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https://dev.to/t/productivity/page/1269 | Productivity Page 1269 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Productivity Follow Hide Productivity includes tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Create Post submission guidelines Please check if your article contains information or discussion bases about productivity. From posts with the tag #productivity we expect tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. about #productivity Does my article fit the tag? It depends! Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. Older #productivity posts 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/extrabright/whats-new-in-webpixels-v3-55d4 | What's new in Webpixels v3 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alexis Enache Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at webpixels.io What's new in Webpixels v3 # programming # webdev # ai # productivity Webpixels News (4 Part Series) 1 Build modern landing pages that convert with the best ready-made Bootstrap templates 2 5+ Bootstrap chat templates for building modern messaging user interfaces 3 Build your app 10x faster with Webpixels CSS and Bootstrap 4 What's new in Webpixels v3 Building modern interfaces with Bootstrap should be fast, consistent, and production-ready. That’s exactly why we built Webpixels. Today, we’re excited to announce the launch of Webpixels v3 , a major step forward in our mission to provide a complete Bootstrap design system built around real-world needs: reusable UI components, ready-made templates, and scalable patterns for modern web apps. This release focuses on clarity, depth, and long-term usability for developers, freelancers, and teams building with Bootstrap. What Is Webpixels? Webpixels is a developer-first Bootstrap design system that helps you build faster by removing repetitive UI work. Instead of starting every project from scratch, Webpixels gives you a structured library of: Reusable Bootstrap UI components Fully designed templates and pages Consistent layout and spacing utilities Real-world patterns for dashboards, SaaS apps, and marketing sites Webpixels is built on Bootstrap 5 , with clean HTML, scalable CSS, and practical component APIs that fit naturally into modern workflows. What’s New in Webpixels v3 Webpixels v3 is not just a visual refresh. It’s a structural improvement across the entire system. A Refreshed Experience The new Webpixels site introduces a clearer structure, faster navigation, and improved discoverability across components, templates, and documentation. Everything is easier to browse, preview, and integrate into your projects. Expanded UI Components Library Webpixels v3 includes 600+ production-ready UI components , designed to cover real interface needs such as: Navigation and headers Forms and inputs Cards, lists, and tables Modals, alerts, and feedback states Utility-driven layout components All components are built to work seamlessly with Bootstrap’s core system, while extending it with consistent patterns and better defaults. Browse all 700+ UI blocks Bootstrap Templates and App Screens Beyond individual components, Webpixels v3 offers 80+ ready-made app screens and marketing site pages , helping you move from idea to implementation faster. You’ll find templates for: Dashboards and analytics screens Authentication flows (login, register, reset) Marketing and landing pages Pricing, contact, and content pages Inner app layouts like settings, profiles, and lists Each page is designed to be dropped directly into your project or adapted to your product’s needs. Browse all app screens and marketing pages Improved Documentation for Bootstrap Developers Clear documentation is just as important as good UI. Webpixels v3 comes with improved, structured documentation that helps you: Here's what you can do with the new docs: Get started quickly with installation and setup Understand component usage and customization Configure colors, typography, spacing, and themes Learn layout patterns and utility-driven design The documentation is written for developers who want practical guidance, not abstract theory. Read the docs Built for Long-Term Projects Webpixels is designed for people who build and maintain products over time. Whether you’re working on a SaaS app, a startup MVP, or multiple client projects, the system is built to scale with you. You can use Webpixels for: Unlimited personal projects Commercial products and SaaS applications Client work and agency projects Updates focus on stability, compatibility, and incremental improvements rather than constant breaking changes. Why Webpixels Exists Webpixels was built to solve a simple problem: Bootstrap is powerful, but real-world UI takes time. By providing a structured design system, reusable components, and complete templates, Webpixels helps you: Ship faster Maintain consistency Focus on product logic instead of repetitive UI work Webpixels v3 is a foundation, not a finish line. More components, templates, and refinements are already in progress. Get Started With Webpixels v3 If you’re building with Bootstrap and want a faster, more consistent way to design and ship interfaces, Webpixels v3 is ready. Explore the components, browse the templates, and start building with confidence. Get started now Webpixels News (4 Part Series) 1 Build modern landing pages that convert with the best ready-made Bootstrap templates 2 5+ Bootstrap chat templates for building modern messaging user interfaces 3 Build your app 10x faster with Webpixels CSS and Bootstrap 4 What's new in Webpixels v3 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alexis Enache Follow Running on code, gymming on loops | Creator of Webpixels | Working on AgainstData Location 🌍 Work Co-Founder and Developer at Webpixels Joined Feb 1, 2020 More from Alexis Enache Top 9 unsubscribe apps and email cleaners helping you achieve inbox-zero # privacy # productivity # news # startup Build your app 10x faster with Webpixels CSS and Bootstrap # webdev # beginners # opensource # css Meet Webpixels 2.0 # webdev # bootstrap # showdev # startup 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/sinie-zielienoie-razviertyvaniie-na-eks-14e3#%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C-devops | Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming EKS = Управляемый Kubernetes от Amazon Web Services EKS предоставляет вам: Управляющая плоскость ** Kubernetes** (API-сервер, планировщик). AWS управляет этим за вас. Вам всё ещё необходимо: Рабочие узлы (EC2) → для запуска подов kubectl **→ для связи с кластером **YAML → для указания Kubernetes, что нужно запустить. Очень важная ментальная модель _`Your laptop (kubectl) | v EKS API Server (managed by AWS) | v Worker Nodes (EC2) → Pods → Containers`_ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подключаться к узлам по SSH НИКОГДА нельзя. Шаг 1 — Создайте EKS вручную (через консоль AWS, без использования инструментов). 1. Откройте консоль AWS → EKS Выберите регион (например: us-east-1) Нажмите «Создать кластер» . 2. Конфигурация кластера Заполнять только: Имя * : bluegreen-demo * Версия Kubernetes : по умолчанию Роль кластерной службы * : Если AWS отображает её, выберите её. Если нет, нажмите * «Создать роль» (AWS создаст её автоматически). Нажмите Далее 3. Сетевое взаимодействие Использовать значения по умолчанию : VPC по умолчанию Как минимум 2 подсети Доступ к общедоступной конечной точке Нажмите « Создать ». ⏳ Дождитесь активации В этот момент: Kubernetes существует НО пока ничего не может бежать Шаг 2 — Создание рабочих узлов (ЭТО создаст EC2) Зачем нам это нужно Kubernetes размещает поды на узлах . Нет узлов = нет подов. Создать группу узлов Внутри вашего кластера: Перейдите в раздел «Вычисления» → «Добавить группу узлов». Наполнять: Имя: bg-nodes Роль IAM: создать/выбрать роль работника по умолчанию Настройки узла: Тип экземпляра:t3.medium Желательно: 2 Мин.: 2 Макс.: 3 Создать группу узлов → дождаться активации Теперь EC2 существует автоматически. Шаг 3 — Подключите kubectl (так работает DevOps) С вашего ноутбука: aws eks update-kubeconfig \ --region us-east-1 \ --name bluegreen-demo Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Проверять: kubectl get nodes Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Если вы видите узлы → значит, вы соединены. Впредь: Консоль AWS практически неактуальна. Всё делается с помощью kubectl Почему существуют стратегии развертывания (ОЧЕНЬ ВАЖНО) До Kubernetes (старый мир) Остановить приложение Развернуть новую версию Запустите приложение снова. Пользователи видят время простоя Откат происходит медленно. Проблемы, с которыми сталкивался DevOps Простои во время развертывания Пользователи получают ошибки Быстрый откат недоступен. Страх перед развертыванием войск Проблема с Kubernetes решена: - Капсулы - Услуги - Самоисцеление Однако стратегия развертывания определяет, как будет перемещаться трафик. Именно поэтому * существуют стратегии развертывания * . Что такое сине-зеленая стратегия (в простом виде)? Сине-зеленый = две версии, работающие одновременно. Синий → текущее производство Зеленый → новая версия, протестирована Транспортный поток резко меняет направление движения. Отсутствие частичного трафика. Отсутствие замедления развертывания. Почему сине-зеленый цвет используется в DevOps Преимущества Отсутствие простоев Мгновенный откат Безопасные релизы Легко понять Предсказуемое поведение Когда DevOps выбирает сине-зеленый подход Критические приложения API Финансовые системы Внутренние платформы Когда неудача обходится дорого Как работает принцип «сине-зеленого» взаимодействия в Kubernetes (простая истина) Kubernetes уже предоставляет нам такой инструмент: 👉 Сервис Решение принимает служба: «Какие модули посещают пользователи?» Сине-зеленый = * изменить селектор услуги * Вот и все. Внедрение сине-зеленого подхода (с нуля) 1️⃣ Развертывание Blue (версия 1 – в рабочем режиме) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-blue spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: blue template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: blue spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=BLUE v1"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2️⃣ Экологичное развертывание (версия 2 – не запущена) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-green spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: green template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: green spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=GREEN v2"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3️⃣ Сервис (производственный трафик) apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: prod-svc spec: selector: app: demo color: blue # LIVE VERSION ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 5678 Это переключатель управления . Разверните всё kubectl apply -f blue.yaml kubectl apply -f green.yaml kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Трафик → СИНИЙ Само развертывание (синий → зеленый) Измените одну строку: color: green Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подайте заявку снова: kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Транспортный поток мгновенно переключается. Перезагрузка Pod не требуется. Простой отсутствует. Откат (безопасность DevOps) Вернитесь назад: color: blue Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Применить → откат завершен. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/t/rails/page/9 | Ruby on Rails Page 9 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Ruby on Rails Follow Hide Ruby on Rails is a popular web framework that happens to power dev.to ❤️ Create Post about #rails Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. It was released in 2005 and powers websites like GitHub, Basecamp, and many others. The framework and community prides itself on developer experience, sensible abstractions and empowering individual developers to accomplish a lot. Older #rails posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I’ve Been Trying to Build a SaaS for Years — Still No Sales, But I’m Not Giving Up dclark312 dclark312 dclark312 Follow Jul 14 '25 I’ve Been Trying to Build a SaaS for Years — Still No Sales, But I’m Not Giving Up # webdev # startup # rails # cicd Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Modular Rails Applications: A Deep Dive into Rails Engines Through Active Storage Dashboard Giovanni Panasiti Giovanni Panasiti Giovanni Panasiti Follow Jul 9 '25 Building Modular Rails Applications: A Deep Dive into Rails Engines Through Active Storage Dashboard # ruby # rails # opensource Comments Add Comment 11 min read Self-Hosting Rails Apps with Cloudflare Tunnels - Why I chose to self host hobby apps on my Mac Mini Mark Holton Mark Holton Mark Holton Follow Aug 10 '25 Self-Hosting Rails Apps with Cloudflare Tunnels - Why I chose to self host hobby apps on my Mac Mini # rails # selfhosting # cloudflare # devops 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Create a macOS-inspired stack UI with Stimulus and Tailwind CSS Rails Designer Rails Designer Rails Designer Follow Aug 7 '25 Create a macOS-inspired stack UI with Stimulus and Tailwind CSS # rails # ruby # hotwire # tailwindcss 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 6 min read Recognizing Actor Boundaries Through Domain-Driven Design: Lessons from a Shared WorkLog Augusts Bautra Augusts Bautra Augusts Bautra Follow Jul 4 '25 Recognizing Actor Boundaries Through Domain-Driven Design: Lessons from a Shared WorkLog # rails # actor # analysis # ddd Comments Add Comment 2 min read DOM Bloat Survival Guide: Fixing Turbo Stream Memory Leaks Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Follow Jul 3 '25 DOM Bloat Survival Guide: Fixing Turbo Stream Memory Leaks # webdev # programming # rails # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read Using Subdomains in Rails: Development vs Production Rails Designer Rails Designer Rails Designer Follow Aug 6 '25 Using Subdomains in Rails: Development vs Production # ruby # rails # webdev # saas 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How We’re Building a Social Media Empire with Rails and Sidekiq Shaher Shamroukh Shaher Shamroukh Shaher Shamroukh Follow Aug 5 '25 How We’re Building a Social Media Empire with Rails and Sidekiq # rails # robinreach # sidekiq # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Hotwire + CableReady: Beyond Turbo Streams Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Follow Jul 6 '25 Hotwire + CableReady: Beyond Turbo Streams # webdev # programming # rails # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Unlocking Performance with AsyncJob: Specific Use Cases for I/O-Bound Operations Vikas Kumar Vikas Kumar Vikas Kumar Follow Aug 5 '25 Unlocking Performance with AsyncJob: Specific Use Cases for I/O-Bound Operations # rails # activejob 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Rails Built-in Rate Limiting: A Deep Dive Mateusz Palak Mateusz Palak Mateusz Palak Follow Aug 3 '25 Rails Built-in Rate Limiting: A Deep Dive # rails # ruby # programming # tutorial 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read Turbo Streams vs. htmx SSE: A Latency Deep Dive Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Follow Jun 29 '25 Turbo Streams vs. htmx SSE: A Latency Deep Dive # webdev # programming # rails # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Build AI Agents in Ruby with Just One Gem Russell Van Curen Russell Van Curen Russell Van Curen Follow Aug 2 '25 Build AI Agents in Ruby with Just One Gem # ruby # openai # rails # ai 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Your First Ruby on Rails App: The Beginner’s Blueprint Pichandal Pichandal Pichandal Follow Aug 1 '25 Building Your First Ruby on Rails App: The Beginner’s Blueprint # webdev # programming # rails # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 5 min read Add Konami Codes with Stimulus Rails Designer Rails Designer Rails Designer Follow Jul 31 '25 Add Konami Codes with Stimulus # ruby # rails # javascript # hotwire 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Scaling Pains? How Rails Makes Database Sharding Surprisingly Simple George Maharjan George Maharjan George Maharjan Follow Jun 27 '25 Scaling Pains? How Rails Makes Database Sharding Surprisingly Simple # rails # database Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Idea to App: A Fun Ride with React, Inertia & Rails Josephine Opondo Josephine Opondo Josephine Opondo Follow Jun 27 '25 From Idea to App: A Fun Ride with React, Inertia & Rails # webdev # react # rails Comments Add Comment 6 min read Rails Designer's UI Components v1.15: now for ViewComponent v4 Rails Designer Rails Designer Rails Designer Follow Jul 30 '25 Rails Designer's UI Components v1.15: now for ViewComponent v4 # rails # ruby # webdev # design 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Case Against Microservices for Startups Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Follow Jun 26 '25 The Case Against Microservices for Startups # webdev # programming # rails # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stimulus + TypeScript: A Love Story Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Follow Jun 30 '25 Stimulus + TypeScript: A Love Story # webdev # programming # rails # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Writing Reusable and Performant Scopes in Rails with .merge Michel Sánchez Montells Michel Sánchez Montells Michel Sánchez Montells Follow Jul 19 '25 Writing Reusable and Performant Scopes in Rails with .merge # rails # ruby # activerecord # scopes 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Rails on Jets: Serverless Active Record? Here’s What Broke Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Follow Jun 25 '25 Rails on Jets: Serverless Active Record? Here’s What Broke # webdev # programming # rails # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read CQRS Pitfalls: Why Your Read Model is Stale Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Follow Jun 25 '25 CQRS Pitfalls: Why Your Read Model is Stale # webdev # programming # rails # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Reducing ActiveRecord Callback Chains by 80% Using POROs Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Alex Aslam Follow Jul 8 '25 Reducing ActiveRecord Callback Chains by 80% Using POROs # webdev # programming # rails # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 💎 ANN: omniauth-identity v3.1.4 Peter H. Boling Peter H. Boling Peter H. Boling Follow Jul 29 '25 💎 ANN: omniauth-identity v3.1.4 # authentication # ruby # security # rails 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/miltivik/how-i-built-a-high-performance-social-api-with-bun-elysiajs-on-a-5-vps-handling-36k-reqsmin-5do4#takeaway | How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse nicomedina Posted on Jan 13 How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) # bunjs # api # javascript # programming The Goal I wanted to build a "Micro-Social" API—a backend service capable of handling Twitter-like feeds, follows, and likes—without breaking the bank. My constraints were simple: Budget:** $5 - $20 / month. Performance:** Sub-300ms latency. Scale:** Must handle concurrent load (stress testing). Most tutorials show you Hello World . This post shows you what happens when you actually hit Hello World with 25 concurrent users on a cheap VPS. (Spoiler: It crashes). Here is how I fixed it. ## The Stack 🛠️ I chose Bun over Node.js for its startup speed and built-in tooling. Runtime: Bun Framework: ElysiaJS (Fastest Bun framework) Database: PostgreSQL (via Dokploy) ORM: Drizzle (Lightweight & Type-safe) Hosting: VPS with Dokploy (Docker Compose) The "Oh Sh*t" Moment 🚨 I deployed my first version. It worked fine for me. Then I ran a load test using k6 to simulate 25 virtual users browsing various feeds. k6 run tests/stress-test.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Result: ✗ http_req_failed................: 86.44% ✗ status is 429..................: 86.44% The server wasn't crashing, but it was rejecting almost everyone. Diagnosis I initially blamed Traefik (the reverse proxy). But digging into the code, I found the culprit was me . // src/index.ts // OLD CONFIGURATION . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 100 // 💀 100 requests per minute... GLOBAL per IP? })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since my stress test (and likely any future NATed corporate office) sent all requests from a single IP, I was essentially DDOSing myself. The Fixes 🔧 1. Tuning the Rate Limiter I bumped the limit to 2,500 req/min . This prevents abuse while allowing heavy legitimate traffic (or load balancers). // src/index.ts . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 2500 // Much better for standard reliable APIs })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Database Connection Pooling The default Postgres pool size is often small (e.g., 10 or 20). My VPS has 4GB RAM. PostgreSQL needs RAM for connections, but not that much. I bumped the pool to 80 connections . // src/db/index.ts const client = postgres ( process . env . DATABASE_URL , { max : 80 }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Horizontal Scaling with Docker Node/Bun is single-threaded. A single container uses 1 CPU core effectivey. My VPS has 2 vCPUs. I added a replicas instruction to my docker-compose.dokploy.yml : api : build : . restart : always deploy : replicas : 2 # One for each core! Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This instantly doubled my throughput capacity. Traefik automatically load-balances between the two containers. The Final Result 🟢 Ran k6 again: ✓ checks_succeeded...: 100.00% ✓ http_req_duration..: p(95)=200.45ms ✓ http_req_failed....: 0.00% (excluding auth checks) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 0 errors. 200ms latency. On a cheap VPS. Takeaway You don't need Kubernetes for a side project. You just need to understand where your bottlenecks are: Application Layer: Check your Rate Limits. Database Layer: Check your Connection Pool. Hardware: Use all your cores (Replicas). If you want to try the API, I published it on RapidAPI as Micro-Social API . https://rapidapi.com/ismamed4/api/micro-social Happy coding! 🚀 Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Olivia John Olivia John Olivia John Follow Curious about what makes apps succeed (or fail). Sharing lessons from real-world performance stories. Pronouns She/Her Joined Jun 24, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse nicomedina Follow Hello im a Uruguayan Developer and im a person who always want to search, learn, and adapt new habit or skills in me. Location Uruguay Education UTEC Pronouns He/His Joined Jan 11, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.memorymanagement.org/glossary/g.html#term-generational-hypothesis | Memory Management Glossary: G — Memory Management Reference 4.0 documentation Memory Management Reference « Memory Management Glossary: F | Memory Management Glossary: G | Memory Management Glossary: H » Memory Management Glossary: G ¶ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z garbage ¶ Garbage consists of objects that are dead . In tracing garbage collection , the term is sometimes used to mean objects that are known to be dead; that is, objects that are unreachable . garbage collection ¶ Also known as GC . Garbage collection (GC), also known as automatic memory management , is the automatic recycling of dynamically allocated memory (2) . Garbage collection is performed by a garbage collector which recycles memory that it can prove will never be used again. Systems and languages which use garbage collection can be described as garbage-collected . Garbage collection is a tried and tested memory management technique that has been in use since its invention in the 1950s. It avoids the need for the programmer to deallocate memory blocks explicitly, thus avoiding a number of problems: memory leaks , double frees , and premature frees . The burden on the programmer is reduced by not having to investigate such problems, thereby increasing productivity. Garbage collection can also dramatically simplify programs, chiefly by allowing modules to present cleaner interfaces to each other: the management of object storage between modules is unnecessary. It is not possible, in general, for a garbage collector to determine exactly which objects are still live . Even if it didn’t depend on future input, there can be no general algorithm to prove that an object is live (cf. the Halting Problem). All garbage collectors use some efficient approximation to liveness. In tracing garbage collection , the approximation is that an object can’t be live unless it is reachable . In reference counting , the approximation is that an object can’t be live unless it is referenced . Hybrid algorithms are also possible. Often the term garbage collection is used narrowly to mean only tracing garbage collection. There is a large body of published work on particular and general garbage collection algorithms. Historical note Garbage collection was first invented by John McCarthy in 1958 as part of the implementation of Lisp . Other significant languages offering garbage collection include Java , ML , Modula-3 , Perl , Prolog , and Smalltalk . Major applications using garbage collection include Emacs and AutoCAD; usually, you can’t tell whether an application does or not, but these have extension languages that expose the fact. Similar term automatic memory management . Opposite term manual memory management . See also conservative garbage collection , copying garbage collection , distributed garbage collection , generational garbage collection , incremental garbage collection , parallel garbage collection . Related publication McCarthy (1960) . garbage collector ¶ Also known as collector . A (garbage) collector is (an implementation of) a garbage collection algorithm. This term is often used when referring to particular implementations or algorithms, for example, “the Boehm–Demers–Weiser collector ”. GB ¶ See gigabyte . GC ¶ See garbage collection . General Protection Fault ¶ Also known as GPF . A General Protection Fault on the Windows platforms is the equivalent of a segmentation violation on Unix. generation ¶ A generation is a set of objects of similar age . A generational garbage collector will typically divide the set of all objects into generations, and condemn all the objects in a generation together. Rather than allowing whole generations to age, the collector (1) can promote objects into older generations as they survive successive collection cycles . New objects are usually allocated in the youngest or nursery generation , but if we know that particular objects will be long-lived, we might want to allocate them directly in an older generation. Thus, more loosely, a generation is a set of objects which have similar expected lifetimes . See also bucket . In the MPS The client program specifies the generational structure of a pool (or group of pools) using a generation chain . See Garbage collection . generation chain ¶ In the MPS A data structure that specifies the structure of the generations in a pool (or group of pools). See Garbage collection . generation scavenging ¶ See generational garbage collection . generational garbage collection ¶ Also known as generation scavenging . Generational garbage collection is tracing garbage collection that makes use of the generational hypothesis . Objects are gathered together in generations . New objects are allocated in the youngest or nursery generation, and promoted to older generations if they survive. Objects in older generations are condemned less frequently, saving CPU time. It is typically rare for an object to refer to a younger object. Hence, objects in one generation typically have few references to objects in younger generations. This means that the scanning of old generations in the course of collecting younger generations can be done more efficiently by means of remembered sets . In some purely functional languages (that is, without update), all references are backwards in time, in which case remembered sets are unnecessary. See also remembered set . In the MPS The AMC (Automatic Mostly-Copying) and AMCZ (Automatic Mostly-Copying Zero-rank) pool classes support generational garbage collection. generational hypothesis ¶ Also known as infant mortality . Infant mortality or the generational hypothesis is the observation that, in most cases, young objects are much more likely to die than old objects. Strictly, the hypothesis is that the probability of death as a function of age falls faster than exponential decay (inverse hyper-exponential), but this strict condition is not always required for techniques such as generational garbage collection to be useful. gigabyte ¶ Also known as GB . A gigabyte is 1024 megabytes , or 1073741824 bytes (1) . See byte (1) for general information on this and related quantities. good fit ¶ The class of allocation policies which approximate best fit . Strict best fit may be costly to implement (depending on the details of the allocation mechanism ), so some implementors approximate it, choosing a block which is close in size to the allocation request. See also allocation policy , best fit , next fit , worst fit . Related publication Wilson et al. (1995) . GPF ¶ See General Protection Fault . grain ¶ The grain of a platform is the smallest alignment that is sufficient to accommodate all data accesses on that platform. Often this is a word or a small multiple of a word. Double precision floating point numbers often have the strictest alignment requirements. See also alignment , word . graph ¶ A graph is a set of nodes together with a set of edges connecting nodes. If the edges have direction like arrows (for example, references in a graph of objects ), then the graph is said to be a directed graph . Directed graph. ¶ Relevance to memory management Graphs are used to model reachability for tracing garbage collection . The objects are considered to form a graph, with the nodes of the graph being the objects and the edges of the graph being the references from one object to another. Usually, there is a single, distinguished root to which the mutator has direct access, and the nodes strongly connected to it are the reachable modes. gray ¶ grey ¶ In a tri-color marking scheme, gray objects are objects that are proved or assumed (see generational and condemn ) to be reachable , but have not yet been scanned . More precisely, gray objects have been noted reachable, but must still be visited by the collector (2) in order to process their children. Similar term gray list . Opposite terms black , white . gray list ¶ grey list ¶ The gray list is the set of objects that a tracing garbage collector has noted reachable , but hasn’t scanned yet. The gray list is so called because it corresponds to the set of gray objects in the tri-color marking model of graph tracing. The gray list changes as the garbage collector progresses. Each gray object is scanned , and all white objects referred to by it become gray and are added to the list. Scanning a gray object turns it black . When the gray list is empty, the tracing is finished, and white objects may be reclaimed . The representation of the gray list is a key part of garbage collector design. The size of the list is potentially proportional to the size of the heap , and the operation of finding the next gray object to scan must be cheap. See also Cheney scan . © Copyright 2023, Ravenbrook Limited. Created using Sphinx 4.5.0. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/t/testing/page/8#main-content | Testing Page 8 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Testing Follow Hide Find those bugs before your users do! 🐛 Create Post Older #testing posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I’m experimenting with purchase history as a signal for product recommendations. Curious what I’m missing. Chad Musselman Chad Musselman Chad Musselman Follow Dec 15 '25 I’m experimenting with purchase history as a signal for product recommendations. Curious what I’m missing. # startup # ai # beginners # testing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Quarkus Testing: @QuarkusTest vs @QuarkusIntegrationTest Mateus Malaquias Mateus Malaquias Mateus Malaquias Follow Dec 15 '25 Quarkus Testing: @QuarkusTest vs @QuarkusIntegrationTest # quarkus # java # testing # kotlin Comments Add Comment 3 min read Title: I built a 13-app "Zoo" using Gemini Pro 3. The constraint: I wasn't allowed to inspect the code. Nathan Johnston Nathan Johnston Nathan Johnston Follow Dec 14 '25 Title: I built a 13-app "Zoo" using Gemini Pro 3. The constraint: I wasn't allowed to inspect the code. # showdev # gemini # testing # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Test Environment Long Nguyễn Xuân Long Nguyễn Xuân Long Nguyễn Xuân Follow Dec 15 '25 Test Environment # beginners # devops # testing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Artemis II Isn’t About the Launch — It’s About the Rehearsal Sanuga Kuruppu Sanuga Kuruppu Sanuga Kuruppu Follow Dec 16 '25 Artemis II Isn’t About the Launch — It’s About the Rehearsal # systemdesign # testing # softwareengineering # architecture Comments Add Comment 1 min read Runtime Snapshots #9 — Semantic Regression Detection: When Deploys Break UX, Not Tests Alechko Alechko Alechko Follow Jan 6 Runtime Snapshots #9 — Semantic Regression Detection: When Deploys Break UX, Not Tests # cicd # frontend # testing # ux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Setting Up and Testing PayPal Webhooks Locally Without Guesswork Lightning Developer Lightning Developer Lightning Developer Follow Dec 29 '25 Setting Up and Testing PayPal Webhooks Locally Without Guesswork # testing # webdev # tutorial # node 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Debugging PowerShell vs. Bash for Local API Testing Mathabo Motaung Mathabo Motaung Mathabo Motaung Follow Jan 6 Debugging PowerShell vs. Bash for Local API Testing # java # api # testing # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read Testing in Umami codebase - Part 1.0 Ramu Narasinga Ramu Narasinga Ramu Narasinga Follow Dec 15 '25 Testing in Umami codebase - Part 1.0 # opensource # umami # testing # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Cybersecurity ProxyChains: A Mask of Anonymity The Hackers Meetup Nagpur The Hackers Meetup Nagpur The Hackers Meetup Nagpur Follow Dec 27 '25 Cybersecurity ProxyChains: A Mask of Anonymity # cybersecurity # proxy # security # testing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Data Granularity: The Hidden Factor Behind AI Testing Quality Khiem Phan Khiem Phan Khiem Phan Follow Dec 15 '25 Data Granularity: The Hidden Factor Behind AI Testing Quality # ai # testing # database # granularity Comments Add Comment 8 min read How to Debug LeetCode Solutions When Test Cases Fail: A Systematic Approach Alex Hunter Alex Hunter Alex Hunter Follow Dec 17 '25 How to Debug LeetCode Solutions When Test Cases Fail: A Systematic Approach # debugging # leetcode # problemsolving # testing Comments Add Comment 10 min read QARX-256 praveen praveen praveen Follow Dec 14 '25 QARX-256 # opensource # security # testing # development Comments Add Comment 1 min read P1- Agent0 中的curriculum agent精读 Zhaopeng Xuan Zhaopeng Xuan Zhaopeng Xuan Follow Jan 6 P1- Agent0 中的curriculum agent精读 # agents # ai # machinelearning # testing Comments Add Comment 3 min read The brutal REALITY of software architecture ArchUnitTS ArchUnitTS ArchUnitTS Follow Dec 13 '25 The brutal REALITY of software architecture # webdev # programming # testing # architecture 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Playwright vs. Selenium: A 2026 Architecture Review Lalit Mishra Lalit Mishra Lalit Mishra Follow Jan 4 Playwright vs. Selenium: A 2026 Architecture Review # architecture # automation # devops # testing 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Python Selenium Architecture in detail / significance of the Python Virtual Environment Nasina Hemanth Nasina Hemanth Nasina Hemanth Follow Jan 5 Python Selenium Architecture in detail / significance of the Python Virtual Environment # architecture # automation # python # testing Comments 2 comments 2 min read Release 0.4 Final: Reflecting on My Open Source Contributions for release 0.4 Hitesh Sachdeva Hitesh Sachdeva Hitesh Sachdeva Follow Dec 12 '25 Release 0.4 Final: Reflecting on My Open Source Contributions for release 0.4 # opensource # programming # learning # testing Comments Add Comment 4 min read Apache JMeter – Overview and Practical Guide Siswoyo Siswoyo Siswoyo Siswoyo Siswoyo Siswoyo Follow Dec 17 '25 Apache JMeter – Overview and Practical Guide # testing # programming # backenddevelopment 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Testing Unit HexZo Network HexZo Network HexZo Network Follow Dec 14 '25 Testing Unit # programming # ai # testing # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Maestro: A Single Framework for Mobile and Web E2E Testing Dennis Whalen Dennis Whalen Dennis Whalen Follow for Leading EDJE Dec 26 '25 Maestro: A Single Framework for Mobile and Web E2E Testing # webdev # testing # mobile # qa Comments 2 comments 5 min read Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Dec 13 '25 Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress # cypress # react # jwt # testing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Eclipse WTP: JaCoCo Coverage Not Recognized When Running Tomcat in Debug Mode toydev toydev toydev Follow Dec 12 '25 Eclipse WTP: JaCoCo Coverage Not Recognized When Running Tomcat in Debug Mode # java # eclipse # jacoco # testing Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Verdex Sees Inside Iframes: Event-Driven Multi-Frame Support Johnny Johnny Johnny Follow Dec 12 '25 How Verdex Sees Inside Iframes: Event-Driven Multi-Frame Support # tooling # testing # javascript # architecture Comments Add Comment 12 min read Quic-test: an open tool for testing QUIC, BBRv3, and FEC under real-world network conditions Maksim Lanies Maksim Lanies Maksim Lanies Follow for Cloudbridge Research Dec 11 '25 Quic-test: an open tool for testing QUIC, BBRv3, and FEC under real-world network conditions # tooling # testing # opensource # networking Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/beck_moulton/stop-sending-sensitive-data-to-the-cloud-build-a-local-first-mental-health-ai-with-webllm-5100#step-1-initializing-the-engine | Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Beck_Moulton Posted on Jan 13 Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM # privacy # typescript # webgpu # webllm In an era where data breaches are common, privacy in Edge AI has moved from a "nice-to-have" to a "must-have," especially in sensitive fields like healthcare. If you've ever worried about your private conversations being used to train a massive corporate model, you're not alone. Today, we are exploring the frontier of Privacy-preserving AI by building a medical Q&A bot that runs entirely on the client side. By leveraging WebLLM , WebGPU , and TVM Unity , we can now execute large language models directly in the browser. This means the dialogue never leaves the user's device, providing a truly decentralized and secure experience. For those looking to scale these types of high-performance implementations, I highly recommend checking out the WellAlly Tech Blog for more production-ready patterns on enterprise-grade AI deployment. The Architecture: Why WebGPU? Traditional AI apps send a request to a server (Python/FastAPI), which queries a GPU (NVIDIA A100), and sends a JSON response back. This "Client-Server" model is the privacy killer. Our "Local-First" approach uses WebGPU , the next-gen graphics API for the web, to tap into the user's hardware directly. graph TD subgraph User_Device [User Browser / Device] A[React UI Layer] -->|Dispatch| B[WebLLM Worker] B -->|Request Execution| C[TVM Unity Runtime] C -->|Compute Kernels| D[WebGPU API] D -->|Inference| E[VRAM / GPU Hardware] E -->|Streaming Text| B B -->|State Update| A end F((Public Internet)) -.->|Static Assets & Model Weights| A F -.->|NO PRIVATE DATA SENT| A Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Prerequisites Before we dive in, ensure you have a browser that supports WebGPU (Chrome 113+ or Edge). Framework : React (Vite template) Language : TypeScript AI Engine : @mlc-ai/web-llm Core Tech : WebGPU & TVM Unity Step 1: Initializing the Engine Running an LLM in a browser requires significant memory management. We use a Web Worker to ensure the UI doesn't freeze while the model is "thinking." // engine.ts import { CreateMLCEngine , MLCEngineConfig } from " @mlc-ai/web-llm " ; const modelId = " Llama-3-8B-Instruct-v0.1-q4f16_1-MLC " ; // Lightweight quantized model export async function initializeEngine ( onProgress : ( p : number ) => void ) { const engine = await CreateMLCEngine ( modelId , { initProgressCallback : ( report ) => { onProgress ( Math . round ( report . progress * 100 )); console . log ( report . text ); }, }); return engine ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Creating the Privacy-First Chat Hook In a medical context, the system prompt is critical. We need to instruct the model to behave as a supportive assistant while maintaining strict safety boundaries. // useChat.ts import { useState } from ' react ' ; import { initializeEngine } from ' ./engine ' ; export const useChat = () => { const [ engine , setEngine ] = useState < any > ( null ); const [ messages , setMessages ] = useState < { role : string , content : string }[] > ([]); const startConsultation = async () => { const instance = await initializeEngine (( p ) => console . log ( `Loading: ${ p } %` )); setEngine ( instance ); // Set the System Identity for Mental Health await instance . chat . completions . create ({ messages : [{ role : " system " , content : " You are a private, empathetic mental health assistant. Your goal is to listen and provide support. You do not store data. If a user is in danger, provide emergency resources immediately. " }], }); }; const sendMessage = async ( input : string ) => { const newMessages = [... messages , { role : " user " , content : input }]; setMessages ( newMessages ); const reply = await engine . chat . completions . create ({ messages : newMessages , }); setMessages ([... newMessages , reply . choices [ 0 ]. message ]); }; return { messages , sendMessage , startConsultation }; }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 3: Optimizing for Performance (TVM Unity) The magic behind WebLLM is TVM Unity , which compiles models into highly optimized WebGPU kernels. This allows us to run models like Llama-3 or Mistral at impressive tokens-per-second on a standard Macbook or high-end Windows laptop. If you are dealing with advanced production scenarios—such as model sharding or custom quantization for specific medical datasets—the team at WellAlly Tech has documented extensive guides on optimizing WebAssembly runtimes for maximum throughput. Step 4: Building the React UI A simple, clean interface is best for mental health applications. We want the user to feel calm and secure. // ChatComponent.tsx import React , { useState } from ' react ' ; import { useChat } from ' ./useChat ' ; export const MentalHealthBot = () => { const { messages , sendMessage , startConsultation } = useChat (); const [ input , setInput ] = useState ( "" ); return ( < div className = "p-6 max-w-2xl mx-auto border rounded-xl shadow-lg bg-white" > < h2 className = "text-2xl font-bold mb-4" > Shielded Mind AI 🛡️ </ h2 > < p className = "text-sm text-gray-500 mb-4" > Status: < span className = "text-green-500" > Local Only (Encrypted by Hardware) </ span ></ p > < div className = "h-96 overflow-y-auto mb-4 p-4 bg-gray-50 rounded" > { messages . map (( m , i ) => ( < div key = { i } className = { `mb-2 ${ m . role === ' user ' ? ' text-blue-600 ' : ' text-gray-800 ' } ` } > < strong > { m . role === ' user ' ? ' You: ' : ' AI: ' } </ strong > { m . content } </ div > )) } </ div > < div className = "flex gap-2" > < input className = "flex-1 border p-2 rounded" value = { input } onChange = { ( e ) => setInput ( e . target . value ) } placeholder = "How are you feeling today?" /> < button onClick = { () => { sendMessage ( input ); setInput ( "" ); } } className = "bg-purple-600 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded hover:bg-purple-700" > Send </ button > </ div > < button onClick = { startConsultation } className = "mt-4 text-xs text-gray-400 underline" > Initialize Secure WebGPU Engine </ button > </ div > ); }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenges & Solutions Model Size : Downloading a 4GB-8GB model to a browser is the biggest hurdle. Solution : Use IndexedDB caching so the user only downloads the model once. VRAM Limits : Mobile devices may struggle with large context windows. Solution : Implement sliding window attention and aggressive 4-bit quantization. Cold Start : The initial "Loading" phase can take time. Solution : Use a skeleton screen and explain that this process ensures their privacy. Conclusion By moving the "brain" of our AI from the cloud to the user's browser, we've created a psychological safe space that is literally impossible for hackers to intercept at the server level. WebLLM and WebGPU are turning browsers into powerful AI engines. Want to dive deeper into Edge AI security , LLM Quantization , or WebGPU performance tuning ? Head over to the WellAlly Tech Blog where we break down the latest advancements in local-first software architecture. What do you think? Would you trust a local-only AI more than ChatGPT for sensitive topics? Let me know in the comments below! 