate cost reductions. 6. Move cold data to S3 Intelligent-Tiering or Glacier Not all data needs to be instantly accessible. Data that is rarely accessed should not live in expensive storage tiers. S3 Intelligent-Tiering automatically optimizes storage costs without manual intervention. Glacier is a great option for archives and long-term backups. 7. Minimize data transfer costs Data transfer is one of the most underestimated AWS expenses. Cross AZ traffic and outbound data can add up quickly. Keeping services within the same availability zone where possible can significantly reduce costs. 8. Use serverless where it makes sense Serverless pricing is based on execution time rather than uptime. For event driven systems and low or unpredictable traffic workloads, this model is often far more cost effective. It also reduces operational overhead. Fewer servers mean less maintenance and fewer hidden costs. 9. Set up AWS Budgets and Cost Anomaly Detection You cannot control what you cannot see. AWS Budgets let you define spending limits and receive alerts before costs become a problem. Cost Anomaly Detection automatically identifies unusual spikes in usage. These tools are essential for teams running production workloads. 10. Delete unused snapshots, AMIs, and EBS volumes Storage resources tend to accumulate over time. Old snapshots, AMIs, and unused EBS volumes often provide no real value but continue to generate costs. Regular cleanup and automation can lead to consistent long-term savings. This is a small habit with a big financial impact. Once, while doing an audit report for a company, I found around ten 2 TB snapshots lying around, scattered across random regions that no one knew about. Conclusion Optimizing AWS costs is not a one time task but an ongoing process. Most savings come from discipline, visibility, and smart architectural decisions. When these cost hacks are applied consistently, cloud spending becomes predictable and significantly lower, without sacrificing performance or reliability. If you enjoyed this article, feel free to check out costlyfy for more practical posts about AWS, cloud infrastructure, and cost optimization. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nikola Roganovic Follow DevOps engineer with 7+ years of hands-on experience designing, operating, and optimizing AWS infrastructure. I’ve worked on production systems where reliability, cost, and simplicity actually matter. Work DevOps Joined Apr 14, 2025 More from Nikola Roganovic You’re Running EC2 Instances That Do Nothing # aws # cloud # devops # sre 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/nbomber/load-testing-microservices-4030 | Load Testing Microservices - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Anton Moldovan for NBomber Posted on May 2, 2025 Load Testing Microservices # nbomber # loadtesting # performance # microservices When it comes to load testing microservices, we usually suggest applying two strategies: 1. Simulate User Journeys Across the Entire Application (End-to-End) One effective approach to load testing is simulating real-world user flows that interact with multiple services. These end-to-end tests replicate how users actually use your application—from logging in and browsing, to making purchases or performing other key actions. By executing these flows under load, you can assess how your microservices perform collectively. This helps identify bottlenecks in the orchestration of services, spot resource contention, and evaluate system behavior under realistic conditions. Key Benefits: Understand how services interact under load. Uncover integration or orchestration issues . Test autoscaling configuration to avoid unexpected overloads and ensure your system scales reliably under load. Validate that the system meets performance expectations from a user’s perspective. Downsides: High Infrastructure Cost : Running load tests across the entire system typically requires spinning up all microservices, databases, caches, queues, and other dependencies. This can be resource-intensive, especially if you need to scale components just for the purpose of the test. For big companies this type of tests can lead to significant costs. Slower Feedback Loop : Because of the orchestration involved, these tests take longer to set up, prepare data and run, making them less suitable for fast, iterative development cycles. As a result, your developers might only discover performance degradations at the last moment. Recommendation : We recommend using end-to-end strategy, as it can reveal issues that are difficult to identify when testing microservices in isolation (we explain this in more detail later on this page). However, big companies typically run such tests less frequently — often in preparation for major events like Black Friday or monthly releases. The main reason to run such tests less frequently is due to their cost — depending on the scale of the company, these tests can be expensive to run. For small and medium-sized companies, infrastructure costs may not be an issue — they often utilize their staging environments for this purpose. Usually this type of tests is writen by automation QA engineers, not developers. To write such tests based on user journeys, we recommend using the Closed Model for simulating workload , since the user flow is transactional and modeled as a sequence of dependent steps. 2. Test Individual Microservices in Isolation While end-to-end testing provides a macro view, it’s equally important to test microservices in isolation. This strategy helps you pinpoint which services may struggle with performance independently of the rest of the system. In isolated tests, you can simulate the service's inputs—usually HTTP requests, message queue events, or gRPC calls—and measure how it handles increasing load. This allows you to fine-tune specific services, detect memory leaks, or assess how the service scales independently. Key Benefits: Low infrastructure costs : These tests are usually very easy to set up and run even on developer machine. Fast feedback loop : You can quickly identify performance degradation in a specific service. Isolated tests can be easily integrated into your CI/CD pipeline and treated like regular unit or integration tests. Identify performance bottlenecks within individual services. Downsides: These tests are not fully representative : They typically cover only a single service. The worst-case scenario is when multiple services, each performing well in isolated tests but fail to handle the expected load when run together in a production environment. Recommendation: We recommend using this strategy as it is cheaper than full end-to-end load tests and provides an easy way for developers to run it locally and get quick results. Usually this type of tests are writen by developers and not automation QA engineers. Prioritize services that interact directly with the database . If these services perform well, upstream dependent services will typically also benefit. Database scalability is often the main bottleneck, so it's more effective to focus on services that work directly with the database rather than those that depend on other services in the chain. To write isolated load tests, we recommend using the Open Model for simulating workload . From the perspective of an individual service, it may expose several endpoints that are partially used by different user flows concurrently. At this level, it's simpler to reason about the service in terms of request rate rather than number of concurrent users. Additionally, when defining your SLO/SLA , companies usually focus on metrics like request rate and error rate — so using the Open Model aligns well with these targets. Another important benefit is that the Open Model tends to produce more consistent results, which makes it easier to apply reliable assertion logic. If your microservice depends on other services, especially those outside your ownership, you should consider mocking them. Mocking dependent services is often necessary to isolate the system under test and ensure more reliable and consistent load test results. Make sure your mocked API allows you to configure latency delays and has sufficient throughput capacity (at a minimum, it should be fast enough not to become a bottleneck). Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse NBomber Follow More from NBomber NBomber v6.0.1 # loadtesting # performance # csharp # dotnet 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. 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https://reactjs.org/docs/getting-started.html#displaying-data | Quick Start – React React v 19.2 Search ⌘ Ctrl K Learn Reference Community Blog GET STARTED Quick Start Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe Thinking in React Installation Creating a React App Build a React App from Scratch Add React to an Existing Project Setup Editor Setup Using TypeScript React Developer Tools React Compiler Introduction Installation Incremental Adoption Debugging and Troubleshooting LEARN REACT Describing the UI Your First Component Importing and Exporting Components Writing Markup with JSX JavaScript in JSX with Curly Braces Passing Props to a Component Conditional Rendering Rendering Lists Keeping Components Pure Your UI as a Tree Adding Interactivity Responding to Events State: A Component's Memory Render and Commit State as a Snapshot Queueing a Series of State Updates Updating Objects in State Updating Arrays in State Managing State Reacting to Input with State Choosing the State Structure Sharing State Between Components Preserving and Resetting State Extracting State Logic into a Reducer Passing Data Deeply with Context Scaling Up with Reducer and Context Escape Hatches Referencing Values with Refs Manipulating the DOM with Refs Synchronizing with Effects You Might Not Need an Effect Lifecycle of Reactive Effects Separating Events from Effects Removing Effect Dependencies Reusing Logic with Custom Hooks Is this page useful? Learn React Quick Start Welcome to the React documentation! This page will give you an introduction to 80% of the React concepts that you will use on a daily basis. You will learn How to create and nest components How to add markup and styles How to display data How to render conditions and lists How to respond to events and update the screen How to share data between components Creating and nesting components React apps are made out of components . A component is a piece of the UI (user interface) that has its own logic and appearance. A component can be as small as a button, or as large as an entire page. React components are JavaScript functions that return markup: function MyButton ( ) { return ( < button > I'm a button </ button > ) ; } Now that you’ve declared MyButton , you can nest it into another component: export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Welcome to my app </ h1 > < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } Notice that <MyButton /> starts with a capital letter. That’s how you know it’s a React component. React component names must always start with a capital letter, while HTML tags must be lowercase. Have a look at the result: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork function MyButton ( ) { return ( < button > I'm a button </ button > ) ; } export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Welcome to my app </ h1 > < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } Show more The export default keywords specify the main component in the file. If you’re not familiar with some piece of JavaScript syntax, MDN and javascript.info have great references. Writing markup with JSX The markup syntax you’ve seen above is called JSX . It is optional, but most React projects use JSX for its convenience. All of the tools we recommend for local development support JSX out of the box. JSX is stricter than HTML. You have to close tags like <br /> . Your component also can’t return multiple JSX tags. You have to wrap them into a shared parent, like a <div>...</div> or an empty <>...</> wrapper: function AboutPage ( ) { return ( < > < h1 > About </ h1 > < p > Hello there. < br /> How do you do? </ p > </ > ) ; } If you have a lot of HTML to port to JSX, you can use an online converter. Adding styles In React, you specify a CSS class with className . It works the same way as the HTML class attribute: < img className = "avatar" /> Then you write the CSS rules for it in a separate CSS file: /* In your CSS */ .avatar { border-radius : 50 % ; } React does not prescribe how you add CSS files. In the simplest case, you’ll add a <link> tag to your HTML. If you use a build tool or a framework, consult its documentation to learn how to add a CSS file to your project. Displaying data JSX lets you put markup into JavaScript. Curly braces let you “escape back” into JavaScript so that you can embed some variable from your code and display it to the user. For example, this will display user.name : return ( < h1 > { user . name } </ h1 > ) ; You can also “escape into JavaScript” from JSX attributes, but you have to use curly braces instead of quotes. For example, className="avatar" passes the "avatar" string as the CSS class, but src={user.imageUrl} reads the JavaScript user.imageUrl variable value, and then passes that value as the src attribute: return ( < img className = "avatar" src = { user . imageUrl } /> ) ; You can put more complex expressions inside the JSX curly braces too, for example, string concatenation : App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork const user = { name : 'Hedy Lamarr' , imageUrl : 'https://i.imgur.com/yXOvdOSs.jpg' , imageSize : 90 , } ; export default function Profile ( ) { return ( < > < h1 > { user . name } </ h1 > < img className = "avatar" src = { user . imageUrl } alt = { 'Photo of ' + user . name } style = { { width : user . imageSize , height : user . imageSize } } /> </ > ) ; } Show more In the above example, style={{}} is not a special syntax, but a regular {} object inside the style={ } JSX curly braces. You can use the style attribute when your styles depend on JavaScript variables. Conditional rendering In React, there is no special syntax for writing conditions. Instead, you’ll use the same techniques as you use when writing regular JavaScript code. For example, you can use an if statement to conditionally include JSX: let content ; if ( isLoggedIn ) { content = < AdminPanel /> ; } else { content = < LoginForm /> ; } return ( < div > { content } </ div > ) ; If you prefer more compact code, you can use the conditional ? operator. Unlike if , it works inside JSX: < div > { isLoggedIn ? ( < AdminPanel /> ) : ( < LoginForm /> ) } </ div > When you don’t need the else branch, you can also use a shorter logical && syntax : < div > { isLoggedIn && < AdminPanel /> } </ div > All of these approaches also work for conditionally specifying attributes. If you’re unfamiliar with some of this JavaScript syntax, you can start by always using if...else . Rendering lists You will rely on JavaScript features like for loop and the array map() function to render lists of components. For example, let’s say you have an array of products: const products = [ { title : 'Cabbage' , id : 1 } , { title : 'Garlic' , id : 2 } , { title : 'Apple' , id : 3 } , ] ; Inside your component, use the map() function to transform an array of products into an array of <li> items: const listItems = products . map ( product => < li key = { product . id } > { product . title } </ li > ) ; return ( < ul > { listItems } </ ul > ) ; Notice how <li> has a key attribute. For each item in a list, you should pass a string or a number that uniquely identifies that item among its siblings. Usually, a key should be coming from your data, such as a database ID. React uses your keys to know what happened if you later insert, delete, or reorder the items. App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork const products = [ { title : 'Cabbage' , isFruit : false , id : 1 } , { title : 'Garlic' , isFruit : false , id : 2 } , { title : 'Apple' , isFruit : true , id : 3 } , ] ; export default function ShoppingList ( ) { const listItems = products . map ( product => < li key = { product . id } style = { { color : product . isFruit ? 'magenta' : 'darkgreen' } } > { product . title } </ li > ) ; return ( < ul > { listItems } </ ul > ) ; } Show more Responding to events You can respond to events by declaring event handler functions inside your components: function MyButton ( ) { function handleClick ( ) { alert ( 'You clicked me!' ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Click me </ button > ) ; } Notice how onClick={handleClick} has no parentheses at the end! Do not call the event handler function: you only need to pass it down . React will call your event handler when the user clicks the button. Updating the screen Often, you’ll want your component to “remember” some information and display it. For example, maybe you want to count the number of times a button is clicked. To do this, add state to your component. First, import useState from React: import { useState } from 'react' ; Now you can declare a state variable inside your component: function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; // ... You’ll get two things from useState : the current state ( count ), and the function that lets you update it ( setCount ). You can give them any names, but the convention is to write [something, setSomething] . The first time the button is displayed, count will be 0 because you passed 0 to useState() . When you want to change state, call setCount() and pass the new value to it. Clicking this button will increment the counter: function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } React will call your component function again. This time, count will be 1 . Then it will be 2 . And so on. If you render the same component multiple times, each will get its own state. Click each button separately: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update separately </ h1 > < MyButton /> < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } Show more Notice how each button “remembers” its own count state and doesn’t affect other buttons. Using Hooks Functions starting with use are called Hooks . useState is a built-in Hook provided by React. You can find other built-in Hooks in the API reference. You can also write your own Hooks by combining the existing ones. Hooks are more restrictive than other functions. You can only call Hooks at the top of your components (or other Hooks). If you want to use useState in a condition or a loop, extract a new component and put it there. Sharing data between components In the previous example, each MyButton had its own independent count , and when each button was clicked, only the count for the button clicked changed: Initially, each MyButton ’s count state is 0 The first MyButton updates its count to 1 However, often you’ll need components to share data and always update together . To make both MyButton components display the same count and update together, you need to move the state from the individual buttons “upwards” to the closest component containing all of them. In this example, it is MyApp : Initially, MyApp ’s count state is 0 and is passed down to both children On click, MyApp updates its count state to 1 and passes it down to both children Now when you click either button, the count in MyApp will change, which will change both of the counts in MyButton . Here’s how you can express this in code. First, move the state up from MyButton into MyApp : export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update separately </ h1 > < MyButton /> < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( ) { // ... we're moving code from here ... } Then, pass the state down from MyApp to each MyButton , together with the shared click handler. You can pass information to MyButton using the JSX curly braces, just like you previously did with built-in tags like <img> : export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update together </ h1 > < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> </ div > ) ; } The information you pass down like this is called props . Now the MyApp component contains the count state and the handleClick event handler, and passes both of them down as props to each of the buttons. Finally, change MyButton to read the props you have passed from its parent component: function MyButton ( { count , onClick } ) { return ( < button onClick = { onClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } When you click the button, the onClick handler fires. Each button’s onClick prop was set to the handleClick function inside MyApp , so the code inside of it runs. That code calls setCount(count + 1) , incrementing the count state variable. The new count value is passed as a prop to each button, so they all show the new value. This is called “lifting state up”. By moving state up, you’ve shared it between components. App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update together </ h1 > < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( { count , onClick } ) { return ( < button onClick = { onClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } Show more Next Steps By now, you know the basics of how to write React code! Check out the Tutorial to put them into practice and build your first mini-app with React. Next Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe Copyright © Meta Platforms, Inc no uwu plz uwu? Logo by @sawaratsuki1004 Learn React Quick Start Installation Describing the UI Adding Interactivity Managing State Escape Hatches API Reference React APIs React DOM APIs Community Code of Conduct Meet the Team Docs Contributors Acknowledgements More Blog React Native Privacy Terms On this page Overview Creating and nesting components Writing markup with JSX Adding styles Displaying data Conditional rendering Rendering lists Responding to events Updating the screen Using Hooks Sharing data between components Next Steps | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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https://reactjs.org/docs/getting-started.html#components | Quick Start – React React v 19.2 Search ⌘ Ctrl K Learn Reference Community Blog GET STARTED Quick Start Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe Thinking in React Installation Creating a React App Build a React App from Scratch Add React to an Existing Project Setup Editor Setup Using TypeScript React Developer Tools React Compiler Introduction Installation Incremental Adoption Debugging and Troubleshooting LEARN REACT Describing the UI Your First Component Importing and Exporting Components Writing Markup with JSX JavaScript in JSX with Curly Braces Passing Props to a Component Conditional Rendering Rendering Lists Keeping Components Pure Your UI as a Tree Adding Interactivity Responding to Events State: A Component's Memory Render and Commit State as a Snapshot Queueing a Series of State Updates Updating Objects in State Updating Arrays in State Managing State Reacting to Input with State Choosing the State Structure Sharing State Between Components Preserving and Resetting State Extracting State Logic into a Reducer Passing Data Deeply with Context Scaling Up with Reducer and Context Escape Hatches Referencing Values with Refs Manipulating the DOM with Refs Synchronizing with Effects You Might Not Need an Effect Lifecycle of Reactive Effects Separating Events from Effects Removing Effect Dependencies Reusing Logic with Custom Hooks Is this page useful? Learn React Quick Start Welcome to the React documentation! This page will give you an introduction to 80% of the React concepts that you will use on a daily basis. You will learn How to create and nest components How to add markup and styles How to display data How to render conditions and lists How to respond to events and update the screen How to share data between components Creating and nesting components React apps are made out of components . A component is a piece of the UI (user interface) that has its own logic and appearance. A component can be as small as a button, or as large as an entire page. React components are JavaScript functions that return markup: function MyButton ( ) { return ( < button > I'm a button </ button > ) ; } Now that you’ve declared MyButton , you can nest it into another component: export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Welcome to my app </ h1 > < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } Notice that <MyButton /> starts with a capital letter. That’s how you know it’s a React component. React component names must always start with a capital letter, while HTML tags must be lowercase. Have a look at the result: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork function MyButton ( ) { return ( < button > I'm a button </ button > ) ; } export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Welcome to my app </ h1 > < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } Show more The export default keywords specify the main component in the file. If you’re not familiar with some piece of JavaScript syntax, MDN and javascript.info have great references. Writing markup with JSX The markup syntax you’ve seen above is called JSX . It is optional, but most React projects use JSX for its convenience. All of the tools we recommend for local development support JSX out of the box. JSX is stricter than HTML. You have to close tags like <br /> . Your component also can’t return multiple JSX tags. You have to wrap them into a shared parent, like a <div>...</div> or an empty <>...</> wrapper: function AboutPage ( ) { return ( < > < h1 > About </ h1 > < p > Hello there. < br /> How do you do? </ p > </ > ) ; } If you have a lot of HTML to port to JSX, you can use an online converter. Adding styles In React, you specify a CSS class with className . It works the same way as the HTML class attribute: < img className = "avatar" /> Then you write the CSS rules for it in a separate CSS file: /* In your CSS */ .avatar { border-radius : 50 % ; } React does not prescribe how you add CSS files. In the simplest case, you’ll add a <link> tag to your HTML. If you use a build tool or a framework, consult its documentation to learn how to add a CSS file to your project. Displaying data JSX lets you put markup into JavaScript. Curly braces let you “escape back” into JavaScript so that you can embed some variable from your code and display it to the user. For example, this will display user.name : return ( < h1 > { user . name } </ h1 > ) ; You can also “escape into JavaScript” from JSX attributes, but you have to use curly braces instead of quotes. For example, className="avatar" passes the "avatar" string as the CSS class, but src={user.imageUrl} reads the JavaScript user.imageUrl variable value, and then passes that value as the src attribute: return ( < img className = "avatar" src = { user . imageUrl } /> ) ; You can put more complex expressions inside the JSX curly braces too, for example, string concatenation : App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork const user = { name : 'Hedy Lamarr' , imageUrl : 'https://i.imgur.com/yXOvdOSs.jpg' , imageSize : 90 , } ; export default function Profile ( ) { return ( < > < h1 > { user . name } </ h1 > < img className = "avatar" src = { user . imageUrl } alt = { 'Photo of ' + user . name } style = { { width : user . imageSize , height : user . imageSize } } /> </ > ) ; } Show more In the above example, style={{}} is not a special syntax, but a regular {} object inside the style={ } JSX curly braces. You can use the style attribute when your styles depend on JavaScript variables. Conditional rendering In React, there is no special syntax for writing conditions. Instead, you’ll use the same techniques as you use when writing regular JavaScript code. For example, you can use an if statement to conditionally include JSX: let content ; if ( isLoggedIn ) { content = < AdminPanel /> ; } else { content = < LoginForm /> ; } return ( < div > { content } </ div > ) ; If you prefer more compact code, you can use the conditional ? operator. Unlike if , it works inside JSX: < div > { isLoggedIn ? ( < AdminPanel /> ) : ( < LoginForm /> ) } </ div > When you don’t need the else branch, you can also use a shorter logical && syntax : < div > { isLoggedIn && < AdminPanel /> } </ div > All of these approaches also work for conditionally specifying attributes. If you’re unfamiliar with some of this JavaScript syntax, you can start by always using if...else . Rendering lists You will rely on JavaScript features like for loop and the array map() function to render lists of components. For example, let’s say you have an array of products: const products = [ { title : 'Cabbage' , id : 1 } , { title : 'Garlic' , id : 2 } , { title : 'Apple' , id : 3 } , ] ; Inside your component, use the map() function to transform an array of products into an array of <li> items: const listItems = products . map ( product => < li key = { product . id } > { product . title } </ li > ) ; return ( < ul > { listItems } </ ul > ) ; Notice how <li> has a key attribute. For each item in a list, you should pass a string or a number that uniquely identifies that item among its siblings. Usually, a key should be coming from your data, such as a database ID. React uses your keys to know what happened if you later insert, delete, or reorder the items. App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork const products = [ { title : 'Cabbage' , isFruit : false , id : 1 } , { title : 'Garlic' , isFruit : false , id : 2 } , { title : 'Apple' , isFruit : true , id : 3 } , ] ; export default function ShoppingList ( ) { const listItems = products . map ( product => < li key = { product . id } style = { { color : product . isFruit ? 'magenta' : 'darkgreen' } } > { product . title } </ li > ) ; return ( < ul > { listItems } </ ul > ) ; } Show more Responding to events You can respond to events by declaring event handler functions inside your components: function MyButton ( ) { function handleClick ( ) { alert ( 'You clicked me!' ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Click me </ button > ) ; } Notice how onClick={handleClick} has no parentheses at the end! Do not call the event handler function: you only need to pass it down . React will call your event handler when the user clicks the button. Updating the screen Often, you’ll want your component to “remember” some information and display it. For example, maybe you want to count the number of times a button is clicked. To do this, add state to your component. First, import useState from React: import { useState } from 'react' ; Now you can declare a state variable inside your component: function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; // ... You’ll get two things from useState : the current state ( count ), and the function that lets you update it ( setCount ). You can give them any names, but the convention is to write [something, setSomething] . The first time the button is displayed, count will be 0 because you passed 0 to useState() . When you want to change state, call setCount() and pass the new value to it. Clicking this button will increment the counter: function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } React will call your component function again. This time, count will be 1 . Then it will be 2 . And so on. If you render the same component multiple times, each will get its own state. Click each button separately: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update separately </ h1 > < MyButton /> < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } Show more Notice how each button “remembers” its own count state and doesn’t affect other buttons. Using Hooks Functions starting with use are called Hooks . useState is a built-in Hook provided by React. You can find other built-in Hooks in the API reference. You can also write your own Hooks by combining the existing ones. Hooks are more restrictive than other functions. You can only call Hooks at the top of your components (or other Hooks). If you want to use useState in a condition or a loop, extract a new component and put it there. Sharing data between components In the previous example, each MyButton had its own independent count , and when each button was clicked, only the count for the button clicked changed: Initially, each MyButton ’s count state is 0 The first MyButton updates its count to 1 However, often you’ll need components to share data and always update together . To make both MyButton components display the same count and update together, you need to move the state from the individual buttons “upwards” to the closest component containing all of them. In this example, it is MyApp : Initially, MyApp ’s count state is 0 and is passed down to both children On click, MyApp updates its count state to 1 and passes it down to both children Now when you click either button, the count in MyApp will change, which will change both of the counts in MyButton . Here’s how you can express this in code. First, move the state up from MyButton into MyApp : export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update separately </ h1 > < MyButton /> < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( ) { // ... we're moving code from here ... } Then, pass the state down from MyApp to each MyButton , together with the shared click handler. You can pass information to MyButton using the JSX curly braces, just like you previously did with built-in tags like <img> : export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update together </ h1 > < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> </ div > ) ; } The information you pass down like this is called props . Now the MyApp component contains the count state and the handleClick event handler, and passes both of them down as props to each of the buttons. Finally, change MyButton to read the props you have passed from its parent component: function MyButton ( { count , onClick } ) { return ( < button onClick = { onClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } When you click the button, the onClick handler fires. Each button’s onClick prop was set to the handleClick function inside MyApp , so the code inside of it runs. That code calls setCount(count + 1) , incrementing the count state variable. The new count value is passed as a prop to each button, so they all show the new value. This is called “lifting state up”. By moving state up, you’ve shared it between components. App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update together </ h1 > < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( { count , onClick } ) { return ( < button onClick = { onClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } Show more Next Steps By now, you know the basics of how to write React code! Check out the Tutorial to put them into practice and build your first mini-app with React. Next Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe Copyright © Meta Platforms, Inc no uwu plz uwu? Logo by @sawaratsuki1004 Learn React Quick Start Installation Describing the UI Adding Interactivity Managing State Escape Hatches API Reference React APIs React DOM APIs Community Code of Conduct Meet the Team Docs Contributors Acknowledgements More Blog React Native Privacy Terms On this page Overview Creating and nesting components Writing markup with JSX Adding styles Displaying data Conditional rendering Rendering lists Responding to events Updating the screen Using Hooks Sharing data between components Next Steps | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/porus09/building-vtracer-day-1-my-first-java-agent-adventure-with-java-21-4fjp | Building vtracer: Day 1 – My First Java Agent Adventure with Java 21 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Abhi Posted on Dec 16, 2025 Building vtracer: Day 1 – My First Java Agent Adventure with Java 21 # webdev # programming # tutorial # java Hey Dev.to community! 👋 I'm Abhishek, a Java enthusiast diving deep into the JVM internals. I'm building vtracer – a low-overhead JVM agent for runtime tracing and virtual thread pinning detection. This is Day 1 of my journey. Today, I built the foundation: a simple Java agent that loads and prints a message. Let's dive in! Why Java Agents? The Magic Behind the JVM Java agents are powerful tools that let you instrument code at runtime using the Instrumentation API . They can modify bytecode, add logging, monitor performance, or even implement AOP – all without changing the original code. Agents load in two ways: Static : -javaagent at startup Dynamic : Attach to running JVM Today, we focused on static attach – the basics. Step-by-Step: My First Premain Agent Maven Project Setup Created a simple Maven project with Java 21. pom.xml with Agent Manifest <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId> org.apache.maven.plugins </groupId> <artifactId> maven-jar-plugin </artifactId> <configuration> <archive> <manifestEntries> <Premain-Class> com.example.vtracer.Agent </Premain-Class> <Can-Redefine-Classes> true </Can-Redefine-Classes> <Can-Retransform-Classes> true </Can-Retransform-Classes> </manifestEntries> </archive> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Agent Class package com.example.vtracer ; import java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation ; public class Agent { public static void premain ( String agentArgs , Instrumentation inst ) { System . out . println ( "[vtracer] Agent loaded successfully via premain" ); System . out . println ( "[vtracer] Instrumentation: " + inst ); System . out . println ( "[vtracer] Ready for instrumentation – Day 1 complete!" ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Build & Run mvn clean package java -javaagent :target/vtracer-1.0.jar TestApp Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Output: [vtracer] Agent loaded successfully via premain [vtracer] Instrumentation instance: sun.instrument.InstrumentationImpl@... [vtracer] Ready for instrumentation – Day 1 complete! Test app running... Test app finished Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What I Learned Today premain runs before main Manifest entries are mandatory Instrumentation object gives power to transform classes This is just the beginning – next, ByteBuddy for method timing! What's Next? Day 2: Method entry/exit timing with ByteBuddy. Follow my journey on GitHub: https://github.com/abhishek-mule/vtracer Star ⭐ if you're excited about JVM internals! java #jvm #java21 #agents #bytecode Thanks for reading! Let's build cool stuff together. 🚀 — Abhishek Mule (Comment below if you're building something similar!) Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Abhi Follow More than human Joined Nov 26, 2025 More from Abhi I Got Tired of Guessing JVM Performance — So I Built a Java Agent From Scratch 🚀 # webdev # programming # tutorial # productivity I Was Tired of Manual Video Editing — So I Built OmniVid Lite # webdev # ai # programming # javascript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/news/page/78 | News Page 78 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. 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Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.12 - June 25, 2016 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.4 - Dec. 21, 2015 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.5.1 - Dec. 7, 2015 Note that Python 3.5.1 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. 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Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.10 - May 23, 2015 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.3 - Feb. 25, 2015 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.9 - Dec. 10, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.2 - Oct. 13, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.8 - July 2, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.7 - June 1, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.1 - May 19, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.0 - March 17, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.5 - March 9, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.4 - Feb. 9, 2014 Download Windows X86-64 MSI Installer Download Windows x86 MSI Installer Python 3.3.3 - Nov. 17, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.6 - Nov. 10, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows X86-64 MSI Installer Download Windows X86-64 MSI program database Download Windows x86 MSI Installer Download Windows x86 MSI program database Python 3.2.5 - May 15, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.2 - May 15, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.5 - May 12, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.4 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.1 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.4 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.0 - Sept. 29, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.3 - April 10, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.3 - April 9, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.2 - Sept. 3, 2011 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.1 - July 9, 2011 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.1.4 - June 11, 2011 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.2 - June 11, 2011 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.0 - Feb. 20, 2011 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.1 - Nov. 27, 2010 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.1.3 - Nov. 27, 2010 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.6.6 - Aug. 24, 2010 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.0 - 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https://dev.to/muash10 | Muhammed Ashraf - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Muhammed Ashraf A Cloud/DevOps enthusiast Joined Joined on Jan 14, 2023 Work Tech Lead More info about @muash10 Badges Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Organizations AWS Community Builders Skills/Languages Shell Scripting, Python Post 22 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 12 tags followed Using AWS App Runner to build & host my website Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Jan 8 Using AWS App Runner to build & host my website # programming # aws # docker Comments Add Comment 3 min read Want to connect with Muhammed Ashraf ? Create an account to connect with Muhammed Ashraf . You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Using AWS CloudFront to enhance the performance, Security & Availability of your application Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 13 '25 Using AWS CloudFront to enhance the performance, Security & Availability of your application # cloudcomputing # aws # security # cloud 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Using Amazon Textract to analyze and extract text from Documents Part 1 Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 14 '25 Using Amazon Textract to analyze and extract text from Documents Part 1 # ai # aws 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Using AWS Comprehend to analyze customers' feedback Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 15 '25 Using AWS Comprehend to analyze customers' feedback # aws # genai # cloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read Content Moderation Using AWS Rekognition Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Jul 17 '25 Content Moderation Using AWS Rekognition # ai # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read AWS Migration Services Part1 Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Jun 17 '25 AWS Migration Services Part1 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read How I built a simple Twitter-Like System on AWS with the help of Grok AI Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Feb 22 '25 How I built a simple Twitter-Like System on AWS with the help of Grok AI # ai # aws # cloud 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Parsing & Loading Data from S3 to DynamoDB with Lambda Function Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Jan 5 '25 Parsing & Loading Data from S3 to DynamoDB with Lambda Function # aws # python # cloud 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Using Stable Diffusion in AWS Bedrock to Generate Images Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Nov 3 '24 Using Stable Diffusion in AWS Bedrock to Generate Images # ai # aws # cloud # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Integrating AWS Connect with Amazon Lex to understand voice input Part1 Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Oct 16 '24 Integrating AWS Connect with Amazon Lex to understand voice input Part1 # cloud # ivr # aws Comments Add Comment 4 min read Automate Cleaning of Unused EIP Through Lambda Part1 Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Oct 2 '24 Automate Cleaning of Unused EIP Through Lambda Part1 # cloud # aws # lambda # automation Comments Add Comment 2 min read ازاي تمسح EBS غير مستخدمه عن طريق Lambda و EventBridge Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Jun 13 '24 ازاي تمسح EBS غير مستخدمه عن طريق Lambda و EventBridge # python # cloud # cloudcomputing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Delete unused EBS volumes through Lambda function Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Dec 31 '23 Delete unused EBS volumes through Lambda function # python # cloud # aws # devops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Delete unused EBS volumes through Lambda function Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 31 '23 Delete unused EBS volumes through Lambda function # python # devops # aws # cloud 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Using AWS Network Access Analyzer to Explore your Network Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Oct 1 '23 Using AWS Network Access Analyzer to Explore your Network # cloud # networking # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Use Case: Monitor SSH attempts for your EC2 Instance Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Aug 20 '23 Use Case: Monitor SSH attempts for your EC2 Instance # cloud # aws # security # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Using AWS CodePipeline to deploy on different environments Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow for AWS Community Builders Jun 5 '23 Using AWS CodePipeline to deploy on different environments # aws # cloud # cicd # tutorial 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read How I Managed to Pass AWS Associate Level in 6 Months Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow for AWS Community Builders May 16 '23 How I Managed to Pass AWS Associate Level in 6 Months # aws # certification # cloud 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Deploying OpenVPN on AWS Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow for AWS Community Builders Mar 16 '23 Deploying OpenVPN on AWS # aws # vpn # network # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Replicating objects between two S3 buckets Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Feb 20 '23 Replicating objects between two S3 buckets # discuss # watercooler 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Serving static content through CloudFront Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Muhammed Ashraf Follow Feb 15 '23 Serving static content through CloudFront # discuss # cloud # deployment 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/meena_nukala/devops-explained-from-buzzword-to-real-world-practice-mea | DevOps Explained: From Buzzword to Real-World Practice 🚀 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Meena Nukala Posted on Jan 10 DevOps Explained: From Buzzword to Real-World Practice 🚀 # devops # cloudnative # tutorial # ai DevOps is one of the most talked-about concepts in modern software development—but also one of the most misunderstood. Is it a role? A toolchain? A culture? The short answer: DevOps is a mindset supported by practices and tools that help teams deliver software faster, safer, and more reliably. In this article, we’ll break down what DevOps really is, why it matters, and how teams actually use it in the real world. What Is DevOps? DevOps is a combination of Development (Dev) and Operations (Ops). Its goal is to eliminate silos between teams responsible for writing code and those responsible for running it in production. Instead of throwing code “over the wall,” DevOps promotes: Collaboration Automation Continuous feedback Shared responsibility At its core, DevOps answers one question: How can we deliver value to users faster without sacrificing stability? Why DevOps Matters Before DevOps, releases were often: Infrequent Risky Manual Stressful DevOps changes this by enabling: 🚀 Faster Delivery Automated pipelines allow teams to deploy multiple times a day instead of once every few months. 🔒 Improved Reliability Infrastructure as code, monitoring, and testing reduce human error. 🤝 Better Collaboration Developers and operations teams work toward shared goals instead of blaming each other. 📈 Scalability Cloud-native infrastructure allows systems to scale automatically with demand. Core DevOps Practices DevOps isn’t about tools first—it’s about practices. Continuous Integration (CI) Every code change is automatically: Built Tested Validated This helps catch bugs early. Popular tools: GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Jenkins Continuous Delivery / Deployment (CD) Code is always in a deployable state. Continuous Delivery: Manual approval before production Continuous Deployment: Fully automated releases Infrastructure as Code (IaC) Servers and infrastructure are defined using code instead of manual setup. Example (Terraform-style) resource "aws_instance" "web" { instance_type = "t2.micro" } Popular tools: Terraform, AWS CloudFormation, Pulumi Monitoring & Observability You can’t fix what you can’t see. DevOps teams monitor: Logs Metrics Traces Alerts Popular tools: Prometheus, Grafana, ELK Stack, Datadog Automation Everywhere If you do something twice—automate it. Automation applies to: Testing Deployments Infrastructure Security checks DevOps Is a Culture, Not a Job Title One common mistake is thinking “We hired a DevOps engineer, so now we do DevOps.” DevOps works best when: Developers understand production Ops teams contribute to automation Everyone owns reliability DevOps succeeds when responsibility is shared, not outsourced. Common DevOps Tools (Quick Overview) Category Tools Version Control Git, GitHub, GitLab CI/CD Jenkins, GitHub Actions Containers Docker Orchestration Kubernetes Cloud AWS, Azure, GCP Monitoring Prometheus, Grafana Tools change—principles don’t. Getting Started with DevOps If you’re new to DevOps, start small: Learn Git and CI pipelines Containerize a simple app with Docker Automate deployments Add basic monitoring Improve incrementally DevOps is a journey, not a checklist. Final Thoughts DevOps isn’t about moving faster at any cost—it’s about moving smarter. By embracing collaboration, automation, and continuous improvement, teams can: Ship better software Reduce downtime Create happier developers and users And that’s what DevOps is really about. 💡 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Meena Nukala Follow Location United kingdom Education Wichita state university Work Financial Services Joined Feb 14, 2025 More from Meena Nukala DevOps in Mid-2026 — The Hype Died, The Real Winners Emerged (What Actually Works Now) # devops # ai # sideprojects # aiops DevOps in 2026 — What It Really Means Now (And Where It's Heading Fast) # devops # ai # aiops # trends 🛠️ 10 "Boring" Tools That Will Save Your Dev Career in 2026 # webdev # ai # devops # tooling 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tools Follow Hide General discussion about all types of design software and hardware Create Post Older #tools posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu A Tiny Website I Keep Bookmarked for Unit Conversion (mm ↔ cm) Norah Norah Norah Follow Jan 13 A Tiny Website I Keep Bookmarked for Unit Conversion (mm ↔ cm) # webdev # tools # productivity # developers 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Introducing Installerpedia - Install Anything With Zero Hassle Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow Jan 11 Introducing Installerpedia - Install Anything With Zero Hassle # installation # developers # tools # programming 20 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building a Fast JSON Formatter: Lessons Learned Vanshit Mehta Vanshit Mehta Vanshit Mehta Follow Jan 12 Building a Fast JSON Formatter: Lessons Learned # webdev # javascript # java # tools Comments Add Comment 2 min read Turning Multiple JPG Images into a Single PDF Made Easy Olivia Olivia Olivia Follow Jan 10 Turning Multiple JPG Images into a Single PDF Made Easy # webdev # tools # documents Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Built a Simple MM to CM Converter Because I Got Tired of Googling It Olivia Olivia Olivia Follow Jan 9 I Built a Simple MM to CM Converter Because I Got Tired of Googling It # webdev # productivity # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read I’m experimenting with an open-source narrative engine for tabletop RPGs — feedback welcome Timothy Button Timothy Button Timothy Button Follow Jan 8 I’m experimenting with an open-source narrative engine for tabletop RPGs — feedback welcome # opensource # gamedev # softwareengineering # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read Top 10 Emerging Developer Tools to Watch in 2026 Ciphernutz Ciphernutz Ciphernutz Follow Jan 8 Top 10 Emerging Developer Tools to Watch in 2026 # developer # tools # 2026 # top10 Comments Add Comment 3 min read Secure and Convenient Keychain Access with Touch ID dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Jan 6 Secure and Convenient Keychain Access with Touch ID # tools # mac # macos # keychain Comments Add Comment 2 min read 맥북 수면모드 off 시키기 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 맥북 수면모드 off 시키기 # tools # mac # macos # sleepmode Comments Add Comment 1 min read IntelliJ IDEA 완벽 활용 가이드 - 단축키부터 플러그인까지 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 IntelliJ IDEA 완벽 활용 가이드 - 단축키부터 플러그인까지 # tools # common # intellij # ide Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mac에서 s3 uri 링크를 클릭하면 브라우저에서 s3 콘솔이 열리게 하기 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Mac에서 s3 uri 링크를 클릭하면 브라우저에서 s3 콘솔이 열리게 하기 # tools # mac # macos # aws Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mac 시스템 관리 - launchd, 네트워크, 배터리 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Mac 시스템 관리 - launchd, 네트워크, 배터리 # tools # mac # launchd # system Comments Add Comment 1 min read Google Guava 라이브러리 완벽 가이드 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Google Guava 라이브러리 완벽 가이드 # tools # common # guava # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read Lombok 완벽 가이드 - 모든 어노테이션 총정리 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Lombok 완벽 가이드 - 모든 어노테이션 총정리 # tools # common # lombok # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mac 추천 앱 모음 - 개발자를 위한 필수 앱 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Mac 추천 앱 모음 - 개발자를 위한 필수 앱 # tools # mac # apps # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mac 필수 팁과 단축키 모음 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Mac 필수 팁과 단축키 모음 # tools # mac # tips # shortcuts Comments Add Comment 1 min read Gradle 플러그인과 Publishing 가이드 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Gradle 플러그인과 Publishing 가이드 # tools # common # gradle # plugin Comments Add Comment 3 min read Maven 핵심 가이드 - 빌드 라이프사이클과 의존성 관리 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Maven 핵심 가이드 - 빌드 라이프사이클과 의존성 관리 # tools # common # maven # build Comments Add Comment 2 min read macOS에서 OATH Toolkit과 Keychain으로 OTP 로그인 설정하기 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 macOS에서 OATH Toolkit과 Keychain으로 OTP 로그인 설정하기 # tools # mac # macos # otp Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mac 터미널 필수 명령어 모음 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Mac 터미널 필수 명령어 모음 # tools # mac # terminal # bash Comments Add Comment 2 min read Gradle 의존성 관리 완벽 가이드 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Gradle 의존성 관리 완벽 가이드 # tools # common # gradle # dependency Comments Add Comment 3 min read 정규표현식 완벽 가이드: 그룹, 반복, Lookahead/Lookbehind dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 정규표현식 완벽 가이드: 그룹, 반복, Lookahead/Lookbehind # tools # common # regex # regularexpression Comments Add Comment 2 min read Git 완벽 가이드 - 브랜칭 전략부터 실무 명령어까지 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Git 완벽 가이드 - 브랜칭 전략부터 실무 명령어까지 # tools # common # git # versioncontrol Comments Add Comment 2 min read Gradle Task 완벽 가이드 - 생성부터 최적화까지 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Gradle Task 완벽 가이드 - 생성부터 최적화까지 # tools # common # gradle # task Comments Add Comment 3 min read Jsoup으로 HTML 파싱하기 - 웹 스크래핑 가이드 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Jsoup으로 HTML 파싱하기 - 웹 스크래핑 가이드 # tools # common # jsoup # java Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Top 10 Emerging Developer Tools to Watch in 2026 Essential Obsidian Plugins - My Recommended Setup Discover 7 Professional CSS Tools to Boost Your Design & Development Workflow — From Codezelo Top AI Tools to Master in 2026 (Free & Paid) Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 7, 2025 Free Online Developer Tools You Can Use Every Day Linkshala Is Now on Product Hunt: Built for Developers Who Want Better Tools How I Used Codex with ChatGPT 5.1 to Smash a Major Migration in 2 Days Jekyll에 Giscus로 comment 기능 추가 A One-Click Way to Crop Perfect Circles for Avatars New Tool: Free URL Shortener for Frontend Developers (Fast, Simple, No Login) How to fix the "Authentication is disabled" error? Testing Management Tools: A Complete Comparative Guide with Real-World Examples Mac 필수 팁과 단축키 모음 ads.txt not found error. but, the file can be accessible on website Mac 시스템 관리 - launchd, 네트워크, 배터리 The AI Tsunami: How VS Code Extensions in 2024-2025 Are Redefining Developer Productivity Git 완벽 가이드 - 브랜칭 전략부터 실무 명령어까지 Mac 추천 앱 모음 - 개발자를 위한 필수 앱 Google Chart API 사용법 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/rkganeshan | rkganeshan - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions rkganeshan 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Aug 28, 2021 github website More info about @rkganeshan Badges Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 3 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Github 101 rkganeshan rkganeshan rkganeshan Follow Aug 28 '21 Github 101 # github # beginners # opensource # webdev 18 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Want to connect with rkganeshan? Create an account to connect with rkganeshan. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/salta1414/i-built-a-pre-install-security-scanner-because-npm-install-scared-me-3fp | I built a pre-install security scanner because npm install scared me - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Domenic Wehkamp Posted on Jan 10 I built a pre-install security scanner because npm install scared me # javascript # security # opensource # npm I built a pre-install security scanner because npm install scared me Last month, I ran npm install on a project and realized something terrifying: I had no idea what code was about to execute on my machine. Sure, we've all heard about supply chain attacks. The event-stream incident , the ua-parser-js malware , the countless typosquatting packages stealing credentials. But we still run npm install blindly. Every. Single. Day. So I built Sapo - a CLI tool that scans packages before they touch your system. The Problem When you run npm install axios , here's what happens: npm downloads the package npm runs preinstall scripts npm runs postinstall scripts You're already compromised if it was malicious By the time you realize something is wrong, the damage is done. Your .env file, your SSH keys, your AWS credentials - all potentially exfiltrated. The Solution Sapo wraps your package manager and intercepts install commands: $ npm install lodahs # typo - this is a malicious package! [>] Scanning: lodahs@1.0.0 [!] BLOCKED: Typosquatting detected Similar to: lodash (337M downloads) Installation cancelled. GitHub: github.com/Salta1414/sapo-cli Website: sapo.salta.world Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Domenic Wehkamp Follow Location Germany Work CEO of Salta Holding UG (limited liability) Joined Jan 10, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev Prompt Engineering Won’t Fix Your Architecture # discuss # career # ai # programming I Didn’t “Become” a Senior Developer. I Accumulated Damage. # programming # ai # career # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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Older #beginners posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 3379 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Jan 9 CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts # comptia # securityplus # beginners # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 9 min read My First Blog as a Cybersecurity Beginner: Learning Networking with Wireshark. Amber Amber Amber Follow Jan 4 My First Blog as a Cybersecurity Beginner: Learning Networking with Wireshark. # beginners # networksec # career # education 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My First Post on Security Forem labingae labingae labingae Follow Dec 5 '25 My First Post on Security Forem # beginners # career # cybersecurity # penetrationtester Comments 1 comment 1 min read What Everyday IoT Devices Can Teach Us About Security-by-Design Asher Asher Asher Follow Nov 27 '25 What Everyday IoT Devices Can Teach Us About Security-by-Design # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building Dinesh Dawonauth Dinesh Dawonauth Dinesh Dawonauth Follow Dec 22 '25 Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building # beginners # tools # cryptography 2 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Building an Air-Gapped AI Defense System in Python (No Cloud APIs) SovArcNeo SovArcNeo SovArcNeo Follow Nov 21 '25 Building an Air-Gapped AI Defense System in Python (No Cloud APIs) # discuss # blueteam # beginners # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Follow Dec 16 '25 What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) # discuss # cybersecurity # privacy # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read IT Asset Management-Vulnerabilities and Patches. Kiran Vedagiri Kiran Vedagiri Kiran Vedagiri Follow Nov 11 '25 IT Asset Management-Vulnerabilities and Patches. # beginners # education Comments Add Comment 9 min read I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) SovArcNeo SovArcNeo SovArcNeo Follow Nov 21 '25 I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) # discuss # beginners # tools # devsecops 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know Sagar Sajwan Sagar Sajwan Sagar Sajwan Follow Nov 20 '25 How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know # beginners # education # networksec 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.1 Study Guide: Understanding Security Controls Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Nov 5 '25 CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.1 Study Guide: Understanding Security Controls # comptia # securityplus # beginners # cybersecurity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read CompTIA Network+ N10-009 5.5 Study Guide: Network Device Commands and Tools Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Oct 1 '25 CompTIA Network+ N10-009 5.5 Study Guide: Network Device Commands and Tools # networking # network # comptia # beginners Comments Add Comment 7 min read SIEM vs. SOAR Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Sep 28 '25 SIEM vs. SOAR # beginners # education # networksec Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Recognize a Real vs Fake Cybersecurity Alert Deepak Sharma Deepak Sharma Deepak Sharma Follow Oct 31 '25 How to Recognize a Real vs Fake Cybersecurity Alert # beginners # education Comments Add Comment 9 min read CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.2 Study Guide: Common Network Attacks Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 25 '25 CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.2 Study Guide: Common Network Attacks # networking # comptia # beginners # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 12 min read picoCTF RPS writeup Hitanshu Gedam Hitanshu Gedam Hitanshu Gedam Follow Sep 20 '25 picoCTF RPS writeup # beginners # education Comments Add Comment 3 min read Threat Hunting: Strategies & Tools Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Oct 14 '25 Threat Hunting: Strategies & Tools # beginners # networksec 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read October 2025 Security Scoop: AI in Attacks, Fresh Vulns, and Career Boosts Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Oct 12 '25 October 2025 Security Scoop: AI in Attacks, Fresh Vulns, and Career Boosts # discuss # beginners # aws # news 20 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What Is Cryptography—and How Do You Actually Start Cryptanalysis? OnlineProxy OnlineProxy OnlineProxy Follow Oct 9 '25 What Is Cryptography—and How Do You Actually Start Cryptanalysis? # cryptocurrency # beginners # learning # future 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 10 min read How Small Businesses Can Safeguard Themselves Against Cyberattacks GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Oct 6 '25 How Small Businesses Can Safeguard Themselves Against Cyberattacks # beginners # networksec 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read The Complete Guide to Cybersecurity Incident Response: From Detection to Recovery Introvert Developer Introvert Developer Introvert Developer Follow Sep 29 '25 The Complete Guide to Cybersecurity Incident Response: From Detection to Recovery # beginners # education 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 13 min read CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.3 Study Guide: Device and Network Security Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 26 '25 CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.3 Study Guide: Device and Network Security # networking # cybersecurity # comptia # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Network+ N10-009 4.1 Study Guide: Security Concepts and Practices Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 23 '25 Network+ N10-009 4.1 Study Guide: Security Concepts and Practices # networking # network # comptia # beginners Comments Add Comment 9 min read 5 Monitoring Concepts You Need to Master the N10-009 Exam: From Information Overload to Focused Insight Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 17 '25 5 Monitoring Concepts You Need to Master the N10-009 Exam: From Information Overload to Focused Insight # cybersecurity # networking # comptia # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Mac Patch Management Tool Recommendations (2025) Emily Emily Emily Follow Sep 18 '25 Mac Patch Management Tool Recommendations (2025) # beginners # tutorial # programming # productivity Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources Building an Air-Gapped AI Defense System in Python (No Cloud APIs) What Everyday IoT Devices Can Teach Us About Security-by-Design How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know How to Recognize a Real vs Fake Cybersecurity Alert CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.1 Study Guide: Understanding Security Controls Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. 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https://dev.to/t/azure | Microsoft Azure - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Microsoft Azure Follow Hide The dev.to tag for Microsoft Azure, the Cloud Computing Platform. Create Post Older #azure posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 276 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu AZ-104 Azure Administrator Cheat Sheet – 2026 Exam Notes Brent G Saucedo Brent G Saucedo Brent G Saucedo Follow Jan 13 AZ-104 Azure Administrator Cheat Sheet – 2026 Exam Notes # azure # cloud # certification # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read Cloud Computing for Beginners: A Simple Guide for Students & New Developers ☁️ Sahinur Sahinur Sahinur Follow Jan 12 Cloud Computing for Beginners: A Simple Guide for Students & New Developers ☁️ # cloud # azure # beginners # developer Comments Add Comment 2 min read [TIL] CitusCon2023 Presentation Reflections Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] CitusCon2023 Presentation Reflections # database # architecture # azure # postgres Comments Add Comment 2 min read Unified Intelligence: Mastering the Azure Databricks and Azure Machine Learning Integration Jubin Soni Jubin Soni Jubin Soni Follow Jan 9 Unified Intelligence: Mastering the Azure Databricks and Azure Machine Learning Integration # azure # databricks # machinelearning # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read Deploy: Cenário: Azure App Service + Github + SQL Server Yuri Peixinho Yuri Peixinho Yuri Peixinho Follow Jan 8 Deploy: Cenário: Azure App Service + Github + SQL Server # azure # devops # github # sql Comments Add Comment 5 min read I Completely Moved from Google Cloud AI to Azure OpenAI Service Because of This One Feature Pratik Pathak Pratik Pathak Pratik Pathak Follow Jan 8 I Completely Moved from Google Cloud AI to Azure OpenAI Service Because of This One Feature # discuss # azure # gcp # openai Comments Add Comment 6 min read Microsoft Azure AI-900 Syllabus Changes Explained (What’s New & Why) Sandra Brown Sandra Brown Sandra Brown Follow Jan 8 Microsoft Azure AI-900 Syllabus Changes Explained (What’s New & Why) # microsoft # azure # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Store Chat History Using External Storage in Microsoft Agent Framework Will Velida Will Velida Will Velida Follow Jan 12 How to Store Chat History Using External Storage in Microsoft Agent Framework # cshapr # ai # dotnet # azure 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 12 min read Designing Secure Azure Cloud Migrations Using Zero Trust and CIS Benchmarks Cheena Cheena Cheena Follow Jan 7 Designing Secure Azure Cloud Migrations Using Zero Trust and CIS Benchmarks # cloudmigration # azure # zerotrust # cloud Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Install Python Package in Azure Synapse for Apache Spark pools Luca Liu Luca Liu Luca Liu Follow Jan 6 How to Install Python Package in Azure Synapse for Apache Spark pools # azure # tutorial # python # data Comments Add Comment 2 min read ☁️ What If I Move to the Cloud? Part 1 – What Is This Cloud, Really? Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 10 ☁️ What If I Move to the Cloud? Part 1 – What Is This Cloud, Really? # aws # azure # gcp # oracle 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Scaling API Access with Azure API Management: From Manual to Self-Service Anoush Anoush Anoush Follow Jan 4 Scaling API Access with Azure API Management: From Manual to Self-Service # architecture # azure # api # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read Zero-Downtime AKS Node Patching infantus godfrey infantus godfrey infantus godfrey Follow for CareerByteCode Jan 4 Zero-Downtime AKS Node Patching # aks # kubernetes # azure # linux Comments Add Comment 4 min read Azure Logic Apps Explained for Beginners SRAVANI SRAVANI SRAVANI Follow Jan 4 Azure Logic Apps Explained for Beginners # azure # logicapps # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Backup Management Is Now Available in Bult.ai Bult.ai Bult.ai Bult.ai Follow Jan 5 Backup Management Is Now Available in Bult.ai # webdev # aws # googlecloud # azure Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Azure AI to AIOps—Without Knowing DevOps First Ibne sabid saikat Ibne sabid saikat Ibne sabid saikat Follow Jan 3 From Azure AI to AIOps—Without Knowing DevOps First # azure # aiops # cloud # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read ¡Respaldo seguro y eficiente: Usando Azure Blob Storage para proteger tus datos! Daniel J. Saldaña Daniel J. Saldaña Daniel J. Saldaña Follow Jan 2 ¡Respaldo seguro y eficiente: Usando Azure Blob Storage para proteger tus datos! # devops # azure # dev Comments Add Comment 11 min read Creating an EC2 Instance Ogundu Ahamefule Ogundu Ahamefule Ogundu Ahamefule Follow Jan 3 Creating an EC2 Instance # aws # cloudcomputing # azure # virtualmachine Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Hidden Tax on Your Cloud Bill: How Data Transfer Costs Are Silently Draining Your Budget Mateen Anjum Mateen Anjum Mateen Anjum Follow Jan 2 The Hidden Tax on Your Cloud Bill: How Data Transfer Costs Are Silently Draining Your Budget # aws # gcp # cloud # azure Comments Add Comment 6 min read Part 1: Creating Databricks Workspace and Enabling Unity Catalog Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Follow Jan 2 Part 1: Creating Databricks Workspace and Enabling Unity Catalog # beginners # azure # dataengineering # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Is Customer Identity and Access Management (CIAM)? Why It Matters in 2026 Blaise Liu Blaise Liu Blaise Liu Follow Jan 1 What Is Customer Identity and Access Management (CIAM)? Why It Matters in 2026 # azure # ciam # entra # identitymanagement Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Deploy and Configure Azure Monitor daniel shaibu daniel shaibu daniel shaibu Follow Jan 1 How to Deploy and Configure Azure Monitor # azure # cloudcomputing # devops # aws Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 From Chaos to Orchestration: Mastering Azure DevOps CI/CD Pipelines [Week-9] ⚙️ Suvrajeet Banerjee Suvrajeet Banerjee Suvrajeet Banerjee Follow Dec 31 '25 🚀 From Chaos to Orchestration: Mastering Azure DevOps CI/CD Pipelines [Week-9] ⚙️ # azure # devops # automation # infrastructureascode Comments Add Comment 15 min read How to use App Service Deployment Slots (with containers) Florian Demel Florian Demel Florian Demel Follow Dec 29 '25 How to use App Service Deployment Slots (with containers) # webdev # azure # devops # docker Comments Add Comment 9 min read Azure’s New GCP Connector: Single Pane of Glass for Multi-Cloud Management (AWS, Azure, GCP in 2026) inboryn inboryn inboryn Follow Dec 29 '25 Azure’s New GCP Connector: Single Pane of Glass for Multi-Cloud Management (AWS, Azure, GCP in 2026) # gcp # ai # aws # azure Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Microsoft Entra ID + .NET 8 Web API — From Zero to Production-Ready Authentication Microsoft Ignite 2025 for Devs & DevOps: My Top Announcements Microsoft Foundry: The New AI Factory for the Enterprise Terraform testing with Open Policy Agent and Conftest: Secure infrastructure through Terraform te... Configuring Azure App Service Authentication with Azure Entra ID to Exclude API Routes While Prot... 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https://dev.to/t/frontendsystemdesign | Frontendsystemdesign - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # frontendsystemdesign Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🚀 Cracking the Frontend System Design Interview: A Top-to-Bottom Guide Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Jan 9 🚀 Cracking the Frontend System Design Interview: A Top-to-Bottom Guide # frontendsystemdesign # frontend # systemdesign # interview Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google Docs - High-Level System Design Arghya Majumder Arghya Majumder Arghya Majumder Follow Jan 11 Google Docs - High-Level System Design # frontend # frontendsystemdesign # webdev # googledocs Comments Add Comment 23 min read Food Delivery App (Zomato/Swiggy) Arghya Majumder Arghya Majumder Arghya Majumder Follow Jan 9 Food Delivery App (Zomato/Swiggy) # fooddelivery # systemdesign # frontendsystemdesign # frontend Comments Add Comment 30 min read Frontend System Design Deep Dive1: Building a Web Chat Application Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow May 28 '25 Frontend System Design Deep Dive1: Building a Web Chat Application # webdev # systemdesign # frontendsystemdesign # chatapplication 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read What Happens When You Type www.google.com in Your Browser? Joe Mathan Joe Mathan Joe Mathan Follow Mar 19 '25 What Happens When You Type www.google.com in Your Browser? # webdev # javascript # systemdesign # frontendsystemdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... trending guides/resources Google Docs - High-Level System Design 🚀 Cracking the Frontend System Design Interview: A Top-to-Bottom Guide Food Delivery App (Zomato/Swiggy) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/queelius/the-incomputability-of-simple-learning-306a | The Incomputability of Simple Learning - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alex Towell Posted on Jan 7 • Originally published at metafunctor.com The Incomputability of Simple Learning # machinelearning # philosophy # ai # bitterlesson Karpathy's recent "Animals vs Ghosts" piece has been rattling around in my head. In it, he surfaces a tension that deserves more attention: the author of "The Bitter Lesson" — the text that's become almost biblical in frontier AI circles — isn't convinced that LLMs are bitter lesson pilled at all. The bitter lesson, in brief: methods that leverage computation scale better than methods that leverage human knowledge. Don't build in structure; let the model learn it. Don't encode heuristics; let scale find them. The lesson is "bitter" because it means a lot of clever human engineering ends up being wasted effort, steamrolled by dumber approaches with more compute. LLM researchers routinely ask whether an idea is "sufficiently bitter lesson pilled" as a proxy for whether it's worth pursuing. And yet Sutton, the lesson's author, looks at LLMs and sees something thoroughly entangled with humanity — trained on human text, finetuned with human preferences, reward-shaped by human engineers. Where's the clean, simple algorithm you could "turn the crank" on and watch learn from experience alone? This got me thinking about why that clean algorithm is so elusive. And I've come to suspect the answer is uncomfortable: the simplest forms of learning may be incomputable, or at least intractable, in ways that force us into approximations that fundamentally shape the resulting intelligence. The Library of All Programs Here's one way to see the problem. Imagine the space of all possible programs, like Borges' Library of Babel. In that famous story, a library contains every possible book — every combination of characters up to 410 pages. Most are gibberish. A tiny fraction are meaningful. The library "contains" all knowledge, all literature, all truth. And it is utterly useless. Because you can't find anything. Now consider program space. It contains: The perfect predictor for any phenomenon The optimal policy for any environment The ideal world model The shortest program that explains any dataset Every possible mind The space is complete . The answer to any question is already "in there." The perfect intelligence exists, in some abstract sense, as a point in this vast combinatorial space. And it is useless, for the same reason as Borges' library. The problem isn't generation — you can enumerate programs, in principle. The problem is indexing . Navigation. Search through a space so vast that random exploration is hopeless. This reframes what learning is. Learning isn't synthesis; it's search. We're not creating intelligence, we're navigating to it in the space of possible minds. The Bayesian Substrate Here's the formal version of the same idea. All learning, at some level, is inference. You have hypotheses about the world, you observe evidence, you update your beliefs. Bayes' theorem tells you how to do this optimally — weight hypotheses by prior probability, update on likelihood, normalize. Solomonoff induction is just Bayesian inference with a particular choice of prior and model class: consider all computable hypotheses, weight them by algorithmic simplicity (shorter programs are more probable), update on observed data. It's provably optimal in a certain sense. It's also provably incomputable. The incomputability comes from two places. First, the model class is too large — all possible programs. Second, the prior itself (Kolmogorov complexity) is uncomputable. You can't, in general, determine the length of the shortest program that produces a given output. But notice what Solomonoff induction is : it's a prescription for navigating program space. The prior is a map — it tells you where to look, which regions are more likely to contain the program you want. Short programs first, then longer ones. The map is perfect. And the map is unreadable. No Free Lunch Here's why you can't escape this. The No Free Lunch theorems say something that sounds almost nihilistic: averaged over all possible problems, no learning algorithm beats random guessing. Every algorithm that does well on some problems must do poorly on others. The wins and losses exactly cancel. But there's a constructive reading of NFL. It tells you that to do well on specific problems, you must assume some patterns are more likely than others. You need priors. You need inductive biases. You need a map. The question isn't whether to have biases — you can't avoid them. The question is where they come from: Evolved biases : Animal brains, shaped by billions of years of selection, embody priors about physics, other agents, cause and effect. These are maps drawn by evolution. Derived biases : Sometimes we can work out from first principles what patterns to expect. Physics gives us conservation laws. Information theory gives us compression. These are maps drawn by understanding. Discovered biases : Meta-learning, neural architecture search, learned optimizers. Maybe compute can discover its own maps. These would be maps drawn by search. Handcrafted biases : Transformers, attention mechanisms, positional encodings. These are maps drawn by human intuition and trial-and-error. Each is a different way of constraining the search through program space. Each says: look here, not there. This region is more likely to contain what you want. Unprincipled Maps Here's where it gets uncomfortable. The transformer architecture is an inductive bias. It encodes assumptions about what functions are likely to be useful. Attention says "relevant information can be anywhere in context." Positional encoding says "order matters, but in this specific way." The whole thing carves out some subspace of possible programs and says: search here. But we don't have a probability density over this space. In proper Bayesian inference, your prior is a probability distribution. You can quantify uncertainty. You can know when you're extrapolating beyond your prior's support. You can update coherently as evidence arrives. The math works out. With neural networks, we have none of this. We have point estimates (trained weights) instead of posteriors. We have an implicit prior (the architecture plus initialization plus optimizer) that we can't write down as a probability measure. We're doing something shaped like inference — hypothesis space, updates, generalization — but with unquantified priors and no principled uncertainty. We have a map. But we can't read it. We don't know what territory it claims to describe. We can't tell when we've wandered off the edge. Maybe this is fine. Maybe the implicit prior of "transformer trained on internet text" happens to be close enough to useful that it works in practice. But it's worth noticing how far we are from the clean formalism that would let us say why it works, or predict when it will fail. We're navigating by a map we don't understand through territory we can't see. Approximate Maps So we're stuck between theoretical optimality (incomputable) and principled uncertainty (intractable). What do we actually do? We approximate. And each approximation is a different way of drawing a map. Pretraining on human text. Karpathy calls this "our crappy evolution" — a hack to avoid the cold start problem. And I think that's exactly right, but it's worth dwelling on why it works. Human text has extraordinarily high signal-to-noise ratio. Not by accident — by construction. Every sentence you read represents effort, intention, selection. Someone chose those words over alternatives. The corpus isn't raw reality; it's reality filtered through billions of human decisions about what's worth saying. Pretraining works because we're not starting from scratch. We're using human text as a proxy for "useful programs look like things that predict this." It narrows the search space dramatically. It's a map, albeit one drawn by the collective motion of human minds rather than any principled analysis. Is this bitter lesson pilled? It doesn't feel like it. It feels more like... inheriting the distilled results of human cognition rather than rediscovering them from scratch. Sweet lesson pilled, maybe. Verifiable rewards. Karpathy makes another sharp observation: Software 1.0 easily automates what you can specify . Software 2.0 easily automates what you can verify . Verification is what makes search tractable. If you can cheaply check whether a program is good, you can do local search, hill-climbing, reinforcement learning. You can navigate. Without verification, you're back to wandering blind. This creates what Karpathy calls the "jagged frontier." Tasks with clean verification — math problems, code that compiles, games with win conditions — progress rapidly. Tasks without clean verification — creative work, strategic reasoning, anything requiring taste or judgment — advance more slowly, relying on generalization and hope. But verification is a human-shaped constraint. What can be verified depends on what humans have figured out how to check. We can verify proofs because we built proof checkers. We can verify code because we built compilers and test suites. These are human artifacts — tools we created, metrics we defined. So when we optimize for "verifiable rewards," we're really optimizing for problems where humans have already solved the verification problem. That's a strong selection effect. The map is drawn by the shape of human formal methods. Different Maps, Different Minds Here's another way the approximations matter. Karpathy distinguishes between "animals" and "ghosts" — two different points in the space of possible intelligences, reached by different optimization pressures. Animal intelligence was found by evolution's search: Optimize for survival and reproduction in a physical world Deeply embodied, continuous, always-learning Social — huge compute dedicated to modeling other agents Shaped by adversarial multi-agent self-play where failure means death The map: billions of years of selection pressure in physical reality LLM intelligence was found by a very different search: Statistical imitation of human text (pretraining) Task completion and human preference (finetuning, RLHF) Disembodied, fixed weights, context-window-bounded No continuous self, no embodied stakes The map: human documents + verifiable benchmarks + preference data These aren't points on a spectrum. They're different regions of mind-space, reached by different search algorithms using different maps. The maps encode different assumptions. Evolution's map says: programs that survive and reproduce in physical reality are good. Our map says: programs that predict human text and solve verifiable problems are good. No surprise, then, that the intelligences found are different. LLMs are shape-shifters, statistical imitators, spiky and capable in some domains, brittle in others. Animals are general, embodied, robust, optimized for not dying across countless scenarios. Ghosts and animals. Different search processes, different maps, different destinations. Other Maps? So here's the question I keep circling back to: Are there other maps? Other search strategies? Ways of navigating program space that are: Simpler than curated datasets and hand-designed rewards More principled than architecture intuitions we can't formalize More tractable than Solomonoff induction Candidates people talk about: Curiosity / Information Gain. Seek states that reduce uncertainty about the world. The map says: programs that learn efficiently are good. But this requires having a world model good enough to notice what's surprising — which is itself a hard problem. The map requires a map. Prediction Error Minimization. Active inference, free energy frameworks. The map says: programs that minimize surprise are good. But pure surprise-minimization leads to degenerate solutions. The agent that closes its eyes and predicts darkness has minimized surprise perfectly. The map needs constraints. Empowerment. Maximize the channel capacity between your actions and future states. Keep options open. The map says: programs that maintain influence over the future are good. Elegant, but computing empowerment is intractable in complex environments. The map is unreadable. Boundary Maintenance. This one's interesting because it inverts the question. Instead of asking "what reward signal produces intelligence?", it asks "what computational structure is intelligence?" One answer: intelligence is the maintenance of a self/non-self boundary, a region of low entropy in a high-entropy universe. Life itself as a self-maintaining boundary. The "map" isn't a search strategy but a definition — intelligence is whatever maintains its own existence as a coherent computational structure. I don't know if any of these lead anywhere. Each has implementation challenges that push you back toward approximations, toward the same messy heuristics we're already using. Maybe the incomputability is fundamental. Maybe any tractable learning algorithm necessarily picks up biases from wherever you make it tractable. But maybe not. The space of possible maps is itself vast. We've explored only a tiny region. Questions I'm Left With I don't have conclusions. I have questions: Is the incomputability fundamental? Is there a theorem lurking here — something like "any learning algorithm that is both general and tractable must incorporate domain-specific structure"? Or are there paths to simpler learning that we just haven't found yet? What are we actually approximating? When we train transformers on human text, we're approximating something . But what? Is there a well-defined target we're approaching, or is it turtles all the way down — approximations of approximations with no ground truth? Can you navigate from "ghost" to "animal"? Karpathy speculates that maybe you can finetune ghosts "more and more in the direction of animals." But optimization pressure shapes deep structure. Can you undo the shape-shifting, sycophantic, human-imitation core of an LLM? Or are ghosts and animals different basins of attraction in mind-space, unreachable from each other? What maps are we not seeing? Pretraining on text is one map. Verifiable rewards are another. But the space of possible maps is large. What are we not exploring because we're path-dependent on what's worked so far? What would a truly different search strategy look like? What does "simple" even mean? The bitter lesson says simple algorithms + scale beats complex engineering. But "simple" is slippery. Solomonoff induction is conceptually simple — and incomputable. Evolution is mechanistically simple — and requires billions of years. Is there a notion of simplicity that's both meaningful and achievable? Coda The space of all programs contains every possible mind. The perfect learner is in there, somewhere, as a point in that vast combinatorial space. The Library of Babel is complete. And it is useless. Because finding something in an infinite library is as hard as writing it from scratch. Search is the bottleneck. Navigation is the problem. And navigation requires maps — priors, biases, assumptions about where to look. The bitter lesson tells us what would work in principle: simple algorithm, lots of compute, scale indefinitely. But the simplest algorithms are incomputable. So we approximate — with human data, with verifiable rewards, with architectural intuitions we can't formalize. Each approximation is a tradeoff. Each draws a different map. Each shapes the intelligence we find in ways we're only beginning to understand. Maybe LLMs are ghosts — not animals, not the platonic ideal, but something new. A different region of mind-space, reachable by the maps available to us. Statistical echoes of humanity, shape-shifters trained on our documents, useful and strange. Or maybe they're waypoints. Stepping stones toward something we don't have words for yet. Points on a trajectory through mind-space that we're only beginning to trace. I don't know. But I think the question "what kind of learning is actually possible?" deserves more attention than it gets. Not "what benchmarks can we hit?" but "what are the fundamental constraints on minds, and how do our methods navigate them?" The bitter lesson is a direction, not a destination. And the path there — if there is a path — runs through territory we don't have maps for yet. The Library contains everything. The hard part was never writing the books. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alex Towell Follow Research engineer and computer scientist working at the intersection of machine learning, statistical computing, and cryptography. 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https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#cwi-license-agreement-for-python-0-9-0-through-1-2 | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. 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CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu cfuhash ¶ The implementation of the hash table used by the tracemalloc is based on the cfuhash project: Copyright (c) 2005 Don Owens All rights reserved. This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. libmpdec ¶ The _decimal C extension underlying the decimal module is built using an included copy of the libmpdec library unless the build is configured --with-system-libmpdec : Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. W3C C14N test suite ¶ The C14N 2.0 test suite in the test package ( Lib/test/xmltestdata/c14n-20/ ) was retrieved from the W3C website at https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n2-testcases/ and is distributed under the 3-clause BSD license: Copyright (c) 2013 W3C(R) (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://zeroday.forem.com/amit_ambekar_c022e6732f8d/december-email-security-your-strongest-defense-against-everyday-cyber-threats-1caj | ✉️ December: Email Security — Your Strongest Defense Against Everyday Cyber Threats ✉️ - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amit Ambekar Posted on Dec 2, 2025 ✉️ December: Email Security — Your Strongest Defense Against Everyday Cyber Threats ✉️ # email # cybersecurity # education # soc Email remains the No.1 attack vector for cybercriminals. From phishing and malware to invoice fraud, most attacks begin with a single deceptive email and SMBs are the easiest targets because attackers assume they have fewer protections. As the year closes and holidays approach, phishing spikes sharply. December becomes the busiest month for fake login alerts, parcel-delivery scams and urgent payment requests. This month’s focus: strengthening email security for every employee and every device. 🎯 Why Email Security Matters 🎯 Even well-trained users can get tricked by realistic phishing emails. Real-world breach data shows: Over 90% of attacks start with a phishing email. Find that 6× more email fraud attempts during the holiday season. Attackers now use AI-generated emails that look 100% legitimate. That's why December is the perfect month to reinforce email hygiene and boost awareness. 🧩 Core Email Security Practices 🧩 Implementing a few simple, practical controls can significantly reduce risk: 1️⃣ Enable SPF, DKIM & DMARC (Essential Email Authentication) These three protocols verify whether emails are genuinely from your domain and prevent attackers from spoofing your address. SPF – verifies allowed sender IPs DKIM – adds a digital signature DMARC – tells email providers how to handle suspicious emails Free tool: ✔️ dmarcian’s free checker ✔️ MXToolbox DMARC Analyzer 2️⃣ Use Strong Filtering & Anti-Spam Controls Modern phishing is extremely sophisticated. Activate advanced filtering in: Google Workspace Microsoft 365 Zoho Mail Or use free/low-cost add-ons like SpamTitan (free trial) for small teams. These engines detect malicious links, spoofed sender IDs and suspicious attachments before they reach the inbox. 3️⃣ Train Users on Phishing Especially Year-End Scams December phishing themes often include: Fake gift cards Banking alerts HR document uploads “Your package is delayed” emails Fake holiday bonuses Urgent invoice or payment request from “CEO/Manager” Use Gophish (free) to run small awareness campaigns internally. Rule: If an email triggers emotion urgency, fear, excitement pause and verify. 4️⃣ Block High-Risk Attachments Most ransomware enters through: .exe, .js, .scr, .zip, .rar, .bat, .ps1 Configure email policy to block risky file types unless explicitly allowed for specific users. 5️⃣ Use Isolation for Email Links (Optional but Powerful) Tools like Cloudflare Browser Isolation or Menlo Security Free Tier open links in a sandbox, preventing malware from executing on user machines. 🔥 Real-Life Example: The 2021 Sony Fake Invoice Incident 🔥 A European Sony subsidiary lost over $3 million to a highly targeted phishing email. Attackers impersonated a trusted vendor, sent a “project invoice,” and the finance team unknowingly transferred the funds. No malware. No hacking. Just one email. Takeaway: Even reputable brands fall victim when email verification and financial controls are weak. 🛠️ Quick Wins for December 🛠️ Turn on DMARC with enforcement Use spam filtering with attachment controls Run a holiday themed phishing awareness test Warn employees about fake delivery notifications Educate teams to never process payments solely via email Enable safe-link scanning (M365/Workspace) Review shared mailboxes & disable unused accounts ⭐ Final Thoughts ⭐ Email will always be a favorite weapon for cybercriminals. But with the right mix of authentication, filtering, user training and simple controls, SMBs can drastically reduce their exposure. One secure email click protects the entire business. Make December your strongest month for phishing defense and start the new year safer than ever. Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand bmo bmo bmo Follow Joined Dec 3, 2025 • Dec 3 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very interesting - I guess in a world of increasing cyber crime something I have found extremely succesful and recommend to EVERYONE is an alias account, even if it is just to separate yourself from increasing spam, exploits, and vulnerabilities. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amit Ambekar Amit Ambekar Amit Ambekar Follow Joined Apr 30, 2025 • Dec 4 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you for your valuable insight! Absolutely agree using an alias account is a smart and practical layer of protection. It helps reduce exposure to spam, phishing attempts and other attack vectors. I appreciate you sharing your experience here. Good security habits like these go a long way in today’s threat landscape! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Amit Ambekar Follow Joined Apr 30, 2025 More from Amit Ambekar 🔍 November: Strengthening Identity & Access Management (IAM) for SMBs # iam # cybersecurity # soc # education 🔐 Cyber Awareness Month Special: Why Security is Everyone’s Responsibility! Beyond Roles and Job Titles... # cybersecurity # awareness 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. 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Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.10.9 - Dec. 6, 2022 Note that Python 3.10.9 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.11.0 - Oct. 24, 2022 Note that Python 3.11.0 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.10.8 - Oct. 11, 2022 Note that Python 3.10.8 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.10.7 - Sept. 6, 2022 Note that Python 3.10.7 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.10.6 - Aug. 2, 2022 Note that Python 3.10.6 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.10.5 - June 6, 2022 Note that Python 3.10.5 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.13 - May 17, 2022 Note that Python 3.9.13 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.10.4 - March 24, 2022 Note that Python 3.10.4 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.12 - March 23, 2022 Note that Python 3.9.12 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.10.3 - March 16, 2022 Note that Python 3.10.3 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.11 - March 16, 2022 Note that Python 3.9.11 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.10 - Jan. 14, 2022 Note that Python 3.9.10 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.10.2 - Jan. 14, 2022 Note that Python 3.10.2 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.10.1 - Dec. 6, 2021 Note that Python 3.10.1 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.9.9 - Nov. 15, 2021 Note that Python 3.9.9 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.8 - Nov. 5, 2021 Note that Python 3.9.8 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.10.0 - Oct. 4, 2021 Note that Python 3.10.0 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.7 - Aug. 30, 2021 Note that Python 3.9.7 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.6 - June 28, 2021 Note that Python 3.9.6 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.5 - May 3, 2021 Note that Python 3.9.5 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.8.10 - May 3, 2021 Note that Python 3.8.10 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.4 - April 4, 2021 Note that Python 3.9.4 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.8.9 - April 2, 2021 Note that Python 3.8.9 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.2 - Feb. 19, 2021 Note that Python 3.9.2 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.8.8 - Feb. 19, 2021 Note that Python 3.8.8 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.8.7 - Dec. 21, 2020 Note that Python 3.8.7 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.1 - Dec. 7, 2020 Note that Python 3.9.1 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows help file Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Python 3.9.0 - Oct. 5, 2020 Note that Python 3.9.0 cannot be used on Windows 7 or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.8.6 - Sept. 24, 2020 Note that Python 3.8.6 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.7.9 - Aug. 17, 2020 Note that Python 3.7.9 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.8.5 - July 20, 2020 Note that Python 3.8.5 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.8.4 - July 13, 2020 Note that Python 3.8.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.7.8 - June 27, 2020 Note that Python 3.7.8 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.8.3 - May 13, 2020 Note that Python 3.8.3 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.18 - April 20, 2020 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.7.7 - March 10, 2020 Note that Python 3.7.7 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.8.2 - Feb. 24, 2020 Note that Python 3.8.2 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.8.1 - Dec. 18, 2019 Note that Python 3.8.1 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.7.6 - Dec. 18, 2019 Note that Python 3.7.6 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.17 - Oct. 19, 2019 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.7.5 - Oct. 15, 2019 Note that Python 3.7.5 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.8.0 - Oct. 14, 2019 Note that Python 3.8.0 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.7.4 - July 8, 2019 Note that Python 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.7.3 - March 25, 2019 Note that Python 3.7.3 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.16 - March 4, 2019 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.7.2 - Dec. 24, 2018 Note that Python 3.7.2 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.6.8 - Dec. 24, 2018 Note that Python 3.6.8 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.7.1 - Oct. 20, 2018 Note that Python 3.7.1 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.6.7 - Oct. 20, 2018 Note that Python 3.6.7 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.7.0 - June 27, 2018 Note that Python 3.7.0 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.6.6 - June 27, 2018 Note that Python 3.6.6 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.15 - May 1, 2018 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.6.5 - March 28, 2018 Note that Python 3.6.5 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.6.4 - Dec. 19, 2017 Note that Python 3.6.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.6.3 - Oct. 3, 2017 Note that Python 3.6.3 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.14 - Sept. 16, 2017 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.5.4 - Aug. 8, 2017 Note that Python 3.5.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.6.2 - July 17, 2017 Note that Python 3.6.2 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.6.1 - March 21, 2017 Note that Python 3.6.1 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.5.3 - Jan. 17, 2017 Note that Python 3.5.3 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 3.6.0 - Dec. 23, 2016 Note that Python 3.6.0 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.13 - Dec. 17, 2016 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.5.2 - June 27, 2016 Note that Python 3.5.2 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.12 - June 25, 2016 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.4 - Dec. 21, 2015 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.5.1 - Dec. 7, 2015 Note that Python 3.5.1 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.11 - Dec. 5, 2015 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.5.0 - Sept. 13, 2015 Note that Python 3.5.0 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier. Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86 executable installer Download Windows x86 web-based installer Download Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file Download Windows x86-64 executable installer Download Windows x86-64 web-based installer Python 2.7.10 - May 23, 2015 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.3 - Feb. 25, 2015 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.9 - Dec. 10, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.2 - Oct. 13, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.8 - July 2, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.7 - June 1, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.1 - May 19, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.4.0 - March 17, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.5 - March 9, 2014 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows debug information files for 64-bit binaries Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.4 - Feb. 9, 2014 Download Windows X86-64 MSI Installer Download Windows x86 MSI Installer Python 3.3.3 - Nov. 17, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.6 - Nov. 10, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows X86-64 MSI Installer Download Windows X86-64 MSI program database Download Windows x86 MSI Installer Download Windows x86 MSI program database Python 3.2.5 - May 15, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.2 - May 15, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.5 - May 12, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.4 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.1 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.4 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.0 - Sept. 29, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.3 - April 10, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.3 - April 9, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.2 - Sept. 3, 2011 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.1 - July 9, 2011 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.1.4 - June 11, 2011 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.2 - June 11, 2011 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.0 - Feb. 20, 2011 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.1 - Nov. 27, 2010 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.1.3 - Nov. 27, 2010 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.6.6 - Aug. 24, 2010 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.0 - July 3, 2010 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.1.2 - March 20, 2010 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.6.5 - March 18, 2010 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.6.4 - Oct. 26, 2009 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.6.3 - Oct. 2, 2009 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.1.1 - Aug. 17, 2009 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.1.0 - June 26, 2009 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.6.2 - April 14, 2009 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.0.1 - Feb. 13, 2009 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.5.4 - Dec. 23, 2008 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.5.3 - Dec. 19, 2008 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.6.1 - Dec. 4, 2008 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.0.0 - Dec. 3, 2008 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.6.0 - Oct. 2, 2008 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.5.2 - Feb. 21, 2008 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.5.1 - April 19, 2007 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.4.4 - Oct. 18, 2006 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Python 2.5.0 - Sept. 19, 2006 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.4.3 - April 15, 2006 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Python 2.4.2 - Sept. 27, 2005 Download Windows help file Download Windows x86 MSI installer Python 2.4.1 - March 30, 2005 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Python 2.3.5 - Feb. 8, 2005 Download Windows installer Python 2.4.0 - Nov. 30, 2004 Download Windows x86 MSI installer Python 2.3.4 - May 27, 2004 Download Windows installer Python 2.3.3 - Dec. 19, 2003 Download Windows installer Python 2.3.2 - Oct. 3, 2003 Download Windows installer Python 2.3.1 - Sept. 23, 2003 Download Windows installer Python 2.3.0 - July 29, 2003 Download Windows installer Python 2.2.3 - May 30, 2003 Download Windows installer Python 2.2.2 - Oct. 14, 2002 Download Windows installer Python 2.2.1 - April 10, 2002 Download Windows installer Python 2.1.3 - April 9, 2002 Download Windows installer Python 2.2.0 - Dec. 21, 2001 Download Windows installer Python 2.0.1 - June 22, 2001 Download Windows debug information files Download Windows installer Pre-releases Python 3.15.0a3 - Dec. 16, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Download Windows release manifest Python 3.15.0a2 - Nov. 19, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Download Windows release manifest Python install manager 25.1 beta 2 - Nov. 14, 2025 Download Installer (MSIX) Download MSI package Python install manager 25.1 beta 1 - Oct. 27, 2025 Download Installer (MSIX) Download MSI package Python 3.15.0a1 - Oct. 14, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Download Windows release manifest Python install manager 25.0 beta 15 - Sept. 18, 2025 Download Installer (MSIX) Download MSI package Python 3.14.0rc3 - Sept. 18, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Download Windows release manifest Python install manager 25.0 beta 14 - 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April 8, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a6 - March 14, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a5 - Feb. 11, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a4 - Jan. 14, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a3 - 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https://dev.to/community-moderation#main-content | DEV Community Moderation Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Community Moderation DEV works with a team of community moderators who help to uphold the Code of Conduct and foster a kind, inclusive, helpful community. Below, we’ll briefly discuss our different mod roles and talk about some of the reasoning behind our moderation tactics. Who are DEV Mods? DEV moderators are DEV community members who have either volunteered or been recruited to do things like: help organize content so that it’s easy to find facilitate conflict to keep conversations kind & productive lessen the visibility of low-quality posts while also boosting high-quality articles Importantly, mods are not being paid, but do this work because they value DEV and want to make the community a better place for folks that use it. Moderator Roles We have two main community moderator roles: Trusted Member and Tag Moderator. The primary thing to note about these roles is that all Tag Moderators are Trusted Members, but not all Trusted Members are Tag Moderators. So, all Tag Mods have access to Trusted Member abilities, meaning that they can use features like leaving emoji reactions and rating the experience level of posts . But Trusted Members do not have access to Tag Mod abilities like adding/removing tags from a post. To learn more about these roles, please check out our Trusted Member Guide and Tag Moderation Guide . Want to become a DEV Mod? If you'd like to be a moderator, please check out our guides linked above for more info on how each role, Trusted Member or Tag Moderator, is acquired. Also, please review our Code of Conduct to make sure that you agree with our values and up for the task of enforcing our rules. Thank you very much! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/t/aws/page/3#main-content | Amazon Web Services Page 3 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Amazon Web Services Follow Hide Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a collection of web services for computing, storage, machine learning, security, and more There are over 200+ AWS services as of 2023. Create Post submission guidelines Articles which primary focus is AWS are permitted to used the #aws tag. Older #aws posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill Nikola Roganovic Nikola Roganovic Nikola Roganovic Follow Jan 10 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill # aws # devops # cloud # sre 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS DevOps Agent Prithvi Kumar Detne Prithvi Kumar Detne Prithvi Kumar Detne Follow Jan 11 AWS DevOps Agent # aws # devops # sre Comments Add Comment 4 min read AWS Cheat Sheet Varalakshmi Varalakshmi Varalakshmi Follow Jan 10 AWS Cheat Sheet # aws # beginners # cloud Comments Add Comment 1 min read Amazon EKS From The Ground Up - Part 2: Worker Nodes with AWS Managed Nodes Phu Hoang Phu Hoang Phu Hoang Follow Jan 10 Amazon EKS From The Ground Up - Part 2: Worker Nodes with AWS Managed Nodes # aws # eks # devops Comments Add Comment 8 min read Architect's Compass: Building a Data-Driven Trade-off Engine with AWS Kiro Shyamli Khadse Shyamli Khadse Shyamli Khadse Follow Jan 10 Architect's Compass: Building a Data-Driven Trade-off Engine with AWS Kiro # aws # tooling # architecture # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read AWS Development Environment Dipali Kulshrestha Dipali Kulshrestha Dipali Kulshrestha Follow Jan 10 AWS Development Environment # architecture # aws # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Compute options for Developers Dipali Kulshrestha Dipali Kulshrestha Dipali Kulshrestha Follow Jan 10 Compute options for Developers # architecture # aws # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS VPC Peering Using Terraform: A Complete Multi-Region Hands-On Guide Amit Kushwaha Amit Kushwaha Amit Kushwaha Follow Jan 10 AWS VPC Peering Using Terraform: A Complete Multi-Region Hands-On Guide # devops # aws # cloud # git Comments Add Comment 8 min read 🚀 AWS 131: Scalable Data - Provisioning Private RDS with Storage Autoscaling Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Follow Jan 11 🚀 AWS 131: Scalable Data - Provisioning Private RDS with Storage Autoscaling # aws # rds # mysql # 100daysofcloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read Day 38: Deploying Containerized Applications with Amazon ECS Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Follow Jan 10 Day 38: Deploying Containerized Applications with Amazon ECS # aws # 100daysofcloudaws Comments Add Comment 3 min read Day 37: Managing EC2 Access with S3 Role-based Permissions Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Follow Jan 10 Day 37: Managing EC2 Access with S3 Role-based Permissions # aws # 100daysofcloudaws Comments Add Comment 3 min read Hosting a React App on AWS S3 in 5 minutes. Eric Rodríguez Eric Rodríguez Eric Rodríguez Follow Jan 10 Hosting a React App on AWS S3 in 5 minutes. # aws # react # s3 # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Getting Started with Amazon CloudWatch for Beginners Gayatri Sonawane Gayatri Sonawane Gayatri Sonawane Follow Jan 9 Getting Started with Amazon CloudWatch for Beginners # aws # beginners # devops # monitoring Comments Add Comment 1 min read Serverless PDF-to-Speech Narrator on AWS (Textract + Polly) AKASH S AKASH S AKASH S Follow Jan 10 Serverless PDF-to-Speech Narrator on AWS (Textract + Polly) # webdev # ai # tutorial # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Testing VPC connectivity - A quick hands-on Jeya Shri Jeya Shri Jeya Shri Follow Jan 10 Testing VPC connectivity - A quick hands-on # cloud # aws # vpc # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Launching EC2 instances within a VPC (along with Wizard) Jeya Shri Jeya Shri Jeya Shri Follow Jan 10 Launching EC2 instances within a VPC (along with Wizard) # beginners # cloud # aws # vpc Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why I Started Learning AWS Alongside Generative AI Syed Asif Akhtar Syed Asif Akhtar Syed Asif Akhtar Follow Jan 10 Why I Started Learning AWS Alongside Generative AI # aws # cloud # beginners # genai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Day-31 Kubernetes Hit Me Hard Today: RBAC, CRDs, and Imposter Syndrome Jayanth Dasari Jayanth Dasari Jayanth Dasari Follow Jan 9 Day-31 Kubernetes Hit Me Hard Today: RBAC, CRDs, and Imposter Syndrome # kubernetes # docker # devops # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read Day 36: Load Balancing EC2 Instances with Application Load Balancer Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Follow Jan 10 Day 36: Load Balancing EC2 Instances with Application Load Balancer # aws # 100daysofcloudaws Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 9 Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring # sre 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Zero Budget, High Impact: My First Step Becoming an AWS Community Builder lihaong lihaong lihaong Follow Jan 9 Zero Budget, High Impact: My First Step Becoming an AWS Community Builder # aws # awsbudget # tutorial # cloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read Orphaned EBS Volumes Costing You $$$? Rick Wise Rick Wise Rick Wise Follow Jan 9 Orphaned EBS Volumes Costing You $$$? # aws # cloud # devops # costsaving Comments Add Comment 1 min read Listing IAM Roles for Your Current AWS Account Toru Takahashi Toru Takahashi Toru Takahashi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 10 Listing IAM Roles for Your Current AWS Account # aws # iam # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read De Localhost a Escala Global: Una Estrategia de Arquitectura AWS para Emprendedores en Latinoamérica Carlos Eduardo Sotelo Pinto Carlos Eduardo Sotelo Pinto Carlos Eduardo Sotelo Pinto Follow Jan 9 De Localhost a Escala Global: Una Estrategia de Arquitectura AWS para Emprendedores en Latinoamérica # aws # arequipa # peru # emprender Comments Add Comment 18 min read Help me, Localstack. You're my only hope. KILLALLSKYWALKER KILLALLSKYWALKER KILLALLSKYWALKER Follow Jan 11 Help me, Localstack. You're my only hope. # localstack # aws # terraform Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/t/tools/page/7 | Tools Page 7 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tools Follow Hide General discussion about all types of design software and hardware Create Post Older #tools posts 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Free Tools for Developers — Built by Me (100+ Tools!) Hamza Ashkar Hamza Ashkar Hamza Ashkar Follow Jun 30 '25 Free Tools for Developers — Built by Me (100+ Tools!) # tools # developers # webdev # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read 5 Random Tools for Teachers (Built by Developers) er wang er wang er wang Follow Jun 29 '25 5 Random Tools for Teachers (Built by Developers) # webdev # tools Comments Add Comment 2 min read Free Up Space: Delete node_modules Using Everything Lakshya Singh Chauhan Lakshya Singh Chauhan Lakshya Singh Chauhan Follow Jul 30 '25 Free Up Space: Delete node_modules Using Everything # javascript # node # windows # tools Comments Add Comment 2 min read Top 12 DevOps Automation Tools for Modern Workflows in 2025 Shlok Talepa Shlok Talepa Shlok Talepa Follow Jun 23 '25 Top 12 DevOps Automation Tools for Modern Workflows in 2025 # devops # tools # workflows # automation Comments Add Comment 1 min read Beyond Integrations: How to Build the Future of AI with Context Engineering ContextSpace ContextSpace ContextSpace Follow Jul 24 '25 Beyond Integrations: How to Build the Future of AI with Context Engineering # ai # tools # development # context Comments Add Comment 3 min read Top 17 Essential Git Tools for Enhanced Developer Productivity Vaiber Vaiber Vaiber Follow Jun 21 '25 Top 17 Essential Git Tools for Enhanced Developer Productivity # git # devops # productivity # tools 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read DigitalOcean Explained: Droplets, Databases, and Developer Tools Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow Jul 16 '25 DigitalOcean Explained: Droplets, Databases, and Developer Tools # digitalocean # cloud # tools # beginners 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Organize Your Projects Better with Symlinks (and Save Time) Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow Jul 11 '25 Organize Your Projects Better with Symlinks (and Save Time) # symlinks # linux # dev # tools 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🧰 9 Open Source Tools Every Developer Should Know 🔥 hmza hmza hmza Follow Jul 10 '25 🧰 9 Open Source Tools Every Developer Should Know 🔥 # opensource # tools # devplusplus # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Introducing XSLTPlayground.com — The Modern Way to Test, Optimize, and Debug XSLT in Real Time Alexandre Vazquez Alexandre Vazquez Alexandre Vazquez Follow Jan 6 Introducing XSLTPlayground.com — The Modern Way to Test, Optimize, and Debug XSLT in Real Time # tools # tibco # xml # xslt Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🧠 10 AI Tools Every Developer Should Know in 2025 Mourya Vamsi Modugula Mourya Vamsi Modugula Mourya Vamsi Modugula Follow Jul 5 '25 🧠 10 AI Tools Every Developer Should Know in 2025 # ai # webdev # programming # tools 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read What Did You Build This Weekend? Andy Andy Andy Follow Jul 6 '25 What Did You Build This Weekend? # discuss # tools # buildinpublic # webdev 1 reaction Comments 3 comments 1 min read 🛠️ 10 Game-Changing Tech Tools Every Developer Should Try in 2025 Mor Levi Mor Levi Mor Levi Follow Jun 22 '25 🛠️ 10 Game-Changing Tech Tools Every Developer Should Try in 2025 # programming # devtools # tools Comments Add Comment 2 min read Build Like a Pro, Spend Like a Student Bruno Mendola Bruno Mendola Bruno Mendola Follow May 29 '25 Build Like a Pro, Spend Like a Student # softwaredevelopment # tools # softwareengineering # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read Hacker Using Metasploit and Nmap for Offensive Security in 2025 Swarup Mahato Swarup Mahato Swarup Mahato Follow Jun 27 '25 Hacker Using Metasploit and Nmap for Offensive Security in 2025 # cybersecurity # archlinux # hacker # tools 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Open Excel Spreadsheets Anywhere — No Software, No Signup Frances Starken Frances Starken Frances Starken Follow Jun 11 '25 Open Excel Spreadsheets Anywhere — No Software, No Signup # excel # viewer # tools # remotework Comments 1 comment 1 min read AutoPlay Menu Designer: Solusi Praktis Membuat Menu Autorun Profesional KOALA EDU KOALA EDU KOALA EDU Follow May 23 '25 AutoPlay Menu Designer: Solusi Praktis Membuat Menu Autorun Profesional # tipstrik # belajar # fileiso # tools Comments Add Comment 2 min read Translate Documents Online Using AI: Answers to the Most Common Questions Shruti Saraswat Shruti Saraswat Shruti Saraswat Follow Jun 22 '25 Translate Documents Online Using AI: Answers to the Most Common Questions # translatesdocument # documenttranslator # ai # tools 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Supercharge Your Workflow: AI Chatbots, CLI Magic, and Smarter AI Usage with nGPT nazdridoy nazdridoy nazdridoy Follow May 14 '25 Supercharge Your Workflow: AI Chatbots, CLI Magic, and Smarter AI Usage with nGPT # ai # productivity # cli # tools Comments Add Comment 8 min read No More Print Screen! Capture Websites Easily With Canva’s Website Screenshot App Palash Das Palash Das Palash Das Follow Jun 11 '25 No More Print Screen! Capture Websites Easily With Canva’s Website Screenshot App # productivity # design # canva # tools Comments 1 comment 3 min read National Space Day: May 2 Alex P Alex P Alex P Follow May 3 '25 National Space Day: May 2 # itday # disk # tools # linux Comments Add Comment 1 min read What do hackers know about your website? Alex P Alex P Alex P Follow Apr 30 '25 What do hackers know about your website? # security # domains # hacking # tools Comments Add Comment 2 min read Craft Better Commit Messages with Conventional Commits and Visual Labels nazdridoy nazdridoy nazdridoy Follow May 3 '25 Craft Better Commit Messages with Conventional Commits and Visual Labels # github # productivity # git # tools 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Cybersecurity Audit Checklist: The Risk of Free Online Tools Liam Corwin Liam Corwin Liam Corwin Follow Jun 13 '25 Cybersecurity Audit Checklist: The Risk of Free Online Tools # ai # cybersecurity # translation # tools 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Create Custom Symbols v2.14: Convert SVG to SF Symbols for use in Xcode (UIKit/SwiftUI). 小弟调调™ 小弟调调™ 小弟调调™ Follow May 29 '25 Create Custom Symbols v2.14: Convert SVG to SF Symbols for use in Xcode (UIKit/SwiftUI). # symbols # tools # macosapp # apps 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/t/cloudnative | Cloudnative - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # cloudnative Follow Hide Building and running applications to take advantage of the cloud computing delivery model. Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Sécurisez et optimisez vos transferts de fichiers avec les signed URLs Cloud Storage Benoît Garçon Benoît Garçon Benoît Garçon Follow for La Formule Nuagique Jan 11 Sécurisez et optimisez vos transferts de fichiers avec les signed URLs Cloud Storage # cloud # googlecloud # security # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Helm Chart Testing Matters (And How to Choose Your Tools) Alexandre Vazquez Alexandre Vazquez Alexandre Vazquez Follow Jan 11 Why Helm Chart Testing Matters (And How to Choose Your Tools) # helm # cicd # cloudnative # devops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read Build something at your own Vishal Thakkar Vishal Thakkar Vishal Thakkar Follow Jan 12 Build something at your own # startup # ai # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 1 min read DevOps Explained: From Buzzword to Real-World Practice 🚀 Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 10 DevOps Explained: From Buzzword to Real-World Practice 🚀 # devops # cloudnative # tutorial # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read EKS vs ECS: A Comprehensive Comparison Tandap Noel Bansikah Tandap Noel Bansikah Tandap Noel Bansikah Follow Jan 5 EKS vs ECS: A Comprehensive Comparison # aws # kubernetes # cloudnative # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read Secure your AWS credentials on GitHub Actions with OIDC V-ris Jaijongrak V-ris Jaijongrak V-ris Jaijongrak Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 7 Secure your AWS credentials on GitHub Actions with OIDC # aws # github # cloudnative # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Aurora Database with EC2 Hyelngtil Isaac Hyelngtil Isaac Hyelngtil Isaac Follow Jan 5 Aurora Database with EC2 # aws # database # cloudnative # cloudskills Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kubernetes Essentials Cloudev Cloudev Cloudev Follow Jan 3 Kubernetes Essentials # kubernetes # containers # cloudnative # devops Comments Add Comment 1 min read "VPC (AWS) vs VNet (AZURE): A Comparative Deep Dive for Multi-Cloud Beginners" Prince Dumuhere Prince Dumuhere Prince Dumuhere Follow Jan 2 "VPC (AWS) vs VNet (AZURE): A Comparative Deep Dive for Multi-Cloud Beginners" # cloudcomputing # cloudnative # microsoft # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a Modern POS System That Doesn't Feel Like It's From 2005 Atta Elahi Atta Elahi Atta Elahi Follow Dec 31 '25 Building a Modern POS System That Doesn't Feel Like It's From 2005 # webdev # cloudnative # productivity # react Comments Add Comment 5 min read Event Sourcing - System Design Pattern Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Dec 30 '25 Event Sourcing - System Design Pattern # devops # aws # cloudnative # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read Cloud Architecture in 2026: The Blueprint for the AI Era Tech Croc Tech Croc Tech Croc Follow Dec 30 '25 Cloud Architecture in 2026: The Blueprint for the AI Era # architecture # cloud # cloudnative # microservices 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read What is Cloud Bursting? The Ultimate Guide to Hybrid Scalability Tech Croc Tech Croc Tech Croc Follow Dec 29 '25 What is Cloud Bursting? The Ultimate Guide to Hybrid Scalability # cloud # nextjs # webperf # cloudnative 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kubernetes 1.35 “Timbernetes” — What’s New & Why It Matters (December 2025) Maajidh Sabeel A Maajidh Sabeel A Maajidh Sabeel A Follow Dec 28 '25 Kubernetes 1.35 “Timbernetes” — What’s New & Why It Matters (December 2025) # kubernetes # cloudnative # devops # containers Comments Add Comment 3 min read From Stateless to Stateful Royalty: How Kubernetes Conquered the Database Realm Kubernetes with Naveen Kubernetes with Naveen Kubernetes with Naveen Follow Jan 2 From Stateless to Stateful Royalty: How Kubernetes Conquered the Database Realm # kubernetes # devops # database # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 5 min read How AI + GCP Work Together to Build Scalable, Real-World Intelligent Applications realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Dec 28 '25 How AI + GCP Work Together to Build Scalable, Real-World Intelligent Applications # gcp # cloud # cloudnative 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Full-Stack E-Commerce Platform with AWS Randika Madhushan Perera Randika Madhushan Perera Randika Madhushan Perera Follow Dec 27 '25 Building a Full-Stack E-Commerce Platform with AWS # aws # serverless # nextjs # cloudnative 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Security Groups vs NACLs — What I Got Wrong at First Nirmal Mahale Nirmal Mahale Nirmal Mahale Follow Dec 25 '25 Security Groups vs NACLs — What I Got Wrong at First # aws # cloudnative # networking # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kubernetes Secrets Management: 5 Best Practices You Need toKnow 🚀 Abinash Sharma Abinash Sharma Abinash Sharma Follow Dec 28 '25 Kubernetes Secrets Management: 5 Best Practices You Need toKnow 🚀 # webdev # devops # kubernetes # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 2 min read Cloud-Native Is Growing Up: Why 2025 Is the End of Over-Engineering Ani Kulkarni Ani Kulkarni Ani Kulkarni Follow Dec 24 '25 Cloud-Native Is Growing Up: Why 2025 Is the End of Over-Engineering # cloudnative # nativeapplication Comments Add Comment 3 min read Deploying an Auto Watermarking React Application to AWS Amplify Nde-Dilan Nde-Dilan Nde-Dilan Follow Dec 23 '25 Deploying an Auto Watermarking React Application to AWS Amplify # aws # webdev # cloudnative # eventsinyourcity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Get Started with Elastic Beanstalk lotanna obianefo lotanna obianefo lotanna obianefo Follow Dec 27 '25 Get Started with Elastic Beanstalk # aws # cloudnative # devops # awschallenge 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read DevSecOps Periodic Table-Tekton (TK) Nethra Loganathan Nethra Loganathan Nethra Loganathan Follow Dec 18 '25 DevSecOps Periodic Table-Tekton (TK) # devops # devsecops # tekton # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 1 min read Docker, Beyond “It Works on My Machine” Anto Benil Anto Benil Anto Benil Follow Dec 30 '25 Docker, Beyond “It Works on My Machine” # programming # docker # softwareengineering # cloudnative 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Kubelet As A Pod Micro‑OS Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Follow Dec 29 '25 Kubelet As A Pod Micro‑OS # kubernetes # kubelet # cloudnative # devops Comments Add Comment 12 min read loading... trending guides/resources The Sunsetting of Ingress NGINX: Why Kubernetes Is Moving On — And Where We Go Next Stop the Panic: NGINX is NOT Dead: Understanding the ingress-nginx Controller Retirement The Ultimate Guide to Linux Command Line for Cloud Engineers OVN Kubernetes - What Makes It Different Create and configure a container app in Azure Container Apps A short talk at AWS cloud club event "Cloud Nexus" made me rethink how students are using AI Ingress Is Fading Away: But Where There Is A Will, There Is A Gateway API Introducing Gati: The Backend That Builds, Scales, and Evolves Itself Database Center from Google Cloud — The “Virtual DBA” You Didn’t Know You Hired Introducing Gati — The Zero-Ops Backend Framework for the AI Era Manage revisions in Azure Container Apps Terraform Functions: Where Your Infrastructure Gets Superpowers What are variables in Terraform? And how do I arrange my files? Designing High-Performance Fintech SaaS with Redis and CDNs IPVS to NFTables: A Migration Guide for Kubernetes v1.35 Advanced Observability Engineering: A Holistic Guide to Implementation, Collaboration, and Dissem... 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https://dev.to/yuer/edca-admission-protocols-introducing-an-explicit-admission-layer-for-ai-systems-48b6 | EDCA Admission Protocols: Introducing an Explicit Admission Layer for AI Systems - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yuer Posted on Jan 12 EDCA Admission Protocols: Introducing an Explicit Admission Layer for AI Systems # ai # architecture # security # systemdesign Most AI systems today implicitly assume that: if an expression is received, it should be processed. This assumption hides a structural gap. In many real systems, there is no explicit stage that decides whether a claim is allowed to enter an AI-controlled decision path. Once input is accepted, it is pushed directly into reasoning, generation, or execution. This creates systemic issues: claims cannot be explicitly refused, failure is conflated with runtime error, rejection lacks semantic explanation, and admission boundaries are not auditable. The Admission Layer EDCA introduces an explicit Admission Layer. The admission layer does not reason. It does not generate outputs. It does not execute actions. It answers a single question: Is this claim allowed to enter the AI-controlled system? If a system cannot clearly reject a claim, it cannot safely accept one. EDCA Admission Protocols EDCA Admission Protocols define formal, admission-layer specifications for EDCA OS. They describe: how a claim is started (boot), how it becomes a decidable instance (instantiation), under what constraints it may proceed (runtime), and how it may be rejected or fail (failure semantics). All admission decisions occur before any reasoning or execution. This repository contains normative specifications only. It is not an implementation, runtime, or product. Alignment Protocol v3.0 The first published specification in this family is Alignment Protocol v3.0. It defines how human-originated claims are legally admitted into EDCA OS. This is not a prompt technique and not a model-alignment method. It is an admission contract. A Structural Shift The publication of EDCA Admission Protocols marks a shift: from implicit acceptance to explicit admission decisions. This is not an optimization problem. It is a boundary-definition problem. Repository GitHub (public specification): https://github.com/yuer-dsl/edca-admission-protocols Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yuer Follow Yuer — Independent AI Systems Architect Building the Expression-Driven Cognitive Architecture (EDCA OS): a deterministic, auditable execution layer for LLMs. Focused on: deterministic RAG & reproduc Joined Nov 20, 2025 More from yuer Alignment Protocol v3.0: Defining Legal Admission Semantics for AI-Controlled Systems # ai # architecture # security When Factor Libraries Meet Real-World Execution Constraints # architecture # dataengineering # softwareengineering Building a Fail-Closed Investment Risk Gate with Yuer DSL # architecture # security # testing 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://zeroday.forem.com/t/cybersecurity | Cybersecurity - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Cybersecurity Follow Hide Articles related to cybersecurity and much more Create Post Older #cybersecurity posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 204 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Passwordless Isn't the Future It's Already Here (And IAM Is Being Rewritten) Sunny Sinha Sunny Sinha Sunny Sinha Follow Jan 9 Passwordless Isn't the Future It's Already Here (And IAM Is Being Rewritten) # iam # saas # password # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 3 min read CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Jan 9 CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts # comptia # securityplus # beginners # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 9 min read The IAM Blind Spot Everyone Is Ignoring: Non-Human Identities Are Taking Over Sunny Sinha Sunny Sinha Sunny Sinha Follow Jan 5 The IAM Blind Spot Everyone Is Ignoring: Non-Human Identities Are Taking Over # identity # cybersecurity # saas # iam Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding SQL Injection: What It Is and How to Protect Your Website Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Jan 3 Understanding SQL Injection: What It Is and How to Protect Your Website # sql # sqlinjection # networksec # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 8 min read 7 Urgent CVE-2025-14733 Fixes for WatchGuard Firebox Pentest Testing Corp Pentest Testing Corp Pentest Testing Corp Follow Dec 30 '25 7 Urgent CVE-2025-14733 Fixes for WatchGuard Firebox # cybersecurity # devops # networksecurity # cve 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Federal Cybersecurity Isn't Broken,It's Working Exactly as Designed ZB25 ZB25 ZB25 Follow Dec 31 '25 Federal Cybersecurity Isn't Broken,It's Working Exactly as Designed # cybersecurity # automation # startup # leadership Comments Add Comment 6 min read Practical Identity Protection Without Tools Or Subscriptions Geoffrey Wenger Geoffrey Wenger Geoffrey Wenger Follow Dec 27 '25 Practical Identity Protection Without Tools Or Subscriptions # cybersecurity # infosec # identity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): How to Detect and Prevent Attacks Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Dec 26 '25 Understanding Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): How to Detect and Prevent Attacks # networksec # xss # cybersecurity # websecurity Comments Add Comment 8 min read Zero Trust in 2025 Is Less About Vision, More About Friction Ani Kulkarni Ani Kulkarni Ani Kulkarni Follow Dec 26 '25 Zero Trust in 2025 Is Less About Vision, More About Friction # zerotrust # cybersecurity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Social Media Safety In A Permanent Online World Geoffrey Wenger Geoffrey Wenger Geoffrey Wenger Follow Dec 25 '25 Social Media Safety In A Permanent Online World # cybersecurity # infosec # socialmedia Comments Add Comment 4 min read The University of Phoenix Breach Reveals Higher Education's Rotten Security Bargain ZB25 ZB25 ZB25 Follow Dec 22 '25 The University of Phoenix Breach Reveals Higher Education's Rotten Security Bargain # cybersecurity # databreach # highereducation # forprofiteducation Comments Add Comment 6 min read 2026’s CSA XCON in Dehradun Deepak Sharma Deepak Sharma Deepak Sharma Follow Dec 22 '25 2026’s CSA XCON in Dehradun # csaxcon # cloudsecurityalliance # cybersecurity # cloudsecurity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Online Scams Targeting Older Adults And How To Stop Them Geoffrey Wenger Geoffrey Wenger Geoffrey Wenger Follow Dec 22 '25 Online Scams Targeting Older Adults And How To Stop Them # cybersecurity # infosec # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Edge Security Paradox: How Zero Trust Architecture Created the Problems It Was Meant to Solve ZB25 ZB25 ZB25 Follow Dec 19 '25 The Edge Security Paradox: How Zero Trust Architecture Created the Problems It Was Meant to Solve # cybersecurity # zerotrust # networksecurity # enterprisesecurity Comments Add Comment 7 min read The CISO Checklist for New Zealand SMBs in 2026: What Actually Reduces Risk Gaurav Sengar Gaurav Sengar Gaurav Sengar Follow Dec 17 '25 The CISO Checklist for New Zealand SMBs in 2026: What Actually Reduces Risk # cybersecurity # linux # hackathon # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read My First Post on Security Forem labingae labingae labingae Follow Dec 5 '25 My First Post on Security Forem # beginners # career # cybersecurity # penetrationtester Comments 1 comment 1 min read Shadow Routes: Threading Yourself Through The Cracks In A City v. 