👇 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Beck_Moulton Follow Joined Aug 22, 2022 More from Beck_Moulton Private & Fast: Building a Browser-Based Dermatology Screener with WebLLM and WebGPU # privacy # ai # web # webdev Federated Learning or Bust: Architecting Privacy-First Health AI # machinelearning # architecture # privacy # devops Why Your Health Data Belongs on Your Device (Not the Cloud): A Local-First Manifesto # architecture # privacy # offlinefirst # database 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # systemdesign Follow Hide Create Post Older #systemdesign posts 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu FINTECH 101 — HOW TRANSACTIONS REALLY WORK Kwaku Essah Kwaku Essah Kwaku Essah Follow Dec 18 '25 FINTECH 101 — HOW TRANSACTIONS REALLY WORK # fintech # systemdesign # backenddevelopment # software 15 reactions Comments 5 comments 3 min read 5 lessons I learned designing a WordPress System Design interview course for a high-traffic prep platform Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Dec 17 '25 5 lessons I learned designing a WordPress System Design interview course for a high-traffic prep platform # wordpress # systemdesign # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read System Design in a Hurry: How to Recover When You Realize Your Design Is Wrong Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Dec 17 '25 System Design in a Hurry: How to Recover When You Realize Your Design Is Wrong # systemdesign # career # beginners # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Mastering System Design: A Practical Guide Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Follow Dec 17 '25 Mastering System Design: A Practical Guide # systemdesign # softwareengineering # architecture # tech Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Reverse-Engineered the Google SRE "NALS" Interview (Here is the Flowchart) Ace Interviews Ace Interviews Ace Interviews Follow Dec 16 '25 I Reverse-Engineered the Google SRE "NALS" Interview (Here is the Flowchart) # sre # google # systemdesign # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Hidden Cost of Event-Driven Architecture: Why Decoupling Can Triple Your Debugging Time Carlos INFANTES Carlos INFANTES Carlos INFANTES Follow Nov 11 '25 The Hidden Cost of Event-Driven Architecture: Why Decoupling Can Triple Your Debugging Time # architecture # microservices # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read Exploring Rate Limiting in Go IamKhan IamKhan IamKhan Follow Dec 16 '25 Exploring Rate Limiting in Go # systemdesign # algorithms # security # go Comments Add Comment 4 min read Rate-based vs. Window-based Throttling Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Nov 12 '25 Rate-based vs. Window-based Throttling # 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systemdesign # performance # ai # backend Comments Add Comment 6 min read How I Approach Building Component Systems Aleksandr Ryzhikov Aleksandr Ryzhikov Aleksandr Ryzhikov Follow Nov 10 '25 How I Approach Building Component Systems # systemdesign # design # frontend # ui Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Idempotence Is So Important in Data Engineering Chetan Gupta Chetan Gupta Chetan Gupta Follow Dec 14 '25 Why Idempotence Is So Important in Data Engineering # architecture # dataengineering # systemdesign # etl Comments Add Comment 6 min read How Does Amex Process Millions of Transactions in Milliseconds Evan Lausier Evan Lausier Evan Lausier Follow Dec 13 '25 How Does Amex Process Millions of Transactions in Milliseconds # machinelearning # performance # systemdesign 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Your AI Workflow Design Might Be Overcomplicated Matěj Štágl Matěj Štágl Matěj Štágl Follow Nov 8 '25 Why Your AI Workflow Design Might Be Overcomplicated # discuss # systemdesign # productivity # ai Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🚀 Unleash Performance: A Deep Dive into Django's Asynchronous ORM Queries sizan mahmud0 sizan mahmud0 sizan mahmud0 Follow Nov 10 '25 🚀 Unleash Performance: A Deep Dive into Django's Asynchronous ORM Queries # django # postgres # webdev # systemdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read System Design: How Random Video Chat Apps Work Flavius Belisarius Flavius Belisarius Flavius Belisarius Follow Dec 13 '25 System Design: How Random Video Chat Apps Work # webdev # webrtc # systemdesign # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read The 2011 Japan Earthquake: Impact on IT Infrastructure and Data Security Asghar Hussain Asghar Hussain Asghar Hussain Follow Nov 10 '25 The 2011 Japan Earthquake: Impact on IT Infrastructure and Data Security # cloudcomputing # cybersecurity # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to understand large typescript codebase Vikas Singh Vikas Singh Vikas Singh Follow Nov 9 '25 How to understand large typescript codebase # typescript # javascript # webdev # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a Scalable UI System for Ride-Hailing Apps: Lessons from 85+ Projects شركة مرحبا شركة مرحبا شركة مرحبا Follow Nov 8 '25 Building a Scalable UI System for Ride-Hailing Apps: Lessons from 85+ Projects # systemdesign # ux # mobile # ui Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Guarantee True Ordering in Complex Kafka Replays: Solving the Determinism Nightmare Tsofnat M Tsofnat M Tsofnat M Follow Dec 10 '25 How to Guarantee True Ordering in Complex Kafka Replays: Solving the Determinism Nightmare # kafka # infrastructure # systemdesign # eventdriven 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How Hive system design interview courses helped me go from confused to confident Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Dec 10 '25 How Hive system design interview courses helped me go from confused to confident # hive # systemdesign # career # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mind the Gap: The API Layer That Shouldn’t Exist CAmador CAmador CAmador Follow Nov 5 '25 Mind the Gap: The API Layer That Shouldn’t Exist # api # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read I've created a leetcode-like platform for system design Lucas Andrade Lucas Andrade Lucas Andrade Follow Nov 5 '25 I've created a leetcode-like platform for system design # webdev # programming # systemdesign # buildinpublic Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/siy/the-underlying-process-of-request-processing-1od4#the-shift-in-thinking | The Underlying Process of Request Processing - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sergiy Yevtushenko Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at pragmatica.dev The Underlying Process of Request Processing # java # functional # architecture # backend The Underlying Process of Request Processing Beyond Languages and Frameworks Every request your system handles follows the same fundamental process. It doesn't matter if you're writing Java, Rust, or Python. It doesn't matter if you're using Spring, Express, or raw sockets. The underlying process is universal because it mirrors how humans naturally solve problems. When you receive a question, you don't answer immediately. You gather context. You retrieve relevant knowledge. You combine pieces of information. You transform raw data into meaningful understanding. Only then do you formulate a response. This is data transformation--taking input and gradually collecting necessary pieces of knowledge to provide a correct answer. Software request processing works identically. The Universal Pattern Every request follows these stages: Parse - Transform raw input into validated domain objects Gather - Collect necessary data from various sources Process - Apply business logic to produce results Respond - Transform results into appropriate output format This isn't a framework pattern. It's not a design choice. It's the fundamental nature of information processing. Whether you're handling an HTTP request, processing a message from a queue, or responding to a CLI command--the process is the same. Input → Parse → Gather → Process → Respond → Output Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each stage transforms data. Each stage may need additional data. Each stage may fail. The entire flow is a data transformation pipeline. Why Async Looks Like Sync Here's the insight that changes everything: when you think in terms of data transformation, the sync/async distinction disappears . Consider these two operations: // "Synchronous" Result < User > user = database . findUser ( userId ); // "Asynchronous" Promise < User > user = httpClient . fetchUser ( userId ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode From a data transformation perspective, these are identical: Both take a user ID Both produce a User (or failure) Both are steps in a larger pipeline The only difference is when the result becomes available. But that's an execution detail, not a structural concern. Your business logic doesn't care whether the data came from local memory or crossed an ocean. It cares about what the data is and what to do with it. When you structure code as data transformation pipelines, this becomes obvious: // The structure is identical regardless of sync/async return userId . all ( id -> findUser ( id ), // Might be sync or async id -> loadPermissions ( id ), // Might be sync or async id -> fetchPreferences ( id ) // Might be sync or async ). map ( this :: buildContext ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The pattern doesn't change. The composition doesn't change. Only the underlying execution strategy changes--and that's handled by the types, not by you. Parallel Execution Becomes Transparent The same principle applies to parallelism. When operations are independent, they can run in parallel. When they depend on each other, they must run sequentially. This isn't a choice you make--it's determined by the data flow. // Sequential: each step needs the previous result return validateInput ( request ) . flatMap ( this :: createUser ) . flatMap ( this :: sendWelcomeEmail ); // Parallel: steps are independent return Promise . all ( fetchUserProfile ( userId ), loadAccountSettings ( userId ), getRecentActivity ( userId ) ). map ( this :: buildDashboard ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You don't decide "this should be parallel" or "this should be sequential." You express the data dependencies. The execution strategy follows from the structure. If operations share no data dependencies, they're naturally parallelizable. If one needs another's output, they're naturally sequential. This is why thinking in data transformation is so powerful. You describe what needs to happen and what data flows where . The how --sync vs async, sequential vs parallel--emerges from the structure itself. The JBCT Patterns as Universal Primitives Java Backend Coding Technology captures this insight in six patterns: Leaf - Single transformation (atomic) Sequencer - A → B → C, dependent chain (sequential) Fork-Join - A + B + C → D, independent merge (parallel-capable) Condition - Route based on value (branching) Iteration - Transform collection (map/fold) Aspects - Wrap transformation (decoration) These aren't arbitrary design patterns. They're the fundamental ways data can flow through a system: Transform a single value (Leaf) Chain dependent transformations (Sequencer) Combine independent transformations (Fork-Join) Choose between transformations (Condition) Apply transformation to many values (Iteration) Enhance a transformation (Aspects) Every request processing task--regardless of domain, language, or framework--decomposes into these six primitives. Once you internalize this, implementation becomes mechanical. You're not inventing structure; you're recognizing the inherent structure of the problem. Optimal Implementation as Routine When you see request processing as data transformation, optimization becomes straightforward: Identify independent operations → They can parallelize (Fork-Join) Identify dependent chains → They must sequence (Sequencer) Identify decision points → They become conditions Identify collection processing → They become iterations Identify cross-cutting concerns → They become aspects You're not making architectural decisions. You're reading the inherent structure of the problem and translating it directly into code. This is why JBCT produces consistent code across developers and AI assistants. There's essentially one correct structure for any given data flow. Different people analyzing the same problem arrive at the same solution--not because they memorized patterns, but because the patterns are the natural expression of data transformation. The Shift in Thinking Traditional programming asks: "What sequence of instructions produces the desired effect?" Data transformation thinking asks: "What shape does the data take at each stage, and what transformations connect them?" The first approach leads to imperative code where control flow dominates. The second leads to declarative pipelines where data flow dominates. When you make this shift: Async stops being "harder" than sync Parallel stops being "risky" Error handling stops being an afterthought Testing becomes straightforward (pure transformations are trivially testable) You're no longer fighting the machine to do what you want. You're describing transformations and letting the runtime figure out the optimal execution strategy. Conclusion Request processing is data transformation. This isn't a paradigm or a methodology--it's the underlying reality that every paradigm and methodology is trying to express. Languages and frameworks provide different syntax. Some make data transformation easier to express than others. But the fundamental process doesn't change. Input arrives. Data transforms through stages. Output emerges. JBCT patterns aren't rules to memorize. They're the vocabulary for describing data transformation in Java. Once you see the underlying process clearly, using these patterns becomes as natural as describing what you see. The result: any processing task, implemented in close to optimal form, as a matter of routine. Part of Java Backend Coding Technology - a methodology for writing predictable, testable backend code. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 More from Sergiy Yevtushenko From Subjective Opinions to Systematic Analysis: Pattern-Based Code Review # codereview # java # patterns # bestpractices Java Should Stop Trying To Be Like Everybody Else # java # kubernetes # runtime # deployment Java Backend Coding Technology: Writing Code in the Era of AI #Version 1.1 # ai # java # codingtechnology 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/valentin_tya_327693/how-to-get-feedback-on-your-saas-4803 | How to Get Feedback on Your SaaS - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Valentin Posted on Dec 18, 2025 How to Get Feedback on Your SaaS # webdev # productivity # saas # testing Getting honest, detailed feedback is essential when building a SaaS product. The problem is that it’s incredibly hard to get it online. When you ask for feedback on the internet, you usually end up in one of two situations: Either your post gets flagged or removed for being promotional, or it gets instantly buried under hundreds of other creators sharing their own projects. You can turn to paid testing services, like UserTesting or Userlytics but those options quickly become expensive. In this article, I want to share an effective and practical way to get feedback, without the usual frustrations and without spending money. What if feedback worked as an exchange? Let me start with a simple observation. Every day, you see Reddit posts like “What are you building today?”. Dozens of creators reply and present their projects, but almost no one actually looks at what others are building. Why? Because that’s not why they’re there. They’re looking for early users and feedback on their own product, not to discover new tools. But what if they knew they would receive feedback on their own product in exchange for giving feedback to others? Wouldn’t that change things? Spending 15 minutes testing someone else’s product suddenly becomes a great investment if it guarantees a detailed review in return. Introducing TestYourApp TestYourApp.io is a new platform built around this exact idea. The concept is very simple: You test someone else’s app and earn a credit. You use your credits to get your own app tested. Feedback quality is ensured through structured testing forms and a tester rating system that discourages low-effort reviews. The platform follows a freemium model, with all core features available for free. A premium upgrade simply removes the limitation of opening one test every three days. TestYourApp is designed to be a smart, fair, and transparent way to get high-quality feedback without pulling out your credit card or shouting into the void on Reddit. How it works in practice Create an account on TestYourApp. Submit your application and open it for testing. Test few other apps to earn credits. You should then start receiving feedback on your own product fairly quickly. Once the feedback comes in, you can act on it. Fix the bug reported by one tester, improve onboarding based on another suggestion, tweak your homepage according to a third, and so on. Then repeat the process: Test few apps. Receive three tests. Fix, improve, iterate. Keep going until your product feels stable, polished, and validated. And there’s more This process gives you much more than just feedback. You’ll likely find your first real users, some of whom may even become paying customers. You can reuse the feedback you receive as social proof on your landing page. You’ll also discover other projects along the way, some useful, others inspiring. Getting feedback doesn't have to be frustrating or expensive . If you're tired of shouting into the void or paying for generic reviews, give the exchange approach a try. Test a couple of apps, earn your credits, and see what kind of feedback you get. The worst that can happen? You'll discover a few interesting projects along the way. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Valentin Follow I'm a french freelance consultant in Data Joined Dec 10, 2025 More from Valentin A detailed breakdown of how this simple SaaS reaches $93k MRR # webdev # sideprojects # saas # website What I’ve learned after one week promoting my SaaS # webdev # saas # marketing # webapp How to find beta users for your SaaS? # saas # webdev # tutorial # sideprojects 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Google AI Challenge Follow Hide This is the official tag for submissions and announcements related to Google AI Studio Challenges. Create Post about #googleaichallenge Check out our latest challenge: New Year, New You ! Older #googleaichallenge posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu # MindsEye: Ledger-First AI Architecture New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge Submission PEACEBINFLOW PEACEBINFLOW PEACEBINFLOW Follow Jan 13 # MindsEye: Ledger-First AI Architecture # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 36 min read From 2AM Debugging to $1000: How I Built My AI-Powered Portfolio New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge Submission ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK Follow Jan 13 From 2AM Debugging to $1000: How I Built My AI-Powered Portfolio # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 3 min read This Portfolio Scrolls Different (And That’s Intentional) Dhanalakshmi.d.gowda23 Dhanalakshmi.d.gowda23 Dhanalakshmi.d.gowda23 Follow Jan 12 This Portfolio Scrolls Different (And That’s Intentional) # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building an AI-Powered Portfolio with Gemini and Google Cloud Run New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge Submission ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK Follow Jan 12 Building an AI-Powered Portfolio with Gemini and Google Cloud Run # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Let an AI Agent Rebuild My Portfolio: Here’s How Antigravity Designs My Best UI App Ever New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge Submission Nhi Nguyen Nhi Nguyen Nhi Nguyen Follow Jan 12 I Let an AI Agent Rebuild My Portfolio: Here’s How Antigravity Designs My Best UI App Ever # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 4 min read ⚡ From Raw Sockets to Serverless: Reimagining the Architect's Portfolio donghun lee (David Lee) donghun lee (David Lee) donghun lee (David Lee) Follow Jan 10 ⚡ From Raw Sockets to Serverless: Reimagining the Architect's Portfolio # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google AI Tools for Building Your Developer Portfolio: What to Use, When, and Why naveen gaur naveen gaur naveen gaur Follow Jan 10 Google AI Tools for Building Your Developer Portfolio: What to Use, When, and Why # webdev # ai # portfolio # googleaichallenge 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Idea to Launch: How I Built an Instant Messaging App on a Weekend asdryankuo asdryankuo asdryankuo Follow Jan 7 From Idea to Launch: How I Built an Instant Messaging App on a Weekend # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read Built My Portfolio with Google's AI Code Agent & Cloud Run - What Took Me Days Now Takes an Hour ⚡ Hongming Wang Hongming Wang Hongming Wang Follow Jan 10 Built My Portfolio with Google's AI Code Agent & Cloud Run - What Took Me Days Now Takes an Hour ⚡ # googleaichallenge # portfolio # ai # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read My AI-Powered Developer Portfolio - Built with Google Gemini Simran Shaikh Simran Shaikh Simran Shaikh Follow Jan 10 My AI-Powered Developer Portfolio - Built with Google Gemini # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read My New 2026 Portfolio: Powered by Google Cloud & AI arnostorg arnostorg arnostorg Follow Jan 9 My New 2026 Portfolio: Powered by Google Cloud & AI # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How a Medical Student is Chasing a $100k Hackathon Prize with AI( GO BIG or GO HOME ) Google AI Challenge Submission CHIN JIE WEN CHIN JIE WEN CHIN JIE WEN Follow Jan 4 How a Medical Student is Chasing a $100k Hackathon Prize with AI( GO BIG or GO HOME ) # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stop Chatting, Start Building: A Developer’s Guide to Google AI Studio Ashwin Mehta Ashwin Mehta Ashwin Mehta Follow Jan 7 Stop Chatting, Start Building: A Developer’s Guide to Google AI Studio # googleaichallenge # googlecloud # googleaistudio # aifordevelopers Comments Add Comment 3 min read Paul E. Yeager, Engineer Paul Paul Paul Follow Jan 7 Paul E. Yeager, Engineer # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Join the New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes + Feedback from Google AI Team (For Winners and Runner Ups!) Jess Lee Jess Lee Jess Lee Follow for The DEV Team Jan 1 Join the New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes + Feedback from Google AI Team (For Winners and Runner Ups!) # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # career # gemini 215 reactions Comments 67 comments 4 min read The Deployment From Hades Google AI Challenge Submission John A Madrigal John A Madrigal John A Madrigal Follow Jan 10 The Deployment From Hades # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Mathematical Creativity on an ML researcher's portfolio Michael Tunwashe Michael Tunwashe Michael Tunwashe Follow Jan 6 Mathematical Creativity on an ML researcher's portfolio # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Jury Services to AI Builder in 6 Months L. Cordero L. Cordero L. Cordero Follow Jan 5 From Jury Services to AI Builder in 6 Months # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge by Simpled1 Google AI Challenge Submission simpled1 simpled1 simpled1 Follow Jan 4 New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge by Simpled1 # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read ♊Source Persona: AI Twin Google AI Challenge Submission Veronika Kashtanova Veronika Kashtanova Veronika Kashtanova Follow Jan 4 ♊Source Persona: AI Twin # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a 3D Interactive Portfolio with React 19, Three.js, and a Gemini AI Agent José Gabriel José Gabriel José Gabriel Follow Jan 3 Building a 3D Interactive Portfolio with React 19, Three.js, and a Gemini AI Agent # googleaichallenge # dev # devchallenge # portfolio 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Awakening Agency Integration Lisa Girlinghouse Lisa Girlinghouse Lisa Girlinghouse Follow Jan 5 Awakening Agency Integration # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Unlocking the Future: My AI Agent Mesh Portfolio Backend for the New Year, New You Challenge Pascal Reitermann Pascal Reitermann Pascal Reitermann Follow Jan 9 🚀 Unlocking the Future: My AI Agent Mesh Portfolio Backend for the New Year, New You Challenge # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Built 14 Interactive Visualizations Using Google AI Studio Ritam Pal Ritam Pal Ritam Pal Follow Dec 16 '25 How I Built 14 Interactive Visualizations Using Google AI Studio # ai # programming # googleaichallenge Comments Add Comment 8 min read New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge - Building & Deploying My Portfolio with Google Cloud Run Akkarapon Phikulsri Akkarapon Phikulsri Akkarapon Phikulsri Follow Jan 9 New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge - Building & Deploying My Portfolio with Google Cloud Run # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read loading... trending guides/resources 48 Hours to Learn AI Agents: How It Changed My View Join the New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes + Feedback from Google AI Team (... AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge with Google and Kaggle: Deadline Extended Congrats to the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Winners! Beyond the Linear CV Join the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge with Google and Kaggle Nobody was interested in my portfolio, so I made everyone play it instead. AI Agents: From Zero to Hero in 5-Days With Kaggle and Google The Anthology of a Creative Developer: A 2026 Portfolio Google just made n8n look expensive 💰 Building a Language Companion AI Agent AI Study Portfolio – Helping Students Study Smarter with Google AI Beyond the Notebook: 4 Architectural Patterns for Production-Ready AI Agents Function Calling With Google Gemini 3 - Google ADK & Google Genai My Journey With Agentic AI in the Google x Kaggle Hackathon: What I Built, What I Learned, and Wh... Strategy Is Actually Easy (If You Have AI Agents) From User to Builder : My Honest Learning Reflections from Kaggle’s 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Cou... 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # esp32 Follow Hide Create Post Older #esp32 posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: SPI Communication Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Follow Jun 9 '23 ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: SPI Communication # rust # tutorial # esp32 # beginners 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: GPIO Button Controlled Blinking Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Follow Jun 1 '23 ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: GPIO Button Controlled Blinking # rust # esp32 # tutorial # beginners 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 15 min read ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: Analog Temperature Sensing using the ADC Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Follow May 25 '23 ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: Analog Temperature Sensing using the ADC # rust # tutorial # esp32 # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: Timer Ultrasonic Distance Measurement Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Follow May 18 '23 ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: Timer Ultrasonic Distance Measurement # rust # tutorial # esp32 # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read DeviceScript - TypeScript for microcontrollers Peli de Halleux Peli de Halleux Peli de Halleux Follow May 17 '23 DeviceScript - TypeScript for microcontrollers # esp32 # raspberrypi # iot # typescript 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: PWM Buzzer Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Follow May 12 '23 ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: PWM Buzzer # rust # tutorial # esp32 # programming 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 12 min read ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: UART Serial Communication Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Omar Hiari Follow May 4 '23 ESP32 Embedded Rust at the HAL: UART Serial Communication # rust # esp32 # tutorial # beginners 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 11 min read 使用命令列工具上傳檔案到 ESP32 開發板 codemee codemee codemee Follow Mar 18 '23 使用命令列工具上傳檔案到 ESP32 開發板 # esp32 # spiffs Comments Add Comment 1 min read Embedded Rust on ESP32C3 Board, a Hands-on Quickstart Guide Cyril Marpaud Cyril Marpaud Cyril Marpaud Follow Feb 22 '23 Embedded Rust on ESP32C3 Board, a Hands-on Quickstart Guide # embedded # rust # esp32 # tutorial 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read MicroPython officially becomes part of the Arduino ecosystem Henk Kok Henk Kok Henk Kok Follow Dec 31 '22 MicroPython officially becomes part of the Arduino ecosystem # micropython # arduino # esp32 # embedded 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Embedded Software Development for the ESP32 C3: A Guide for RISC-V Developers Henk Kok Henk Kok Henk Kok Follow Dec 28 '22 Embedded Software Development for the ESP32 C3: A Guide for RISC-V Developers # esp32 # riscv # embedded 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read IOT on Raspberry Pi: Install Home Assistant and a Camera Sensor for Live Video Sebastian Sebastian Sebastian Follow Aug 29 '22 IOT on Raspberry Pi: Install Home Assistant and a Camera Sensor for Live Video # raspberrypi # iot # homeassistant # esp32 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read ESP32-C3-12F using the Arduino IDE - Getting Started - Environment Setup Rafael Lozano Rafael Lozano Rafael Lozano Follow Jun 23 '22 ESP32-C3-12F using the Arduino IDE - Getting Started - Environment Setup # esp32 # tutorial # programming # esp32c312f 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Easiest Way to Add Cellular to an ESP32 IoT Project Rob Lauer Rob Lauer Rob Lauer Follow for Blues May 2 '22 Easiest Way to Add Cellular to an ESP32 IoT Project # iot # cloud # esp32 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Acionamento do motor de acordo com a hora. Henrique Machado Broseghini Henrique Machado Broseghini Henrique Machado Broseghini Follow Apr 25 '22 Acionamento do motor de acordo com a hora. # cpp # esp32 # diy # programming 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read ESP32 Arduino Core 在 Monterey 12.3 編譯錯誤 codemee codemee codemee Follow Apr 23 '22 ESP32 Arduino Core 在 Monterey 12.3 編譯錯誤 # esp32 # arduino # macos # monterey 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read ESP32 有些變數名稱不能用--兼談 C++ 的連結性 (linkage) codemee codemee codemee Follow Mar 30 '22 ESP32 有些變數名稱不能用--兼談 C++ 的連結性 (linkage) # esp32 # cpp # arduino # linkage 9 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Tracking Global Vaccination Rates with Docker, Python, and IoT Shy Ruparel Shy Ruparel Shy Ruparel Follow for Docker Mar 29 '22 Tracking Global Vaccination Rates with Docker, Python, and IoT # docker # python # esp32 # raspberrypi 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Toilet Keeper- Keep your toilet clean and keep your partner happy Shun Shun Shun Follow Mar 8 '22 Toilet Keeper- Keep your toilet clean and keep your partner happy # azuretrialhack # iot # esp32 # arduino 14 reactions Comments 40 comments 2 min read #ESP32CAM – Taking photos 📸 in the #Arduino board El Bruno El Bruno El Bruno Follow for Microsoft Azure Mar 9 '22 #ESP32CAM – Taking photos 📸 in the #Arduino board # englishpost # arduino # camera # esp32 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 不需網路就可以自動對時的神奇 ESP8266 codemee codemee codemee Follow Feb 22 '22 不需網路就可以自動對時的神奇 ESP8266 # esp8266 # esp32 # ntptime # thonny 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 放到建構器 (constructor) 內就不亂的亂數種子 codemee codemee codemee Follow Feb 19 '22 放到建構器 (constructor) 內就不亂的亂數種子 # arduino # cpp # esp32 # esp8266 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read ESP32 SPIFFS 開啟不存在檔案的神奇功能 codemee codemee codemee Follow Feb 18 '22 ESP32 SPIFFS 開啟不存在檔案的神奇功能 # arduino # esp32 # spiffs # posix 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Using I2C in MicroPython 🌡 Andy Piper Andy Piper Andy Piper Follow Feb 14 '22 Using I2C in MicroPython 🌡 # esp32 # micropython # i2c # sensors 27 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Circuitpython and ESP32-C3 yaccard yaccard yaccard Follow Feb 12 '22 Circuitpython and ESP32-C3 # programming # circuitpython # esp32c3 # esp32 4 reactions Comments 7 comments 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/sinie-zielienoie-razviertyvaniie-na-eks-14e3#%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83-%D1%81%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE | Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming EKS = Управляемый Kubernetes от Amazon Web Services EKS предоставляет вам: Управляющая плоскость ** Kubernetes** (API-сервер, планировщик). AWS управляет этим за вас. Вам всё ещё необходимо: Рабочие узлы (EC2) → для запуска подов kubectl **→ для связи с кластером **YAML → для указания Kubernetes, что нужно запустить. Очень важная ментальная модель _`Your laptop (kubectl) | v EKS API Server (managed by AWS) | v Worker Nodes (EC2) → Pods → Containers`_ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подключаться к узлам по SSH НИКОГДА нельзя. Шаг 1 — Создайте EKS вручную (через консоль AWS, без использования инструментов). 1. Откройте консоль AWS → EKS Выберите регион (например: us-east-1) Нажмите «Создать кластер» . 2. Конфигурация кластера Заполнять только: Имя * : bluegreen-demo * Версия Kubernetes : по умолчанию Роль кластерной службы * : Если AWS отображает её, выберите её. Если нет, нажмите * «Создать роль» (AWS создаст её автоматически). Нажмите Далее 3. Сетевое взаимодействие Использовать значения по умолчанию : VPC по умолчанию Как минимум 2 подсети Доступ к общедоступной конечной точке Нажмите « Создать ». ⏳ Дождитесь активации В этот момент: Kubernetes существует НО пока ничего не может бежать Шаг 2 — Создание рабочих узлов (ЭТО создаст EC2) Зачем нам это нужно Kubernetes размещает поды на узлах . Нет узлов = нет подов. Создать группу узлов Внутри вашего кластера: Перейдите в раздел «Вычисления» → «Добавить группу узлов». Наполнять: Имя: bg-nodes Роль IAM: создать/выбрать роль работника по умолчанию Настройки узла: Тип экземпляра:t3.medium Желательно: 2 Мин.: 2 Макс.: 3 Создать группу узлов → дождаться активации Теперь EC2 существует автоматически. Шаг 3 — Подключите kubectl (так работает DevOps) С вашего ноутбука: aws eks update-kubeconfig \ --region us-east-1 \ --name bluegreen-demo Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Проверять: kubectl get nodes Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Если вы видите узлы → значит, вы соединены. Впредь: Консоль AWS практически неактуальна. Всё делается с помощью kubectl Почему существуют стратегии развертывания (ОЧЕНЬ ВАЖНО) До Kubernetes (старый мир) Остановить приложение Развернуть новую версию Запустите приложение снова. Пользователи видят время простоя Откат происходит медленно. Проблемы, с которыми сталкивался DevOps Простои во время развертывания Пользователи получают ошибки Быстрый откат недоступен. Страх перед развертыванием войск Проблема с Kubernetes решена: - Капсулы - Услуги - Самоисцеление Однако стратегия развертывания определяет, как будет перемещаться трафик. Именно поэтому * существуют стратегии развертывания * . Что такое сине-зеленая стратегия (в простом виде)? Сине-зеленый = две версии, работающие одновременно. Синий → текущее производство Зеленый → новая версия, протестирована Транспортный поток резко меняет направление движения. Отсутствие частичного трафика. Отсутствие замедления развертывания. Почему сине-зеленый цвет используется в DevOps Преимущества Отсутствие простоев Мгновенный откат Безопасные релизы Легко понять Предсказуемое поведение Когда DevOps выбирает сине-зеленый подход Критические приложения API Финансовые системы Внутренние платформы Когда неудача обходится дорого Как работает принцип «сине-зеленого» взаимодействия в Kubernetes (простая истина) Kubernetes уже предоставляет нам такой инструмент: 👉 Сервис Решение принимает служба: «Какие модули посещают пользователи?» Сине-зеленый = * изменить селектор услуги * Вот и все. Внедрение сине-зеленого подхода (с нуля) 1️⃣ Развертывание Blue (версия 1 – в рабочем режиме) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-blue spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: blue template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: blue spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=BLUE v1"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2️⃣ Экологичное развертывание (версия 2 – не запущена) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-green spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: green template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: green spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=GREEN v2"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3️⃣ Сервис (производственный трафик) apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: prod-svc spec: selector: app: demo color: blue # LIVE VERSION ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 5678 Это переключатель управления . Разверните всё kubectl apply -f blue.yaml kubectl apply -f green.yaml kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Трафик → СИНИЙ Само развертывание (синий → зеленый) Измените одну строку: color: green Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подайте заявку снова: kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Транспортный поток мгновенно переключается. Перезагрузка Pod не требуется. Простой отсутствует. Откат (безопасность DevOps) Вернитесь назад: color: blue Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Применить → откат завершен. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/eachampagne/garbage-collection-43nk#reference-counting | Garbage Collection - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse eachampagne Posted on Nov 17, 2025 • Edited on Dec 6, 2025 Garbage Collection # computerscience # performance # programming It’s easy to forget, while working in the abstract in terms of functions and algorithms, that the memory our programs depend on is real . The values we use in our programs actually exist on the hardware at specific addresses. If we don’t keep track of where we’ve stored data, we run the risk of overwriting something important and getting the wrong information when we go to look it up again. On the other hand, if we’re too guarded about protecting our data, even after we’re finished with it, we waste memory that the program could better use on other tasks. Most programming languages today implement garbage collection to automate periodically releasing memory we no longer need. The garbage collector cannot predict exactly which values will be used again by our program, but it can find some that cannot due to no longer having any way to use them, and safely free them. Garbage Collection Algorithms Reference Counting The simplest algorithm is just to keep a count of references to a piece of memory. If the number of references ever reaches zero, that memory can no longer be reached and can be safely disposed of. However, this strategy fails with circular references. If two objects, for example, reference each other, their reference counts with never reach zero, even if they are otherwise inaccessible from the main program. Tracing Tracing (usually mark-and-sweep), is a more sophisticated approach to memory management. Starting from some defined root(s), the garbage collector visits every piece of memory accessible from either the root or its descendants, marking that memory as still reachable. Any memory not traversed is unreachable and is garbage collected. This avoids the problem of circular references “trapping” memory, since the cycle will not be reached from the main memory graph. However, this approach has more overhead than the reference counting strategy. Many garbage collectors reduce the overhead of mark-and-search by having two (or more) “generations” of allocations. The generational hypothesis states that most allocations die young (think how many variables you use once in a for loop and never again), but those that survive are much more likely to survive a long time. Thus, the pool of young allocations (the “nursery”) is garbage collected frequently, while the old (“tenured”) pool is checked less often. It’s possible to combine both strategies in a hybrid collector. For example, Python uses reference counting as its primary algorithm, then uses a mark-and-sweep pass over the (now smaller) pool of allocated memory to find and eliminate circular references. The Downsides of Garbage Collection Of course, the garbage collector itself introduces some overhead. Depending on the implementation, it may bring the program to a halt while it scans and frees data or defragments the remaining memory. It is also impossible to create a perfectly efficient garbage collector due to the inherent uncertainty in which values will be used again. Other Approaches to Memory Management There are alternatives to garbage collection. A few languages, such as C and C++, require the programmer to manage memory manually (although you can add garbage collectors to both languages yourself if you wish), both while allocating memory to new variables and when deciding when to free memory. Manual memory management avoids the overhead of garbage collection, but adds to program complexity, since this now must be handled by the code itself rather than happening in the background. This also gives the programmer many opportunities to make mistakes , from creating floating pointers by freeing too soon to leaking memory by freeing too late or not at all, to say nothing of the difficulty of using pointers themselves. Rust takes a third option and introduces the concept of “ ownership ” – only one variable can own a piece of data at a time, and that data is released as soon as its owner goes out of scope. This eliminates the need for garbage collection at runtime, as well with its associated performance costs. However, the programmer has to keep track of ownership and borrowing of data, which limits how data can be read or changed at certain points of the program. This requires thinking in a different way from other languages, since some familiar patterns simply won’t compile, and increases Rust’s learning curve sharply. Garbage Collection in JavaScript JavaScript follows the majority of programming languages in using a garbage collector. However, the garbage collector itself is implemented and run by the JavaScript engine, not the script we write ourselves, so implementation varies slightly across engines. However, the general principles are the same. Modern JavaScript libraries all use a mark-and-sweep algorithm with the global object as the algorithm’s root. Since I regularly use Firefox and Node, I’ll look at their engines in a bit more detail. SpiderMonkey , the engine used by Firefox, applies the principle of generational collection, dividing allocations into young and old. It attempts to garbage collect incrementally to avoid long pauses, and runs parts of garbage collection in parallel with itself or concurrently with the main thread when possible. The V8 engine’s Orinoco garbage collector , has three generations: nursery, young, and old, and claims (as of 2019) to be a “mostly parallel and concurrent collector with incremental fallback.” V8 also brags about interweaving garbage collection into the idle time between drawing frames when possible, minimizing the time spent forcing JavaScript execution to pause. Based only on these descriptions, V8’s garbage collector seems a bit more advanced, perhaps because V8 used by Chromium-based browsers in addition to Node.js and thus has more support. However, they seem to have independently converged to similar architectures. The serious demands to provide a smooth user experience means that browser-based garbage collectors must be efficient and eliminate as much overhead as possible, because, as the Node guide to tracing garbage collection neatly summarizes, “ when GC is running, your code is not. ” I admit I’ve rather taken memory management for granted, since most of the languages I’ve studied have garbage collectors. I’ve been fascinated by Rust for years but haven’t managed to wrap my head around its ownership and borrowing rules. (Maybe this is the time it will finally click for me.) But if I struggle with memory management when the compiler itself is looking out for me, I’m not sure how I’d fare in a manual memory management scheme without guardrails. So for now, I’m very grateful to garbage collectors everywhere for making my life easier. The Memory Management Reference was invaluable while researching this blog post, in addition to many other engine- and language-specific references (linked throughout the text). Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse eachampagne Follow Joined Sep 5, 2025 More from eachampagne Parallelization # beginners # performance # programming # computerscience 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/kevburnsjr/websockets-vs-long-polling-3a0o#the-problem | WebSockets vs Long Polling - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Kevin Burns Posted on Jul 22, 2021 • Edited on Aug 28, 2025 WebSockets vs Long Polling This article contrasts the operational complexity of WebSockets and Long Polling using real world examples to promote Long Polling as a simpler alternative to Websockets in systems where a half-duplex message channel will suffice. WebSockets A WebSocket is a long lived persistent TCP connection (often utilizing TLS) between a client and a server which provides a real-time full-duplex communication channel. These are often seen in chat applications and real-time dashboards. Long Polling Long Polling is a near-real-time data access pattern that predates WebSockets. A client initiates a TCP connection (usually an HTTP request) with a maximum duration (ie. 20 seconds). If the server has data to return, it returns the data immediately, usually in batch up to a specified limit. If not, the server pauses the request thread until data becomes available at which point it returns the data to the client. Analysis WebSockets are Full-Duplex meaning both the client and the server can send and receive messages across the channel. Long Polling is Half-Duplex meaning that a new request-response cycle is required each time the client wants to communicate something to the server. Long Polling usually produces slightly higher average latency and significantly higher latency variability compared to WebSockets. WebSockets do support compression, but usually per-message. Long Polling typically operates in batch which can significantly improve message compression efficiency. Scaling Up We’ll now contrast the systemic behavior of server-side scalability for applications using primarily WebSockets vs Long Polling. WebSockets Suppose we have 4 app servers in a scaling group with 10,000 connected clients. Now suppose we scale up the group by adding a new app server and wait for 60 seconds. We find that all of the existing clients are still connected to the original 4 app servers. The Load Balancer may be intelligent enough to route new connections to the new app server in order to balance the number of concurrent connections so that this effect will diminish over time. However, the amount of time required for this system to return to equilibrium is unknown and theoretically infinite. These effects could be mitigated by the application using a system to intelligently preempt web socket connections in response to changes in the scaling group's capacity but this would require the application to have special real-time knowledge about the state of its external environment which crosses a boundary that is typically best left uncrossed without ample justification. Long Polling Suppose we have the same 4 app servers in a scaling group with 10,000 connected clients using Long Polling. Now suppose we scale up the group by adding a new app server and wait for 60 seconds. We observe that the number of open connections has automatically rebalanced with no intervention. We can even state declaratively that if the long poll duration is set to 60 seconds or less, then any autoscaling group will automatically regain equilibrium within 60 seconds of any membership change. This trait can be reflected in the application’s Service Level Objectives. These numbers are important because they are used by operators to correctly tune the app’s autoscaling mechanisms. Analysis Service Level Objectives are an important aspect of system management since they ultimately serve as the contractual interface between dev and ops. If an application’s ability to return to equilibrium after scaling is unbounded, a change in application behavior is likely warranted. Scaling Down The following example illustrates difficulties encountered by a real world device management software company operating thousands of 24/7 concurrent WebSocket connections from thousands of data collection agents placed inside corporate networks. The System A Data Collection Agent, written in Go, is distributed as an executable binary that runs as a service on a customer's machine scanning local networks for SNMP devices and reporting SNMP data periodically to the application in the cloud. One key feature of the product was the ability for a customer to interact with any of their devices in real time from anywhere in the world using a single page web application hosted in the cloud. Because each agent resides on a customer network behind a firewall, the agents would need to initiate and maintain a WebSocket connection to the application in the cloud as a secure full-duplex tunnel. The web service sends commands to agents and agents send data to the web service all through a single persistent TCP connection. The Problem There was one big unexpected technical challenge faced by the team when deploying this system that made deployments risky. Whenever a new version of the app server was deployed to production, the system would be shocked by high impulse reconnect storms originating from the data collection agents. If a server has 2500 active connections and you take it out of service, those 2500 connections will be closed simultaneously and all the agents will reopen new connections simultaneously. This can overwhelm some systems, especially if the socket initialization code touches the database for anything important (ie. authorization). If an agent can’t establish a connection before the read deadline, it will retry the connection again which will drown the app servers even further, causing an unrecoverable negative feedback loop. This proclivity toward failure caused management to change their policies regarding deployments to reduce the number of deployments as much as possible to avoid disruption. The Solution The problem was partially solved by implementing strict exponential retry policies on their clients. This solution was effective enough at reducing the severity of retry storms on app deployment to be considered a good temporary solution. However, deployments were still infrequent by design and the high impulse load spikes weren’t gone, they just no longer produced undesirable secondary effects. Analysis This temporary solution is only possible in situations where the server has complete control over all of its clients. In many scenarios this may not be the case. If the agents were modeled to receive commands from the server by Long Poll and push data to the server through a normal API, the load would be evenly spread. If using a Long Poll architecture, the deployment system would replace a node by notifying the load balancer that the node is going out of service to ensure the node doesn’t receive any new connections, then wait 60 seconds for existing connections to drain in accordance with the service’s shutdown grace period SLO, then take the node offline with confidence. The resulting load increase on other nodes in the group would be gradual and roughly linear. When it comes to distributed systems and their scalability, people often focus on creating efficient systems. Efficiency is important but usually not as important as stability. High impulse events like reconnect storms can produce complex systemic effects. Left unattended, they often amplify the severity of similar effects in different parts of the system in ways that are both unexpected and difficult to predict. If you fail to solve enough of these types of problems, you may soon find yourself a situation where so many components are failing so simultaneously that it’s exceptionally difficult to discern the underlying cause(s) empirically from logs and dashboards. An application’s architecture must be designed primarily in accordance with principle and remain open to modification in response to statistical performance analysis. Conclusion WebSockets are appropriate for many applications which require consistent low latency full duplex high frequency communication such as chat applications. However, any WebSocket architecture that can be reduced to a half-duplex problem can probably be remodeled to use Long Polling to improve the application’s runtime performance variability, reducing operational complexity and promoting total systemic stability. Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Rockie Yang Rockie Yang Rockie Yang Follow Start from user experience and working backward out technologies Work Knock Data Joined Oct 14, 2022 • Jan 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for great in depth explanation. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Juro Oravec Juro Oravec Juro Oravec Follow Where software, biology and business meets. Location London, UK Work Software Engineer at BenevolentAI Joined Jul 13, 2020 • Jan 10 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very insightful write-up! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Paul Pryor Paul Pryor Paul Pryor Follow Full Stack Web Application Developer Joined Mar 4, 2024 • Mar 5 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Server Sent Events is another alternative similar to Web Sockets but is half duplex. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Kevin Burns Follow Professional Gopher Location Menlo Park, CA Joined Jul 23, 2017 More from Kevin Burns The Large Language Centipede # ai # ouroboros Skipfilter # go # bitmap # skiplist Data Constraints: From Imperative to Declarative # go # mongodb # architecture # database 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/quarkus | Quarkus - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # quarkus Follow Hide Create Post Older #quarkus posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Quarkus Testing: @QuarkusTest vs @QuarkusIntegrationTest Mateus Malaquias Mateus Malaquias Mateus Malaquias Follow Dec 15 '25 Quarkus Testing: @QuarkusTest vs @QuarkusIntegrationTest # quarkus # java # testing # kotlin Comments Add Comment 3 min read Quarkus: O Framework Java Nativo para Kubernetes Kauê Matos Kauê Matos Kauê Matos Follow Dec 14 '25 Quarkus: O Framework Java Nativo para Kubernetes # webdev # programming # docker # quarkus 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Quarkus e Spring Boot: Qual Framework Escolher para Sua Aplicação Java? Kauê Matos Kauê Matos Kauê Matos Follow Dec 25 '25 Quarkus e Spring Boot: Qual Framework Escolher para Sua Aplicação Java? # programming # springboot # quarkus # backend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Pipeline Framework is out Mariano Barcia Mariano Barcia Mariano Barcia Follow Dec 3 '25 The Pipeline Framework is out # tpf # quarkus # microservices # java Comments Add Comment 1 min read [Quick Fix] Hibernate: object references an unsaved transient instance Mateus Malaquias Mateus Malaquias Mateus Malaquias Follow Dec 8 '25 [Quick Fix] Hibernate: object references an unsaved transient instance # java # hibernate # springboot # quarkus 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Quarkus Native vs JVM: Real-World Performance Comparison issam1991 issam1991 issam1991 Follow Nov 17 '25 Quarkus Native vs JVM: Real-World Performance Comparison # quarkus # java # graalvm # performance Comments Add Comment 7 min read Did I just create the fastest BPMN engine in the world? Eric Eric Eric Follow Nov 11 '25 Did I just create the fastest BPMN engine in the world? # bpmn # quarkus # kafka # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read Quarkus 3 application on AWS Lambda- Part 9 Measuring Lambda cold and warm starts with GraalVM Native Image and REST API Vadym Kazulkin Vadym Kazulkin Vadym Kazulkin Follow Dec 4 '25 Quarkus 3 application on AWS Lambda- Part 9 Measuring Lambda cold and warm starts with GraalVM Native Image and REST API # aws # java # serverless # quarkus 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read When to Deprecate APIs: The Complete Guide for Java Architects and Quarkus Developers Markus Markus Markus Follow Oct 20 '25 When to Deprecate APIs: The Complete Guide for Java Architects and Quarkus Developers # java # api # quarkus Comments Add Comment 1 min read From Spring to Quarkus: Building SOAP Services with Shared Contracts and DTOs Markus Markus Markus Follow Oct 13 '25 From Spring to Quarkus: Building SOAP Services with Shared Contracts and DTOs # spring # quarkus # java # soap Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Strong Data Foundations with Quarkus: A Beginner’s Journey in Persistence Markus Markus Markus Follow Oct 13 '25 Building Strong Data Foundations with Quarkus: A Beginner’s Journey in Persistence # java # quarkus # hibernate # jpa Comments Add Comment 4 min read Generating Realistic Fake Data in Java with Quarkus, DataFaker & EasyRandom Wallace Espindola Wallace Espindola Wallace Espindola Follow Oct 7 '25 Generating Realistic Fake Data in Java with Quarkus, DataFaker & EasyRandom # testing # java # quarkus # restapi Comments Add Comment 5 min read Introducing The Pipeline Framework Mariano Barcia Mariano Barcia Mariano Barcia Follow Sep 24 '25 Introducing The Pipeline Framework # quarkus # java # microservices Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mastering API Testing with Quarkus: From RestAssured to Pact and jqwik Markus Markus Markus Follow Oct 3 '25 Mastering API Testing with Quarkus: From RestAssured to Pact and jqwik # java # quarkus # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read Quarkus Banner Studio: Build ASCII Art Banners with Qute and FIGlet Markus Markus Markus Follow Sep 21 '25 Quarkus Banner Studio: Build ASCII Art Banners with Qute and FIGlet # java # quarkus # ascii # banner Comments Add Comment 12 min read Quarkus 3 application on AWS Lambda- Part 8 REST API application Vadym Kazulkin Vadym Kazulkin Vadym Kazulkin Follow for AWS Heroes Oct 9 '25 Quarkus 3 application on AWS Lambda- Part 8 REST API application # aws # java # serverless # quarkus Comments Add Comment 5 min read Quarkus: Revolutionizing Java Development for the Cloud-Native Era Raj Kundalia Raj Kundalia Raj Kundalia Follow Sep 26 '25 Quarkus: Revolutionizing Java Development for the Cloud-Native Era # quarkus # java Comments Add Comment 4 min read Introducing: the pipeline framework Mariano Barcia Mariano Barcia Mariano Barcia Follow Sep 17 '25 Introducing: the pipeline framework # kubernetes # quarkus # microservices # java Comments 3 comments 1 min read Mutation Testing in Quarkus: Go Beyond Code Coverage Markus Markus Markus Follow Sep 12 '25 Mutation Testing in Quarkus: Go Beyond Code Coverage # java # testing # pit # quarkus Comments Add Comment 8 min read Your First Quarkus App: A Simple Java REST API in Minutes Markus Markus Markus Follow Sep 15 '25 Your First Quarkus App: A Simple Java REST API in Minutes # java # quarkus # rest Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mastering Unicode in Java: Build World-Ready REST APIs with Quarkus Markus Markus Markus Follow Sep 14 '25 Mastering Unicode in Java: Build World-Ready REST APIs with Quarkus # java # quarkus # unicode Comments Add Comment 9 min read Simplify Your Data Access with Quarkus Panache: CRUD Example Included Djamware Tutorial Djamware Tutorial Djamware Tutorial Follow Jul 29 '25 Simplify Your Data Access with Quarkus Panache: CRUD Example Included # quarkus # panache # microservices # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Choosing Your Fighter: Mastering @Qualifier in Quarkus CDI Markus Markus Markus Follow Sep 1 '25 Choosing Your Fighter: Mastering @Qualifier in Quarkus CDI # java # quarkus # cdi # qualifier Comments Add Comment 2 min read O Que É Oracle True Cache (e Por Que Deveria Te Importar) Luis Fabrício De Llamas Luis Fabrício De Llamas Luis Fabrício De Llamas Follow Aug 24 '25 O Que É Oracle True Cache (e Por Que Deveria Te Importar) # oracle # java # quarkus # braziliandevs Comments Add Comment 5 min read Oracle Database 23ai: AI Vector Search, JSON Duality e o Futuro dos Bancos Luis Fabrício De Llamas Luis Fabrício De Llamas Luis Fabrício De Llamas Follow Aug 23 '25 Oracle Database 23ai: AI Vector Search, JSON Duality e o Futuro dos Bancos # oracle # java # braziliandevs # quarkus 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... trending guides/resources Quarkus: O Framework Java Nativo para Kubernetes [Quick Fix] Hibernate: object references an unsaved transient instance Quarkus 3 application on AWS Lambda- Part 9 Measuring Lambda cold and warm starts with GraalVM Na... Quarkus Native vs JVM: Real-World Performance Comparison Quarkus e Spring Boot: Qual Framework Escolher para Sua Aplicação Java? Quarkus Testing: @QuarkusTest vs @QuarkusIntegrationTest Did I just create the fastest BPMN engine in the world? 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # bluegreen Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🟦🟩 Blue/Green Deployment Strategy likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda Follow Oct 30 '25 🟦🟩 Blue/Green Deployment Strategy # bluegreen # automation # devops # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read ECS Native Blue/Green is Here! With Strong Hooks and Dark Canary Tetsuya KIKUCHI Tetsuya KIKUCHI Tetsuya KIKUCHI Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 20 '25 ECS Native Blue/Green is Here! With Strong Hooks and Dark Canary # aws # ecs # devops # bluegreen 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 9 min read Scaling down the storage of a MySQL RDS database with zero downtime using AWS Blue/Green Deployment Peter Koech Peter Koech Peter Koech Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 21 '25 Scaling down the storage of a MySQL RDS database with zero downtime using AWS Blue/Green Deployment # bluegreen # rds # aws # mysql 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Minimising PostgreSQL RDS minor & major upgrade time with Blue/Green deployments Daniel Chapman [AWS] Daniel Chapman [AWS] Daniel Chapman [AWS] Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 17 '24 Minimising PostgreSQL RDS minor & major upgrade time with Blue/Green deployments # rds # postgressql # database # bluegreen 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Seamless Swapping: A Comprehensive Guide to Blue-Green Deployments AdityaPratapBhuyan AdityaPratapBhuyan AdityaPratapBhuyan Follow May 2 '24 Seamless Swapping: A Comprehensive Guide to Blue-Green Deployments # deployment # bluegreen # devops Comments Add Comment 6 min read DevOps best practices for setting up recovery points in infrastructure. Sunil Vijay Sunil Vijay Sunil Vijay Follow Apr 29 '20 DevOps best practices for setting up recovery points in infrastructure. # devops # deployment # bluegreen # disasters 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources 🟦🟩 Blue/Green Deployment Strategy Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Security Follow Hide Hopefully not just an afterthought! Create Post submission guidelines Write as you are pleased, be mindful and keep it civil. Older #security posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu A Five-Minute UI Feature That Became an XSS Time Bomb Parth G Parth G Parth G Follow Jan 12 A Five-Minute UI Feature That Became an XSS Time Bomb # frontend # javascript # security # webdev 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read How to protect server functions with auth middleware in TanStack Start Hiroto Shioi Hiroto Shioi Hiroto Shioi Follow Jan 12 How to protect server functions with auth middleware in TanStack Start # webdev # typescript # fullstack # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Beyond the Buzzwords: 5 Counter-Intuitive Lessons in System Design Amit Dey Amit Dey Amit Dey Follow Jan 11 Beyond the Buzzwords: 5 Counter-Intuitive Lessons in System Design # systemdesign # programming # security Comments Add Comment 7 min read Reverse-Engineering Chrome's Cookie Encryption (To Authenticate AI Agents) jacobgadek jacobgadek jacobgadek Follow Jan 11 Reverse-Engineering Chrome's Cookie Encryption (To Authenticate AI Agents) # python # security # webscraping # automation 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Automating AWS Security Scanning: Configuring Prowler on EC2 as a Cron Job to Detect Outdated AMIs Rohan Khanal Rohan Khanal Rohan Khanal Follow Jan 11 Automating AWS Security Scanning: Configuring Prowler on EC2 as a Cron Job to Detect Outdated AMIs # automation # aws # devops # security Comments Add Comment 13 min read [Learning Notes] [Golang] How to Develop OAuth2 PKCE with Golang - Using LINE Login as an Example Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] [Golang] How to Develop OAuth2 PKCE with Golang - Using LINE Login as an Example # security # webdev # go # tutorial Comments Add Comment 8 min read [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 # techtalks # security # blockchain # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read What Backend Developers Should Know About Passkeys (WWDC22) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 What Backend Developers Should Know About Passkeys (WWDC22) # learning # security # backend # go Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kubernetes: About Kubernetes Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes: About Kubernetes # security # kubernetes # containers # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing kt kt kt Follow Jan 11 Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing # security # sbom # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 11 min read Golang for Mach-O File Reverse Engineering Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Golang for Mach-O File Reverse Engineering # computerscience # go # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Using Google Cloud Services on Heroku with Golang Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Using Google Cloud Services on Heroku with Golang # security # cloud # go # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read [TIL] Exporting from Apple Notes Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] Exporting from Apple Notes # security # ios # productivity # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Digital Certificate Wallet: Beginner's Guide Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Digital Certificate Wallet: Beginner's Guide # beginners # security # privacy # mobile Comments Add Comment 2 min read Sécurisez et optimisez vos transferts de fichiers avec les signed URLs Cloud Storage Benoît Garçon Benoît Garçon Benoît Garçon Follow for La Formule Nuagique Jan 11 Sécurisez et optimisez vos transferts de fichiers avec les signed URLs Cloud Storage # cloud # googlecloud # security # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 4 min read Rotating Residential Proxies Still Get Blocked: A Diagnostic Framework to Separate Site Policy vs Proxy Quality Signals Miller James Miller James Miller James Follow Jan 12 Rotating Residential Proxies Still Get Blocked: A Diagnostic Framework to Separate Site Policy vs Proxy Quality Signals # automation # networking # security Comments Add Comment 13 min read AWS IAM basics explained with real examples Sahinur Sahinur Sahinur Follow Jan 11 AWS IAM basics explained with real examples # aws # beginners # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read Your Proxy Should Only Allow Requests with a Custom Header — How Do You Do It in Apigee X? realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Jan 11 Your Proxy Should Only Allow Requests with a Custom Header — How Do You Do It in Apigee X? # security # api # tutorial # cloud 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read TIL: Using PTT and Cloudflare to Block Web Crawlers? Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 TIL: Using PTT and Cloudflare to Block Web Crawlers? # automation # cloud # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read NodeSecure hidden capability: mama Thomas.G Thomas.G Thomas.G Follow for NodeSecure Jan 10 NodeSecure hidden capability: mama # node # javascript # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Python Obfuscation: From Readable to Untraceable lyric0x10 lyric0x10 lyric0x10 Follow Jan 10 Python Obfuscation: From Readable to Untraceable # showdev # python # security # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bug Bounty Hunting in 2026 krlz krlz krlz Follow Jan 11 Bug Bounty Hunting in 2026 # security # bugbounty # tutorial # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Week 4 Network Packet Tracing Challenge fosres fosres fosres Follow Jan 10 Week 4 Network Packet Tracing Challenge # security # networking # linux # interview Comments Add Comment 8 min read This Week in AI: ChatGPT Health Risks, Programming for LLMs, and Why Indonesia Blocked Grok Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Follow Jan 11 This Week in AI: ChatGPT Health Risks, Programming for LLMs, and Why Indonesia Blocked Grok # news # ai # chatgpt # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read Introducing Firebomb: Open Source Firebase Penetration Testing Victor Yrazusta Ibarra Victor Yrazusta Ibarra Victor Yrazusta Ibarra Follow Jan 10 Introducing Firebomb: Open Source Firebase Penetration Testing # showdev # security # cli # firebase 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/miltivik | nicomedina - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions nicomedina Hello im a Uruguayan Developer and im a person who always want to search, learn, and adapt new habit or skills in me. Location Uruguay Joined Joined on Jan 11, 2026 Personal website https://ismaeldesign.framer.website/ github website Education UTEC Pronouns He/His More info about @miltivik Skills/Languages Javascript, React JS (Next JS), React Native (Expo) Currently learning Right now i start learning python but i have advanced knowledge about React JS (in specially Next JS) Available for You can talk to me if u want to know something new or just learn each other Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 6 tags followed How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) nicomedina nicomedina nicomedina Follow Jan 13 How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) # bunjs # api # javascript # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/thekarlesi/secure-authentication-in-nextjs-building-a-production-ready-login-system-4m7#key-benefits-and-learning-outcomes | Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Esimit Karlgusta Posted on Jan 4 Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System # nextjs # programming # webdev # beginners Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System Every great SaaS product begins at the same point: the login page. It is the gatekeeper of your user data and the first interaction your customers have with your professional application. Yet, for many developers, setting up authentication feels like a high-stakes puzzle where a single mistake can lead to security vulnerabilities or a frustrated user base. If you have ever struggled with session management, wondered how to securely store user credentials, or felt overwhelmed by the complexity of OAuth providers, you are in the right place. In this lesson, we are going to strip away the confusion and build a robust, secure authentication system using Auth.js (NextAuth v5) within the Next.js App Router framework. The Problem: The "Homegrown" Auth Trap Many developers start by trying to build their own authentication logic. They create a users table in MongoDB, hash passwords with bcrypt, and try to manage JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) manually in cookies. While this is a great academic exercise, it is often a recipe for disaster in a production SaaS environment. Manual auth systems frequently suffer from: Security Gaps: Improperly configured cookies or CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) vulnerabilities. Maintenance Burden: Keeping up with changing security standards and API updates from providers like Google or GitHub. UX Friction: Hard-to-implement features like "Forgot Password," "Magic Links," or social logins. The Shift: Moving to Auth.js The professional way to handle this in 2026 is by using a library that does the heavy lifting for you. Auth.js is the standard for anyone wanting to Learn Next.js for SaaS . It handles session management, multi-provider support, and database integration out of the box, allowing you to focus on your core product features instead of reinventing the security wheel. By shifting to an established library, you gain the confidence that your sessions are handled via encrypted, server-only cookies. You also get an easy path to adding "Login with Google," which significantly increases conversion rates for modern SaaS products. Deep Dive: Setting Up Your Auth Workflow To build a complete SaaS, we need a flexible system. We will implement two main strategies: Email/Password (Credentials) for traditional users and Google OAuth for a frictionless experience. 1. The Architecture of Auth.js in the App Router In the Next.js App Router, authentication happens primarily on the server. We use a combination of: The Auth Configuration File: Where we define our providers and callbacks. Middleware: To protect routes before they even hit the browser. Server Actions: To handle login and signup logic securely. 2. Initial Setup and Environment Variables First, we need to install the necessary packages. In your terminal, run: npm install next-auth@beta mongodb @auth/mongodb-adapter bcryptjs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Before writing code, we must define our environment variables. These are secrets that should never be committed to GitHub. Create a .env.local\ file: AUTH_SECRET=your_super_secret_random_string NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL=http://localhost:3000 AUTH_GOOGLE_ID=your_google_client_id AUTH_GOOGLE_SECRET=your_google_client_secret MONGODB_URI=your_mongodb_connection_string Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Configuring the Auth Library We will create a central configuration file. This is the heart of your security system. It tells Next.js how to talk to your database and how to verify users. File: auth.ts (Root directory) import NextAuth from " next-auth " ; import Google from " next-auth/providers/google " ; import Credentials from " next-auth/providers/credentials " ; import { MongoDBAdapter } from " @auth/mongodb-adapter " ; import clientPromise from " @/lib/mongodb " ; import bcrypt from " bcryptjs " ; export const { handlers , auth , signIn , signOut } = NextAuth ({ adapter : MongoDBAdapter ( clientPromise ), providers : [ Google , Credentials ({ name : " credentials " , credentials : { email : { label : " Email " , type : " email " }, password : { label : " Password " , type : " password " }, }, async authorize ( credentials ) { if ( ! credentials ?. email || ! credentials ?. password ) return null ; const dbClient = await clientPromise ; const user = await dbClient . db (). collection ( " users " ). findOne ({ email : credentials . email }); if ( ! user || ! user . password ) return null ; const isValid = await bcrypt . compare ( credentials . password as string , user . password ); return isValid ? { id : user . _id . toString (), email : user . email } : null ; }, }), ], session : { strategy : " jwt " }, pages : { signIn : " /login " , }, callbacks : { async session ({ session , token }) { if ( token . sub && session . user ) { session . user . id = token . sub ; } return session ; }, }, }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Creating the Login UI with Tailwind and DaisyUI A SaaS needs a professional-looking login page. Using Tailwind CSS and DaisyUI, we can build a clean, responsive form that works on any device. File: app/(auth)/login/page.tsx import { signIn } from " @/auth " ; export default function LoginPage () { return ( < div className = "flex items-center justify-center min-h-screen bg-base-200" > < div className = "card w-full max-w-md shadow-2xl bg-base-100" > < div className = "card-body" > < h2 className = "text-3xl font-bold text-center mb-6" > Welcome Back </ h2 > < form action = { async () => { " use server " ; await signIn ( " google " , { redirectTo : " /dashboard " }); } } > < button className = "btn btn-outline w-full flex items-center gap-2" > Continue with Google </ button > </ form > < div className = "divider text-xs uppercase text-base-content/50" > or </ div > < form className = "space-y-4" > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Email </ span > </ label > < input type = "email" placeholder = "email@example.com" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Password </ span > </ label > < input type = "password" placeholder = "••••••••" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < button className = "btn btn-primary w-full" > Sign In </ button > </ form > < p className = "text-center mt-4 text-sm" > Don't have an account? < a href = "/signup" className = "link link-primary" > Sign up </ a > </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Protecting Routes with Middleware In a SaaS application, you don't want unauthorized users accessing the dashboard or settings pages. Instead of checking for a session on every single page, we use Next.js Middleware to handle this globally. File: middleware.ts (Root directory) import { auth } from " @/auth " ; export default auth (( req ) => { const isLoggedIn = !! req . auth ; const { nextUrl } = req ; const isAuthPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /login " ) || nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /signup " ); const isDashboardPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /dashboard " ); if ( isDashboardPage && ! isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /login " , nextUrl )); } if ( isAuthPage && isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /dashboard " , nextUrl )); } }); export const config = { matcher : [ " /((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*) " ], }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Benefits and Learning Outcomes By following this workflow, you achieve several critical milestones in your development journey: Centralized Security: You have a single source of truth for your authentication logic. Database Synchronization: Your user accounts are automatically saved to MongoDB whenever someone logs in via Google. Improved Conversions: Providing OAuth options reduces the friction of creating an account, which is vital for any Build SaaS with Next.js project. Type Safety: Using TypeScript ensures that your session data is predictable throughout your components. Common Mistakes to Avoid Exposing the Secret: Never leave your AUTH_SECRET empty or use a simple string in production. Use a tool like openssl rand -base64 32 to generate a strong key. Client-Side Protection Only: Never rely solely on hiding UI elements to secure your app. Always verify the session on the server or through middleware. Forgetting Secure Cookies: In production, ensure your AUTH_URL uses HTTPS, otherwise Auth.js will not set secure cookies, and your login will fail. Pro Tips and Best Practices Use Server Components for Auth Checks: Whenever possible, check the session in a Server Component using the auth() function. It is faster and more secure than checking on the client. Custom Session Data: If you need to store extra info (like a user's subscription status), extend the session callback in auth.ts to include those fields from your MongoDB database. Graceful Error Handling: Redirect users to a custom error page if Google login fails, rather than letting the app crash or show a generic error. How This Fits Into the Zero to SaaS Journey Authentication is the foundation of the user experience. Once you have established who the user is, you can: Store their specific data in MongoDB. Link their account to a Stripe Customer ID for billing. Provide a personalized Build SaaS Dashboard Next.js Tailwind . Without a secure auth system, your SaaS cannot function because you cannot identify who to charge or whose data to display. Real-World Use Case: The Productivity Tool Imagine you are building a SaaS called TaskFlow. A user arrives at your landing page and clicks Get Started. They click Continue with Google. Auth.js redirects them to Google's secure portal. After they approve, Google sends a token back to your auth.ts handler. Auth.js checks your MongoDB. Since this is a new user, it automatically creates a new record in your users collection. The user is redirected to /dashboard, where your server component greets them: "Welcome!" Action Plan: What to Build Next To master this lesson, I want you to complete these four tasks: Initialize the Project: Set up a fresh Next.js project and install the dependencies. Configure Google Cloud: Go to the Google Cloud Console, create a project, and get your OAuth credentials. Build the Login Page: Use the Tailwind/DaisyUI code provided to create your own branded login screen. Test the Middleware: Create a protected /dashboard page and try to access it while logged out to ensure you are redirected. Take Your SaaS to the Next Level Building a secure login system is just the beginning. If you want to skip the trial and error and follow a proven path to a launched product, check out our comprehensive Zero to SaaS Next.js Course . We dive deep into advanced patterns, multi-tenant security, and production-ready deployments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Esimit Karlgusta Follow Full Stack Developer Location Earth, for now :) Education BSc. IT Work Full Stack Developer Joined Mar 31, 2020 More from Esimit Karlgusta How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) # api # nextjs # security # tutorial Stop Coding Login Screens: A Senior Developer’s Guide to Building SaaS That Actually Ships # webdev # programming # beginners # tutorial Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? # nextjs # beginners # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Right menu 7 Tips for Securing Nginx with TLS and Fail2Ban on Production Servers Ramer Labs Ramer Labs Ramer Labs Follow Sep 23 '25 7 Tips for Securing Nginx with TLS and Fail2Ban on Production Servers # nginx # security # linux # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Secure SSH Monitoring with Real-time Telegram Alerts Mr Vi Mr Vi Mr Vi Follow Oct 2 '25 Secure SSH Monitoring with Real-time Telegram Alerts # devops # security # opensource # automation Comments Add Comment 4 min read Semgrep Newsletter | AI Code Assistant Research, Security Alerts, Quarterly Release and More Jayson DeLancey Jayson DeLancey Jayson DeLancey Follow for Semgrep Sep 23 '25 Semgrep Newsletter | AI Code Assistant Research, Security Alerts, Quarterly Release and More # security # ai # vulnerabilities 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Passwordless SSH Setup in 5 Minutes (The Right Way in 2025) Paul Courage Labhani Paul Courage Labhani Paul Courage Labhani Follow Oct 21 '25 Passwordless SSH Setup in 5 Minutes (The Right Way in 2025) # linux # security # devops # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Stop Waiting for the Alarm: Why You Need to Go Hunting for Hackers Yourself Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Oct 22 '25 Stop Waiting for the Alarm: Why You Need to Go Hunting for Hackers Yourself # cybersecurity # security # hackers # threathunting Comments Add Comment 3 min read Πώς δουλεύει το JWT σε ένα Client Flow nikosst nikosst nikosst Follow Oct 22 '25 Πώς δουλεύει το JWT σε ένα Client Flow # webdev # beginners # architecture # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Throwing The TEE Gauntlet - A Turnabout Security Challenge DC DC DC Follow Oct 21 '25 Throwing The TEE Gauntlet - A Turnabout Security Challenge # challenge # cryptocurrency # tee # security 3 reactions Comments 7 comments 3 min read A Defense-in-Depth Strategy for Security, Privacy, and Confidentiality in Web3 - The Pace-Setting Approach of the Oasis Network amio amio amio Follow Oct 12 '25 A Defense-in-Depth Strategy for Security, Privacy, and Confidentiality in Web3 - The Pace-Setting Approach of the Oasis Network # security # blockchain # web3 13 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Secure No-Code AI: How to Host Open-Source Tools Safely with Docker and Local LLMs Chanchal Singh Chanchal Singh Chanchal Singh Follow Oct 23 '25 Secure No-Code AI: How to Host Open-Source Tools Safely with Docker and Local LLMs # ai # docker # nocode # security 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Required API Security Checklist [XLS download] Mark Mark Mark Follow Oct 23 '25 The Required API Security Checklist [XLS download] # cybersecurity # resources # api # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Sep 19, 2025 CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise CyberMaîtrise Follow Sep 19 '25 Outil de Cybersécurité du Jour - Sep 19, 2025 # cybersecurity # security # tools # technology 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read SERVER ADMINISTRATION IN REAL LIFE: LINUX, WINDOWS, AND THE QUIET ART OF KEEPING THINGS UP hstq hosting hstq hosting hstq hosting Follow Sep 18 '25 SERVER ADMINISTRATION IN REAL LIFE: LINUX, WINDOWS, AND THE QUIET ART OF KEEPING THINGS UP # devops # linux # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read How Do You Cut IT Costs Without Failing Compliance Audits? 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Joined Joined on Dec 6, 2025 Twitter logo GitHub logo External link icon Meet the team Post 36 posts published Member 1 member Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow Jan 13 Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # frontend # javascript # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 2): Construyendo el Frontend Interactivo con GitHub Pages o Netlify y JavaScript Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow Jan 13 Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 2): Construyendo el Frontend Interactivo con GitHub Pages o Netlify y JavaScript # frontend # javascript # spanish # tutorial Comments Add Comment 7 min read Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow Jan 12 Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # automation # python # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow Jan 12 Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Carto: De una Factura a la ONU a Conquistar la Nube Geoespacial Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow Jan 11 Carto: De una Factura a la ONU a Conquistar la Nube Geoespacial # startup # cloud # datascience # spanish Comments 1 comment 5 min read Carto: From a UN Invoice to Conquering the Geospatial Cloud Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow Jan 11 Carto: From a UN Invoice to Conquering the Geospatial Cloud # cloud # datascience # startup Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI-Powered Programming: Creating My Own Magical Flashcards Study App Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow Jan 10 AI-Powered Programming: Creating My Own Magical Flashcards Study App # showdev # ai # programming 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow Jan 10 Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar # showdev # ai # programming # spanish Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/contrast-sync-vs-async-failure-classes-using-first-principles-d12#2-core-difference-one-sentence | Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign 1. Start from First Principles: What Is a “Failure Class”? A failure class is not: a bug a timeout an outage A failure class is: A category of things that can go wrong because of how responsibility, time, and state are structured So we ask: What must be true for correctness? What assumptions does the model silently make? What breaks when those assumptions are false? 2. Core Difference (One Sentence) Synchronous systems fail by blocking and cascading. Asynchronous systems fail by duplication, reordering, and invisibility. Everything else is a consequence. 3. Synchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) A synchronous system assumes: “The caller waits while the callee finishes the work.” This couples: time availability correctness Failure Class 1: Blocking Amplification Question asked: What happens while the system waits? Reality: Threads blocked Connections held Memory retained Failure mode: Load increases → latency increases → throughput collapses This is not just “slow.” It is non-linear failure . Failure Class 2: Cascading Failure Question asked: What if a dependency slows down? Because everything is waiting: Agent slows → backend slows Backend slows → frontend retries Retries amplify load Failure mode: One slow dependency can take down the entire system Failure Class 3: Availability Coupling Question asked: Can the system function if the dependency is down? Answer in sync systems: No Failure mode: Partial outage becomes total outage Summary: Sync Failure Classes Category Root Cause Blocking Time is coupled Cascades Dependencies are inline Global outage Availability is transitive 4. Asynchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) An async system assumes: “Work can finish later, possibly multiple times, possibly out of order.” This decouples time but removes guarantees . Failure Class 1: Duplicate Execution Question asked: What happens if work is retried? Reality: At-least-once delivery Worker crashes Message reprocessed Failure mode: Same logical action happens multiple times This breaks: Exactly-once semantics Idempotency assumptions Failure Class 2: Ordering Violations Question asked: What defines sequence? Reality: Queues don’t know business order Workers process independently Failure mode: Effects appear out of logical order For chat systems: Responses based on future messages Context corruption Failure Class 3: Completion Invisibility Question asked: How does the user know when work is done? Reality: No direct signal Polling or guessing Failure mode: Users wait blindly or see stale state Failure Class 4: Orphaned Work Question asked: What if the user disappears? Reality: Job keeps running Response stored but never consumed Failure mode: Wasted compute, leaked state Summary: Async Failure Classes Category Root Cause Duplication Retries Reordering Decoupled execution Invisibility No direct completion path Orphans Detached lifecycles 5. Side-by-Side Contrast (Mental Model) Dimension Synchronous Asynchronous Time Coupled Decoupled Failure style Blocking, cascades Duplication, disorder Availability All-or-nothing Partial Correctness risk Latency-based Logic-based Debugging Easier Harder 6. Deep Insight (This Is the Interview Gold) Synchronous systems fail loudly and immediately. Asynchronous systems fail quietly and later. Sync failures are obvious (timeouts, errors) Async failures are subtle (double writes, wrong order) 7. Why Neither Is “Better” From first principles: Sync systems protect causality but sacrifice availability Async systems protect availability but sacrifice causality Real systems exist to reintroduce the lost property : Async systems add idempotency, ordering, state machines Sync systems add timeouts, circuit breakers, fallbacks 8. One-Line Rule to Remember Sync breaks under load. Async breaks under ambiguity. If you want next, we can: Map these failure classes to real outages Show how streaming combines both failure types Practice identifying failure classes on a fresh system Tell me the next direction. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/contrast-sync-vs-async-failure-classes-using-first-principles-d12#summary-async-failure-classes | Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign 1. Start from First Principles: What Is a “Failure Class”? A failure class is not: a bug a timeout an outage A failure class is: A category of things that can go wrong because of how responsibility, time, and state are structured So we ask: What must be true for correctness? What assumptions does the model silently make? What breaks when those assumptions are false? 2. Core Difference (One Sentence) Synchronous systems fail by blocking and cascading. Asynchronous systems fail by duplication, reordering, and invisibility. Everything else is a consequence. 3. Synchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) A synchronous system assumes: “The caller waits while the callee finishes the work.” This couples: time availability correctness Failure Class 1: Blocking Amplification Question asked: What happens while the system waits? Reality: Threads blocked Connections held Memory retained Failure mode: Load increases → latency increases → throughput collapses This is not just “slow.” It is non-linear failure . Failure Class 2: Cascading Failure Question asked: What if a dependency slows down? Because everything is waiting: Agent slows → backend slows Backend slows → frontend retries Retries amplify load Failure mode: One slow dependency can take down the entire system Failure Class 3: Availability Coupling Question asked: Can the system function if the dependency is down? Answer in sync systems: No Failure mode: Partial outage becomes total outage Summary: Sync Failure Classes Category Root Cause Blocking Time is coupled Cascades Dependencies are inline Global outage Availability is transitive 4. Asynchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) An async system assumes: “Work can finish later, possibly multiple times, possibly out of order.” This decouples time but removes guarantees . Failure Class 1: Duplicate Execution Question asked: What happens if work is retried? Reality: At-least-once delivery Worker crashes Message reprocessed Failure mode: Same logical action happens multiple times This breaks: Exactly-once semantics Idempotency assumptions Failure Class 2: Ordering Violations Question asked: What defines sequence? Reality: Queues don’t know business order Workers process independently Failure mode: Effects appear out of logical order For chat systems: Responses based on future messages Context corruption Failure Class 3: Completion Invisibility Question asked: How does the user know when work is done? Reality: No direct signal Polling or guessing Failure mode: Users wait blindly or see stale state Failure Class 4: Orphaned Work Question asked: What if the user disappears? Reality: Job keeps running Response stored but never consumed Failure mode: Wasted compute, leaked state Summary: Async Failure Classes Category Root Cause Duplication Retries Reordering Decoupled execution Invisibility No direct completion path Orphans Detached lifecycles 5. Side-by-Side Contrast (Mental Model) Dimension Synchronous Asynchronous Time Coupled Decoupled Failure style Blocking, cascades Duplication, disorder Availability All-or-nothing Partial Correctness risk Latency-based Logic-based Debugging Easier Harder 6. Deep Insight (This Is the Interview Gold) Synchronous systems fail loudly and immediately. Asynchronous systems fail quietly and later. Sync failures are obvious (timeouts, errors) Async failures are subtle (double writes, wrong order) 7. Why Neither Is “Better” From first principles: Sync systems protect causality but sacrifice availability Async systems protect availability but sacrifice causality Real systems exist to reintroduce the lost property : Async systems add idempotency, ordering, state machines Sync systems add timeouts, circuit breakers, fallbacks 8. One-Line Rule to Remember Sync breaks under load. Async breaks under ambiguity. If you want next, we can: Map these failure classes to real outages Show how streaming combines both failure types Practice identifying failure classes on a fresh system Tell me the next direction. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://zeroday.forem.com/om_shree_0709/october-2025-security-scoop-ai-in-attacks-fresh-vulns-and-career-boosts-50md | October 2025 Security Scoop: AI in Attacks, Fresh Vulns, and Career Boosts - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Om Shree Posted on Oct 12, 2025 October 2025 Security Scoop: AI in Attacks, Fresh Vulns, and Career Boosts # beginners # discuss # aws # news From ethical hackers sharpening skills on new platforms to pros navigating compliance shifts, here's a quick hit of the latest from the past couple weeks. Let's break it down. Russia's AI-Powered Onslaught on Ukraine Hits New Heights State-sponsored cyber ops are getting a serious upgrade, and Russia's no exception. In the first half of 2025, their hackers unleashed over 3,000 AI-fueled attacks on Ukraine alone everything from phishing lures that mimic real emails to malware that adapts on the fly. Groups like APT28 are exploiting webmail flaws in Roundcube and Zimbra for zero-click hits, turning AI into a force multiplier for espionage and disruption. It's a wake-up call for defenders: tools like machine learning can spot patterns, but attackers using it means we need to stay one step ahead. For ethical hackers, this is prime recon material study those payloads on platforms like VirusTotal. If you're building defenses, layer in behavioral analytics; simple rules won't cut it anymore. X threads are buzzing with breakdowns of these tactics, and it's worth a skim if you're prepping for red team gigs. Critical Patches Drop: Oracle, Juniper, and SonicWall in the Crosshairs Patch Tuesday came early this month with a flurry of fixes for actively hunted flaws. Oracle patched a zero-day in its E-Business Suite (CVE-2025-61882) that's let the Clop ransomware crew steal data without breaking a sweat remote code execution, no auth needed. Juniper's Junos Space got hammered too, with over 200 vulns including nine critical ones for privilege escalation. And don't sleep on SonicWall's SSL VPN hackers have compromised over 100 accounts since October 4, using valid creds for lateral moves. These aren't theoretical; scans are spiking, per honeypot data. If you're in a SOC, prioritize these in your queue Nessus or Qualys scans can flag them quick. For bug bounty hunters, Palo Alto's PAN-OS GlobalProtect flaw (CVE-2024-3400) is still drawing probes; it's a file creation bug leading to root shell. Pro tip: Test your own setups with Metasploit modules as they roll out. Awareness Month Kicks Off: DHS Pushes "Cyber Strong America" October's theme from DHS and CISA? "Building a Cyber Strong America" a call to arms for everyone from SMBs to supply chain players to lock down their slice of the pie. Resources are free and plentiful: toolkits for phishing sims, guides on multi-factor setup, and tips for SLTT governments. It's timely, too the UK's banning public ransomware payouts, and the US Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act just expired, shaking up how intel flows. For GRC folks, this ties straight into NIST CSF updates grab the latest from their site for audit prep. Beginners, start with CISA's basics; it's low-pressure entry to building habits. Community posts on X are sharing custom checklists, like tying awareness training to ISO 27001 compliance. Trends Spotlight: Ransomware Evolves, Talent Crunch Bites Bitdefender's fresh report lays it bare: 58% of teams are pressured to hush breaches, 84% of attacks hit via legit tools, and AI hype is clashing with reality leaders overestimate its defensive punch. Ransomware's mutating too, per Integrity360's mid-year roundup: bigger hauls like the $42M Bitcoin demand on a financial giant. Add in 5G's sprawl expanding attack surfaces, and 2025's looking crowded. On the career front, the talent gap's real only 14% of orgs have the right skills, hitting small shops hardest. GRC roles are hot (70-95K, no deep tech needed), and entry paths like SOC analyst or IT support are solid starters. X is full of advice: Nail Security+ via Google Cert, grind TryHackMe for SOC sims, or build a recon kit for bug bounties. But heads up the junior flood's raising the bar; focus on GitHub portfolios and real-world labs to stand out. CTF and Training Buzz: New Boxes, Certs, and Freebies Hack The Box just revamped its Certified Web Exploitation Specialist (CWES) ditching CBBH for modules on GraphQL attacks and fuzzing, tailored to job needs. Users are posting "pwned" badges left and right, like on the "Signed" machine via LLMNR poisoning and silver tickets. EC-Council's CEH is leaning into AI threats too, with 550+ techniques and red-blue labs. Free tools roundup: CIS Benchmarks for hardening, OCEG's GRC library, and PCI DSS guides no paywall. CyberDefenders dropped a Blue Team lab completion shoutout, great for DFIR practice. October's got that mix of grind and growth patch your stacks, run a quick awareness drill, or queue up a new box. What's your focus this week: chasing a cert, hunting vulns, or auditing policies? Hit the comments; let's swap notes. Stay safe out there. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Om Shree Follow Technical Evangelist | AI Researcher | Simplifying Complex AI & Agent Workflows for Developers Location India Education Jaypee University Of Information Technology Pronouns He/Him Work Founder of Shreesozo Joined Feb 27, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. 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https://dev.to/t/portfolio/page/6 | Portfolio Page 6 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # portfolio Follow Hide Getting feedback on and discussing portfolio strategies Create Post Older #portfolio posts 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🎨 My React.js Portfolio Journey: From Learning to Doing THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan Follow Oct 21 '25 🎨 My React.js Portfolio Journey: From Learning to Doing # showdev # portfolio # beginners # react 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read “How to Build a Strong GitHub Portfolio” George Hany George Hany George Hany Follow Sep 30 '25 “How to Build a Strong GitHub Portfolio” # portfolio # github # tutorial # career Comments Add Comment 1 min read How I Built My Developer Portfolio — Step by Step Fab Fab Fab Follow Oct 18 '25 How I Built My Developer Portfolio — Step by Step # portfolio # github # tutorial # react 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Beyond Showcasing Work: How to Turn Your Portfolio into a Sales Funnel Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Sep 29 '25 Beyond Showcasing Work: How to Turn Your Portfolio into a Sales Funnel # portfolio # website # networking # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Would love your feedback on my Portfolio 😊 Mohamed Younis Mohamed Younis Mohamed Younis Follow Sep 23 '25 Would love your feedback on my Portfolio 😊 # portfolio # webdev # feedback 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Every Developer Needs a Portfolio in 2026 aureathemes aureathemes aureathemes Follow Sep 24 '25 Why Every Developer Needs a Portfolio in 2026 # portfolio # career # programming # beginners 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read From Dream Project to Portfolio Piece: How My 'Failed' Game Became My Biggest Asset Yousef Mahmood Yousef Mahmood Yousef Mahmood Follow Oct 3 '25 From Dream Project to Portfolio Piece: How My 'Failed' Game Became My Biggest Asset # portfolio # motivation # career # gamedev 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read BEST BATTLESHIP TERMINAL GAME TO DATE!!! I THINK?!!! charlesdmg-hash charlesdmg-hash charlesdmg-hash Follow Sep 21 '25 BEST BATTLESHIP TERMINAL GAME TO DATE!!! I THINK?!!! # python # portfolio # firstproject # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Networking Without Borders: How Digital Portfolios Break Geography Barriers Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Sep 20 '25 Networking Without Borders: How Digital Portfolios Break Geography Barriers # portfolio # website # networking # visitfolio Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 How I Built My Developer Portfolio — and What I Learned Along the Way Nithin Pradeep Nithin Pradeep Nithin Pradeep Follow Oct 22 '25 🚀 How I Built My Developer Portfolio — and What I Learned Along the Way # nextjs # portfolio # javascript # tutorial 9 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Beyond Resumes: Why Portfolios Are the New Standard in Hiring Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Sep 19 '25 Beyond Resumes: Why Portfolios Are the New Standard in Hiring # portfolio # career # digitalresume # website Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI-Generated Portfolios: Hype or the Future of Freelancing? Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Sep 18 '25 AI-Generated Portfolios: Hype or the Future of Freelancing? # freelancing # portfolio # website # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your Developer Portfolio Needs More Than Just GitHub Links Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Sep 17 '25 Why Your Developer Portfolio Needs More Than Just GitHub Links # portfolio # website # freelancing # visitfolio Comments Add Comment 2 min read Future-Proof Your Career: Why Portfolios Are Your Best Long-Term Investment Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Sep 21 '25 Future-Proof Your Career: Why Portfolios Are Your Best Long-Term Investment # portfolio # visitfolio # website # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read What I Learned from Studying SEO: Notes, Checklist, and Developer Takeaways 홍다은 홍다은 홍다은 Follow Sep 15 '25 What I Learned from Studying SEO: Notes, Checklist, and Developer Takeaways # seo # study # devjournal # portfolio Comments Add Comment 3 min read Stop Making These Portfolio Mistakes (Your Future Self Will Thank You) Tariq Tariq Tariq Follow Sep 15 '25 Stop Making These Portfolio Mistakes (Your Future Self Will Thank You) # portfolio # react # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read How I Built My Portfolio as a Web Developer in Kochi Manu Amarnath Manu Amarnath Manu Amarnath Follow Sep 13 '25 How I Built My Portfolio as a Web Developer in Kochi # webdeveloperkochi # react # nextjs # portfolio Comments Add Comment 1 min read What do you think about my Portfolio Fred Mwaniki Fred Mwaniki Fred Mwaniki Follow Sep 13 '25 What do you think about my Portfolio # webdev # programming # portfolio # datascience Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why a Multilingual Portfolio Instantly Expands Your Opportunities Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Sep 13 '25 Why a Multilingual Portfolio Instantly Expands Your Opportunities # programming # webdev # marketing # portfolio Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Cloud Resume Challenge: My GCP Implementation Temitayo Apata Temitayo Apata Temitayo Apata Follow Sep 25 '25 The Cloud Resume Challenge: My GCP Implementation # googlecloud # portfolio # devops # learning Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your Portfolio Needs a Blog (Even If You're Not a Writer) Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Oct 15 '25 Why Your Portfolio Needs a Blog (Even If You're Not a Writer) # portfolio # website # appointment # networking Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Students Should Start Building Their Digital Portfolio Before Graduation Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Sep 10 '25 Why Students Should Start Building Their Digital Portfolio Before Graduation # student # portfolio # sharepointframework # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Porfolio Updates Jake Soucy Jake Soucy Jake Soucy Follow Sep 10 '25 Porfolio Updates # portfolio # uidesign # icondesign # colortheory Comments Add Comment 1 min read Portfolio First, Social Media Second: Why Platforms Come and Go but Your Website Stays Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Oct 13 '25 Portfolio First, Social Media Second: Why Platforms Come and Go but Your Website Stays # portfolio # website # appointment # networking Comments 1 comment 3 min read Portfolio(Terminal) Akhash Sai Akhash Sai Akhash Sai Follow Oct 11 '25 Portfolio(Terminal) # programming # react # portfolio Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Tapajyoti Bose Posted on Aug 22, 2021 • Edited on Mar 1, 2025 Zero to Hero: Front End Developer Roadmap # webdev # css # html # javascript Noob to Pro (6 Part Series) 1 Zero to Hero: Get started with Open Source Projects 2 Zero to Hero: Front End Developer Roadmap ... 2 more parts... 3 Create React App from Scratch like a Pro 4 How Pros Automate Repetitive Code using VS Code 5 How Pros Get Rid of Relative Imports 6 DOMs Decoded: DOM, Shadow DOM & Virtual DOM With so many languages , frameworks , and libraries to choose from, often beginners find themselves scratching their heads on how to start off their development journey . This article aims to demystify the process and provide you the perfect roadmap to becoming the Amazing Front End Developer . Let's get started... Good to Know Stuff These skills are not necessary , but they definitely will help you on your journey. How does the Internet work? What is HTTP ? How do Browsers work? Basics Now let's start off with the basics . HTML HTML is the foundation of Front End Web Development . One thing I notice is beginners trying to learn all HTML tags; you DON'T need to know all tags, for now, just the following would do: HTML document structure Basic tags such as html , head , title , body , form , input , p , h(1-6) , etc. would suffice for now. CSS Once you learn HTML , you will be able to create a website, but it will definitely look unprofessional. Now it's time to add life to it using CSS . For starters, you could focus on only the basics: Basic CSS Selectors Selecting an element is the stepping stone to get started with CSS . html {} /* tag selector */ .class {} /* class selector */ #id {} /* id selector */ Box Model CSS uses the Box Model to organize the different sections of all elements . Positioning & other basic properties Positioning helps to position elements and even take out elements from the flow of the website. Some other basic properties you should learn are color , background-color , and of course the properties making up the Box Model . JavaScript Of course, you would like to make your website interactive as well. JavaScript is the tool you need. The things you need to know for now are: Basic Programming using JavaScript JavaScript might be a bit intimidating (at least it definitely was for me) due to its asynchronous nature . You need to develop a feel for how the code is executed as unlike synchronous languages the code that appears first might not be executed first. // example setTimeout (() => console . log ( " EXECUTED LAST " ), 0 ) console . log ( " EXECUTED FIRST " ) Creating and Disposing Event Listeners Creating Event Listeners allows you to trigger a callback when an event occurs. function fn () {} // Creation element . addEventListener ( " <event-name> " , fn ) // Removal element . removeEventListener ( " <event-name> " , fn ) DOM Manipulation To bring interactivity to your website, DOM Manipulation is the most important skill. Paired up with Event Listeners , it allows you to modify any part of the website when an event occurs. Intermediate Completing the Basics was a feat in itself. CONGRATULATION ! You are no longer a beginner . Now you have the skills necessary to learn intermediate stuff. HTML Didn't we just cover this in the Basics section? Yes and No . We covered just the basics of HTML , there is far more advanced stuff that can help you in development. Semantic HTML At first, you might think that using a div everywhere is a good idea, but it can significantly downplay your ranking on Search Engines . You should learn the basic Semantic Tags : section : The section tag is used to group the content into different sections. header : The header tag is used to define the header for a document nav : The nav element defines a set of navigation links. footer : Just like the header , footer tag is used to define the footer for a document aside : The aside element defines some content aside from the main content (placed in a sidebar). main : The main element specifies the main content of the document Meta tag The Meta tag allows you to inject additional information into your website: CSS Now it's time for a bit more advanced CSS Media Queries It is not possible to know the device a user would use to access your website. Media Queries allow you to define how your website looks and feels on any device. More CSS properties You would be able to understand a bit more advanced properties at this point in time. Looking into variables , clip-path , text-ellipsis and others. You can look into this article for more on these topics Advanced CSS Selectors CSS allows you to be highly granular with your selection. This is a topic worth looking into if you have deeply nested websites. For example input[type=text].invalid selects only the text inputs that have an associated invalid class. Javascript It's finally time for you to learn a framework You might be at a loss since there are so many frameworks to choose from. Don't sweat it, just choose anyone, although it's recommended you use React , Vue or Angular as due to their popularity if you face any issue, you would be able to find the solution on Stack Overflow with ease. The key things to learn are: - The basics of the framework (quite evidently) - State Management - Routing Git Whenever you work on a large project, maintaining different versions of the application is a cumbersome task. We are lucky to have software like Git to sort it out for us. To learn Git you can refer to this article REST API When you are working on any real-world application, you would require data from other servers, APIs provide end-points to share data between your application and the various services hosted on the web. That's all we have for the Intermediate section. Phew! But we still have the Advanced section to cover 🙃 Advanced Now we are at the last leg of our journey. PWA PWA ( Progressive Web Apps ) are Web Applications supercharged with additional capabilities like being installable (like any native application), caching , background-synchronization and much more. For more on PWA checkout this article . GraphQL GraphQL is an alternative for REST APIs developed by Facebook for applications that require huge number of requests . It reduces the number of requests by specifically mentioning the data you need within the request. GraphQL operates using POST request through a REST API , so strong knowledge of REST APIs definitely helps. Cross-Platform Applications with Web Technology With the advent of frameworks like Tauri and Electron.js you can now convert your website into Cross-Platform Applications with little effort. This is not for everyone as all Web Developers don't find it appealing developing Native Applications, but some are crazy about it. Currently, Electron.js is the De Facto standard with the development of some huge applications like WhatsApp Desktop and VS Code , but in my opinion, Tauri (the new kid in town) will soon overtake Electron.js because it's far more optimized. For more on Electron.js check out this article . Wrapping Up There you have it, a Roadmap to help you become an Amazing Front End Developer . Hope it helps you in your journey and you become an Amazing Front End Developer :) Did I miss something? Share your thoughts in the comments below 👇 Thanks for reading Need a Top Rated Software Development Freelancer to chop away your development woes? Contact me on Upwork Want to see what I am working on? Check out my Personal Website and GitHub Want to connect? Reach out to me on LinkedIn Follow my blogs for bi-weekly new Tidbits on Medium FAQ These are a few commonly asked questions I get. So, I hope this FAQ section solves your issues. I am a beginner, how should I learn Front-End Web Dev? Look into the following articles: Front End Buzz words Front End Development Roadmap Front End Project Ideas Transition from a Beginner to an Intermediate Frontend Developer Would you mentor me? Sorry, I am already under a lot of workload and would not have the time to mentor anyone. Noob to Pro (6 Part Series) 1 Zero to Hero: Get started with Open Source Projects 2 Zero to Hero: Front End Developer Roadmap ... 2 more parts... 3 Create React App from Scratch like a Pro 4 How Pros Automate Repetitive Code using VS Code 5 How Pros Get Rid of Relative Imports 6 DOMs Decoded: DOM, Shadow DOM & Virtual DOM Top comments (28) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Domenik Reitzner Domenik Reitzner Domenik Reitzner Follow Christian, husband, father of four, web-enthusiast, Sveltian, musician and blogger. Location Vienna Education School for mechatronics with emphasis on robotics Work Senior Frontend Developer @ woom Joined Feb 1, 2020 • Aug 26 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Would have loved to see svelte on the list of Frontend frameworks, as it was the most beloved framework in the 2021 stack overflow developer survey. ( insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/... ) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Aug 26 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yeah, Svelte's popularity is on the rise as well :) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tracy Gilmore Tracy Gilmore Tracy Gilmore Follow After my first contact with a computer in the 1980's, I taught myself to program in BASIC and Z80 assembler. I went on to study Computer Science and have enjoyed a long career in Software Engineering. Email tracyg.gilmore+devto@gmail.com Location Somerset, UK Education BSc (Hons) Computer Science Work Software Engineer specialising in web technologies, frontend and full stack (Node & xAMPP) Joined Jul 16, 2017 • Apr 16 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I can highly recommend MDN as a vital resource for learning many of the fundamental web technologies and an essential source of reference through-out a frontend development career. I have also found Scrimba to be an excellent interactive training site - and it is free . Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lesley van der Pol Lesley van der Pol Lesley van der Pol Follow Fullstack Consultant (web) 💻 · Based in The Netherlands Location The Netherlands Education Bachelor Software Engineering Work Fullstack Development Consultant at Passionate People, VodafoneZiggo Joined Aug 2, 2019 • Aug 25 '21 • Edited on Aug 25 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sweet article. What I do think is an important note is the fact that Angular's learning curve is MUCH more steep than Vue or React. You also forgot to mention the fact that Angular not only carries the learning of a framework, but also the programming language due to the fact that it is TypeScript. I also wonder what your take on PWA's is. Is it really worthwhile to spend your time into learning how they work? I hardly see them being used professionally. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Aug 26 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I should have mentioned that. Thanks for pointing out. As for PWA, a lot of the top apps like Spotify, YouTube, Twitter and more do use it (and research says adding PWA features has a correlation with increased revenue), so think it is worth looking into Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Aug 24 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I strongly agree with the last point. One should try out a bunch of stuff (frontend, backend, data science, etc) and only then choose the one he likes the most to become an effective developer Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Babak Painex Babak Painex Babak Painex Follow Joined Jan 14, 2025 • Jan 30 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article! Choosing the right security provider is crucial, and this guide on Best Alarm Company does a fantastic job breaking down the factors you should consider. From pricing to tech features, it’s a valuable resource for anyone looking to protect their home or business. If you're in the market for reliable alarm systems, this is definitely worth reading! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand osahene osahene osahene Follow I am a web developer with some years of experience. Location Accra, Ghana Work Web developer at iBreeze Hotspot Joined Feb 9, 2021 • Aug 24 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very informative. Thanks 👍 Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Aug 25 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Your welcome! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Adithya Adithya Adithya Follow Learning and sharing!⚡💻 Location Coimbatore, India Joined May 31, 2021 • Aug 24 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Okay, now I can assume I'm on imtermediate stage. Grate article💡🤝 Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Aug 24 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Best of luck on your journey 👍 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amol Bhandare Amol Bhandare Amol Bhandare Follow UI Developer Email anmolhtmldeveloper@gmail.com Location Mumbai, India Work UI Developer Joined Jul 24, 2020 • Aug 22 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Really helpful article.... thanks for sharing your valuable knowledge with us Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Aug 22 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Your welcome! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Peter Brown Peter Brown Peter Brown Follow Joined Aug 7, 2021 • Aug 22 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's all about the fundamentals. Thank you for reminding everyone of that. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Aug 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide My pleasure :) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Leon Guillaume Leon Guillaume Leon Guillaume Follow /dev/null Email guillaume.leon2000@gmail.com Location France Joined Jan 24, 2020 • Aug 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice a front-end roadmap that is really a front end roadmap and not a js fullstack roadmap Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Aug 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide :) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (28 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 More from Tapajyoti Bose 9 tricks that separate a pro Typescript developer from an noob 😎 # programming # javascript # typescript # beginners 7 skill you must know to call yourself HTML master in 2025 🚀 # webdev # programming # html # beginners 11 Interview Questions You Should Know as a React Native Developer in 2025 📈🚀 # react # reactnative # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming EKS = Управляемый Kubernetes от Amazon Web Services EKS предоставляет вам: Управляющая плоскость ** Kubernetes** (API-сервер, планировщик). AWS управляет этим за вас. Вам всё ещё необходимо: Рабочие узлы (EC2) → для запуска подов kubectl **→ для связи с кластером **YAML → для указания Kubernetes, что нужно запустить. Очень важная ментальная модель _`Your laptop (kubectl) | v EKS API Server (managed by AWS) | v Worker Nodes (EC2) → Pods → Containers`_ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подключаться к узлам по SSH НИКОГДА нельзя. Шаг 1 — Создайте EKS вручную (через консоль AWS, без использования инструментов). 1. Откройте консоль AWS → EKS Выберите регион (например: us-east-1) Нажмите «Создать кластер» . 2. Конфигурация кластера Заполнять только: Имя * : bluegreen-demo * Версия Kubernetes : по умолчанию Роль кластерной службы * : Если AWS отображает её, выберите её. Если нет, нажмите * «Создать роль» (AWS создаст её автоматически). Нажмите Далее 3. Сетевое взаимодействие Использовать значения по умолчанию : VPC по умолчанию Как минимум 2 подсети Доступ к общедоступной конечной точке Нажмите « Создать ». ⏳ Дождитесь активации В этот момент: Kubernetes существует НО пока ничего не может бежать Шаг 2 — Создание рабочих узлов (ЭТО создаст EC2) Зачем нам это нужно Kubernetes размещает поды на узлах . Нет узлов = нет подов. Создать группу узлов Внутри вашего кластера: Перейдите в раздел «Вычисления» → «Добавить группу узлов». Наполнять: Имя: bg-nodes Роль IAM: создать/выбрать роль работника по умолчанию Настройки узла: Тип экземпляра:t3.medium Желательно: 2 Мин.: 2 Макс.: 3 Создать группу узлов → дождаться активации Теперь EC2 существует автоматически. Шаг 3 — Подключите kubectl (так работает DevOps) С вашего ноутбука: aws eks update-kubeconfig \ --region us-east-1 \ --name bluegreen-demo Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Проверять: kubectl get nodes Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Если вы видите узлы → значит, вы соединены. Впредь: Консоль AWS практически неактуальна. Всё делается с помощью kubectl Почему существуют стратегии развертывания (ОЧЕНЬ ВАЖНО) До Kubernetes (старый мир) Остановить приложение Развернуть новую версию Запустите приложение снова. Пользователи видят время простоя Откат происходит медленно. Проблемы, с которыми сталкивался DevOps Простои во время развертывания Пользователи получают ошибки Быстрый откат недоступен. Страх перед развертыванием войск Проблема с Kubernetes решена: - Капсулы - Услуги - Самоисцеление Однако стратегия развертывания определяет, как будет перемещаться трафик. Именно поэтому * существуют стратегии развертывания * . Что такое сине-зеленая стратегия (в простом виде)? Сине-зеленый = две версии, работающие одновременно. Синий → текущее производство Зеленый → новая версия, протестирована Транспортный поток резко меняет направление движения. Отсутствие частичного трафика. Отсутствие замедления развертывания. Почему сине-зеленый цвет используется в DevOps Преимущества Отсутствие простоев Мгновенный откат Безопасные релизы Легко понять Предсказуемое поведение Когда DevOps выбирает сине-зеленый подход Критические приложения API Финансовые системы Внутренние платформы Когда неудача обходится дорого Как работает принцип «сине-зеленого» взаимодействия в Kubernetes (простая истина) Kubernetes уже предоставляет нам такой инструмент: 👉 Сервис Решение принимает служба: «Какие модули посещают пользователи?» Сине-зеленый = * изменить селектор услуги * Вот и все. Внедрение сине-зеленого подхода (с нуля) 1️⃣ Развертывание Blue (версия 1 – в рабочем режиме) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-blue spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: blue template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: blue spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=BLUE v1"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2️⃣ Экологичное развертывание (версия 2 – не запущена) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-green spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: green template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: green spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=GREEN v2"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3️⃣ Сервис (производственный трафик) apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: prod-svc spec: selector: app: demo color: blue # LIVE VERSION ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 5678 Это переключатель управления . Разверните всё kubectl apply -f blue.yaml kubectl apply -f green.yaml kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Трафик → СИНИЙ Само развертывание (синий → зеленый) Измените одну строку: color: green Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подайте заявку снова: kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Транспортный поток мгновенно переключается. Перезагрузка Pod не требуется. Простой отсутствует. Откат (безопасность DevOps) Вернитесь назад: color: blue Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Применить → откат завершен. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/contrast-sync-vs-async-failure-classes-using-first-principles-d12#5-sidebyside-contrast-mental-model | Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign 1. Start from First Principles: What Is a “Failure Class”? A failure class is not: a bug a timeout an outage A failure class is: A category of things that can go wrong because of how responsibility, time, and state are structured So we ask: What must be true for correctness? What assumptions does the model silently make? What breaks when those assumptions are false? 2. Core Difference (One Sentence) Synchronous systems fail by blocking and cascading. Asynchronous systems fail by duplication, reordering, and invisibility. Everything else is a consequence. 3. Synchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) A synchronous system assumes: “The caller waits while the callee finishes the work.” This couples: time availability correctness Failure Class 1: Blocking Amplification Question asked: What happens while the system waits? Reality: Threads blocked Connections held Memory retained Failure mode: Load increases → latency increases → throughput collapses This is not just “slow.” It is non-linear failure . Failure Class 2: Cascading Failure Question asked: What if a dependency slows down? Because everything is waiting: Agent slows → backend slows Backend slows → frontend retries Retries amplify load Failure mode: One slow dependency can take down the entire system Failure Class 3: Availability Coupling Question asked: Can the system function if the dependency is down? Answer in sync systems: No Failure mode: Partial outage becomes total outage Summary: Sync Failure Classes Category Root Cause Blocking Time is coupled Cascades Dependencies are inline Global outage Availability is transitive 4. Asynchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) An async system assumes: “Work can finish later, possibly multiple times, possibly out of order.” This decouples time but removes guarantees . Failure Class 1: Duplicate Execution Question asked: What happens if work is retried? Reality: At-least-once delivery Worker crashes Message reprocessed Failure mode: Same logical action happens multiple times This breaks: Exactly-once semantics Idempotency assumptions Failure Class 2: Ordering Violations Question asked: What defines sequence? Reality: Queues don’t know business order Workers process independently Failure mode: Effects appear out of logical order For chat systems: Responses based on future messages Context corruption Failure Class 3: Completion Invisibility Question asked: How does the user know when work is done? Reality: No direct signal Polling or guessing Failure mode: Users wait blindly or see stale state Failure Class 4: Orphaned Work Question asked: What if the user disappears? Reality: Job keeps running Response stored but never consumed Failure mode: Wasted compute, leaked state Summary: Async Failure Classes Category Root Cause Duplication Retries Reordering Decoupled execution Invisibility No direct completion path Orphans Detached lifecycles 5. Side-by-Side Contrast (Mental Model) Dimension Synchronous Asynchronous Time Coupled Decoupled Failure style Blocking, cascades Duplication, disorder Availability All-or-nothing Partial Correctness risk Latency-based Logic-based Debugging Easier Harder 6. Deep Insight (This Is the Interview Gold) Synchronous systems fail loudly and immediately. Asynchronous systems fail quietly and later. Sync failures are obvious (timeouts, errors) Async failures are subtle (double writes, wrong order) 7. Why Neither Is “Better” From first principles: Sync systems protect causality but sacrifice availability Async systems protect availability but sacrifice causality Real systems exist to reintroduce the lost property : Async systems add idempotency, ordering, state machines Sync systems add timeouts, circuit breakers, fallbacks 8. One-Line Rule to Remember Sync breaks under load. Async breaks under ambiguity. If you want next, we can: Map these failure classes to real outages Show how streaming combines both failure types Practice identifying failure classes on a fresh system Tell me the next direction. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/miltivik/how-i-built-a-high-performance-social-api-with-bun-elysiajs-on-a-5-vps-handling-36k-reqsmin-5do4#2-database-connection-pooling | How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse nicomedina Posted on Jan 13 How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) # bunjs # api # javascript # programming The Goal I wanted to build a "Micro-Social" API—a backend service capable of handling Twitter-like feeds, follows, and likes—without breaking the bank. My constraints were simple: Budget:** $5 - $20 / month. Performance:** Sub-300ms latency. Scale:** Must handle concurrent load (stress testing). Most tutorials show you Hello World . This post shows you what happens when you actually hit Hello World with 25 concurrent users on a cheap VPS. (Spoiler: It crashes). Here is how I fixed it. ## The Stack 🛠️ I chose Bun over Node.js for its startup speed and built-in tooling. Runtime: Bun Framework: ElysiaJS (Fastest Bun framework) Database: PostgreSQL (via Dokploy) ORM: Drizzle (Lightweight & Type-safe) Hosting: VPS with Dokploy (Docker Compose) The "Oh Sh*t" Moment 🚨 I deployed my first version. It worked fine for me. Then I ran a load test using k6 to simulate 25 virtual users browsing various feeds. k6 run tests/stress-test.