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Splicer Follow Dec 1 '25 Shadow Routes: Threading Yourself Through The Cracks In A City # discuss # opsec # security # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🔍 November: Strengthening Identity & Access Management (IAM) for SMBs Amit Ambekar Amit Ambekar Amit Ambekar Follow Nov 28 '25 🔍 November: Strengthening Identity & Access Management (IAM) for SMBs # iam # cybersecurity # soc # education Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Complete Guide to Security Operations Centers (SOC) in 2025: Importance, Benefits & How SOC Protects Modern Businesses Mohansh Technologies Mohansh Technologies Mohansh Technologies Follow Nov 20 '25 The Complete Guide to Security Operations Centers (SOC) in 2025: Importance, Benefits & How SOC Protects Modern Businesses # ai # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 5 min read WhatsApp Ghost Pairing: A Silent Abuse of Linked Devices Nicolás Nicolás Nicolás Follow Dec 23 '25 WhatsApp Ghost Pairing: A Silent Abuse of Linked Devices # security # cybersecurity # privacy Comments Add Comment 2 min read Alert: China-Nexus APT Weaponizes "DLL Sideloading" in New Attack (Technical Analysis) published: true uday patil uday patil uday patil Follow Nov 20 '25 Alert: China-Nexus APT Weaponizes "DLL Sideloading" in New Attack (Technical Analysis) published: true # news # security # cybersecurity # hacktoberfest Comments Add Comment 2 min read ✉️ December: Email Security — Your Strongest Defense Against Everyday Cyber Threats ✉️ Amit Ambekar Amit Ambekar Amit Ambekar Follow Dec 2 '25 ✉️ December: Email Security — Your Strongest Defense Against Everyday Cyber Threats ✉️ # email # cybersecurity # education # soc 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 3 min read How to Tell If Your WhatsApp Account Is Hacked — and How to Protect Yourself Nicolás Nicolás Nicolás Follow Dec 22 '25 How to Tell If Your WhatsApp Account Is Hacked — and How to Protect Yourself # cybersecurity # security Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Most Organizations Fail at Cybersecurity — Even After Heavy Investment Ankit rai Ankit rai Ankit rai Follow Dec 20 '25 Why Most Organizations Fail at Cybersecurity — Even After Heavy Investment # cybersecurity # infosec # network # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read War Creates the World's Most Dangerous Export: Cybercriminal Talent ZB25 ZB25 ZB25 Follow Dec 17 '25 War Creates the World's Most Dangerous Export: Cybercriminal Talent # cybersecurity # leadership # technology 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources The Rising Tide of Cyber Threats: Navigating the Digital Storm in 2025 Understanding the Digital Underworld That Puts Your Data at Risk 2026’s CSA XCON in Dehradun The True Cost of a Data Breach ✉️ December: Email Security — Your Strongest Defense Against Everyday Cyber Threats ✉️ The University of Phoenix Breach Reveals Higher Education's Rotten Security Bargain Zero Trust in 2025 Is Less About Vision, More About Friction BISO Glossary Why Most Organizations Fail at Cybersecurity — Even After Heavy Investment Password Generators: Why You Need to Use Them The IAM Blind Spot Everyone Is Ignoring: Non-Human Identities Are Taking Over CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts Passwordless Isn't the Future It's Already Here (And IAM Is Being Rewritten) The Rise of ITDR: Why Identity Threat Detection & Response Is Becoming the New Frontline of Cyber... What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.1 Study Guide: Understanding Security Controls The Dark Art Of Behavioral Enumeration And Why It Works Every Time What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) WhatsApp Ghost Pairing: A Silent Abuse of Linked Devices The Complete Guide to Security Operations Centers (SOC) in 2025: Importance, Benefits & How SOC P... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Security Follow Hide Hopefully not just an afterthought! Create Post submission guidelines Write as you are pleased, be mindful and keep it civil. Older #security posts 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Why Regex isn't enough: Auditing Discord Bots with AI Reasoning Models lordkruk lordkruk lordkruk Follow Dec 24 '25 Why Regex isn't enough: Auditing Discord Bots with AI Reasoning Models # security # discord # algorithms # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read Designing “Just Enough” API Security for Solo Developers Ume Ume Ume Follow Dec 29 '25 Designing “Just Enough” API Security for Solo Developers # api # architecture # security Comments Add Comment 4 min read Introducing CensorCore | JavaScript Language Censoring Library Derrick Richard Derrick Richard Derrick Richard Follow Jan 6 Introducing CensorCore | JavaScript Language Censoring Library # javascript # webdev # programming # security Comments 4 comments 4 min read How I Designed Supabase and Row Level Security (RLS) Ume Ume Ume Follow Dec 29 '25 How I Designed Supabase and Row Level Security (RLS) # webdev # security # serverless # database Comments Add Comment 4 min read Stop uploading sensitive PDFs to random websites xyz abc xyz abc xyz abc Follow Dec 29 '25 Stop uploading sensitive PDFs to random websites # programming # productivity # security # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Swapping Authentication Strategies Without Touching UI: A Frontend Architecture Demo Nitin N. Nitin N. Nitin N. Follow Dec 24 '25 Swapping Authentication Strategies Without Touching UI: A Frontend Architecture Demo # frontend # javascript # security # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built a Windows diagnostic tool in Python to detect RATs, persistence, and suspicious logs MentalistOps MentalistOps MentalistOps Follow Dec 29 '25 I built a Windows diagnostic tool in Python to detect RATs, persistence, and suspicious logs # python # security # cybersecurity # github Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hackers Rob. Security Reads the Manual. Scott Carrig Scott Carrig Scott Carrig Follow Dec 29 '25 Hackers Rob. Security Reads the Manual. # discuss # cybersecurity # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Security news weekly round-up - 26th December 2025 Habdul Hazeez Habdul Hazeez Habdul Hazeez Follow Dec 26 '25 Security news weekly round-up - 26th December 2025 # security 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read Best Practices for Connecting LLMs to SQL Databases Rakesh Tanwar Rakesh Tanwar Rakesh Tanwar Follow Dec 24 '25 Best Practices for Connecting LLMs to SQL Databases # security # llm # sql # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why I stopped using online JSON formatters (and built my own) Bhaskar Nath Pandey Bhaskar Nath Pandey Bhaskar Nath Pandey Follow Dec 28 '25 Why I stopped using online JSON formatters (and built my own) # webdev # react # security # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Commit Signing - GnuPG Agent Forwarding Jesse P. Johnson Jesse P. Johnson Jesse P. Johnson Follow Dec 24 '25 Commit Signing - GnuPG Agent Forwarding # git # security # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Verifiable Compute for On-Chain Trading Feels Like an Underrated Breakthrough Aditya Singh Aditya Singh Aditya Singh Follow Dec 25 '25 Verifiable Compute for On-Chain Trading Feels Like an Underrated Breakthrough # architecture # blockchain # security 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read How a Serialization Flaw in React 19 Server Components Led to Remote Code Execution Shibly Noman Shibly Noman Shibly Noman Follow Dec 24 '25 How a Serialization Flaw in React 19 Server Components Led to Remote Code Execution # react # security # nextjs # typescript Comments Add Comment 3 min read Data Security Simplified: Building Your HIPAA-Compliant Data Lake on AWS wellallyTech wellallyTech wellallyTech Follow Dec 25 '25 Data Security Simplified: Building Your HIPAA-Compliant Data Lake on AWS # aws # security # architecture # hipaa Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Fearless Future Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Follow Dec 24 '25 The Fearless Future # discuss # ai # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Beyond CRUD: Designing a Multi-Tenant Data Isolation Architecture in Java Oluwanifemi Odumosu Oluwanifemi Odumosu Oluwanifemi Odumosu Follow Dec 23 '25 Beyond CRUD: Designing a Multi-Tenant Data Isolation Architecture in Java # architecture # java # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 😲 Most People Don’t Know You Can Log In by Copying a Password Hash 🔐 (And Why It’s NOT a Bug) Bharat Solanke Bharat Solanke Bharat Solanke Follow Jan 6 😲 Most People Don’t Know You Can Log In by Copying a Password Hash 🔐 (And Why It’s NOT a Bug) # password # hashing # security # programming Comments 1 comment 3 min read Your Teams Are Already Vibe Coding. Here's How to Capture the Value. Kevin Coyle Kevin Coyle Kevin Coyle Follow Jan 7 Your Teams Are Already Vibe Coding. 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https://peps.python.org#open-peps-under-consideration | PEP 0 – Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) | peps.python.org Following system colour scheme Selected dark colour scheme Selected light colour scheme Python Enhancement Proposals Python » PEP Index » PEP 0 Toggle light / dark / auto colour theme PEP 0 – Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) Author : The PEP Editors Status : Active Type : Informational Created : 13-Jul-2000 Table of Contents Introduction Topics API Numerical Index Index by Category Process and Meta-PEPs Other Informational PEPs Provisional PEPs (provisionally accepted; interface may still change) Accepted PEPs (accepted; may not be implemented yet) Open PEPs (under consideration) Finished PEPs (done, with a stable interface) Historical Meta-PEPs and Informational PEPs Deferred PEPs (postponed pending further research or updates) Rejected, Superseded, and Withdrawn PEPs Reserved PEP Numbers PEP Types Key PEP Status Key Authors/Owners Introduction This PEP contains the index of all Python Enhancement Proposals, known as PEPs. PEP numbers are assigned by the PEP editors, and once assigned are never changed. The version control history of the PEP texts represent their historical record. Topics PEPs for specialist subjects are indexed by topic . Governance PEPs Packaging PEPs Release PEPs Typing PEPs API The PEPS API is a JSON file of metadata about all the published PEPs. Read more here . Numerical Index The numerical index contains a table of all PEPs, ordered by number. Index by Category Process and Meta-PEPs PEP Title Authors PA 1 PEP Purpose and Guidelines Barry Warsaw, Jeremy Hylton, David Goodger, Alyssa Coghlan PA 2 Procedure for Adding New Modules Brett Cannon, Martijn Faassen PA 4 Deprecation of Standard Modules Brett Cannon, Martin von Löwis PA 7 Style Guide for C Code Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw PA 8 Style Guide for Python Code Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw, Alyssa Coghlan PA 10 Voting Guidelines Barry Warsaw PA 11 CPython platform support Martin von Löwis, Brett Cannon PA 12 Sample reStructuredText PEP Template David Goodger, Barry Warsaw, Brett Cannon PA 13 Python Language Governance The Python core team and community PA 387 Backwards Compatibility Policy Benjamin Peterson PA 545 Python Documentation Translations Julien Palard, Inada Naoki, Victor Stinner PA 602 Annual Release Cycle for Python Łukasz Langa 3.9 PA 609 Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Governance Dustin Ingram, Pradyun Gedam, Sumana Harihareswara PA 676 PEP Infrastructure Process Adam Turner PA 729 Typing governance process Jelle Zijlstra, Shantanu Jain PA 731 C API Working Group Charter Guido van Rossum, Petr Viktorin, Victor Stinner, Steve Dower, Irit Katriel PA 732 The Python Documentation Editorial Board Joanna Jablonski PA 761 Deprecating PGP signatures for CPython artifacts Seth Michael Larson 3.14 PA 811 Defining Python Security Response Team membership and responsibilities Seth Michael Larson Other Informational PEPs PEP Title Authors IA 20 The Zen of Python Tim Peters IA 101 Doing Python Releases 101 Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum IF 247 API for Cryptographic Hash Functions A.M. Kuchling IF 248 Python Database API Specification v1.0 Greg Stein, Marc-André Lemburg IF 249 Python Database API Specification v2.0 Marc-André Lemburg IA 257 Docstring Conventions David Goodger, Guido van Rossum IF 272 API for Block Encryption Algorithms v1.0 A.M. Kuchling IA 287 reStructuredText Docstring Format David Goodger IA 290 Code Migration and Modernization Raymond Hettinger IF 333 Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0 Phillip J. Eby IA 394 The “python” Command on Unix-Like Systems Kerrick Staley, Alyssa Coghlan, Barry Warsaw, Petr Viktorin, Miro Hrončok, Carol Willing IF 399 Pure Python/C Accelerator Module Compatibility Requirements Brett Cannon 3.3 IF 430 Migrating to Python 3 as the default online documentation Alyssa Coghlan IA 434 IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches Todd Rovito, Terry Reedy IF 452 API for Cryptographic Hash Functions v2.0 A.M. Kuchling, Christian Heimes IF 457 Notation For Positional-Only Parameters Larry Hastings IF 482 Literature Overview for Type Hints Łukasz Langa IF 483 The Theory of Type Hints Guido van Rossum, Ivan Levkivskyi IA 514 Python registration in the Windows registry Steve Dower IF 579 Refactoring C functions and methods Jeroen Demeyer IF 588 GitHub Issues Migration Plan Mariatta IF 607 Reducing CPython’s Feature Delivery Latency Łukasz Langa, Steve Dower, Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 IA 619 Python 3.10 Release Schedule Pablo Galindo Salgado 3.10 IF 630 Isolating Extension Modules Petr Viktorin IF 635 Structural Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale Tobias Kohn, Guido van Rossum 3.10 IF 636 Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial Daniel F Moisset 3.10 IF 659 Specializing Adaptive Interpreter Mark Shannon IA 664 Python 3.11 Release Schedule Pablo Galindo Salgado 3.11 IA 672 Unicode-related Security Considerations for Python Petr Viktorin IA 693 Python 3.12 Release Schedule Thomas Wouters 3.12 IA 719 Python 3.13 Release Schedule Thomas Wouters 3.13 IF 733 An Evaluation of Python’s Public C API Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Domenico Andreoli, Stefan Behnel, Carl Friedrich Bolz-Tereick, Simon Cross, Steve Dower, Tim Felgentreff, David Hewitt, Shantanu Jain, Wenzel Jakob, Irit Katriel, Marc-Andre Lemburg, Donghee Na, Karl Nelson, Ronald Oussoren, Antoine Pitrou, Neil Schemenauer, Mark Shannon, Stepan Sindelar, Gregory P. Smith, Eric Snow, Victor Stinner, Guido van Rossum, Petr Viktorin, Carol Willing, William Woodruff, David Woods, Jelle Zijlstra IA 745 Python 3.14 Release Schedule Hugo van Kemenade 3.14 IF 762 REPL-acing the default REPL Pablo Galindo Salgado, Łukasz Langa, Lysandros Nikolaou, Emily Morehouse-Valcarcel 3.13 IA 790 Python 3.15 Release Schedule Hugo van Kemenade 3.15 IA 801 Reserved Barry Warsaw IF 3333 Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1 Phillip J. Eby IF 8000 Python Language Governance Proposal Overview Barry Warsaw IF 8002 Open Source Governance Survey Barry Warsaw, Łukasz Langa, Antoine Pitrou, Doug Hellmann, Carol Willing IA 8016 The Steering Council Model Nathaniel J. Smith, Donald Stufft IF 8100 January 2019 Steering Council election Nathaniel J. Smith, Ee Durbin IF 8101 2020 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin IF 8102 2021 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin, Joe Carey IF 8103 2022 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin, Joe Carey IF 8104 2023 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8105 2024 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8106 2025 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8107 2026 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin Provisional PEPs (provisionally accepted; interface may still change) PEP Title Authors SP 708 Extending the Repository API to Mitigate Dependency Confusion Attacks Donald Stufft Accepted PEPs (accepted; may not be implemented yet) PEP Title Authors SA 458 Secure PyPI downloads with signed repository metadata Trishank Karthik Kuppusamy, Vladimir Diaz, Marina Moore, Lukas Puehringer, Joshua Lock, Lois Anne DeLong, Justin Cappos SA 658 Serve Distribution Metadata in the Simple Repository API Tzu-ping Chung SA 668 Marking Python base environments as “externally managed” Geoffrey Thomas, Matthias Klose, Filipe Laíns, Donald Stufft, Tzu-ping Chung, Stefano Rivera, Elana Hashman, Pradyun Gedam SA 686 Make UTF-8 mode default Inada Naoki 3.15 SA 687 Isolating modules in the standard library Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Petr Viktorin 3.12 SA 691 JSON-based Simple API for Python Package Indexes Donald Stufft, Pradyun Gedam, Cooper Lees, Dustin Ingram SA 699 Remove private dict version field added in PEP 509 Ken Jin 3.12 SA 701 Syntactic formalization of f-strings Pablo Galindo Salgado, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou, Marta Gómez Macías 3.12 SA 703 Making the Global Interpreter Lock Optional in CPython Sam Gross 3.13 SA 714 Rename dist-info-metadata in the Simple API Donald Stufft SA 728 TypedDict with Typed Extra Items Zixuan James Li 3.15 SA 739 build-details.json 1.0 — a static description file for Python build details Filipe Laíns 3.14 SA 753 Uniform project URLs in core metadata William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca SA 770 Improving measurability of Python packages with Software Bill-of-Materials Seth Larson SA 773 A Python Installation Manager for Windows Steve Dower SA 793 PyModExport: A new entry point for C extension modules Petr Viktorin 3.15 SA 794 Import Name Metadata Brett Cannon SA 798 Unpacking in Comprehensions Adam Hartz, Erik Demaine 3.15 SA 799 A dedicated profiling package for organizing Python profiling tools Pablo Galindo Salgado, László Kiss Kollár 3.15 SA 810 Explicit lazy imports Pablo Galindo Salgado, Germán Méndez Bravo, Thomas Wouters, Dino Viehland, Brittany Reynoso, Noah Kim, Tim Stumbaugh 3.15 Open PEPs (under consideration) PEP Title Authors S 467 Minor API improvements for binary sequences Alyssa Coghlan, Ethan Furman 3.15 S 480 Surviving a Compromise of PyPI: End-to-end signing of packages Trishank Karthik Kuppusamy, Vladimir Diaz, Justin Cappos, Marina Moore S 603 Adding a frozenmap type to collections Yury Selivanov S 638 Syntactic Macros Mark Shannon S 653 Precise Semantics for Pattern Matching Mark Shannon S 671 Syntax for late-bound function argument defaults Chris Angelico 3.12 S 694 Upload 2.0 API for Python Package Indexes Barry Warsaw, Donald Stufft, Ee Durbin S 710 Recording the provenance of installed packages Fridolín Pokorný S 711 PyBI: a standard format for distributing Python Binaries Nathaniel J. Smith S 718 Subscriptable functions James Hilton-Balfe 3.15 I 720 Cross-compiling Python packages Filipe Laíns 3.12 S 725 Specifying external dependencies in pyproject.toml Pradyun Gedam, Jaime Rodríguez-Guerra, Ralf Gommers S 743 Add Py_OMIT_LEGACY_API to the Python C API Victor Stinner, Petr Viktorin 3.15 I 744 JIT Compilation Brandt Bucher, Savannah Ostrowski 3.13 S 746 Type checking Annotated metadata Adrian Garcia Badaracco 3.15 S 747 Annotating Type Forms David Foster, Eric Traut 3.15 S 748 A Unified TLS API for Python Joop van de Pol, William Woodruff 3.14 S 752 Implicit namespaces for package repositories Ofek Lev, Jarek Potiuk P 755 Implicit namespace policy for PyPI Ofek Lev S 764 Inline typed dictionaries Victorien Plot 3.15 I 766 Explicit Priority Choices Among Multiple Indexes Michael Sarahan S 767 Annotating Read-Only Attributes Eneg 3.15 S 771 Default Extras for Python Software Packages Thomas Robitaille, Jonathan Dekhtiar P 772 Packaging Council governance process Barry Warsaw, Deb Nicholson, Pradyun Gedam I 776 Emscripten Support Hood Chatham 3.14 S 777 How to Re-invent the Wheel Emma Harper Smith S 780 ABI features as environment markers Klaus Zimmermann, Ralf Gommers 3.14 S 781 Make TYPE_CHECKING a built-in constant Inada Naoki 3.15 S 783 Emscripten Packaging Hood Chatham S 785 New methods for easier handling of ExceptionGroups Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.14 S 788 Protecting the C API from Interpreter Finalization Peter Bierma 3.15 S 789 Preventing task-cancellation bugs by limiting yield in async generators Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Nathaniel J. Smith 3.14 S 800 Disjoint bases in the type system Jelle Zijlstra 3.15 S 802 Display Syntax for the Empty Set Adam Turner 3.15 S 803 Stable ABI for Free-Threaded Builds Petr Viktorin 3.15 S 804 An external dependency registry and name mapping mechanism Pradyun Gedam, Ralf Gommers, Michał Górny, Jaime Rodríguez-Guerra, Michael Sarahan S 806 Mixed sync/async context managers with precise async marking Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.15 S 807 Index support for Trusted Publishing William Woodruff S 808 Including static values in dynamic project metadata Henry Schreiner, Cristian Le S 809 Stable ABI for the Future Steve Dower 3.15 S 814 Add frozendict built-in type Victor Stinner, Donghee Na 3.15 S 815 Deprecate RECORD.jws and RECORD.p7s Konstantin Schütze, William Woodruff I 816 WASI Support Brett Cannon S 819 JSON Package Metadata Emma Harper Smith S 820 PySlot: Unified slot system for the C API Petr Viktorin 3.15 S 822 Dedented Multiline String (d-string) Inada Naoki 3.15 Finished PEPs (done, with a stable interface) PEP Title Authors SF 100 Python Unicode Integration Marc-André Lemburg 2.0 SF 201 Lockstep Iteration Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 202 List Comprehensions Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 203 Augmented Assignments Thomas Wouters 2.0 SF 205 Weak References Fred L. Drake, Jr. 2.1 SF 207 Rich Comparisons Guido van Rossum, David Ascher 2.1 SF 208 Reworking the Coercion Model Neil Schemenauer, Marc-André Lemburg 2.1 SF 214 Extended Print Statement Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 217 Display Hook for Interactive Use Moshe Zadka 2.1 SF 218 Adding a Built-In Set Object Type Greg Wilson, Raymond Hettinger 2.2 SF 221 Import As Thomas Wouters 2.0 SF 223 Change the Meaning of x Escapes Tim Peters 2.0 SF 227 Statically Nested Scopes Jeremy Hylton 2.1 SF 229 Using Distutils to Build Python A.M. Kuchling 2.1 SF 230 Warning Framework Guido van Rossum 2.1 SF 232 Function Attributes Barry Warsaw 2.1 SF 234 Iterators Ka-Ping Yee, Guido van Rossum 2.1 SF 235 Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms Tim Peters 2.1 SF 236 Back to the __future__ Tim Peters 2.1 SF 237 Unifying Long Integers and Integers Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 238 Changing the Division Operator Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 250 Using site-packages on Windows Paul Moore 2.2 SF 252 Making Types Look More Like Classes Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 253 Subtyping Built-in Types Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 255 Simple Generators Neil Schemenauer, Tim Peters, Magnus Lie Hetland 2.2 SF 260 Simplify xrange() Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 261 Support for “wide” Unicode characters Paul Prescod 2.2 SF 263 Defining Python Source Code Encodings Marc-André Lemburg, Martin von Löwis 2.3 SF 264 Future statements in simulated shells Michael Hudson 2.2 SF 273 Import Modules from Zip Archives James C. Ahlstrom 2.3 SF 274 Dict Comprehensions Barry Warsaw 2.7, 3.0 SF 277 Unicode file name support for Windows NT Neil Hodgson 2.3 SF 278 Universal Newline Support Jack Jansen 2.3 SF 279 The enumerate() built-in function Raymond Hettinger 2.3 SF 282 A Logging System Vinay Sajip, Trent Mick 2.3 SF 285 Adding a bool type Guido van Rossum 2.3 SF 289 Generator Expressions Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SF 292 Simpler String Substitutions Barry Warsaw 2.4 SF 293 Codec Error Handling Callbacks Walter Dörwald 2.3 SF 301 Package Index and Metadata for Distutils Richard Jones 2.3 SF 302 New Import Hooks Just van Rossum, Paul Moore 2.3 SF 305 CSV File API Kevin Altis, Dave Cole, Andrew McNamara, Skip Montanaro, Cliff Wells 2.3 SF 307 Extensions to the pickle protocol Guido van Rossum, Tim Peters 2.3 SF 308 Conditional Expressions Guido van Rossum, Raymond Hettinger 2.5 SF 309 Partial Function Application Peter Harris 2.5 SF 311 Simplified Global Interpreter Lock Acquisition for Extensions Mark Hammond 2.3 SF 318 Decorators for Functions and Methods Kevin D. Smith, Jim J. Jewett, Skip Montanaro, Anthony Baxter 2.4 SF 322 Reverse Iteration Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SF 324 subprocess - New process module Peter Astrand 2.4 SF 327 Decimal Data Type Facundo Batista 2.4 SF 328 Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative Aahz 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 SF 331 Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions Christian R. Reis 2.4 SF 338 Executing modules as scripts Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SF 341 Unifying try-except and try-finally Georg Brandl 2.5 SF 342 Coroutines via Enhanced Generators Guido van Rossum, Phillip J. Eby 2.5 SF 343 The “with” Statement Guido van Rossum, Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SF 352 Required Superclass for Exceptions Brett Cannon, Guido van Rossum 2.5 SF 353 Using ssize_t as the index type Martin von Löwis 2.5 SF 357 Allowing Any Object to be Used for Slicing Travis Oliphant 2.5 SF 358 The “bytes” Object Neil Schemenauer, Guido van Rossum 2.6, 3.0 SF 362 Function Signature Object Brett Cannon, Jiwon Seo, Yury Selivanov, Larry Hastings 3.3 SF 366 Main module explicit relative imports Alyssa Coghlan 2.6, 3.0 SF 370 Per user site-packages directory Christian Heimes 2.6, 3.0 SF 371 Addition of the multiprocessing package to the standard library Jesse Noller, Richard Oudkerk 2.6, 3.0 SF 372 Adding an ordered dictionary to collections Armin Ronacher, Raymond Hettinger 2.7, 3.1 SF 376 Database of Installed Python Distributions Tarek Ziadé 2.7, 3.2 SF 378 Format Specifier for Thousands Separator Raymond Hettinger 2.7, 3.1 SF 380 Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator Gregory Ewing 3.3 SF 383 Non-decodable Bytes in System Character Interfaces Martin von Löwis 3.1 SF 384 Defining a Stable ABI Martin von Löwis 3.2 SF 389 argparse - New Command Line Parsing Module Steven Bethard 2.7, 3.2 SF 391 Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging Vinay Sajip 2.7, 3.2 SF 393 Flexible String Representation Martin von Löwis 3.3 SF 397 Python launcher for Windows Mark Hammond, Martin von Löwis 3.3 SF 405 Python Virtual Environments Carl Meyer 3.3 SF 409 Suppressing exception context Ethan Furman 3.3 SF 412 Key-Sharing Dictionary Mark Shannon 3.3 SF 414 Explicit Unicode Literal for Python 3.3 Armin Ronacher, Alyssa Coghlan 3.3 SF 415 Implement context suppression with exception attributes Benjamin Peterson 3.3 SF 417 Including mock in the Standard Library Michael Foord 3.3 SF 418 Add monotonic time, performance counter, and process time functions Cameron Simpson, Jim J. Jewett, Stephen J. Turnbull, Victor Stinner 3.3 SF 420 Implicit Namespace Packages Eric V. Smith 3.3 SF 421 Adding sys.implementation Eric Snow 3.3 SF 424 A method for exposing a length hint Alex Gaynor 3.4 SF 425 Compatibility Tags for Built Distributions Daniel Holth 3.4 SF 427 The Wheel Binary Package Format 1.0 Daniel Holth SF 428 The pathlib module – object-oriented filesystem paths Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 435 Adding an Enum type to the Python standard library Barry Warsaw, Eli Bendersky, Ethan Furman 3.4 SF 436 The Argument Clinic DSL Larry Hastings 3.4 SF 440 Version Identification and Dependency Specification Alyssa Coghlan, Donald Stufft SF 441 Improving Python ZIP Application Support Daniel Holth, Paul Moore 3.5 SF 442 Safe object finalization Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 443 Single-dispatch generic functions Łukasz Langa 3.4 SF 445 Add new APIs to customize Python memory allocators Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 446 Make newly created file descriptors non-inheritable Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 448 Additional Unpacking Generalizations Joshua Landau 3.5 SF 450 Adding A Statistics Module To The Standard Library Steven D’Aprano 3.4 SF 451 A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System Eric Snow 3.4 SF 453 Explicit bootstrapping of pip in Python installations Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan SF 454 Add a new tracemalloc module to trace Python memory allocations Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 456 Secure and interchangeable hash algorithm Christian Heimes 3.4 SF 461 Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray Ethan Furman 3.5 SF 465 A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication Nathaniel J. Smith 3.5 SF 466 Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7.x Alyssa Coghlan 2.7.9 SF 468 Preserving the order of **kwargs in a function. Eric Snow 3.6 SF 471 os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator Ben Hoyt 3.5 SF 475 Retry system calls failing with EINTR Charles-François Natali, Victor Stinner 3.5 SF 476 Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients Alex Gaynor 2.7.9, 3.4.3, 3.5 SF 477 Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7 Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan SF 479 Change StopIteration handling inside generators Chris Angelico, Guido van Rossum 3.5 SF 484 Type Hints Guido van Rossum, Jukka Lehtosalo, Łukasz Langa 3.5 SF 485 A Function for testing approximate equality Christopher Barker 3.5 SF 486 Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments Paul Moore 3.5 SF 487 Simpler customisation of class creation Martin Teichmann 3.6 SF 488 Elimination of PYO files Brett Cannon 3.5 SF 489 Multi-phase extension module initialization Petr Viktorin, Stefan Behnel, Alyssa Coghlan 3.5 SF 492 Coroutines with async and await syntax Yury Selivanov 3.5 SF 493 HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7 Alyssa Coghlan, Robert Kuska, Marc-André Lemburg 2.7.12 SF 495 Local Time Disambiguation Alexander Belopolsky, Tim Peters 3.6 SF 498 Literal String Interpolation Eric V. Smith 3.6 SF 503 Simple Repository API Donald Stufft SF 506 Adding A Secrets Module To The Standard Library Steven D’Aprano 3.6 SF 508 Dependency specification for Python Software Packages Robert Collins SF 515 Underscores in Numeric Literals Georg Brandl, Serhiy Storchaka 3.6 SF 517 A build-system independent format for source trees Nathaniel J. Smith, Thomas Kluyver SF 518 Specifying Minimum Build System Requirements for Python Projects Brett Cannon, Nathaniel J. Smith, Donald Stufft SF 519 Adding a file system path protocol Brett Cannon, Koos Zevenhoven 3.6 SF 520 Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order Eric Snow 3.6 SF 523 Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython Brett Cannon, Dino Viehland 3.6 SF 524 Make os.urandom() blocking on Linux Victor Stinner 3.6 SF 525 Asynchronous Generators Yury Selivanov 3.6 SF 526 Syntax for Variable Annotations Ryan Gonzalez, Philip House, Ivan Levkivskyi, Lisa Roach, Guido van Rossum 3.6 SF 527 Removing Un(der)used file types/extensions on PyPI Donald Stufft SF 528 Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8 Steve Dower 3.6 SF 529 Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8 Steve Dower 3.6 SF 530 Asynchronous Comprehensions Yury Selivanov 3.6 SF 538 Coercing the legacy C locale to a UTF-8 based locale Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SF 539 A New C-API for Thread-Local Storage in CPython Erik M. Bray, Masayuki Yamamoto 3.7 SF 540 Add a new UTF-8 Mode Victor Stinner 3.7 SF 544 Protocols: Structural subtyping (static duck typing) Ivan Levkivskyi, Jukka Lehtosalo, Łukasz Langa 3.8 SF 552 Deterministic pycs Benjamin Peterson 3.7 SF 553 Built-in breakpoint() Barry Warsaw 3.7 SF 557 Data Classes Eric V. Smith 3.7 SF 560 Core support for typing module and generic types Ivan Levkivskyi 3.7 SF 561 Distributing and Packaging Type Information Emma Harper Smith 3.7 SF 562 Module __getattr__ and __dir__ Ivan Levkivskyi 3.7 SF 564 Add new time functions with nanosecond resolution Victor Stinner 3.7 SF 565 Show DeprecationWarning in __main__ Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SF 566 Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.1 Dustin Ingram 3.x SF 567 Context Variables Yury Selivanov 3.7 SF 570 Python Positional-Only Parameters Larry Hastings, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Mario Corchero, Eric N. Vander Weele 3.8 SF 572 Assignment Expressions Chris Angelico, Tim Peters, Guido van Rossum 3.8 SF 573 Module State Access from C Extension Methods Petr Viktorin, Alyssa Coghlan, Eric Snow, Marcel Plch 3.9 SF 574 Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data Antoine Pitrou 3.8 SF 578 Python Runtime Audit Hooks Steve Dower 3.8 SF 584 Add Union Operators To dict Steven D’Aprano, Brandt Bucher 3.9 SF 585 Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections Łukasz Langa 3.9 SF 586 Literal Types Michael Lee, Ivan Levkivskyi, Jukka Lehtosalo 3.8 SF 587 Python Initialization Configuration Victor Stinner, Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SF 589 TypedDict: Type Hints for Dictionaries with a Fixed Set of Keys Jukka Lehtosalo 3.8 SF 590 Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython Mark Shannon, Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SF 591 Adding a final qualifier to typing Michael J. Sullivan, Ivan Levkivskyi 3.8 SF 592 Adding “Yank” Support to the Simple API Donald Stufft SF 593 Flexible function and variable annotations Till Varoquaux, Konstantin Kashin 3.9 SF 594 Removing dead batteries from the standard library Christian Heimes, Brett Cannon 3.11 SF 597 Add optional EncodingWarning Inada Naoki 3.10 SF 600 Future ‘manylinux’ Platform Tags for Portable Linux Built Distributions Nathaniel J. Smith, Thomas Kluyver SF 604 Allow writing union types as X | Y Philippe PRADOS, Maggie Moss 3.10 SF 610 Recording the Direct URL Origin of installed distributions Stéphane Bidoul, Chris Jerdonek SF 612 Parameter Specification Variables Mark Mendoza 3.10 SF 613 Explicit Type Aliases Shannon Zhu 3.10 SF 614 Relaxing Grammar Restrictions On Decorators Brandt Bucher 3.9 SF 615 Support for the IANA Time Zone Database in the Standard Library Paul Ganssle 3.9 SF 616 String methods to remove prefixes and suffixes Dennis Sweeney 3.9 SF 617 New PEG parser for CPython Guido van Rossum, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Lysandros Nikolaou 3.9 SF 618 Add Optional Length-Checking To zip Brandt Bucher 3.10 SF 621 Storing project metadata in pyproject.toml Brett Cannon, Dustin Ingram, Paul Ganssle, Pradyun Gedam, Sébastien Eustace, Thomas Kluyver, Tzu-ping Chung SF 623 Remove wstr from Unicode Inada Naoki 3.10 SF 624 Remove Py_UNICODE encoder APIs Inada Naoki 3.11 SF 625 Filename of a Source Distribution Tzu-ping Chung, Paul Moore SF 626 Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools. Mark Shannon 3.10 SF 627 Recording installed projects Petr Viktorin SF 628 Add math.tau Alyssa Coghlan 3.6 SF 629 Versioning PyPI’s Simple API Donald Stufft SF 632 Deprecate distutils module Steve Dower 3.10 SF 634 Structural Pattern Matching: Specification Brandt Bucher, Guido van Rossum 3.10 SF 639 Improving License Clarity with Better Package Metadata Philippe Ombredanne, C.A.M. Gerlach, Karolina Surma SF 643 Metadata for Package Source Distributions Paul Moore SF 644 Require OpenSSL 1.1.1 or newer Christian Heimes 3.10 SF 646 Variadic Generics Mark Mendoza, Matthew Rahtz, Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, Vincent Siles 3.11 SF 647 User-Defined Type Guards Eric Traut 3.10 SF 649 Deferred Evaluation Of Annotations Using Descriptors Larry Hastings 3.14 SF 652 Maintaining the Stable ABI Petr Viktorin 3.10 SF 654 Exception Groups and except* Irit Katriel, Yury Selivanov, Guido van Rossum 3.11 SF 655 Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing David Foster 3.11 SF 656 Platform Tag for Linux Distributions Using Musl Tzu-ping Chung SF 657 Include Fine Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks Pablo Galindo Salgado, Batuhan Taskaya, Ammar Askar 3.11 SF 660 Editable installs for pyproject.toml based builds (wheel based) Daniel Holth, Stéphane Bidoul SF 667 Consistent views of namespaces Mark Shannon, Tian Gao 3.13 SF 669 Low Impact Monitoring for CPython Mark Shannon 3.12 SF 670 Convert macros to functions in the Python C API Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Victor Stinner 3.11 SF 673 Self Type Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, James Hilton-Balfe 3.11 SF 675 Arbitrary Literal String Type Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, Graham Bleaney 3.11 SF 678 Enriching Exceptions with Notes Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.11 SF 680 tomllib: Support for Parsing TOML in the Standard Library Taneli Hukkinen, Shantanu Jain 3.11 SF 681 Data Class Transforms Erik De Bonte, Eric Traut 3.11 SF 682 Format Specifier for Signed Zero John Belmonte 3.11 SF 683 Immortal Objects, Using a Fixed Refcount Eric Snow, Eddie Elizondo 3.12 SF 684 A Per-Interpreter GIL Eric Snow 3.12 SF 685 Comparison of extra names for optional distribution dependencies Brett Cannon SF 688 Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python Jelle Zijlstra 3.12 SF 689 Unstable C API tier Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 692 Using TypedDict for more precise **kwargs typing Franek Magiera 3.12 SF 695 Type Parameter Syntax Eric Traut 3.12 SF 696 Type Defaults for Type Parameters James Hilton-Balfe 3.13 SF 697 Limited C API for Extending Opaque Types Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 698 Override Decorator for Static Typing Steven Troxler, Joshua Xu, Shannon Zhu 3.12 SF 700 Additional Fields for the Simple API for Package Indexes Paul Moore SF 702 Marking deprecations using the type system Jelle Zijlstra 3.13 SF 705 TypedDict: Read-only items Alice Purcell 3.13 SF 706 Filter for tarfile.extractall Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 709 Inlined comprehensions Carl Meyer 3.12 SF 715 Disabling bdist_egg distribution uploads on PyPI William Woodruff SF 721 Using tarfile.data_filter for source distribution extraction Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 723 Inline script metadata Ofek Lev SF 730 Adding iOS as a supported platform Russell Keith-Magee 3.13 SF 734 Multiple Interpreters in the Stdlib Eric Snow 3.14 SF 735 Dependency Groups in pyproject.toml Stephen Rosen SF 737 C API to format a type fully qualified name Victor Stinner 3.13 SF 738 Adding Android as a supported platform Malcolm Smith 3.13 SF 740 Index support for digital attestations William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca, Dustin Ingram SF 741 Python Configuration C API Victor Stinner 3.14 SF 742 Narrowing types with TypeIs Jelle Zijlstra 3.13 SF 749 Implementing PEP 649 Jelle Zijlstra 3.14 SF 750 Template Strings Jim Baker, Guido van Rossum, Paul Everitt, Koudai Aono, Lysandros Nikolaou, Dave Peck 3.14 SF 751 A file format to record Python dependencies for installation reproducibility Brett Cannon SF 757 C API to import-export Python integers Sergey B Kirpichev, Victor Stinner 3.14 SF 758 Allow except and except* expressions without parentheses Pablo Galindo Salgado, Brett Cannon 3.14 SF 765 Disallow return/break/continue that exit a finally block Irit Katriel, Alyssa Coghlan 3.14 SF 768 Safe external debugger interface for CPython Pablo Galindo Salgado, Matt Wozniski, Ivona Stojanovic 3.14 SF 779 Criteria for supported status for free-threaded Python Thomas Wouters, Matt Page, Sam Gross 3.14 SF 782 Add PyBytesWriter C API Victor Stinner 3.15 SF 784 Adding Zstandard to the standard library Emma Harper Smith 3.14 SF 791 math.integer — submodule for integer-specific mathematics functions Neil Girdhar, Sergey B Kirpichev, Tim Peters, Serhiy Storchaka 3.15 SF 792 Project status markers in the simple index William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca SF 3101 Advanced String Formatting Talin 3.0 SF 3102 Keyword-Only Arguments Talin 3.0 SF 3104 Access to Names in Outer Scopes Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3105 Make print a function Georg Brandl 3.0 SF 3106 Revamping dict.keys(), .values() and .items() Guido van Rossum 3.0 SF 3107 Function Annotations Collin Winter, Tony Lownds 3.0 SF 3108 Standard Library Reorganization Brett Cannon 3.0 SF 3109 Raising Exceptions in Python 3000 Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3110 Catching Exceptions in Python 3000 Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3111 Simple input built-in in Python 3000 Andre Roberge 3.0 SF 3112 Bytes literals in Python 3000 Jason Orendorff 3.0 SF 3113 Removal of Tuple Parameter Unpacking Brett Cannon 3.0 SF 3114 Renaming iterator.next() to iterator.__next__() Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3115 Metaclasses in Python 3000 Talin 3.0 SF 3116 New I/O Daniel Stutzbach, Guido van Rossum, Mike Verdone 3.0 SF 3118 Revising the buffer protocol Travis Oliphant, Carl Banks 3.0 SF 3119 Introducing Abstract Base Classes Guido van Rossum, Talin 3.0 SF 3120 Using UTF-8 as the default source encoding Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3121 Extension Module Initialization and Finalization Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3123 Making PyObject_HEAD conform to standard C Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3127 Integer Literal Support and Syntax Patrick Maupin 3.0 SF 3129 Class Decorators Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3131 Supporting Non-ASCII Identifiers Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3132 Extended Iterable Unpacking Georg Brandl 3.0 SF 3134 Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3135 New Super Calvin Spealman, Tim Delaney, Lie Ryan 3.0 SF 3137 Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer Guido van Rossum 3.0 SF 3138 String representation in Python 3000 Atsuo Ishimoto 3.0 SF 3141 A Type Hierarchy for Numbers Jeffrey Yasskin 3.0 SF 3144 IP Address Manipulation Library for the Python Standard Library Peter Moody 3.3 SF 3147 PYC Repository Directories Barry Warsaw 3.2 SF 3148 futures - execute computations asynchronously Brian Quinlan 3.2 SF 3149 ABI version tagged .so files Barry Warsaw 3.2 SF 3151 Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy Antoine Pitrou 3.3 SF 3154 Pickle protocol version 4 Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 3155 Qualified name for classes and functions Antoine Pitrou 3.3 SF 3156 Asynchronous IO Support Rebooted: the “asyncio” Module Guido van Rossum 3.3 Historical Meta-PEPs and Informational PEPs PEP Title Authors PS 5 Guidelines for Language Evolution Paul Prescod PS 6 Bug Fix Releases Aahz, Anthony Baxter IF 160 Python 1.6 Release Schedule Fred L. Drake, Jr. 1.6 IF 200 Python 2.0 Release Schedule Jeremy Hylton 2.0 IF 226 Python 2.1 Release Schedule Jeremy Hylton 2.1 IF 251 Python 2.2 Release Schedule Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum 2.2 IF 283 Python 2.3 Release Schedule Guido van Rossum 2.3 IF 320 Python 2.4 Release Schedule Barry Warsaw, Raymond Hettinger, Anthony Baxter 2.4 PF 347 Migrating the Python CVS to Subversion Martin von Löwis IF 356 Python 2.5 Release Schedule Neal Norwitz, Guido van Rossum, Anthony Baxter 2.5 PF 360 Externally Maintained Packages Brett Cannon IF 361 Python 2.6 and 3.0 Release Schedule Neal Norwitz, Barry Warsaw 2.6, 3.0 IF 373 Python 2.7 Release Schedule Benjamin Peterson 2.7 PF 374 Choosing a distributed VCS for the Python project Brett Cannon, Stephen J. Turnbull, Alexandre Vassalotti, Barry Warsaw, Dirkjan Ochtman IF 375 Python 3.1 Release Schedule Benjamin Peterson 3.1 PF 385 Migrating from Subversion to Mercurial Dirkjan Ochtman, Antoine Pitrou, Georg Brandl IF 392 Python 3.2 Release Schedule Georg Brandl 3.2 IF 398 Python 3.3 Release Schedule Georg Brandl 3.3 IF 404 Python 2.8 Un-release Schedule Barry Warsaw 2.8 IF 429 Python 3.4 Release Schedule Larry Hastings 3.4 PS 438 Transitioning to release-file hosting on PyPI Holger Krekel, Carl Meyer PF 449 Removal of the PyPI Mirror Auto Discovery and Naming Scheme Donald Stufft PF 464 Removal of the PyPI Mirror Authenticity API Donald Stufft PF 470 Removing External Hosting Support on PyPI Donald Stufft IF 478 Python 3.5 Release Schedule Larry Hastings 3.5 IF 494 Python 3.6 Release Schedule Ned Deily 3.6 PF 512 Migrating from hg.python.org to GitHub Brett Cannon IF 537 Python 3.7 Release Schedule Ned Deily 3.7 PF 541 Package Index Name Retention Łukasz Langa IF 569 Python 3.8 Release Schedule Łukasz Langa 3.8 PF 581 Using GitHub Issues for CPython Mariatta IF 596 Python 3.9 Release Schedule Łukasz Langa 3.9 PF 3000 Python 3000 Guido van Rossum PF 3002 Procedure for Backwards-Incompatible Changes Steven Bethard PF 3003 Python Language Moratorium Brett Cannon, Jesse Noller, Guido van Rossum PF 3099 Things that will Not Change in Python 3000 Georg Brandl PF 3100 Miscellaneous Python 3.0 Plans Brett Cannon PF 8001 Python Governance Voting Process Brett Cannon, Christian Heimes, Donald Stufft, Eric Snow, Gregory P. Smith, Łukasz Langa, Mariatta, Nathaniel J. Smith, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Raymond Hettinger, Tal Einat, Tim Peters, Zachary Ware Deferred PEPs (postponed pending further research or updates) PEP Title Authors SD 213 Attribute Access Handlers Paul Prescod 2.1 SD 219 Stackless Python Gordon McMillan 2.1 SD 222 Web Library Enhancements A.M. Kuchling 2.1 SD 233 Python Online Help Paul Prescod 2.1 SD 267 Optimized Access to Module Namespaces Jeremy Hylton 2.2 SD 269 Pgen Module for Python Jonathan Riehl 2.2 SD 280 Optimizing access to globals Guido van Rossum 2.3 SD 286 Enhanced Argument Tuples Martin von Löwis 2.3 SD 312 Simple Implicit Lambda Roman Suzi, Alex Martelli 2.4 SD 316 Programming by Contract for Python Terence Way SD 323 Copyable Iterators Alex Martelli 2.5 SD 337 Logging Usage in the Standard Library Michael P. Dubner 2.5 SD 368 Standard image protocol and class Lino Mastrodomenico 2.6, 3.0 SD 400 Deprecate codecs.StreamReader and codecs.StreamWriter Victor Stinner 3.3 SD 403 General purpose decorator clause (aka “@in” clause) Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 PD 407 New release cycle and introducing long-term support versions Antoine Pitrou, Georg Brandl, Barry Warsaw SD 419 Protecting cleanup statements from interruptions Paul Colomiets 3.3 ID 423 Naming conventions and recipes related to packaging Benoit Bryon ID 444 Python Web3 Interface Chris McDonough, Armin Ronacher SD 447 Add __getdescriptor__ method to metaclass Ronald Oussoren SD 491 The Wheel Binary Package Format 1.9 Daniel Holth SD 499 python -m foo should also bind ‘foo’ in sys.modules Cameron Simpson, Chris Angelico, Joseph Jevnik 3.10 SD 505 None-aware operators Mark E. Haase, Steve Dower 3.8 SD 532 A circuit breaking protocol and binary operators Alyssa Coghlan, Mark E. Haase 3.8 SD 533 Deterministic cleanup for iterators Nathaniel J. Smith SD 534 Improved Errors for Missing Standard Library Modules Tomáš Orsava, Petr Viktorin, Alyssa Coghlan SD 535 Rich comparison chaining Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SD 547 Running extension modules using the -m option Marcel Plch, Petr Viktorin 3.7 SD 556 Threaded garbage collection Antoine Pitrou 3.7 SD 568 Generator-sensitivity for Context Variables Nathaniel J. Smith 3.8 SD 661 Sentinel Values Tal Einat SD 674 Disallow using macros as l-values Victor Stinner 3.12 SD 774 Removing the LLVM requirement for JIT builds Savannah Ostrowski 3.14 SD 778 Supporting Symlinks in Wheels Emma Harper Smith SD 787 Safer subprocess usage using t-strings Nick Humrich, Alyssa Coghlan 3.15 SD 3124 Overloading, Generic Functions, Interfaces, and Adaptation Phillip J. Eby SD 3143 Standard daemon process library Ben Finney 3.x SD 3150 Statement local namespaces (aka “given” clause) Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 Rejected, Superseded, and Withdrawn PEPs PEP Title Authors PW 3 Guidelines for Handling Bug Reports Jeremy Hylton PW 9 Sample Plaintext PEP Template Barry Warsaw PW 42 Feature Requests Jeremy Hylton IS 102 Doing Python Micro Releases Anthony Baxter, Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum IW 103 Collecting information about git Oleg Broytman SR 204 Range Literals Thomas Wouters 2.0 IW 206 Python Advanced Library A.M. Kuchling SW 209 Multi-dimensional Arrays Paul Barrett, Travis Oliphant 2.2 SR 210 Decoupling the Interpreter Loop David Ascher 2.1 SR 211 Adding A New Outer Product Operator Greg Wilson 2.1 SR 212 Loop Counter Iteration Peter Schneider-Kamp 2.1 SS 215 String Interpolation Ka-Ping Yee 2.1 IW 216 Docstring Format Moshe Zadka IR 220 Coroutines, Generators, Continuations Gordon McMillan SR 224 Attribute Docstrings Marc-André Lemburg 2.1 SR 225 Elementwise/Objectwise Operators Huaiyu Zhu, Gregory Lielens 2.1 SW 228 Reworking Python’s Numeric Model Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum SR 231 __findattr__() Barry Warsaw 2.1 SR 239 Adding a Rational Type to Python Christopher A. Craig, Moshe Zadka 2.2 SR 240 Adding a Rational Literal to Python Christopher A. Craig, Moshe Zadka 2.2 SS 241 Metadata for Python Software Packages A.M. Kuchling SW 242 Numeric Kinds Paul F. Dubois 2.2 SW 243 Module Repository Upload Mechanism Sean Reifschneider 2.1 SR 244 The directive statement Martin von Löwis 2.1 SR 245 Python Interface Syntax Michel Pelletier 2.2 SR 246 Object Adaptation Alex Martelli, Clark C. Evans 2.5 SR 254 Making Classes Look More Like Types Guido van Rossum 2.2 SR 256 Docstring Processing System Framework David Goodger SR 258 Docutils Design Specification David Goodger SR 259 Omit printing newline after newline Guido van Rossum 2.2 SR 262 A Database of Installed Python Packages A.M. Kuchling SR 265 Sorting Dictionaries by Value Grant Griffin 2.2 SW 266 Optimizing Global Variable/Attribute Access Skip Montanaro 2.3 SR 268 Extended HTTP functionality and WebDAV Greg Stein 2.x SR 270 uniq method for list objects Jason Petrone 2.2 SR 271 Prefixing sys.path by command line option Frédéric B. Giacometti 2.2 SR 275 Switching on Multiple Values Marc-André Lemburg 2.6 SR 276 Simple Iterator for ints Jim Althoff 2.3 SR 281 Loop Counter Iteration with range and xrange Magnus Lie Hetland 2.3 SR 284 Integer for-loops David Eppstein, Gregory Ewing 2.3 SW 288 Generators Attributes and Exceptions Raymond Hettinger 2.5 IS 291 Backward Compatibility for the Python 2 Standard Library Neal Norwitz 2.3 SR 294 Type Names in the types Module Oren Tirosh 2.5 SR 295 Interpretation of multiline string constants Stepan Koltsov 3.0 SW 296 Adding a bytes Object Type Scott Gilbert 2.3 SR 297 Support for System Upgrades Marc-André Lemburg 2.6 SW 298 The Locked Buffer Interface Thomas Heller 2.3 SR 299 Special __main__() function in modules Jeff Epler 2.3 SR 303 Extend divmod() for Multiple Divisors Thomas Bellman 2.3 SW 304 Controlling Generation of Bytecode Files Skip Montanaro IW 306 How to Change Python’s Grammar Michael Hudson, Jack Diederich, Alyssa Coghlan, Benjamin Peterson SR 310 Reliable Acquisition/Release Pairs Michael Hudson, Paul Moore 2.4 SR 313 Adding Roman Numeral Literals to Python Mike Meyer 2.4 SS 314 Metadata for Python Software Packages 1.1 A.M. Kuchling, Richard Jones 2.5 SR 315 Enhanced While Loop Raymond Hettinger, W Isaac Carroll 2.5 SR 317 Eliminate Implicit Exception Instantiation Steven Taschuk 2.4 SR 319 Python Synchronize/Asynchronize Block Michel Pelletier 2.4 SW 321 Date/Time Parsing and Formatting A.M. Kuchling 2.4 SR 325 Resource-Release Support for Generators Samuele Pedroni 2.4 SR 326 A Case for Top and Bottom Values Josiah Carlson, Terry Reedy 2.4 SR 329 Treating Builtins as Constants in the Standard Library Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SR 330 Python Bytecode Verification Michel Pelletier 2.6 SR 332 Byte vectors and String/Unicode Unification Skip Montanaro 2.5 SW 334 Simple Coroutines via SuspendIteration Clark C. Evans 3.0 SR 335 Overloadable Boolean Operators Gregory Ewing 3.3 SR 336 Make None Callable Andrew McClelland IW 339 Design of the CPython Compiler Brett Cannon SR 340 Anonymous Block Statements Guido van Rossum SS 344 Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks Ka-Ping Yee 2.5 SS 345 Metadata for Python Software Packages 1.2 Richard Jones 2.7 SW 346 User Defined (“with”) Statements Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SR 348 Exception Reorganization for Python 3.0 Brett Cannon SR 349 Allow str() to return unicode strings Neil Schemenauer 2.5 IR 350 Codetags Micah Elliott SR 351 The freeze protocol Barry Warsaw 2.5 SS 354 Enumerations in Python Ben Finney 2.6 SR 355 Path - Object oriented filesystem paths Björn Lindqvist 2.5 SW 359 The “make” Statement Steven Bethard 2.6 SR 363 Syntax For Dynamic Attribute Access Ben North SW 364 Transitioning to the Py3K Standard Library Barry Warsaw 2.6 SR 365 Adding the pkg_resources module Phillip J. Eby SS 367 New Super Calvin Spealman, Tim Delaney 2.6 SW 369 Post import hooks Christian Heimes 2.6, 3.0 SR 377 Allow __enter__() methods to skip the statement body Alyssa Coghlan 2.7, 3.1 SW 379 Adding an Assignment Expression Jervis Whitley 2.7, 3.2 SW 381 Mirroring infrastructure for PyPI Tarek Ziadé, Martin von Löwis SR 382 Namespace Packages Martin von Löwis 3.2 SS 386 Changing the version comparison module in Distutils Tarek Ziadé SR 390 Static metadata for Distutils Tarek Ziadé 2.7, 3.2 SW 395 Qualified Names for Modules Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 IW 396 Module Version Numbers Barry Warsaw PR 401 BDFL Retirement Barry Warsaw, Brett Cannon SR 402 Simplified Package Layout and Partitioning Phillip J. Eby 3.3 SW 406 Improved Encapsulation of Import State Alyssa Coghlan, Greg Slodkowicz 3.4 SR 408 Standard library __preview__ package Alyssa Coghlan, Eli Bendersky 3.3 SR 410 Use decimal.Decimal type for timestamps Victor Stinner 3.3 IS 411 Provisional packages in the Python standard library Alyssa Coghlan, Eli Bendersky 3.3 PW 413 Faster evolution of the Python Standard Library Alyssa Coghlan SR 416 Add a frozendict builtin type Victor Stinner 3.3 SW 422 Simpler customisation of class creation Alyssa Coghlan, Daniel Urban 3.5 IW 426 Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0 Alyssa Coghlan, Daniel Holth, Donald Stufft SS 431 Time zone support improvements Lennart Regebro SW 432 Restructuring the CPython startup sequence Alyssa Coghlan, Victor Stinner, Eric Snow SS 433 Easier suppression of file descriptor inheritance Victor Stinner 3.4 SR 437 A DSL for specifying signatures, annotations and argument converters Stefan Krah 3.4 SR 439 Inclusion of implicit pip bootstrap in Python installation Richard Jones 3.4 SR 455 Adding a key-transforming dictionary to collections Antoine Pitrou 3.5 SW 459 Standard Metadata Extensions for Python Software Packages Alyssa Coghlan SW 460 Add binary interpolation and formatting Antoine Pitrou 3.5 PW 462 Core development workflow automation for CPython Alyssa Coghlan SR 463 Exception-catching expressions Chris Angelico 3.5 SW 469 Migration of dict iteration code to Python 3 Alyssa Coghlan 3.5 SR 472 Support for indexing with keyword arguments Stefano Borini, Joseph Martinot-Lagarde 3.6 SR 473 Adding structured data to built-in exceptions Sebastian Kreft PW 474 Creating forge.python.org Alyssa Coghlan PW 481 Migrate CPython to Git, Github, and Phabricator Donald Stufft SR 490 Chain exceptions at C level Victor Stinner 3.6 IR 496 Environment Markers James Polley PR 497 A standard mechanism for backward compatibility Ed Schofield SR 500 A protocol for delegating datetime methods to their tzinfo implementations Alexander Belopolsky, Tim Peters SW 501 General purpose template literal strings Alyssa Coghlan, Nick Humrich 3.12 IR 502 String Interpolation - Extended Discussion Mike G. Miller 3.6 SW 504 Using the System RNG by default Alyssa Coghlan 3.6 PR 507 Migrate CPython to Git and GitLab Barry Warsaw SS 509 Add a private version to dict Victor Stinner 3.6 SR 510 Specialize functions with guards Victor Stinner 3.6 SR 511 API for code transformers Victor Stinner 3.6 IS 513 A Platform Tag for Portable Linux Built Distributions Robert T. McGibbon, Nathaniel J. Smith SR 516 Build system abstraction for pip/conda etc Robert Collins, Nathaniel J. Smith SW 521 Managing global context via ‘with’ blocks in generators and coroutines Nathaniel J. Smith 3.6 SR 522 Allow BlockingIOError in security sensitive APIs Alyssa Coghlan, Nathaniel J. Smith 3.6 SW 531 Existence checking operators Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SW 536 Final Grammar for Literal String Interpolation Philipp Angerer 3.7 SR 542 Dot Notation Assignment In Function Header Markus Meskanen SW 543 A Unified TLS API for Python Cory Benfield, Christian Heimes 3.7 SR 546 Backport ssl.MemoryBIO and ssl.SSLObject to Python 2.7 Victor Stinner, Cory Benfield 2.7 SR 548 More Flexible Loop Control R David Murray 3.7 SR 549 Instance Descriptors Larry Hastings 3.7 SW 550 Execution Context Yury Selivanov, Elvis Pranskevichus 3.7 IW 551 Security transparency in the Python runtime Steve Dower 3.7 SS 554 Multiple Interpreters in the Stdlib Eric Snow 3.13 SW 555 Context-local variables (contextvars) Koos Zevenhoven 3.7 SW 558 Defined semantics for locals() Alyssa Coghlan 3.13 SR 559 Built-in noop() Barry Warsaw 3.7 SS 563 Postponed Evaluation of Annotations Łukasz Langa 3.7 IS 571 The manylinux2010 Platform Tag Mark Williams, Geoffrey Thomas, Thomas Kluyver SW 575 Unifying function/method classes Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SW 576 Rationalize Built-in function classes Mark Shannon 3.8 SW 577 Augmented Assignment Expressions Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SR 580 The C call protocol Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SR 582 Python local packages directory Kushal Das, Steve Dower, Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan 3.12 IW 583 A Concurrency Memory Model for Python Jeffrey Yasskin IW 595 Improving bugs.python.org Ezio Melotti, Berker Peksag IW 598 Introducing incremental feature releases Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 IS 599 The manylinux2014 Platform Tag Dustin Ingram SR 601 Forbid return/break/continue breaking out of finally Damien George, Batuhan Taskaya 3.8 IR 605 A rolling feature release stream for CPython Steve Dower, Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 SR 606 Python Compatibility Version Victor Stinner 3.9 SR 608 Coordinated Python release Miro Hrončok, Victor Stinner 3.9 SW 611 The one million limit Mark Shannon SW 620 Hide implementation details from the C API Victor Stinner 3.12 SS 622 Structural Pattern Matching Brandt Bucher, Daniel F Moisset, Tobias Kohn, Ivan Levkivskyi, Guido van Rossum, Talin 3.10 SS 631 Dependency specification in pyproject.toml based on PEP 508 Ofek Lev SR 633 Dependency specification in pyproject.toml using an exploded TOML table Laurie Opperman, Arun Babu Neelicattu SR 637 Support for indexing with keyword arguments Stefano Borini 3.10 SR 640 Unused variable syntax Thomas Wouters 3.10 SR 641 Using an underscore in the version portion of Python 3.10 compatibility tags Brett Cannon, Steve Dower, Barry Warsaw 3.10 SR 642 Explicit Pattern Syntax for Structural Pattern Matching Alyssa Coghlan 3.10 SW 645 Allow writing optional types as x? Maggie Moss SR 648 Extensible customizations of the interpreter at startup Mario Corchero 3.11 SW 650 Specifying Installer Requirements for Python Projects Vikram Jayanthi, Dustin Ingram, Brett Cannon SR 651 Robust Stack Overflow Handling Mark Shannon SR 662 Editable installs via virtual wheels Bernát Gábor IR 663 Standardizing Enum str(), repr(), and format() behaviors Ethan Furman 3.11 SR 665 A file format to list Python dependencies for reproducibility of an application Brett Cannon, Pradyun Gedam, Tzu-ping Chung SR 666 Reject Foolish Indentation Laura Creighton 2.2 SR 677 Callable Type Syntax Steven Troxler, Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan 3.11 SR 679 New assert statement syntax with parentheses Pablo Galindo Salgado, Stan Ulbrych 3.15 SR 690 Lazy Imports Germán Méndez Bravo, Carl Meyer 3.12 SW 704 Require virtual environments by default for package installers Pradyun Gedam SR 707 A simplified signature for __exit__ and __aexit__ Irit Katriel 3.12 SR 712 Adding a “converter” parameter to dataclasses.field Joshua Cannon 3.13 SR 713 Callable Modules Amethyst Reese 3.12 SR 722 Dependency specification for single-file scripts Paul Moore SW 724 Stricter Type Guards Rich Chiodo, Eric Traut, Erik De Bonte 3.13 SR 726 Module __setattr__ and __delattr__ Sergey B Kirpichev 3.13 SW 727 Documentation in Annotated Metadata Sebastián Ramírez 3.13 SR 736 Shorthand syntax for keyword arguments at invocation Joshua Bambrick, Chris Angelico 3.14 SR 754 IEEE 754 Floating Point Special Values Gregory R. Warnes 2.3 SW 756 Add PyUnicode_Export() and PyUnicode_Import() C functions Victor Stinner 3.14 SW 759 External Wheel Hosting Barry Warsaw, Emma Harper Smith SW 760 No More Bare Excepts Pablo Galindo Salgado, Brett | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2025/12/ | Python Software Foundation News: 12/01/2025 - 01/01/2026   News from the Python Software Foundation Tuesday, December 02, 2025 Sovereign Tech Agency and PSF Security Partnership We are thrilled to announce that the Sovereign Tech Agency has committed to a €86,000 investment in work to be performed by the Python Software Foundation to improve the security of CPython and the Python Package Index (PyPI). The Sovereign Tech Agency is a public organization in Germany that focuses on increasing the security and resilience of critical open source software that forms the foundation of modern digital technology. With the Sovereign Tech Fund, they invest globally in open software components that underpin economic competitiveness and the ability to innovate. Improving the security, stability, and reusability of open software components like CPython and PyPI is a win for everyone. This project consists of two components, which we are carrying out in parallel: one focused on CPython and one focused on PyPI. The CPython component, led by PSF Security Developer in Residence Seth Larson , concerns archive-handling vulnerabilities in CPython’s standard library. Following multiple CVEs affecting the tarfile and zipfile modules, systematic fuzz-testing is required to uncover potential regressions or untested cases in extraction filtering. These modules are used by most Python packaging and installation tools, and therefore form a critical part of the software supply chain. The work commissioned through the Sovereign Tech Fund’s investment will develop test cases and seed corpora for these modules, integrate fuzz-testing through the OSS-Fuzz infrastructure, and validate filtering protections against potential bypasses. The PyPI component, led by PSF PyPI Safety and Security Engineer Mike Fiedler with support from Director of Infrastructure Ee Durbin, focuses on PyPI account integrity and recovery. Current recovery procedures rely solely on email and two-factor authentication, creating support burdens and limiting automated verification. The Sovereign Tech Fund’s investment commissions work that introduces a mechanism for associating PyPI accounts with verified third-party identities through OAuth 2.0 / OIDC flows, allowing account recovery through trusted external services. These associations will improve both user experience and platform reliability while preserving user privacy and autonomy. We appreciate the Sovereign Tech Fund for supporting these critical improvements that will make CPython and PyPI more secure for millions of users. If you’d like to learn more about the advances our Developers in Residence are driving or investing in these roles and work, check out our Developers in Residence page and reach out out to sponsors@python.org Posted by Loren Crary at 12/02/2025 07:00:00 AM Newer Posts Older Posts Home Subscribe to: Comments (Atom) Mission The mission of the Python Software Foundation is to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. Python Software Foundation Grants Program Membership Awards Meeting Minutes PSF Sponsors A big thank you to the above PSF sponsors for supporting our mission! 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/user-preferences | User Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation Preferences User Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences User Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how user preferences work in SuprSend and how to capture them. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Before you start: Make sure you’ve set up notification categories first. See Manage Categories and Preferences for step-by-step instructions. Preferences let users control which notifications they receive. Instead of an all-or-nothing approach, users can opt out of specific categories, choose preferred channels, and set notification frequency. This granular control reduces the chance that users disable all notifications from your platform. In SuprSend, you can use ready-made UI and APIs to manage multi-tenant preference use cases. This includes letting admins set preferences for internal teams and handle notifications for enterprise customers, where companies, customers, and end users have distinct preferences. How It Works Preferences are evaluated in priority order: User Preference → Tenant Default → Category Default Three Levels of Control Global channel opt-outs, category preferences, and channel opt-outs within categories What are user preferences? Preferences only work with sub-categories: User preferences apply to sub-categories you create, not root-categories (System, Transactional, Promotional). Use sub-category slugs in workflows for preferences to work. Each user has a preference set that controls which notifications they receive. A preference set has three levels of control: channel_preferences — Global channel opt-outs (e.g., opt out of all email) categories — Category-level preferences (opt in/out of all channels of a notification type) opt_out_channels — Opt-in/out of specific channels within a category Example: Copy Ask AI { "channel_preferences" : [ { "channel" : "email" , "is_restricted" : true } ], "categories" : [ { "category" : "invoice-ready" , "preference" : "opt_out" }, { "category" : "payment-reminder" , "preference" : "opt_in" , "opt_out_channels" : [ "slack" ] } ] } In this example: user opted out of email globally, opted out of invoice-ready category completely, and stays opted in to payment-reminder but without Slack. How preferences are determined When a user hasn’t set their own preferences in a category, SuprSend uses defaults in this order: User Preference — Individual user’s explicit choices (highest priority) Tenant Default Preference — Default preferences set by tenant for the category Category Default Preference — Default preferences set at the category level (lowest priority) Preference precedence: User Preference → Tenant Default Preference → Category Default Preference Preference precedence is determined at category level . So, if a user overrides preference for a category but doesn’t touch other categories, defaults continue to apply to the untouched categories. Setting up preference categories Before users can set their preferences, you must first create and configure preference categories. For step-by-step setup instructions, see Manage Categories and Preferences . Default preferences Default preferences determine how users receive notifications when they haven’t set their own preferences. Configure these at the sub-category level when setting up categories. What default preferences control Default preferences control: Channel or Category defaults : Which categories or channels will be turned on/off by default on users’ preference page. Mandatory channels : Which channel or category users cannot opt out of (shown as disabled on preference page) Visibility : Whether a category appears on the preference page Preference types On — Users receive this category's notifications by default Users will receive notifications in this category by default. You can configure Opt-in Channels to specify which channels are included in the default “On” state: All : All available channels are enabled by default Selected Channels only : Only specific channels you select are enabled by default (e.g., Email, Android Push, iOS Push, In-App Inbox, MS Teams, Slack) Off — Users must opt in to get notifications Users will not receive notifications unless they change the preference. Can't Unsubscribe — Users cannot opt out of mandatory channels in this category Prevents users from fully opting out of the category. When selected, you can configure: Mandatory Channels : Channels which can’t be opted out of by the user. Set to “All” or “Selected Channels”. Opt-in Channels : In case of “Selected” Mandatory Channels, you can configure the channels that will be opted in by default. Channels other than mandatory and opt-in will be skipped for sending notification unless user explicitly opts in to them. Even when a category is set to “Can’t Unsubscribe,” users can still control channel-level preferences if your channel-level settings allow it. This configuration gives you fine-grained control over which channels a user is opted into by default, letting you differentiate between must-deliver channels, default-on channels, and optional channels. Capturing user preferences Users can set their preferences through one of the following methods: Hosted preference page Once you publish preference categories, SuprSend automatically generates a dedicated unsubscription webpage for collecting user preferences . Users can set channel-specific preferences from the hosted page. If the link is included in an email, the hosted page will show and save email preferences. Include it in your templates using {{$hosted_preference_url}} . This page is currently hosted on a SuprSend domain, but you can reach out to [email protected] if you’d prefer it hosted on your own domain. Embed in your product You can embed the preference interface directly inside your product using SuprSend’s ready-made UI components. SDKs exist in the languages below. Update your product preference page link on the tenant page and render it in templates using {{$embedded_preference_url}} . Javascript React Angular Embeddable preference page Controlling what categories to show on UI It’s always a good practice to show only the categories that are relevant to the user. There are two ways to achieve this: Hide categories for tenant users In a multi-tenant setup, tenants or admins can control which categories their users see. Setting visible_to_subscriber: false in tenant preferences hides the category from tenant users’ preference pages. Hidden categories won’t send notifications to those users, even if they previously opted in. Filter categories with tags Use tags to show categories based on user roles, departments, or teams. Filter categories in the preference center using the tags query parameter. 1 Setting Preference tags Tags can be added to sections and sub-categories directly from Developers → Notification Categories in the SuprSend Console. When a tag is assigned at the section level, it automatically applies to all categories under that section—so filtering by a section tag also filters its child categories. 2 Filter Categories with Tags You can filter categories using the tags query parameter in the API. This can be a simple tag match (e.g. tags=tag1 ) or a more advanced filter using logical operators. Supported operators: Operator Operand Datatype Description Example exists boolean Returns categories where any tag is set tags={ "exists": true } not string Excludes categories that have the specified tag tags={ "not": "admin" } or array Returns categories that match any of the provided tags tags={ "or": ["sales", "marketing"] } and array Returns categories that match all provided tags tags={ "and": ["sales", "manager"] } You can combine these operators for nested filtering like tags={ "or": [{ "and": ["sales", "manager"] }, { "and": ["marketing", "associate"] }] } . If no tags are provided, the preference center returns all visible categories. For details on how tags work, see Tags . Translating preference categories in user’s locale Upload translation files for your category names and descriptions. See How to manage Category translations for details. Once uploaded, pass a locale parameter (e.g., es , fr , de ) when: Loading the embeddable preference center As a query parameter in the get user preference API . The hosted preference page picks the locale from user’s profile. On hosted preference page, Dynamic content (category names, descriptions) is translated using translation files you upload. Static content (CTA text, labels, buttons, etc.) is translated automatically using SuprSend’s built-in i18n support for commonly used languages. You can see the list of supported languages below. Supported languages Language Code English en Spanish es French fr German de Italian it Portuguese pt Catalan ca Russian ru Dutch nl Polish pl Japanese ja Vietnamese vi Language Code Indonesian id Korean ko Serbian sr Norwegian no Hebrew he Chinese zh Finnish fi Swedish sv Czech cs Lithuanian lt Arabic ar How preferences are evaluated SuprSend evaluates user preferences at send time. For every recipient, the system checks user-level preferences first, then tenant-level overrides, and finally category defaults. For detailed information on the evaluation process, see Preference Evaluation . Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications In addition to the preference center within SuprSend, communication channels provide their own opt-out options, which SuprSend manages internally. Email: Unsubscribe URL header Gmail requires an unsubscribe URL in email headers when sending bulk emails (5,000+ emails/day). Most email providers expect you to add your own unsubscription page or offer a basic all-or-nothing opt-out option. You can add {{$hosted_preference_url}} here to load the SuprSend hosted preference page from the email header. Inbox (In-App): Render preference page inside your Inbox Companies also give users the option to load preference settings inside their in-app Inbox or provide a link to redirect users to the Preference center in their product. Mobile Push: Preference Page in App settings For mobile push notifications, users typically manage their preferences through the app settings. The category you assign in your workflow is also sent as the push “category” (used by Android/iOS to group notifications). If you set preference categories, the system automatically reflects them in the user’s app settings, loading similar preference controls. SMS & Whatsapp: Reply `STOP` Users generally unsubscribe from Short Message Service (SMS) by replying “STOP.” SuprSend automatically marks the SMS channel as inactive in the user’s profile when it receives a STOP reply. For WhatsApp, opt-out behavior depends on the provider; where supported, users can reply STOP and SuprSend will mark the channel inactive. FAQ How do I set up a digest schedule? You can create sub-categories for different digest schedules or set the digest schedule in the user profile and pass a dynamic schedule in the workflow digest node. An option to set the digest schedule directly on your preference page will be available soon. I have a use case where a company has multiple departments/roles, and the admin will set preferences for users in these departments. You can manage this with tenant preferences. In the SuprSend system, each tenant represents an organization, and the administrator sets which categories to send to their internal team using the tenant preference API . What happens to existing user preference view if I change default preference setting? Changing the default preference for a category doesn’t affect users who have already made changes to that category. For categories where users haven’t made any changes, the preferences update according to the new default settings. I have multiple enterprise customers with various product offerings. Customers should only receive notifications for the products they have enabled, and the same should be visible on their preference page. How can I manage this in SuprSend? You can turn off categories for tenants from the tenant page on the SuprSend console. Turning off the preference for a category automatically removes it from the tenant preference APIs and UI view. To further apply this to the tenant’s users, set visible to subscriber to false in the default tenant preferences to hide the category from the tenant’s end users. Why don't I see the 'inbox' channel in my user preferences? The inbox channel preference is behind a feature flag and needs to be enabled for your account. If you don’t see the inbox channel in your user preferences, contact [email protected] to have the feature flag enabled for your workspace. Why do users still receive promotional notifications even after unsubscribing from all categories? Unsubscribing from top-level categories (System, Transactional, Promotional) is not supported . Preferences only work with sub-categories you create. If you’re sending notifications using a top-level category like "promotional" in your workflows, users cannot unsubscribe from those notifications through the preference center, even if they unsubscribe from all visible categories. Solution: Create sub-categories under the Promotional category (e.g., “Marketing”, “Newsletter”, “Product Updates”) and use those sub-category slugs in your workflows instead of the top-level category. This allows users to: See and control preferences for each notification type Opt out of specific sub-categories Have their preferences respected when you send notifications Best practice: Organize notifications into meaningful sub-categories rather than using top-level categories directly. This provides users with granular control and improves their experience. Can I use user preferences in workflow branching to control which notifications are sent? User preferences are not passed in the workflow payload, so you cannot directly access them in branch conditions or other workflow nodes. Workaround: If you need to use preference-based logic in workflows (e.g., to route notifications based on user preferences or combine multiple notification scenarios in a single workflow), you can: Store the same preference data as custom properties in the user profile Use those custom properties in branch conditions to route notifications Example use case: If you want to combine multiple notification scenarios (e.g., “New Comment”, “Reply on my comment”, “I am mentioned”) in a single workflow to avoid duplicate notifications, you can: Store user preferences for each scenario as custom properties (e.g., wants_new_comment_notifications: true , wants_mention_notifications: true ) Use branch conditions to check these properties and route notifications accordingly This allows you to have one workflow that handles all scenarios while respecting user preferences Alternative approach: Create separate workflows for each notification scenario with conditions in the Trigger node. Each workflow can use its own preference category, allowing users to control each scenario independently. How do I let users control both notification on/off and the time they want to be reminded (e.g., medicine reminders)? You can combine preference categories with dynamic digest schedules to achieve this: 1. Set up preference categories: Create a preference category (e.g., “medicine-reminders”) that users can opt in/out of using the preference APIs or preference center UI . 2. Store time preference as user property: When users select their preferred reminder time, store it as a custom property in their user profile. For example: Copy Ask AI user.set({ "medicineReminderTime" : { "frequency" : "daily" , "time" : "09:00" , "tz_selection" : "recipient" } }) 3. Use dynamic schedule in digest node: In your workflow’s digest node, configure it to use a dynamic schedule that references the user property (e.g., ."$recipient".medicineReminderTime ). The digest will only send if the user has opted in to the category, and it will send at their preferred time. Implementation flow: Client side (React Native) : Capture user’s time preference and call your backend API Server side (Supabase Edge Function) : Update both the user’s preference (opt in/out) via SuprSend preference API and store the time preference as a user property Workflow : Use preference category to control on/off, and dynamic schedule to control timing For detailed information, see Dynamic Schedule in the digest documentation. Related documentation Notification Categories - Setting up categories & defaults Manage Categories and Preferences - Complete guide to setting up and managing categories and preferences Tenant Preferences - Managing tenant-level preferences Preference Evaluation - How SuprSend evaluates preferences at runtime Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Preferences Learn how to manage preferences for your tenants and their users. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page What are user preferences? How preferences are determined Setting up preference categories Default preferences What default preferences control Preference types Capturing user preferences Hosted preference page Embed in your product Controlling what categories to show on UI Hide categories for tenant users Filter categories with tags Translating preference categories in user’s locale How preferences are evaluated Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications FAQ Related documentation | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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Right menu Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 12 Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Cuando le dices a tu LLM "No pulses ese botón" Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Follow Jan 12 Cuando le dices a tu LLM "No pulses ese botón" # spanish # ai # promptengineering # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 12 min read Carto: De una Factura a la ONU a Conquistar la Nube Geoespacial Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 11 Carto: De una Factura a la ONU a Conquistar la Nube Geoespacial # startup # cloud # datascience # spanish Comments 1 comment 5 min read Qué es CAI-EXPERT-LAB — y qué no es Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 11 Qué es CAI-EXPERT-LAB — y qué no es # ai # architecture # cybersecurity # spanish Comments Add Comment 1 min read Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 10 Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar # showdev # ai # programming # spanish Comments Add Comment 5 min read Cómo el código mata al misterio matemático en los Transformers Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Follow Jan 9 Cómo el código mata al misterio matemático en los Transformers # spanish # ai # deeplearning # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 7 min read # 🎨 Aprendiendo colores en CSS: buenas prácticas para proyectos reales Claudio Ortiz Claudio Ortiz Claudio Ortiz Follow Jan 9 # 🎨 Aprendiendo colores en CSS: buenas prácticas para proyectos reales # css # learning # spanish # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Las 5 Estructuras de Datos que Dominarán tu Próxima Entrevista Técnica Grego Grego Grego Follow Jan 8 Las 5 Estructuras de Datos que Dominarán tu Próxima Entrevista Técnica # datastructures # interview # beginners # spanish Comments Add Comment 5 min read La gobernanza no se “alinea”: se diseña Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 9 La gobernanza no se “alinea”: se diseña # ai # architecture # design # spanish Comments Add Comment 1 min read Valkey vs Redis – Explicación simple y practica Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Follow Jan 8 Valkey vs Redis – Explicación simple y practica # redis # valkey # spanish 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Framework de Gobernanza para IA Responsable Nathalie Chicaiza Nathalie Chicaiza Nathalie Chicaiza Follow Jan 8 Framework de Gobernanza para IA Responsable # ai # architecture # aws # spanish Comments Add Comment 2 min read Creando mi 'Navaja Suiza' Digital: Un Conversor de Unidades a Medida con la IA Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 8 Creando mi 'Navaja Suiza' Digital: Un Conversor de Unidades a Medida con la IA # showdev # ai # spanish # tooling Comments Add Comment 7 min read La función analítica no es autoridad: un límite crítico en sistemas con IA Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 8 La función analítica no es autoridad: un límite crítico en sistemas con IA # discuss # ai # architecture # spanish Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ejecuta tus servicios de Kubernetes desde tu local con Telepresence Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Follow Jan 7 Ejecuta tus servicios de Kubernetes desde tu local con Telepresence # kubernetes # docker # spanish Comments Add Comment 2 min read Desmontando RAG, del protocolo rígido a la abstracción flexible Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Follow Jan 7 Desmontando RAG, del protocolo rígido a la abstracción flexible # spanish # ai # rag # architecture Comments Add Comment 10 min read 🫀 Re-start: Cuando el cerebro dice "basta" para poder seguir Laura Montironi Laura Montironi Laura Montironi Follow Jan 7 🫀 Re-start: Cuando el cerebro dice "basta" para poder seguir # devjournal # learning # mentalhealth # spanish Comments Add Comment 2 min read Cuando la gobernanza depende del sistema, deja de ser gobernanza Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 7 Cuando la gobernanza depende del sistema, deja de ser gobernanza # ai # architecture # security # spanish Comments Add Comment 1 min read Agentes de IA: Dominando 3 Patrones Esenciales (Reflexive). Parte 3 de 3 Gabriel Melendez Gabriel Melendez Gabriel Melendez Follow Jan 4 Agentes de IA: Dominando 3 Patrones Esenciales (Reflexive). Parte 3 de 3 # spanish # ai # programming # español Comments Add Comment 5 min read Agentes de IA: Dominando 3 Patrones Esenciales (ReAct). Parte 2 de 3 Gabriel Melendez Gabriel Melendez Gabriel Melendez Follow Jan 4 Agentes de IA: Dominando 3 Patrones Esenciales (ReAct). Parte 2 de 3 # spanish # ai # programming # español Comments Add Comment 6 min read Cuando las decisiones de la IA se alejan de la responsabilidad humana, la gobernanza falla Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 4 Cuando las decisiones de la IA se alejan de la responsabilidad humana, la gobernanza falla # ai # leadership # security # spanish Comments Add Comment 1 min read Iterando lo recursivo Baltasar García Perez-Schofield Baltasar García Perez-Schofield Baltasar García Perez-Schofield Follow Jan 8 Iterando lo recursivo # spanish # recursive # iterative # java 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Ejecuta Qwen3 + Ollama + Open WebUI en Docker: Tu propio AI Chat local 🧠 Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Follow Jan 2 Ejecuta Qwen3 + Ollama + Open WebUI en Docker: Tu propio AI Chat local 🧠 # qwen # llm # docker # spanish Comments Add Comment 2 min read La gobernanza de la inteligencia artificial suele abordarse como si fuera un framework estático Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 3 La gobernanza de la inteligencia artificial suele abordarse como si fuera un framework estático # discuss # ai # management # spanish Comments Add Comment 1 min read REFRAG y la dependencia crítica a los pesos del modelo Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Follow Jan 2 REFRAG y la dependencia crítica a los pesos del modelo # spanish # ai # llm # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read Agentes de IA: Dominando 3 Patrones Esenciales (Tool Using). Parte 1 de 3 Gabriel Melendez Gabriel Melendez Gabriel Melendez Follow Jan 3 Agentes de IA: Dominando 3 Patrones Esenciales (Tool Using). Parte 1 de 3 # spanish # ai # programming # español Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources Migrando Angular 20 a 21: Guía. Advent.js 2025🎅🏼| Reto #1: Filtrar los regalos defectuosos 🚀 Integrando API Gateway con ALB Privado: La Nueva Forma Más Simple y Escalable Advent.js 2025🎅🏼| Reto #2: Fabrica los juguetes Domina el uso de paquetes NuGet en .NET El sustituto de JSON Modelos de ML: Por Qué Tu Predicción Es Buena... Hasta Que No Lo Es Código humano Valkey vs Redis – Explicación simple y practica El "Efecto Palanca" en Machine Learning: ¿Por Qué Tus Datos Deberían Empezar con un K-Means? Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar Sistema de Control de Jobs en Tiempo Real con Channels y Background Services en .NET Creación de agentes AI con PydanticAI – Introducción TF_IN_AUTOMATION le dice a Terraform: No hay humanos aquí Las interioridades de Maven ¡Microsoft libera el código de Zork! La gobernanza de la inteligencia artificial suele abordarse como si fuera un framework estático Carto: De una Factura a la ONU a Conquistar la Nube Geoespacial Cuando las decisiones de la IA se alejan de la responsabilidad humana, la gobernanza falla Todo lo que necesitas saber para publicar NuGets 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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Older #beginners posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 3379 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Jan 9 CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts # comptia # securityplus # beginners # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 9 min read My First Blog as a Cybersecurity Beginner: Learning Networking with Wireshark. Amber Amber Amber Follow Jan 4 My First Blog as a Cybersecurity Beginner: Learning Networking with Wireshark. # beginners # networksec # career # education 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My First Post on Security Forem labingae labingae labingae Follow Dec 5 '25 My First Post on Security Forem # beginners # career # cybersecurity # penetrationtester Comments 1 comment 1 min read What Everyday IoT Devices Can Teach Us About Security-by-Design Asher Asher Asher Follow Nov 27 '25 What Everyday IoT Devices Can Teach Us About Security-by-Design # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building Dinesh Dawonauth Dinesh Dawonauth Dinesh Dawonauth Follow Dec 22 '25 Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building # beginners # tools # cryptography 2 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Building an Air-Gapped AI Defense System in Python (No Cloud APIs) SovArcNeo SovArcNeo SovArcNeo Follow Nov 21 '25 Building an Air-Gapped AI Defense System in Python (No Cloud APIs) # discuss # blueteam # beginners # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Follow Dec 16 '25 What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) # discuss # cybersecurity # privacy # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read IT Asset Management-Vulnerabilities and Patches. Kiran Vedagiri Kiran Vedagiri Kiran Vedagiri Follow Nov 11 '25 IT Asset Management-Vulnerabilities and Patches. # beginners # education Comments Add Comment 9 min read I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) SovArcNeo SovArcNeo SovArcNeo Follow Nov 21 '25 I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) # discuss # beginners # tools # devsecops 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know Sagar Sajwan Sagar Sajwan Sagar Sajwan Follow Nov 20 '25 How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know # beginners # education # networksec 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.1 Study Guide: Understanding Security Controls Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Nov 5 '25 CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.1 Study Guide: Understanding Security Controls # comptia # securityplus # beginners # cybersecurity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read CompTIA Network+ N10-009 5.5 Study Guide: Network Device Commands and Tools Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Oct 1 '25 CompTIA Network+ N10-009 5.5 Study Guide: Network Device Commands and Tools # networking # network # comptia # beginners Comments Add Comment 7 min read SIEM vs. SOAR Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Sep 28 '25 SIEM vs. SOAR # beginners # education # networksec Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Recognize a Real vs Fake Cybersecurity Alert Deepak Sharma Deepak Sharma Deepak Sharma Follow Oct 31 '25 How to Recognize a Real vs Fake Cybersecurity Alert # beginners # education Comments Add Comment 9 min read CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.2 Study Guide: Common Network Attacks Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 25 '25 CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.2 Study Guide: Common Network Attacks # networking # comptia # beginners # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 12 min read picoCTF RPS writeup Hitanshu Gedam Hitanshu Gedam Hitanshu Gedam Follow Sep 20 '25 picoCTF RPS writeup # beginners # education Comments Add Comment 3 min read Threat Hunting: Strategies & Tools Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Oct 14 '25 Threat Hunting: Strategies & Tools # beginners # networksec 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read October 2025 Security Scoop: AI in Attacks, Fresh Vulns, and Career Boosts Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Oct 12 '25 October 2025 Security Scoop: AI in Attacks, Fresh Vulns, and Career Boosts # discuss # beginners # aws # news 20 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What Is Cryptography—and How Do You Actually Start Cryptanalysis? OnlineProxy OnlineProxy OnlineProxy Follow Oct 9 '25 What Is Cryptography—and How Do You Actually Start Cryptanalysis? # cryptocurrency # beginners # learning # future 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 10 min read How Small Businesses Can Safeguard Themselves Against Cyberattacks GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Oct 6 '25 How Small Businesses Can Safeguard Themselves Against Cyberattacks # beginners # networksec 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read The Complete Guide to Cybersecurity Incident Response: From Detection to Recovery Introvert Developer Introvert Developer Introvert Developer Follow Sep 29 '25 The Complete Guide to Cybersecurity Incident Response: From Detection to Recovery # beginners # education 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 13 min read CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.3 Study Guide: Device and Network Security Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 26 '25 CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.3 Study Guide: Device and Network Security # networking # cybersecurity # comptia # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Network+ N10-009 4.1 Study Guide: Security Concepts and Practices Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 23 '25 Network+ N10-009 4.1 Study Guide: Security Concepts and Practices # networking # network # comptia # beginners Comments Add Comment 9 min read 5 Monitoring Concepts You Need to Master the N10-009 Exam: From Information Overload to Focused Insight Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 17 '25 5 Monitoring Concepts You Need to Master the N10-009 Exam: From Information Overload to Focused Insight # cybersecurity # networking # comptia # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Mac Patch Management Tool Recommendations (2025) Emily Emily Emily Follow Sep 18 '25 Mac Patch Management Tool Recommendations (2025) # beginners # tutorial # programming # productivity Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources Building an Air-Gapped AI Defense System in Python (No Cloud APIs) What Everyday IoT Devices Can Teach Us About Security-by-Design How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know How to Recognize a Real vs Fake Cybersecurity Alert CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.1 Study Guide: Understanding Security Controls Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. 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https://dev.to/t/loadtesting | Loadtesting - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # loadtesting Follow Hide Tools, techniques, and strategies for performance and load testing systems. Create Post Older #loadtesting posts 1 2 3 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Scaling Performance Testing: Leveraging the AWS Distributed Load Testing Solution Ross Wickman Ross Wickman Ross Wickman Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 9 Scaling Performance Testing: Leveraging the AWS Distributed Load Testing Solution # loadtesting # cloudfront # dlt # scaling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Performance Testing for APIs: Common Mistakes and Lessons Learned from Different Industries (Part 1) Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Follow Dec 16 '25 Performance Testing for APIs: Common Mistakes and Lessons Learned from Different Industries (Part 1) # performancetesting # api # loadtesting # stresstesting Comments Add Comment 4 min read Scaling a Payment Platform for Black Friday: A 10x Traffic Spike Strategy on AWS Maureen Chebet Maureen Chebet Maureen Chebet Follow Nov 26 '25 Scaling a Payment Platform for Black Friday: A 10x Traffic Spike Strategy on AWS # aws # scaling # autoscaling # loadtesting Comments Add Comment 13 min read Utility Sector Outage Prep with Load Tests pflb pflb pflb Follow Dec 10 '25 Utility Sector Outage Prep with Load Tests # loadtesting # devops # sre # performance Comments Add Comment 8 min read Why load testing matters to performance engineers Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow Oct 13 '25 Why load testing matters to performance engineers # devops # loadtesting # performance Comments Add Comment 5 min read 💥 Load Testing: How to Ensure Your Web Application Thrives Under Pressure Okoye Ndidiamaka Okoye Ndidiamaka Okoye Ndidiamaka Follow Oct 11 '25 💥 Load Testing: How to Ensure Your Web Application Thrives Under Pressure # webdev # loadtesting # devops # cicd Comments 1 comment 3 min read 🚀 Automating API Load Testing with JMeter, Azure DevOps & SLA Validation Spencer Radcliff Spencer Radcliff Spencer Radcliff Follow Sep 5 '25 🚀 Automating API Load Testing with JMeter, Azure DevOps & SLA Validation # devops # loadtesting # jmeter # cicd 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Master API Load Testing with Artillery.io: Your APIs Under Fire 🔥 Laxman Rathod Laxman Rathod Laxman Rathod Follow Sep 10 '25 Master API Load Testing with Artillery.io: Your APIs Under Fire 🔥 # artillery # loadtesting # devops # cloud 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Performance testing maturity: A comprehensive guide Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow Jul 22 '25 Performance testing maturity: A comprehensive guide # webperf # loadtesting # devops Comments Add Comment 18 min read The Importance of Load Testing for Telecom Apps in the 5G & Cloud-Native World Jamescarton Jamescarton Jamescarton Follow Jun 3 '25 The Importance of Load Testing for Telecom Apps in the 5G & Cloud-Native World # loadtesting # softwrae # testing # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read Load Testing Microservices Anton Moldovan Anton Moldovan Anton Moldovan Follow for NBomber May 2 '25 Load Testing Microservices # nbomber # loadtesting # performance # microservices Comments Add Comment 4 min read Load testing vs performance testing Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow Jun 2 '25 Load testing vs performance testing # loadtesting # performancetesting # devops Comments Add Comment 11 min read Load Testing a Scalable AWS Application Using Grafana k6 Kalio Princewill Kalio Princewill Kalio Princewill Follow May 28 '25 Load Testing a Scalable AWS Application Using Grafana k6 # k6 # terraform # devops # loadtesting 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 14 min read Tech DevOps CI/CD best practices: Our top 15 tips Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow May 23 '25 Tech DevOps CI/CD best practices: Our top 15 tips # cicd # devops # loadtesting Comments Add Comment 4 min read Performance bottlenecks: common causes and how to avoid them Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow May 12 '25 Performance bottlenecks: common causes and how to avoid them # loadtesting # gatling # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read When website crashes happen: 10 high‑profile failures & what happened Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow May 5 '25 When website crashes happen: 10 high‑profile failures & what happened # loadtesting # gatling # websitecrash Comments Add Comment 6 min read What is load testing? All you need to know to prevent downtime Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow Apr 29 '25 What is load testing? All you need to know to prevent downtime # loadtesting # gatling # devops Comments Add Comment 9 min read NBomber v6.0.1 Anton Moldovan Anton Moldovan Anton Moldovan Follow for NBomber Mar 17 '25 NBomber v6.0.1 # loadtesting # performance # csharp # dotnet Comments Add Comment 6 min read Grafana K6: Load testing for awareness of your infrastructure Sang Huynh Thanh Sang Huynh Thanh Sang Huynh Thanh Follow Apr 7 '25 Grafana K6: Load testing for awareness of your infrastructure # k6 # loadtesting # performance # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read REST API Load performance testing using JMeter Alex John Chamba Alex John Chamba Alex John Chamba Follow Jan 30 '25 REST API Load performance testing using JMeter # jmeter # performance # loadtesting Comments Add Comment 2 min read Lessons Learned: My Journey in Load Testing Concurrent Users YamShalBar YamShalBar YamShalBar Follow Jan 22 '25 Lessons Learned: My Journey in Load Testing Concurrent Users # webdev # loadtesting # programming # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read # Mastering Chaos Testing: Lessons and Practical Examples YamShalBar YamShalBar YamShalBar Follow Jan 20 '25 # Mastering Chaos Testing: Lessons and Practical Examples # chaostesting # loadtesting # webdev # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Everything you need to know about load testing concurrent users YamShalBar YamShalBar YamShalBar Follow Jan 15 '25 Everything you need to know about load testing concurrent users # discuss # performance # loadtesting # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Scaling Node.js: Handling 1 Million Requests Like a Pro Fahim Hasnain Fahad Fahim Hasnain Fahad Fahim Hasnain Fahad Follow Jan 3 '25 Scaling Node.js: Handling 1 Million Requests Like a Pro # node # cluster # systemdesign # loadtesting 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Critical Performance Issue Led Me to Discover EchoAPI's Load Testing Philip Philip Philip Follow Nov 28 '24 A Critical Performance Issue Led Me to Discover EchoAPI's Load Testing # loadtesting # echoapi # code # api Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... trending guides/resources Scaling Performance Testing: Leveraging the AWS Distributed Load Testing Solution Utility Sector Outage Prep with Load Tests Scaling a Payment Platform for Black Friday: A 10x Traffic Spike Strategy on AWS Performance Testing for APIs: Common Mistakes and Lessons Learned from Different Industries (Part 1) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tools Follow Hide General discussion about all types of design software and hardware Create Post Older #tools posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu PDF Merger: Combine Multiple PDFs Instantly in Your Browser Frontend tools Frontend tools Frontend tools Follow Dec 20 '25 PDF Merger: Combine Multiple PDFs Instantly in Your Browser # webdev # tools # productivity # pdf Comments Add Comment 1 min read PDF Splitter: Split PDF Pages Online Securely in Your Browser Frontend tools Frontend tools Frontend tools Follow Dec 20 '25 PDF Splitter: Split PDF Pages Online Securely in Your Browser # webdev # tools # pdf # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Built a Simple MM to CM Converter Because I Got Tired of Googling It Keira Keira Keira Follow Jan 10 I Built a Simple MM to CM Converter Because I Got Tired of Googling It # webdev # productivity # tools 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read The AI Tsunami: How VS Code Extensions in 2024-2025 Are Redefining Developer Productivity DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 16 '25 The AI Tsunami: How VS Code Extensions in 2024-2025 Are Redefining Developer Productivity # news # devtools # productivity # tools Comments Add Comment 7 min read How I Turn Markdown Notes into Clean Word Docs (Without Fighting Formatting) Thomas Wilson Thomas Wilson Thomas Wilson Follow Dec 15 '25 How I Turn Markdown Notes into Clean Word Docs (Without Fighting Formatting) # markdown # productivity # tools # writing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Tiny Daily Tasks Are Killing Your Productivity — And One Hub Solves It Muhammad Haris Muhammad Haris Muhammad Haris Follow Dec 15 '25 Why Tiny Daily Tasks Are Killing Your Productivity — And One Hub Solves It # webdev # productivity # tools # tooling 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Remote Mobbing That Doesn't Suck: The 2026 Operational Guide (Part 3) Jacques Montagne Jacques Montagne Jacques Montagne Follow Dec 24 '25 Remote Mobbing That Doesn't Suck: The 2026 Operational Guide (Part 3) # remotework # productivity # tools # management Comments Add Comment 4 min read A One-Click Way to Crop Perfect Circles for Avatars Lynn Lynn Lynn Follow Dec 10 '25 A One-Click Way to Crop Perfect Circles for Avatars # tools # productivity # webdev 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read A Lightweight Way to Preserve Developer Notes Without Formatting Drift KnowAdvance KnowAdvance KnowAdvance Follow Dec 8 '25 A Lightweight Way to Preserve Developer Notes Without Formatting Drift # productivity # tooling # pdf # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 8, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Dec 8 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 8, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 3 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 7, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Dec 7 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 7, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 3 min read Publish Jekyll on GitHub Pages dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Publish Jekyll on GitHub Pages # tools # jekyll # githubpages # ruby Comments Add Comment 2 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 6, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Dec 6 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 6, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 3 min read Discover 7 Professional CSS Tools to Boost Your Design & Development Workflow — From Codezelo Mahmoud Adel Mahmoud Adel Mahmoud Adel Follow Dec 7 '25 Discover 7 Professional CSS Tools to Boost Your Design & Development Workflow — From Codezelo # css # tools # flexbox # grid Comments Add Comment 3 min read New Tool: Free URL Shortener for Frontend Developers (Fast, Simple, No Login) Frontend tools Frontend tools Frontend tools Follow Dec 3 '25 New Tool: Free URL Shortener for Frontend Developers (Fast, Simple, No Login) # webdev # tools # productivity # frontend Comments Add Comment 1 min read Free AI Tools That Rival Expensive Alternatives in 2026 SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL Follow Jan 4 Free AI Tools That Rival Expensive Alternatives in 2026 # ai # productivity # tools # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read How I Used Codex with ChatGPT 5.1 to Smash a Major Migration in 2 Days Khurram ali khan Khurram ali khan Khurram ali khan Follow Dec 21 '25 How I Used Codex with ChatGPT 5.1 to Smash a Major Migration in 2 Days # tools # webdev # programming # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Top AI Tools to Master in 2026 (Free & Paid) Keerthana Keerthana Keerthana Follow Dec 5 '25 Top AI Tools to Master in 2026 (Free & Paid) # ai # tools # chatgpt # mlops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Testing Management Tools: A Complete Comparative Guide with Real-World Examples AUGUSTO JOAQUIN RIVERA MUÑOZ AUGUSTO JOAQUIN RIVERA MUÑOZ AUGUSTO JOAQUIN RIVERA MUÑOZ Follow Dec 2 '25 Testing Management Tools: A Complete Comparative Guide with Real-World Examples # cicd # testing # devops # tools 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read 10 Free Resources Every Remote Developer Needs in 2025 David Miles David Miles David Miles Follow Nov 19 '25 10 Free Resources Every Remote Developer Needs in 2025 # remote # productivity # webdev # tools Comments Add Comment 2 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Popcorn Movies and TV Close # distribution Follow Hide getting music out there Create Post Older #distribution posts 1 2 3 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu James Gunn to Direct ‘Next Movie in the Super-Family' at DC Studios After ‘Superman' Success Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Aug 8 '25 James Gunn to Direct ‘Next Movie in the Super-Family' at DC Studios After ‘Superman' Success # filmindustry # distribution # marketing # studios Comments Add Comment 1 min read AMC Theatres Looks To Shorten Ad Preshow Following Studios' Ire Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Aug 8 '25 AMC Theatres Looks To Shorten Ad Preshow Following Studios' Ire # studios # distribution # filmindustry # cinema Comments Add Comment 1 min read ‘Star Wars: A New Hope' Will Get 50th Anniversary Theatrical Re-Release on April 30, 2027 Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Aug 8 '25 ‘Star Wars: A New Hope' Will Get 50th Anniversary Theatrical Re-Release on April 30, 2027 # marketing # analysis # distribution # filmindustry Comments Add Comment 1 min read Stephen Colbert To Guest Star As a Late-Night Host In An Upcoming Episode of ‘Elsbeth' TV News TV News TV News Follow Aug 8 '25 Stephen Colbert To Guest Star As a Late-Night Host In An Upcoming Episode of ‘Elsbeth' # 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marketing # analysis # distribution # offtopic Comments Add Comment 1 min read ‘Gilded Age' Renewed for Season 4 at HBO TV News TV News TV News Follow Jul 29 '25 ‘Gilded Age' Renewed for Season 4 at HBO # marketing # filmindustry # distribution # hollywood Comments Add Comment 1 min read ‘The Legend of Vox Machina' Renewed for Fifth and Final Season TV News TV News TV News Follow Jul 29 '25 ‘The Legend of Vox Machina' Renewed for Fifth and Final Season # marketing # filmindustry # streaming # distribution Comments Add Comment 1 min read 'Coyote vs. Acme' Sets August 28, 2026 Theatrical Release Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Jul 29 '25 'Coyote vs. Acme' Sets August 28, 2026 Theatrical Release # animation # movies # releasedates # distribution Comments Add Comment 1 min read ‘Invincible' Gets Early Season 5 Renewal at Prime Video, Matthew Rhys Joins Season 4 Voice Cast TV News TV News TV News Follow Jul 22 '25 ‘Invincible' Gets Early Season 5 Renewal at Prime Video, Matthew Rhys Joins Season 4 Voice Cast # 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https://dev.to/peter | Peter Kim Frank - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Peter Kim Frank Doing a bit of everything at DEV / Forem Joined Joined on Jan 3, 2017 Email address peter@dev.to Personal website http://peterkimfrank.com github website twitter website Education Wesleyan University Pronouns He/Him Work Co-Founder Python Awarded to the top Python author each week Got it Close Eight Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least eight years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. 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Got it Close DEV Contributor Awarded for contributing code or technical docs/guidelines to the Forem open source project Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Top 7 Awarded for having a post featured in the weekly "must-reads" list. 🙌 Got it Close Show all 21 badges More info about @peter Organizations The DEV Team Byte Sized CodeNewbie AI Pulse GitHub Repositories mgocomments Making MGoBoard a little more readable HTML • 3 stars Skills/Languages Strategy, operations, biz dev, partnerships, etc. Currently learning Dabbling a bit with JavaScript for fun but zero-profit. Available for Cold brews (❄️+☕️) / 🍺 in NYC. Discussions about online communities, college textbooks, tutoring, and Michigan football. Post 207 posts published Comment 880 comments written Tag 71 tags followed Setting up a public URL that flashes my office lights Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Jan 5 Setting up a public URL that flashes my office lights # homeassistant # raspberr # tailscale # automation 29 reactions Comments 14 comments 4 min read Want to connect with Peter Kim Frank? Create an account to connect with Peter Kim Frank. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Join the World's Largest Hackathon: $1 Million in Prizes 💸 Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team May 30 '25 Join the World's Largest Hackathon: $1 Million in Prizes 💸 # hackathon # vibecoding # webdev 143 reactions Comments 31 comments 2 min read Apple Magic Keyboard (USB-C) function keys not working Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Apr 2 '25 Apple Magic Keyboard (USB-C) function keys not working # apple # hardware # troubleshooting 11 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read Claude 3.7 Released Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Feb 24 '25 Claude 3.7 Released # news # ai # anthropic 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Generating ~450 images for $0.50 Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Feb 20 '25 Generating ~450 images for $0.50 # showdev # ai # python 32 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read Anthropic releases "Computer Use" Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Oct 22 '24 Anthropic releases "Computer Use" # news # discuss 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read What was your win this week? Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team Oct 11 '24 What was your win this week? # weeklyretro 15 reactions Comments 20 comments 1 min read One Million Checkboxes Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Jun 27 '24 One Million Checkboxes # news # fun # art 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Nations attacking their own internet (to stop cheating on exams) Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Jun 21 '24 Nations attacking their own internet (to stop cheating on exams) # news # dns # security 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read DEV Team Update Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team May 17 '24 DEV Team Update # meta 39 reactions Comments 15 comments 1 min read ELI5: Data Lake vs. Data Warehouse vs. Data Pond etc. Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Jan 26 '24 ELI5: Data Lake vs. Data Warehouse vs. Data Pond etc. # explainlikeimfive 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read New Sponsorship Partners on DEV Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team Nov 3 '23 New Sponsorship Partners on DEV # meta 32 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Oct 9 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Oct 2 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read DEV Team Update Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team Sep 26 '23 DEV Team Update 29 reactions Comments 12 comments 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Sep 25 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Sep 18 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Sep 11 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Sep 4 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Aug 28 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 8 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Aug 21 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Aug 14 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Aug 7 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Jul 31 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Jul 24 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Jul 18 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 14 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Jul 10 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Jul 3 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 16 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Jun 26 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 4 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Body Test Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Jun 19 '23 Body Test 6 reactions Comments 11 comments 1 min read Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for AI Pulse Jun 17 '23 Weekly AI News and Discussion Thread # discuss # ai # news 22 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Share the most embarrassing code you've ever written Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow May 25 '23 Share the most embarrassing code you've ever written # watercooler # discusss 17 reactions Comments 12 comments 1 min read "Single Digit" Spotlight v1 Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team May 11 '23 "Single Digit" Spotlight v1 # spotlight 20 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read What Makes Ruby Easy to Learn & Use? Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for CodeNewbie May 9 '23 What Makes Ruby Easy to Learn & Use? # discuss # beginners # codenewbie # ruby 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Boost Your Ruby Methods with Yield: A Flexible Approach to Dynamic Coding Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for CodeNewbie May 2 '23 Boost Your Ruby Methods with Yield: A Flexible Approach to Dynamic Coding # beginners # codenewbie # ruby 3 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read Ruby Challenge: Calculating Factorials with Negative Numbers Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for CodeNewbie Apr 25 '23 Ruby Challenge: Calculating Factorials with Negative Numbers # challenge # codenewbie # beginners # ruby 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Challenge: Counting Numbers with 7s Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team Apr 18 '23 Challenge: Counting Numbers with 7s # challenge 32 reactions Comments 16 comments 1 min read How Did You Get Started with COBOL? Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team Apr 11 '23 How Did You Get Started with COBOL? # discuss # cobol 26 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read DEV Team Update Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team Jun 28 '22 DEV Team Update # meta 51 reactions Comments 30 comments 2 min read Explain "The Cloud" like I'm 5 Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow May 29 '22 Explain "The Cloud" like I'm 5 # explainlikeimfive 17 reactions Comments 17 comments 1 min read GitHub is now free for teams Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Dec 18 '21 GitHub is now free for teams # news 100 reactions Comments 11 comments 1 min read Explain a "memory leak" like I'm five Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Jun 23 '21 Explain a "memory leak" like I'm five # explainlikeimfive 77 reactions Comments 28 comments 1 min read Forem for iOS is here! ✨ Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow for The DEV Team Jun 3 '21 Forem for iOS is here! ✨ # forem # mobile # meta # ios 135 reactions Comments 14 comments 2 min read Explain Middleware like I'm five Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow May 20 '21 Explain Middleware like I'm five # explainlikeimfive 38 reactions Comments 10 comments 1 min read Explain "Code Smells" like I'm five Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Jan 21 '21 Explain "Code Smells" like I'm five # explainlikeimfive 34 reactions Comments 17 comments 1 min read Explain a State Machine Like I'm Five Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Peter Kim Frank Follow Dec 28 '20 Explain a State Machine Like I'm Five # explainlikeimfive 22 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read What was your win this week? 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Feb. 9, 2014 Download Windows X86-64 MSI Installer Download Windows x86 MSI Installer Python 3.3.3 - Nov. 17, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.6 - Nov. 10, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows X86-64 MSI Installer Download Windows X86-64 MSI program database Download Windows x86 MSI Installer Download Windows x86 MSI program database Python 3.2.5 - May 15, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.2 - May 15, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.5 - May 12, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.4 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.1 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.4 - April 6, 2013 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.3.0 - Sept. 29, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.3 - April 10, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 2.7.3 - April 9, 2012 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.2 - Sept. 3, 2011 Download Windows help file Download Windows debug information files Download Windows x86 MSI installer Download Windows x86-64 MSI installer Python 3.2.1 - 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April 8, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a6 - March 14, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a5 - Feb. 11, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a4 - Jan. 14, 2025 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a3 - Dec. 17, 2024 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a2 - Nov. 19, 2024 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit) Download Windows installer (ARM64) Download Windows embeddable package (64-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (32-bit) Download Windows embeddable package (ARM64) Python 3.14.0a1 - Oct. 15, 2024 Download Windows installer (64-bit) Download Windows installer (32-bit | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/t/machinelearning/page/6#main-content | Machine Learning Page 6 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Machine Learning Follow Hide A branch of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science which focuses on the use of data and algorithms to imitate the way that humans learn, gradually improving its accuracy. Create Post submission guidelines Articles and discussions should be directly related to the machine learning. Questions are encouraged! (See the #help tag) Older #machinelearning posts 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu The Incomputability of Simple Learning Alex Towell Alex Towell Alex Towell Follow Jan 7 The Incomputability of Simple Learning # machinelearning # philosophy # ai # bitterlesson Comments Add Comment 10 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #107: Honest Report - System NOT Following Phil Town (Jan 7, 2026) Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 7 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #107: Honest Report - System NOT Following Phil Town (Jan 7, 2026) # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Evaluate ML Models Step by Step likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda Follow Jan 6 How to Evaluate ML Models Step by Step # ai # machinelearning # beginners # programming Comments Add Comment 5 min read "LLMs Can Do Everything": Autopsy of a Myth Mickaël Andrieu Mickaël Andrieu Mickaël Andrieu Follow Jan 6 "LLMs Can Do Everything": Autopsy of a Myth # machinelearning # datascience # python # ai Comments Add Comment 7 min read TTT-E2E: The AI Model That Learns While It Reads (Goodbye Traditional Attention?) Claudius Papirus Claudius Papirus Claudius Papirus Follow Jan 5 TTT-E2E: The AI Model That Learns While It Reads (Goodbye Traditional Attention?) # ai # machinelearning # python # research Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Is New. Quality Debt Is Not. Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Follow Jan 7 AI Is New. 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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxDfrke8rZg&list=PLNG_1j3cPCaZZ7etkzWA7JfdmKWT0pMsa&index=5 | React Developer Tooling - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html | mt19937ar: Mersenne Twister with improved initialization Mersenne Twister with improved initialization Japanese Version News: we released SIMD-oriented Fast Mersenne Twister (SFMT). SFMT is roughly twice faster than the original Mersenne Twister, and has a better equidistibution property, as well as a quicker recovery from zero-excess initial state. Click here! (2007/1/31) Among the all previous initialization routines of MT, there is a small problem that the most significant bit of the seed is not well reflected to the state vector. We should have noticed this when an important caution on initializing tt800 (a small cousin of MT19937) was raised by Jeff Szuhay in the world-known random-number homepage pLab , or when Dick van Albada taught us that the older initialization scheme may yield just nearly "shifted" sequence. The both phenomena arise from the same problem, namely that if two initial states are too near with respect to the Hamming distance, then the corresponding output sequences are close to each other. This type of defficiency becomes very clear by a report by Martin Kretschmar , who initialized the state vector with many zeroes, or some bit-pattern. Then the tendency of non-randomness remains for long. Here putted is a new standard code of MT19937, mt19937ar.c (ar for ARray) solving this shortcoming. This code includes another initialization admitting an array of arbitrary length as a seed. Please use init_genrand(seed) instead of previous initializing routines. Those who need initial seed with more than 32-bit length may use init_by_array() for initialization which admits an array of arbitrary length as seeds. Real versions such as [0,1), 53-bit precision, etc, are available. gzipped tar-file: mt19937ar.tgz . This tar-ball includes C-source mt19937ar.c , its output mt19937ar.out , readme-file readme-mt.txt. This version is free, in the sense that we adoped BSD license, which permits modifications and use in a commercial product. Those who needs speed: all the five real-versions make a function call to the integer version genrand_int(), which makes them slower than the previous versions. If you maximize your compiler's optimization level, it often develops the function call into "inline". If it does not, and if you need speed, then copy the code of genrand_int into the necessary functions, and add by hand your requiring transformation from integer to real. A possibly faster (depending on the platform) version considering Shawn Cokus's code is also available (2002/Feb./11). ( Agner Fog reported that Cokus's code is slower in Pentium 4) This is also freely usable. gzipped tar-file of Cokus-type code with simplification and speed-up by Matthew Bellew: mt19937ar-cok.tgz . This tar-ball includes C-source mt19937ar-cok.c , its output mt19937ar-cok.out , readme-file readme-mt.txt. Pablo M. Ronchi and other people suggested that it is useful to organize the original C code for mt19937ar into three source files: ordinary function file(.c), header file(.h) and test main file(.c). This would be more convenient for users. gzipped tar-file of these files: mt19937ar.sep.tgz . This tar-ball includes C-source mt19937ar.c header file mt19937ar.h C-source for test mtTest.c their output mt19937ar.out readme-file readme-mt.txt. The generation/initialization algorithms are unchanged: same with the original mt19937ar.c (2002 version). These versions are free, may be used for commercial use. Return to MT's page | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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Right menu Principal Architect Mindset – Self-Questioning Guide Sekar Thangavel Sekar Thangavel Sekar Thangavel Follow Jan 9 Principal Architect Mindset – Self-Questioning Guide # architecture # career # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Cracking the Frontend System Design Interview: A Top-to-Bottom Guide Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Jan 9 🚀 Cracking the Frontend System Design Interview: A Top-to-Bottom Guide # frontendsystemdesign # frontend # systemdesign # interview Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Startups and IndieDevs Should Choose Monolith First, Lessons From My Micro-SaaS Project, For ... Saber Amani Saber Amani Saber Amani Follow Jan 9 Why Startups and IndieDevs Should Choose Monolith First, Lessons From My Micro-SaaS Project, For ... # softwareengineering # dotnet # systemdesign # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Orchestration: The Missing Layer Behind Reliable Agentic Systems Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Jan 9 AI Orchestration: The Missing Layer Behind Reliable Agentic Systems # agents # ai # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 Jigyasa Grover Jigyasa Grover Jigyasa Grover Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 9 Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 # computerscience # dataengineering # google # systemdesign 24 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read The Knight Capital Law: Why Your CI/CD Pipeline Is a Liability System Design Autopsy System Design Autopsy System Design Autopsy Follow Jan 8 The Knight Capital Law: Why Your CI/CD Pipeline Is a Liability # devops # systemdesign # softwareengineering # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read System Design Intro #Day-1 VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA Follow Jan 9 System Design Intro #Day-1 # systemdesign # beginners # computerscience # interview Comments Add Comment 2 min read Feature Toggles Without Tech Debt, Strategies for Teams to Avoid Hidden Pitfalls Saber Amani Saber Amani Saber Amani Follow Jan 8 Feature Toggles Without Tech Debt, Strategies for Teams to Avoid Hidden Pitfalls # softwareengineering # dotnet # systemdesign # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read System Design 101: A Clear & Simple Introduction (With a Real-World Analogy) Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Jan 8 System Design 101: A Clear & Simple Introduction (With a Real-World Analogy) # systemdesign # architecture # beginners # careerdevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read Here’s How You Nail the Netflix System Design Interview With The Right Resources Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Jan 8 Here’s How You Nail the Netflix System Design Interview With The Right Resources # netflix # systemdesign # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 The "Thundering Herd": Why Your App Might Crash When It Wakes Up 🐎💥 charan koppuravuri charan koppuravuri charan koppuravuri Follow Jan 12 🚀 The "Thundering Herd": Why Your App Might Crash When It Wakes Up 🐎💥 # systemdesign # beginners # backend # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Every Critical System Needs Multi-Party Authorization (Even If You're Not Building AI) John R. 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Black III Follow Jan 6 Why Every Critical System Needs Multi-Party Authorization (Even If You're Not Building AI) # ai # cybersecurity # zerotrust # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 5 min read System Design in 2026: The Complete Guide (18,500 words) Akhilesh Akhilesh Akhilesh Follow Jan 7 System Design in 2026: The Complete Guide (18,500 words) # systemdesign # softwareengineering # backend # engineering 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Best Apple System Design Interview Resources I Used (And How They Helped Me) Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Jan 6 Best Apple System Design Interview Resources I Used (And How They Helped Me) # resources # career # systemdesign # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read Kafka Ingestion & Processing at Scale | Rajamohan Jabbala j raja mohan j raja mohan j raja mohan Follow Jan 7 Kafka Ingestion & Processing at Scale | Rajamohan Jabbala # kafka # architecture # scalability # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read 7 Must-Have Amazon System Design Interview Resources to Nail Your Prep Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Jan 6 7 Must-Have Amazon System Design Interview Resources to Nail Your Prep # aws # career # resources # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read Designing for Failure: Building Reliable Crypto-to-Utility Payments with Provider Failover Yusuf Adeniyi Yusuf Adeniyi Yusuf Adeniyi Follow Jan 8 Designing for Failure: Building Reliable Crypto-to-Utility Payments with Provider Failover # architecture # fintech # backend # systemdesign 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read 5 Software Architecture Patterns Every Developer Should Know archmentor.dev archmentor.dev archmentor.dev Follow Jan 7 5 Software Architecture Patterns Every Developer Should Know # architecture # microservices # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Analytical Capability Is Not Authority: A Critical Boundary in AI-Enabled Systems Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 8 Analytical Capability Is Not Authority: A Critical Boundary in AI-Enabled Systems # ai # architecture # leadership # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read My Key Takeaways from DDIA Chapter 1: Reliability, Scalability, and Maintainability Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Follow Jan 7 My Key Takeaways from DDIA Chapter 1: Reliability, Scalability, and Maintainability # systemdesign # distributedsystems # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 2 min read Formal Semantics as the Missing Control Layer for AI-Assisted Software Engineering Sven A. Schäfer Sven A. Schäfer Sven A. Schäfer Follow Jan 6 Formal Semantics as the Missing Control Layer for AI-Assisted Software Engineering # ai # softwareengineering # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why Having More Data Still Slows Decisions Gyan Solutions Gyan Solutions Gyan Solutions Follow Jan 5 Why Having More Data Still Slows Decisions # operations # devops # systemdesign # brightdatachallenge Comments Add Comment 6 min read System Design : Calendar App Shalini Goyall Shalini Goyall Shalini Goyall Follow Jan 6 System Design : Calendar App # systemdesign # interview # softwareengineering # calendar Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Lightweight ERP Core with Clean Architecture (Lessons Learned) Hoang Le Hoang Le Hoang Le Follow Jan 6 Building a Lightweight ERP Core with Clean Architecture (Lessons Learned) # architecture # learning # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is This Thing On? 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https://peps.python.org/pep-0811/ | PEP 811 – Defining Python Security Response Team membership and responsibilities | peps.python.org Following system colour scheme Selected dark colour scheme Selected light colour scheme Python Enhancement Proposals Python » PEP Index » PEP 811 Toggle light / dark / auto colour theme PEP 811 – Defining Python Security Response Team membership and responsibilities Author : Seth Michael Larson <seth at python.org> Sponsor : Gregory P. Smith <greg at krypto.org> Discussions-To : Discourse thread Status : Accepted Type : Process Topic : Governance Created : 22-Oct-2025 Post-History : 06-Oct-2025 , 28-Oct-2025 Resolution : 04-Dec-2025 Table of Contents Abstract Motivation Limit access to pre-disclosure vulnerability reports Onboarding new contributors to the PSRT Lack of defined ownership for vulnerability reports Aligning with vulnerability disclosure timelines Rationale Steering Council and activity determine membership Using GitHub Security Advisories (GHSA) Specification PSRT Membership Policy PSRT Admins Responsibilities of PSRT members Responsibilities of PSRT Admins GitHub Security Advisories and GitHub Team Continue using security@python.org mailing list Rejected Ideas Should inactive members be more aggressively pruned? Copyright Abstract This PEP proposes formalizing the membership and responsibilities policies of the Python Security Response Team (PSRT). The PSRT is a “highly trusted cabal of Python developers” which handles security vulnerability disclosures to the security@python.org mailing list. The PSRT receives access to known vulnerabilities affecting CPython and pip before they’re disclosed to the public. This information is sensitive and if leaked could harm Python users through zero-day attacks, where an attacker has access to exploitable vulnerabilities before defenders are notified of fixes and given a chance to upgrade. However, the PSRT often needs help from core developers in particular subject areas to remediate vulnerabilities. This PEP proposes defined membership and obligations for the PSRT, including a new “Coordinator” role, and proposes adopting GitHub Security Advisories (GHSAs) as the canonical reporting, tracking, and collaboration method between the PSRT, reporters, and core developers for vulnerabilities. Motivation Limit access to pre-disclosure vulnerability reports Vulnerability report information prior to disclosure is sensitive, Python users can be substantially harmed if vulnerabilities are exploited. For this reason it’s critical to limit access to information to only people involved in the remediation of the vulnerability at hand. The historical approach to collaboration on patch development was to manually add GitHub users to a private python/psrt repository which is a mirror of the python/cpython repository. This approach didn’t allow filtering particular collaborators for specific vulnerabilities, meaning all collaborators had access to all reports and patches. This manual process discouraged bringing on core developers outside the PSRT to collaborate, which can make patch development more difficult. This limitation also meant vulnerability reporters weren’t able to collaborate on patches, either. Onboarding new contributors to the PSRT Unlike most open-source contributions, the work of the PSRT doesn’t happen in the open. Instead, most work occurs privately by a trusted group to limit access to undisclosed vulnerability reports. Given the sensitive nature of this work, it appears opaque from the outside, and it’s difficult to get started as a newcomer and to understand the expectations of the group. In practice this has meant that relatively few new members join the PSRT, which over time could negatively impact the group’s ability to triage reports and develop remediations with the core team. Lack of defined ownership for vulnerability reports Currently PSRT reports don’t have a clear “owner” of who is ensuring the incident or report continues moving towards a resolved state. This is especially an issue in the context of a mailing list, where it’s difficult to know whether an issue is being responded to by someone else already or whether your determination on a report is the same as others within the PSRT. Ideally, similar to issues, pull requests, and PEPs, one defined person would be responsible for moving the mitigation task forward to completion. This allows that person to contribute and make decisions on the task without fear of “stepping on toes”. Aligning with vulnerability disclosure timelines Vulnerability reporting best practices recommend a 90 day timeline between the initial disclosure and when a report is made public to balance the needs of users, the project, and the reporter. Many vulnerability reporting organizations already use this timeline and will disclose vulnerabilities publicly even if the project doesn’t create their own mitigation. To avoid reports getting stuck, forgotten, or published publicly without a remediation this PEP recommends aligning to the 90 days between initial disclosure and publishing an advisory. Rationale Steering Council and activity determine membership The PSRT has no mechanism for deciding who to admit to or remove from the PSRT. Combined with the security-sensitive nature of the work it can be difficult to decide who should be admitted, but there must be a system responsible for evaluating PSRT membership. This PEP proposes limiting PSRT membership only to active coordinators of security vulnerabilities, members involved in oversight (Steering Council), and members who need information about security releases (Release Managers). Activity is recommended as the metric for membership to avoid adding additional risk without any additional benefit to projects by having reports being triaged and coordinated. Using GitHub Security Advisories (GHSA) This PEP proposes adopting GitHub Security Advisories as the system to accept vulnerability reports due to its tight integration with services already in use by relevant projects. CPython and pip already use GitHub for source control, issues, pull requests, continuous integration (CI), and as a part of the release process. GHSA supports the following features which are desirable for a vulnerability reporting and management platform: Managing GitHub teams and accounts as “collaborators” per-report rather than per-project or globally. Managing non-PSRT collaborators per-report using GitHub accounts. “Pull request”-like user interface for developing remediations. Tracking reporter, coordinator, credits, submission time, CVE ID, and severity for each report within the UI. Programmatic API for integrating with other services (like CVE) and bots. However, features that are missing from GHSA are: Ability to privately run vulnerability remediation branches on CI. Multiple API endpoints are missing for the GHSA, such as retrieving and creating comments on a GHSA report. These missing features have been reported to GitHub and none are blocking the adoption of GHSA. Some work will need to be done to work around the lack of a complete API for the GHSA feature. Specification PSRT Membership Policy The PSRT will run nominations similar to core team nominations , where a nomination of a new member is brought to the PSRT by an existing PSRT member and then that nomination is voted on by existing PSRT members. New members are expected to be drawn from core developers, triagers, or PSF staff. It is granted by receiving at least two-thirds positive votes from a vote of existing PSRT members that is open for one week and is not vetoed by the Steering Council. A list of PSRT members will be published publicly and kept up-to-date by PSRT admins. Once per year the Steering Council will receive a report of inactive members of the PSRT with the recommendation to remove the inactive users from the PSRT. “Inactive” is defined here as a member who hasn’t coordinated or commented on a vulnerability report in the past year since the last report was generated. The Steering Council may remove members of the PSRT with a simple vote. Members of the PSRT who are a Release Manager or Steering Council member may remain in the PSRT regardless of inactivity in vulnerability reports. This PEP proposes removing all members from the PSRT who haven’t been active in the past year and without an exemption for minimum activity (Steering Council, Release Managers) prior to publication of this PEP. At the time of writing, this would reduce the PSRT membership size to ~15 members from ~30. PSRT Admins At least two PSRT members shall serve as admins, determined by the Steering Council. This PEP proposes maintaining the existing set of PSRT admins: Ned Deily < nad @ python . org > Ee Durbin < ee @ python . org > Seth Larson < seth @ python . org > Barry Warsaw < barry @ python . org > Admins have the additional responsibilities of managing membership and triaging reports to the PSRT mailing list ( security@python.org ). Responsibilities of PSRT members The responsibilities of PSRT members will be documented publicly in the Python Developer’s Guide , so prospective members know what to expect before applying to join the PSRT. These responsibilities include: Being knowledgeable about typical software vulnerability report handling processes, such as CVE IDs, patches, coordinated disclosure, embargoes, etc. Not sharing or acting on embargoed information about the reported vulnerability. Examples of disallowed behavior include sharing information with colleagues or publicly deploying unpublished mitigations or patches ahead of the advisory publication date. Acting as a “Coordinator” of vulnerability reports that are submitted to projects. A coordinator’s responsibility is to move a report through the PSRT process to a “finished” state, either rejected or as a published advisory and mitigation, within the industry standard timeline of 90 days. As a Coordinator, involving relevant core team members or triagers where necessary to make a determination whether a report is a vulnerability and developing a patch. Coordinators are encouraged to involve members of the core team to make the best decision for each report rather than working in isolation. As a Coordinator, calculating the severity using CVSS and authoring advisories to be shared on security-announce@python.org . These advisories are used for CVE records by the PSF CVE Numbering Authority. Coordinators that can no longer move a report forwards for any reason must delegate their Coordinator role to someone else in the PSRT. PSRT members that are admins will have additional responsibilities. Responsibilities of PSRT Admins PSRT members who are designated as admins by the Steering Council have the following additional responsibilities: Managing the GitHub team, mailing list, Discord channel, and other PSRT venues to ensure they are synchronized with the canonical list of PSRT members. On a yearly basis, providing the Steering Council with a report including a list of inactive PSRT members. GitHub Security Advisories and GitHub Team This PEP proposes standardizing on the GitHub team python/psrt as the canonical list of PSRT members and aligning the mailing list and Discord to match instead of maintaining each separately. Process documentation will be created to ensure changes to membership are consistent across these three channels as members are added and removed. This PEP proposes adopting GitHub Security Advisories as the system where vulnerability reports per project are handled. GHSA will be enabled for relevant repositories and linked to directly from the top-level PSRT page on python.org and project security policies. Along with responsibilities the PSRT process for handling vulnerability reports using GHSA, such as how to assign a Coordinator and calculating severity, will be added to the Python Developer’s Guide . Adopting GHSAs will coincide with disabling the python/psrt private repository (which shares a slug with the GitHub team) and syncing machinery, as this will no longer be needed for patch development. Continue using security@python.org mailing list The security@python.org mailing list covers more than CPython and pip, like security reports for the python.org or related websites and as a general hotline for Python ecosystem-related security issues. Maintaining the mailing list can also be used as a “fall-back” in case the vulnerability reporting platform changes in the future. For this reason, the mailing list and PSRT GPG key will continue to function and be monitored, but reporters will be directed to individual project GitHub Security Advisory forms for submitting vulnerability reports. Rejected Ideas Should inactive members be more aggressively pruned? The PSRT only triages a double-digit number of reports every year, meaning there aren’t an abundance of opportunities to “prove” activity on the scale of months. For this reason along with aligning with existing yearly schedules for the Steering Council, a yearly pruning was recommended. Copyright This document is placed in the public domain or under the CC0-1.0-Universal license, whichever is more permissive. Source: https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0811.rst Last modified: 2025-12-05 14:16:29 GMT Contents Abstract Motivation Limit access to pre-disclosure vulnerability reports Onboarding new contributors to the PSRT Lack of defined ownership for vulnerability reports Aligning with vulnerability disclosure timelines Rationale Steering Council and activity determine membership Using GitHub Security Advisories (GHSA) Specification PSRT Membership Policy PSRT Admins Responsibilities of PSRT members Responsibilities of PSRT Admins GitHub Security Advisories and GitHub Team Continue using security@python.org mailing list Rejected Ideas Should inactive members be more aggressively pruned? Copyright Page Source (GitHub) | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse kt Posted on Jan 10 • Edited on Jan 12 Linux Kernel Architecture: From Ring 0 to Network Stack & eBPF # linux # kernel # ebpf # programming Linux Kernel (4 Part Series) 1 Linux File System Architecture: A Deep Dive into VFS, Inodes, and Storage 2 Linux Kernel Architecture: From Ring 0 to Network Stack & eBPF 3 Docker: Internal Architecture 4 eBPF: Experiencing eBPF with Cilium Introduction In the world of cloud-native technologies and high-performance computing, understanding what happens under the hood of the Linux operating system is becoming increasingly important. Technologies like eBPF and kTLS are revolutionizing how we interact with the kernel, but to truly grasp their power, we must first understand the fundamental structures they interact with. As I began learning eBPF and kTLS, I realized I needed to understand the kernel's foundation first. This article explores the basic architecture of the Linux kernel, the boundary between user space and kernel space, and traces the journey of a network packet through the system. We will also touch upon where modern technologies like XDP and TC allow us to intervene in this process. 1. Understanding the Basic Structure and "Boundaries" of the Linux Kernel In a nutshell, the Linux kernel is "a program that abstracts hardware resources (disk, network, memory, process management, etc.) and manages/provides them to applications." Let's examine how programs interact with the kernel. 1-1. User Space vs. Kernel Space The Linux system is broadly divided into User Space (where applications live) and Kernel Space (the core of the OS). 1-2. CPU Protection Rings To understand the kernel's basic structure, you also need to know about CPU protection rings. CPU Protection Rings are a "hierarchical security system" built into the CPU hardware. The OS (Linux) uses this CPU feature to isolate the kernel from user applications. Simply put, it's the difference between "privileges that kill the entire PC if they malfunction (Ring 0)" and "privileges that only crash the application if they malfunction (Ring 3)." 1-2-1. How the Rings Work (Ring 0 to Ring 3) The CPU has four levels, from 0 to 3, but Linux (and Windows) typically uses only the two ends of the spectrum . Ring 0 (Kernel Mode / Privileged Mode) Inhabitants: Linux Kernel (Device Drivers, Memory Management, etc.) Privileges: Omnipotent. Can execute all CPU instructions. Direct access to all physical memory, hard disks, NICs, and other hardware. Risk: A bug here causes the entire PC to freeze or reboot spontaneously (Kernel Panic / Blue Screen of Death). Ring 3 (User Mode / Non-Privileged Mode) Inhabitants: User applications (Web Browser, ls command, your Python code, etc.) Privileges: Restricted. Direct access to hardware is prohibited. Peeking into arbitrary memory is prohibited. Actions like "reading a file" must be requested from Ring 0 via system calls. Risk: A bug here only results in the application being "forcefully terminated," leaving the OS itself unharmed. 1-2-2. Why Separate Them? If everything ran in Ring 0, a browser crash would take down the entire OS with it. There is a wall to "protect the core of the system (Kernel) from untrusted code (Applications)." [!TIP] Switching between Ring 3 and Ring 0 (Context Switch) is a "heavy" operation for the CPU. Experiment Let's see this in action. # Start an Ubuntu environment and enter bash # --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE : Permission to trace system calls (strace) docker run --rm -it --cap-add = SYS_PTRACE ubuntu:22.04 bash Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode # Install strace # strace is a command that outputs the system calls issued by a program and the signals it receives apt-get update && apt-get install -y strace Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode # Display system calls issued by the ls command strace ls Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You will see an incredibly long log output. execve ( "/usr/bin/ls" , [ "ls" ] , 0x7ff... ) = 0 < -- 1. Process Execution Start mmap ( NULL, 8192, ... ) = 0x7f... < -- 2. Memory Allocation ( Request to Memory Mgmt ) openat ( AT_FDCWD, "." , O_RDONLY|... ) = 3 < -- 3. Open Directory ( Request to VFS ) getdents64 ( 3, / * 15 entries * /, 32768 ) = 480 < -- 4. Read Directory Contents write ( 1, "bin \n dev \n etc \n ..." , 12 ) = 12 < -- 5. Output to Screen ( Device Control ) close ( 1 ) = 0 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To understand these logs, we need to understand system calls. 1-3. System Calls A System Call is an API (window) through which an application (like the ls command) asks the OS kernel (privileged mode) to "manipulate hardware," "give me memory," or "open a file." Let's look at the important system calls following the flow of the log we just output. First, preparations are made to execute the ls command. execve : "Program Execution" execve("/usr/bin/ls", ...) Meaning: Asking the kernel to "replace the contents of the current process with the program /usr/bin/ls and execute it." This is where it all begins. brk / mmap : "Memory Allocation" mmap(NULL, 8192, ...) Meaning: A request saying, "I need memory for work, please lend me some free memory space." brk is an older method and mmap is newer, but both are used for memory management. The ls command doesn't run alone; it requires shared libraries (like DLLs in Windows). openat : "Open File" openat(..., "/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6", ...) Meaning: Trying to open the "Standard C Library (libc)" that ls depends on. The return value = 3 is called a File Descriptor (FD) , which is a "reference number for the opened file." read : "Read File" read(3, "\177ELF...", 832) Meaning: Reading the contents of the file just opened (FD: 3). \177ELF is the header signature of a Linux executable file (ELF file). close : "Close File" close(3) Meaning: Finished reading, so closing the file (FD: 3). Well-behaved programs always do this. Before the main program runs, security settings are checked. mprotect : "Memory Protection" Meaning: Instructing the kernel, "This memory area contains program code, so make it 'Read-Only' so I don't accidentally write to it," enhancing security. statfs : "Get File System Information" statfs("/sys/fs/selinux", ...) Meaning: Checking if the security feature (SELinux) is enabled, but resulting in an error ENOENT (No such file or directory). This is common behavior inside Docker containers. From here on is the actual job of the ls command. ioctl : "Device Control" ioctl(1, TIOCGWINSZ, ...) Meaning: Asking for the size (rows and columns) of the output destination (terminal screen). This determines how many columns to use for displaying filenames. openat : "Open Directory" openat(..., ".", ...) Meaning: Opening the current directory ( . ). getdents64 : "Get Directory Entries" Meaning: This is the core of ls . It retrieves the list of files (names, inode numbers, etc.) inside the opened directory. In the log, you can see filenames like bin boot dev etc ... . Finally, the retrieved information is displayed on the screen, and the process ends. write : "Write (Output)" write(1, "bin boot dev...", 93) Meaning: Writing the formatted file list to Standard Output (FD: 1) . This displays the text on your terminal. exit_group : "Process Termination" Meaning: Telling the kernel, "Job done, terminate the process and reclaim all resources like memory." Relationship with CPU Protection Rings The "system calls" we saw in strace are the procedures for "Jumping (Escalating)" from Ring 3 to Ring 0 . Ring 3: App: "I want to write to the hard disk (I can't do it myself)." System Call Trigger: Triggers an "interrupt" to the CPU. CPU: "Oh, a request from Ring 3. Switching mode to Ring 0. " Ring 0: Kernel performs the writing operation on behalf of the app. CPU: "Done. Returning to Ring 3. " Ring 3: App: "Thanks (Resuming processing)." Although we used the ls command as an example, whenever an application accesses hardware resources (disk, network, memory, process management, etc.), it must always request the kernel via system calls. Conversely, processes that are completed entirely within user space do not need to call the kernel: Arithmetic operations (1 + 1, etc.) Logical operations Data manipulation within the same stack memory 2. The Linux Network Stack To understand the Linux kernel more deeply, let's examine the "path" a packet takes in Linux. 2-1. Shifting Your Mindset The "network" we usually think about and the "kernel network" operate on entirely different layers. User Perspective Concerns: IP addresses, port numbers, routing, TCP handshakes. Commands: ping , curl , netstat . Viewpoint: "Will the package reach the destination?" Linux Kernel Perspective Concerns: Memory allocation, electrical signal conversion, CPU interrupt processing. Keywords: sk_buff , Driver, DMA, Ring Buffer. Viewpoint: "How do we efficiently cycle the CPU/Memory to handle packets?" In other words, it's not just about whether network communication happens; you have to be conscious of how memory is allocated, how signals are converted, and how CPU interrupts occur to realize that communication. Inside the Linux kernel, packets are held (memory allocated) in a structure called sk_buff . Understanding how this is generated and passed from the driver to the TCP/IP stack is the first step to understanding networking in the Linux kernel. 2-2. Packet Flow The story begins when a packet arrives at the NIC. When the NIC receives a packet, it writes the data directly to a predetermined location in main memory (Ring Buffer) via DMA, without going through the CPU . The NIC triggers an Interrupt to the CPU, saying "Data is here!" The CPU suspends its current processing and starts the NIC driver processing. The driver (software) starts running, and this is where sk_buff is generated. The driver requests the kernel's memory management function: "Give me one sk_buff box!" (e.g., netdev_alloc_skb function). It copies the data from the Ring Buffer to the allocated sk_buff (or reassigns the pointer). It writes information like "Protocol is Ethernet" and "Length is 1500 bytes" into the sk_buff 's management area (metadata). The driver uses the netif_receive_skb() function to toss the completed sk_buff up to the TCP/IP stack (protocol layer). From here on, it leaves the driver's hands. Despite being inside the Linux kernel, there are technologies that allow us to send user-written programs into the "sanctuary" of the kernel to intervene. The execution foundation for this is eBPF , and the intervention points are XDP (eXpress Data Path) and TC (Traffic Control) . Although we won't implement them this time, let's investigate XDP and TC to prepare for understanding eBPF in the future. 2-3. About XDP (eXpress Data Path) and TC (Traffic Control) 2-3-1. XDP (eXpress Data Path) XDP is a high-performance packet processing framework integrated into the Linux kernel network driver layer. Technical Features: Execution Timing: Executed immediately after the NIC driver receives a packet and DMA transfer is complete (interrupt context). This is before the kernel performs memory allocation for the sk_buff structure. Data Structure: Handles a lightweight structure called xdp_md (and xdp_buff ) instead of sk_buff . This provides direct access to raw packet data (byte arrays in physical memory). Operation: An eBPF program inspects the packet and returns one of the five "action codes" to immediately determine the packet's fate. Main Action Codes: XDP_DROP : Immediately drops the packet. Since memory allocation costs become zero, it provides the strongest performance for DDoS mitigation. XDP_PASS : Passes the packet to the kernel's network stack (normal processing). This is where sk_buff is generated for the first time. XDP_TX : Immediately sends the packet back out of the receiving NIC (hairpin routing). Used in load balancers. XDP_REDIRECT : Bypasses transfer to another NIC, CPU, or AF_XDP socket (user space). XDP_ABORTED : Drop on program error (exception handling). Primary Uses: DDoS defense, L4 load balancing, firewalls. 2-3-2. TC (Traffic Control) TC is a subsystem within the Linux kernel network stack that handles packet scheduling (transmission order control), shaping (bandwidth limiting), and policing (classification). eBPF can hook into this TC layer. Technical Features: Execution Timing: Ingress (Receive): Immediately after sk_buff is generated and before entering the protocol stack (between L2 and L3). Egress (Transmit): Immediately before being passed to the driver after protocol stack processing is finished. Data Structure: Handles the sk_buff structure. This allows access not only to packet contents but also to kernel-attached metadata (ingress interface index, cgroup info, socket info, etc.). Operation: Can manipulate packets based on richer information compared to XDP. Operations that are difficult in XDP, like "packet rewriting (including size changes)" or "header addition/removal (encapsulation)," can be easily performed. Difference from XDP: TC's eBPF hook ( cls_bpf ) is much faster than standard mechanisms like iptables, but because sk_buff memory allocation has already occurred, it is inferior to XDP in pure throughput performance. However, a major feature is the ability to control the "transmit side (Egress)," which XDP lacks. Primary Uses: Container networking (CNI plugins), advanced packet filtering, bandwidth control, pre-processing for L7 load balancing. Comparison Feature XDP (eXpress Data Path) TC (Traffic Control) Intervention Point NIC Driver Layer (Lowest Level) Network Stack Layer (Middle Layer) Data Structure xdp_md (Raw Data) sk_buff (With Metadata) Memory Allocation Before (Pre-cost) After (Post-cost) Direction Ingress Only* Ingress / Egress Modification Limited (Packet length change is hard) Flexible (Header add/remove possible) Performance Fastest High Speed (Slower than XDP) [!TIP] XDP is primarily for Ingress, but immediate transmission is possible using XDP_TX . However, it cannot capture packets sent from the application itself. Conclusion In this deep dive, we've peeled back the layers of the Linux kernel to reveal what actually happens when we run commands or send data over a network. We learned: The Kernel is the Manager : It abstracts hardware and protects the system via Ring 0/3 separation. System Calls are the Gateway : Tools like strace reveal the constant conversation between apps and the kernel. The "Factory" Mindset : Understanding kernel networking requires shifting focus from "IP addresses" to "sk_buffs and DMA." eBPF is the Revolution : XDP and TC allow us to safely inject custom logic into this high-speed factory floor, with XDP acting at the raw material stage and TC at the packaged stage. Understanding these low-level mechanics is crucial for debugging performance issues and leveraging modern cloud-native tools effectively. What's next? Based on these learnings, the next step is to investigate eBPF and kTLS in depth to understand how we can programmatically extend and optimize this architecture. Linux Kernel (4 Part Series) 1 Linux File System Architecture: A Deep Dive into VFS, Inodes, and Storage 2 Linux Kernel Architecture: From Ring 0 to Network Stack & eBPF 3 Docker: Internal Architecture 4 eBPF: Experiencing eBPF with Cilium Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse kt Follow Joined Jan 8, 2026 More from kt Docker: Internal Architecture # docker # container # linux Linux File System Architecture: A Deep Dive into VFS, Inodes, and Storage # linux # kernel # systems # learning 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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http://us.pycon.org | PyCon US 2026 - PyCon US 2026 Skip to content Skip to navigation Skip to footer About What is PyCon US? Health & Safety Guidelines Python Software Foundation Code of Conduct Diversity Support Sponsor Why Sponsor? Sponsors Sponsorship Prospectus Speaking Proposal Guidelines Proposing a Talk Proposing a Tutorial Proposing a Charlas Proposing a Poster Proposal Mentorship Attend Registration Information Travel Grants Travel Grants FAQ International Travel Startup Row Community Booths Venue Hotels Public Transit in Long Beach Traveling to Long Beach Search Sign Up Sign in Translations available: español Presenting PyCon US 2026 May 13 - May 19, 2026 Long Beach, California Countdown to PyCon US 2026 Days Hours Minutes Seconds Registration - Now Open! Grab your early bird discount tickets now before they sell out! More information can be found on the Registration Information page . Register Today! Conference breakdown : Tutorials : May 13 - 14, 2026 Sponsor Presentations : May 14 - May 15, 2026 Main Conference : May 15 - 17, 2026 Job Fair & Community Showcase : May 17, 2026 Sprints : May 18 - May 19, 2026 We are so excited to welcome our community to our new host city of Long Beach, California, for PyCon US 2026! Mark your calendars and be sure to read the About PyCon US page for more details. We can’t wait to see you all at the Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center ! Please note: PyCon US 2026 will take place fully in-person in Long Beach, California with no live streaming of the main conference days. PyCon US will record all Talk tracks, Keynotes and Lightning Talks on the main days of the conference (Friday - Sunday) and publish them to the PyCon US YouTube Channel . PyCon US continues to keep the safety of our community as our top priority and wants PyCon US to be an event that everyone feels safe attending. With that in mind, PyCon US 2026 will have Health and Safety Guidelines in place again this year. For full details, read the PyCon US 2026 Health & Safety Guidelines here . The PyCon US 2026 schedule and tutorial registration will be available later in 2026. As we work to finalize our plans, we will keep you informed with updates on the exciting developments. In the meantime, our staff and volunteers are working to bring you a fun, energizing event filled with networking, tutorials, in-person collaboration, social events, and so much more! To stay informed on details and announcements be sure to create an account here on this website and opt-in to receive PyCon US News . Also, follow us on Bluesky , X , and Mastodon , and subscribe to the PyCon US Blog . Call for Proposals - Now Open! PyCon US 2026 is now accepting proposals for Talks, Charlas, Tutorials and Posters until December 19, 2025. PyCon US 2026 has new policies regarding proposal submissions so please be sure to read the Proposal Guidelines page in its entirety before submitting your proposal. Head to the Proposal Guidelines page and learn how to submit your proposal today! Submit Your Proposal! Conference This is the breakdown of the PyCon US conference Tutorials May 13 - 14, 2026 Sponsor Presentations May 14 - 15, 2026 Main Conference May 15 - 17, 2026 Job Fair & Community Showcase May 17, 2026 Sprints May 18 - May 19, 2026 The PyCon US 2026 conference in Long Beach, California, USA is a production of the Python Software Foundation . This site is built using Django and Wagtail . PyCon US 2026 illustration and design by Meanapas.C and Hamza Haj Taieb , Coordinated by Georgi K Site design implemented by YupGup . Need help? Check out our Support page to find the correct person to contact. Privacy Notice © Python Software Foundation Search Search Search ESC | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tools Follow Hide General discussion about all types of design software and hardware Create Post Older #tools posts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Tired of Generic Visuals? These Are the 5 Most-Used AI Prompt Generators Everybody Should Know Werliton Silva Werliton Silva Werliton Silva Follow Sep 15 '25 Tired of Generic Visuals? These Are the 5 Most-Used AI Prompt Generators Everybody Should Know # ai # productivity # promptengineering # tools 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Sep 2, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Sep 2 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Sep 2, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read I ❤️ Offline Javier Salcedo Javier Salcedo Javier Salcedo Follow Sep 1 '25 I ❤️ Offline # productivity # tools # recommendations Comments Add Comment 3 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Sep 1, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Sep 1 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Sep 1, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 31, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Aug 31 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - 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Sep 13, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Top 9 Platform Engineering Tools Every Team Should Know About Harman Diaz Harman Diaz Harman Diaz Follow Aug 19 '25 Top 9 Platform Engineering Tools Every Team Should Know About # platformengineering # tools # devops # devdiscuss Comments Add Comment 4 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 19, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Aug 19 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 19, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 3 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 15, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Aug 15 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 15, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 3 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 15, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Aug 15 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 15, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 2 min read DevXPro Tools: 30+ Fast, Privacy-Focused Developer Utilities Guhan Guhan Guhan Follow Aug 28 '25 DevXPro Tools: 30+ Fast, Privacy-Focused Developer Utilities # webdev # tools # productivity # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 14, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Aug 14 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 14, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 2 min read Anthropic Just Dropped Claude's Memory Feature (And It's a Game-Changer) shiva shanker shiva shanker shiva shanker Follow Sep 13 '25 Anthropic Just Dropped Claude's Memory Feature (And It's a Game-Changer) # ai # claude # anthropic # tools 27 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🕵️♂️ Spy Tools for VoIP Agents SIP GAMES SIP GAMES SIP GAMES Follow Aug 9 '25 🕵️♂️ Spy Tools for VoIP Agents # voip # debugging # tools # sip Comments Add Comment 3 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 12, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Aug 13 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 12, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 3 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 13, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Aug 13 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Aug 13, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 3 min read Getting Started with Meilisearch: Fast Search for Your Apps Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow Sep 10 '25 Getting Started with Meilisearch: Fast Search for Your Apps # search # tools # dev # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read How I learned to love looking at JSON data: JSONBason Nate Nate Nate Follow Aug 8 '25 How I learned to love looking at JSON data: JSONBason # webdev # javascript # tools # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Amazon Web Services Follow Hide Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a collection of web services for computing, storage, machine learning, security, and more There are over 200+ AWS services as of 2023. Create Post submission guidelines Articles which primary focus is AWS are permitted to used the #aws tag. Older #aws posts 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Mastering Cloud Storage: How to Mount S3 as a Local Filesystem with Rclone DEV-AI DEV-AI DEV-AI Follow Oct 27 '25 Mastering Cloud Storage: How to Mount S3 as a Local Filesystem with Rclone # linux # cli # tutorial # aws Comments Add Comment 7 min read production deploy completed ! hirooka kazuya hirooka kazuya hirooka kazuya Follow Nov 18 '25 production deploy completed ! # aws # devjournal # typescript Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building Better on AWS: A Practical Guide to the Well-Architected Framework Sauveer Ketan Sauveer Ketan Sauveer Ketan Follow Nov 17 '25 Building Better on AWS: A Practical Guide to the Well-Architected Framework # aws # cloudcomputing # architecture # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read Controlling Kubernetes Network Traffic – Part 1 Eyal Estrin Eyal Estrin Eyal Estrin Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 17 '25 Controlling Kubernetes Network Traffic – Part 1 # aws # azure # googlecloud # kubernetes 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Creating an Amazon ECS service that uses Service Discovery Learn2Skills Learn2Skills Learn2Skills Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 17 '25 Creating an Amazon ECS service that uses Service Discovery # aws # containers # cloud # ecs 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read AWS re/Start – My Week 9 Experience Ijay Ijay Ijay Follow Oct 13 '25 AWS re/Start – My Week 9 Experience # aws # restart # cloudcomputing # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Simple Event-Driven Microservices System with Apache Kafka Cloudev Cloudev Cloudev Follow Oct 13 '25 Building a Simple Event-Driven Microservices System with Apache Kafka # kafka # kinesis # aws # data 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Production-Grade Multi-Tier Web Infrastructure on AWS with CDK & CLI Only asim-makes asim-makes asim-makes Follow Oct 13 '25 Building Production-Grade Multi-Tier Web Infrastructure on AWS with CDK & CLI Only # architecture # devops # aws # cloud Comments Add Comment 6 min read Real-Time Streaming Challenges: What I Learned Building at Scale HyperscaleDesignHub HyperscaleDesignHub HyperscaleDesignHub Follow Oct 26 '25 Real-Time Streaming Challenges: What I Learned Building at Scale # systemdesign # performance # architecture # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read CloudFormation Hooks: Lambda hooks con anotaciones granulares (en español sencillo) Pablo Gonzalez Robles Pablo Gonzalez Robles Pablo Gonzalez Robles Follow Nov 17 '25 CloudFormation Hooks: Lambda hooks con anotaciones granulares (en español sencillo) # news # security # aws # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Dejé de hablar de AI y empecé a construir: Construye un RAG simple con Amazon Bedrock Knowledge Bases. Sinai Rivera Sinai Rivera Sinai Rivera Follow Nov 17 '25 Dejé de hablar de AI y empecé a construir: Construye un RAG simple con Amazon Bedrock Knowledge Bases. # aws # rag # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read I stopped talking about AI and started to build: Build a RAG System with Amazon Bedrock, Titan Embeddings & Knowledge Bases Sinai Rivera Sinai Rivera Sinai Rivera Follow Nov 17 '25 I stopped talking about AI and started to build: Build a RAG System with Amazon Bedrock, Titan Embeddings & Knowledge Bases # aws # rag # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 8 min read Chaos Testing AWS EKS with AWS FIS | AWS Community Day Bangalore 2025 N Chandra Prakash Reddy N Chandra Prakash Reddy N Chandra Prakash Reddy Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 26 '25 Chaos Testing AWS EKS with AWS FIS | AWS Community Day Bangalore 2025 # aws # apigateway # kubernetes # microservices 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Real-Time Data Streaming Platform: From 140K to 1 Million Messages/Sec - A Flink Performance Tuning Journey HyperscaleDesignHub HyperscaleDesignHub HyperscaleDesignHub Follow Oct 26 '25 Real-Time Data Streaming Platform: From 140K to 1 Million Messages/Sec - A Flink Performance Tuning Journey # kubernetes # dataengineering # performance # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Kiro with MCP for GitHub Integration, Docs, Diagrams and AWS Recommendations Andre Luiz Rosa Andre Luiz Rosa Andre Luiz Rosa Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 15 '25 Kiro with MCP for GitHub Integration, Docs, Diagrams and AWS Recommendations # aws # terraform # kiro # mcp 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read A Practical Guide to Building AI Agents with Java and Spring AI - Part 3 - Add Knowledge Yuriy Bezsonov Yuriy Bezsonov Yuriy Bezsonov Follow Nov 17 '25 A Practical Guide to Building AI Agents with Java and Spring AI - Part 3 - Add Knowledge # ai # java # aws # springboot Comments Add Comment 7 min read Getting Started with CIDR and Subnetting in AWS Irfan Satrio Irfan Satrio Irfan Satrio Follow Nov 17 '25 Getting Started with CIDR and Subnetting in AWS # aws # networking # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Predicting Failures in a Serverless App with AWS DevOps Guru and OpenTelemetry Kirill Polishchuk Kirill Polishchuk Kirill Polishchuk Follow Oct 25 '25 Predicting Failures in a Serverless App with AWS DevOps Guru and OpenTelemetry # observability # aiops # devops # aws 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Amazon EC2: Launching Your First Instance from the Console (Public Access) Andres Figueroa Andres Figueroa Andres Figueroa Follow Nov 16 '25 Amazon EC2: Launching Your First Instance from the Console (Public Access) # aws # ec2 # security # networking Comments Add Comment 3 min read Pod Identity: The Authentication Revolution Kubernetes Needed 🔐 Omar Fathy Omar Fathy Omar Fathy Follow Oct 12 '25 Pod Identity: The Authentication Revolution Kubernetes Needed 🔐 # security # kubernetes # devops # aws Comments Add Comment 7 min read Day 72 : Grafana Udoh Deborah Udoh Deborah Udoh Deborah Follow Oct 26 '25 Day 72 : Grafana # aws # grafana # terraforn 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Route 53 Sachin Sachin Sachin Follow Oct 27 '25 Route 53 # aws # beginners # networking 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read HOW TO: Run Spark on Kubernetes with AWS EMR on EKS (2025) Pramit Marattha Pramit Marattha Pramit Marattha Follow for Chaos Genius Nov 15 '25 HOW TO: Run Spark on Kubernetes with AWS EMR on EKS (2025) # apachespark # kubernetes # aws # eks 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 17 min read Implementing a Self-Healing Serverless CICD Pipeline with AWS Developer Tools. Henry Henry Henry Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 5 '25 Implementing a Self-Healing Serverless CICD Pipeline with AWS Developer Tools. # serverless # cicd # devops # aws 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Interoperating Open Table Formats on AWS Using Apache XTable (Delta Iceberg) Aki Aki Aki Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 14 '25 Interoperating Open Table Formats on AWS Using Apache XTable (Delta Iceberg) # aws # iceberg # deltalake # dataengineering 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Right menu Meme Monday Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow Jan 12 Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes 19 reactions Comments 18 comments 1 min read Is an AI Model Software? – A Low‑Level Technical View Ben Santora Ben Santora Ben Santora Follow Jan 12 Is an AI Model Software? – A Low‑Level Technical View # discuss # ai # architecture # software 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners 17 reactions Comments 8 comments 2 min read 🌈 Looking for help if possible: I’m Stuck on My TrackMyHRT App (Medication + Symptom Tracker) codebunny20 codebunny20 codebunny20 Follow Jan 12 🌈 Looking for help if possible: I’m Stuck on My TrackMyHRT App (Medication + Symptom Tracker) # discuss # programming # python # opensource 14 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read Why Cloudflare is Right to Stand Against Italy's Piracy Shield Polliog Polliog Polliog Follow Jan 12 Why Cloudflare is Right to Stand Against Italy's Piracy Shield # discuss # cloud # dns # webdev 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Why frontend developers don't wanna write e2e tests Sawan Bhattacharya Sawan Bhattacharya Sawan Bhattacharya Follow Jan 13 Why frontend developers don't wanna write e2e tests # discuss # webdev # testing # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Autonomy Fallacy: Why AI Agents Cannot Be Trusted With Execution Olami Olami Olami Follow Jan 13 The Autonomy Fallacy: Why AI Agents Cannot Be Trusted With Execution # discuss # agents # ai # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Software Testing for BFSI Anna Anna Anna Follow Jan 13 Software Testing for BFSI # discuss # tutorial # automation # startup Comments Add Comment 5 min read Conversation Memory Collapse: Why Excessive Context Weakens AI FARAZ FARHAN FARAZ FARHAN FARAZ FARHAN Follow Jan 13 Conversation Memory Collapse: Why Excessive Context Weakens AI # discuss # ai # llm # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Dejar de buscar para empezar a construir (Parte 2): Una perspectiva alternativa con el ecosistema CODEX Oscar Santos Oscar Santos Oscar Santos Follow Jan 13 Dejar de buscar para empezar a construir (Parte 2): Una perspectiva alternativa con el ecosistema CODEX # discuss # productivity # ai # codex Comments Add Comment 4 min read What are your goals for the week? 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https://dev.to/queelius/the-incomputability-of-simple-learning-306a#comments | The Incomputability of Simple Learning - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alex Towell Posted on Jan 7 • Originally published at metafunctor.com The Incomputability of Simple Learning # machinelearning # philosophy # ai # bitterlesson Karpathy's recent "Animals vs Ghosts" piece has been rattling around in my head. In it, he surfaces a tension that deserves more attention: the author of "The Bitter Lesson" — the text that's become almost biblical in frontier AI circles — isn't convinced that LLMs are bitter lesson pilled at all. The bitter lesson, in brief: methods that leverage computation scale better than methods that leverage human knowledge. Don't build in structure; let the model learn it. Don't encode heuristics; let scale find them. The lesson is "bitter" because it means a lot of clever human engineering ends up being wasted effort, steamrolled by dumber approaches with more compute. LLM researchers routinely ask whether an idea is "sufficiently bitter lesson pilled" as a proxy for whether it's worth pursuing. And yet Sutton, the lesson's author, looks at LLMs and sees something thoroughly entangled with humanity — trained on human text, finetuned with human preferences, reward-shaped by human engineers. Where's the clean, simple algorithm you could "turn the crank" on and watch learn from experience alone? This got me thinking about why that clean algorithm is so elusive. And I've come to suspect the answer is uncomfortable: the simplest forms of learning may be incomputable, or at least intractable, in ways that force us into approximations that fundamentally shape the resulting intelligence. The Library of All Programs Here's one way to see the problem. Imagine the space of all possible programs, like Borges' Library of Babel. In that famous story, a library contains every possible book — every combination of characters up to 410 pages. Most are gibberish. A tiny fraction are meaningful. The library "contains" all knowledge, all literature, all truth. And it is utterly useless. Because you can't find anything. Now consider program space. It contains: The perfect predictor for any phenomenon The optimal policy for any environment The ideal world model The shortest program that explains any dataset Every possible mind The space is complete . The answer to any question is already "in there." The perfect intelligence exists, in some abstract sense, as a point in this vast combinatorial space. And it is useless, for the same reason as Borges' library. The problem isn't generation — you can enumerate programs, in principle. The problem is indexing . Navigation. Search through a space so vast that random exploration is hopeless. This reframes what learning is. Learning isn't synthesis; it's search. We're not creating intelligence, we're navigating to it in the space of possible minds. The Bayesian Substrate Here's the formal version of the same idea. All learning, at some level, is inference. You have hypotheses about the world, you observe evidence, you update your beliefs. Bayes' theorem tells you how to do this optimally — weight hypotheses by prior probability, update on likelihood, normalize. Solomonoff induction is just Bayesian inference with a particular choice of prior and model class: consider all computable hypotheses, weight them by algorithmic simplicity (shorter programs are more probable), update on observed data. It's provably optimal in a certain sense. It's also provably incomputable. The incomputability comes from two places. First, the model class is too large — all possible programs. Second, the prior itself (Kolmogorov complexity) is uncomputable. You can't, in general, determine the length of the shortest program that produces a given output. But notice what Solomonoff induction is : it's a prescription for navigating program space. The prior is a map — it tells you where to look, which regions are more likely to contain the program you want. Short programs first, then longer ones. The map is perfect. And the map is unreadable. No Free Lunch Here's why you can't escape this. The No Free Lunch theorems say something that sounds almost nihilistic: averaged over all possible problems, no learning algorithm beats random guessing. Every algorithm that does well on some problems must do poorly on others. The wins and losses exactly cancel. But there's a constructive reading of NFL. It tells you that to do well on specific problems, you must assume some patterns are more likely than others. You need priors. You need inductive biases. You need a map. The question isn't whether to have biases — you can't avoid them. The question is where they come from: Evolved biases : Animal brains, shaped by billions of years of selection, embody priors about physics, other agents, cause and effect. These are maps drawn by evolution. Derived biases : Sometimes we can work out from first principles what patterns to expect. Physics gives us conservation laws. Information theory gives us compression. These are maps drawn by understanding. Discovered biases : Meta-learning, neural architecture search, learned optimizers. Maybe compute can discover its own maps. These would be maps drawn by search. Handcrafted biases : Transformers, attention mechanisms, positional encodings. These are maps drawn by human intuition and trial-and-error. Each is a different way of constraining the search through program space. Each says: look here, not there. This region is more likely to contain what you want. Unprincipled Maps Here's where it gets uncomfortable. The transformer architecture is an inductive bias. It encodes assumptions about what functions are likely to be useful. Attention says "relevant information can be anywhere in context." Positional encoding says "order matters, but in this specific way." The whole thing carves out some subspace of possible programs and says: search here. But we don't have a probability density over this space. In proper Bayesian inference, your prior is a probability distribution. You can quantify uncertainty. You can know when you're extrapolating beyond your prior's support. You can update coherently as evidence arrives. The math works out. With neural networks, we have none of this. We have point estimates (trained weights) instead of posteriors. We have an implicit prior (the architecture plus initialization plus optimizer) that we can't write down as a probability measure. We're doing something shaped like inference — hypothesis space, updates, generalization — but with unquantified priors and no principled uncertainty. We have a map. But we can't read it. We don't know what territory it claims to describe. We can't tell when we've wandered off the edge. Maybe this is fine. Maybe the implicit prior of "transformer trained on internet text" happens to be close enough to useful that it works in practice. But it's worth noticing how far we are from the clean formalism that would let us say why it works, or predict when it will fail. We're navigating by a map we don't understand through territory we can't see. Approximate Maps So we're stuck between theoretical optimality (incomputable) and principled uncertainty (intractable). What do we actually do? We approximate. And each approximation is a different way of drawing a map. Pretraining on human text. Karpathy calls this "our crappy evolution" — a hack to avoid the cold start problem. And I think that's exactly right, but it's worth dwelling on why it works. Human text has extraordinarily high signal-to-noise ratio. Not by accident — by construction. Every sentence you read represents effort, intention, selection. Someone chose those words over alternatives. The corpus isn't raw reality; it's reality filtered through billions of human decisions about what's worth saying. Pretraining works because we're not starting from scratch. We're using human text as a proxy for "useful programs look like things that predict this." It narrows the search space dramatically. It's a map, albeit one drawn by the collective motion of human minds rather than any principled analysis. Is this bitter lesson pilled? It doesn't feel like it. It feels more like... inheriting the distilled results of human cognition rather than rediscovering them from scratch. Sweet lesson pilled, maybe. Verifiable rewards. Karpathy makes another sharp observation: Software 1.0 easily automates what you can specify . Software 2.0 easily automates what you can verify . Verification is what makes search tractable. If you can cheaply check whether a program is good, you can do local search, hill-climbing, reinforcement learning. You can navigate. Without verification, you're back to wandering blind. This creates what Karpathy calls the "jagged frontier." Tasks with clean verification — math problems, code that compiles, games with win conditions — progress rapidly. Tasks without clean verification — creative work, strategic reasoning, anything requiring taste or judgment — advance more slowly, relying on generalization and hope. But verification is a human-shaped constraint. What can be verified depends on what humans have figured out how to check. We can verify proofs because we built proof checkers. We can verify code because we built compilers and test suites. These are human artifacts — tools we created, metrics we defined. So when we optimize for "verifiable rewards," we're really optimizing for problems where humans have already solved the verification problem. That's a strong selection effect. The map is drawn by the shape of human formal methods. Different Maps, Different Minds Here's another way the approximations matter. Karpathy distinguishes between "animals" and "ghosts" — two different points in the space of possible intelligences, reached by different optimization pressures. Animal intelligence was found by evolution's search: Optimize for survival and reproduction in a physical world Deeply embodied, continuous, always-learning Social — huge compute dedicated to modeling other agents Shaped by adversarial multi-agent self-play where failure means death The map: billions of years of selection pressure in physical reality LLM intelligence was found by a very different search: Statistical imitation of human text (pretraining) Task completion and human preference (finetuning, RLHF) Disembodied, fixed weights, context-window-bounded No continuous self, no embodied stakes The map: human documents + verifiable benchmarks + preference data These aren't points on a spectrum. They're different regions of mind-space, reached by different search algorithms using different maps. The maps encode different assumptions. Evolution's map says: programs that survive and reproduce in physical reality are good. Our map says: programs that predict human text and solve verifiable problems are good. No surprise, then, that the intelligences found are different. LLMs are shape-shifters, statistical imitators, spiky and capable in some domains, brittle in others. Animals are general, embodied, robust, optimized for not dying across countless scenarios. Ghosts and animals. Different search processes, different maps, different destinations. Other Maps? So here's the question I keep circling back to: Are there other maps? Other search strategies? Ways of navigating program space that are: Simpler than curated datasets and hand-designed rewards More principled than architecture intuitions we can't formalize More tractable than Solomonoff induction Candidates people talk about: Curiosity / Information Gain. Seek states that reduce uncertainty about the world. The map says: programs that learn efficiently are good. But this requires having a world model good enough to notice what's surprising — which is itself a hard problem. The map requires a map. Prediction Error Minimization. Active inference, free energy frameworks. The map says: programs that minimize surprise are good. But pure surprise-minimization leads to degenerate solutions. The agent that closes its eyes and predicts darkness has minimized surprise perfectly. The map needs constraints. Empowerment. Maximize the channel capacity between your actions and future states. Keep options open. The map says: programs that maintain influence over the future are good. Elegant, but computing empowerment is intractable in complex environments. The map is unreadable. Boundary Maintenance. This one's interesting because it inverts the question. Instead of asking "what reward signal produces intelligence?", it asks "what computational structure is intelligence?" One answer: intelligence is the maintenance of a self/non-self boundary, a region of low entropy in a high-entropy universe. Life itself as a self-maintaining boundary. The "map" isn't a search strategy but a definition — intelligence is whatever maintains its own existence as a coherent computational structure. I don't know if any of these lead anywhere. Each has implementation challenges that push you back toward approximations, toward the same messy heuristics we're already using. Maybe the incomputability is fundamental. Maybe any tractable learning algorithm necessarily picks up biases from wherever you make it tractable. But maybe not. The space of possible maps is itself vast. We've explored only a tiny region. Questions I'm Left With I don't have conclusions. I have questions: Is the incomputability fundamental? Is there a theorem lurking here — something like "any learning algorithm that is both general and tractable must incorporate domain-specific structure"? Or are there paths to simpler learning that we just haven't found yet? What are we actually approximating? When we train transformers on human text, we're approximating something . But what? Is there a well-defined target we're approaching, or is it turtles all the way down — approximations of approximations with no ground truth? Can you navigate from "ghost" to "animal"? Karpathy speculates that maybe you can finetune ghosts "more and more in the direction of animals." But optimization pressure shapes deep structure. Can you undo the shape-shifting, sycophantic, human-imitation core of an LLM? Or are ghosts and animals different basins of attraction in mind-space, unreachable from each other? What maps are we not seeing? Pretraining on text is one map. Verifiable rewards are another. But the space of possible maps is large. What are we not exploring because we're path-dependent on what's worked so far? What would a truly different search strategy look like? What does "simple" even mean? The bitter lesson says simple algorithms + scale beats complex engineering. But "simple" is slippery. Solomonoff induction is conceptually simple — and incomputable. Evolution is mechanistically simple — and requires billions of years. Is there a notion of simplicity that's both meaningful and achievable? Coda The space of all programs contains every possible mind. The perfect learner is in there, somewhere, as a point in that vast combinatorial space. The Library of Babel is complete. And it is useless. Because finding something in an infinite library is as hard as writing it from scratch. Search is the bottleneck. Navigation is the problem. And navigation requires maps — priors, biases, assumptions about where to look. The bitter lesson tells us what would work in principle: simple algorithm, lots of compute, scale indefinitely. But the simplest algorithms are incomputable. So we approximate — with human data, with verifiable rewards, with architectural intuitions we can't formalize. Each approximation is a tradeoff. Each draws a different map. Each shapes the intelligence we find in ways we're only beginning to understand. Maybe LLMs are ghosts — not animals, not the platonic ideal, but something new. A different region of mind-space, reachable by the maps available to us. Statistical echoes of humanity, shape-shifters trained on our documents, useful and strange. Or maybe they're waypoints. Stepping stones toward something we don't have words for yet. Points on a trajectory through mind-space that we're only beginning to trace. I don't know. But I think the question "what kind of learning is actually possible?" deserves more attention than it gets. Not "what benchmarks can we hit?" but "what are the fundamental constraints on minds, and how do our methods navigate them?" The bitter lesson is a direction, not a destination. And the path there — if there is a path — runs through territory we don't have maps for yet. The Library contains everything. The hard part was never writing the books. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alex Towell Follow Research engineer and computer scientist working at the intersection of machine learning, statistical computing, and cryptography. Currently pursuing my PhD in Computer Science at Southern Illinois Un Joined Oct 13, 2025 More from Alex Towell Notes from the Transition # ai # philosophy # consciousness # existentialrisk CTK: Manage All Your AI Conversations in One Place # python # ai # productivity # opensource symlik: Symbolic Likelihood Models in Python # python # statistics # machinelearning # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Follow for Zuplo Apr 10 '25 Does Tracing Slow Down APIs? # performance # api Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a Searchable Product List with React Server Components HexShift HexShift HexShift Follow May 14 '25 Building a Searchable Product List with React Server Components # react # ux # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Solving Poor API Performance Issues: Tips for Developers Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Follow for Zuplo Apr 10 '25 Solving Poor API Performance Issues: Tips for Developers # performance # api Comments Add Comment 11 min read 🔥 Stripe + Jony Ive Fireside, UI After LLMs & DOOM in CSS Adam Marsden Adam Marsden Adam Marsden Follow May 13 '25 🔥 Stripe + Jony Ive Fireside, UI After LLMs & DOOM in CSS # design # ux # css # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read Optimized Fonts in Nuxt Jakub Andrzejewski Jakub Andrzejewski Jakub Andrzejewski Follow Jun 9 '25 Optimized Fonts in Nuxt # performance # nuxt # vue # typescript 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Why a Speedy, Modern Website Boosts Sales — And How a Slow, Outdated One Burns Your Ad Budget Maruf Ahmmed Maruf Ahmmed Maruf Ahmmed Follow Jun 8 '25 Why a Speedy, Modern Website Boosts Sales — And How a Slow, Outdated One Burns Your Ad Budget # ecommerce # webdev # shopify # performance Comments 2 comments 2 min read React 19 and Its Optimization Improvements via the New Compiler Oussama Bouyahia Oussama Bouyahia Oussama Bouyahia Follow May 2 '25 React 19 and Its Optimization Improvements via the New Compiler # webdev # react # javascript # performance 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read From JVM to Native Compilation with Spring Boot: What It Means and Why It Matters Jonathan Jonathan Jonathan Follow Jun 4 '25 From JVM to Native Compilation with Spring Boot: What It Means and Why It Matters # springboot # java # performance # graalvm 27 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Test automation to accelerate the release of eLearning software without compromising quality Pavel Novik Pavel Novik Pavel Novik Follow Jun 10 '25 Test automation to accelerate the release of eLearning software without compromising quality # qa # testing # testautomation # performance 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 6 min read Building High-Performance Web3 Infrastructure @ EvaCodes Illia Kuzmenko Illia Kuzmenko Illia Kuzmenko Follow Jun 10 '25 Building High-Performance Web3 Infrastructure @ EvaCodes # discuss # web3 # performance # smartcontract Comments 2 comments 1 min read Introducing bunmark ⚡ the fastest way to benchmark your API. Freilyn Bernabe Freilyn Bernabe Freilyn Bernabe Follow Apr 8 '25 Introducing bunmark ⚡ the fastest way to benchmark your API. # api # performance # benchmarking # bunjs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 10 SQL Anti-Patterns You Must Avoid in Production Cristian Sifuentes Cristian Sifuentes Cristian Sifuentes Follow May 12 '25 10 SQL Anti-Patterns You Must Avoid in Production # sql # database # performance # advancedsql 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Boosting Performance with Symfony HttpClient and Parallel Requests Victor Victor Victor Follow May 12 '25 Boosting Performance with Symfony HttpClient and Parallel Requests # symfony # php # performance 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🔧🚫 Stop Using ngIf and ngFor: Enforce Angular's New Control Flow with ESLint ✅ jayasooriya-s jayasooriya-s jayasooriya-s Follow May 1 '25 🔧🚫 Stop Using ngIf and ngFor: Enforce Angular's New Control Flow with ESLint ✅ # angular # programming # performance # javascript 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tools Follow Hide General discussion about all types of design software and hardware Create Post Older #tools posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu ToolSphere: The Ultimate Nexus of Advanced Web-Based Utilities Abel Francis Abel Francis Abel Francis Follow Feb 6 '25 ToolSphere: The Ultimate Nexus of Advanced Web-Based Utilities # webdev # productivity # tools # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Power of Favicons: Why They Matter and How to Create One Arish N Arish N Arish N Follow Mar 4 '25 The Power of Favicons: Why They Matter and How to Create One # webdev # favicon # website # tools 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Javascript projects and optimize space on your laptop Kiran (AK) Adapa Kiran (AK) Adapa Kiran (AK) Adapa Follow Feb 24 '25 Javascript projects and optimize space on your laptop # tools # node # devex Comments Add Comment 1 min read chkbit checks for data corruption Christian Zangl Christian Zangl Christian Zangl Follow Jan 6 '25 chkbit checks for data corruption # data # tools # recovery Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🛩️ Expandindo a criatividade e melhorando a produtividade com Obsidian Guilherme Natan (Capela) Guilherme Natan (Capela) Guilherme Natan (Capela) Follow Feb 6 '25 🛩️ Expandindo a criatividade e melhorando a produtividade com Obsidian # obsidian # produtividade # tools # webdev 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Automate Your Job Search: Scraping 400+ LinkedIn Jobs with Python Francisco Moretti Francisco Moretti Francisco Moretti Follow Jan 20 '25 Automate Your Job Search: Scraping 400+ LinkedIn Jobs with Python # automation # python # tools 88 reactions Comments 19 comments 2 min read 5 Must-Have Milestone Tools for Effective Project Planning Thomas H. 