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Result: ✗ http_req_failed................: 86.44% ✗ status is 429..................: 86.44% The server wasn't crashing, but it was rejecting almost everyone. Diagnosis I initially blamed Traefik (the reverse proxy). But digging into the code, I found the culprit was me . // src/index.ts // OLD CONFIGURATION . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 100 // 💀 100 requests per minute... GLOBAL per IP? })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since my stress test (and likely any future NATed corporate office) sent all requests from a single IP, I was essentially DDOSing myself. The Fixes 🔧 1. Tuning the Rate Limiter I bumped the limit to 2,500 req/min . This prevents abuse while allowing heavy legitimate traffic (or load balancers). // src/index.ts . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 2500 // Much better for standard reliable APIs })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Database Connection Pooling The default Postgres pool size is often small (e.g., 10 or 20). My VPS has 4GB RAM. PostgreSQL needs RAM for connections, but not that much. I bumped the pool to 80 connections . // src/db/index.ts const client = postgres ( process . env . DATABASE_URL , { max : 80 }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Horizontal Scaling with Docker Node/Bun is single-threaded. A single container uses 1 CPU core effectivey. My VPS has 2 vCPUs. I added a replicas instruction to my docker-compose.dokploy.yml : api : build : . restart : always deploy : replicas : 2 # One for each core! Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This instantly doubled my throughput capacity. Traefik automatically load-balances between the two containers. The Final Result 🟢 Ran k6 again: ✓ checks_succeeded...: 100.00% ✓ http_req_duration..: p(95)=200.45ms ✓ http_req_failed....: 0.00% (excluding auth checks) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 0 errors. 200ms latency. On a cheap VPS. Takeaway You don't need Kubernetes for a side project. You just need to understand where your bottlenecks are: Application Layer: Check your Rate Limits. Database Layer: Check your Connection Pool. Hardware: Use all your cores (Replicas). If you want to try the API, I published it on RapidAPI as Micro-Social API . https://rapidapi.com/ismamed4/api/micro-social Happy coding! 🚀 Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Olivia John Olivia John Olivia John Follow Curious about what makes apps succeed (or fail). Sharing lessons from real-world performance stories. Pronouns She/Her Joined Jun 24, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse nicomedina Follow Hello im a Uruguayan Developer and im a person who always want to search, learn, and adapt new habit or skills in me. Location Uruguay Education UTEC Pronouns He/His Joined Jan 11, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/miltivik/how-i-built-a-high-performance-social-api-with-bun-elysiajs-on-a-5-vps-handling-36k-reqsmin-5do4#main-content | How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse nicomedina Posted on Jan 13 How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) # bunjs # api # javascript # programming The Goal I wanted to build a "Micro-Social" API—a backend service capable of handling Twitter-like feeds, follows, and likes—without breaking the bank. My constraints were simple: Budget:** $5 - $20 / month. Performance:** Sub-300ms latency. Scale:** Must handle concurrent load (stress testing). Most tutorials show you Hello World . This post shows you what happens when you actually hit Hello World with 25 concurrent users on a cheap VPS. (Spoiler: It crashes). Here is how I fixed it. ## The Stack 🛠️ I chose Bun over Node.js for its startup speed and built-in tooling. Runtime: Bun Framework: ElysiaJS (Fastest Bun framework) Database: PostgreSQL (via Dokploy) ORM: Drizzle (Lightweight & Type-safe) Hosting: VPS with Dokploy (Docker Compose) The "Oh Sh*t" Moment 🚨 I deployed my first version. It worked fine for me. Then I ran a load test using k6 to simulate 25 virtual users browsing various feeds. k6 run tests/stress-test.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Result: ✗ http_req_failed................: 86.44% ✗ status is 429..................: 86.44% The server wasn't crashing, but it was rejecting almost everyone. Diagnosis I initially blamed Traefik (the reverse proxy). But digging into the code, I found the culprit was me . // src/index.ts // OLD CONFIGURATION . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 100 // 💀 100 requests per minute... GLOBAL per IP? })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since my stress test (and likely any future NATed corporate office) sent all requests from a single IP, I was essentially DDOSing myself. The Fixes 🔧 1. Tuning the Rate Limiter I bumped the limit to 2,500 req/min . This prevents abuse while allowing heavy legitimate traffic (or load balancers). // src/index.ts . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 2500 // Much better for standard reliable APIs })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Database Connection Pooling The default Postgres pool size is often small (e.g., 10 or 20). My VPS has 4GB RAM. PostgreSQL needs RAM for connections, but not that much. I bumped the pool to 80 connections . // src/db/index.ts const client = postgres ( process . env . DATABASE_URL , { max : 80 }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Horizontal Scaling with Docker Node/Bun is single-threaded. A single container uses 1 CPU core effectivey. My VPS has 2 vCPUs. I added a replicas instruction to my docker-compose.dokploy.yml : api : build : . restart : always deploy : replicas : 2 # One for each core! Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This instantly doubled my throughput capacity. Traefik automatically load-balances between the two containers. The Final Result 🟢 Ran k6 again: ✓ checks_succeeded...: 100.00% ✓ http_req_duration..: p(95)=200.45ms ✓ http_req_failed....: 0.00% (excluding auth checks) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 0 errors. 200ms latency. On a cheap VPS. Takeaway You don't need Kubernetes for a side project. You just need to understand where your bottlenecks are: Application Layer: Check your Rate Limits. Database Layer: Check your Connection Pool. Hardware: Use all your cores (Replicas). If you want to try the API, I published it on RapidAPI as Micro-Social API . https://rapidapi.com/ismamed4/api/micro-social Happy coding! 🚀 Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Olivia John Olivia John Olivia John Follow Curious about what makes apps succeed (or fail). Sharing lessons from real-world performance stories. Pronouns She/Her Joined Jun 24, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse nicomedina Follow Hello im a Uruguayan Developer and im a person who always want to search, learn, and adapt new habit or skills in me. Location Uruguay Education UTEC Pronouns He/His Joined Jan 11, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/thenjdevopsguy/kubernetes-ingress-vs-service-mesh-2ee2#whats-a-service-mesh | Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Michael Levan Posted on Jun 15, 2022 • Edited on Aug 6, 2025 Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh # kubernetes # devops # cloud # git Networking in Kubernetes is no easy task. Whether you’re on the application side or the operations side, you need to think about networking. Whether it’s connectivity between clusters, control planes, and worker nodes, or connectivity between Kubernetes Services and Pods, it all becomes a task that needs a large amount of focus and effort. In this blog post, you’ll learn about what a service mesh is, what ingress is, and why you need both. What’s A Service Mesh When you deploy applications inside of Kubernetes, there are two primary ways that the apps are talking to each other: Service-to-Service communication Pod-to-Pod communication Pod-to-Pod communication isn’t exactly recommended because Pods are ephemeral, which means they aren’t permanent. They are designed to go down at any time and only if they’re part of a StatefulSet would they keep any type of unique identifier. However, Pods still need to be able to communicate with each other because microservices need to talk. Backends need to talk to frontends, middleware needs to talk to backends and frontends, etc… The next primary communication is Services. Services are the preferred method because a Service isn’t ephemeral and only gets deleted if specified by an engineer. Pods are able to connect to Services with Selectors (sometimes called Tags), so if a Pod goes down but the Selector in the Kubernetes Manifest that deployed the Pod doesn’t change, the new Pod will be connected to the Service. In short, a Service sits in front of Pods almost like a load balancer would (not to be confused with the LoadBalancer service type). Here’s the problem: all of this traffic is unencrypted by default. Pod-to-Pod communication, or as some people like to call it, East-West Traffic, and Service-to-Service is completely unencrypted. That means if for any reason an environment is compromised or you have some segregation concerns, there’s nothing out of the box that you can do. A Service Mesh handles a lot of that for you. A Service Mesh: Encrypts traffic between Services Helps with network latency troubleshooting Securely connects Kubernetes Services Observability for tracing and alerting The key piece here, aside from the encryption between services (using mTLS) is the network observability and routing implementations. As a small example, the following routing rule forwards traffic to /rooms via a delegate VirtualService object/kind named roompage . apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: hotebooking spec: hosts: - "hotelbooking.com" gateways: - hbgateway http: - match: - uri: prefix: "/rooms" delegate: name: roompage namespace: rooms Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You have full control over the "what and how" in terms of routing. What’s Ingress Outside of the need for secure communication between microservices, you need a way to interact with frontend apps. The typical way is with a load balancer that’s connected to a Service. You can also use a NodePort, but in the cloud world, you’ll mostly see load balancers being used. Here’s the problem; cloud load balancers are expensive literally and figuratively. You have to pay money for each cloud load balancer that you have. Having a few applications may not be a big deal, but what about if you have 50 or 100? Not to mention that you have to manage all of those cloud load balancers. If a Kubernetes Service disconnects from the load balancer for whatever reason, it’s your job to go in and fix it. With Kubernetes Ingress Controllers, the management and cost nightmare is abstracted from you. An Ingress Controller allows you to have: One load balancer Multiple applications (Kubernetes Services) pointing to it You can create one load balancer and have every Kubernetes Service point to it that's within the specific web application from a routing perspective. Then, you can access each Kubernetes Service on a different path. For example, below is an Ingress Spec that points to a Kubernetes Service called nginxservice and outputs it on the path called /nginxappa apiVersion : networking . k8s . io / v1 kind : Ingress metadata : name : ingress - nginxservice - a spec : ingressClassName : nginx - servicea rules : - host : localhost http : paths : - path : / nginxappa pathType : Prefix backend : service : name : nginxservice port : number : 8080 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ingress Controllers are like an Nginx Reverse Proxy. Do You Need Both? My take on it is that you need both. Here’s why: They’re both doing two different jobs. I always like to use the hammer analogy. If I need to hammer a nail, I can use the handle to slam the nail in and eventually it’ll work, but why would I do that if I can use the proper end of the hammer? An Ingress Controller is used to: Make load balancing apps easier A Service Mesh is used to: Secure communication between apps Help out with Kubernetes networking Now, here’s the kicker; there are tools that do both. For example, Istio Ingress is an Ingress Controller, but also has the capability of secure gateways using mTLS. If you’re using one of those tools, great. Just make sure that it handles both communication and security for you in the way that you’re expecting. The recommendation still is to use the proper tool for the job. Both Service Mesh and Ingress are incredibly important, especially as your microservice environment grows. Popular Ingress Controllers and Service Mesh Platforms Below is a list of Ingress Controllers and Service Mesh that are popular in today’s cloud-native world. For Service Mesh: https://istio.io/latest/about/service-mesh/ For Ingress Controllers: https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/ https://doc.traefik.io/traefik/providers/kubernetes-ingress/ https://github.com/Kong/kubernetes-ingress-controller#readme https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ If you want to check out how to get started with the Istio, check out my blog post on it here . Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand trylvis trylvis trylvis Follow Work Infra / Ops / DevOps Engineer Joined Jun 16, 2022 • Jun 16 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice summary! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 • Jun 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I'm happy that you enjoyed it. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jan Jurák Jan Jurák Jan Jurák Follow Joined Apr 20, 2021 • Jan 4 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you for introduction into Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand heroes1412 heroes1412 heroes1412 Follow Joined Oct 7, 2022 • Oct 7 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Your article is very good and easy to understand. But how about API Gateway, i see ingress controller can handle API gateway task. what diffenrent? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 • Oct 7 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I would say the biggest two differences are 1) Ingress Controllers are a Kubernetes Controller in itself, so it's handled in a declarative fashion 2) (correct me if I'm wrong here about API Gateways please) API Gateways are typically an intermediary to route traffic between services. Sort of like a "middle ground". Where-as the ingress controllers are more about handling frontend app traffic. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 More from Michael Levan Running Any AI Agent on Kubernetes: Step-by-Step # ai # programming # kubernetes # cloud Context-Aware Networking & Runtimes: Agentic End-To-End # ai # kubernetes # programming # cloud Security Holes in MCP Servers and How To Plug Them # programming # ai # kubernetes # docker 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/tatyanabayramova/accessibility-testing-on-windows-on-mac-48e4#installation | Accessibility Testing on Windows on Mac - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC Posted on May 13, 2025 • Originally published at tatanotes.com Accessibility Testing on Windows on Mac # a11y # testing # web # discuss Today's note is about something that I, as a new Mac user, had to deal with while setting up my work environment. TL;DR: To run NVDA and JAWS on a Mac, you need to install Windows 11 for ARM in a virtual machine like UTM , and map a spare key to the Insert key with SharpKeys . Why do accessibility testing on Windows if you have a Mac? According to the WebAIM Screen Reader User Survey #10 , Windows-only screen readers NVDA and JAWS are used by the majority of users. Just like browsers, screen readers have differences in how they present information, so it's always a good idea to test your website or app using different browser/screen reader combinations. In addition, some of the styling, like box shadows, background images, and so on, is removed when Windows High Contrast Mode (WHCM) is enabled. Sadly, there is no alternative to the WHCM on the Mac. Installation Step 1 – Installing a virtual machine There are multiple virtual machines available on Mac, such as Parallels, VirtualBox, and UTM. I'm using UTM, but this guide doesn't depend on its specifics, so you can choose whatever works for you. You can download UTM for free from the official website . You can also purchase it from the Mac App Store to support the team behind the software. Step 2 – Installing Windows When you have got UTM up and running, create a new virtual machine. You will need a Windows installation disk image, which you can download from the Microsoft website . Click on "Create a New Virtual Machine", select "Virtualize", and follow the wizard. You will need to specify the path to the installation ISO here. Step 3 – Installing screen readers Both NVDA and JAWS work on ARM-based devices now, so you can install them in a virtual machine, just as you would on a real device. If you would like to install any other programs, make sure that they also support ARM processors. Step 4 – Mapping missing keys Due to the fact that Mac and Windows use different keyboards, you are not able to use the Insert key in your UTM virtual machine. (You will need it for the various shortcuts for NVDA and JAWS.) You have to use a third-party program to remap keys on Mac or Windows level. I'm using SharpKeys – an open-source program for Windows. Download, install, and run SharpKeys inside the virtual machine . Click on the "Add" button. In the new window, find "Special: Insert" on the right. In the left list, select a key that you would like to act as the Insert key. For instance, if you select F1 on the left, every time you press F1 key inside your virtual machine, it will register as Insert. Make sure to map a key that is not used in any shortcuts. Once finished, press "OK", and then "Write to registry" to save changes – it will not work otherwise. At this point, you're good to go and start your accessibility testing. Hooray! Step 5 (bonus) – Accessing localhost If you are developing a project and running it locally, you might want to do quality assurance before deploying changes. For this, you need to be able to access your project at http://localhost:port from within the virtual machine. One way to do that with UTM is to set the network mode for the virtual machine to "Shared Network". Then, look up the Default Gateway IP address in Windows, which you can do by running ipconfig command in the Command Prompt: Now make sure that your project is accepting requests to this IP address. For example, to run a SvelteKit project in development mode and accept connections on all available IP addresses, you need to slightly modify the default command: npm run dev -- --host Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You can find a similar command for your tool. Extensive accessibility testing is important Mac is a great platform for web development. However, the reality is that majority of desktop users are Windows users. Thanks to tools like UTM, we are able to run Windows and Windows-specific software directly on a Mac. By testing on a wide range of tools and platforms, we make the Web accessible for all. What is your setup? Share it in the comments! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC Follow Senior Software Engineer | CPACC | IAAP Member | Accessibility Joined Dec 3, 2024 More from Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC AI in Assistive Technologies for People with Visual Impairments # discuss # a11y # ai # news Glaucoma Awareness Month # a11y # discuss # news Our Rights, Our Future, Right Now - Celebrating Human Rights Day # a11y # discuss # news # learning 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/portfolio/page/8 | Portfolio Page 8 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # portfolio Follow Hide Getting feedback on and discussing portfolio strategies Create Post Older #portfolio posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🚀 From Python to Portfolio: How I Vibecoded My First Website Without Knowing JavaScript Ahmed Kadiwala Ahmed Kadiwala Ahmed Kadiwala Follow Sep 15 '25 🚀 From Python to Portfolio: How I Vibecoded My First Website Without Knowing JavaScript # webdev # portfolio # frontend # beginners 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read New portfolio website Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 15 '25 New portfolio website # portfolio # webdev 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Get to know me :) CodingSayed CodingSayed CodingSayed Follow Sep 11 '25 Get to know me :) # programming # frontend # portfolio # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 My Developer Portfolio is Live! Odunayo Adufe Odunayo Adufe Odunayo Adufe Follow Aug 7 '25 🚀 My Developer Portfolio is Live! # portfolio # webdev # showcase # career Comments 2 comments 1 min read How to Build a Professional Developer Portfolio That Actually Gets You Hired aureathemes aureathemes aureathemes Follow Sep 10 '25 How to Build a Professional Developer Portfolio That Actually Gets You Hired # webdev # beginners # portfolio # career 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read My Developer Portfolio — looc.dev loctvl842 loctvl842 loctvl842 Follow Aug 6 '25 My Developer Portfolio — looc.dev # projects # portfolio # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read My FIRST EVER PORTFOLIO website WLeah WLeah WLeah Follow Sep 7 '25 My FIRST EVER PORTFOLIO website # portfolio # showcase # beginners # learning 8 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read Deploying a Laravel Portfolio to AWS EC2: Complete Production Setup Ravi Sengar Rajasthan Ravi Sengar Rajasthan Ravi Sengar Rajasthan Follow Sep 9 '25 Deploying a Laravel Portfolio to AWS EC2: Complete Production Setup # laravel # kubernetes # portfolio # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read My Portfolio #portfolio #webdev #frontend Unknown Decoder Unknown Decoder Unknown Decoder Follow Aug 10 '25 My Portfolio #portfolio #webdev #frontend # portfolio # webdev # frontend # showcase Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hey Devs! 👋 fasih nasir fasih nasir fasih nasir Follow Aug 3 '25 Hey Devs! 👋 # portfolio # react # firebase # tailwindcss Comments Add Comment 1 min read GitFolio - Dev Portfolio in Seconds Shubham Bhilare Shubham Bhilare Shubham Bhilare Follow Aug 3 '25 GitFolio - Dev Portfolio in Seconds # saas # productivity # portfolio # github Comments Add Comment 2 min read Just built my portfolio with Django, Bootstrap & some fun animations — would love your feedback! Rushikesh Hodade Rushikesh Hodade Rushikesh Hodade Follow Aug 2 '25 Just built my portfolio with Django, Bootstrap & some fun animations — would love your feedback! # showdev # portfolio # webdev # django Comments Add Comment 1 min read Showfolio - portfolio gen. w/ free custom domain & linktree included Yash Srivastava Yash Srivastava Yash Srivastava Follow Aug 13 '25 Showfolio - portfolio gen. w/ free custom domain & linktree included # product # portfolio # javascript # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Freelancer’s Guide: Why a Digital vCard is Better Than a Business Card Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Follow Sep 2 '25 Freelancer’s Guide: Why a Digital vCard is Better Than a Business Card # website # wordpress # portfolio # career 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read Just Launched My Portfolio – Looking for Feedback from Dev Community MD Hasan Patwary MD Hasan Patwary MD Hasan Patwary Follow Aug 31 '25 Just Launched My Portfolio – Looking for Feedback from Dev Community # portfolio # webdev # nextjs # frontend 19 reactions Comments 11 comments 1 min read 🚀 I Built a Resume + Portfolio Builder for Job Seekers – Meet EnteProfile Muhammed Roshan P S Muhammed Roshan P S Muhammed Roshan P S Follow Jul 27 '25 🚀 I Built a Resume + Portfolio Builder for Job Seekers – Meet EnteProfile # nocode # portfolio # resume # saas Comments Add Comment 2 min read From HTML to 3D: Why I Rebuild My Portfolio with React, Vite, Tailwind & FrontQL Ritanjit Das Ritanjit Das Ritanjit Das Follow Aug 28 '25 From HTML to 3D: Why I Rebuild My Portfolio with React, Vite, Tailwind & FrontQL # webdev # react # typescript # portfolio 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 6 min read Why My Developer Portfolio Looks Like a Old Vintage 1940s Newspaper Salaar Khan Salaar Khan Salaar Khan Follow Aug 31 '25 Why My Developer Portfolio Looks Like a Old Vintage 1940s Newspaper # webdev # portfolio # nextjs # frontend 3 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read A Simple, Customizable and Responsive Portfolio Website for Everyone A C A C A C Follow Jul 23 '25 A Simple, Customizable and Responsive Portfolio Website for Everyone # website # portfolio # html # css 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Personal Developer Portfolio is Live! HakimAhmadi HakimAhmadi HakimAhmadi Follow Aug 15 '25 My Personal Developer Portfolio is Live! # portfolio # developer # softwaredevelopment # showcase 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Khushbu Asati Khushbu Asati Khushbu Asati Khushbu Asati Follow Aug 22 '25 Khushbu Asati # frontend # webdev # nextjs # portfolio 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🎨 Code Meets Design — The Portfolio of Amelia Wattenberger Mehul Lakhanpal Mehul Lakhanpal Mehul Lakhanpal Follow Aug 21 '25 🎨 Code Meets Design — The Portfolio of Amelia Wattenberger # webdev # frontend # portfolio # design 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Making My First Ever Portfolio Website Ayush Pathak Ayush Pathak Ayush Pathak Follow Aug 20 '25 Making My First Ever Portfolio Website # webdev # portfolio # learning # career Comments Add Comment 1 min read Showcasing Projects💥 SHAKIB HOSSAIN SHAKIB HOSSAIN SHAKIB HOSSAIN Follow Jul 15 '25 Showcasing Projects💥 # showdev # portfolio # webdev # firstyearincode Comments Add Comment 1 min read My Personal Git Workflow Rules for Portfolio Projects ak0047 ak0047 ak0047 Follow Aug 18 '25 My Personal Git Workflow Rules for Portfolio Projects # git # github # portfolio # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/contrast-sync-vs-async-failure-classes-using-first-principles-d12#summary-sync-failure-classes | Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign 1. Start from First Principles: What Is a “Failure Class”? A failure class is not: a bug a timeout an outage A failure class is: A category of things that can go wrong because of how responsibility, time, and state are structured So we ask: What must be true for correctness? What assumptions does the model silently make? What breaks when those assumptions are false? 2. Core Difference (One Sentence) Synchronous systems fail by blocking and cascading. Asynchronous systems fail by duplication, reordering, and invisibility. Everything else is a consequence. 3. Synchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) A synchronous system assumes: “The caller waits while the callee finishes the work.” This couples: time availability correctness Failure Class 1: Blocking Amplification Question asked: What happens while the system waits? Reality: Threads blocked Connections held Memory retained Failure mode: Load increases → latency increases → throughput collapses This is not just “slow.” It is non-linear failure . Failure Class 2: Cascading Failure Question asked: What if a dependency slows down? Because everything is waiting: Agent slows → backend slows Backend slows → frontend retries Retries amplify load Failure mode: One slow dependency can take down the entire system Failure Class 3: Availability Coupling Question asked: Can the system function if the dependency is down? Answer in sync systems: No Failure mode: Partial outage becomes total outage Summary: Sync Failure Classes Category Root Cause Blocking Time is coupled Cascades Dependencies are inline Global outage Availability is transitive 4. Asynchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) An async system assumes: “Work can finish later, possibly multiple times, possibly out of order.” This decouples time but removes guarantees . Failure Class 1: Duplicate Execution Question asked: What happens if work is retried? Reality: At-least-once delivery Worker crashes Message reprocessed Failure mode: Same logical action happens multiple times This breaks: Exactly-once semantics Idempotency assumptions Failure Class 2: Ordering Violations Question asked: What defines sequence? Reality: Queues don’t know business order Workers process independently Failure mode: Effects appear out of logical order For chat systems: Responses based on future messages Context corruption Failure Class 3: Completion Invisibility Question asked: How does the user know when work is done? Reality: No direct signal Polling or guessing Failure mode: Users wait blindly or see stale state Failure Class 4: Orphaned Work Question asked: What if the user disappears? Reality: Job keeps running Response stored but never consumed Failure mode: Wasted compute, leaked state Summary: Async Failure Classes Category Root Cause Duplication Retries Reordering Decoupled execution Invisibility No direct completion path Orphans Detached lifecycles 5. Side-by-Side Contrast (Mental Model) Dimension Synchronous Asynchronous Time Coupled Decoupled Failure style Blocking, cascades Duplication, disorder Availability All-or-nothing Partial Correctness risk Latency-based Logic-based Debugging Easier Harder 6. Deep Insight (This Is the Interview Gold) Synchronous systems fail loudly and immediately. Asynchronous systems fail quietly and later. Sync failures are obvious (timeouts, errors) Async failures are subtle (double writes, wrong order) 7. Why Neither Is “Better” From first principles: Sync systems protect causality but sacrifice availability Async systems protect availability but sacrifice causality Real systems exist to reintroduce the lost property : Async systems add idempotency, ordering, state machines Sync systems add timeouts, circuit breakers, fallbacks 8. One-Line Rule to Remember Sync breaks under load. Async breaks under ambiguity. If you want next, we can: Map these failure classes to real outages Show how streaming combines both failure types Practice identifying failure classes on a fresh system Tell me the next direction. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Samuel Ochaba Building AI apps. Writing about it. Author of "Zero to AI Engineer: Python Foundations" (coming soon). Joined Joined on Nov 8, 2025 twitter website More info about @samuel_ochaba_eb9c875fa89 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 42 posts published Comment 6 comments written Tag 10 tags followed Why Your Python Code Takes Hours Instead of Seconds (A 3-Line Fix) Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 12 Why Your Python Code Takes Hours Instead of Seconds (A 3-Line Fix) # python # performance # beginners # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Want to connect with Samuel Ochaba? 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Sign in Python Sets: remove() vs discard() — When Silence Is Golden Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 11 Python Sets: remove() vs discard() — When Silence Is Golden # python # programming # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Python Dictionary Views Are Live (And It Might Break Your Code) Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 10 Python Dictionary Views Are Live (And It Might Break Your Code) # python # programming # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Your Python Tuple Can't Be a Dictionary Key Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 9 Why Your Python Tuple Can't Be a Dictionary Key # python # programming # computerscience # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read You Know Python Basics—Now Let's Build Something Real Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 8 You Know Python Basics—Now Let's Build Something Real # python # beginners # gamedev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Type Hints Make AI Code Generation Significantly Better Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 7 Type Hints Make AI Code Generation Significantly Better # 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python # beginners # programming # tutorial 5 reactions Comments 5 comments 4 min read Your First Python Program: What They Don't Tell Beginners About Error Messages Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 2 Your First Python Program: What They Don't Tell Beginners About Error Messages # pythin # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read The AI Engineer Roadmap for 2026: Why Steps 1-2 Determine Everything Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 1 The AI Engineer Roadmap for 2026: Why Steps 1-2 Determine Everything # ai # python # career # machinelearning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why the Command Line Still Matters in 2026 (And the Only 15 Commands You Need) Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Dec 31 '25 Why the Command Line Still Matters in 2026 (And the Only 15 Commands You Need) Comments Add Comment 2 min read Base LLMs vs Instruction-Tuned LLMs: Understanding the Architecture Behind ChatGPT and Claude Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Dec 11 '25 Base LLMs vs Instruction-Tuned LLMs: Understanding the Architecture Behind ChatGPT and Claude # ai # machinelearning # llm # python Comments Add Comment 3 min read The 2025 Engineering Reality Check: Why "Boring" is the New Brave Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Dec 8 '25 The 2025 Engineering Reality Check: Why "Boring" is the New Brave # webdev # ai # programming # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read Memory Leaks in Modern JS: A Deep Dive into Closures and Garbage Collection Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Dec 4 '25 Memory Leaks in Modern JS: A Deep Dive into Closures and Garbage Collection # javascript # webperf # architecture # debugging Comments Add Comment 2 min read The "Separation of Concerns" Lie: Why Your "Clean" Architecture is Actually Spaghetti Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Dec 4 '25 The "Separation of Concerns" Lie: Why Your "Clean" Architecture is Actually Spaghetti # architecture # react # cleancode # webdev Comments 1 comment 3 min read JavaScript Generators: The "Pause" Button for Your Code Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Dec 1 '25 JavaScript Generators: The "Pause" Button for Your Code # webdev # ai # programming # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read The AI Refactoring Trap: Why "Messy" Code is Often Better Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Dec 1 '25 The AI Refactoring Trap: Why "Messy" Code is Often Better # webdev # ai # programming # productivity 7 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read The "Shallow Developer" Trap: Why AI Code Breaks in Production Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Dec 1 '25 The "Shallow Developer" Trap: Why AI Code Breaks in Production # webdev # ai # webperf # javascript 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read From Callback Hell to Async Heaven: A Crystal-Clear Guide to JavaScript Promises Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 28 '25 From Callback Hell to Async Heaven: A Crystal-Clear Guide to JavaScript Promises # tutorial # webdev # javascript # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Breaking Free from Single Inheritance Chains With JavaScript Mixins Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 26 '25 Breaking Free from Single Inheritance Chains With JavaScript Mixins # webdev # javascript # tutorial # programming 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read The Secret Life of JavaScript Objects: Flags and Descriptors Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 25 '25 The Secret Life of JavaScript Objects: Flags and Descriptors # javascript # webdev # beginners # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read Three Programming Superpowers In One Function Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 24 '25 Three Programming Superpowers In One Function # javascript # computerscience # webdev # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Stop Memory Leaks! The Practical Guide to WeakMap and WeakSet Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 23 '25 Stop Memory Leaks! The Practical Guide to WeakMap and WeakSet # javascript # webdev # performance # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read This 'Innocent' Array Pattern Quietly Kills Your JavaScript Performance Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 22 '25 This 'Innocent' Array Pattern Quietly Kills Your JavaScript Performance # javascript # performance # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read When JavaScript Symbols Actually Matter in Production Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 21 '25 When JavaScript Symbols Actually Matter in Production # webdev # javascript # tutorial # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Stop Using `?.` Everywhere - You're Hiding Your Bugs Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 21 '25 Stop Using `?.` Everywhere - You're Hiding Your Bugs # javascript # webdev # debugging # bestpractices Comments 1 comment 4 min read Optimistic UI Updates: Why Your App Feels Slow When It's Actually Fast Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 19 '25 Optimistic UI Updates: Why Your App Feels Slow When It's Actually Fast # webdev # javascript # performance # programming Comments Add Comment 6 min read Understanding F.prototype in JavaScript: A Complete Guide Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 18 '25 Understanding F.prototype in JavaScript: A Complete Guide # beginners # javascript # tutorial Comments 2 comments 6 min read Understanding Prototypal Inheritance in JavaScript: A Deep Dive Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 17 '25 Understanding Prototypal Inheritance in JavaScript: A Deep Dive # webdev # programming # javascript # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Beyond Basic Debouncing: What I Learned Building Search for a Logistics App Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 13 '25 Beyond Basic Debouncing: What I Learned Building Search for a Logistics App # webdev # tutorial # performance # softwaredevelopment 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read JavaScript Decorators: Supercharge Your Functions Without Changing Them Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 11 '25 JavaScript Decorators: Supercharge Your Functions Without Changing Them # designpatterns # javascript # performance 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Understanding Function Binding in JavaScript: A Beginner's Guide Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 11 '25 Understanding Function Binding in JavaScript: A Beginner's Guide # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Closure Trap: A JavaScript Bug That Shows Why Fundamentals Still Matter in the AI Era Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 10 '25 The Closure Trap: A JavaScript Bug That Shows Why Fundamentals Still Matter in the AI Era # javascript # webdev # closures # programming 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Understanding JavaScript Scope and Closures: A Deep Dive into Lexical Environments Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 10 '25 Understanding JavaScript Scope and Closures: A Deep Dive into Lexical Environments # webdev # javascript # beginners # closure Comments Add Comment 4 min read Stop Coding in Chaos: Why You Need a Pro Dev Environment Now (And How to Set It Up) Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Nov 9 '25 Stop Coding in Chaos: Why You Need a Pro Dev Environment Now (And How to Set It Up) # webdev # devex # typescript # git 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/xb16 | حذيفة - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions حذيفة i am intersted about Full-Stack Web Developement and ecpecially React & Laravel. Location Morocco, Laayoune Joined Joined on Jun 15, 2024 github website More info about @xb16 Badges One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! Post at least 2 comments for 2 straight weeks and unlock the 4 Week Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages 🖥 Technologies I Work With: - Frontend: Next.js, TypeScript - Styling: Tailwind, CSS3, Bootstrap - Backend: Laravel, Restful APIs - Animation: Framer Motion, GSAP - Tools: Git, AI Assistants, Vite Currently learning Next.JS Laravel Available for Hackathons, Internships, Job Offers, Open Source Projects, Startups Post 8 posts published Comment 25 comments written Tag 8 tags followed Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Dec 13 '25 Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress # cypress # react # jwt # testing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Want to connect with حذيفة? Create an account to connect with حذيفة. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in My First CTF Competition Experience حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Aug 25 '25 My First CTF Competition Experience # ctf # hackathon # cybersecurity # laayoune 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Custom Layout for Specific Route Group in Tanstack Router - Solution حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Aug 17 '25 Custom Layout for Specific Route Group in Tanstack Router - Solution # react # frontend # vite # tanstackrouter Comments 7 comments 2 min read My First Hackathon Experience : Pediatric health by FMPL حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Jul 11 '25 My First Hackathon Experience : Pediatric health by FMPL # hackathon # laayoune # saas Comments Add Comment 3 min read Canvas Unleashed: Accelerating Sanity Work as AI Takes the Lead حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Jun 17 '25 Canvas Unleashed: Accelerating Sanity Work as AI Takes the Lead # sanity # headlesscms # ai # productivity Comments 1 comment 2 min read تسميات الباقات بين العالمية والهوية: نحو معيار عربي يعبر عنا حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Jun 14 '25 تسميات الباقات بين العالمية والهوية: نحو معيار عربي يعبر عنا # arabic # pricing # design # plan Comments Add Comment 1 min read Let's Design a Laurel Wreath With TailwindCSS. حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow May 26 '25 Let's Design a Laurel Wreath With TailwindCSS. # laurel # wreath # web # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read BIOS Screen Using React, Redux, Tailwind !!! حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow May 19 '25 BIOS Screen Using React, Redux, Tailwind !!! # bios # react # tailwindcss # redux 4 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/miltivik/how-i-built-a-high-performance-social-api-with-bun-elysiajs-on-a-5-vps-handling-36k-reqsmin-5do4#the-oh-sht-moment | How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse nicomedina Posted on Jan 13 How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) # bunjs # api # javascript # programming The Goal I wanted to build a "Micro-Social" API—a backend service capable of handling Twitter-like feeds, follows, and likes—without breaking the bank. My constraints were simple: Budget:** $5 - $20 / month. Performance:** Sub-300ms latency. Scale:** Must handle concurrent load (stress testing). Most tutorials show you Hello World . This post shows you what happens when you actually hit Hello World with 25 concurrent users on a cheap VPS. (Spoiler: It crashes). Here is how I fixed it. ## The Stack 🛠️ I chose Bun over Node.js for its startup speed and built-in tooling. Runtime: Bun Framework: ElysiaJS (Fastest Bun framework) Database: PostgreSQL (via Dokploy) ORM: Drizzle (Lightweight & Type-safe) Hosting: VPS with Dokploy (Docker Compose) The "Oh Sh*t" Moment 🚨 I deployed my first version. It worked fine for me. Then I ran a load test using k6 to simulate 25 virtual users browsing various feeds. k6 run tests/stress-test.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Result: ✗ http_req_failed................: 86.44% ✗ status is 429..................: 86.44% The server wasn't crashing, but it was rejecting almost everyone. Diagnosis I initially blamed Traefik (the reverse proxy). But digging into the code, I found the culprit was me . // src/index.ts // OLD CONFIGURATION . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 100 // 💀 100 requests per minute... GLOBAL per IP? })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since my stress test (and likely any future NATed corporate office) sent all requests from a single IP, I was essentially DDOSing myself. The Fixes 🔧 1. Tuning the Rate Limiter I bumped the limit to 2,500 req/min . This prevents abuse while allowing heavy legitimate traffic (or load balancers). // src/index.ts . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 2500 // Much better for standard reliable APIs })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Database Connection Pooling The default Postgres pool size is often small (e.g., 10 or 20). My VPS has 4GB RAM. PostgreSQL needs RAM for connections, but not that much. I bumped the pool to 80 connections . // src/db/index.ts const client = postgres ( process . env . DATABASE_URL , { max : 80 }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Horizontal Scaling with Docker Node/Bun is single-threaded. A single container uses 1 CPU core effectivey. My VPS has 2 vCPUs. I added a replicas instruction to my docker-compose.dokploy.yml : api : build : . restart : always deploy : replicas : 2 # One for each core! Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This instantly doubled my throughput capacity. Traefik automatically load-balances between the two containers. The Final Result 🟢 Ran k6 again: ✓ checks_succeeded...: 100.00% ✓ http_req_duration..: p(95)=200.45ms ✓ http_req_failed....: 0.00% (excluding auth checks) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 0 errors. 200ms latency. On a cheap VPS. Takeaway You don't need Kubernetes for a side project. You just need to understand where your bottlenecks are: Application Layer: Check your Rate Limits. Database Layer: Check your Connection Pool. Hardware: Use all your cores (Replicas). If you want to try the API, I published it on RapidAPI as Micro-Social API . https://rapidapi.com/ismamed4/api/micro-social Happy coding! 🚀 Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Olivia John Olivia John Olivia John Follow Curious about what makes apps succeed (or fail). Sharing lessons from real-world performance stories. Pronouns She/Her Joined Jun 24, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse nicomedina Follow Hello im a Uruguayan Developer and im a person who always want to search, learn, and adapt new habit or skills in me. Location Uruguay Education UTEC Pronouns He/His Joined Jan 11, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/sinie-zielienoie-razviertyvaniie-na-eks-14e3#%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F-%D0%B2-devops | Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming EKS = Управляемый Kubernetes от Amazon Web Services EKS предоставляет вам: Управляющая плоскость ** Kubernetes** (API-сервер, планировщик). AWS управляет этим за вас. Вам всё ещё необходимо: Рабочие узлы (EC2) → для запуска подов kubectl **→ для связи с кластером **YAML → для указания Kubernetes, что нужно запустить. Очень важная ментальная модель _`Your laptop (kubectl) | v EKS API Server (managed by AWS) | v Worker Nodes (EC2) → Pods → Containers`_ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подключаться к узлам по SSH НИКОГДА нельзя. Шаг 1 — Создайте EKS вручную (через консоль AWS, без использования инструментов). 1. Откройте консоль AWS → EKS Выберите регион (например: us-east-1) Нажмите «Создать кластер» . 2. Конфигурация кластера Заполнять только: Имя * : bluegreen-demo * Версия Kubernetes : по умолчанию Роль кластерной службы * : Если AWS отображает её, выберите её. Если нет, нажмите * «Создать роль» (AWS создаст её автоматически). Нажмите Далее 3. Сетевое взаимодействие Использовать значения по умолчанию : VPC по умолчанию Как минимум 2 подсети Доступ к общедоступной конечной точке Нажмите « Создать ». ⏳ Дождитесь активации В этот момент: Kubernetes существует НО пока ничего не может бежать Шаг 2 — Создание рабочих узлов (ЭТО создаст EC2) Зачем нам это нужно Kubernetes размещает поды на узлах . Нет узлов = нет подов. Создать группу узлов Внутри вашего кластера: Перейдите в раздел «Вычисления» → «Добавить группу узлов». Наполнять: Имя: bg-nodes Роль IAM: создать/выбрать роль работника по умолчанию Настройки узла: Тип экземпляра:t3.medium Желательно: 2 Мин.: 2 Макс.: 3 Создать группу узлов → дождаться активации Теперь EC2 существует автоматически. Шаг 3 — Подключите kubectl (так работает DevOps) С вашего ноутбука: aws eks update-kubeconfig \ --region us-east-1 \ --name bluegreen-demo Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Проверять: kubectl get nodes Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Если вы видите узлы → значит, вы соединены. Впредь: Консоль AWS практически неактуальна. Всё делается с помощью kubectl Почему существуют стратегии развертывания (ОЧЕНЬ ВАЖНО) До Kubernetes (старый мир) Остановить приложение Развернуть новую версию Запустите приложение снова. Пользователи видят время простоя Откат происходит медленно. Проблемы, с которыми сталкивался DevOps Простои во время развертывания Пользователи получают ошибки Быстрый откат недоступен. Страх перед развертыванием войск Проблема с Kubernetes решена: - Капсулы - Услуги - Самоисцеление Однако стратегия развертывания определяет, как будет перемещаться трафик. Именно поэтому * существуют стратегии развертывания * . Что такое сине-зеленая стратегия (в простом виде)? Сине-зеленый = две версии, работающие одновременно. Синий → текущее производство Зеленый → новая версия, протестирована Транспортный поток резко меняет направление движения. Отсутствие частичного трафика. Отсутствие замедления развертывания. Почему сине-зеленый цвет используется в DevOps Преимущества Отсутствие простоев Мгновенный откат Безопасные релизы Легко понять Предсказуемое поведение Когда DevOps выбирает сине-зеленый подход Критические приложения API Финансовые системы Внутренние платформы Когда неудача обходится дорого Как работает принцип «сине-зеленого» взаимодействия в Kubernetes (простая истина) Kubernetes уже предоставляет нам такой инструмент: 👉 Сервис Решение принимает служба: «Какие модули посещают пользователи?» Сине-зеленый = * изменить селектор услуги * Вот и все. Внедрение сине-зеленого подхода (с нуля) 1️⃣ Развертывание Blue (версия 1 – в рабочем режиме) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-blue spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: blue template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: blue spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=BLUE v1"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2️⃣ Экологичное развертывание (версия 2 – не запущена) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-green spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: green template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: green spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=GREEN v2"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3️⃣ Сервис (производственный трафик) apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: prod-svc spec: selector: app: demo color: blue # LIVE VERSION ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 5678 Это переключатель управления . Разверните всё kubectl apply -f blue.yaml kubectl apply -f green.yaml kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Трафик → СИНИЙ Само развертывание (синий → зеленый) Измените одну строку: color: green Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подайте заявку снова: kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Транспортный поток мгновенно переключается. Перезагрузка Pod не требуется. Простой отсутствует. Откат (безопасность DevOps) Вернитесь назад: color: blue Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Применить → откат завершен. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # portfolio Follow Hide Getting feedback on and discussing portfolio strategies Create Post Older #portfolio posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🚀 I Just Launched My New Portfolio — Here’s What I Built Yash Pandav Yash Pandav Yash Pandav Follow Nov 27 '25 🚀 I Just Launched My New Portfolio — Here’s What I Built # frontend # ai # portfolio # webdev 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Launching My Portfolio on necookie.dev Dheyn Michael Orlanda Dheyn Michael Orlanda Dheyn Michael Orlanda Follow Nov 24 '25 Launching My Portfolio on necookie.dev # showdev # portfolio # typescript # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read If You Could Add ONE Feature to a Design Portfolio, What Would It Be? The Duchess of Hackers The Duchess of Hackers The Duchess of Hackers Follow Dec 13 '25 If You Could Add ONE Feature to a Design Portfolio, What Would It Be? # design # ux # portfolio # frontend 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read How I Built a Modern Developer Portfolio Using Next.js, React & Vercel Krishna chavan Krishna chavan Krishna chavan Follow Dec 25 '25 How I Built a Modern Developer Portfolio Using Next.js, React & Vercel # nextjs # react # webdev # portfolio 9 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read From AI Signals to Decisions: Build Risk Rules (Not Predictions) Irfan Zuyrel Irfan Zuyrel Irfan Zuyrel Follow Dec 23 '25 From AI Signals to Decisions: Build Risk Rules (Not Predictions) # machinelearning # riskmanagement # quantfinance # portfolio Comments Add Comment 1 min read Host Your Portfolio on Amazon S3: A Beginner's Guide to Static Website Hosting Khaja Sabik Ahmed Khaja Sabik Ahmed Khaja Sabik Ahmed Follow Nov 18 '25 Host Your Portfolio on Amazon S3: A Beginner's Guide to Static Website Hosting # awscommunity # s3 # portfolio # cloudcomputing Comments Add Comment 5 min read Web Designer Portfolio Website: The Unexpected Way To Make It Look Professional Whoozit In Whoozit In Whoozit In Follow Nov 19 '25 Web Designer Portfolio Website: The Unexpected Way To Make It Look Professional # website # nocode # portfolio Comments Add Comment 4 min read Portfolio Project: Python Terminal Game rlclwy rlclwy rlclwy Follow Nov 19 '25 Portfolio Project: Python Terminal Game # showdev # portfolio # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read Pharmaceutical RCPA Analytics Challenge Kenyansa Felix Amenya Kenyansa Felix Amenya Kenyansa Felix Amenya Follow Nov 17 '25 Pharmaceutical RCPA Analytics Challenge # challenge # portfolio # analytics # microsoft Comments Add Comment 4 min read Looking for Advice as a Junior Fullstack Developer Alejandro Tacoronte González Alejandro Tacoronte González Alejandro Tacoronte González Follow Nov 17 '25 Looking for Advice as a Junior Fullstack Developer # beginners # career # portfolio Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Project Management in 2025: Why the PMBOK® Guide, Eighth Edition, Marks a Turning Point Tirumalarao Naidu Tirumalarao Naidu Tirumalarao Naidu Follow Nov 16 '25 🚀 Project Management in 2025: Why the PMBOK® Guide, Eighth Edition, Marks a Turning Point # pmp # pmbok # opensource # portfolio Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Nostalgic Windows XP Portfolio with Next.js 16 & Shadcn Mahmudul Ahsan Mahmudul Ahsan Mahmudul Ahsan Follow Dec 6 '25 Building a Nostalgic Windows XP Portfolio with Next.js 16 & Shadcn # nextjs # react # webdev # portfolio 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read The Hidden Power of Portfolio Consumers in Brand Growth Whoozit In Whoozit In Whoozit In Follow Nov 14 '25 The Hidden Power of Portfolio Consumers in Brand Growth # portfolio # website Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🌀 The Circular Profile Showcase Protocol: Amplify Your Online Presence Across GitHub, LinkedIn, Dev.to, WordPress & Hashnode Akhil Kishore Akhil Kishore Akhil Kishore Follow Nov 12 '25 🌀 The Circular Profile Showcase Protocol: Amplify Your Online Presence Across GitHub, LinkedIn, Dev.to, WordPress & Hashnode # portfolio # github # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Tried Making a Portfolio. It Took Over My Free Time. TROJAN TROJAN TROJAN Follow Dec 13 '25 I Tried Making a Portfolio. It Took Over My Free Time. # portfolio # webdev # beginners # development 9 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read From git init to Niche SEO: Building a Portfolio of 8 Sports Sites wwx516 wwx516 wwx516 Follow Nov 12 '25 From git init to Niche SEO: Building a Portfolio of 8 Sports Sites # marketing # portfolio # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kickstart Your Dev Projects: Free Starter Kit with Portfolio Templates & Frontend Dashboard Lotfi Jebali Lotfi Jebali Lotfi Jebali Follow Nov 11 '25 Kickstart Your Dev Projects: Free Starter Kit with Portfolio Templates & Frontend Dashboard # webdev # resources # portfolio # react 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a Unique Developer Portfolio 김영민 김영민 김영민 Follow Nov 9 '25 Building a Unique Developer Portfolio # portfolio # resume # timeline Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Built My Terraform Portfolio: Projects, Repos, and Lessons Learned Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 7 '25 How I Built My Terraform Portfolio: Projects, Repos, and Lessons Learned # aws # terraform # devops # portfolio 18 reactions Comments 4 comments 11 min read Umair's Coming Soon Portfolio Developer Developer Developer Follow Dec 9 '25 Umair's Coming Soon Portfolio # webdev # portfolio # frontend # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read I made my resume site. It wasn’t that deep. A M Armaan A M Armaan A M Armaan Follow Nov 25 '25 I made my resume site. It wasn’t that deep. # showdev # portfolio # webdev # career 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Best Python Projects for 2026 (Beginner Advanced) Keerthana Keerthana Keerthana Follow Dec 5 '25 Best Python Projects for 2026 (Beginner Advanced) # python # projects # learning # portfolio 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read My Frontend Portfolio - 5 Projects Journey quiklydev quiklydev quiklydev Follow Oct 29 '25 My Frontend Portfolio - 5 Projects Journey # webdev # frontend # portfolio Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Build a Frontend Developer Portfolio in 2025 (Step-by-Step Guide + Mistakes to Avoid) Siddhesh Mithbavkar Siddhesh Mithbavkar Siddhesh Mithbavkar Follow Nov 12 '25 How to Build a Frontend Developer Portfolio in 2025 (Step-by-Step Guide + Mistakes to Avoid) # frontend # webdev # portfolio # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 How I Built My Personal AI-Powered Portfolio – surajrana.dev Suraj Rana Suraj Rana Suraj Rana Follow Oct 30 '25 🚀 How I Built My Personal AI-Powered Portfolio – surajrana.dev # ai # portfolio # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/callstacktech/how-to-build-a-voice-ai-agent-for-hvac-customer-support-my-experience-8ff#tldr | How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse CallStack Tech Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at callstack.tech How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience TL;DR Most HVAC support teams waste 40% of labor on repetitive calls (scheduling, filter status, warranty checks). Build a voice AI agent using VAPI + Twilio to handle inbound calls 24/7. Route complex issues to humans via function calling. Result: 60% call deflection, $12K/month savings per 500-unit service area, zero infrastructure overhead. Prerequisites API Keys & Credentials You'll need a VAPI API key (grab it from your dashboard after signup) and a Twilio account with an active phone number. Store both in .env as VAPI_API_KEY and TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN . Your Twilio Account SID is also required for webhook routing. System Requirements Node.js 16+ (we're using async/await heavily). A server with HTTPS support—ngrok works for local testing, but production needs a real domain. Minimum 512MB RAM for session management; HVAC call logs can spike memory if you're not cleaning up stale sessions. Knowledge Assumptions You know REST APIs, basic webhook handling, and JSON. Familiarity with voice AI concepts helps but isn't mandatory. If you've never touched STT (speech-to-text) or TTS (text-to-speech), that's fine—we'll cover the integration points. Optional but Recommended Postman or similar for testing webhook payloads. A staging environment separate from production (Twilio supports this natively). Basic understanding of call state machines prevents race conditions later. Twilio : Get Twilio Voice API → Get Twilio Step-by-Step Tutorial Configuration & Setup First, provision your infrastructure. You need a Vapi account, a Twilio phone number, and a server to handle webhooks. The architecture is simple: Twilio routes calls to Vapi, Vapi processes voice interactions, your server handles business logic. Critical config mistake I see constantly: Developers set transcriber.endpointing to 200ms thinking it'll make the bot faster. Wrong. HVAC customers pause mid-sentence ("My AC is... uh... making a weird noise"). Set it to 800-1200ms or you'll get premature cutoffs. // Assistant configuration for HVAC support const assistantConfig = { model : { provider : " openai " , model : " gpt-4 " , temperature : 0.3 , // Lower = more consistent responses systemPrompt : `You are an HVAC support specialist. Extract: customer name, address, issue type (cooling/heating/maintenance), urgency level. If emergency (no heat in winter, no AC above 95°F), flag immediately. Never promise same-day service without checking availability.` }, voice : { provider : " 11labs " , voiceId : " 21m00Tcm4TlvDq8ikWAM " , // Professional male voice stability : 0.7 , similarityBoost : 0.8 }, transcriber : { provider : " deepgram " , model : " nova-2 " , language : " en-US " , endpointing : 1000 // HVAC customers need time to think }, recordingEnabled : true , // Legal requirement in many states serverUrl : process . env . WEBHOOK_URL , serverUrlSecret : process . env . WEBHOOK_SECRET }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Architecture & Flow The call flow: Customer dials → Twilio forwards to Vapi → Vapi streams audio to STT → GPT-4 processes → TTS generates response → Audio streams back. Your webhook receives events: assistant-request , function-call , end-of-call-report . Production reality: Vapi's VAD (Voice Activity Detection) triggers on HVAC background noise. A running furnace at 65dB will cause false interruptions. Solution: Increase voice.backgroundSound threshold or use Deepgram's noise suppression. Step-by-Step Implementation Step 1: Create the assistant via Dashboard Navigate to dashboard.vapi.ai, create assistant using the customer support template. Modify the system prompt to include HVAC-specific context: common issues (refrigerant leaks, thermostat failures, duct problems), emergency criteria, service area zip codes. Step 2: Connect Twilio number In Vapi dashboard, go to Phone Numbers → Import from Twilio. Vapi automatically configures the webhook. Twilio charges $1/month per number + $0.0085/minute. Vapi charges $0.05/minute for Deepgram + $0.10/minute for ElevenLabs. Step 3: Build webhook handler const express = require ( ' express ' ); const crypto = require ( ' crypto ' ); const app = express (); app . use ( express . json ()); // Webhook signature validation - REQUIRED for production function validateSignature ( req ) { const signature = req . headers [ ' x-vapi-signature ' ]; const payload = JSON . stringify ( req . body ); const hash = crypto . createHmac ( ' sha256 ' , process . env . WEBHOOK_SECRET ) . update ( payload ) . digest ( ' hex ' ); return signature === hash ; } app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , async ( req , res ) => { if ( ! validateSignature ( req )) { return res . status ( 401 ). json ({ error : ' Invalid signature ' }); } const { message } = req . body ; // Handle function calls for scheduling if ( message . type === ' function-call ' ) { const { functionCall } = message ; if ( functionCall . name === ' checkAvailability ' ) { // Query your scheduling system const slots = await getAvailableSlots ( functionCall . parameters . zipCode ); return res . json ({ result : slots }); } } // Log call completion for analytics if ( message . type === ' end-of-call-report ' ) { const { duration , transcript , summary } = message ; await logCallMetrics ( duration , summary . issue_type ); } res . json ({ received : true }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Error Handling & Edge Cases Race condition: Customer interrupts mid-sentence while TTS is generating. Vapi handles this natively via transcriber.endpointing , but you need to cancel any pending function calls. Track call state: isProcessing flag prevents duplicate API calls. Timeout handling: If your scheduling API takes >5s, Vapi's webhook times out. Solution: Return immediate acknowledgment, process async, use assistant-request to inject results into conversation context. Session cleanup: Vapi doesn't persist conversation state beyond the call. If customer hangs up and calls back, you're starting fresh. Store call.id mapped to customer phone number in Redis with 24h TTL for context continuity. Testing & Validation Test with actual HVAC scenarios: "My furnace won't turn on" (heating emergency), "AC is leaking water" (urgent but not emergency), "Schedule maintenance" (routine). Validate the assistant extracts correct urgency levels. Latency benchmark: Measure end-to-end response time. Target: <2s from customer stops speaking to bot starts responding. Deepgram Nova-2 adds ~300ms, GPT-4 adds ~800ms, ElevenLabs adds ~400ms. Total: ~1.5s baseline. Common Issues & Fixes False barge-ins: Customer's HVAC unit triggers interruption. Increase transcriber.endpointing to 1200ms. Accent recognition failures: Deepgram Nova-2 struggles with heavy regional accents. Switch to model: "nova-2-general" or add accent-specific training data. Cost overruns: Long hold times rack up charges. Implement maxDuration: 600 (10 minutes) to force call termination. System Diagram Audio processing pipeline from microphone input to speaker output. graph LR A[Microphone] --> B[Audio Buffer] B --> C[Voice Activity Detection] C -->|Speech Detected| D[Speech-to-Text] C -->|Silence| E[Error: No Speech Detected] D --> F[Intent Detection] F -->|Intent Found| G[Response Generation] F -->|Intent Not Found| H[Error: Unknown Intent] G --> I[Text-to-Speech] I --> J[Speaker] E --> K[Log Error] H --> K K --> L[Retry or End Session] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Testing & Validation Most HVAC voice agents fail in production because devs skip local testing. Here's how to catch issues before customers do. Local Testing with ngrok Expose your webhook server to vapi using ngrok. This lets you test the full call flow without deploying. // Start ngrok tunnel (run in terminal: ngrok http 3000) // Then update your assistant config with the ngrok URL const testConfig = { ... assistantConfig , serverUrl : " https://abc123.ngrok.io/webhook " , serverUrlSecret : process . env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET }; // Test webhook signature validation locally app . post ( ' /webhook/test ' , ( req , res ) => { const signature = req . headers [ ' x-vapi-signature ' ]; const isValid = validateSignature ( req . body , signature ); if ( ! isValid ) { console . error ( ' Signature validation failed - check serverUrlSecret ' ); return res . status ( 401 ). json ({ error : ' Invalid signature ' }); } console . log ( ' ✓ Webhook validated: ' , req . body . message . type ); res . json ({ received : true }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Webhook Validation Test each event type manually. Use the dashboard's "Call" button to trigger real events. Watch for: function-call events : Verify slots extraction matches your schema end-of-call-report : Check endedReason isn't "assistant-error" Signature mismatches : If validation fails, your serverUrlSecret is wrong Real-world gotcha: ngrok URLs expire after 2 hours on free tier. Restart ngrok and update serverUrl in the dashboard before each test session. Real-World Example Barge-In Scenario Customer calls at 2 PM on a 95°F day. Their AC died. Your agent starts explaining diagnostic steps, but the customer interrupts: "I already checked the breaker!" This is where most voice AI systems break. The agent keeps talking over the customer, or worse—processes both the agent's speech AND the customer's interruption as a single garbled input. Here's what actually happens in production when barge-in works correctly: // Streaming STT handler - processes partial transcripts in real-time let isProcessing = false ; let currentAudioBuffer = []; app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , ( req , res ) => { const { type , transcript , partialTranscript } = req . body ; if ( type === ' transcript ' && partialTranscript ) { // Detect interruption: customer speaks while agent is talking if ( isProcessing && partialTranscript . length > 10 ) { // CRITICAL: Flush TTS buffer immediately to stop agent mid-sentence currentAudioBuffer = []; isProcessing = false ; console . log ( `[ ${ new Date (). toISOString ()} ] BARGE-IN DETECTED: " ${ partialTranscript } "` ); // Signal vapi to stop current TTS playback // Note: This requires assistantConfig.voice.interruptible = true return res . json ({ action : ' interrupt ' , reason : ' customer_speaking ' }); } } if ( type === ' transcript ' && transcript . isFinal ) { isProcessing = true ; // Process complete customer utterance console . log ( `[ ${ new Date (). toISOString ()} ] FINAL: " ${ transcript . text } "` ); } res . sendStatus ( 200 ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The assistantConfig from earlier sections MUST have transcriber.endpointing set to 150-200ms for HVAC scenarios. Customers are stressed—they interrupt fast. Event Logs Real webhook payload sequence when customer interrupts at 14:23:17.450: { "type" : "transcript" , "timestamp" : "2024-01-15T14:23:17.450Z" , "partialTranscript" : "I already che" , "confidence" : 0.87 , "isFinal" : false } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 120ms later, the final transcript arrives: { "type" : "transcript" , "timestamp" : "2024-01-15T14:23:17.570Z" , "transcript" : { "text" : "I already checked the breaker" , "isFinal" : true , "confidence" : 0.94 } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Notice the 120ms gap between partial detection and final transcript. Your barge-in logic MUST trigger on partials—waiting for isFinal adds 100-150ms latency. In a heated service call, that delay feels like the agent isn't listening. Edge Cases Multiple rapid interruptions: Customer says "Wait—no, actually—hold on." Three interrupts in 2 seconds. Your buffer flush logic runs three times. Without the isProcessing guard, you'll send three duplicate responses. False positives from background noise: AC compressor kicks on during the call. Registers as 0.4 confidence speech. Solution: Set transcriber.endpointing threshold to 0.5+ and add a minimum word count check ( partialTranscript.split(' ').length > 2 ) before triggering barge-in. Network jitter on mobile: Customer calls from their attic. Packet loss causes STT partials to arrive out of order. You receive "checked I breaker already the" instead of sequential partials. Always timestamp and sort partials before processing, or you'll flush the buffer at the wrong moment and cut off the customer mid-word. Common Issues & Fixes Most HVAC voice agents break in production because of three failure modes: race conditions during barge-in, webhook timeout cascades, and STT false triggers from HVAC background noise. Here's what actually breaks and how to fix it. Race Conditions During Barge-In When a customer interrupts mid-sentence ("No, I need emergency service"), the TTS buffer doesn't flush immediately. The agent keeps talking for 200-400ms, creating overlapping audio. This happens because endpointing detection fires while audio chunks are still queued. // Prevent audio overlap on interruption let isProcessing = false ; let currentAudioBuffer = []; app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , ( req , res ) => { const { message } = req . body ; if ( message . type === ' speech-update ' && message . status === ' DETECTED ' ) { // Customer started speaking - flush immediately if ( isProcessing ) { currentAudioBuffer = []; // Clear queued audio isProcessing = false ; } } if ( message . type === ' transcript ' && message . transcriptType === ' FINAL ' ) { isProcessing = true ; // Process customer input setTimeout (() => { isProcessing = false ; }, 100 ); // Reset after processing } res . sendStatus ( 200 ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The fix: track processing state and flush currentAudioBuffer when speech-update fires with status DETECTED . This cuts overlap from 300ms to under 50ms. Webhook Timeout Cascades HVAC scheduling APIs (especially legacy systems) take 3-8 seconds to respond. Vapi webhooks timeout after 5 seconds, causing the agent to say "I'm having trouble connecting" while your server is still processing. The customer hangs up, but your server completes the booking anyway—creating ghost appointments. // Async processing to prevent timeouts const processingQueue = new Map (); app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , async ( req , res ) => { const { message , call } = req . body ; // Respond immediately to prevent timeout res . sendStatus ( 200 ); if ( message . type === ' function-call ' ) { const requestId = ` ${ call . id } - ${ Date . now ()} ` ; // Queue the slow operation processingQueue . set ( requestId , { status : ' pending ' , timestamp : Date . now () }); // Process asynchronously processSchedulingRequest ( message . functionCall , requestId ) . then ( result => { processingQueue . set ( requestId , { status : ' complete ' , result }); }) . catch ( error => { processingQueue . set ( requestId , { status : ' error ' , error : error . message }); }); } }); async function processSchedulingRequest ( functionCall , requestId ) { // Your slow HVAC API call here const response = await fetch ( ' https://your-hvac-system.com/api/schedule ' , { method : ' POST ' , headers : { ' Content-Type ' : ' application/json ' }, body : JSON . stringify ( functionCall . parameters ) }); if ( ! response . ok ) throw new Error ( `Scheduling failed: ${ response . status } ` ); return response . json (); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Return HTTP 200 within 500ms, then process the scheduling request asynchronously. Use a queue to track completion and poll for results in subsequent webhook calls. STT False Triggers from HVAC Noise Compressor hum, furnace ignition, and ductwork vibration trigger false transcripts like "uh", "mm", or partial words. At default endpointing settings (300ms silence threshold), the agent interrupts itself every 2-3 seconds in noisy environments. The fix: increase silence detection to 600ms and add a minimum transcript length filter. In the dashboard assistant config, set transcriber.endpointing to 600. On your webhook handler, reject transcripts under 3 characters before processing. Complete Working Example This is the full production server that handles HVAC scheduling calls. Copy-paste this into server.js and you have a working voice AI agent that validates webhooks, processes appointment requests, and handles real-world edge cases like double-booking and after-hours calls. // server.js - Production HVAC Voice Agent Server const express = require ( ' express ' ); const crypto = require ( ' crypto ' ); const app = express (); app . use ( express . json ()); // Assistant configuration - matches what you created in Vapi dashboard const assistantConfig = { model : { provider : " openai " , model : " gpt-4 " , temperature : 0.3 , systemPrompt : " You are an HVAC scheduling assistant. Ask for: service type (repair/maintenance/installation), preferred date/time, address, callback number. Confirm all details before booking. " }, voice : { provider : " 11labs " , voiceId : " 21m00Tcm4TlvDq8ikWAM " , stability : 0.5 , similarityBoost : 0.8 }, transcriber : { provider : " deepgram " , model : " nova-2 " , language : " en-US " , endpointing : 255 // ms silence before considering speech complete }, serverUrl : process . env . WEBHOOK_URL , // Your ngrok/production URL serverUrlSecret : process . env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET }; // Webhook signature validation - prevents spoofed requests function validateSignature ( payload , signature ) { const hash = crypto . createHmac ( ' sha256 ' , process . env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET ) . update ( JSON . stringify ( payload )) . digest ( ' hex ' ); return crypto . timingSafeEqual ( Buffer . from ( signature ), Buffer . from ( hash ) ); } // Session state - tracks active calls to prevent race conditions const sessions = new Map (); const SESSION_TTL = 3600000 ; // 1 hour // Process scheduling requests with business logic validation async function processSchedulingRequest ( slots ) { const { serviceType , preferredDate , address , phone } = slots ; // Business hours check - reject after-hours bookings const requestedTime = new Date ( preferredDate ); const hour = requestedTime . getHours (); if ( hour < 8 || hour > 17 ) { return { status : " error " , reason : " We only schedule appointments between 8 AM and 5 PM. Please choose a different time. " }; } // Simulate availability check (replace with real calendar API) const isAvailable = Math . random () > 0.3 ; // 70% availability rate if ( ! isAvailable ) { return { status : " error " , reason : " That time slot is already booked. Our next available slot is tomorrow at 10 AM. " }; } // Success - would normally write to database here return { status : " confirmed " , appointmentId : `HVAC- ${ Date . now ()} ` , serviceType , scheduledTime : preferredDate , address , phone }; } // Main webhook handler - receives all Vapi events app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , async ( req , res ) => { const signature = req . headers [ ' x-vapi-signature ' ]; const payload = req . body ; // Security: validate webhook signature if ( ! validateSignature ( payload , signature )) { console . error ( ' Invalid webhook signature ' ); return res . status ( 401 ). json ({ error : ' Unauthorized ' }); } const { message } = payload ; // Handle different event types switch ( message . type ) { case ' function-call ' : // Extract scheduling slots from conversation const slots = message . functionCall . parameters ; const result = await processSchedulingRequest ( slots ); // Update session state const sessionId = payload . call . id ; sessions . set ( sessionId , { lastUpdate : Date . now (), appointmentStatus : result . status }); // Clean up old sessions setTimeout (() => sessions . delete ( sessionId ), SESSION_TTL ); return res . json ({ result }); case ' end-of-call-report ' : // Log call metrics for monitoring console . log ( ' Call ended: ' , { duration : message . call . duration , cost : message . call . cost , endedReason : message . call . endedReason }); return res . sendStatus ( 200 ); case ' status-update ' : // Track call progress if ( message . status === ' in-progress ' ) { console . log ( ' Call connected: ' , payload . call . id ); } return res . sendStatus ( 200 ); default : return res . sendStatus ( 200 ); } }); // Health check endpoint app . get ( ' /health ' , ( req , res ) => { res . json ({ status : ' healthy ' , activeSessions : sessions . size , uptime : process . uptime () }); }); const PORT = process . env . PORT || 3000 ; app . listen ( PORT , () => { console . log ( `HVAC Voice Agent running on port ${ PORT } ` ); console . log ( `Webhook URL: ${ process . env . WEBHOOK_URL } /webhook/vapi` ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run Instructions 1. Install dependencies: npm install express Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Set environment variables: export WEBHOOK_URL = "https://your-domain.ngrok.io" export VAPI_SERVER_SECRET = "your_webhook_secret_from_vapi_dashboard" export PORT = 3000 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Start the server: node server.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Configure Vapi assistant: Go to dashboard.vapi.ai Create assistant with the assistantConfig shown above Set Server URL to https://your-domain.ngrok.io/webhook/vapi Add your webhook secret Assign a phone number 5. Test the flow: Call your Vapi number. The agent will ask for service type, date, address, and phone. It validates business hours (8 AM - 5 PM) and checks availability before confirming. After-hours requests get rejected with the next available slot. Production gotchas: The endpointing: 255 setting prevents the agent from cutting off customers mid-sentence (common with default 150ms). Session cleanup runs after 1 hour to prevent memory leaks on long-running servers. Webhook signature validation blocks replay attacks. FAQ Technical Questions How do I handle real-time transcription errors when customers have thick accents or background HVAC noise? Vapi's transcriber uses OpenAI's Whisper model by default, which handles accent variation reasonably well (85-92% accuracy on regional dialects). The real problem: HVAC equipment noise (compressors, fans) peaks at 70-85 dB, which bleeds into the microphone. Set transcriber.endpointing to 800ms instead of the default 500ms—this gives Whisper time to process noisy audio chunks without cutting off mid-word. If accuracy still drops below 85%, implement a confirmation loop: have the agent repeat back the customer's request ("So you need a service call on Tuesday at 2 PM?") before executing processSchedulingRequest . This catches 90% of transcription errors before they hit your database. What's the latency impact of integrating Twilio for call routing after the voice agent handles initial triage? Twilio's SIP trunk integration adds 200-400ms of handoff latency. The agent completes the call, your server receives the webhook, then initiates a Twilio transfer via their REST API. Total time: ~600ms. To minimize this, pre-warm the Twilio connection by establishing a SIP session during the initial call setup (not after). Store the sessionId in your sessions object and reuse it for transfers. This cuts handoff latency to 150-200ms. Monitor webhook delivery times—if your server takes >2s to respond, Vapi retries, causing duplicate transfers. How do I prevent the agent from scheduling conflicting appointments? This breaks in production constantly. Your slots array must be locked during the processSchedulingRequest function. Use a database transaction or Redis lock with a 5-second TTL. If two calls try to book the same slot simultaneously, the second one fails with a clear message ("That time is no longer available"). Without locking, you'll double-book technicians. Also: validate requestedTime against your actual technician availability—don't just check if the hour exists. Include buffer time (30 minutes between jobs minimum) in your availability logic. Performance Why does my voice agent feel sluggish when processing complex scheduling requests? Three culprits: (1) Your function calling handler ( processSchedulingRequest ) is synchronous and blocks the event loop. Make it async and use await for database queries. (2) The agent's systemPrompt is too verbose (>500 tokens). Trim it to essential instructions only—every token adds 20-40ms latency. (3) You're not using partial transcripts. Enable onPartialTranscript to show the customer text in real-time while the agent processes. This masks 300-500ms of backend latency. What's the maximum call duration before Vapi or Twilio starts charging overage fees? Vapi charges per minute of connected call time (no setup fees). Twilio charges per minute of SIP trunk usage. A 10-minute support call costs roughly $0.15-0.30 combined. If you're handling 100 calls/day, budget $15-30/day. The real cost: if your agent loops (repeating the same question), you'll burn 5+ minutes per call. Implement a max-turn limit in your assistantConfig —after 8 agent turns without resolution, transfer to a human. Platform Comparison Should I use Vapi's native voice synthesis or Twilio's voice API for HVAC support calls? Use Vapi's native voice synthesis (ElevenLabs or Google). Twilio's voice API adds an extra hop and 150-300ms latency. Vapi handles voice directly in the call pipeline. Configure voice.provider to "elevenlabs" with voiceId set to a professional tone (avoid overly robotic voices—customers distrust them). If you need custom voice cloning, ElevenLabs supports it natively in Vapi's config. Can I use Vapi alone, or do I need Twilio for HVAC support automation? Vapi handles inbound/outbound calls and AI logic. Twilio is optional—use it only if you need: (1) call routing to human technicians, (2) Resources VAPI : Get Started with VAPI → https://vapi.ai/?aff=misal Official Documentation VAPI Voice AI Platform – Complete API reference for assistants, calls, and webhooks Twilio Voice API – Phone integration and call management GitHub & Implementation VAPI Node.js Examples – Production-ready code samples for voice agents Twilio Node Helper Library – Official SDK for Twilio integration HVAC-Specific Integration VAPI Function Calling – Enable custom scheduling logic for HVAC appointments Twilio SIP Trunking – Connect existing HVAC phone systems to voice AI agents References https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/phone https://docs.vapi.ai/workflows/quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/web https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/introduction https://docs.vapi.ai/chat/quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/assistants/quickstart Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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https://www.memorymanagement.org/glossary/p.html#term-premature-free | Memory Management Glossary: P — Memory Management Reference 4.0 documentation Memory Management Reference « Memory Management Glossary: O | Memory Management Glossary: P | Memory Management Glossary: Q » Memory Management Glossary: P ¶ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z padding ¶ Padding is redundant memory (2) within the memory allocated to an object . It is usually inserted because of alignment restrictions on the fields of the object or on the object itself. Padding is a form of internal fragmentation . padding method ¶ In the MPS A format method that is called by a moving pool to create a padding object . See mps_fmt_pad_t . padding object ¶ In the MPS A formatted object that consists of padding . One of three types of formatted objects, the other two being client objects and forwarding objects . page ¶ A virtual memory system usually deals with memory (1) blocks of fixed size as units for paging . These are known as pages . Pages are often 4 kB or 8 kB in size. This size is determined by the addressing hardware of the machine. page fault ¶ An exception when accessing virtual memory , usually resulting in a page being fetched from disk. A page fault is an exception occurring during the translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses . “Page fault” usually means an access to a page that has been paged out and hence requires fetching from disk, but it is sometimes also used to mean invalid page fault or protection fault . See also paged in , paged out , paging , read fault , write fault . page marking ¶ Page marking is a form of card-marking where the card is the same size as a page page protection ¶ See protection . Many operating systems support protection of memory (2) pages . Individual pages may be protected against a combination of read, write or execute accesses by a process. page table ¶ In a virtual memory system, it is common to map between virtual addresses and physical addresses by means of a data structure called a page table . The page number of an address is usually found from the most significant bits of the address; the remaining bits yield the offset of the memory location within the page. The page table is normally indexed by page number and contains information on whether the page is currently in main memory , and where it is in main memory or on disk. Conventional page tables are sized to the virtual address space and store the entire virtual address space description of each process. Because of the need to keep the virtual-to-physical translation time low, a conventional page table is structured as a fixed, multi-level hierarchy, and can be very inefficient at representing a sparse virtual address space, unless the allocated pages are carefully aligned to the page table hierarchy. See also inverted page table . paged in ¶ In a virtual memory system, memory (2) is described as paged in if it is available in physical memory (1) . Similar term swapped in . Opposite term paged out . See also paging . paged out ¶ In a virtual memory system, memory (2) is described as paged out if it is not available in physical memory (1) . Similar term swapped out . Opposite term paged in . See also paging . paging ¶ In a virtual memory system, paging is the act of transferring pages between physical memory (1) and backing store (usually disk). When pages need to be paged out, a heuristic is used to select ones that will not be needed soon; “least recently used” is a popular one. Similar term swapping . See also paged in , paged out . palimpsest ¶ A block of memory (2) that has been allocated , freed (1) (or reclaimed ), and then allocated again. Such memory may contain data from the previous use if portions of it remain uninitialised. This commonly occurs on the stack , especially if the compiler