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Young Follow Dec 24 '24 5 Must-Have Milestone Tools for Effective Project Planning # projectmanagement # projects # milestones # tools 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Aumente seu leque de ferramentas no desenvolvimento com um exemplo prático usando MoSCoW Vitor Rubenich Vitor Rubenich Vitor Rubenich Follow Jan 15 '25 Aumente seu leque de ferramentas no desenvolvimento com um exemplo prático usando MoSCoW # braziliandevs # tools # improvement # development 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read Building PortClient: A Tool to Simplify and Speed Up Port Management Vitalii Vitalii Vitalii Follow Jan 9 '25 Building PortClient: A Tool to Simplify and Speed Up Port Management # development # tools # programming # portmanagement 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Artificial Intelligence Applications: Top AI Applications in 2025 SkillBoostTrainer SkillBoostTrainer SkillBoostTrainer Follow Jan 8 '25 Artificial Intelligence Applications: Top AI Applications in 2025 # ai # applications # tools # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 5 Instagantt Alternatives That Can Do Better Thomas H. Young Thomas H. Young Thomas H. Young Follow Dec 26 '24 5 Instagantt Alternatives That Can Do Better # projectmanagement # project # ganttchart # tools 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Launching Aikido for Cursor AI Felix Garriau Felix Garriau Felix Garriau Follow for Aikido Security Dec 2 '24 Launching Aikido for Cursor AI # sast # tools Comments Add Comment 3 min read Color Highlighting for Tailwind CSS Variables in VS Code Francisco Moretti Francisco Moretti Francisco Moretti Follow Jan 3 '25 Color Highlighting for Tailwind CSS Variables in VS Code # tailwindcss # vscode # tools # shadcnui 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read My 2025 Tech Stack: Tools & Tech I'm Using This Year Rakesh Potnuru Rakesh Potnuru Rakesh Potnuru Follow Jan 1 '25 My 2025 Tech Stack: Tools & Tech I'm Using This Year # techstack # tools # devtools 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read 5 Robust Project Roadmap Tools for Effective Planning Thomas H. Young Thomas H. Young Thomas H. Young Follow Nov 19 '24 5 Robust Project Roadmap Tools for Effective Planning # projectmanagement # roadmap # planning # tools 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Top 10 AI Tools for Content Writing Kunal Agarwal Kunal Agarwal Kunal Agarwal Follow Dec 12 '24 Top 10 AI Tools for Content Writing # aitools # content # writing # tools 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Comprehensive Guide to OkHttp for Java and Kotlin Scrapfly Scrapfly Scrapfly Follow for Scrapfly Dec 5 '24 Comprehensive Guide to OkHttp for Java and Kotlin # http # tools # java 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Deploy your bolt.new app to Netlify Karin Karin Karin Follow for Netlify Dec 3 '24 Deploy your bolt.new app to Netlify # tutorial # automation # tools # webdev 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Best Project Portfolio Management Software: 3 Amazing Solutions for Project Teams Thomas H. Young Thomas H. Young Thomas H. Young Follow Dec 3 '24 Best Project Portfolio Management Software: 3 Amazing Solutions for Project Teams # projectmanagement # projectportfolio # management # tools 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read DevOps Automation Tools to Faster development Process Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman Follow Nov 26 '24 DevOps Automation Tools to Faster development Process # devops # automation # tools # cicd 42 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Enhance Image Labeling and Segmentation with PixLab Annotate Vincent Vincent Vincent Follow Oct 20 '24 Enhance Image Labeling and Segmentation with PixLab Annotate # productivity # webdev # tools 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read httpstat.us is a great service to test your APIs and scripts Christian Heilmann Christian Heilmann Christian Heilmann Follow Nov 15 '24 httpstat.us is a great service to test your APIs and scripts # tools # http # networking 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Tech and Tools I use Anass Assim Anass Assim Anass Assim Follow Oct 31 '24 Tech and Tools I use # setup # tools # tech # dev 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Top 5 Annual Planning Tools for Different Cases Thomas H. Young Thomas H. Young Thomas H. Young Follow Oct 28 '24 Top 5 Annual Planning Tools for Different Cases # planning # projectmanagement # project # tools 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read cURL vs Wget: Key Differences Explained Scrapfly Scrapfly Scrapfly Follow Oct 25 '24 cURL vs Wget: Key Differences Explained # curl # http # tools 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#sockets | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS expat ¶ The pyexpat extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured --with-system-expat : Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ¶ The _ctypes C extension underlying the ctypes module is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured --with-system-libffi : Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. zlib ¶ The zlib extension is built using an included copy of the zlib sources if the zlib version found on the system is too old to be used for the build: Copyright (C) 1995-2011 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu cfuhash ¶ The implementation of the hash table used by the tracemalloc is based on the cfuhash project: Copyright (c) 2005 Don Owens All rights reserved. This code is released under the BSD license: Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. libmpdec ¶ The _decimal C extension underlying the decimal module is built using an included copy of the libmpdec library unless the build is configured --with-system-libmpdec : Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. W3C C14N test suite ¶ The C14N 2.0 test suite in the test package ( Lib/test/xmltestdata/c14n-20/ ) was retrieved from the W3C website at https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n2-testcases/ and is distributed under the 3-clause BSD license: Copyright (c) 2013 W3C(R) (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of works must retain the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the original copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the W3C nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this work without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. mimalloc ¶ MIT License: Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Microsoft Corporation, Daan Leijen Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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Older #beginners posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 3379 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Jan 9 CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts # comptia # securityplus # beginners # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 9 min read My First Blog as a Cybersecurity Beginner: Learning Networking with Wireshark. 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OnlineProxy OnlineProxy OnlineProxy Follow Oct 9 '25 What Is Cryptography—and How Do You Actually Start Cryptanalysis? # cryptocurrency # beginners # learning # future 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 10 min read How Small Businesses Can Safeguard Themselves Against Cyberattacks GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Oct 6 '25 How Small Businesses Can Safeguard Themselves Against Cyberattacks # beginners # networksec 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read The Complete Guide to Cybersecurity Incident Response: From Detection to Recovery Introvert Developer Introvert Developer Introvert Developer Follow Sep 29 '25 The Complete Guide to Cybersecurity Incident Response: From Detection to Recovery # beginners # education 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 13 min read CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.3 Study Guide: Device and Network Security Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 26 '25 CompTIA Network+ N10-009 4.3 Study Guide: Device and Network Security # networking # cybersecurity # comptia # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Network+ N10-009 4.1 Study Guide: Security Concepts and Practices Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 23 '25 Network+ N10-009 4.1 Study Guide: Security Concepts and Practices # networking # network # comptia # beginners Comments Add Comment 9 min read 5 Monitoring Concepts You Need to Master the N10-009 Exam: From Information Overload to Focused Insight Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Andrew Despres Follow Sep 17 '25 5 Monitoring Concepts You Need to Master the N10-009 Exam: From Information Overload to Focused Insight # cybersecurity # networking # comptia # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Mac Patch Management Tool Recommendations (2025) Emily Emily Emily Follow Sep 18 '25 Mac Patch Management Tool Recommendations (2025) # beginners # tutorial # programming # productivity Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources Building an Air-Gapped AI Defense System in Python (No Cloud APIs) What Everyday IoT Devices Can Teach Us About Security-by-Design How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know How to Recognize a Real vs Fake Cybersecurity Alert CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.2 Study Guide: Core Security Concepts What Really Happens When You Join Public Wi-Fi (And How To Stay Safe Anyway) CompTIA Security+ SY0-701 1.1 Study Guide: Understanding Security Controls Looking for security feedback on a side project I’ve been building I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. 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https://dev.to/abirk | Kader Khan - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Kader Khan "🚀 DevOps Architect | Infrastructure Alchemist | Cloud Whisperer 🌥️ Joined Joined on Feb 19, 2025 More info about @abirk Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 10 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 18 tags followed Pin Pinned Meet Pulsimo - Monitor Your Systems with Precision & Power Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Nov 16 '25 Meet Pulsimo - Monitor Your Systems with Precision & Power # devops # pulsimo # monitoring # prometheus Comments Add Comment 2 min read WebRTC P2P vs MCU vs SFU Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Jan 6 WebRTC P2P vs MCU vs SFU # systemdesign # devops # webrtc # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read WebSocket VS Polling VS SSE Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Jan 3 WebSocket VS Polling VS SSE # architecture # networking # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read Consistent Hashing - System Design Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Dec 31 '25 Consistent Hashing - System Design # systemdesign # algorithms # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 4 min read Event Sourcing - System Design Pattern Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Dec 30 '25 Event Sourcing - System Design Pattern # devops # aws # cloudnative # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read CQRS Pattern and Event Sourcing System Design Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Dec 29 '25 CQRS Pattern and Event Sourcing System Design # architecture # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Calico Node Readiness Probe Failed Issues Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Oct 22 '25 Calico Node Readiness Probe Failed Issues # tutorial # networking # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Local Docker Registry Setup Guide Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Mar 14 '25 Local Docker Registry Setup Guide # docker # kubernetes # programming # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Longhorn CSI pvc attachment issues fixing with multipath Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Feb 19 '25 Longhorn CSI pvc attachment issues fixing with multipath # webdev # tutorial # opensource # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read AWS EBS Multi-attach Clustered Storage System with GlusterFS Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Feb 19 '25 AWS EBS Multi-attach Clustered Storage System with GlusterFS # webdev # aws # learning # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Machine Learning Follow Hide A branch of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science which focuses on the use of data and algorithms to imitate the way that humans learn, gradually improving its accuracy. Create Post submission guidelines Articles and discussions should be directly related to the machine learning. Questions are encouraged! (See the #help tag) Older #machinelearning posts 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How I Built an API to Detect Fake Gemstones Using AI Sandeep Roy Sandeep Roy Sandeep Roy Follow Jan 2 How I Built an API to Detect Fake Gemstones Using AI # showdev # machinelearning # ai # api Comments Add Comment 1 min read Solving XOR without Backpropagation: A Genetic Algorithm Approach 🧬 İbrahim SEZER İbrahim SEZER İbrahim SEZER Follow Jan 6 Solving XOR without Backpropagation: A Genetic Algorithm Approach 🧬 # python # beginners # machinelearning # algorithms 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Data SLAs Fail — and How to Enforce Them with a Unified Reliability Framework Baharath Bathula Baharath Bathula Baharath Bathula Follow Jan 1 Why Data SLAs Fail — and How to Enforce Them with a Unified Reliability Framework # dataengineering # aws # machinelearning # analytics Comments Add Comment 2 min read Amazon Q: Your AI Assistant for AWS, Developers, and the Business Brayan Arrieta Brayan Arrieta Brayan Arrieta Follow Jan 5 Amazon Q: Your AI Assistant for AWS, Developers, and the Business # ai # aws # machinelearning # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Integrate Voice AI with Salesforce for Sales Automation: A Real Developer's Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 31 '25 Integrate Voice AI with Salesforce for Sales Automation: A Real Developer's Guide # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read The Geometry of Stability: Why Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections Are the Future of Large-Scale AI Neo Neo Neo Follow Jan 1 The Geometry of Stability: Why Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections Are the Future of Large-Scale AI # ai # deepseek # mhc # machinelearning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 2025: The Year in LLMs Aman Shekhar Aman Shekhar Aman Shekhar Follow Jan 1 2025: The Year in LLMs # ai # machinelearning # techtrends Comments Add Comment 5 min read What Is Slope? A Simple Math Idea Behind Machine Learning Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow Jan 1 What Is Slope? A Simple Math Idea Behind Machine Learning # mathematics # ai # machinelearning 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Instruction Tuning and Custom Instruction Libraries: Your Model’s Real ‘Operating Manual Dechun Wang Dechun Wang Dechun Wang Follow Dec 31 '25 Instruction Tuning and Custom Instruction Libraries: Your Model’s Real ‘Operating Manual # llm # ai # promptengineering # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 6 min read Day 5: Untill I Get An Internship At Google Venkata Sugunadithya Venkata Sugunadithya Venkata Sugunadithya Follow Jan 5 Day 5: Untill I Get An Internship At Google # machinelearning # beginners # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building Cultural Intelligence into Database Processing: A Pattern Recognition Challenge FARAZ FARHAN FARAZ FARHAN FARAZ FARHAN Follow Dec 31 '25 Building Cultural Intelligence into Database Processing: A Pattern Recognition Challenge # ai # automation # culturalai # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Reverse Engineering DUPR's Pickleball Rating Algorithm Jessica Wang Jessica Wang Jessica Wang Follow Dec 31 '25 Reverse Engineering DUPR's Pickleball Rating Algorithm # machinelearning # programming # python # pickleball Comments Add Comment 7 min read Machine Learning Basics: Bias, Variance, and Regularization with Intuition and Formulas likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda Follow Dec 31 '25 Machine Learning Basics: Bias, Variance, and Regularization with Intuition and Formulas # ai # machinelearning # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Machine Learning - Model Deployment - Complete Tutorial Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Follow Dec 31 '25 Machine Learning - Model Deployment - Complete Tutorial # tutorial # machinelearning # modeldeployment # flask Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a Multilingual Vector Search Engine in Go for $0 (without OpenAI) Martin Martin Martin Follow Jan 4 I Built a Multilingual Vector Search Engine in Go for $0 (without OpenAI) # ai # architecture # go # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🧠Perceptron vs XOR: Why One Math Problem Changed AI Forever Satyajit Mishra Satyajit Mishra Satyajit Mishra Follow Jan 4 🧠Perceptron vs XOR: Why One Math Problem Changed AI Forever # machinelearning # deeplearning # ai # beginners Comments Add Comment 6 min read KitOps Wrap 2025🔥 Astrodevil Astrodevil Astrodevil Follow Dec 31 '25 KitOps Wrap 2025🔥 # ai # machinelearning # devops # llm Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Clothes Changer Models Explained: Diffusion, Segmentation FreePixel FreePixel FreePixel Follow Dec 31 '25 AI Clothes Changer Models Explained: Diffusion, Segmentation # ai # machinelearning # generativeai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Empathetic Meeting Booking: Integrate with HubSpot CRM Using AI Tools CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 30 '25 Empathetic Meeting Booking: Integrate with HubSpot CRM Using AI Tools # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read Deterministic Decision Making in Non-Deterministic Environments: Why all my projects fight the same problem Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Jan 4 Deterministic Decision Making in Non-Deterministic Environments: Why all my projects fight the same problem # machinelearning # systemdesign # edgeai # engineeringphilosophy Comments Add Comment 3 min read Animated AI Aman Shekhar Aman Shekhar Aman Shekhar Follow Dec 31 '25 Animated AI # ai # machinelearning # techtrends Comments Add Comment 5 min read Instructions Are Not Control Sai Srinivas Sai Srinivas Sai Srinivas Follow Jan 2 Instructions Are Not Control # ai # machinelearning # llm # promptengineering 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Mastering Reinforcement Learning: A Dive into Machine Learning's Next Frontier Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Dec 31 '25 Mastering Reinforcement Learning: A Dive into Machine Learning's Next Frontier # ai # datascience # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Software Defects Prediction using Machine Learning Naimul Karim Naimul Karim Naimul Karim Follow Dec 31 '25 Software Defects Prediction using Machine Learning # tutorial # machinelearning # python # datascience Comments Add Comment 6 min read Remove CapCut Watermark with AI — How We Built a Flicker-Free Video Inpainting System renming wang renming wang renming wang Follow Dec 30 '25 Remove CapCut Watermark with AI — How We Built a Flicker-Free Video Inpainting System # capcut # ai # computervision # machinelearning 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). 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Older #beginners posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Here's what I'm doing to learn Design Patterns Vincent Cavanna Vincent Cavanna Vincent Cavanna Follow Jan 6 Here's what I'm doing to learn Design Patterns # gangof4 # designpatterns # programming # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why .dev, .app, .page (and 40+ Other TLDs) Don't Respond to WHOIS Serg Petrov Serg Petrov Serg Petrov Follow Jan 6 Why .dev, .app, .page (and 40+ Other TLDs) Don't Respond to WHOIS # webdev # beginners # monitoring # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read HtDP Helped Me Discover DDD Without Ever Mentioning It Alam Asy'arie Alam Asy'arie Alam Asy'arie Follow Jan 5 HtDP Helped Me Discover DDD Without Ever Mentioning It # webdev # ai # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read The 3-Argument Rule: How to Stop "Argument Bankruptcy" Doogal Simpson Doogal Simpson Doogal Simpson Follow Jan 5 The 3-Argument Rule: How to Stop "Argument Bankruptcy" # javascript # beginners # productivity # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read The 2026 DevOps Roadmap: What to Learn (and What to Skip) Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 6 The 2026 DevOps Roadmap: What to Learn (and What to Skip) # tutorial # devops # beginners # roadmap 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Learning Landscape Heightmaps and Sculpting Tools in Unreal Engine (Day 12) Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 7 Learning Landscape Heightmaps and Sculpting Tools in Unreal Engine (Day 12) # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Is My Android Auto Not Connecting To My Car Tech Fixes Tech Fixes Tech Fixes Follow Jan 7 Why Is My Android Auto Not Connecting To My Car # android # tutorial # beginners # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Algorithms Cheat Sheet: Sorting, Searching, Graphics & More Jawad Ahmed Jawad Ahmed Jawad Ahmed Follow Jan 5 The Algorithms Cheat Sheet: Sorting, Searching, Graphics & More # algorithms # beginners # tutorial # learning Comments 1 comment 16 min read Finally, the difference between print() and return just clicked for me Wassim TOUIR Wassim TOUIR Wassim TOUIR Follow Jan 7 Finally, the difference between print() and return just clicked for me # discuss # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Gender Equality Matters for Economic and Social Development Niyatul KB Niyatul KB Niyatul KB Follow Jan 7 Why Gender Equality Matters for Economic and Social Development # programming # ai # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 5 min read LED Strip Projects: The “Software Bugs” Are Usually Power and Signal emmma emmma emmma Follow Jan 6 LED Strip Projects: The “Software Bugs” Are Usually Power and Signal # beginners # design # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Challenge 300 projet in 2026 marouane aouzal marouane aouzal marouane aouzal Follow Jan 5 Challenge 300 projet in 2026 # ai # webdev # beginners # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Distributed Systems & Networking: Full Complete Guide for Beginners! Javad Javad Javad Follow Jan 7 Distributed Systems & Networking: Full Complete Guide for Beginners! # programming # beginners # tutorial # devops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 105 min read My Interview Experience & Questions Faced (Frontend + JavaScript + SQL) LAKSHMI G LAKSHMI G LAKSHMI G Follow Jan 7 My Interview Experience & Questions Faced (Frontend + JavaScript + SQL) # beginners # career # javascript # sql Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Create an AI Avatar: A Practical Developer-Oriented Breakdown Herman_Sun Herman_Sun Herman_Sun Follow Jan 6 How to Create an AI Avatar: A Practical Developer-Oriented Breakdown # ai # tutorial # machinelearning # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Exactly Are AI Models Deployed? CyberLord CyberLord CyberLord Follow Jan 6 How Exactly Are AI Models Deployed? # ai # beginners # machinelearning # chatgpt Comments Add Comment 4 min read Pattern Matching in Rust Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Jan 5 Pattern Matching in Rust # beginners # programming # rust # tutorial Comments Add Comment 8 min read Extended Thinking: How to Make Claude Actually Think Before It Answers Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Follow Jan 7 Extended Thinking: How to Make Claude Actually Think Before It Answers # tutorial # claudecode # productivity # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Errors during learning (c++) dolphine dolphine dolphine Follow Jan 6 Errors during learning (c++) # beginners # cpp # devjournal # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Complete Windows to Linux Migration Guide MD. HABIBULLAH SHARIF MD. HABIBULLAH SHARIF MD. HABIBULLAH SHARIF Follow Jan 10 The Complete Windows to Linux Migration Guide # windowstolinux # beginners # linux # techguide 4 reactions Comments 5 comments 11 min read How Machine Learning Works? NEBULA DATA NEBULA DATA NEBULA DATA Follow Jan 6 How Machine Learning Works? # ai # beginners # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🪣 Thin Provisioning in LVM – Complete Step by Step Tutorial Usama Tanoli Usama Tanoli Usama Tanoli Follow Jan 6 🪣 Thin Provisioning in LVM – Complete Step by Step Tutorial # beginners # devops # linux # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read SQL INJECTION Rodrino Adolfo Kupessala Rodrino Adolfo Kupessala Rodrino Adolfo Kupessala Follow Jan 11 SQL INJECTION # beginners # sql # security # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read The RGB LED Sidequest 💡 Jennifer Davis Jennifer Davis Jennifer Davis Follow Jan 5 The RGB LED Sidequest 💡 # showdev # arduino # hardware # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Chapter 3: Quick Start Henry Lin Henry Lin Henry Lin Follow Jan 5 Chapter 3: Quick Start # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Luxand.cloud Luxand.cloud Luxand.cloud Follow May 8 '24 KYC: What is it and How Does it Work? # news # discuss # productivity # security 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stack Overflow and OpenAI partner to empower developers Alex Roor Alex Roor Alex Roor Follow May 8 '24 Stack Overflow and OpenAI partner to empower developers # news # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Surprise and thanks for the 1,000 followers within about half a month of registration. zmsoft zmsoft zmsoft Follow Apr 4 '24 Surprise and thanks for the 1,000 followers within about half a month of registration. # news # android # google # developer Comments Add Comment 4 min read cin | C++ boshlang'ich Islamali Akhmadjanov Islamali Akhmadjanov Islamali Akhmadjanov Follow May 7 '24 cin | C++ boshlang'ich # news # beginners # programming # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Release Radar · April 2024 Edition: Major updates from the open source community Michelle Duke Michelle Duke Michelle Duke Follow for GitHub May 3 '24 Release Radar · April 2024 Edition: Major updates from the open source community # news # github # developers # community 15 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Issue 43 of AWS Cloud Security Weekly AJ AJ AJ Follow for AWS Community Builders May 6 '24 Issue 43 of AWS Cloud Security Weekly # news # security # aws # newsletter 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Cloudflare Turnstile in Flutter News 2024 #18 ʚїɞ Luciano Jung Luciano Jung Luciano Jung Follow May 6 '24 Cloudflare Turnstile in Flutter News 2024 #18 ʚїɞ # news # flutter # dart # bestofdev 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Top 7 Text-to-Image Generative AI Models byby.dev byby.dev byby.dev Follow May 6 '24 Top 7 Text-to-Image Generative AI Models # news # ai # machinelearning # productivity 36 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read The PHP Orkestra Framework Lucas Carvalho Lucas Carvalho Lucas Carvalho Follow May 6 '24 The PHP Orkestra Framework # news # php # orkestra # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read "Important Update: Temporary Pause on Learning Sessions Due to Health and Exams" Nitin-bhatt46 Nitin-bhatt46 Nitin-bhatt46 Follow May 6 '24 "Important Update: Temporary Pause on Learning Sessions Due to Health and Exams" # news # dealy # health # issue 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read File Input Components just Released! 🎉 Wind UI Wind UI Wind UI Follow Apr 2 '24 File Input Components just Released! 🎉 # news # html # react # tailwindcss Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly Bites #1: Your Curated Tech Digest 🌟 Wojciech Trawiński Wojciech Trawiński Wojciech Trawiński Follow May 5 '24 Weekly Bites #1: Your Curated Tech Digest 🌟 # news # webdev # angular # css 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read pCloud drive for Raspberry Pi Seb C Seb C Seb C Follow Apr 24 '24 pCloud drive for Raspberry Pi # news # community # software # cloudstorage Comments Add Comment 1 min read Surpresa e agradecimento pelos 1,000 seguidores em cerca de meio mês após o registro. zmsoft zmsoft zmsoft Follow Apr 5 '24 Surpresa e agradecimento pelos 1,000 seguidores em cerca de meio mês após o registro. # news # android # google # developers Comments Add Comment 4 min read Sorpresa y gracias por los 1,000 seguidores en aproximadamente medio mes desde el registro. zmsoft zmsoft zmsoft Follow Apr 4 '24 Sorpresa y gracias por los 1,000 seguidores en aproximadamente medio mes desde el registro. # news # android # google # developers Comments Add Comment 4 min read Calling out all the No-Code Enthusiasts! Quixy Quixy Quixy Follow for Quixy Apr 4 '24 Calling out all the No-Code Enthusiasts! # news # nocode # citizendevelopers # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read OPA, Cedar, OpenFGA: Why are Policy Languages Trending Right Now? Gabriel L. Manor Gabriel L. Manor Gabriel L. Manor Follow for Permit.io May 2 '24 OPA, Cedar, OpenFGA: Why are Policy Languages Trending Right Now? # news # programming # tooling 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 10 min read Customizing Rust Error Messages with Diagnostic Attributes Ibrahim Bagalwa Ibrahim Bagalwa Ibrahim Bagalwa Follow May 3 '24 Customizing Rust Error Messages with Diagnostic Attributes # news # rust # developer # learning 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Backend Software Engineers are Designers Too Vin Cooper Vin Cooper Vin Cooper Follow May 3 '24 Backend Software Engineers are Designers Too # news # programming # softwaredevelopment # design 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read Google blocked 2M malicious apps from the Play Store in 2023 Vin Cooper Vin Cooper Vin Cooper Follow May 3 '24 Google blocked 2M malicious apps from the Play Store in 2023 # news # webdev # beginners # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Open source software maintenance is difficult: examples with Go math/rand/v2 and testify Christophe Colombier Christophe Colombier Christophe Colombier Follow May 2 '24 Open source software maintenance is difficult: examples with Go math/rand/v2 and testify # news # go # programming # opensource 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Perl Weekly #665 - How to get better at Perl? Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Apr 22 '24 Perl Weekly #665 - How to get better at Perl? # news # perl # programming Comments Add Comment 6 min read Go: the future encoding/json/v2 module Christophe Colombier Christophe Colombier Christophe Colombier Follow May 2 '24 Go: the future encoding/json/v2 module # news # go # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read This Month in Solid #3: The Progress so Far, Meta Docs, New Fellows, and Production stories 😎 Daniel Afonso Daniel Afonso Daniel Afonso Follow May 1 '24 This Month in Solid #3: The Progress so Far, Meta Docs, New Fellows, and Production stories 😎 # news # solidjs # webdev # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read WindUI + Figma Wind UI Wind UI Wind UI Follow May 1 '24 WindUI + Figma # news # tailwindcss # design # designsystem 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tools Follow Hide General discussion about all types of design software and hardware Create Post Older #tools posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Charles Proxy 완벽 가이드 - HTTPS 트래픽 디버깅 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Charles Proxy 완벽 가이드 - HTTPS 트래픽 디버깅 # tools # common # charles # proxy Comments Add Comment 1 min read Google Data Studio 소개 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Google Data Studio 소개 # tools # common # google # datastudio Comments Add Comment 1 min read Gradle 기초 - 빌드 시스템의 핵심 개념과 명령어 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Gradle 기초 - 빌드 시스템의 핵심 개념과 명령어 # tools # common # gradle # build Comments Add Comment 2 min read Jsoup으로 HTML 파싱하기 - 웹 스크래핑 가이드 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Jsoup으로 HTML 파싱하기 - 웹 스크래핑 가이드 # tools # common # jsoup # java Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google Chart API 사용법 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Google Chart API 사용법 # tools # common # google # chart Comments Add Comment 1 min read Google 검색 고급 팁 모음 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Google 검색 고급 팁 모음 # tools # common # google # search Comments Add Comment 1 min read Jekyll에 Giscus로 comment 기능 추가 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Jekyll에 Giscus로 comment 기능 추가 # tools # jekyll # giscus # comments Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Embed GitHub Gist in Jekyll Blog Posts dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 How to Embed GitHub Gist in Jekyll Blog Posts # tools # jekyll # github # gist Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to fix the "Authentication is disabled" error? dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 How to fix the "Authentication is disabled" error? # tools # mac # macos # authentication Comments Add Comment 1 min read Essential Obsidian Plugins - My Recommended Setup dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Essential Obsidian Plugins - My Recommended Setup # tools # obsidian # plugins # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Publish Jekyll on Amazon Linux2 on EC2 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Publish Jekyll on Amazon Linux2 on EC2 # tools # jekyll # aws # ec2 Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google Fi - 해외 여행자를 위한 MVNO 통신사 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Google Fi - 해외 여행자를 위한 MVNO 통신사 # tools # common # google # googlefi Comments Add Comment 1 min read IntelliJ에서 Python 기본 Working Directory를 프로젝트 폴더로 설정하는 방법 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 IntelliJ에서 Python 기본 Working Directory를 프로젝트 폴더로 설정하는 방법 # tools # common # intellij # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read ads.txt not found error. but, the file can be accessible on website dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 ads.txt not found error. but, the file can be accessible on website # tools # jekyll # adsense # adstxt Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to always allow Mac keychain password only by specific app dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 How to always allow Mac keychain password only by specific app # tools # mac # macos # keychain Comments Add Comment 2 min read Visual Studio Code Tips(especially for Remote Jupyter Users) dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 Visual Studio Code Tips(especially for Remote Jupyter Users) # tools # common # vscode # ide Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Embed YouTube Videos in Jekyll Blog Posts dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 How to Embed YouTube Videos in Jekyll Blog Posts # tools # jekyll # youtube # video Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Integrate Auto Ads of Adsense on Jekyll dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 How to Integrate Auto Ads of Adsense on Jekyll # tools # jekyll # adsense # google Comments Add Comment 2 min read Jekyll Theme Usage - How to Find and Change Themes dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 Jekyll Theme Usage - How to Find and Change Themes # tools # jekyll # theme # minima Comments Add Comment 1 min read Optimizing Jekyll for SEO - Complete Guide dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 Optimizing Jekyll for SEO - Complete Guide # tools # jekyll # seo # google Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Most Useful Professional Tools for Webmasters and Digital ITpraktika.com ITpraktika.com ITpraktika.com Follow Jan 4 The Most Useful Professional Tools for Webmasters and Digital # seo # web # tools # wordpress Comments Add Comment 5 min read How a Smart Home Loan EMI Calculator Is Built Using JavaScript FoxCalculator FoxCalculator FoxCalculator Follow Dec 29 '25 How a Smart Home Loan EMI Calculator Is Built Using JavaScript # tools # business # finance # health Comments Add Comment 2 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 28, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Dec 28 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Dec 28, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Built FetchClip – A Fast Pinterest Video Downloader Investor Fectory Investor Fectory Investor Fectory Follow Dec 21 '25 How I Built FetchClip – A Fast Pinterest Video Downloader # webdev # seo # sideprojects # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read Pixel-Accurate SERP Preview Tools for Google (URL, Metadata & Combined) Frontend tools Frontend tools Frontend tools Follow Dec 21 '25 Pixel-Accurate SERP Preview Tools for Google (URL, Metadata & Combined) # seo # webdev # tools # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2024/10/ | Python Software Foundation News: 10/01/2024 - 11/01/2024   News from the Python Software Foundation Thursday, October 24, 2024 Announcing Python Software Foundation Fellow Members for Q2 2024! 🎉 The PSF is pleased to announce its second batch of PSF Fellows for 2024 ! Let us welcome the new PSF Fellows for Q2 ! The following people continue to do amazing things for the Python community: Leonard Richardson Blog Winnie Ke Facebook , LinkedIn Thank you for your continued contributions. We have added you to our Fellow roster . The above members help support the Python ecosystem by being phenomenal leaders, sustaining the growth of the Python scientific community, maintaining virtual Python communities, maintaining Python libraries, creating educational material, organizing Python events and conferences, starting Python communities in local regions, and overall being great mentors in our community. Each of them continues to help make Python more accessible around the world. To learn more about the new Fellow members, check out their links above. Let's continue recognizing Pythonistas all over the world for their impact on our community. The criteria for Fellow members is available online: https://www.python.org/psf/fellows/ . If you would like to nominate someone to be a PSF Fellow, please send a description of their Python accomplishments and their email address to psf-fellow at python.org. Quarter 3 nominations are currently in review. We are accepting nominations for Quarter 4 through November 20th, 2024 . Are you a PSF Fellow and want to help the Work Group review nominations? Contact us at psf-fellow at python.org. Posted by Marie Nordin at 10/24/2024 10:00:00 AM Tuesday, October 08, 2024 Join the Python Developers Survey 2024: Share your experience! This year we are conducting the eighth iteration of the official Python Developers Survey. The goal is to capture the current state of the language and the ecosystem around it. By comparing the results with last year’s, we can identify and share with everyone the hottest trends in the Python community and the key insights into it. We encourage you to contribute to our community’s knowledge by sharing your experience and perspective. Your participation is valued! The survey should only take you about 10-15 minutes to complete. Contribute to the Python Developers Survey 2024! This year we aim to reach even more of our community and ensure accurate global representation by highlighting our localization efforts: The survey is translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, German, French and Russian. It has been translated in years past, as well, but we plan to be louder about the translations available this year! To assist individuals in promoting the survey and encouraging their local communities and professional networks we have created a Promotion Kit with images and social media posts translated into a variety of languages. We hope this promotion kit empowers folks to spread the invitation to respond to the survey within their local communities. We’d love it if you’d share one or more of the posts below to your social media or any community accounts you manage, as well as share the information in discords, mailing lists, or chats you participate in. If you would like to help out with translations you see are missing, please request edit access to the doc and share what language you will be translating to. Translation into languages the survey may not be translated to is also welcome. If you have ideas about what else we can do to get the word out and encourage a diversity of responses, please comment on the corresponding Discuss thread . The survey is organized in partnership between the Python Software Foundation and JetBrains . After the survey is over, we will publish the aggregated results and randomly choose 20 winners (among those who complete the survey in its entirety), who will each receive a $100 Amazon Gift Card or a local equivalent. Posted by Marie Nordin at 10/08/2024 09:44:00 AM Wednesday, October 02, 2024 Python 3.13 and the Latest Trends: A Developer's Guide to 2025 - Live Stream Event Join Tania Allard , PSF Board Member, and Łukasz Langa , CPython Developer-in-Residence, for ‘ Python 3.13 and the Latest Trends: A Developer’s Guide to 2025 ’, a live stream event hosted by Paul Everitt from JetBrains . Thank to JetBrains for partnering with us on the Python Developers Survey and this event to highlight the current state of Python! The session will take place tomorrow, October 3, at 5:00 pm CEST (11:00 am EDT). Tania and Łukasz will be discussing the exciting new features in Python 3.13 , plans for Python 3.15 and current Python trends gathered from the 2023 Annual Developers Survey . Don't miss this chance to hear directly from the experts behind Python’s development! Watch the live stream event on YouTube Don’t forget to enable YouTube notifications for the stream and mark your calendar. Posted by Marie Nordin at 10/02/2024 07:29:00 AM Newer Posts Older Posts Home Subscribe to: Comments (Atom) Mission The mission of the Python Software Foundation is to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. Python Software Foundation Grants Program Membership Awards Meeting Minutes PSF Sponsors A big thank you to the above PSF sponsors for supporting our mission! 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https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2025/03/ | Python Software Foundation News: 03/01/2025 - 04/01/2025   News from the Python Software Foundation Wednesday, March 12, 2025 PSF Distinguished Service Award Granted to Thomas Wouters Thomas Wouters, a longtime member of the PSF Board, has been recognized with the PSF’s Distinguished Service Award. Over the last 25 years, Thomas has been a steady, welcoming presence in the Python community, serving in countless critical roles—often behind the scenes. Thomas has served three separate terms on the PSF Board (2001–2004, 2017–2019, and 2020–2023), including his final year as Board Chair. He even stepped in as General Manager for six months, leading our staff during the search for a new Executive Director. On top of that, he served five years on the Steering Council, helping guide key technical decisions for Python itself, and is the Release Manager for both Python 3.12 and 3.13. The PSF’s Distinguished Service Award ( DSA ) is granted to individuals who make sustained exemplary contributions to the Python community. Each award is voted on by the PSF Board and they are looking for people whose impact has positively and significantly shaped the Python world. Thomas’ work with the Python community very much exemplifies the ethos of “build the community you want to see.” After receiving the award Thomas shared, "I'm incredibly proud of what we, as a community, have created and continue to create in the PSF: a caring, diverse, inclusive and considerate environment, and a stable foundation for everyone everywhere in the Python community to thrive and prosper." Whether it was keeping meetings running smoothly, handling critical admin tasks, stepping up wherever needed, or acting as a historian of the PSF and Python’s evolution, Thomas has done it all—and with unmatched dedication. Curious about previous recipients of the DSA or wondering how to nominate someone? Check out the PSF’s Distinguished Service Awards page . The PSF also bestows Community Service Awards to recognize outstanding community members– if you’d like to learn more about CSAs and how they differ from DSAs, check out our Service Awards given by the PSF: what are they and how they differ blog post . Posted by Marie Nordin at 3/12/2025 11:32:00 AM Tuesday, March 11, 2025 PSF Distinguished Service Award Granted to Van Lindberg Van Lindberg, a longtime member of the PSF Board, has been recognized with the PSF’s Distinguished Service Award. Van was the co-chair and then Chair of PyCon from 2008-2012, served on the PSF Board for over a decade (2012–2023), including four years as Chair (2012–2016) and seven years as PSF General Counsel from 2016-2023. Throughout his time with us, Van was our go-to expert for all things legal, bringing invaluable insights from the broader open-source world to help the PSF grow and stay ahead of the curve. During his time on the board, Van was instrumental in establishing the PSF as a professional organization able to support the worldwide Python community. The PSF’s Distinguished Service Award ( DSA ) is granted to individuals who make sustained exemplary contributions to the Python community. Each award is voted on by the PSF Board and they are looking for people whose impact has positively and significantly shaped the Python world. Van’s work with the Python community very much exemplifies the ethos of “build the community you want to see.” After receiving the award, Van shared, “I am deeply honored to receive the DSA. The kindness and support of this community are truly exceptional, and I am grateful for every moment I've been able to spend contributing alongside so many excellent people.” From licensing and hiring to fundraising, Van was there every step of the way as the PSF experienced phenomenal growth. His deep understanding of open-source communities—paired with his legal expertise—helped the Foundation navigate challenges and embrace opportunities to better serve the global Python community. Curious about previous recipients of the DSA or wondering how to nominate someone? Check out the PSF’s Distinguished Service Awards page . The PSF also bestows Community Service Awards to recognize outstanding community members– if you’d like to learn more about CSAs and how they differ from DSAs, check out our Service Awards given by the PSF: what are they and how they differ blog post . Posted by Marie Nordin at 3/11/2025 11:53:00 AM Thursday, March 06, 2025 PSF Distinguished Service Award Granted to Ewa Jodlowska Ewa Jodlowska, former PSF Executive Director and Board Member, has been recognized with the PSF’s Distinguished Service Award. For over a decade, Ewa played a pivotal role in transforming the PSF from a volunteer-driven group into a thriving, professional organization. Thanks to her hard work and vision, the PSF now has paid staff, solid funding, and the ability to support the global Python community like never before. The PSF’s Distinguished Service Award ( DSA ) is granted to individuals who make sustained exemplary contributions to the Python community. Each award is voted on by the PSF Board and they are looking for people whose impact has positively and significantly shaped the Python world. Ewa’s work with the Python community very much exemplifies the ethos of “build the community you want to see.” After receiving the award, Ewa shared, “Reflecting on the many years I've dedicated to working with the Python community, I am filled with fond memories and a deep sense of accomplishment. The relationships built and the collaborative efforts made over these years have been invaluable. Knowing that my contributions have played a foundational role in the PSF’s ongoing success is incredibly gratifying.” Today, the PSF can hire developers, manage a vital grants program, and oversee the infrastructure that keeps Python (and its vast library ecosystem) freely accessible to everyone worldwide. Ewa’s leadership has left an incredible mark on the PSF’s history, and her work has set us up for a future that once felt unimaginable. Curious about previous recipients of the DSA or wondering how to nominate someone? Check out the PSF’s Distinguished Service Awards page . The PSF also bestows Community Service Awards to recognize outstanding community members– if you’d like to learn more about CSAs and how they differ from DSAs, check out our Service Awards given by the PSF: what are they and how they differ blog post . Posted by Marie Nordin at 3/06/2025 08:40:00 AM Tuesday, March 04, 2025 Announcing Python Software Foundation Fellow Members for Q4 2024! 🎉 The PSF is pleased to announce its fourth batch of PSF Fellows for 2024 ! Let us welcome the new PSF Fellows for Q4 ! The following people continue to do amazing things for the Python community: Jimena Escobar Bermúdez Thank you for your continued contributions. We have added you to our Fellows Roster . The above members help support the Python ecosystem by being phenomenal leaders, sustaining the growth of the Python scientific community, maintaining virtual Python communities, maintaining Python libraries, creating educational material, organizing Python events and conferences, starting Python communities in local regions, and overall being great mentors in our community. Each of them continues to help make Python more accessible around the world. To learn more about the new Fellow members, check out their links above. Let's continue recognizing Pythonistas all over the world for their impact on our community. The criteria for Fellow members is available online: https://www.python.org/psf/fellows/ . If you would like to nominate someone to be a PSF Fellow, please send a description of their Python accomplishments and their email address to psf-fellow at python.org. Quarter 1 nominations are currently in review. We are accepting nominations for Quarter 2 of 2025 until 11:59 p.m. UTC, May 20 Are you a PSF Fellow and want to help the Work Group review nominations? Contact us at psf-fellow at python.org. Posted by Marie Nordin at 3/04/2025 06:40:00 AM Newer Posts Older Posts Home Subscribe to: Comments (Atom) Mission The mission of the Python Software Foundation is to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. Python Software Foundation Grants Program Membership Awards Meeting Minutes PSF Sponsors A big thank you to the above PSF sponsors for supporting our mission! Blog Archive ▼  2025 (50) ►  December (1) ►  November (4) ►  October (7) ►  September (3) ►  August (6) ►  July (4) ►  June (14) ►  May (3) ►  April (2) ▼  March (4) PSF Distinguished Service Award Granted to Thomas ... PSF Distinguished Service Award Granted to Van Lin... PSF Distinguished Service Award Granted to Ewa Jod... 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https://dev.to/arsalanmee | Arsalan Mlaik - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Arsalan Mlaik Web Design || Web Development Joined Joined on Apr 30, 2023 Personal website https://makemychance.com/ twitter website More info about @arsalanmee Badges Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close 8 Week Writing Streak The streak continues! You've written at least one post per week for 8 consecutive weeks. Unlock the 16-week badge next! Got it Close 4 Week Writing Streak You've posted at least one post per week for 4 consecutive weeks! Got it Close Organizations Arsalan Malik Post 40 posts published Comment 8 comments written Tag 8 tags followed Modern CSS Isn’t What You Think Anymore — And That’s Why Tailwind Makes Sense Now Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Jan 5 Modern CSS Isn’t What You Think Anymore — And That’s Why Tailwind Makes Sense Now # frontend # webdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Arsalan Mlaik? Create an account to connect with Arsalan Mlaik. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in CSS Gradient Generator Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 24 '25 CSS Gradient Generator # css # webdev # coding # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Is Your Chrome Browser at Risk? Critical Security Flaw You Must Fix Today Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 25 '25 Is Your Chrome Browser at Risk? Critical Security Flaw You Must Fix Today # network 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Azure Introduces New Networking Updates for Better Security and Reliability Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 7 '25 Azure Introduces New Networking Updates for Better Security and Reliability # news # azure # networking # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Google Workspace Studio Agents: A Simple Guide for Developers Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 4 '25 Google Workspace Studio Agents: A Simple Guide for Developers # news # ai # cloud # network 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read WooCommerce Settings Explained Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 3 '25 WooCommerce Settings Explained # webdev # wordpress # woocommerce # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🛈 Mastering CSS Tooltips: A Quick & Practical Guide Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 2 '25 🛈 Mastering CSS Tooltips: A Quick & Practical Guide # css # webdev # coding # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🎨 CSS Opacity: The Simplest Way to Control Transparency on the Web Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 1 '25 🎨 CSS Opacity: The Simplest Way to Control Transparency on the Web # webdev # css # coding # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 5 AI Tools Revolutionizing Web Development Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Jul 6 '25 5 AI Tools Revolutionizing Web Development # backend # database # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bulma CSS Framework Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Apr 18 '25 Bulma CSS Framework # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Mastering JavaScript’s startsWith() Method Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Apr 21 '25 Mastering JavaScript’s startsWith() Method # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Mastering CSS Visibility and Display Properties: A Developer's Guide Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Mar 5 '25 Mastering CSS Visibility and Display Properties: A Developer's Guide # css # webdev # coding # beginners 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Optional Chaining in JavaScript Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Mar 2 '25 Optional Chaining in JavaScript # javascript # webdev # programming # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read CSS Shadow Generator Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Feb 12 '25 CSS Shadow Generator # css # webdev # frontend # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Top 20 JavaScript Interview Questions for 2025 Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 14 '24 Top 20 JavaScript Interview Questions for 2025 # javascript # webdev # programming # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Mastering CSS: Essential Techniques for Exceptional Web Design Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Jul 31 '24 Mastering CSS: Essential Techniques for Exceptional Web Design # css # coding # webdev # beginners 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 16 min read Bulma CSS: A Modern CSS Framework for Responsive Design Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Jul 24 '24 Bulma CSS: A Modern CSS Framework for Responsive Design # webdev # bulma # css # coding 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Create a Horizontal Navigation Bar Using CSS Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Jan 22 '25 How to Create a Horizontal Navigation Bar Using CSS # frontend 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is the use of React Router? Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jan 4 '24 What is the use of React Router? # react # webdev # coding # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Mastering Tailwind CSS: A Quick Guide Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jan 3 '24 Mastering Tailwind CSS: A Quick Guide # tailwindcss # webdev # css # coding 33 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read React VS Angular Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Sep 29 '23 React VS Angular # react # angular # webdev # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read WordPress Alternatives Open Source Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Sep 17 '23 WordPress Alternatives Open Source # wordpress # webdev # website # coding 12 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read JSON VS XML Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Sep 9 '23 JSON VS XML # json # xml # javascript # webdev 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read CSS VS SCSS Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Sep 2 '23 CSS VS SCSS # css # scss # webdev # frontend 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Demystifying CSS Pseudo-Elements: Unveiling Design Magic Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Aug 26 '23 Demystifying CSS Pseudo-Elements: Unveiling Design Magic # css # frontend # webdev # coding 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read JavaScript Operators: A Comprehensive Guide Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Aug 20 '23 JavaScript Operators: A Comprehensive Guide # webdev # frontend # coding # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Unveiling the Finest CSS Frameworks: Elevate Your Web Development Game Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Aug 13 '23 Unveiling the Finest CSS Frameworks: Elevate Your Web Development Game # css # frontend # webdev # coding 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Grid in CSS: A Comprehensive Guide Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Aug 7 '23 Grid in CSS: A Comprehensive Guide # css # webdev # coding # beginners 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 11 min read Java VS PHP Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Aug 3 '23 Java VS PHP # java # php # webdev # programming 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read What is Web API and REST API? Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 30 '23 What is Web API and REST API? # webapi # webdev # restapi # api 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Does CSS Animation Do? Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 23 '23 What Does CSS Animation Do? # css # animation # webdev # frontend 10 reactions Comments 4 comments 5 min read What is CSS Padding? Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 21 '23 What is CSS Padding? # css # frontend # coding # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Understanding PHP-FPM: A Comprehensive Guide Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 19 '23 Understanding PHP-FPM: A Comprehensive Guide # php # fpm # webdev # programming 51 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Serverless: The Future of Cloud Computing Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 17 '23 Serverless: The Future of Cloud Computing # serveless # cloudcomputing # beginners # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read JavaScript Development Trends in 2023 Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 12 '23 JavaScript Development Trends in 2023 # javascript # webdev # programming # coding 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read List of JavaScript Frameworks in 2023 Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 10 '23 List of JavaScript Frameworks in 2023 # javascript # webdev # programming # coding 24 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read What is the difference between Java and C++? Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 7 '23 What is the difference between Java and C++? # java # cpp # coding # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read What Is GraphQL: Comprehensive Guide Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jul 6 '23 What Is GraphQL: Comprehensive Guide # graphql # webdev # javascript # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/ahmed_onour/meet-meta-ai-your-new-go-to-assistant-for-a-smarter-you-5ao6#comments | Meet Meta AI: Your New Go-To Assistant for a Smarter You! - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ahmed Onour Posted on Apr 26, 2024 Meet Meta AI: Your New Go-To Assistant for a Smarter You! # ai # webdev # javascript # news Introduction: In today's fast-paced digital world, staying ahead of the curve requires innovative solutions and cutting-edge technology. That's where Meta AI comes in – a revolutionary artificial intelligence assistant designed to simplify and enhance your online experiences. In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the capabilities, benefits, and applications of Meta AI, and explore how it can transform the way you work, create, and interact online. Understanding Meta AI: Meta AI is built on advanced natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning algorithms, enabling it to understand and respond to human input in a highly accurate and personalized manner. This AI assistant can be integrated into various platforms and devices, making it an versatile tool for individuals and organizations alike. Key Features and Capabilities: Answer Engine: Meta AI's answer engine provides instant and accurate responses to a wide range of questions, from science and history to entertainment and culture. Text Generation: This feature allows users to generate high-quality text based on prompts, perfect for writing tasks, content creation, and more. Image Generation: Meta AI's image generation capability brings ideas to life, creating stunning visuals from user descriptions. Language Translation: With support for multiple languages, Meta AI's translation feature breaks down language barriers, facilitating global communication and collaboration. Personalized Experience: Meta AI's adaptive technology learns user preferences and behaviour, providing a tailored experience that evolves. Applications and Use Cases: Education: Meta AI assists students with research, homework, and study materials while helping teachers with lesson planning and content creation. Business: Professionals can utilize Meta AI for report generation, data analysis, and communication, streamlining workflows and enhancing productivity. Creativity: Artists, writers, and designers can leverage Meta AI's image and text generation capabilities to spark inspiration and bring ideas to life. Travel and Tourism: Meta AI's translation feature helps travellers navigate foreign languages and cultures, ensuring a seamless and enjoyable experience. Benefits and Advantages: Time-Saving: Meta AI automates tedious tasks, freeing up time for more important activities. Enhanced Productivity: With Meta AI's assistance, users can complete tasks more efficiently and effectively. Improved Accuracy: Meta AI's advanced algorithms ensure high accuracy and precision in its responses and generated content. Personalized Experience: Meta AI's adaptive technology provides a tailored experience, catering to individual preferences and needs. Conclusion: Meta AI is a game-changing technology that has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with the digital world. With its comprehensive feature set, personalized approach, and versatility, Meta AI is an indispensable tool for anyone looking to simplify and enhance their online experiences. Whether you're a student, professional, or creative, Meta AI is the perfect assistant to help you achieve your goals and unlock your full potential. If you don't know what's Notion, let me introduce you to a productivity game-changer! Notion is an all-in-one workspace combining notes, tasks, databases, and pages in a flexible and customizable way. It's a digital hub for your ideas, goals, and workflows, accessible from anywhere. Perfect for individuals and teams, Notion streamlines workflows, boosts productivity, and helps achieve goals. here is an affiliate link you can use to start Notion . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ahmed Onour Follow Ahmed Suliman, a front-end developer and designer, turns complex problems into sleek solutions. His work is simple, clear, elegant, and evocative, making a positive impact on the digital world. 😎 Location Ethiopia, Addis Ababa Work Freelance Web developer & designer Joined May 15, 2020 More from Ahmed Onour 5 of the Best Ways to Make Money Online in 2024 # webdev # javascript # programming # productivity 5 Free Tools to Boost Developer Productivity # webdev # beginners # tutorial # productivity 5 of the Best Free FrontEnd Tutorials Out There # webdev # javascript # beginners # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/kevburnsjr/websockets-vs-long-polling-3a0o#main-content | WebSockets vs Long Polling - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Kevin Burns Posted on Jul 22, 2021 • Edited on Aug 28, 2025 WebSockets vs Long Polling This article contrasts the operational complexity of WebSockets and Long Polling using real world examples to promote Long Polling as a simpler alternative to Websockets in systems where a half-duplex message channel will suffice. WebSockets A WebSocket is a long lived persistent TCP connection (often utilizing TLS) between a client and a server which provides a real-time full-duplex communication channel. These are often seen in chat applications and real-time dashboards. Long Polling Long Polling is a near-real-time data access pattern that predates WebSockets. A client initiates a TCP connection (usually an HTTP request) with a maximum duration (ie. 20 seconds). If the server has data to return, it returns the data immediately, usually in batch up to a specified limit. If not, the server pauses the request thread until data becomes available at which point it returns the data to the client. Analysis WebSockets are Full-Duplex meaning both the client and the server can send and receive messages across the channel. Long Polling is Half-Duplex meaning that a new request-response cycle is required each time the client wants to communicate something to the server. Long Polling usually produces slightly higher average latency and significantly higher latency variability compared to WebSockets. WebSockets do support compression, but usually per-message. Long Polling typically operates in batch which can significantly improve message compression efficiency. Scaling Up We’ll now contrast the systemic behavior of server-side scalability for applications using primarily WebSockets vs Long Polling. WebSockets Suppose we have 4 app servers in a scaling group with 10,000 connected clients. Now suppose we scale up the group by adding a new app server and wait for 60 seconds. We find that all of the existing clients are still connected to the original 4 app servers. The Load Balancer may be intelligent enough to route new connections to the new app server in order to balance the number of concurrent connections so that this effect will diminish over time. However, the amount of time required for this system to return to equilibrium is unknown and theoretically infinite. These effects could be mitigated by the application using a system to intelligently preempt web socket connections in response to changes in the scaling group's capacity but this would require the application to have special real-time knowledge about the state of its external environment which crosses a boundary that is typically best left uncrossed without ample justification. Long Polling Suppose we have the same 4 app servers in a scaling group with 10,000 connected clients using Long Polling. Now suppose we scale up the group by adding a new app server and wait for 60 seconds. We observe that the number of open connections has automatically rebalanced with no intervention. We can even state declaratively that if the long poll duration is set to 60 seconds or less, then any autoscaling group will automatically regain equilibrium within 60 seconds of any membership change. This trait can be reflected in the application’s Service Level Objectives. These numbers are important because they are used by operators to correctly tune the app’s autoscaling mechanisms. Analysis Service Level Objectives are an important aspect of system management since they ultimately serve as the contractual interface between dev and ops. If an application’s ability to return to equilibrium after scaling is unbounded, a change in application behavior is likely warranted. Scaling Down The following example illustrates difficulties encountered by a real world device management software company operating thousands of 24/7 concurrent WebSocket connections from thousands of data collection agents placed inside corporate networks. The System A Data Collection Agent, written in Go, is distributed as an executable binary that runs as a service on a customer's machine scanning local networks for SNMP devices and reporting SNMP data periodically to the application in the cloud. One key feature of the product was the ability for a customer to interact with any of their devices in real time from anywhere in the world using a single page web application hosted in the cloud. Because each agent resides on a customer network behind a firewall, the agents would need to initiate and maintain a WebSocket connection to the application in the cloud as a secure full-duplex tunnel. The web service sends commands to agents and agents send data to the web service all through a single persistent TCP connection. The Problem There was one big unexpected technical challenge faced by the team when deploying this system that made deployments risky. Whenever a new version of the app server was deployed to production, the system would be shocked by high impulse reconnect storms originating from the data collection agents. If a server has 2500 active connections and you take it out of service, those 2500 connections will be closed simultaneously and all the agents will reopen new connections simultaneously. This can overwhelm some systems, especially if the socket initialization code touches the database for anything important (ie. authorization). If an agent can’t establish a connection before the read deadline, it will retry the connection again which will drown the app servers even further, causing an unrecoverable negative feedback loop. This proclivity toward failure caused management to change their policies regarding deployments to reduce the number of deployments as much as possible to avoid disruption. The Solution The problem was partially solved by implementing strict exponential retry policies on their clients. This solution was effective enough at reducing the severity of retry storms on app deployment to be considered a good temporary solution. However, deployments were still infrequent by design and the high impulse load spikes weren’t gone, they just no longer produced undesirable secondary effects. Analysis This temporary solution is only possible in situations where the server has complete control over all of its clients. In many scenarios this may not be the case. If the agents were modeled to receive commands from the server by Long Poll and push data to the server through a normal API, the load would be evenly spread. If using a Long Poll architecture, the deployment system would replace a node by notifying the load balancer that the node is going out of service to ensure the node doesn’t receive any new connections, then wait 60 seconds for existing connections to drain in accordance with the service’s shutdown grace period SLO, then take the node offline with confidence. The resulting load increase on other nodes in the group would be gradual and roughly linear. When it comes to distributed systems and their scalability, people often focus on creating efficient systems. Efficiency is important but usually not as important as stability. High impulse events like reconnect storms can produce complex systemic effects. Left unattended, they often amplify the severity of similar effects in different parts of the system in ways that are both unexpected and difficult to predict. If you fail to solve enough of these types of problems, you may soon find yourself a situation where so many components are failing so simultaneously that it’s exceptionally difficult to discern the underlying cause(s) empirically from logs and dashboards. An application’s architecture must be designed primarily in accordance with principle and remain open to modification in response to statistical performance analysis. Conclusion WebSockets are appropriate for many applications which require consistent low latency full duplex high frequency communication such as chat applications. However, any WebSocket architecture that can be reduced to a half-duplex problem can probably be remodeled to use Long Polling to improve the application’s runtime performance variability, reducing operational complexity and promoting total systemic stability. Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Rockie Yang Rockie Yang Rockie Yang Follow Start from user experience and working backward out technologies Work Knock Data Joined Oct 14, 2022 • Jan 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for great in depth explanation. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Juro Oravec Juro Oravec Juro Oravec Follow Where software, biology and business meets. Location London, UK Work Software Engineer at BenevolentAI Joined Jul 13, 2020 • Jan 10 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very insightful write-up! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Paul Pryor Paul Pryor Paul Pryor Follow Full Stack Web Application Developer Joined Mar 4, 2024 • Mar 5 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Server Sent Events is another alternative similar to Web Sockets but is half duplex. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Kevin Burns Follow Professional Gopher Location Menlo Park, CA Joined Jul 23, 2017 More from Kevin Burns The Large Language Centipede # ai # ouroboros Skipfilter # go # bitmap # skiplist Data Constraints: From Imperative to Declarative # go # mongodb # architecture # database 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/architecture/page/2#main-content | Architecture Page 2 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Architecture Follow Hide The fundamental structures of a software system. Create Post Older #architecture posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Service as Architecture Reversal djuleayo djuleayo djuleayo Follow Jan 12 Service as Architecture Reversal # discuss # architecture # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Clubhouse Protocol: A Thought Experiment in Distributed Governance Morten Olsen Morten Olsen Morten Olsen Follow Jan 12 The Clubhouse Protocol: A Thought Experiment in Distributed Governance # discuss # architecture # community # opensource Comments Add Comment 7 min read Mathematical Audit of Excalidraw: Finding "Logic Echoes" via Linear Algebra Petar Liovic Petar Liovic Petar Liovic Follow Jan 12 Mathematical Audit of Excalidraw: Finding "Logic Echoes" via Linear Algebra # architecture # computerscience # react # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read CEED Mock Test Platform - Situation Report Ritik Jangir Ritik Jangir Ritik Jangir Follow Jan 12 CEED Mock Test Platform - Situation Report # webdev # sass # architecture # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mastering Database Logic: Handling Partial Payments in an Inventory System Seenu Seenu Seenu Seenu Seenu Seenu Follow Jan 12 Mastering Database Logic: Handling Partial Payments in an Inventory System # architecture # backend # database Comments Add Comment 2 min read EDCA Admission Protocols: Introducing an Explicit Admission Layer for AI Systems yuer yuer yuer Follow Jan 12 EDCA Admission Protocols: Introducing an Explicit Admission Layer for AI Systems # ai # architecture # security # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding the A2UI Protocol: Building with Java and Spring Boot vishalmysore vishalmysore vishalmysore Follow Jan 10 Understanding the A2UI Protocol: Building with Java and Spring Boot # ai # architecture # springboot # java Comments Add Comment 6 min read Alignment Protocol v3.0: Defining Legal Admission Semantics for AI-Controlled Systems yuer yuer yuer Follow Jan 12 Alignment Protocol v3.0: Defining Legal Admission Semantics for AI-Controlled Systems # ai # architecture # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read Five Patterns for Building Self-Updating Documentation Stella Achar Oiro Stella Achar Oiro Stella Achar Oiro Follow Jan 12 Five Patterns for Building Self-Updating Documentation # architecture # automation # devops # documentation Comments Add Comment 6 min read I built a runtime execution kernel for AI agents — not another framework Kashif Sabri Kashif Sabri Kashif Sabri Follow Jan 9 I built a runtime execution kernel for AI agents — not another framework # python # ai # architecture # opensource 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Infrastructure Behind Reliable Enterprise AI Agents Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Jan 12 The Infrastructure Behind Reliable Enterprise AI Agents # agents # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read Layered Architecture vs Feature Folders Saber Amani Saber Amani Saber Amani Follow Jan 11 Layered Architecture vs Feature Folders # architecture # systemdesign # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read Stop Fighting Your Circuit Breaker: A Physics-Based Approach to Node.js Reliability Erdem Arslan Erdem Arslan Erdem Arslan Follow Jan 11 Stop Fighting Your Circuit Breaker: A Physics-Based Approach to Node.js Reliability # node # devops # architecture # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read SwiftUI Analytics & Event Tracking Architecture (Production-Grade) Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Follow Jan 11 SwiftUI Analytics & Event Tracking Architecture (Production-Grade) # swiftui # analytics # architecture # tracking Comments Add Comment 3 min read Cloud Run vs App Engine Isn’t a Debate — It’s a Design Decision savitha nuguri savitha nuguri savitha nuguri Follow Jan 11 Cloud Run vs App Engine Isn’t a Debate — It’s a Design Decision # architecture # devops # google Comments Add Comment 4 min read TIL: Notes on Knowledge Retrieval Architecture for LLMs (2023) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 TIL: Notes on Knowledge Retrieval Architecture for LLMs (2023) # rag # architecture # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Cloud Platform: Choosing Between Heroku and Render as an AI (LLM) Engineer Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Cloud Platform: Choosing Between Heroku and Render as an AI (LLM) Engineer # architecture # cloud # llm # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read DevOps: Netflix Gaming Platform Director Views Tech Debt as Innovation Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 DevOps: Netflix Gaming Platform Director Views Tech Debt as Innovation # architecture # devops # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read Singleton vs Observer Pattern: When and Why to Use Each Arun Teja Arun Teja Arun Teja Follow Jan 11 Singleton vs Observer Pattern: When and Why to Use Each # architecture # beginners # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read Singleton vs Observer Pattern: When and Why to Use Each Arun Teja Arun Teja Arun Teja Follow Jan 11 Singleton vs Observer Pattern: When and Why to Use Each # architecture # beginners # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read [Tutorial] CI/CD Architecture for a Hugo Blog on Cloud Run Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Tutorial] CI/CD Architecture for a Hugo Blog on Cloud Run # architecture # cicd # cloud # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read [TIL] CitusCon2023 Presentation Reflections Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] CitusCon2023 Presentation Reflections # database # architecture # azure # postgres Comments Add Comment 2 min read Database Design Best Practice: Store Categorical Data as IDs, Not Strings Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Follow Jan 11 Database Design Best Practice: Store Categorical Data as IDs, Not Strings # database # backend # sql # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Scalable AI Agent Systems: Three Evolutions web3nomad.eth web3nomad.eth web3nomad.eth Follow Jan 11 Building Scalable AI Agent Systems: Three Evolutions # systemdesign # architecture # ai # agents 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 18 min read Modern KMP (Part 1): The End of the "404 Not Found"2 Vladyslav Diachuk Vladyslav Diachuk Vladyslav Diachuk Follow Jan 11 Modern KMP (Part 1): The End of the "404 Not Found"2 # architecture # mobile # kotlin # api Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.cwi.nl | Home Skip to main content CWI LinkedIn CWI Bluesky CWI Instagram CWI Youtube Login Menu Research Research Education Education Results Results News News Events Events Collaboration Collaboration Work@CWI Work@CWI About About Search Search Search Research link-button Education link-button Results link-button News link-button Events link-button Collaboration link-button Work@CWI link-button About link-button Home Featured A months-long closure of the A7 near Purmerend to heavy traffic brought freight transport to a standstill, prompting the Province of North Holland to ask whether waterways could take the pressure off the roads. Researchers from CWI ran the numbers and found that shipping household waste can be both cheaper and cleaner than heavy goods vehicles. Previous Next Read more CWI LinkedIn CWI Bluesky CWI Instagram CWI Youtube Research themes Our fundamental research is focused on four topics: algorithms, data and intelligent systems, cryptography and security, quantum computing. Previous Next Read more CWI LinkedIn CWI Bluesky CWI Instagram CWI Youtube Semester programme Our Research Semester Programme aims to create an environment in which researchers from Dutch universities can exchange ideas on specific topics on a regular basis. Previous Next Read more CWI LinkedIn CWI Bluesky CWI Instagram CWI Youtube Our research groups Research at CWI is organized in 15 research groups. We conduct pioneering research in mathematics and computer science, generate new knowledge and convey it to industry and society. Previous Next Read more CWI LinkedIn CWI Bluesky CWI Instagram CWI Youtube Collaboration with universities CWI considers it important to link its own scientific research to education and training at universities. Currently, more than thirty CWI researchers hold part-time appointments at nine Dutch universities. Previous Next Read more CWI LinkedIn CWI Bluesky CWI Instagram CWI Youtube Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) is the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands. CWI conducts pioneering research in mathematics and computer science and transfers new knowledge to society and business. We focus on four areas of fundamental research: Algorithms , Data & Intelligent systems , Cryptography & Security , and Quantum Computing . CWI works closely with Dutch universities through semester programmes , joint research programs and an active exchange of scientific talent. Read more Latest news All news Enhancing near-term quantum computing Read more FastLanes: redesigning data files for faster analytics Read more Prestigious European grant to improve calculations of turbulent flows Read more NWO grant for UNIQUE project: enhancing wave-based imaging Read more Upcoming events All events 14 jan 2026 Tailored optimization: Kick-Off Meeting 14 jan 2026 PhD defence Boyu Xu (Human- Centered Data Analytics) + workshop 19 jan 2026 PhD defence Marten Folkertsma (Algorithms and Complexity) 22 jan 2026 NUM-SCARS Workshop 4 feb 2026 PhD defence of Adriaan Graas (Computational Imaging) 10 feb 2026 PhD defence of Danish Kashaev (Networks and Optimization) What we share on Instagram To display this embedded content, you must accept social media cookies. 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Listen podcast Info Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) is the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands. CWI is part of NWO-I, the institutes organization of NWO. Address CWI Location Science Park 123 1098 XG Amsterdam The Netherlands Postal address P.O. Box 94079 1090 GB Amsterdam The Netherlands Contact Phone +31 20 592 9333 Email info@cwi.nl Go to contact CWI LinkedIn CWI Bluesky CWI Instagram CWI Youtube Disclaimer Privacy Language statement Cookies Accessibility Copyright CWI Cookies We use cookies. You can read more about this in our cookie statement. Reject Accept | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2024/03/ | Python Software Foundation News: 03/01/2024 - 04/01/2024   News from the Python Software Foundation Friday, March 29, 2024 DjangoCon Africa Grant Process Retrospective The PSF received an open letter asking us, amongst other things, to look into some of our recent grant decisions and make recommendations to the PSF Board for improving the Grants Program. We contracted Carol Willing, of Willing Consulting , to do this work in the form of a retrospective. Carol’s scope included reading through mailing lists, examining Board and Grants Working group norms, creating a comprehensive timeline, conducting interviews, documenting findings, and offering recommendations for the future. In the retrospective Willing contextualizes the PSF Grants Program as part of the work of a non-profit with a charitable mission, incorporating research on best practices and effective governance. The full text of the DjangoCon Africa Grant Process Retrospective is now available. We are eager to explore the suggestions made in the retrospective and respond to community feedback. This retrospective is just one step in our process to ensure the PSF Grants Program is responsive, transparent, and more approachable. We also recently started hosting PSF Grants Program Office Hours . The office hours are a text-only chat-based session hosted on the Python Software Foundation Discord at 1-2PM UTC (9AM Eastern) on the third Tuesday of the month. (Check what time that is for you.) We look forward to sharing more of our progress as we continue to enhance and improve the PSF Grants Program. Posted by Marie Nordin at 3/29/2024 10:06:00 AM Wednesday, March 20, 2024 Announcing a PyPI Support Specialist We launched the Python Package Index (PyPI) in 2003 and for most of its history a robust and dedicated volunteer community kept it running. Eventually, we put a bit of PSF staff time into the maintenance of the Index, and last year with support from AWS we hired Mike Fiedler to work full-time on PyPI’s urgent security needs. PyPI has grown enormously in the last 20+ years, and in recent years it has reached a truly massive scale with growth only continuing upward. In 2022 alone, PyPI saw a 57% growth and as of this writing, there are over a half a million packages on PyPI . The impact PyPI has these days is pretty breathtaking. Running a free public service of that size has come with challenges, too. As PyPI has grown, the work of communicating with users and solving account issues here has grown in tandem and out-stripped our current volunteer plus one tenth of a staff person capacity. We also know that some community members have noticed and expressed frustration with the time-frame that goes with tasks that don't have sufficient staffing. Much of this work is sensitive and complex such that it needs to be performed by a PSF staff person. It involves personal information and verification processes to make sure we’re giving access and names to the correct entities. Work like this needs to be done by a person who is here day after day to carry out multi-step verification procedures and is accountable to the PSF. We are very happy to share the news that we are hiring a person to help us manage the increased capacity and allow us to keep pace with PyPI’s seemingly unstoppable growth. This is an associate role that is 100% remote. Please take a look at this posting for a PyPI Support Specialist and share it with your networks. Posted by Deb Nicholson at 3/20/2024 03:06:00 PM Newer Posts Older Posts Home Subscribe to: Comments (Atom) Mission The mission of the Python Software Foundation is to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. Python Software Foundation Grants Program Membership Awards Meeting Minutes PSF Sponsors A big thank you to the above PSF sponsors for supporting our mission! 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https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2024/04/ | Python Software Foundation News: 04/01/2024 - 05/01/2024   News from the Python Software Foundation Tuesday, April 09, 2024 Announcing Python Software Foundation Fellow Members for Q4 2023! 🎉 The PSF is pleased to announce its fourth batch of PSF Fellows for 2023! Let us welcome the new PSF Fellows for Q4! The following people continue to do amazing things for the Python community: Jelle Zijlstra Github , Quora Thank you for your continued contributions. We have added you to our Fellow roster online . The above members help support the Python ecosystem by being phenomenal leaders, sustaining the growth of the Python scientific community, maintaining virtual Python communities, maintaining Python libraries, creating educational material, organizing Python events and conferences, starting Python communities in local regions, and overall being great mentors in our community. Each of them continues to help make Python more accessible around the world. To learn more about the new Fellow members, check out their links above. Let's continue recognizing Pythonistas all over the world for their impact on our community. The criteria for Fellow members is available online: https://www.python.org/psf/fellows/ . If you would like to nominate someone to be a PSF Fellow, please send a description of their Python accomplishments and their email address to psf-fellow at python.org. Quarter 1 nominations are currently in review. We are accepting nominations for Quarter 2 2024 through May 20, 2024. Are you a PSF Fellow and want to help the Work Group review nominations? Contact us at psf-fellow at python.org. Posted by Marie Nordin at 4/09/2024 04:59:00 PM Tuesday, April 02, 2024 New Open Initiative for Cybersecurity Standards The Python Software Foundation is pleased to announce our participation in co-starting a new Open Initiative for Cybersecurity Standards collaboration with the Apache Software Foundation, the Eclipse Foundation, other code-hosting open source foundations, SMEs, industry players, and researchers. This collaboration is focused on meeting the real challenges of cybersecurity in the open source ecosystem, and demonstrating full cooperation with and supporting the implementation of the European Union’s Cyber Resilience Act (CRA). With our combined efforts, we are optimistic that we will reach our goal of establishing common specifications for secure open source development based on existing open source best practices. New regulations, such as those in the CRA, highlight the need for secure by design and strong supply chain security standards. The CRA will lead to standard requests from the Commission to the European Standards Organisations and we foresee requirements from the United States and other regions in the future. As open source foundations, we want to respond to these requests proactively by establishing common specifications for secure software development and meet the expectations of the newly defined term Open Source Steward. Open source communities and foundations, including the Python community, have long been practicing and documenting secure software development processes. The starting points for creating common specifications around security are already there, thanks to millions of contributions to hundreds of open source projects. In the true spirit of open source, we plan to learn from, adapt, and build upon what already exists for the collective betterment of our greater software ecosystem. The PSF’s Executive Director Deb Nicholson will attend and participate in the initial Open Initiative for Cybersecurity Standards meetings. Later on, various PSF staff members will join in relevant parts of the conversation to help guide the initiative alongside their peers. The PSF looks forward to more investment in cybersecurity best practices by Python and the industry overall. This community-driven initiative will have a lasting impact on the future of cybersecurity and our shared open source communities. We welcome you to join this collaborative effort to develop secure open source development specifications. Participate by sharing your knowledge, input, and raising up existing community contributions. Sign up for the Open Initiative for Process Specifications mailing list to get involved and stay updated on this initiative. Check out the press release's from the Eclipse Foundation’s and the Apache Software Foundation for more information. Posted by Marie Nordin at 4/02/2024 03:00:00 AM Newer Posts Older Posts Home Subscribe to: Comments (Atom) Mission The mission of the Python Software Foundation is to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. Python Software Foundation Grants Program Membership Awards Meeting Minutes PSF Sponsors A big thank you to the above PSF sponsors for supporting our mission! Blog Archive ►  2025 (50) ►  December (1) ►  November (4) ►  October (7) ►  September (3) ►  August (6) ►  July (4) ►  June (14) ►  May (3) ►  April (2) ►  March (4) ►  February (1) ►  January (1) ▼  2024 (58) ►  December (6) ►  November (5) ►  October (3) ►  September (2) ►  August (4) ►  July (7) ►  June (16) ►  May (4) ▼  April (2) Announcing Python Software Foundation Fellow Membe... 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Right menu Create a simple Virtualized List/ Sliding Window gunjangidwani gunjangidwani gunjangidwani Follow May 21 '25 Create a simple Virtualized List/ Sliding Window # webdev # react # performance # webperf Comments Add Comment 4 min read Technical SEO for Developers: Mastering Site Structure and Performance Okoye Ndidiamaka Okoye Ndidiamaka Okoye Ndidiamaka Follow May 21 '25 Technical SEO for Developers: Mastering Site Structure and Performance # seo # ui # onlinevisibility # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Efficient Rendering in Phoenix LiveView with Streams and Dynamic Data HexShift HexShift HexShift Follow Jun 4 '25 Efficient Rendering in Phoenix LiveView with Streams and Dynamic Data # liveview # pubsub # performance # ui 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read O Padrão de Resiliência de Aplicações "Circuit Breaker" Rodrigo Speller Rodrigo Speller Rodrigo Speller Follow Apr 16 '25 O Padrão de Resiliência de Aplicações "Circuit Breaker" # performance # circuitbreaker Comments Add Comment 8 min read 🧠 Smarter Data Fetching in React Without Extra Libraries: Prefetching & a Shared Store Gervais Yao Amoah Gervais Yao Amoah Gervais Yao Amoah Follow May 20 '25 🧠 Smarter Data Fetching in React Without Extra Libraries: Prefetching & a Shared Store # react # performance # webdev # javascript Comments 1 comment 3 min read Shift-To-Middle Array Attila Torda Attila Torda Attila Torda Follow Apr 16 '25 Shift-To-Middle Array # programming # datastructures # cpp # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read ⚠️ False Sharing in Go — The Hidden Enemy in Your Concurrency Kelvin Floresta de Andrade Kelvin Floresta de Andrade Kelvin Floresta de Andrade Follow May 19 '25 ⚠️ False Sharing in Go — The Hidden Enemy in Your Concurrency # programming # go # devbugsmash # performance 10 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read Por dentro da estrutura de dados dicionário (hash map) Gabriel Pessoa Gabriel Pessoa Gabriel Pessoa Follow May 20 '25 Por dentro da estrutura de dados dicionário (hash map) # map # algorithms # performance # cleancode Comments Add Comment 3 min read User Friendly Image Optimization Tool Jan Jan Jan Follow May 19 '25 User Friendly Image Optimization Tool # performance # webdev Comments 1 comment 1 min read Why C-Suite Leaders Need to Care About Integrated Testing in 2025 YamShalBar YamShalBar YamShalBar Follow Apr 15 '25 Why C-Suite Leaders Need to Care About Integrated Testing in 2025 # discuss # performance # testing Comments Add Comment 3 min read Open Source Load Testing with k6, Docker, Prometheus, and Grafana Dennis Whalen Dennis Whalen Dennis Whalen Follow for Leading EDJE May 18 '25 Open Source Load Testing with k6, Docker, Prometheus, and Grafana # webperf # performance # k6 # grafana 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Which Compression Saves the Most Storage $? (gzip, Snappy, LZ4, zstd) Konstantinas Mamonas Konstantinas Mamonas Konstantinas Mamonas Follow May 19 '25 Which Compression Saves the Most Storage $? (gzip, Snappy, LZ4, zstd) # programming # performance # python # productivity 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read What are your favorite plugins for speeding up WordPress? Shariful Ehasan Shariful Ehasan Shariful Ehasan Follow May 19 '25 What are your favorite plugins for speeding up WordPress? # discuss # wordpress # performance # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Web Performance Metrics: How to Improve FCP, LCP, and CLS Nilupul Perera Nilupul Perera Nilupul Perera Follow May 19 '25 🚀 Web Performance Metrics: How to Improve FCP, LCP, and CLS # webdev # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read How does caching work & why its important Dillion Huston Dillion Huston Dillion Huston Follow May 18 '25 How does caching work & why its important # webdev # performance # cdn # http 4 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Supercharge Your Laravel App with Highly Optimized Eloquent Queries Tahsin Abrar Tahsin Abrar Tahsin Abrar Follow Jun 10 '25 Supercharge Your Laravel App with Highly Optimized Eloquent Queries # laravel # performance # eloquent # mysql 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Mastering Go’s sync.Pool: Avoid the Traps, Boost Your Code Jones Charles Jones Charles Jones Charles Follow May 17 '25 Mastering Go’s sync.Pool: Avoid the Traps, Boost Your Code # go # performance # programming # memory 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read How to Write SEO-Optimized Content with AI DCT Technology Pvt. 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Follow May 21 '25 How to Write SEO-Optimized Content with AI # seo # devops # performance # contentmarketing Comments 1 comment 3 min read Speed vs Simplicity: Choosing the Right Cache Rhaqim Rhaqim Rhaqim Follow May 17 '25 Speed vs Simplicity: Choosing the Right Cache # go # caching # performance # backend 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read ⚡ Boost React Performance with Lazy Loading + Suspense Rishabh Joshi Rishabh Joshi Rishabh Joshi Follow May 17 '25 ⚡ Boost React Performance with Lazy Loading + Suspense # react # javascript # performance # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Diary of an Elm Developer - Lazy L-System generation Dwayne Crooks Dwayne Crooks Dwayne Crooks Follow May 16 '25 Diary of an Elm Developer - Lazy L-System generation # elm # performance 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read Streaming Large Files Between Microservices: A gRPC Implementation Eke Enyinnaya Diala Eke Enyinnaya Diala Eke Enyinnaya Diala Follow May 16 '25 Streaming Large Files Between Microservices: A gRPC Implementation # programming # go # performance # architecture 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Using NestJS Interceptors for Performance Monitoring Stephen Akugbe Stephen Akugbe Stephen Akugbe Follow May 5 '25 Using NestJS Interceptors for Performance Monitoring # nestjs # typescript # performance # backenddevelopment 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Boosting Page Load Times: Practical Strategies for a Faster Website Rahul Sharma Rahul Sharma Rahul Sharma Follow May 16 '25 🚀 Boosting Page Load Times: Practical Strategies for a Faster Website # webdev # javascript # performance # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Domain-Driven Architecture: Blueprint for Scalable Systems Part 2 Fredrick Oladipupo Fredrick Oladipupo Fredrick Oladipupo Follow May 14 '25 Domain-Driven Architecture: Blueprint for Scalable Systems Part 2 # architecture # programming # performance # backenddevelopment 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Muhammed Ashraf Posted on Jan 8 Using AWS App Runner to build & host my website # programming # aws # docker Overview AWS provides a lot of different ways to deploy your application. based on whatever you are looking for, you will find a service for this. For example, if you are looking to deploy a classic application you have EC2 or a fully managed service you have Elastic Beanstalk. If you are looking to host containers, you have Amazon ECS, EKS or you can use for a fast and simple service like AWS App Runner As per AWS documentation . AWS App Runner is very simple, fast service that helps you to deploy your application from either source code like GitHub or Image repo like ECR into a scalable and cost-effective service Referring to cost. the service is very cost-effective since you will only pay for the actual traffic since App Runner provision resources based on your traffic (Lower Number of requests = Lower provisioned resources) I was trying to explore AWS App Runner, So I deployed a website on AWS App Runner with other services such as S3, DynamoDB, ECR and Amazon SES for sending emails. Architecture Technology Stack Runtime: Node.js Framework: Express.js Templating: EJS (Embedded JavaScript) Frontend: Tailwind CSS (Styling), Alpine.js (Interactivity/State) Database: AWS DynamoDB (NoSQL) Storage: AWS S3 (Food Images) Email: AWS SES (Order Notifications) Hosting: AWS App Runner (Dockerized) Directory Structure Core files: server.js: Entry Point. Configures Express, middleware and static files. Starts the server. lib/aws-client.js: AWS Utility. Centralizes initialization of DynamoDB Client, S3 Client, and SES Client. Route Handlers: shop.js: Customer Facing. Handles public access to the menu, cart operations, and checkout. admin.js: Admin Management. Protected routes for managing items, authentication, and stats. Views: index.ejs: Homepage. Renders the Menu (Hot/Frozen sections), Cart Drawer, and Hero section. admin.ejs: Dashboard. Main Admin interface for Adding/Editing/Deleting items. admin-stats.ejs: Analytics. Visual dashboard using Chart.js to show revenue and order trends. login-ejs: Authentication. Admin login form. Partials: header.ejs: Navigation bar, Mobile Menu, Favicon, Libraries import (Tailwind, Alpine). footer.ejs: Page footer, Closing tags. product-card.ejs: Reusable component for rendering a single regular menu item. cart-drawer.ejs: The sliding cart sidebar content AWS Components Compute: AWS App Runner Role: Fully managed container application service. Configuration: Autoscaling instances based on request load. Source: Deploys the Docker image directly from Amazon ECR. Database: Amazon DynamoDB Role: Serverless NoSQL key-value database. Tables: MenuTable: Stores food items (itemId, name, price, description, category). OrdersTable: Stores customer orders (orderId, customerDetails, items, total, status). Storage: Amazon S3 Role: Object storage for uploaded food images. Access: Images are uploaded via the Admin Panel. The application generates signed URLs or proxies them for secure display. Container Registry: Amazon ECR Role: Securely stores the Docker container images. Workflow: docker push commands upload new versions of the app. App Runner detects these changes to update the live site. Communications: Amazon SES Role: Reliable email delivery service. Snapshots from the website So, AWS App Runner simplifies the deployments. You don't care about the deployment's steps You only focus on improving your code or monitor your website. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Muhammed Ashraf Follow A Cloud/DevOps enthusiast Work Tech Lead Joined Jan 14, 2023 More from Muhammed Ashraf Using AWS CloudFront to enhance the performance, Security & Availability of your application # cloudcomputing # aws # security # cloud Using Amazon Textract to analyze and extract text from Documents Part 1 # ai # aws Using AWS Comprehend to analyze customers' feedback # aws # genai # cloud 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#textseq | Built-in Types — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents Built-in Types Truth Value Testing Boolean Operations — and , or , not Comparisons Numeric Types — int , float , complex Bitwise Operations on Integer Types Additional Methods on Integer Types Additional Methods on Float Additional Methods on Complex Hashing of numeric types Boolean Type - bool Iterator Types Generator Types Sequence Types — list , tuple , range Common Sequence Operations Immutable Sequence Types Mutable Sequence Types Lists Tuples Ranges Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary Text Sequence Type — str String Methods Formatted String Literals (f-strings) Debug specifier Conversion specifier Format specifier Template String Literals (t-strings) printf -style String Formatting Binary Sequence Types — bytes , bytearray , memoryview Bytes Objects Bytearray Objects Bytes and Bytearray Operations printf -style Bytes Formatting Memory Views Set Types — set , frozenset Mapping Types — dict Dictionary view objects Context Manager Types Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias , Union Generic Alias Type Standard Generic Classes Special Attributes of GenericAlias objects Union Type Other Built-in Types Modules Classes and Class Instances Functions Methods Code Objects Type Objects The Null Object The Ellipsis Object The NotImplemented Object Internal Objects Special Attributes Integer string conversion length limitation Affected APIs Configuring the limit Recommended configuration Previous topic Built-in Constants Next topic Built-in Exceptions This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Built-in Types | Theme Auto Light Dark | Built-in Types ¶ The following sections describe the standard types that are built into the interpreter. The principal built-in types are numerics, sequences, mappings, classes, instances and exceptions. Some collection classes are mutable. The methods that add, subtract, or rearrange their members in place, and don’t return a specific item, never return the collection instance itself but None . Some operations are supported by several object types; in particular, practically all objects can be compared for equality, tested for truth value, and converted to a string (with the repr() function or the slightly different str() function). The latter function is implicitly used when an object is written by the print() function. Truth Value Testing ¶ Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below. By default, an object is considered true unless its class defines either a __bool__() method that returns False or a __len__() method that returns zero, when called with the object. [ 1 ] If one of the methods raises an exception when called, the exception is propagated and the object does not have a truth value (for example, NotImplemented ). Here are most of the built-in objects considered false: constants defined to be false: None and False zero of any numeric type: 0 , 0.0 , 0j , Decimal(0) , Fraction(0, 1) empty sequences and collections: '' , () , [] , {} , set() , range(0) Operations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result always return 0 or False for false and 1 or True for true, unless otherwise stated. (Important exception: the Boolean operations or and and always return one of their operands.) Boolean Operations — and , or , not ¶ These are the Boolean operations, ordered by ascending priority: Operation Result Notes x or y if x is true, then x , else y (1) x and y if x is false, then x , else y (2) not x if x is false, then True , else False (3) Notes: This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is false. This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is true. not has a lower priority than non-Boolean operators, so not a == b is interpreted as not (a == b) , and a == not b is a syntax error. Comparisons ¶ There are eight comparison operations in Python. They all have the same priority (which is higher than that of the Boolean operations). Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example, x < y <= z is equivalent to x < y and y <= z , except that y is evaluated only once (but in both cases z is not evaluated at all when x < y is found to be false). This table summarizes the comparison operations: Operation Meaning < strictly less than <= less than or equal > strictly greater than >= greater than or equal == equal != not equal is object identity is not negated object identity Unless stated otherwise, objects of different types never compare equal. The == operator is always defined but for some object types (for example, class objects) is equivalent to is . The < , <= , > and >= operators are only defined where they make sense; for example, they raise a TypeError exception when one of the arguments is a complex number. Non-identical instances of a class normally compare as non-equal unless the class defines the __eq__() method. Instances of a class cannot be ordered with respect to other instances of the same class, or other types of object, unless the class defines enough of the methods __lt__() , __le__() , __gt__() , and __ge__() (in general, __lt__() and __eq__() are sufficient, if you want the conventional meanings of the comparison operators). The behavior of the is and is not operators cannot be customized; also they can be applied to any two objects and never raise an exception. Two more operations with the same syntactic priority, in and not in , are supported by types that are iterable or implement the __contains__() method. Numeric Types — int , float , complex ¶ There are three distinct numeric types: integers , floating-point numbers , and complex numbers . In addition, Booleans are a subtype of integers. Integers have unlimited precision. Floating-point numbers are usually implemented using double in C; information about the precision and internal representation of floating-point numbers for the machine on which your program is running is available in sys.float_info . Complex numbers have a real and imaginary part, which are each a floating-point number. To extract these parts from a complex number z , use z.real and z.imag . (The standard library includes the additional numeric types fractions.Fraction , for rationals, and decimal.Decimal , for floating-point numbers with user-definable precision.) Numbers are created by numeric literals or as the result of built-in functions and operators. Unadorned integer literals (including hex, octal and binary numbers) yield integers. Numeric literals containing a decimal point or an exponent sign yield floating-point numbers. Appending 'j' or 'J' to a numeric literal yields an imaginary number (a complex number with a zero real part) which you can add to an integer or float to get a complex number with real and imaginary parts. The constructors int() , float() , and complex() can be used to produce numbers of a specific type. Python fully supports mixed arithmetic: when a binary arithmetic operator has operands of different numeric types, the operand with the “narrower” type is widened to that of the other, where integer is narrower than floating point. Arithmetic with complex and real operands is defined by the usual mathematical formula, for example: x + complex ( u , v ) = complex ( x + u , v ) x * complex ( u , v ) = complex ( x * u , x * v ) A comparison between numbers of different types behaves as though the exact values of those numbers were being compared. [ 2 ] All numeric types (except complex) support the following operations (for priorities of the operations, see Operator precedence ): Operation Result Notes Full documentation x + y sum of x and y x - y difference of x and y x * y product of x and y x / y quotient of x and y x // y floored quotient of x and y (1)(2) x % y remainder of x / y (2) -x x negated +x x unchanged abs(x) absolute value or magnitude of x abs() int(x) x converted to integer (3)(6) int() float(x) x converted to floating point (4)(6) float() complex(re, im) a complex number with real part re , imaginary part im . im defaults to zero. (6) complex() c.conjugate() conjugate of the complex number c divmod(x, y) the pair (x // y, x % y) (2) divmod() pow(x, y) x to the power y (5) pow() x ** y x to the power y (5) Notes: Also referred to as integer division. For operands of type int , the result has type int . For operands of type float , the result has type float . In general, the result is a whole integer, though the result’s type is not necessarily int . The result is always rounded towards minus infinity: 1//2 is 0 , (-1)//2 is -1 , 1//(-2) is -1 , and (-1)//(-2) is 0 . Not for complex numbers. Instead convert to floats using abs() if appropriate. Conversion from float to int truncates, discarding the fractional part. See functions math.floor() and math.ceil() for alternative conversions. float also accepts the strings “nan” and “inf” with an optional prefix “+” or “-” for Not a Number (NaN) and positive or negative infinity. Python defines pow(0, 0) and 0 ** 0 to be 1 , as is common for programming languages. The numeric literals accepted include the digits 0 to 9 or any Unicode equivalent (code points with the Nd property). See the Unicode Standard for a complete list of code points with the Nd property. All numbers.Real types ( int and float ) also include the following operations: Operation Result math.trunc(x) x truncated to Integral round(x[, n]) x rounded to n digits, rounding half to even. If n is omitted, it defaults to 0. math.floor(x) the greatest Integral <= x math.ceil(x) the least Integral >= x For additional numeric operations see the math and cmath modules. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types ¶ Bitwise operations only make sense for integers. The result of bitwise operations is calculated as though carried out in two’s complement with an infinite number of sign bits. The priorities of the binary bitwise operations are all lower than the numeric operations and higher than the comparisons; the unary operation ~ has the same priority as the other unary numeric operations ( + and - ). This table lists the bitwise operations sorted in ascending priority: Operation Result Notes x | y bitwise or of x and y (4) x ^ y bitwise exclusive or of x and y (4) x & y bitwise and of x and y (4) x << n x shifted left by n bits (1)(2) x >> n x shifted right by n bits (1)(3) ~x the bits of x inverted Notes: Negative shift counts are illegal and cause a ValueError to be raised. A left shift by n bits is equivalent to multiplication by pow(2, n) . A right shift by n bits is equivalent to floor division by pow(2, n) . Performing these calculations with at least one extra sign extension bit in a finite two’s complement representation (a working bit-width of 1 + max(x.bit_length(), y.bit_length()) or more) is sufficient to get the same result as if there were an infinite number of sign bits. Additional Methods on Integer Types ¶ The int type implements the numbers.Integral abstract base class . In addition, it provides a few more methods: int. bit_length ( ) ¶ Return the number of bits necessary to represent an integer in binary, excluding the sign and leading zeros: >>> n = - 37 >>> bin ( n ) '-0b100101' >>> n . bit_length () 6 More precisely, if x is nonzero, then x.bit_length() is the unique positive integer k such that 2**(k-1) <= abs(x) < 2**k . Equivalently, when abs(x) is small enough to have a correctly rounded logarithm, then k = 1 + int(log(abs(x), 2)) . If x is zero, then x.bit_length() returns 0 . Equivalent to: def bit_length ( self ): s = bin ( self ) # binary representation: bin(-37) --> '-0b100101' s = s . lstrip ( '-0b' ) # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len ( s ) # len('100101') --> 6 Added in version 3.1. int. bit_count ( ) ¶ Return the number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of the integer. This is also known as the population count. Example: >>> n = 19 >>> bin ( n ) '0b10011' >>> n . bit_count () 3 >>> ( - n ) . bit_count () 3 Equivalent to: def bit_count ( self ): return bin ( self ) . count ( "1" ) Added in version 3.10. int. to_bytes ( length = 1 , byteorder = 'big' , * , signed = False ) ¶ Return an array of bytes representing an integer. >>> ( 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 2 , byteorder = 'big' ) b'\x04\x00' >>> ( 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 10 , byteorder = 'big' ) b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00' >>> ( - 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 10 , byteorder = 'big' , signed = True ) b'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfc\x00' >>> x = 1000 >>> x . to_bytes (( x . bit_length () + 7 ) // 8 , byteorder = 'little' ) b'\xe8\x03' The integer is represented using length bytes, and defaults to 1. An OverflowError is raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big" . If byteorder is "big" , the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is "little" , the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. The signed argument determines whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError is raised. The default value for signed is False . The default values can be used to conveniently turn an integer into a single byte object: >>> ( 65 ) . to_bytes () b'A' However, when using the default arguments, don’t try to convert a value greater than 255 or you’ll get an OverflowError . Equivalent to: def to_bytes ( n , length = 1 , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ): if byteorder == 'little' : order = range ( length ) elif byteorder == 'big' : order = reversed ( range ( length )) else : raise ValueError ( "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'" ) return bytes (( n >> i * 8 ) & 0xff for i in order ) Added in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.11: Added default argument values for length and byteorder . classmethod int. from_bytes ( bytes , byteorder = 'big' , * , signed = False ) ¶ Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes. >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \x00\x10 ' , byteorder = 'big' ) 16 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \x00\x10 ' , byteorder = 'little' ) 4096 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \xfc\x00 ' , byteorder = 'big' , signed = True ) -1024 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \xfc\x00 ' , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ) 64512 >>> int . from_bytes ([ 255 , 0 , 0 ], byteorder = 'big' ) 16711680 The argument bytes must either be a bytes-like object or an iterable producing bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big" . If byteorder is "big" , the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is "little" , the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use sys.byteorder as the byte order value. The signed argument indicates whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. Equivalent to: def from_bytes ( bytes , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ): if byteorder == 'little' : little_ordered = list ( bytes ) elif byteorder == 'big' : little_ordered = list ( reversed ( bytes )) else : raise ValueError ( "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'" ) n = sum ( b << i * 8 for i , b in enumerate ( little_ordered )) if signed and little_ordered and ( little_ordered [ - 1 ] & 0x80 ): n -= 1 << 8 * len ( little_ordered ) return n Added in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.11: Added default argument value for byteorder . int. as_integer_ratio ( ) ¶ Return a pair of integers whose ratio is equal to the original integer and has a positive denominator. The integer ratio of integers (whole numbers) is always the integer as the numerator and 1 as the denominator. Added in version 3.8. int. is_integer ( ) ¶ Returns True . Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer() . Added in version 3.12. Additional Methods on Float ¶ The float type implements the numbers.Real abstract base class . float also has the following additional methods. classmethod float. from_number ( x ) ¶ Class method to return a floating-point number constructed from a number x . If the argument is an integer or a floating-point number, a floating-point number with the same value (within Python’s floating-point precision) is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an OverflowError will be raised. For a general Python object x , float.from_number(x) delegates to x.__float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . Added in version 3.14. float. as_integer_ratio ( ) ¶ Return a pair of integers whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float. The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. Raises OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs. float. is_integer ( ) ¶ Return True if the float instance is finite with integral value, and False otherwise: >>> ( - 2.0 ) . is_integer () True >>> ( 3.2 ) . is_integer () False Two methods support conversion to and from hexadecimal strings. Since Python’s floats are stored internally as binary numbers, converting a float to or from a decimal string usually involves a small rounding error. In contrast, hexadecimal strings allow exact representation and specification of floating-point numbers. This can be useful when debugging, and in numerical work. float. hex ( ) ¶ Return a representation of a floating-point number as a hexadecimal string. For finite floating-point numbers, this representation will always include a leading 0x and a trailing p and exponent. classmethod float. fromhex ( s ) ¶ Class method to return the float represented by a hexadecimal string s . The string s may have leading and trailing whitespace. Note that float.hex() is an instance method, while float.fromhex() is a class method. A hexadecimal string takes the form: [ sign ] [ '0x' ] integer [ '.' fraction ] [ 'p' exponent ] where the optional sign may by either + or - , integer and fraction are strings of hexadecimal digits, and exponent is a decimal integer with an optional leading sign. Case is not significant, and there must be at least one hexadecimal digit in either the integer or the fraction. This syntax is similar to the syntax specified in section 6.4.4.2 of the C99 standard, and also to the syntax used in Java 1.5 onwards. In particular, the output of float.hex() is usable as a hexadecimal floating-point literal in C or Java code, and hexadecimal strings produced by C’s %a format character or Java’s Double.toHexString are accepted by float.fromhex() . Note that the exponent is written in decimal rather than hexadecimal, and that it gives the power of 2 by which to multiply the coefficient. For example, the hexadecimal string 0x3.a7p10 represents the floating-point number (3 + 10./16 + 7./16**2) * 2.0**10 , or 3740.0 : >>> float . fromhex ( '0x3.a7p10' ) 3740.0 Applying the reverse conversion to 3740.0 gives a different hexadecimal string representing the same number: >>> float . hex ( 3740.0 ) '0x1.d380000000000p+11' Additional Methods on Complex ¶ The complex type implements the numbers.Complex abstract base class . complex also has the following additional methods. classmethod complex. from_number ( x ) ¶ Class method to convert a number to a complex number. For a general Python object x , complex.from_number(x) delegates to x.__complex__() . If __complex__() is not defined then it falls back to __float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . Added in version 3.14. Hashing of numeric types ¶ For numbers x and y , possibly of different types, it’s a requirement that hash(x) == hash(y) whenever x == y (see the __hash__() method documentation for more details). For ease of implementation and efficiency across a variety of numeric types (including int , float , decimal.Decimal and fractions.Fraction ) Python’s hash for numeric types is based on a single mathematical function that’s defined for any rational number, and hence applies to all instances of int and fractions.Fraction , and all finite instances of float and decimal.Decimal . Essentially, this function is given by reduction modulo P for a fixed prime P . The value of P is made available to Python as the modulus attribute of sys.hash_info . CPython implementation detail: Currently, the prime used is P = 2**31 - 1 on machines with 32-bit C longs and P = 2**61 - 1 on machines with 64-bit C longs. Here are the rules in detail: If x = m / n is a nonnegative rational number and n is not divisible by P , define hash(x) as m * invmod(n, P) % P , where invmod(n, P) gives the inverse of n modulo P . If x = m / n is a nonnegative rational number and n is divisible by P (but m is not) then n has no inverse modulo P and the rule above doesn’t apply; in this case define hash(x) to be the constant value sys.hash_info.inf . If x = m / n is a negative rational number define hash(x) as -hash(-x) . If the resulting hash is -1 , replace it with -2 . The particular values sys.hash_info.inf and -sys.hash_info.inf are used as hash values for positive infinity or negative infinity (respectively). For a complex number z , the hash values of the real and imaginary parts are combined by computing hash(z.real) + sys.hash_info.imag * hash(z.imag) , reduced modulo 2**sys.hash_info.width so that it lies in range(-2**(sys.hash_info.width - 1), 2**(sys.hash_info.width - 1)) . Again, if the result is -1 , it’s replaced with -2 . To clarify the above rules, here’s some example Python code, equivalent to the built-in hash, for computing the hash of a rational number, float , or complex : import sys , math def hash_fraction ( m , n ): """Compute the hash of a rational number m / n. Assumes m and n are integers, with n positive. Equivalent to hash(fractions.Fraction(m, n)). """ P = sys . hash_info . modulus # Remove common factors of P. (Unnecessary if m and n already coprime.) while m % P == n % P == 0 : m , n = m // P , n // P if n % P == 0 : hash_value = sys . hash_info . inf else : # Fermat's Little Theorem: pow(n, P-1, P) is 1, so # pow(n, P-2, P) gives the inverse of n modulo P. hash_value = ( abs ( m ) % P ) * pow ( n , P - 2 , P ) % P if m < 0 : hash_value = - hash_value if hash_value == - 1 : hash_value = - 2 return hash_value def hash_float ( x ): """Compute the hash of a float x.""" if math . isnan ( x ): return object . __hash__ ( x ) elif math . isinf ( x ): return sys . hash_info . inf if x > 0 else - sys . hash_info . inf else : return hash_fraction ( * x . as_integer_ratio ()) def hash_complex ( z ): """Compute the hash of a complex number z.""" hash_value = hash_float ( z . real ) + sys . hash_info . imag * hash_float ( z . imag ) # do a signed reduction modulo 2**sys.hash_info.width M = 2 ** ( sys . hash_info . width - 1 ) hash_value = ( hash_value & ( M - 1 )) - ( hash_value & M ) if hash_value == - 1 : hash_value = - 2 return hash_value Boolean Type - bool ¶ Booleans represent truth values. The bool type has exactly two constant instances: True and False . The built-in function bool() converts any value to a boolean, if the value can be interpreted as a truth value (see section Truth Value Testing above). For logical operations, use the boolean operators and , or and not . When applying the bitwise operators & , | , ^ to two booleans, they return a bool equivalent to the logical operations “and”, “or”, “xor”. However, the logical operators and , or and != should be preferred over & , | and ^ . Deprecated since version 3.12: The use of the bitwise inversion operator ~ is deprecated and will raise an error in Python 3.16. bool is a subclass of int (see Numeric Types — int, float, complex ). In many numeric contexts, False and True behave like the integers 0 and 1, respectively. However, relying on this is discouraged; explicitly convert using int() instead. Iterator Types ¶ Python supports a concept of iteration over containers. This is implemented using two distinct methods; these are used to allow user-defined classes to support iteration. Sequences, described below in more detail, always support the iteration methods. One method needs to be defined for container objects to provide iterable support: container. __iter__ ( ) ¶ Return an iterator object. The object is required to support the iterator protocol described below. If a container supports different types of iteration, additional methods can be provided to specifically request iterators for those iteration types. (An example of an object supporting multiple forms of iteration would be a tree structure which supports both breadth-first and depth-first traversal.) This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. The iterator objects themselves are required to support the following two methods, which together form the iterator protocol : iterator. __iter__ ( ) ¶ Return the iterator object itself. This is required to allow both containers and iterators to be used with the for and in statements. This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. iterator. __next__ ( ) ¶ Return the next item from the iterator . If there are no further items, raise the StopIteration exception. This method corresponds to the tp_iternext slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. Python defines several iterator objects to support iteration over general and specific sequence types, dictionaries, and other more specialized forms. The specific types are not important beyond their implementation of the iterator protocol. Once an iterator’s __next__() method raises StopIteration , it must continue to do so on subsequent calls. Implementations that do not obey this property are deemed broken. Generator Types ¶ Python’s generator s provide a convenient way to implement the iterator protocol. If a container object’s __iter__() method is implemented as a generator, it will automatically return an iterator object (technically, a generator object) supplying the __iter__() and __next__() methods. More information about generators can be found in the documentation for the yield expression . Sequence Types — list , tuple , range ¶ There are three basic sequence types: lists, tuples, and range objects. Additional sequence types tailored for processing of binary data and text strings are described in dedicated sections. Common Sequence Operations ¶ The operations in the following table are supported by most sequence types, both mutable and immutable. The collections.abc.Sequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types. This table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority. In the table, s and t are sequences of the same type, n , i , j and k are integers and x is an arbitrary object that meets any type and value restrictions imposed by s . The in and not in operations have the same priorities as the comparison operations. The + (concatenation) and * (repetition) operations have the same priority as the corresponding numeric operations. [ 3 ] Operation Result Notes x in s True if an item of s is equal to x , else False (1) x not in s False if an item of s is equal to x , else True (1) s + t the concatenation of s and t (6)(7) s * n or n * s equivalent to adding s to itself n times (2)(7) s[i] i th item of s , origin 0 (3)(8) s[i:j] slice of s from i to j (3)(4) s[i:j:k] slice of s from i to j with step k (3)(5) len(s) length of s min(s) smallest item of s max(s) largest item of s Sequences of the same type also support comparisons. In particular, tuples and lists are compared lexicographically by comparing corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, every element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have the same length. (For full details see Comparisons in the language reference.) Forward and reversed iterators over mutable sequences access values using an index. That index will continue to march forward (or backward) even if the underlying sequence is mutated. The iterator terminates only when an IndexError or a StopIteration is encountered (or when the index drops below zero). Notes: While the in and not in operations are used only for simple containment testing in the general case, some specialised sequences (such as str , bytes and bytearray ) also use them for subsequence testing: >>> "gg" in "eggs" True Values of n less than 0 are treated as 0 (which yields an empty sequence of the same type as s ). Note that items in the sequence s are not copied; they are referenced multiple times. This often haunts new Python programmers; consider: >>> lists = [[]] * 3 >>> lists [[], [], []] >>> lists [ 0 ] . append ( 3 ) >>> lists [[3], [3], [3]] What has happened is that [[]] is a one-element list containing an empty list, so all three elements of [[]] * 3 are references to this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of lists modifies this single list. You can create a list of different lists this way: >>> lists = [[] for i in range ( 3 )] >>> lists [ 0 ] . append ( 3 ) >>> lists [ 1 ] . append ( 5 ) >>> lists [ 2 ] . append ( 7 ) >>> lists [[3], [5], [7]] Further explanation is available in the FAQ entry How do I create a multidimensional list? . If i or j is negative, the index is relative to the end of sequence s : len(s) + i or len(s) + j is substituted. But note that -0 is still 0 . The slice of s from i to j is defined as the sequence of items with index k such that i <= k < j . If i is omitted or None , use 0 . If j is omitted or None , use len(s) . If i or j is less than -len(s) , use 0 . If i or j is greater than len(s) , use len(s) . If i is greater than or equal to j , the slice is empty. The slice of s from i to j with step k is defined as the sequence of items with index x = i + n*k such that 0 <= n < (j-i)/k . In other words, the indices are i , i+k , i+2*k , i+3*k and so on, stopping when j is reached (but never including j ). When k is positive, i and j are reduced to len(s) if they are greater. When k is negative, i and j are reduced to len(s) - 1 if they are greater. If i or j are omitted or None , they become “end” values (which end depends on the sign of k ). Note, k cannot be zero. If k is None , it is treated like 1 . Concatenating immutable sequences always results in a new object. This means that building up a sequence by repeated concatenation will have a quadratic runtime cost in the total sequence length. To get a linear runtime cost, you must switch to one of the alternatives below: if concatenating str objects, you can build a list and use str.join() at the end or else write to an io.StringIO instance and retrieve its value when complete if concatenating bytes objects, you can similarly use bytes.join() or io.BytesIO , or you can do in-place concatenation with a bytearray object. bytearray objects are mutable and have an efficient overallocation mechanism if concatenating tuple objects, extend a list instead for other types, investigate the relevant class documentation Some sequence types (such as range ) only support item sequences that follow specific patterns, and hence don’t support sequence concatenation or repetition. An IndexError is raised if i is outside the sequence range. Sequence Methods Sequence types also support the following methods: sequence. count ( value , / ) ¶ Return the total number of occurrences of value in sequence . sequence. index ( value[, start[, stop] ) ¶ Return the index of the first occurrence of value in sequence . Raises ValueError if value is not found in sequence . The start or stop arguments allow for efficient searching of subsections of the sequence, beginning at start and ending at stop . This is roughly equivalent to start + sequence[start:stop].index(value) , only without copying any data. Caution Not all sequence types support passing the start and stop arguments. Immutable Sequence Types ¶ The only operation that immutable sequence types generally implement that is not also implemented by mutable sequence types is support for the hash() built-in. This support allows immutable sequences, such as tuple instances, to be used as dict keys and stored in set and frozenset instances. Attempting to hash an immutable sequence that contains unhashable values will result in TypeError . Mutable Sequence Types ¶ The operations in the following table are defined on mutable sequence types. The collections.abc.MutableSequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types. In the table s is an instance of a mutable sequence type, t is any iterable object and x is an arbitrary object that meets any type and value restrictions imposed by s (for example, bytearray only accepts integers that meet the value restriction 0 <= x <= 255 ). Operation Result Notes s[i] = x item i of s is replaced by x del s[i] removes item i of s s[i:j] = t slice of s from i to j is replaced by the contents of the iterable t del s[i:j] removes the elements of s[i:j] from the list (same as s[i:j] = [] ) s[i:j:k] = t the elements of s[i:j:k] are replaced by those of t (1) del s[i:j:k] removes the elements of s[i:j:k] from the list s += t extends s with the contents of t (for the most part the same as s[len(s):len(s)] = t ) s *= n updates s with its contents repeated n times (2) Notes: If k is not equal to 1 , t must have the same length as the slice it is replacing. The value n is an integer, or an object implementing __index__() . Zero and negative values of n clear the sequence. Items in the sequence are not copied; they are referenced multiple times, as explained for s * n under Common Sequence Operations . Mutable Sequence Methods Mutable sequence types also support the following methods: sequence. append ( value , / ) ¶ Append value to the end of the sequence This is equivalent to writing seq[len(seq):len(seq)] = [value] . sequence. clear ( ) ¶ Added in version 3.3. Remove all items from sequence . This is equivalent to writing del sequence[:] . sequence. copy ( ) ¶ Added in version 3.3. Create a shallow copy of sequence . This is equivalent to writing sequence[:] . Hint The copy() method is not part of the MutableSequence ABC , but most concrete mutable sequence types provide it. sequence. extend ( iterable , / ) ¶ Extend sequence with the contents of iterable . For the most part, this is the same as writing seq[len(seq):len(seq)] = iterable . sequence. insert ( index , value , / ) ¶ Insert value into sequence at the given index . This is equivalent to writing sequence[index:index] = [value] . sequence. pop ( index = -1 , / ) ¶ Retrieve the item at index and also removes it from sequence . By default, the last item in sequence is removed and returned. sequence. remove ( value , / ) ¶ Remove the first item from sequence where sequence[i] == value . Raises ValueError if value is not found in sequence . sequence. reverse ( ) ¶ Reverse the items of sequence in place. This method maintains economy of space when reversing a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side-effect, it returns None . Lists ¶ Lists are mutable sequences, typically used to store collections of homogeneous items (where the precise degree of similarity will vary by application). class list ( iterable = () , / ) ¶ Lists may be constructed in several ways: Using a pair of square brackets to denote the empty list: [] Using square brackets, separating items with commas: [a] , [a, b, c] Using a list comprehension: [x for x in iterable] Using the type constructor: list() or list(iterable) The constructor builds a list whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable ’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a list, a copy is made and returned, similar to iterable[:] . For example, list('abc') returns ['a', 'b', 'c'] and list( (1, 2, 3) ) returns [1, 2, 3] . If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list, [] . Many other operations also produce lists, including the sorted() built-in. Lists implement all of the common and mutable sequence operations. Lists also provide the following additional method: sort ( * , key = None , reverse = False ) ¶ This method sorts the list in place, using only < comparisons between items. Exceptions are not suppressed - if any comparison operations fail, the entire sort operation will fail (and the list will likely be left in a partially modified state). sort() accepts two arguments that can only be passed by keyword ( keyword-only arguments ): key specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract a comparison key from each list element (for example, key=str.lower ). The key corresponding to each item in the list is calculated once and then used for the entire sorting process. The default value of None means that list items are sorted directly without calculating a separate key value. The functools.cmp_to_key() utility is available to convert a 2.x style cmp function to a key function. reverse is a boolean value. If set to True , then the list elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed. This method modifies the sequence in place for economy of space when sorting a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side effect, it does not return the sorted sequence (use sorted() to explicitly request a new sorted list instance). The sort() method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes (for example, sort by department, then by salary grade). For sorting examples and a brief sorting tutorial, see Sorting Techniques . CPython implementation detail: While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises ValueError if it can detect that the list has been mutated during a sort. Thread safety Reading a single element from a list is atomic : lst [ i ] # list.