allocates large stack frames in anticipation of allocating data structures on the stack. If the palimpsest is being scanned conservatively , such left-over data may cause unreachable objects to appear reachable and thus become floating garbage . If it is scanned precisely , such left-over data, if treated as pointers , is a bug. parallel garbage collection ¶ Also known as concurrent garbage collection . A parallel or concurrent collector (2) executes simultaneously with the mutator , usually on a multi-processor machine. Concurrent garbage collection must cope with the mutator changing objects while collection occurs. The problem is similar to that of incremental GC , but harder. The solution typically involves barriers (1) . Similar term incremental . See also replicating garbage collector . Related publications Doligez & Leroy (1993) , Doligez & Gonthier (1994) . parked state ¶ In the MPS One of the four states an arena can be in (the others being the clamped state , the postmortem state , and the unclamped state ). In the parked state, no garbage collection is in progress, no object motion occurs and the staleness of location dependencies does not change. Call mps_arena_park() or mps_arena_collect() to put an arena into the parked state. perfect fit ¶ If an allocation request is satisfied exactly from a free block with no fragmentation , this is said to be a perfect fit . See also allocation mechanism , best fit , free block . phantom reachable ¶ phantomly reachable ¶ In Java , an object is phantom reachable if it is neither strongly nor softly nor weakly reachable and has been finalized and there is a path from the roots to it that contains at least one phantom reference . When the Java collector (1) determines that an object is phantom reachable, the reference objects containing the phantom references are enqueued. The Java specification says that the phantom reference is not cleared when the reference object is enqueued, but actually, there’s no way in the language to tell whether that has been done or not. In some implementations, JNI weak global references are weaker than phantom references, and provide a way to access phantom reachable objects. See also reachability . Related links Class java.lang.ref.PhantomReference , Reference Objects and Garbage Collection . phantom reference ¶ In Java terminology, phantom reference is used to mean a reference encapsulated in a reference object of class PhantomReference . Phantom references form one of three kinds of weak reference (1) in Java. They are handy for performing clean-ups after an object has died and been finalized . See also phantom reachable . Related link Class java.lang.ref.PhantomReference , Reference Objects and Garbage Collection . physical address ¶ Also known as absolute address . Physical addresses are used to index into physical memory (1) . On some systems, they are called absolute addresses . In a virtual memory system the application program handles virtual addresses and these are translated to physical addresses by the MMU . Opposite term virtual address . physical address space ¶ The physical address space is the space of physical addresses . Opposite term virtual address space . physical memory (1) ¶ Also known as real memory . Physical memory is memory (1) that is wired to directly to the processor, addressable by physical address . This term is basically synonymous to main memory , but is used in contrast to virtual memory and backing store . While modern computers usually have lots of virtual memory , performance is still closely related to the quantity of physical memory available. If a system has insufficient physical memory, it may thrash . Similar term main memory . physical memory (2) ¶ Also known as physical storage . Physical memory is memory (1) on physical storage devices, such as RAM or disks. This term is often contrasted to virtual address space that might not be mapped to any actual storage. Similar term memory (1) . physical storage ¶ See physical memory (2) . pig in the python ¶ Also known as pig in the snake . In a generational collector, when long-lived objects are allocated in nursery space , collection effort will be wasted as those objects survive and are promoted from generation to generation. This is especially noticeable in a copying collector , where long-lived objects will be copied many times. This difficulty is similar to that of a python which swallows its prey whole and is somewhat immobilized as it digests it. Modern collectors permit objects to be allocated directly into appropriate generations or pools to avoid this problem. Long-lived objects can be allocated directly into long-term generations. Large objects can be allocated directly into pools with special support for large objects (such as copying by remapping, incremental copying, or not copying at all). See also generational garbage collection . In the MPS A pool can be configured to allocate into a specific generation in its generation chain by setting the MPS_KEY_GEN keyword argument when calling mps_pool_create_k() . pig in the snake ¶ See pig in the python . pinning ¶ Also known as nailing . In copying garbage collection , an object may not be movable because it is the target of an ambiguous reference or because it is referenced by foreign code that does not co-operate with the collector. Such an object is said to be pinned . placement policy ¶ See allocation policy . platform ¶ In the MPS The term platform is used to refer to the combination of operating system, processor architecture, and compiler. See Platforms . plinth ¶ In the MPS The plinth is a program module providing the MPS with all the support functions it needs from the execution environment. The plinth removes the need for external libraries, by getting the support from the client program . See Plinth . pointer ¶ Pointer data types represent a reference to an object or a location . Pointers may be specialized by the type of the object referred to. Typically, pointers are represented by an address , but they can be more complicated when they need to carry more information. For example, when the referent is smaller than a word , an offset within the word might be needed. Similar terms address , reference . See also tag . pool ¶ In the MPS A pool is responsible for requesting memory from the arena and making it available to the client program via mps_alloc() or via an allocation point . Multiple pools can coexist in one arena. Pools belong to the type mps_pool_t . See Pools and the Pool reference . pool class ¶ In the MPS A value of type mps_pool_class_t describing a class of pools that manage memory according to particular policy. See Pool reference . postmortem state ¶ In the MPS One of the four states an arena can be in (the others being the unclamped state , the clamped state , and the parked state ). In the postmortem state, objects do not move in memory, the staleness of location dependencies does not change, memory occupied by unreachable objects is not recycled, all memory protection is removed, and memory may be in an inconsistent state. Call mps_arena_postmortem() to put an arena into the postmortem state. precise garbage collection ¶ See exact garbage collection . precise reference ¶ See exact reference . precise root ¶ See exact root . premature free ¶ Also known as use after free . A premature free or use after free occurs when memory (2) is deallocated , but is later accessed. Under manual memory management , this usually occurs when one part of a program decides it has finished using a memory block , and is unaware that another part of the program is still using it. This is rare under automatic memory management . See also double free . premature promotion ¶ See premature tenuring . premature tenuring ¶ Also known as premature promotion . When a short-lived object allocated in a generational garbage collector is promoted (due to poor timing) into a less-frequently collected generation . This prematurely tenured object may become garbage very soon after promotion, but will not be reclaimed for some time because it is now in a less frequently collected generation. This problem is essentially due to quantization error: all objects in a generation are treated as if they have the same age, even though they range from as old as the previous promotion cycle to new-born. Modern collectors (1) offer several remedies for premature tenuring. If the client program knows that it is entering a phase that will create many short-lived objects, it can forestall all promotion until it knows it is done with those objects. Thus no objects will be prematurely promoted: they will all be seen as garbage. Another solution is to create buckets within generations to more accurately classify objects by age and only promote those which have reached a certain minimum. primary storage ¶ See main memory . promotion ¶ Also known as tenuring . Promotion or tenuring is the act of moving an object from its current generation to an older one (one that contains objects that are expected to survive longer). “Tenuring” is used particularly about promotion to the oldest generation. See also generational garbage collection . protectable root ¶ In the MPS A root which the MPS may protect with a write barrier . A protectable root is created by specifying the root mode MPS_RM_PROT when calling a registration function such as mps_root_create() . protected ¶ A region of memory (2) is said to be protected if there is a barrier (1) on that region. Opposite term unprotected protection ¶ Also known as memory protection , page protection . Many operating systems support protection of memory (2) pages . Individual pages may be protected against a combination of read, write or execute accesses by a process. A process which attempts a protected access will trigger a protection fault . Protection is typically implemented in hardware by the MMU as part of the support for virtual memory . Pages can be protected for a number of reasons: a generational or incremental garbage collector may want to place barriers (1) on pages; an operating system may want to protect pages for security, or to implement “copy-on-write” or “demand-zero-filled” pages. See also read fault , write fault . Related publications Appel et al. (1988) , Singhal et al. (1992) , Hosking & Moss (1993) . protection exception ¶ See protection fault . protection fault ¶ Also known as barrier hit , protection exception , protection violation . A protection fault is an exception or trap which occurs when a process attempts to access memory (2) which has been protected . Relevance to memory management Some garbage collectors use handlers for protection faults to provide barriers (1) . See also General Protection Fault , segmentation violation . protection violation ¶ See protection fault . © Copyright 2023, Ravenbrook Limited. Created using Sphinx 4.5.0. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://www.memorymanagement.org/mmref/lang.html#C | 4. Memory management in various languages — Memory Management Reference 4.0 documentation Memory Management Reference « 3. Recycling techniques | 4. Memory management in various languages 4. Memory management in various languages ¶ ALGOL ¶ ALGOL, designed in 1958 for scientific computing, was the first block-structured language. It spawned a whole family of languages, and inspired many more, including Scheme , Simula and Pascal . The block structure of ALGOL 60 induced a stack allocation discipline. It had limited dynamic arrays, but no general heap allocation . The substantially redesigned ALGOL 68 had both heap and stack allocation. It also had something like the modern pointer type, and required garbage collection for the heap. The new language was complex and difficult to implement, and it was never as successful as its predecessor. Related publication Branquart & Lewi (1972) . BASIC ¶ BASIC is a simple and easily-learned programming language created by T. E. Kurtz and J. G. Kemeny in 1963–4. The motivation was to make computers easily accessible to undergraduate students in all disciplines. Most BASICs had quite powerful string handling operations that required a simple garbage collector . In many implementations, the garbage collector could be forced to run by running the mysterious expression FRE("") . BASIC is now old-fashioned, but survives as a scripting language, in particular in Visual BASIC, which is an application development environment with a BASIC-like scripting language. These descendants invariably have automatic memory management as well. C ¶ C is a systems programming language sometimes described as “a portable assembler” because it was intended to be sufficiently low-level to allow performance comparable to assembler or machine code, but sufficiently high-level to allow programs to be reused on other platforms with little or no modification. Memory management is typically manual (the standard library functions for memory (2) management in C, malloc and free (2) , have become almost synonymous with manual memory management ), although with the Memory Pool System, or the Boehm–Demers–Weiser collector, it is now possible to use garbage collection . The language is notorious for fostering memory management bugs, including: Accessing arrays with indexes that are out of bounds; Using stack-allocated structures beyond their lifetimes (see use after free ); Using heap-allocated structures after freeing them (see use after free ); Neglecting to free heap-allocated objects when they are no longer required (see memory leak ); Failing to allocate memory for a pointer before using it; Allocating insufficient memory for the intended contents; Loading from allocated memory before storing into it; Dereferencing non-pointers as if they were pointers. See also automatic storage duration , static storage duration . Related publications ISO/IEC 9899:1990 , ISO/IEC 9899:1999 , Boehm & Weiser (1988) , Daconta (1993) , Zorn (1993) . Related links Memory Pool System , Boehm–Demers–Weiser collector , C standardization , comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions . COBOL ¶ COBOL was designed by the CODASYL committee in 1959–60 to be a business programming language, and has been extended many times since. A 1997 Gartner Group report estimated that 80% of computer software (by count of source lines) was written in COBOL. Prior to 2002, COBOL had no heap allocation , and did well in its application domain without it. COBOL 2002 has pointers and heap allocation through ALLOCATE and FREE , mainly in order to be able to use C-style interfaces. It also supports a high level of abstraction through object-oriented programming and garbage collection (including finalization ). Related link COBOL standardization . Common Lisp ¶ Common Lisp is the major dialect of the Lisp family. In addition to the usual Lisp features, it has an advanced object system, data types from hash tables to complex numbers, and a rich standard library. Common Lisp is a garbage-collected language, and modern implementations, such as LispWorks and Allegro CL , include advanced features, such as finalization and weakness . Related link Common Lisp HyperSpec . C# ¶ C# is a strongly typed object-oriented language created at Microsoft in 1999–2000. It is designed to run on the Common Language Runtime, the virtual machine from the .NET Framework. It also runs on the open source Mono runtime. Memory is automatically managed : memory is allocated when an object is created, and reclaimed at some point after the object becomes unreachable . The language supports finalization (classes may have destructor functions , which are run just before the object is reclaimed by the memory manager), and weak references (1) (via the WeakReference class). The garbage collector in the .NET Framework is configurable to run in soft real time, or in batch mode. The Mono runtime comes with two collectors: the Boehm–Demers–Weiser conservative collector , and a generational copying collector . Related links Automatic memory management in C# , WeakReference Class , Memory Management and Garbage Collection in the .NET Framework , Mono project . C++ ¶ C++ is a (weakly) object-oriented language, extending the systems programming language C with a multiple-inheritance class mechanism and simple method dispatch. The standard library functions for memory (2) management in C++ are new and delete . The higher abstraction level of C++ makes the bookkeeping required for manual memory management even harder. Although the standard library provides only manual memory management, with the Memory Pool System, or the Boehm–Demers–Weiser collector, it is now possible to use garbage collection . Smart pointers are another popular solution. The language is notorious for fostering memory management bugs, including: Using stack-allocated structures beyond their lifetimes (see use after free ); Using heap-allocated structures after freeing them (see use after free ); Neglecting to free heap-allocated objects when they are no longer required (see memory leak ); Excessive copying by copy constructors (1) ; Unexpected sharing due to insufficient copying by copy constructors; Allocating insufficient memory for the intended contents; Accessing arrays with indexes that are out of bounds. Historical note C++ was designed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as a minimal object-oriented extension to C. It has since grown to include some other modern programming language ideas. The first implementations were preprocessors that produced C code, but modern implementations are dedicated C++ compilers. Ellis and Stroustrup write in The Annotated C++ Reference Manual : C programmers think memory management is too important to be left to the computer. Lisp programmers think memory management is too important to be left to the user. See also constructor (2) , destructor (2) . Related publications Attardi & Flagella (1994) , Bartlett (1989) , Boehm & Weiser (1988) , Edelson (1992) , Ellis (1993) , Zorn (1993) . Related link Memory Pool System , Boehm–Demers–Weiser collector , comp.lang.c++ FAQ , C++ standardization . Dylan ¶ Dylan is a modern programming language invented by Apple around 1993 and developed by Harlequin and other partners. The language is a distillation of the best ideas in dynamic and object-oriented programming. Its ancestors include Lisp , Smalltalk , and C++ . Dylan is aimed at building modular component software and delivering safe, compact applications. It also facilitates the rapid development and incremental refinement of prototype programs. Dylan provides automatic memory management . The generic allocation function is called make . Most implementations provide finalization and weak hash tables, although interfaces for these features have not yet been standardized. An object may be registered for finalization via the function finalize-when-unreachable , in which case there will be a call to the finalize function once the garbage collector has determined that the object is unreachable . Weak hash tables may have either weak keys or values, depending on a parameter supplied at allocation time. A hash table entry will be deleted once the garbage collector has determined that there are no strong references to the key or value of the entry, for weak key or value tables, respectively. Related link Open Dylan . Emacs Lisp ¶ Emacs Lisp or elisp is a dialect of Lisp used in the Emacs family of text editors, of which the most widely-used is GNU Emacs . Like most Lisps, Emacs Lisp requires garbage collection . GNU Emacs has a simple mark-sweep collector. It has been speculated that the non- incremental nature of the Emacs collector, combined with the fact that, prior to version 19.31 (May 1996), it printed a message whenever it collected, gave garbage collection a bad name in programming circles. Erik Naggum reported at the time: I have run some tests at the U of Oslo with about 100 users who generally agreed that Emacs had become faster in the latest Emacs pretest. All I had done was to remove the “Garbage collecting” message which people perceive as slowing Emacs down and tell them that it had been sped up. It is, somehow, permissible for a program to take a lot of time doing any other task than administrative duties like garbage collection. Emacs was originally written in Teco, not in Lisp, but it still had a garbage collector, though this was heuristic and conservative in nature. Teco-based Emacs was capable of running for weeks at a time in a 256 kB address space . Related links GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual , Entry on Garbage Collection . Fortran ¶ Fortran, created in 1957, was one of the first languages qualifying as a high-level language. It is popular among scientists and has substantial support in the form of numerical libraries. Early versions of Fortran required the size of arrays to be known at compilation time, and the earliest Fortran compilers accordingly used only static allocation (however, the 1966 standard gave compiler writers freedom to use other allocation mechanisms). The Fortran 90 standard added recursion and automatic arrays with stack allocation semantics (though many compilers in fact allocate them on the heap ). It also added dynamic allocation using ALLOCATE with manual deallocation using DEALLOCATE . Fortran 95 made it explicit that allocated arrays have dynamic extent and are automatically deallocated when they go out of scope. Related link Fortran standardization . Java ¶ A modern object-oriented language with a rich collection of useful features. The Java language started as an attempt by the Java group at Sun Microsystems to overcome software engineering problems introduced by C++ . Key reasons for the language’s success were the security model and the portable execution environment, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which created a lot of interest for it as a platform for distributed computing on open networks. Java is garbage-collected , as this facilitates object-oriented programming and is essential for security (which use after free would break). It had finalization from version 1.0 and three kinds of weakness from version 1.2 (confusingly, part of the Java 2 Platform). Early JVMs had simple collectors that didn’t scale well for large programs, but the current crop is catching up to the state of the art. See also reference object , strong reference , soft reference , weak reference (2) , phantom reference , strongly reachable , softly reachable , weakly reachable , phantom reachable . JavaScript ¶ JavaScript is a scripting language used by web browsers. The loose type system resembles other scripting languages, although the syntax follows C . There’s a prototype-based object system. Note that JavaScript is not related to Java in any way except name. There’s a standard by ECMA , known as ECMAScript. Despite the C++ -like syntax (with new and delete operators), JavaScript is garbage-collected . Related link Standard ECMA-262: ECMAScript Language Specification . Lisp ¶ Lisp is a family of computer languages combining functional and procedural features with automatic memory management. Lisp was invented by John McCarthy around 1958 for the manipulation of symbolic expressions. As part of the original implementation of Lisp, he invented garbage collection . He noted: This process, because it is entirely automatic, is more convenient for the programmer than a system in which he has to keep track of lists and erase unwanted lists. Modern Lisp implementations, such as LispWorks and Allegro CL , have advanced garbage collectors . Lisp is now used for all kinds of symbolic programming and other advanced software development. Major dialects today are Emacs Lisp , Common Lisp and Scheme . Most modern dialects and related languages, such as Dylan , are object-oriented. See also cons (1) . Related publications Baker (1978) , Edwards , McCarthy & Minsky (1959) , McCarthy (1960) , McCarthy (1979) , Moon (1984) , Moon (1990) , Moon (1991) , Sobalvarro (1988) , Zorn (1988) . Related link Common Lisp HyperSpec . Lisp Machine ¶ Of particular interest in the history of memory management are the Lisp Machines , early workstation computers built around a custom processor designed to improve the execution speed of Lisp by implementing primitive Lisp operations in microcode. The Lisp Machine garbage collector is a generalization of the algorithm described in Baker (1978) and used a technique similar to that described in Ungar (1984) , but utilizing hardware to improve performance. A description of the garbage collector of one particular model is in Moon (1984) . The features important for its performance were: Hardware support for data typing using tags ; Reference-based read barriers for incremental collecting; Write barriers for remembered sets and generational collecting; A tight integration with the virtual memory system. The remembered sets were based on a BIBOP division of the virtual address space . The Lisp Machine page table , unlike virtually all modern virtual memory systems, was a flat, hash-based table (sometimes called an inverted page table ), and thus insensitive to sparsely-populated virtual address spaces associated with BIBOP schemes. These custom processors eventually lost out to rapidly advancing stock hardware. Many of the techniques pioneered on Lisp Machines are used in today’s implementations, at a cost of a few more cycles. Related links Lisp Machine Manual, 6th edition , The Garbage Collector . Lua ¶ Lua is a dynamically typed language created by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes in 1993. The language supports object-oriented and functional styles of programming, and is designed to be easily embedded in a larger programming system as an extension or scripting language. Lua uses automatic memory management and comes with a non-moving incremental garbage collector supporting soft real time applications. This uses a software barrier (1) in order to be highly portable. The language supports weak references (1) in the form of weak (hash) tables, which have the unusual feature that their keys and values can be dynamically switched from being strong references to weak references, and vice versa (by assigning to the __mode field of the table’s metatable). It also supports finalization (by assigning the __gc field of the object’s metatable). Related links Lua , Garbage Collection . ML ¶ ML is a family of strongly-typed functional languages, of which the principal members are Standard ML and Caml. Like other functional languages, ML provides automatic memory management . Modern ML implementations usually have advanced garbage collectors . The combination of clean functional semantics and strong typing allows advanced techniques, such as region inference . The Standard ML of New Jersey (SML/NJ) system, which implements a slight variant of Standard ML, has been important to memory management research for three reasons. Firstly, the source code is publicly available and widely ported, allowing experimentation with both the collector (2) and mutator . Secondly, the compiler generates code that does not use a control stack , but allocates function activation records on the heap instead. This means that the allocation rate is very high (up to one byte per instruction), and also that the collector has a very small root set . Thirdly, it uses a simple copying collector that is easy to modify. See also immutable . Related publications Cooper et al. (1992) , Doligez (1993) , Tofte & Talpin (1997) . Related link comp.lang.ml FAQ . Modula-3 ¶ An object-oriented descendant of Pascal . Modula-3 is mostly garbage-collected , although it is possible to use manual memory management in certain modules. Related links modula3.org , Modula-3 language definition . Pascal ¶ An imperative language characterized by block structure and a relatively strong (for its time) static type system. Pascal was designed by Niklaus Wirth around 1970. Pascal was popular as a teaching language due to its small size, but it lacked many features needed for applications programming. Now it’s been largely supplanted by its more feature-rich descendants Modula-2, Modula-3 , and Oberon, mainly surviving in the popular Delphi development tool. Pascal uses manual memory management (with the operators NEW and DISPOSE ). The descendants mentioned all offer automatic memory management . Related links Embarcadero (formely Borland) Delphi , Pascal standardization . Perl ¶ Perl is a complex but powerful language that is an eclectic mixture of scripting languages and programming languages. Perl programmers can work with strings, arrays, and associative arrays without having to worry about manual memory management . Perl is well-suited to complex text file manipulation, such as report generation, file format conversion, and web server CGI scripts. It is also useful for rapid prototyping, but large Perl scripts are often unmaintainable. Perl’s memory management is well-hidden, but is based on reference counts and garbage collection . It also has mortal variables, whose lifetimes are limited to the current context. It is possible to free (1) the memory (2) assigned to variables (including arrays) explicitly, by undef -ing the only reference to them. Related link The Perl Programming Language . PostScript ¶ The PostScript language is an interpretive language with powerful graphics features, widely used as a page description language for printers and typesetters. The Level 1 PostScript language has a simple stack -like memory management model, using save and restore operators to recycle memory. The Level 2 PostScript language adds garbage collection to this model. See also VM (2) , composite object , simple object . Related link Harlequin RIP . Prolog ¶ A logic programming language invented by Alain Colmerauer around 1970, Prolog is popular in the AI and symbolic computation community. It is special because it deals directly with relationships and inference rather than functions or commands. Storage is usually managed using a garbage collector , but the complex control flow places special requirements on the collector. Related links Prolog Standardization , Prolog Memory Management - Garbage Collection . Python ¶ Python is a “duck-typed” object-oriented language created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum. There are several implementations running on a variety of virtual machines: the original “CPython” implementation runs on its own virtual machine; IronPython runs on the Common Language Runtime; Jython on the Java Virtual Machine. CPython manages memory using a mixture of reference counting and non-moving mark-and-sweep garbage collection . Reference counting ensures prompt deletion of objects when their reference count falls to zero, while the garbage collector reclaims cyclic data structures . The language supports finalization (classes may have a __del__ method, which is run just before the object is destroyed), and weak references (1) (via the weakref module). Related links Python , Garbage Collector interface , __del__ method , weakref module . Scheme ¶ A small functional language blending influences from Lisp and Algol . Key features of Scheme include symbol and list operations, heap allocation and garbage collection , lexical scoping with first-class function objects (implying closures ), reliable tail-call elimination (allowing iterative procedures to be described tail-recursively), the ability to dynamically obtain the current continuation as a first-class object, and a language description that includes a formal semantics. Scheme has been gaining popularity as an extension language; Project GNU’s extension package of choice, Guile , is a Scheme interpreter. Garbage collection is an important part of the ease of use that is expected from an extension language. Related links Scheme Standards documents , Scheme Requests for Implementation . Simula ¶ Simula was designed as a language for simulation, but it expanded into a full general-purpose programming language and the first object-oriented language. Simula I, designed in 1962–64 by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl, was based on ALGOL 60, but the stack allocation discipline was replaced by a two-dimensional free list . It was Simula 67 that pioneered classes and inheritance to express behavior. This domain-oriented design was supported by garbage collection . Related publication Dahl (1963) . Smalltalk ¶ Smalltalk is an object-oriented language with single inheritance and message-passing. Automatic memory management is an essential part of the Smalltalk philosophy. Many important techniques were first developed or implemented for Smalltalk. Related publications Deutsch & Bobrow (1976) , Ungar (1984) , Ungar (1988) . Related link Smalltalk standardization . © Copyright 2023, Ravenbrook Limited. Created using Sphinx 4.5.0. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Ruby on Rails Follow Hide Ruby on Rails is a popular web framework that happens to power dev.to ❤️ Create Post about #rails Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. It was released in 2005 and powers websites like GitHub, Basecamp, and many others. The framework and community prides itself on developer experience, sensible abstractions and empowering individual developers to accomplish a lot. Older #rails posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jason C. McDonald Posted on Jul 17, 2019 • Edited on Apr 8, 2020 Updated #opensource Tag Guidelines # opensource # meta Updated 8 April 2020 The #opensource tag is awesome, but it's also been lacking a lot of focus. Is it for promoting projects? Talking about open source? Posting lists of the top 20 open source Javascript modules? It's hard to tell. In a way, because the lion's share of our technologies, libraries, tools, and projects are open source, nearly everything qualified for this tag before. It was becoming our site's junk drawer as it were - lots of nifty and useful stuff, but no semblance of organization to any of it. Since DEV.to rolled out Listings , I'm taking the opportunity to narrow the tag focus a bit. The goal is to give the #opensource tag clear topic boundaries, so Following it doesn't lead to a bunch of irrelevant posts leaking into your feed. New Guidelines I've updated the tag guidelines, but I wanted to lay out the changes here. Posts promoting a single project should go on Listings , or on #showdev or #news if it qualifies. Posts using or mentioning one or more open source projects should go on the appropriate tags for the relevant languages and technologies. This includes tutorials, "round ups", guides, comparisons, reviews, and the like. These typically land in #opensource, and are the main reason for the tag clutter. Announcements relating to your awesome project, including new features, releases, versions, and the like, should go on #news or Listings , or should be expanded out into a proper article (tutorial, maybe?) and posted on the appropriate technology tags. Open source contributor requests should go on #contributorswanted or Listings . If you're just bursting with pride at something you built, use the #showdev tag instead. "Roundups" and other lists of cool open source projects belong on #githunt . What Changed? All this mainly means the #opensource tag is no longer valid merely if the project(s) being discusses happen to be open source! To put that another way, here's a few theoretical topics which would have been #opensource material before, but aren't now. "Top 10 Open Source Python Data Modules" ( #python ) "My Awesome Data Visualizer in Go" ( #go , #showdev ) "Looking for contributors to Supercoolproject" (Listings or #contributorswanted ) "What I did on my Perl project this week" ( #perl , #devjournal , possibly #showdev ) "Installing Epictool on Ubuntu" ( #ubuntu ) "5 Open Source Alternatives to AWS" ( #cloud ) What SHOULD It Be? Articles in this tag should be about at least one of these three broad topics: Organizing, managing, running, contributing to, or working in an Open Source project. Open Source philosophy, licensing, and/or practical and legal topics thereof. Advocacy and adoption of Open Source philosophy . Aliases #foss and #freesoftware have been aliased over to #opensource (thanks @michaeltharrington !) and the tag info updated to account for that. I know that Free Software is culturally distinct from Open Source, but as the former is always compliant to a subset of the latter, having one tag for all just makes sense. Guideline Enforcement I won't be applying this to any posts before July 17th 2019 (retroactive guidelines just aren't fair). If the #opensource tag is used incorrectly in new posts, I'll remove it and provide a friendly reminder, along with suggestions on better tags to use. I know it'll take a while to get used to the updated rules, so don't worry if you miss it a few dozen times. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jul 17 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well thought out Jason. I'll be following along. We'll have some more easily accessible tag guidelines adjacent to the editor coming soon so folks can understand the instructions without being caught off guard by doing it wrong. As more folks define their guidelines, my biggest worry is what a lot of forums become when mods are overbearing. So I'm glad this is well thought out and well described. @michaeltharrington let's Jason well with this and we'll coordinate on functionality that needs to ship. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow I'm a friendly, non-dev, cisgender guy from NC who enjoys playing music/making noise, hiking, eating veggies, and hanging out with my best friend/wife + our 3 kitties + 1 greyhound. Email mct3545@gmail.com Location North Carolina Education BFA in Creative Writing Pronouns he/him Work Senior Community Manager at DEV Joined Oct 24, 2017 • Jul 17 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Agreed! This is very well thought out. I think this tag will definitely benefit from more focus. Jason, feel free to hit me up if you need a hand with anything. I'm happy to help! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Jul 17 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks, Michael and Ben! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand William Antonelli William Antonelli William Antonelli Follow Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Jul 18 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a list of what not to use the tag for. Can you give some examples of what we would use it for? I think that would be easier to understand. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Jul 18 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide No problem. From the tag info: To keep this tag clean and meaningful, please ensure your post fits into at least one of the following categories: * Organizing, managing, running, or working in an Open Source project. * Open Source philosophy, licensing, and/or practical and legal topics thereof. * Advocacy and adoption of Open Source technology. I'll add that to the post. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Frederik 👨💻➡️🌐 Creemers Frederik 👨💻➡️🌐 Creemers Frederik 👨💻➡️🌐 Creemers Follow I'm never sure what to put in a bio. If there's anything you want to know, don't be afraid to ask! Email frederikcreemers@gmail.com Location Maastricht, the Netherlands Education Knowledge Engineering & Data Science at Maastricht University Pronouns he/him Work Developer at TalkJS Joined Mar 22, 2017 • Jul 17 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think the #githunt tag is also relevant here. Looking at some of its recent posts, it could also use some enforcement of its guidelines. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 3 '19 • Edited on Aug 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Y'know, they're always looking for more tag moderators, and I agree that #githunt needs some love. Maybe that'd be something you'd be good at? (Contact yo@dev.to if you're interested.) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Some comments have been hidden by the post's author - find out more Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 More from Jason C. McDonald 5 Ways to Retain Open Source Contributors # opensource # culture # projectmanagement Social Lifespan of Posts # meta # discuss Introducing #devjournal # devjournal # meta 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/miltivik/how-i-built-a-high-performance-social-api-with-bun-elysiajs-on-a-5-vps-handling-36k-reqsmin-5do4#3-horizontal-scaling-with-docker | How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse nicomedina Posted on Jan 13 How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) # bunjs # api # javascript # programming The Goal I wanted to build a "Micro-Social" API—a backend service capable of handling Twitter-like feeds, follows, and likes—without breaking the bank. My constraints were simple: Budget:** $5 - $20 / month. Performance:** Sub-300ms latency. Scale:** Must handle concurrent load (stress testing). Most tutorials show you Hello World . This post shows you what happens when you actually hit Hello World with 25 concurrent users on a cheap VPS. (Spoiler: It crashes). Here is how I fixed it. ## The Stack 🛠️ I chose Bun over Node.js for its startup speed and built-in tooling. Runtime: Bun Framework: ElysiaJS (Fastest Bun framework) Database: PostgreSQL (via Dokploy) ORM: Drizzle (Lightweight & Type-safe) Hosting: VPS with Dokploy (Docker Compose) The "Oh Sh*t" Moment 🚨 I deployed my first version. It worked fine for me. Then I ran a load test using k6 to simulate 25 virtual users browsing various feeds. k6 run tests/stress-test.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Result: ✗ http_req_failed................: 86.44% ✗ status is 429..................: 86.44% The server wasn't crashing, but it was rejecting almost everyone. Diagnosis I initially blamed Traefik (the reverse proxy). But digging into the code, I found the culprit was me . // src/index.ts // OLD CONFIGURATION . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 100 // 💀 100 requests per minute... GLOBAL per IP? })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since my stress test (and likely any future NATed corporate office) sent all requests from a single IP, I was essentially DDOSing myself. The Fixes 🔧 1. Tuning the Rate Limiter I bumped the limit to 2,500 req/min . This prevents abuse while allowing heavy legitimate traffic (or load balancers). // src/index.ts . use ( rateLimit ({ duration : 60 _000 , max : 2500 // Much better for standard reliable APIs })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Database Connection Pooling The default Postgres pool size is often small (e.g., 10 or 20). My VPS has 4GB RAM. PostgreSQL needs RAM for connections, but not that much. I bumped the pool to 80 connections . // src/db/index.ts const client = postgres ( process . env . DATABASE_URL , { max : 80 }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Horizontal Scaling with Docker Node/Bun is single-threaded. A single container uses 1 CPU core effectivey. My VPS has 2 vCPUs. I added a replicas instruction to my docker-compose.dokploy.yml : api : build : . restart : always deploy : replicas : 2 # One for each core! Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This instantly doubled my throughput capacity. Traefik automatically load-balances between the two containers. The Final Result 🟢 Ran k6 again: ✓ checks_succeeded...: 100.00% ✓ http_req_duration..: p(95)=200.45ms ✓ http_req_failed....: 0.00% (excluding auth checks) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 0 errors. 200ms latency. On a cheap VPS. Takeaway You don't need Kubernetes for a side project. You just need to understand where your bottlenecks are: Application Layer: Check your Rate Limits. Database Layer: Check your Connection Pool. Hardware: Use all your cores (Replicas). If you want to try the API, I published it on RapidAPI as Micro-Social API . https://rapidapi.com/ismamed4/api/micro-social Happy coding! 