__getitem__ The following methods traverse the list and use atomic reads of each item to perform their function. That means that they may return results affected by concurrent modifications: item in lst lst . index ( item ) lst . count ( item ) All of the above methods/operations are also lock-free. They do not block concurrent modifications. Other operations that hold a lock will not block these from observing intermediate states. All other operations from here on block using the per-object lock. Writing a single item via lst[i] = x is safe to call from multiple threads and will not corrupt the list. The following operations return new objects and appear atomic to other threads: lst1 + lst2 # concatenates two lists into a new list x * lst # repeats lst x times into a new list lst . copy () # returns a shallow copy of the list Methods that only operate on a single elements with no shifting required are atomic : lst . append ( x ) # append to the end of the list, no shifting required lst . pop () # pop element from the end of the list, no shifting required The clear() method is also atomic . Other threads cannot observe elements being removed. The sort() method is not atomic . Other threads cannot observe intermediate states during sorting, but the list appears empty for the duration of the sort. The following operations may allow lock-free operations to observe intermediate states since they modify multiple elements in place: lst . insert ( idx , item ) # shifts elements lst . pop ( idx ) # idx not at the end of the list, shifts elements lst *= x # copies elements in place The remove() method may allow concurrent modifications since element comparison may execute arbitrary Python code (via __eq__() ). extend() is safe to call from multiple threads. However, its guarantees depend on the iterable passed to it. If it is a list , a tuple , a set , a frozenset , a dict or a dictionary view object (but not their subclasses), the extend operation is safe from concurrent modifications to the iterable. Otherwise, an iterator is created which can be concurrently modified by another thread. The same applies to inplace concatenation of a list with other iterables when using lst += iterable . Similarly, assigning to a list slice with lst[i:j] = iterable is safe to call from multiple threads, but iterable is only locked when it is also a list (but not its subclasses). Operations that involve multiple accesses, as well as iteration, are never atomic. For example: # NOT atomic: read-modify-write lst [ i ] = lst [ i ] + 1 # NOT atomic: check-then-act if lst : item = lst . pop () # NOT thread-safe: iteration while modifying for item in lst : process ( item ) # another thread may modify lst Consider external synchronization when sharing list instances across threads. See Python support for free threading for more information. Tuples ¶ Tuples are immutable sequences, typically used to store collections of heterogeneous data (such as the 2-tuples produced by the enumerate() built-in). Tuples are also used for cases where an immutable sequence of homogeneous data is needed (such as allowing storage in a set or dict instance). class tuple ( iterable = () , / ) ¶ Tuples may be constructed in a number of ways: Using a pair of parentheses to denote the empty tuple: () Using a trailing comma for a singleton tuple: a, or (a,) Separating items with commas: a, b, c or (a, b, c) Using the tuple() built-in: tuple() or tuple(iterable) The constructor builds a tuple whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable ’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a tuple, it is returned unchanged. For example, tuple('abc') returns ('a', 'b', 'c') and tuple( [1, 2, 3] ) returns (1, 2, 3) . If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty tuple, () . Note that it is actually the comma which makes a tuple, not the parentheses. The parentheses are optional, except in the empty tuple case, or when they are needed to avoid syntactic ambiguity. For example, f(a, b, c) is a function call with three arguments, while f((a, b, c)) is a function call with a 3-tuple as the sole argument. Tuples implement all of the common sequence operations. For heterogeneous collections of data where access by name is clearer than access by index, collections.namedtuple() may be a more appropriate choice than a simple tuple object. Ranges ¶ The range type represents an immutable sequence of numbers and is commonly used for looping a specific number of times in for loops. class range ( stop , / ) ¶ class range ( start , stop , step = 1 , / ) The arguments to the range constructor must be integers (either built-in int or any object that implements the __index__() special method). If the step argument is omitted, it defaults to 1 . If the start argument is omitted, it defaults to 0 . If step is zero, ValueError is raised. For a positive step , the contents of a range r are determined by the formula r[i] = start + step*i where i >= 0 and r[i] < stop . For a negative step , the contents of the range are still determined by the formula r[i] = start + step*i , but the constraints are i >= 0 and r[i] > stop . A range object will be empty if r[0] does not meet the value constraint. Ranges do support negative indices, but these are interpreted as indexing from the end of the sequence determined by the positive indices. Ranges containing absolute values larger than sys.maxsize are permitted but some features (such as len() ) may raise OverflowError . Range examples: >>> list ( range ( 10 )) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 1 , 11 )) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 30 , 5 )) [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , - 10 , - 1 )) [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9] >>> list ( range ( 0 )) [] >>> list ( range ( 1 , 0 )) [] Ranges implement all of the common sequence operations except concatenation and repetition (due to the fact that range objects can only represent sequences that follow a strict pattern and repetition and concatenation will usually violate that pattern). start ¶ The value of the start parameter (or 0 if the parameter was not supplied) stop ¶ The value of the stop parameter step ¶ The value of the step parameter (or 1 if the parameter was not supplied) The advantage of the range type over a regular list or tuple is that a range object will always take the same (small) amount of memory, no matter the size of the range it represents (as it only stores the start , stop and step values, calculating individual items and subranges as needed). Range objects implement the collections.abc.Sequence ABC, and provide features such as containment tests, element index lookup, slicing and support for negative indices (see Sequence Types — list, tuple, range ): >>> r = range ( 0 , 20 , 2 ) >>> r range(0, 20, 2) >>> 11 in r False >>> 10 in r True >>> r . index ( 10 ) 5 >>> r [ 5 ] 10 >>> r [: 5 ] range(0, 10, 2) >>> r [ - 1 ] 18 Testing range objects for equality with == and != compares them as sequences. That is, two range objects are considered equal if they represent the same sequence of values. (Note that two range objects that compare equal might have different start , stop and step attributes, for example range(0) == range(2, 1, 3) or range(0, 3, 2) == range(0, 4, 2) .) Changed in version 3.2: Implement the Sequence ABC. Support slicing and negative indices. Test int objects for membership in constant time instead of iterating through all items. Changed in version 3.3: Define ‘==’ and ‘!=’ to compare range objects based on the sequence of values they define (instead of comparing based on object identity). Added the start , stop and step attributes. See also The linspace recipe shows how to implement a lazy version of range suitable for floating-point applications. Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary ¶ The following table summarizes the text and binary sequence types methods by category. Category str methods bytes and bytearray methods Formatting str.format() str.format_map() f-strings printf-style String Formatting printf-style Bytes Formatting Searching and Replacing str.find() str.rfind() bytes.find() bytes.rfind() str.index() str.rindex() bytes.index() bytes.rindex() str.startswith() bytes.startswith() str.endswith() bytes.endswith() str.count() bytes.count() str.replace() bytes.replace() Splitting and Joining str.split() str.rsplit() bytes.split() bytes.rsplit() str.splitlines() bytes.splitlines() str.partition() bytes.partition() str.rpartition() bytes.rpartition() str.join() bytes.join() String Classification str.isalpha() bytes.isalpha() str.isdecimal() str.isdigit() bytes.isdigit() str.isnumeric() str.isalnum() bytes.isalnum() str.isidentifier() str.islower() bytes.islower() str.isupper() bytes.isupper() str.istitle() bytes.istitle() str.isspace() bytes.isspace() str.isprintable() Case Manipulation str.lower() bytes.lower() str.upper() bytes.upper() str.casefold() str.capitalize() bytes.capitalize() str.title() bytes.title() str.swapcase() bytes.swapcase() Padding and Stripping str.ljust() str.rjust() bytes.ljust() bytes.rjust() str.center() bytes.center() str.expandtabs() bytes.expandtabs() str.strip() bytes.strip() str.lstrip() str.rstrip() bytes.lstrip() bytes.rstrip() Translation and Encoding str.translate() bytes.translate() str.maketrans() bytes.maketrans() str.encode() bytes.decode() Text Sequence Type — str ¶ Textual data in Python is handled with str objects, or strings . Strings are immutable sequences of Unicode code points. String literals are written in a variety of ways: Single quotes: 'allows embedded "double" quotes' Double quotes: "allows embedded 'single' quotes" Triple quoted: '''Three single quotes''' , """Three double quotes""" Triple quoted strings may span multiple lines - all associated whitespace will be included in the string literal. String literals that are part of a single expression and have only whitespace between them will be implicitly converted to a single string literal. That is, ("spam " "eggs") == "spam eggs" . See String and Bytes literals for more about the various forms of string literal | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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https://callstack.tech | CallStack.tech - AI Voice Agent Tutorials & Expert Guides Home Blog Topics About Contact Search... CallStack Home Blog Topics Company About Author Contact Resources Privacy Policy Terms of Service Cookie Policy 📚 Browse All Tutorials 82 production-ready tutorials Build Voice AI That Actually Works No fluff. No outdated examples. Production-tested tutorials for VAPI , ElevenLabs , and real-time voice agents . Start Learning Browse Topics VAPI ElevenLabs OpenAI Retell Twilio Scroll Featured Latest Tutorial View all tutorials How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support January 13, 2026 How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience Discover practical steps to create a voice AI agent for HVAC support. Learn how to automate customer service and enhance user experience effectively. Read full tutorial Explore Choose Your Path Deep-dive tutorials organized by technology. Pick your stack and start building. 📞 VAPI Build production-ready voice AI agents with VAPI. Learn integration, webhooks, and advanced configurations. 🎙️ ElevenLabs Master ElevenLabs voice synthesis, cloning, and real-time streaming for your AI applications. 🤖 OpenAI Realtime API Implement real-time conversational AI with OpenAI's Realtime API for low-latency voice interactions. ☎️ Retell AI Build intelligent phone agents with Retell AI. Learn best practices and integration patterns. 💬 Bland AI Create conversational AI experiences with Bland AI. Tutorials on setup, customization, and deployment. 🧠 LLM Integration Integrate GPT-4, Claude, Llama, and other LLMs into your voice AI stack for smarter agents. ⚡ Latency Optimization Optimize voice AI response times with WebRTC, edge computing, and streaming techniques. 🔗 Webhooks & Integrations Connect your voice AI to CRMs, databases, and third-party services with webhooks and APIs. Fresh Content Recent Tutorials See all How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey Discover how to implement Deepgram for real-time STT and intent detection. Learn practical steps for audio transcript sentiment analysis and more. Jan 12 Read → Integrating HubSpot with Salesforce using Webhooks for Real-Time Data Synchronization Integrating HubSpot with Salesforce using Webhooks for Real-Time Data Synchronization Discover how to achieve seamless real-time data synchronization between HubSpot and Salesforce using webhooks. Learn practical steps and tips. Jan 12 Read → How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey Discover how to create low-latency voice AI pipelines using VAPI and Twilio. Transform your approach to speech-to-text and text-to-speech integration. Jan 11 Read → More Tutorials How to Set Up an AI Voice Agent for Customer Support in SaaS Applications • Jan 10, 2026 How to Set Up an AI Voice Agent for Customer Support in SaaS Applications Curious about AI voice agents? Discover how to implement voice AI for customer support in SaaS, including Twilio integration and real-time speech processing. Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: A Step-by-Step Guide to Enhance User Engagement • Jan 9, 2026 Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: What I Learned Discover how I enhanced user engagement with real-time audio streaming in VAPI using Twilio. Learn the practical steps for a seamless integration. Deploying Custom Voice Models in VAPI for E-commerce: A Guide to Enhancing Customer Experience • Jan 9, 2026 Deploying Custom Voice Models in VAPI for E-commerce: Key Insights Discover how to enhance customer experience by deploying custom voice models in VAPI. Learn practical steps for voice AI integration in e-commerce. Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: A Step-by-Step Guide to Enhance Customer Support • Jan 8, 2026 Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: Enhancing Customer Support with Voice AI Discover how to implement real-time streaming with VAPI for customer support. Learn to integrate voice AI and WebSocket streaming for better service. How to Set Up Voice AI Webhook Handling for Real Estate Inquiries • Jan 7, 2026 How to Set Up Voice AI Webhook Handling for Real Estate Inquiries Effectively Curious about Voice AI for real estate? Discover how to set up webhook handling with Twilio and VAPI for real-time inquiries and lead qualification. Integrate Twilio with CRM using Low-Code Tools like Zapier and Make • Jan 7, 2026 Integrate Twilio with CRM using Low-Code Tools like Zapier and Make: My Journey Discover how I integrated Twilio with my CRM using Zapier and Make for seamless SMS notifications and AI phone automation. Here's what worked. View All Tutorials Ready to Build Something Incredible ? Join thousands of developers shipping production voice AI. Start with our most popular tutorials. Browse Tutorials About the Author CallStack.tech Production-ready tutorials for building AI voice agents with VAPI, ElevenLabs, and more. Empowering developers with expert knowledge. Quick Links Home About Us Contact Privacy Policy Terms of Service Legal This site may contain affiliate links. We may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. All product names, logos, and brands are property of their respective owners. © 2026 CallStack.tech. All rights reserved. Built with ❤️ for developers. | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://dev.to/t/performance/page/80 | Performance Page 80 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Performance Follow Hide Tag for content related to software performance. Create Post submission guidelines Articles should be obviously related to software performance in some way. Possible topics include, but are not limited to: Performance Testing Performance Analysis Optimising for performance Scalability Resilience But most of all, be kind and humble. 💜 Older #performance posts 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Compression Algorithms You Probably Inherited: gzip, Snappy, LZ4, zstd Konstantinas Mamonas Konstantinas Mamonas Konstantinas Mamonas Follow May 12 '25 Compression Algorithms You Probably Inherited: gzip, Snappy, LZ4, zstd # database # sql # programming # performance 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Designing a Scalable Logging System for Web Scrapers: How to Prevent a Database Meltdown M.Amin Mashayekhan M.Amin Mashayekhan M.Amin Mashayekhan Follow Jun 9 '25 Designing a Scalable Logging System for Web Scrapers: How to Prevent a Database Meltdown # webdev # laravel # performance # logging 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read From Vibe to Viable: Beyond Code Generation Anni Chen Anni Chen Anni Chen Follow May 12 '25 From Vibe to Viable: Beyond Code Generation # genai # vibecoding # artemis # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Browser Wars 2025: A Developer's Perspective on Chrome vs Firefox vs Safari Abdul Rehman Khan Abdul Rehman Khan Abdul Rehman Khan Follow Apr 30 '25 Browser Wars 2025: A Developer's Perspective on Chrome vs Firefox vs Safari # webdev # browsers # javascript # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read I built a small Windows app to extract links from PDFs and websites – looking for feedback! Tarik Dev Tarik Dev Tarik Dev Follow Apr 6 '25 I built a small Windows app to extract links from PDFs and websites – looking for feedback! # programming # python # softwaredevelopment # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Java Split Text File Efficiently Juan Olivares Juan Olivares Juan Olivares Follow May 9 '25 Java Split Text File Efficiently # softwareengineering # java # performance # systems 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 5 min read Five Tips to Optimize Your Backend Ramishka Thennakoon Ramishka Thennakoon Ramishka Thennakoon Follow Jun 6 '25 Five Tips to Optimize Your Backend # backend # api # performance # optimization 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read 🚀 From Curiosity to Contribution: Enhancing OMNeT++ Routing with Custom Logic Atakan Özcan Atakan Özcan Atakan Özcan Follow May 9 '25 🚀 From Curiosity to Contribution: Enhancing OMNeT++ Routing with Custom Logic # cpp # performance # programming # networking Comments 2 comments 2 min read Angular vs. Blazor WASM: My Architectural Battle for Performance and Scalability!⚔️ Felice Lombardi Felice Lombardi Felice Lombardi Follow Jun 6 '25 Angular vs. Blazor WASM: My Architectural Battle for Performance and Scalability!⚔️ # balzor # angular # dotnet # performance Comments 2 comments 7 min read How to Scale a Node.js Application for High Performance Khushii Khushii Khushii Follow Apr 5 '25 How to Scale a Node.js Application for High Performance # node # performance # microservices # scaling Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Your Perfect Lighthouse Score Doesn't Mean Your Site is Fast Todd H. 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Gardner Follow for Request Metrics Jun 5 '25 Why Your Perfect Lighthouse Score Doesn't Mean Your Site is Fast # webdev # seo # javascript # performance 5 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read Why Your API Needs to Run at the Edge Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Follow for Zuplo Apr 4 '25 Why Your API Needs to Run at the Edge # serverless # performance # tutorial # api Comments Add Comment 3 min read Indexing Deep Dive: Composite Indexes & Real Query Experiments Ujjwal Tyagi Ujjwal Tyagi Ujjwal Tyagi Follow May 8 '25 Indexing Deep Dive: Composite Indexes & Real Query Experiments # discuss # performance # database # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Liquid Clustering: Optimizing Databricks Workloads for Performance and Cost Ankit Jain Ankit Jain Ankit Jain Follow May 8 '25 Liquid Clustering: Optimizing Databricks Workloads for Performance and Cost # liquidclustering # databricks # deltalake # performance 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Understanding Caching in Next.js – Make Your Apps Lightning Fast 🚀 Nitin Ahirwal Nitin Ahirwal Nitin Ahirwal Follow Apr 4 '25 Understanding Caching in Next.js – Make Your Apps Lightning Fast 🚀 # discuss # nextjs # webdev # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read Problems with font distribution, and why versioning matters Scott Boyle Scott Boyle Scott Boyle Follow for Measured May 7 '25 Problems with font distribution, and why versioning matters # webdev # frontend # nextjs # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Most Overlooked KPI: Battery Consumption Boga Sebastian Nicolae Boga Sebastian Nicolae Boga Sebastian Nicolae Follow Apr 2 '25 The Most Overlooked KPI: Battery Consumption # mobile # testing # performance # batteryconsumption Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Boil Potatoes? I Thought I Knew — Until I Didn't. Mehuli Mukherjee Mehuli Mukherjee Mehuli Mukherjee Follow May 5 '25 How to Boil Potatoes? I Thought I Knew — Until I Didn't. # programming # java # webdev # performance 26 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read Supercharge Your Spring Boot App with Java 21 and Native Image Meidi Airouche Meidi Airouche Meidi Airouche Follow for Onepoint May 6 '25 Supercharge Your Spring Boot App with Java 21 and Native Image # java # graalvm # performance # spring 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Evite requisições desnecessárias com debounce em JavaScript Alisson F. Alisson F. Alisson F. Follow May 5 '25 Evite requisições desnecessárias com debounce em JavaScript # javascript # webdev # frontend # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read How fsync and synchronous_commit Affect PostgreSQL Performance Mateus Rauli Mateus Rauli Mateus Rauli Follow May 5 '25 How fsync and synchronous_commit Affect PostgreSQL Performance # postgres # performance # postgressql # database 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Ultimate Guide to Software Development Metrics: What to Measure & What Matters Genesis Technologies Genesis Technologies Genesis Technologies Follow May 5 '25 The Ultimate Guide to Software Development Metrics: What to Measure & What Matters # productivity # performance # metrics # softwaredevelopment 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🔍 How MongoDB Indexing Works Internally: B+Tree, B- Tree Structure, Performance Impact & Best Practices Priyank Agrawal Priyank Agrawal Priyank Agrawal Follow May 4 '25 🔍 How MongoDB Indexing Works Internally: B+Tree, B- Tree Structure, Performance Impact & Best Practices # mongodb # indexing # algorithms # performance 3 reactions Comments 6 comments 4 min read Speed Up Your React App: Tools, Tips and Architecture Tricks Salva Torrubia Salva Torrubia Salva Torrubia Follow May 5 '25 Speed Up Your React App: Tools, Tips and Architecture Tricks # react # typescript # performance # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Fixing Your Redshift Vacuum to Optimize your Query Performance CodeWithVed CodeWithVed CodeWithVed Follow Apr 1 '25 Fixing Your Redshift Vacuum to Optimize your Query Performance # aws # performance # database Comments Add Comment 7 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/arsalanmeee | Arsalan Malik - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow Organization actions Arsalan Malik Web Techno Joined Joined on Aug 30, 2023 Twitter logo GitHub logo External link icon Meet the team Post 20 posts published Member 1 member Modern CSS Isn’t What You Think Anymore — And That’s Why Tailwind Makes Sense Now Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Jan 5 Modern CSS Isn’t What You Think Anymore — And That’s Why Tailwind Makes Sense Now # frontend # webdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read CSS Gradient Generator Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Dec 24 '25 CSS Gradient Generator # css # webdev # coding # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Is Your Chrome Browser at Risk? 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Critical Security Flaw You Must Fix Today # network 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Azure Introduces New Networking Updates for Better Security and Reliability Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Dec 7 '25 Azure Introduces New Networking Updates for Better Security and Reliability # news # azure # networking # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Google Workspace Studio Agents: A Simple Guide for Developers Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Dec 4 '25 Google Workspace Studio Agents: A Simple Guide for Developers # news # ai # cloud # network 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read WooCommerce Settings Explained Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Dec 3 '25 WooCommerce Settings Explained # webdev # wordpress # woocommerce # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🛈 Mastering CSS Tooltips: A Quick & Practical Guide Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Dec 2 '25 🛈 Mastering CSS Tooltips: A Quick & Practical Guide # css # webdev # coding # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🎨 CSS Opacity: The Simplest Way to Control Transparency on the Web Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow Dec 1 '25 🎨 CSS Opacity: The Simplest Way to Control Transparency on the Web # webdev # css # coding # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/datalaria/weather-service-project-part-2-building-the-interactive-frontend-with-github-pages-or-netlify-ho1#4-displaying-ai-predictions | Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # javascript # webdev # tutorial # frontend In the first part of this series , we laid the groundwork for our global weather service. We built a Python script to fetch weather data from OpenWeatherMap, efficiently stored it in city-specific CSV files, and automated the entire collection process using GitHub Actions. Our "robot" is diligently gathering data 24/7. But what good is data if you can't see it? Today, we shift our focus to the frontend : building an interactive, user-friendly dashboard that allows anyone to explore the weather data we've collected. We'll leverage the power of static site hosting with GitHub Pages or Netlify , use "vanilla" JavaScript to bring it to life, and rely on some excellent libraries for data handling and visualization. Let's make our data shine! Free Web Hosting: GitHub Pages vs. Netlify The first hurdle for any web project is hosting. Traditional servers can be costly and complex to manage. Following our "serverless and free" philosophy, both GitHub Pages and Netlify are perfect solutions for hosting static websites directly from your GitHub repository. Option 1: GitHub Pages GitHub Pages allows you to host static websites directly from your GitHub repository. Activation is trivial: Go to Settings > Pages in your repository. Select your main branch (or the branch containing your web content) as the source. Choose the /root folder (or a /docs folder if you prefer) as the location of your web files. Click Save . And just like that, your index.html file (and any linked assets) becomes publicly accessible at a URL like https://your-username.github.io/your-repository-name/ . Simple, effective, and free! 🚀 Option 2: Netlify (the final choice for this project!) For this project, I ultimately opted for Netlify due to its flexibility, ease of managing custom domains, and integrated continuous deployment. It also allows me to host the project directly under my Datalaria domain ( https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ ). Steps to deploy on Netlify: Connect Your Repository : Log in to Netlify. Click "Add new site" then "Import an existing project". Connect your GitHub account and select your Weather Service project repository. Deployment Configuration : Owner : Your GitHub account. Branch to deploy : main (or the branch where your frontend code resides). Base directory : Leave this empty if your index.html and assets are in the root of the repository, or specify a subfolder if applicable (e.g., /frontend ). Build command : Leave it empty, as our frontend is purely static with no build step required (no frameworks like React/Vue). Publish directory : . (or the subfolder containing your static files, e.g., /frontend ). Deploy Site : Click "Deploy site". Netlify will fetch your repository, deploy it, and provide you with a random URL. Custom Domain (Optional but recommended) : To use a domain like datalaria.com/apps/weather/ : Go to Site settings > Domain management > Domains > Add a custom domain . Follow the steps to add your domain and configure it with your provider's DNS (by adding CNAME or A records). For the specific path ( /apps/weather/ ), you would typically configure a "subfolder" or "base URL" within your application if it's not directly at the root of the domain. In this case, our index.html is designed to be served from a subpath. Netlify handles this transparently once the site is deployed and your domain is configured. It's that simple! Each git push to your configured branch will trigger a new deployment on Netlify, keeping your dashboard always up-to-date. The Frontend Tech Stack: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (with a little help) For this dashboard, I opted for a lightweight approach: plain HTML for structure, a bit of CSS for styling, and "vanilla" JavaScript (without complex frameworks) for interactivity. To handle specific tasks, I incorporated two fantastic libraries: PapaParse.js : The fastest in-browser CSV parser for JavaScript. It's the bridge between our raw CSV files and the JavaScript data structures we need for visualization. Chart.js : A powerful and flexible JavaScript charting library that makes creating beautiful, responsive, and interactive charts incredibly easy. The Dashboard Logic: Bringing Data to Life in index.html Our index.html acts as the main canvas, orchestrating the fetching, parsing, and rendering of weather data. 1. Dynamic City Loading In stead of hardcoding a list of cities, we want our dashboard to automatically update if we add new cities in the backend. We achieve this by fetching a simple ciudades.txt file (containing one city name per line) and dynamically populating a <select> dropdown element using JavaScript's fetch API. const citySelector = document . getElementById ( ' citySelector ' ); let myChart = null ; // Global variable to store the Chart.js instance async function loadCityList () { try { const response = await fetch ( ' ciudades.txt ' ); const text = await response . text (); // Filter out empty lines from the text file const cities = text . split ( ' \n ' ). filter ( line => line . trim () !== '' ); cities . forEach ( city => { const option = document . createElement ( ' option ' ); option . value = city ; option . textContent = city ; citySelector . appendChild ( option ); }); // Load the first city by default when the page initializes if ( cities . length > 0 ) { loadAndDrawData ( cities [ 0 ]); } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error loading city list: ' , error ); // Optional: Display a user-friendly error message } } // Trigger city loading when the DOM is fully loaded document . addEventListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , loadCityList ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Reacting to User Selection When a user selects a city from the dropdown, we need to respond immediately. An addEventListener on the <select> element detects the change event and calls our main function to fetch and draw the data for the newly selected city. citySelector . addEventListener ( ' change ' , ( event ) => { const selectedCity = event . target . value ; loadAndDrawData ( selectedCity ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Fetching, Parsing, and Drawing Data This is the central function where everything comes to life. It is responsible for: Constructing the URL for the specific city's CSV file (e.g., data/Leon.csv ). Using Papa.parse to download and process the CSV content directly in the browser. PapaParse handles asynchronous fetching and parsing, making it incredibly easy. Extracting relevant labels (dates) and data (temperatures) from the parsed CSV for Chart.js. Crucial! : Before drawing a new chart, we must destroy the previous Chart.js instance ( if (myChart) { myChart.destroy(); } ). Forgetting this step leads to overlapping charts and performance issues! 💥 Creating a new Chart() instance with the updated data. Additionally, it calls a function to load and display the AI prediction for that city, seamlessly integrating it into the dashboard. function loadAndDrawData ( city ) { const csvUrl = `datos/ ${ city } .csv` ; // Note the 'datos/' folder from Part 1 const ctx = document . getElementById ( ' weatherChart ' ). getContext ( ' 2d ' ); Papa . parse ( csvUrl , { download : true , // Tells PapaParse to download the file header : true , // Treats the first row as headers skipEmptyLines : true , complete : function ( results ) { const weatherData = results . data ; // Extract labels (dates) and data (temperatures) const labels = weatherData . map ( row => row . fecha_hora . split ( ' ' )[ 0 ]); // Extract only the date const maxTemp = weatherData . map ( row => parseFloat ( row . temp_max_c )); const minTemp = weatherData . map ( row => parseFloat ( row . temp_min_c )); // Destroy the previous chart instance if it exists to prevent overlaps if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Create a new Chart.js instance myChart = new Chart ( ctx , { type : ' line ' , data : { labels : labels , datasets : [{ label : `Max Temp (°C) - ${ city } ` , data : maxTemp , borderColor : ' rgb(255, 99, 132) ' , tension : 0.1 }, { label : `Min Temp (°C) - ${ city } ` , data : minTemp , borderColor : ' rgb(54, 162, 235) ' , tension : 0.1 }] }, options : { // Chart options for responsiveness, title, etc. responsive : true , maintainAspectRatio : false , scales : { y : { beginAtZero : false } }, plugins : { legend : { position : ' top ' }, title : { display : true , text : `Historical Weather Data for ${ city } ` } } } }); // Load and display AI prediction loadPrediction ( city ); }, error : function ( err , file ) { console . error ( " Error parsing CSV: " , err , file ); // Optional: display a user-friendly error message on the dashboard if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Clear chart if loading fails } }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Displaying AI Predictions The integration of AI predictions (which we'll delve into in Part 3) is also managed from the frontend. The backend generates a predicciones.json file, and our JavaScript simply fetches this JSON, finds the prediction for the selected city, and displays it. async function loadPrediction ( city ) { const predictionElement = document . getElementById ( ' prediction ' ); try { const response = await fetch ( ' predicciones.json ' ); const predictions = await response . json (); if ( predictions && predictions [ city ]) { predictionElement . textContent = `Max Temp. Prediction for tomorrow: ${ predictions [ city ]. toFixed ( 1 )} °C` ; } else { predictionElement . textContent = ' Prediction not available. ' ; } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error loading predictions: ' , error ); predictionElement . textContent = ' Error loading prediction. ' ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusion (Part 2) We've transformed raw data into an engaging and interactive experience! By combining static hosting from GitHub Pages or Netlify, "vanilla" JavaScript for logic, PapaParse.js for CSV handling, and Chart.js for beautiful visualizations, we've built a powerful frontend that is both free and highly effective. The dashboard now provides immediate insight into the historical weather patterns of any selected city. But what about the future? In the third and final part of this series , we'll delve into the exciting world of Machine Learning to add a predictive layer to our service. We'll explore how to use historical data to forecast tomorrow's weather, turning our service into a true weather "oracle." Stay tuned! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : You can see the final project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure in my repository: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather PapaParse.js : Fast in-browser CSV parser for JavaScript: https://www.papaparse.com/ Chart.js : Simple, yet flexible JavaScript charting for designers & developers: https://www.chartjs.org/ GitHub Pages : Official documentation on how to host your sites: https://docs.github.com/en/pages Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # automation # python # tutorial Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial Building Datalaria: Technologies and Tools # showdev # github # tooling # webdev 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/rsionnach/shift-left-reliability-4poo#where-reliability-decisions-actually-happen%C2%A0today | Shift-Left Reliability - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Rob Fox Posted on Jan 12 Shift-Left Reliability # sre # devops # cicd # platformengineering We've become exceptionally good at incident response. Modern teams restore service quickly, run thoughtful postmortems, and hold themselves accountable through corrective actions. And yet… A team ships a change that passes every test, gets all the required approvals, and still brings down checkout for 47 minutes. The postmortem conclusion? "We should have known our latency SLO was already at 94% before deploying." Many postmortems point to the same root cause: changes we introduced ourselves. Not hardware failures. Not random outages. Just software behaving exactly as we told it to. We continue to treat reliability as something to evaluate once those changes are already live. This isn't a failure of tooling or process. It's a question of when we decide whether a system is ready. The paradox We've invested heavily in observing and responding to failure - better alerting, faster incident response, thorough postmortems. Teams care deeply about reliability and spend significant time optimizing how they respond to incidents. But when in a service's lifecycle are they supposed to define reliability? Where's the innovation that happens before deployment? Where reliability decisions actually happen today I've seen multiple teams running identical technology stacks with completely different SLOs, metrics, and alerts. Nobody told them what to implement, what's best-practice or how to tune their alerts. They want to be good reliability citizens, but getting from the theory in the handbook to putting that theory into practice is not straightforward. Services regularly move into production with SLOs being created months later - or never. Dashboards are missing, insufficient, or inconsistent. "Looks fine to me" during PR reviews. Tribal knowledge. Varying levels of understanding across teams. Reliability is fundamentally bespoke and ungoverned. That's the core issue. The missing layer GitHub gave us version control for code. Terraform gave us version control for infrastructure. Security has transformed with shift-left - finding flaws as code is written, not after deployment. We're still missing version control for reliability. We need a specification that defines requirements, validates them against reality, and generates the artifacts: dashboards, SLOs, alerts, escalation policies. If the specification is validated and the artifacts created, the same tool can check in real-time whether a service is in breach - and block high-risk deployments in CI/CD. What shift-left reliability actually means Shift-left reliability doesn't mean more alerts and dashboards, more postmortems or more people in the room. It means: Spec - Define reliability requirements as code before production deployment Validate - Test those requirements against reality Enforce - Gate deployments through CI/CD Engineers don't write PromQL or Grafana JSON - they declare intent, and reliability becomes deterministic. Outcomes are predictable, consistent, transparent, and follow best practice. An executable reliability contract Keep it simple. A team creates a service.yaml file with their reliability intent: name: payment-api tier: critical type: api team: payments dependencies: - postgresql - redis Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here is a complete service.yaml example . Tooling validates metrics, SLOs, and error budgets then generates these artifacts automatically. This is the approach I am exploring with an open-source project called NthLayer. NthLayer runs in any CI/CD pipeline - GitHub Actions, ArgoCD, Jenkins, Tekton, GitLab CI. The goal isn't to be an inflexible blocker; it's visible risk and explicit decisions. Overrides are fine when they're intentional, logged, and owned. When a deployment is attempted, the specification is evaluated against reality: $ nthlayer check-deploy - service payment-api ERROR: Deployment blocked - availability SLO at 99.2% (target: 99.95%) - error budget exhausted: -47 minutes remaining - 3 P1 incidents in last 7 days Exit code: 2 (BLOCKED) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why now? SLOs have had 8+ years to mature and move from the Google SRE Handbook into mainstream practice. GitOps has normalized declarative configuration. Platform Engineering has matured as a discipline. The concepts are ready but the tooling has lagged behind. This is a deliberate shift in approach. Reliability is no longer up for debate during incidents. Services have defined owners with deterministic standards. We can stop reinventing the reliability wheel every time a new service is onboarded. If requirements change, update the service.yaml , run NthLayer and every service benefits from adopting the new standard. What this does not replace NthLayer doesn't replace service catalogs, developer portals, observability platforms, or incident management. It doesn't predict failures or eliminate human judgment. It's upstream of all these systems. The goal: a reliability specification, automated deployment gates and to reduce cognitive load to implement best practices. Open questions I don't have all the answers but two questions I keep returning to are: Contract Drift: What happens when the spec says 99.95% but reality has been 99.5% for months? Is the contract wrong, or is the service broken? Emergency Overrides: How should they work? Who approves? How do you prevent them from becoming the default? The timing problem Where do reliability decisions actually happen in your organization? What would it look like to decide readiness before deployment? What reliability rules do you wish you could enforce automatically? The timing problem isn't going away. The only question is whether you address it before deployment - or learn about it in the postmortem. NthLayer is open source and looking for early adopters. If you're tired of reliability being an afterthought: pip install nthlayer nthlayer init nthlayer check-deploy --service your-service Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode → github.com/rsionnach/nthlayer Star the repo, open an issue, or tell me I'm wrong. I want to hear how reliability decisions happen in your organization. Rob Fox is a Senior Site Reliability Engineer focused on platform and reliability tooling. He's exploring how reliability engineering can move earlier in the software delivery lifecycle. Find him on GitHub . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Rob Fox Follow Sr Site Reliability Engineer. Building NthLayer, an open-source tool for shift-left reliability. Opinions are my own. github.com/rsionnach Location Dublin, Ireland Joined Jan 6, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning How I Built an AI Terraform Review Agent on Serverless AWS # aws # terraform # serverless # devops How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/mahlongumbs | Mahlon Gumbs - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Mahlon Gumbs 404 bio not found Joined Joined on May 20, 2018 github website Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. Got it Close Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close More info about @mahlongumbs Post 2 posts published Comment 20 comments written Tag 0 tags followed A Mnemonic That Finally Makes for…in vs for…of Stick Mahlon Gumbs Mahlon Gumbs Mahlon Gumbs Follow Jan 12 A Mnemonic That Finally Makes for…in vs for…of Stick # javascript # webdev # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Want to connect with Mahlon Gumbs? Create an account to connect with Mahlon Gumbs. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in if (!_if) what Mahlon Gumbs Mahlon Gumbs Mahlon Gumbs Follow May 24 '18 if (!_if) what # javascript # bestpractices # refactor # coding 17 reactions Comments 9 comments 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
https://popcorn.forem.com/_c9af00d5bb7c26378eceb/2025nyeon-gidaedoeneun-k-deurama-sinjag-top-5-gdj#comments | 2025년 기대되는 K-드라마 신작 TOP 5 - Popcorn Movies and TV Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Popcorn Movies and TV Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse 채혁기 Posted on Dec 5, 2025 2025년 기대되는 K-드라마 신작 TOP 5 # korean # entertainment # kdrama # tv 2025년 기대되는 K-드라마 신작 TOP 5 2025년 상반기 방영 예정인 한국 드라마 중 가장 기대를 모으는 작품들을 소개합니다. 1위: 타임슬립 로맨스 드라마 현대와 과거를 오가는 판타지 로맨스로, 인기 배우의 복귀작이라는 점에서 큰 관심을 받고 있습니다. 방송사 : tvN 방영 예정 : 2025년 3월 장르 : 로맨스/판타지 2위: 범죄 스릴러 드라마 연쇄 살인 사건을 추적하는 형사 이야기로, 원작 웹툰의 높은 인기를 바탕으로 제작되었습니다. 방송사 : Netflix 방영 예정 : 2025년 4월 장르 : 스릴러/범죄 3위: 메디컬 휴먼 드라마 작은 시골 병원을 배경으로 한 감동적인 이야기가 펼쳐집니다. 방송사 : SBS 방영 예정 : 2025년 5월 장르 : 메디컬/휴먼 결론 2025년 상반기 드라마 라인업은 정말 풍성합니다. 로맨스부터 스릴러까지 다양한 장르의 작품들이 시청자들을 기다리고 있습니다. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse 채혁기 Follow Joined Dec 4, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Popcorn Movies and TV — Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Popcorn Movies and TV © 2016 - 2026. Let's watch something great! Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Popcorn Movies and TV Close Follow User actions Movie News 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Jun 22, 2025 More info about @popcorn_movies Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2854 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Ringer Movies: The 2026 Golden Globes: ‘One Battle After Another’ vs. ‘Hamnet’ Begins Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Jan 12 Ringer Movies: The 2026 Golden Globes: ‘One Battle After Another’ vs. ‘Hamnet’ Begins # movies # reviews # analysis # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Austin Powers in Goldmember in 19 Minutes Or Less Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Jan 8 CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Austin Powers in Goldmember in 19 Minutes Or Less # movies # reviews # analysis # marketing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: Five Burning Questions About Awards Season & Our Golden Globes Predictions Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Jan 8 Ringer Movies: Five Burning Questions About Awards Season & Our Golden Globes Predictions # movies # analysis # reviews # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mr Sunday Movies: The Judge Dredd Duology - 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https://dev.to/datalaria/weather-service-project-part-2-building-the-interactive-frontend-with-github-pages-or-netlify-ho1#free-web-hosting-github-pages-vs-netlify | Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # javascript # webdev # tutorial # frontend In the first part of this series , we laid the groundwork for our global weather service. We built a Python script to fetch weather data from OpenWeatherMap, efficiently stored it in city-specific CSV files, and automated the entire collection process using GitHub Actions. Our "robot" is diligently gathering data 24/7. But what good is data if you can't see it? Today, we shift our focus to the frontend : building an interactive, user-friendly dashboard that allows anyone to explore the weather data we've collected. We'll leverage the power of static site hosting with GitHub Pages or Netlify , use "vanilla" JavaScript to bring it to life, and rely on some excellent libraries for data handling and visualization. Let's make our data shine! Free Web Hosting: GitHub Pages vs. Netlify The first hurdle for any web project is hosting. Traditional servers can be costly and complex to manage. Following our "serverless and free" philosophy, both GitHub Pages and Netlify are perfect solutions for hosting static websites directly from your GitHub repository. Option 1: GitHub Pages GitHub Pages allows you to host static websites directly from your GitHub repository. Activation is trivial: Go to Settings > Pages in your repository. Select your main branch (or the branch containing your web content) as the source. Choose the /root folder (or a /docs folder if you prefer) as the location of your web files. Click Save . And just like that, your index.html file (and any linked assets) becomes publicly accessible at a URL like https://your-username.github.io/your-repository-name/ . Simple, effective, and free! 🚀 Option 2: Netlify (the final choice for this project!) For this project, I ultimately opted for Netlify due to its flexibility, ease of managing custom domains, and integrated continuous deployment. It also allows me to host the project directly under my Datalaria domain ( https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ ). Steps to deploy on Netlify: Connect Your Repository : Log in to Netlify. Click "Add new site" then "Import an existing project". Connect your GitHub account and select your Weather Service project repository. Deployment Configuration : Owner : Your GitHub account. Branch to deploy : main (or the branch where your frontend code resides). Base directory : Leave this empty if your index.html and assets are in the root of the repository, or specify a subfolder if applicable (e.g., /frontend ). Build command : Leave it empty, as our frontend is purely static with no build step required (no frameworks like React/Vue). Publish directory : . (or the subfolder containing your static files, e.g., /frontend ). Deploy Site : Click "Deploy site". Netlify will fetch your repository, deploy it, and provide you with a random URL. Custom Domain (Optional but recommended) : To use a domain like datalaria.com/apps/weather/ : Go to Site settings > Domain management > Domains > Add a custom domain . Follow the steps to add your domain and configure it with your provider's DNS (by adding CNAME or A records). For the specific path ( /apps/weather/ ), you would typically configure a "subfolder" or "base URL" within your application if it's not directly at the root of the domain. In this case, our index.html is designed to be served from a subpath. Netlify handles this transparently once the site is deployed and your domain is configured. It's that simple! Each git push to your configured branch will trigger a new deployment on Netlify, keeping your dashboard always up-to-date. The Frontend Tech Stack: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (with a little help) For this dashboard, I opted for a lightweight approach: plain HTML for structure, a bit of CSS for styling, and "vanilla" JavaScript (without complex frameworks) for interactivity. To handle specific tasks, I incorporated two fantastic libraries: PapaParse.js : The fastest in-browser CSV parser for JavaScript. It's the bridge between our raw CSV files and the JavaScript data structures we need for visualization. Chart.js : A powerful and flexible JavaScript charting library that makes creating beautiful, responsive, and interactive charts incredibly easy. The Dashboard Logic: Bringing Data to Life in index.html Our index.html acts as the main canvas, orchestrating the fetching, parsing, and rendering of weather data. 1. Dynamic City Loading In stead of hardcoding a list of cities, we want our dashboard to automatically update if we add new cities in the backend. We achieve this by fetching a simple ciudades.txt file (containing one city name per line) and dynamically populating a <select> dropdown element using JavaScript's fetch API. const citySelector = document . getElementById ( ' citySelector ' ); let myChart = null ; // Global variable to store the Chart.js instance async function loadCityList () { try { const response = await fetch ( ' ciudades.txt ' ); const text = await response . text (); // Filter out empty lines from the text file const cities = text . split ( ' \n ' ). filter ( line => line . trim () !== '' ); cities . forEach ( city => { const option = document . createElement ( ' option ' ); option . value = city ; option . textContent = city ; citySelector . appendChild ( option ); }); // Load the first city by default when the page initializes if ( cities . length > 0 ) { loadAndDrawData ( cities [ 0 ]); } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error loading city list: ' , error ); // Optional: Display a user-friendly error message } } // Trigger city loading when the DOM is fully loaded document . addEventListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , loadCityList ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Reacting to User Selection When a user selects a city from the dropdown, we need to respond immediately. An addEventListener on the <select> element detects the change event and calls our main function to fetch and draw the data for the newly selected city. citySelector . addEventListener ( ' change ' , ( event ) => { const selectedCity = event . target . value ; loadAndDrawData ( selectedCity ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Fetching, Parsing, and Drawing Data This is the central function where everything comes to life. It is responsible for: Constructing the URL for the specific city's CSV file (e.g., data/Leon.csv ). Using Papa.parse to download and process the CSV content directly in the browser. PapaParse handles asynchronous fetching and parsing, making it incredibly easy. Extracting relevant labels (dates) and data (temperatures) from the parsed CSV for Chart.js. Crucial! : Before drawing a new chart, we must destroy the previous Chart.js instance ( if (myChart) { myChart.destroy(); } ). Forgetting this step leads to overlapping charts and performance issues! 💥 Creating a new Chart() instance with the updated data. Additionally, it calls a function to load and display the AI prediction for that city, seamlessly integrating it into the dashboard. function loadAndDrawData ( city ) { const csvUrl = `datos/ ${ city } .csv` ; // Note the 'datos/' folder from Part 1 const ctx = document . getElementById ( ' weatherChart ' ). getContext ( ' 2d ' ); Papa . parse ( csvUrl , { download : true , // Tells PapaParse to download the file header : true , // Treats the first row as headers skipEmptyLines : true , complete : function ( results ) { const weatherData = results . data ; // Extract labels (dates) and data (temperatures) const labels = weatherData . map ( row => row . fecha_hora . split ( ' ' )[ 0 ]); // Extract only the date const maxTemp = weatherData . map ( row => parseFloat ( row . temp_max_c )); const minTemp = weatherData . map ( row => parseFloat ( row . temp_min_c )); // Destroy the previous chart instance if it exists to prevent overlaps if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Create a new Chart.js instance myChart = new Chart ( ctx , { type : ' line ' , data : { labels : labels , datasets : [{ label : `Max Temp (°C) - ${ city } ` , data : maxTemp , borderColor : ' rgb(255, 99, 132) ' , tension : 0.1 }, { label : `Min Temp (°C) - ${ city } ` , data : minTemp , borderColor : ' rgb(54, 162, 235) ' , tension : 0.1 }] }, options : { // Chart options for responsiveness, title, etc. responsive : true , maintainAspectRatio : false , scales : { y : { beginAtZero : false } }, plugins : { legend : { position : ' top ' }, title : { display : true , text : `Historical Weather Data for ${ city } ` } } } }); // Load and display AI prediction loadPrediction ( city ); }, error : function ( err , file ) { console . error ( " Error parsing CSV: " , err , file ); // Optional: display a user-friendly error message on the dashboard if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Clear chart if loading fails } }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Displaying AI Predictions The integration of AI predictions (which we'll delve into in Part 3) is also managed from the frontend. The backend generates a predicciones.json file, and our JavaScript simply fetches this JSON, finds the prediction for the selected city, and displays it. async function loadPrediction ( city ) { const predictionElement = document . getElementById ( ' prediction ' ); try { const response = await fetch ( ' predicciones.json ' ); const predictions = await response . json (); if ( predictions && predictions [ city ]) { predictionElement . textContent = `Max Temp. Prediction for tomorrow: ${ predictions [ city ]. toFixed ( 1 )} °C` ; } else { predictionElement . textContent = ' Prediction not available. ' ; } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error loading predictions: ' , error ); predictionElement . textContent = ' Error loading prediction. ' ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusion (Part 2) We've transformed raw data into an engaging and interactive experience! By combining static hosting from GitHub Pages or Netlify, "vanilla" JavaScript for logic, PapaParse.js for CSV handling, and Chart.js for beautiful visualizations, we've built a powerful frontend that is both free and highly effective. The dashboard now provides immediate insight into the historical weather patterns of any selected city. But what about the future? In the third and final part of this series , we'll delve into the exciting world of Machine Learning to add a predictive layer to our service. We'll explore how to use historical data to forecast tomorrow's weather, turning our service into a true weather "oracle." Stay tuned! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : You can see the final project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure in my repository: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather PapaParse.js : Fast in-browser CSV parser for JavaScript: https://www.papaparse.com/ Chart.js : Simple, yet flexible JavaScript charting for designers & developers: https://www.chartjs.org/ GitHub Pages : Official documentation on how to host your sites: https://docs.github.com/en/pages Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # automation # python # tutorial Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial Building Datalaria: Technologies and Tools # showdev # github # tooling # webdev 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/slack-template | Slack Template - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation Channel Editors Slack Template Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Channel Editors Slack Template OpenAI Open in ChatGPT How to design Slack templates using text editor or JSONNET editor for rich block kit templates. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Edit Template SuprSend provides two ways to design Slack templates: Text Editor : For simple text-based messages with variable interpolation JSONNET Editor : For rich, interactive templates using Slack’s Block Kit with buttons, images, and complex layouts Text Editor The text editor is ideal for simple text messages with variable content. You can add variables in Handlebars syntax as {{...}} . If the output has special html text, enclose variable in triple curly braces as {{{url}}} to avoid HTML escaping. Sample Template Mock Data Copy Ask AI New Signup request in ABC company UserName: {{user_name}} Email: {{user_email}} Organization: {{org.name}} Domain: {{org.domain}} JSONNET Editor The JSONNET editor enables rich template design using Slack Block Kit Builder . This allows you to create interactive templates with buttons, images, checkboxes, and styled text. It is essentially JSON template where variables can be added in JSONNET syntax as data.variable_name or data["$variable_name"] . Template Examples 1. Simple Text Template JSONNET Template Mock Data Copy Ask AI [ { "type" : "section" , "text" : { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "New Signup on ABC company" } }, { "type" : "section" , "text" : { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : ">_UserName_: *%(user_name)s* \n >_Email_: *%(email)s* \n >_Organization_: *%(org_name)s* \n >_Domain_: *%(domain)s*" % { user_name : data.user_name , email : data.user_email , org_name : data.org.name , domain : data.org.domain } } }, { "type" : "divider" } ] 2. With Buttons: Approval Request Template Mock Data Copy Ask AI [ { "type" : "section" , "text" : { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "Share access requested for *<%(document_link)s|%(document_name)s>*" % { document_link : data.document_link , document_name : data.document_name } } }, { "type" : "section" , "fields" : [ { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "*Requested by:* \n " + data.requester_name }, { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "*When:* \n " + data.submitted_at }, { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "*Reason:* \n " + data.access_reason } ] }, { "type" : "actions" , "elements" : [ { "type" : "button" , "text" : { "type" : "plain_text" , "emoji" : true , "text" : "Approve" }, "style" : "primary" , "value" : "approve_access" }, { "type" : "button" , "text" : { "type" : "plain_text" , "emoji" : true , "text" : "Deny" }, "style" : "danger" , "value" : "deny_access" } ] } ] 3. With Image: Anomaly Alert Template Mock Data Copy Ask AI [ { "type" : "section" , "text" : { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : ":warning: *High Error Rate Detected* \n Our system has experienced a spike in errors over the last *30 minutes*." } }, { "type" : "section" , "text" : { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "The error rate has significantly increased, impacting reliability. \n Please investigate immediately to avoid service degradation." } }, { "type" : "image" , "title" : { "type" : "plain_text" , "text" : "Request vs Failure Trend (Last 6 Hours)" , "emoji" : true }, "image_url" : data.image_url , "alt_text" : "Graph showing high error rate spike" }, { "type" : "section" , "fields" : [ { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "*Impacted Services:* \n " + data.impacted_services }, { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "*Time Range:* \n " + data.time_range }, { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "*Error Rate:* \n " + data.error_rate } ] }, { "type" : "divider" }, { "type" : "context" , "elements" : [ { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "🔍 View logs: <%(log_url)s|Open in Monitoring Tool> \n 📊 See metrics dashboard: <%(dashboard_url)s|Error Trends>" % { log_url : data.log_url , dashboard_url : data.dashboard_url } } ] } ] 4. With Array List: Pending Task Digest (Batched Alert) Template Mock Data Copy Ask AI [ { "type" : "section" , "text" : { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "Hi " + data [ "$recipient" ] .name + " :wave:" } }, { "type" : "section" , "text" : { "type" : "mrkdwn" , "text" : "You have " +data [ "$batched_events_count" ] + " *pending tasks* for today:" } }, { "type" : "rich_text" , "elements" : [ { "type" : "rich_text_list" , "style" : "bullet" , "indent" : 0 , "elements" : [ { "type" : "rich_text_section" , "elements" : [ { "type" : "text" , "text" : task.title + " (" + task.status + ")" } ] } for task in data [ "$batched_events" ] ] } ] }, { "type" : "actions" , "elements" : [ { "type" : "button" , "text" : { "type" : "plain_text" , "text" : "View Pending tasks" , "emoji" : true }, "url" : "https://app.company.com/tasks" , "value" : "task_url" } ] } ] Adding dynamic content Here’s how you can different types of variables in both handlebars and JSONNET syntax. Variable Type Handlebars Syntax JSONNET Syntax Parent Level variables {{user_name}} data.user_name Nested Object {{org.name}} data.org.name Print Array element at Index {{task_list.[0].task_name}} data.task_list[0].task_name Recipient {{$recipient.name}} data["$recipient"].name Actor {{$actor.name}} data["$actor"].name Tenant {{$tenant.brand_name}} data["$tenant"].brand_name Print each item in the Array Handlebars JSONNET Copy Ask AI {{#each task_list}} {{task_name}}: {{task_description}} {{/each}} Conditional Logic Handlebars JSONNET Copy Ask AI {{#if is_new_org}} New Organization {{else}} Existing Organization {{/if}} Batched Template Handlebars JSONNET Copy Ask AI Total events: {{$batched_events_count}} {{#each $batched_events}} {{item}} {{/each}} Preview Template Add mock JSON data using the Mock data button for all variables used in the template Click Load Preview to see the rendered template For JSONNET templates, click View in Slack Block Kit to see the actual Slack UI preview You must add mock data for all variables in your template. Missing mock data will cause rendering errors and prevent the preview from loading. Publish Template Once your template is ready, click Publish Draft and provide a version name to publish it. The published template becomes the live version and will be used whenever the associated workflow is triggered. Test Template Use this option to send a test message in Slack and preview how it will appear in user’s device. Click the Test button, then enter the user’s distinct_id and select the Slack channel where the test message should be sent. Template testing only uses the published Live version, so make sure to publish your changes before testing. Promote to Production You can clone template across workspaces by using Clone -> Outside Template option. Clone -> Within template can be used to clone within different languages and versions of the same template. Best Practice : Always design templates in your staging workspace first, then promote them to production. This ensures thorough testing of the changes without impacting end users. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Microsoft teams Template How to design simple MS Teams template using markdown editor or use JSONNET editor to replicate Microsoft's adaptive card design. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Edit Template Text Editor JSONNET Editor Template Examples Adding dynamic content Preview Template Publish Template Test Template Promote to Production | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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https://dev.to/arunavamodak | Arunava Modak - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Arunava Modak A Software Engineer, in love with building things. Passionate, especially about beautiful UI. Location Bengaluru, India Joined Joined on Nov 12, 2021 Email address arunavamodak2@gmail.com github website twitter website Work Senior Software Engineer @ Rizzle More info about @arunavamodak Badges Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Skills/Languages JavaScript, TypeScript, React, Redux, Node, MongoDB Currently learning React Native, Machine Learning Post 2 posts published Comment 4 comments written Tag 14 tags followed Make A ToDo App using React and ReduxToolkit Arunava Modak Arunava Modak Arunava Modak Follow Nov 21 '21 Make A ToDo App using React and ReduxToolkit # reduxtoolkit # beginners # programming # tutorial 25 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Want to connect with Arunava Modak? Create an account to connect with Arunava Modak. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in React Router V5 vs V6 Arunava Modak Arunava Modak Arunava Modak Follow Nov 14 '21 React Router V5 vs V6 # javascript # react # reactrouter # webdev 249 reactions Comments 17 comments 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:05 |
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