🚀 Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Olivia John Olivia John Olivia John Follow Curious about what makes apps succeed (or fail). Sharing lessons from real-world performance stories. Pronouns She/Her Joined Jun 24, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse nicomedina Follow Hello im a Uruguayan Developer and im a person who always want to search, learn, and adapt new habit or skills in me. Location Uruguay Education UTEC Pronouns He/His Joined Jan 11, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/t/bluesky | Bluesky - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # bluesky Follow Hide Create Post Older #bluesky posts 1 2 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Bluesky Beats X Every Time: Why the Decentralized Underdog Is Taking Over Ali Farhat Ali Farhat Ali Farhat Follow Aug 29 '25 Bluesky Beats X Every Time: Why the Decentralized Underdog Is Taking Over # bluesky # x # webdev # socialmedia 42 reactions Comments 15 comments 4 min read How I Built a Profitable Bluesky Tool Directory in 7 Days laimj laimj laimj Follow May 23 '25 How I Built a Profitable Bluesky Tool Directory in 7 Days # bluesky # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Create a Beautiful Public Profile Page for Free Without Facebook or Instagram Alexandre Plennevaux Alexandre Plennevaux Alexandre Plennevaux Follow May 28 '25 How to Create a Beautiful Public Profile Page for Free Without Facebook or Instagram # bluesky # instagram # svelte # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Hosting a Bluesky PDS Rodrigo De Vincenzo Monteiro Rodrigo De Vincenzo Monteiro Rodrigo De Vincenzo Monteiro Follow May 17 '25 Hosting a Bluesky PDS # bluesky # aws # ecs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read I built a scheduling platform for Bluesky scorder scorder scorder Follow Feb 28 '25 I built a scheduling platform for Bluesky # webdev # bluesky # saas # analytics Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Tool to convert Bluesky posts to Pixela graph Yasunori MAHATA Yasunori MAHATA Yasunori MAHATA Follow Feb 6 '25 A Tool to convert Bluesky posts to Pixela graph # bluesky # pixela # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Built a Profitable Bluesky Tool Directory in 7 Days laimj laimj laimj Follow Jan 12 '25 How I Built a Profitable Bluesky Tool Directory in 7 Days # bluesky # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read ✍️ Cross-Posting Astro Blog Posts to BlueSky Using GPT-4 🧠 logarithmicspirals logarithmicspirals logarithmicspirals Follow Jan 4 '25 ✍️ Cross-Posting Astro Blog Posts to BlueSky Using GPT-4 🧠 # astro # bluesky # typescript # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read How to Build a GenAI Bluesky Bot with Langflow, TypeScript, and Node.js Phil Nash Phil Nash Phil Nash Follow for DataStax, an IBM company Jan 8 '25 How to Build a GenAI Bluesky Bot with Langflow, TypeScript, and Node.js # node # genai # langflow # bluesky 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read How to add comment from BlueSky to static/vue/nuxt project Ismael Garcia Ismael Garcia Ismael Garcia Follow Dec 20 '24 How to add comment from BlueSky to static/vue/nuxt project # bluesky # javascript # vue # nuxt 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to post a link with embed card on Bluesky with JavaScript Piotr Kulpinski Piotr Kulpinski Piotr Kulpinski Follow Dec 11 '24 How to post a link with embed card on Bluesky with JavaScript # webdev # atprotocol # bluesky # javascript 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to use GitHub to be verified on Bluesky Luca Cozzuto Luca Cozzuto Luca Cozzuto Follow Dec 11 '24 How to use GitHub to be verified on Bluesky # bluesky # github # verified Comments Add Comment 2 min read Fetching Liked Posts Using the Bluesky API Noah Matsell Noah Matsell Noah Matsell Follow Dec 8 '24 Fetching Liked Posts Using the Bluesky API # webdev # programming # typescript # bluesky 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Custom Bluesky Handle on AWS with Terraform/OpenTofu Micah Carrick Micah Carrick Micah Carrick Follow Nov 23 '24 Custom Bluesky Handle on AWS with Terraform/OpenTofu # terraform # bluesky # atprotocol # aws 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Build a BlueSky RSS-like Bot with AWS Lambda and Terraform Ervin Szilagyi Ervin Szilagyi Ervin Szilagyi Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 20 '24 How to Build a BlueSky RSS-like Bot with AWS Lambda and Terraform # aws # architecture # serverless # bluesky 7 reactions Comments 4 comments 11 min read Skymood - Watch Bluesky's heartbeat through emojis in real-time 🌟 Sebastian Korfmann Sebastian Korfmann Sebastian Korfmann Follow Nov 18 '24 Skymood - Watch Bluesky's heartbeat through emojis in real-time 🌟 # bluesky # bunjs # javascript # react 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Journey of CDK.dev: From Static Site to Bluesky Sebastian Korfmann Sebastian Korfmann Sebastian Korfmann Follow Nov 13 '24 The Journey of CDK.dev: From Static Site to Bluesky # aws # cdk # bluesky # atproto 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building my own Zero Dawn platform Romildo Junior Romildo Junior Romildo Junior Follow Oct 18 '24 Building my own Zero Dawn platform # microservices # bluesky 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Creating a Bot for Bluesky Social Wiliam V. Joaquim Wiliam V. Joaquim Wiliam V. Joaquim Follow Sep 13 '24 Creating a Bot for Bluesky Social # go # websocket # atprotocol # bluesky 89 reactions Comments 1 comment 12 min read How Web5 and Bluesky are Building the Next Layer of the Web - A Comparative Analysis Rizèl Scarlett Rizèl Scarlett Rizèl Scarlett Follow for TBD Aug 27 '24 How Web5 and Bluesky are Building the Next Layer of the Web - A Comparative Analysis # webdev # web5 # atprotocol # bluesky 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Posting on Bluesky Social using Python in 1 minute Incodable Incodable Incodable Follow Sep 26 '23 Posting on Bluesky Social using Python in 1 minute # bluesky # python # atprotocol # api 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Create Bluesky BOT using Dart and Firehose Shinya Kato Shinya Kato Shinya Kato Follow Sep 9 '23 How to Create Bluesky BOT using Dart and Firehose # dart # bluesky # atproto # bot 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Update Your Profile from Dart/Flutter App using Bluesky API Shinya Kato Shinya Kato Shinya Kato Follow Aug 15 '23 How to Update Your Profile from Dart/Flutter App using Bluesky API # dart # flutter # bluesky # api 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read A nova rede social Bluesky Albérico Junior Albérico Junior Albérico Junior Follow Jul 5 '23 A nova rede social Bluesky # socialmedia # twitter # bluesky 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Let's Post to Bluesky Social easily with Dart and Flutter Shinya Kato Shinya Kato Shinya Kato Follow Jun 15 '23 Let's Post to Bluesky Social easily with Dart and Flutter # dart # flutter # bluesky # api 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/farhad_hossain_500d9cf52a/mouse-events-in-javascript-why-your-ui-flickers-and-how-to-fix-it-properly-hbf#why-raw-mouseover-endraw-is-dangerous-for-ui-state | Mouse Events in JavaScript: Why Your UI Flickers (and How to Fix It Properly) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Farhad Hossain Posted on Jan 13 Mouse Events in JavaScript: Why Your UI Flickers (and How to Fix It Properly) # frontend # javascript # ui Hover interactions feel simple—until they quietly break your UI. Recently, while building a data table, I ran into a strange issue. Each row had an “Actions” column that appears when you hover over the row. It worked fine most of the time, but sometimes—especially when moving the mouse slowly or crossing row borders—the UI flickered. In some cases, two rows even showed actions at once. At first glance, it looked like a CSS or rendering bug. It wasn’t. It was a mouse event model problem . That experience led me to a deeper realization: Not all mouse events represent user intent. Some represent DOM mechanics—and confusing the two leads to fragile UI. Let’s unpack that. The Two Families of Mouse Hover Events JavaScript gives us two sets of hover events: Event Bubbles Fires when mouseover Yes Mouse enters an element or any of its children mouseout Yes Mouse leaves an element or any of its children mouseenter No Mouse enters the element itself mouseleave No Mouse leaves the element itself This difference seems subtle, but it’s one of the most important distinctions in UI engineering. Why mouseover Is Dangerous for UI State Consider this table row: <tr> <td>Name</td> <td class="actions"> <button>Edit</button> <button>Delete</button> </td> </tr> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode From a user’s perspective, they are still “hovering the row” when they move between the buttons. But from the browser’s perspective, something very different is happening: <tr> → <td> → <button> Each move fires new mouseover and mouseout events as the cursor travels through child elements. That means: Moving from one button to another fires mouseout on the first Which bubbles up And can look like the mouse “left the row” Your UI hears: “The row is no longer hovered.” The user never left. This mismatch between DOM movement and human intent is the root cause of flicker. How My Table Broke In my case: Each table row showed action buttons on hover Borders existed between rows When the mouse crossed that 1px border, it briefly exited one row before entering the next This triggered: mouseout → hide actions mouseover → show actions again Sometimes the timing was fast enough that: Two rows appeared active Or the UI flickered Nothing was “wrong” with the layout. The event model was simply lying about what the user was doing. Why mouseenter Solves This mouseenter and mouseleave behave very differently. They do not bubble. They only fire when the pointer actually enters or leaves the element itself—not its children. So this movement: <tr> → <td> → <button> Triggers: mouseenter(tr) Once. No false exits. No flicker. No state confusion. This makes them ideal for: Table rows Dropdown menus Tooltips Hover cards Any UI that should remain active while the cursor is inside In other words: mouseenter represents user intent mouseover represents DOM traversal When You Should Use Each Use mouseenter / mouseleave when: You are toggling UI state based on hover Child elements should not interrupt the hover Stability matters Examples: Row actions Navigation menus Profile cards Tooltips Use mouseover / mouseout when: You actually care about which child was entered. Examples: Image maps Per-icon tooltips Custom hover effects on individual elements Here, bubbling is useful. React Makes This More Subtle In React, onMouseOver and onMouseOut are wrapped in a synthetic event system. That adds another layer of propagation and re-rendering, which can amplify flicker and race conditions. This is why tables, dropdowns, and hover-driven UIs are often harder to get right than they look. A Practical Rule of Thumb If you are using mouseover to control UI visibility, you are probably building something fragile. Most hover-based UI should be built with: mouseenter mouseleave Because users don’t hover DOM nodes. They hover things . Final Thoughts That small flicker in my table wasn’t a bug—it was a reminder of how deep the browser’s event model really is. The best UI engineers don’t just write logic that works. They write logic that matches how humans actually interact with the screen. And sometimes, the difference between a glitchy UI and a rock-solid one is just a single event name. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Farhad Hossain Follow Joined Dec 10, 2025 More from Farhad Hossain How JavaScript Engines Optimize Objects, Arrays, and Maps (A V8 Performance Guide) # javascript # performance # webdev # softwareengineering 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/thenjdevopsguy/kubernetes-ingress-vs-service-mesh-2ee2#comment-1pf95 | Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Michael Levan Posted on Jun 15, 2022 • Edited on Aug 6, 2025 Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh # kubernetes # devops # cloud # git Networking in Kubernetes is no easy task. Whether you’re on the application side or the operations side, you need to think about networking. Whether it’s connectivity between clusters, control planes, and worker nodes, or connectivity between Kubernetes Services and Pods, it all becomes a task that needs a large amount of focus and effort. In this blog post, you’ll learn about what a service mesh is, what ingress is, and why you need both. What’s A Service Mesh When you deploy applications inside of Kubernetes, there are two primary ways that the apps are talking to each other: Service-to-Service communication Pod-to-Pod communication Pod-to-Pod communication isn’t exactly recommended because Pods are ephemeral, which means they aren’t permanent. They are designed to go down at any time and only if they’re part of a StatefulSet would they keep any type of unique identifier. However, Pods still need to be able to communicate with each other because microservices need to talk. Backends need to talk to frontends, middleware needs to talk to backends and frontends, etc… The next primary communication is Services. Services are the preferred method because a Service isn’t ephemeral and only gets deleted if specified by an engineer. Pods are able to connect to Services with Selectors (sometimes called Tags), so if a Pod goes down but the Selector in the Kubernetes Manifest that deployed the Pod doesn’t change, the new Pod will be connected to the Service. In short, a Service sits in front of Pods almost like a load balancer would (not to be confused with the LoadBalancer service type). Here’s the problem: all of this traffic is unencrypted by default. Pod-to-Pod communication, or as some people like to call it, East-West Traffic, and Service-to-Service is completely unencrypted. That means if for any reason an environment is compromised or you have some segregation concerns, there’s nothing out of the box that you can do. A Service Mesh handles a lot of that for you. A Service Mesh: Encrypts traffic between Services Helps with network latency troubleshooting Securely connects Kubernetes Services Observability for tracing and alerting The key piece here, aside from the encryption between services (using mTLS) is the network observability and routing implementations. As a small example, the following routing rule forwards traffic to /rooms via a delegate VirtualService object/kind named roompage . apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: hotebooking spec: hosts: - "hotelbooking.com" gateways: - hbgateway http: - match: - uri: prefix: "/rooms" delegate: name: roompage namespace: rooms Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You have full control over the "what and how" in terms of routing. What’s Ingress Outside of the need for secure communication between microservices, you need a way to interact with frontend apps. The typical way is with a load balancer that’s connected to a Service. You can also use a NodePort, but in the cloud world, you’ll mostly see load balancers being used. Here’s the problem; cloud load balancers are expensive literally and figuratively. You have to pay money for each cloud load balancer that you have. Having a few applications may not be a big deal, but what about if you have 50 or 100? Not to mention that you have to manage all of those cloud load balancers. If a Kubernetes Service disconnects from the load balancer for whatever reason, it’s your job to go in and fix it. With Kubernetes Ingress Controllers, the management and cost nightmare is abstracted from you. An Ingress Controller allows you to have: One load balancer Multiple applications (Kubernetes Services) pointing to it You can create one load balancer and have every Kubernetes Service point to it that's within the specific web application from a routing perspective. Then, you can access each Kubernetes Service on a different path. For example, below is an Ingress Spec that points to a Kubernetes Service called nginxservice and outputs it on the path called /nginxappa apiVersion : networking . k8s . io / v1 kind : Ingress metadata : name : ingress - nginxservice - a spec : ingressClassName : nginx - servicea rules : - host : localhost http : paths : - path : / nginxappa pathType : Prefix backend : service : name : nginxservice port : number : 8080 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ingress Controllers are like an Nginx Reverse Proxy. Do You Need Both? My take on it is that you need both. Here’s why: They’re both doing two different jobs. I always like to use the hammer analogy. If I need to hammer a nail, I can use the handle to slam the nail in and eventually it’ll work, but why would I do that if I can use the proper end of the hammer? An Ingress Controller is used to: Make load balancing apps easier A Service Mesh is used to: Secure communication between apps Help out with Kubernetes networking Now, here’s the kicker; there are tools that do both. For example, Istio Ingress is an Ingress Controller, but also has the capability of secure gateways using mTLS. If you’re using one of those tools, great. Just make sure that it handles both communication and security for you in the way that you’re expecting. The recommendation still is to use the proper tool for the job. Both Service Mesh and Ingress are incredibly important, especially as your microservice environment grows. Popular Ingress Controllers and Service Mesh Platforms Below is a list of Ingress Controllers and Service Mesh that are popular in today’s cloud-native world. For Service Mesh: https://istio.io/latest/about/service-mesh/ For Ingress Controllers: https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/ https://doc.traefik.io/traefik/providers/kubernetes-ingress/ https://github.com/Kong/kubernetes-ingress-controller#readme https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ If you want to check out how to get started with the Istio, check out my blog post on it here . Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand trylvis trylvis trylvis Follow Work Infra / Ops / DevOps Engineer Joined Jun 16, 2022 • Jun 16 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice summary! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 • Jun 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I'm happy that you enjoyed it. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jan Jurák Jan Jurák Jan Jurák Follow Joined Apr 20, 2021 • Jan 4 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you for introduction into Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand heroes1412 heroes1412 heroes1412 Follow Joined Oct 7, 2022 • Oct 7 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Your article is very good and easy to understand. But how about API Gateway, i see ingress controller can handle API gateway task. what diffenrent? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 • Oct 7 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I would say the biggest two differences are 1) Ingress Controllers are a Kubernetes Controller in itself, so it's handled in a declarative fashion 2) (correct me if I'm wrong here about API Gateways please) API Gateways are typically an intermediary to route traffic between services. Sort of like a "middle ground". Where-as the ingress controllers are more about handling frontend app traffic. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 More from Michael Levan Running Any AI Agent on Kubernetes: Step-by-Step # ai # programming # kubernetes # cloud Context-Aware Networking & Runtimes: Agentic End-To-End # ai # kubernetes # programming # cloud Security Holes in MCP Servers and How To Plug Them # programming # ai # kubernetes # docker 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/xb16/write-a-jwt-login-test-using-cypress-43pp | Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse حذيفة Posted on Dec 13, 2025 Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress # cypress # react # jwt # testing Testing JWT Authentication in a React + Laravel Clothes Store with Cypress After spending two weeks trying to create dashboard tests for our React and Laravel e-commerce application, I hit a major roadblock: authentication. Since our application uses stateless API communication, JWT (JSON Web Tokens) with Laravel Sanctum handles authentication. Here's how I successfully implemented Cypress tests for this setup. Understanding the Authentication Flow The login functionality comprises: Backend : Laravel Sanctum for JWT generation Frontend : Axios interceptors + React Context for token management Protection : Dashboard pages wrapped in an authentication context Backend: Laravel Auth Controller The key authentication endpoints: class AuthController extends Controller { public function login ( LoginRequest $request ): JsonResponse { if ( ! Auth :: attempt ( $request -> only ( 'email' , 'password' ))) { return $this -> error ( null , 'Invalid credentials' , 401 ); } $user = $request -> user (); $token = $user -> createToken ( 'auth_token' ) -> plainTextToken ; return $this -> success ([ 'user' => $user , 'token' => $token ], 'User logged in successfully.' ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Route :: prefix ( 'auth' ) -> group ( function () { Route :: post ( 'login' , [ AuthController :: class , 'login' ]); Route :: get ( 'me' , [ AuthController :: class , 'me' ]); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Frontend: React Authentication Context The AuthContext manages user state and token storage: export function AuthProvider ({ children }) { const [ user , setUser ] = useState ( null ); const [ loading , setLoading ] = useState ( true ); const bootstrapAuth = useCallback ( async () => { const token = localStorage . getItem ( " token " ); if ( ! token ) { setLoading ( false ); return ; } try { const { data } = await authApi . me (); setUser ( data . data ); } catch { localStorage . removeItem ( " token " ); setUser ( null ); } finally { setLoading ( false ); } }, []); async function login ( credentials ) { const { data } = await authApi . login ( credentials ); localStorage . setItem ( " token " , data . data . token ); setUser ( data . data . user ); } if ( loading ) return < ClothesLoader />; return ( < AuthContext . Provider value = { { user , login , logout } } > { children } </ AuthContext . Provider > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Axios Interceptors for Token Management The interceptor automatically attaches tokens to protected requests: export const privateClient = axios . create ({ baseURL : import . meta . env . VITE_LARAVEL_APP_API_URL , headers : { " Content-Type " : " application/json " }, }); privateClient . interceptors . request . use (( config ) => { const token = localStorage . getItem ( " token " ); if ( token ) { config . headers . Authorization = `Bearer ${ token } ` ; } return config ; }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Dashboard Route Protection Protected routes check authentication before loading: export const Route = createFileRoute ( " /_dashboard " )({ beforeLoad : ({ context }) => { if ( ! context . auth ?. user ) { throw redirect ({ to : " /login " }); } }, component : DashboardLayout , }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Implementing Cypress Login Command The key insight: create a custom Cypress command that mimics the exact authentication flow. This command uses cy.session() to cache login state across tests: Cypress . Commands . add ( " login " , () => { cy . session ( " admin-session " , () => { cy . request ( " POST " , ` ${ Cypress . env ( ' apiUrl ' )} /auth/login` , { email : Cypress . env ( " email " ), password : Cypress . env ( " password " ), }). then (( response ) => { const token = response . body . data . token ; const user = response . body . data . user ; cy . window (). then (( win ) => { win . localStorage . setItem ( " token " , token ); win . localStorage . setItem ( " user " , JSON . stringify ( user )); }); cy . intercept ( " GET " , ` ${ Cypress . env ( ' apiUrl ' )} /auth/me` , { statusCode : 200 , body : { data : user , message : " User fetched successfully. " } }). as ( " getMe " ); cy . visit ( " / " ); cy . wait ( " @getMe " ); }); }, { cacheAcrossSpecs : true , validate : () => { cy . window (). then (( win ) => { expect ( win . localStorage . getItem ( " token " )). to . exist ; }); } }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Configuration Set up environment variables in cypress.config.js : module . exports = defineConfig ({ env : { email : ' admin@example.com ' , password : ' securePassword123 ' , apiUrl : ' http://clothes-store.test/api/v1 ' }, e2e : { baseUrl : ' http://localhost:5173 ' , }, }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Using the Login Command in Tests Now you can easily authenticate in any test: describe ( " Add Product Page " , () => { beforeEach (() => { cy . login (); cy . visit ( " /dashboard/products/add " ); cy . contains ( " Add New Product " ). should ( " be.visible " ); }); it ( " successfully creates a new product " , () => { // Test implementation... }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Takeaways Understand the authentication flow before writing tests Use cy.session() to cache login state and speed up tests Mock API responses that occur during authentication bootstrap Set up environment variables for sensitive credentials Create reusable commands for common authentication patterns This approach reduced my test execution time by 60% and made tests more reliable by eliminating flaky login processes. Resources Cypress JWT Authentication Examples Laravel Sanctum Documentation Cypress Session API Understanding both frontend and backend authentication implementation is crucial for writing effective Cypress tests. The cy.session() command combined with proper API mocking creates a robust testing foundation for JWT-protected applications. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse حذيفة Follow i am intersted about Full-Stack Web Developement and ecpecially React & Laravel. Location Morocco, Laayoune Joined Jun 15, 2024 More from حذيفة Custom Layout for Specific Route Group in Tanstack Router - Solution # react # frontend # vite # tanstackrouter BIOS Screen Using React, Redux, Tailwind !!! # bios # react # tailwindcss # redux 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Gabor Szabo Posted on Dec 21, 2022 • Edited on Sep 22, 2023 Billions of unnecessary files in GitHub # github # programming # python # webdev As I was looking for easy assignments for the Open Source Development Course I found something very troubling which is also an opportunity for a lot of teaching and a lot of practice. Some files don't need to be in git The common sense dictates that we rarely need to include generated files in our git repository. There is no point in keeping them in our version control as they can be generated again. (The exception might be if the generation takes a lot of time or can be done only during certain phases of the moon.) Neither is there a need to store 3rd party libraries in our git repository. Instead of that we store a list of our dependencies with the required version and then we download and install them. (Well, the rightfully paranoid might download and save a copy of every 3rd party library they use to ensure it can never disappear, but you'll see we are not talking about that). .gitignore The way to make sure that neither we nor anyone else adds these files to the git repository by mistake is to create a file called .gitignore , include patterns that match the files we would like to exclude from git and add the .gitignore file to our repository. git will ignore those file. They won't even show up when you run git status . The format of the .gitignore file is described in the documentation of .gitignore . In a nutshell: /output.txt Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ignore the output.txt file in the root of the project. output.txt Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ignore output.txt anywhere in the project. (in the root or any subdirectory) *.txt Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ignore all the files with .txt extension venv Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ignore the venv folder anywhere in the project. There are more. Check the documentation of .gitignore ! Not knowing about .gitignore Apparently a lot of people using git and GitHub don't know about .gitignore The evidence: Python developers use something called virtualenv to make it easy to use different dependencies in different projects. When they create a virtualenv they usually configure it to install all the 3rd party libraries in a folder called venv . This folder we should not include in git. And yet: There are 452M hits for this search venv In a similar way NodeJS developers install their dependencies in a folder called node_modules . There are 2B responses for this search: node_modules Finally, if you use the Finder applications on macOS and open a folder, it will create an empty(!) file called .DS_Store . This file is really not needed anywhere. And yet I saw many copies of it on GitHub. Unfortunately so far I could not figure out how to search for them. The closest I found is this search . Misunderstanding .gitignore There are also many people who misunderstand the way .gitignore works. I can understand it as the wording of the explanation is a bit ambiguous. What we usually say is that If you'd like to make sure that git will ignore the __pycache__ folder then you need to put it in .gitignore . A better way would be to say this: If you'd like to make sure that git will ignore the __pycache__ folder then you need to put its name in the .gitignore file. Without that people might end up creating a folder called .gitignore and moving all the __pycache__ folder to this .gitignore folder. You can see it in this search Help Can you suggest other common cases of unnecessary files in git that should be ignored? Can you help me creating the search for .DS_store in GitHub? Updates More based on the comments: .o files the result of compilation of C and C++ code: .o .class files the result of compilation of Java code: .class .pyc files are compiled Python code. Usually stored in the __pycache__ folder mentioned earlier: .pyc How to create a .gitignore file? A follow-up post: How to create a .gitignore file? Gabor Szabo ・ Dec 29 '22 #github #gitlab #programming Top comments (51) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Brian Kirkpatrick Brian Kirkpatrick Brian Kirkpatrick Follow Aerospace engineer with a passion for programming, an intrigue for information theory, and a soft spot for space! Location Tustin, California Education Harvey Mudd College Work Chief Mod/Sim Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2019 • Dec 22 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Did you know the command git clean -Xfd will remove all files from your project that match the current contents of your .gitignore file? I love this trick. Like comment: Like comment: 82 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand cubiclesocial cubiclesocial cubiclesocial Follow CubicleSoft is a software development company with fantastic software products. What do you need to build next? https://github.com/cubiclesoft Location USA Work Software Developer at CubicleSoft Joined Apr 26, 2020 • Jan 7 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Be careful with this one. Some of my repos have bits and pieces I expressly never commit and are in .gitignore but also don't want to branch/stash those things either. Things like files with sensitive configuration information or credentials in them that exist for development/testing purposes but should never reach GitHub. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Perchun Pak Perchun Pak Perchun Pak Follow Hello there! I'm 15 years old Junior+ Backend/Software developer from Ukraine. See perchun.it for more info. Email dev.to@perchun.it Location Ukraine Work Available for hire. Joined Dec 17, 2022 • Jan 9 '23 • Edited on Jan 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Maybe use environment variables in your IDE? Or if you're on Linux, you can set those values automatically when you enter the folder with cd . This is much safer in both situations, you will never commit this data and will never delete it. For e.g. syncing it between devices, use password manager (like BitWarden ). Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Real AI Real AI Real AI Follow Joined Apr 28, 2017 • Feb 1 '23 • Edited on Feb 1 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The thing with repos is that git clean -Xfd should not be dangerous, if it is then you have important information that should be stored elsewhere, NOT on the filesystem. Please learn to use a proper pgpagent or something. The filesystem should really be ephemeral. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread cubiclesocial cubiclesocial cubiclesocial Follow CubicleSoft is a software development company with fantastic software products. What do you need to build next? https://github.com/cubiclesoft Location USA Work Software Developer at CubicleSoft Joined Apr 26, 2020 • Feb 2 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Information has to be stored somewhere. And that means everything winds up stored in a file system somewhere. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Exoutia Exoutia Exoutia Follow A techgeek Education Techno Main Saltlake Work Student Joined Dec 17, 2021 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was just looking for this comman I wanted to remove some of the sqlite files from GitHub Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This won't remove the already committed files from github. It removes the files from your local disk that should not be committed to git. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arik Arik Arik Follow Software Engineer Location FL Education Self Taught Work Freelance Joined May 26, 2018 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Lifesaver! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Seth Berrier Seth Berrier Seth Berrier Follow Teacher of computer science and game design and development in Western Wisconsin; modern JS and web tech advocate! Location Menomonie, WI Education PhD in Computer Science Work Associate Prof. of Computer Science at University of Wisconsin Stout Joined Oct 28, 2019 • Dec 22 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Game engine projects often have very large cache folders that contain auto generated files which should not be checked into repositories. There are well established .gitignore files to help keep these out of GitHub, but people all to often don't use them. For Unity projects, "Library" off the root is a cache (hard to search for that one, it's too generic). For Unreal, "DerivedDataCache" is another ( search link ) There's also visual studio's debug symbol files with extension .pdb. these can get pretty damn big and often show up in repos when they shouldn't: search link Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 23 '22 • Edited on Dec 23 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks! That actually gave me the idea to open the recommended gitignore files and use those as the criteria for searches. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Chris Hansen Chris Hansen Chris Hansen Follow Location Salt Lake City, UT Joined Sep 16, 2019 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide See also gitignore generators like gitignore.io . For example, this generated .gitignore has some interesting ones like *.log and *.tmp . Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kolja Kolja Kolja Follow Joined Oct 7, 2021 • Dec 21 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Does GitHub really store duplicate files? Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 21 '22 • Edited on Dec 21 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't know how github stores the files, but I am primarily interested in the health of each individual project. Having these files stored and then probably updated later will cause misunderstandings and it will make harder to track changes. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Márton Somogyi Márton Somogyi Márton Somogyi Follow I am a programmer with about more than 15 years of experience. I have worked in many programming languages, both as a hobby and professionally. My favorites are Java, Kotlin, PHP, and Python Location Hungary Joined Jan 31, 2022 • Dec 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Duplicate or not, git clone is create them. 😞 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am not sure I understand what you meant by this comment. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Márton Somogyi Márton Somogyi Márton Somogyi Follow I am a programmer with about more than 15 years of experience. I have worked in many programming languages, both as a hobby and professionally. My favorites are Java, Kotlin, PHP, and Python Location Hungary Joined Jan 31, 2022 • Dec 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It doesn't matter if github stores it in duplicate or not, because git clone will create it unnecessarily on the client side. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Right Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Comment deleted Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Jan 7 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am sorry, but it is unclear what you mean by that comment and what does that image refer to? Could you elaborate, please? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Thomas Bnt Thomas Bnt Thomas Bnt Follow French web developer mainly but touches everything. Volunteer admin mod here at DEV. I learn Nuxt at this moment and databases. — Addict to Cappuccino and Music Location France Pronouns He/him Work IAM Consultant @ Ariovis Joined May 5, 2017 • Jan 7 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide He demonstrates how to lighten your open source projects with the use of .gitignore . 👍🏼 At no time does he point at people and tell them that. Why do you think like that? 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alex Oladele Alex Oladele Alex Oladele Follow Constantly wanting to learn more Email oladelaa@gmail.com Location Raleigh, NC Education Miami University Work Application Developer at IBM Joined Sep 9, 2017 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I manage a GitHub Enterprise instance for work and this is soooo incredibly important actually. The files you commit to git really build up overtime. Even if you "remove" a file in a subsequent commit, it is still in git history, which means you're still cloning down giant repo history whenever you clone. You might think: "oh well so what? What's the big deal? This is a normal part of the development cycle" Let's couple these large repo clones with automation that triggers multiple times a day. Now let's say that a bunch of other people are also doing automated clones of repos with large git histories. The amount of network traffic that this generates is actually significant and starts to impact performance for everyone . Not to mention that the code has to live on a server somewhere, so its likely costing your company a lot of money just o be able to host it. * General advice whether you're using GitHub Enterprise or not: * Utilize a .gitignore from the start! Be overzealous in adding things to your .gitignore file because its likely safer for you. I use Toptal to generate my gitignores personally If you're committing files or scripts that are larger than 100mb, just go ahead and use git-lfs to commit them. You're minimizing your repo history that way Try to only retain source code in git. Of course there will be times where you need to store images and maybe some documents, but really try to limit the amount of non source-code files that you store in git. Images and other non text-based files can't be diffed with git so they're essentially just reuploaded to git. This builds up very quickly Weirdly enough, making changes to a bunch of minified files can actually be more harmful to git due to the way it diffs. If git has to search for a change in a single line of text, it still has to change that entire (single) line. Having spacing in your code makes it easier to diff things with git since only a small part of the file has to change instead of the entire file. If you pushed a large file to git and realized that you truly do not need it in git, use BFG repo cleaner to remove it from your git history. This WILL mess with your git history, so I wouldn't use it lighty, but its an incredibly powerful and useful tool for completely removing large files from git history. Utilize git-sizer to see how large your repo truly is. Cloning your repo and then looking at the size on disk is probably misleading because its likely not factoring in git history. Review your automation that interacts with your version control platform. Do you really need to clone this repo 10 times an hour? Does it really make a difference to the outcome if you limited it to half that amount? A lot of times you can reduce the number of git operations you're making which just helps the server overall Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohammad Hosein Balkhani Mohammad Hosein Balkhani Mohammad Hosein Balkhani Follow Eating Pizza ... Location Linux Kernel Education Master of Information Technology ( MBA ) Work Senior Software Engineer at BtcEx Joined Aug 18, 2018 • Dec 25 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was really shocked, i read your article 3 times and opened the node modules search to believe this. Wow GitHub should start to alert this people! Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Darren Cunningham Darren Cunningham Darren Cunningham Follow Cloud Architect, Golang enthusiast, breaker of things Location Columbus, OH Work Engineer at Rhove Joined Nov 13, 2019 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide github.com/community/community#mak... Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Neo Sibanda Neo Sibanda Neo Sibanda Follow Social Enthusiast Social Media Marketer Content Creator Growth Advocate Email neosibanda@gmail.com Location Harare, Zimbabwe Education IMM Graduate School of marketing Work Remote work Joined Dec 19, 2022 • Dec 22 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ignored files are usually build artifacts and machine generated files that can be derived from your repository source or should otherwise not be committed. Some common examples are: dependency caches, such as the contents of /node_modules or /packages. compiled code, such as .o , .pyc , and .class files. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 22 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've updated the article based on your suggestions. Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Follow Web developer, tinkerer, take-aparterer (and, sometimes, put-back-togetherer) Location Melbourne, Australia Work Front End Developer at Art Processors Joined Jul 23, 2019 • Dec 21 '22 • Edited on Dec 21 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good explanation of .gitgnore Don’t forget those .env files as well! GitHub’s extension search parameter doesn’t require the dot, so your .DS_Store search should work if you make that small change extension:DS_Store https://github.com/search?q=extension%3ADS_Store&type=Code Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ethan Azariah Ethan Azariah Ethan Azariah Follow Hello! I'm a crazy guy with OS-dev interests who sometimes argues for no reason. Trying to kick the habit. ;) Formerly known as Ethan Gardener Joined Jan 7, 2020 • Dec 29 '22 • Edited on Dec 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was quite used to configuring everything by text file when I first encountered Git in 2005, but I still needed a little help and a little practice to get used to .gitignore. :) I think the most help was seeing examples in other peoples' projects; that's what usually works for me. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Posandu Posandu Posandu Follow Joined Jun 24, 2021 • Dec 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The .gitignore folder search link is wrong. It should have the query .gitignore/ not .gitignore https://github.com/search?q=path%3A.gitignore%2F&type=code Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yours looks more correct, but I get the same results for both searches. Currently I get for both searches: 1,386,986 code results Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Posandu Posandu Posandu Follow Joined Jun 24, 2021 • Dec 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Weird, I get two different results. 🤣 .gitignore/ .gitignore Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You use night-mode and I use day-mode. That must be the explanation. 🤔 Also I have a menu at the top, next to the search box with items such as "Pull requests", "Issues", ... and you don't. Either some configuration or we are on different branches of their AB testing. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jakub Narębski Jakub Narębski Jakub Narębski Follow Location Toruń, Poland Education Ph.D. in Physics Pronouns he/him Work Assistant Professor at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland Joined Jul 30, 2018 • Dec 27 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide There is gitignore.io service that can be used to generate good .gitignore file for the programming language and/or framework that you use, and per-user or per-repository ignore file for the IDE you use. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (51 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Some comments have been hidden by the post's author - find out more Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 More from Gabor Szabo Perl 🐪 Weekly #755 - Does TIOBE help Perl? # perl # news # programming Perl 🐪 Weekly #754 - New Year Resolution # perl # news # programming Perl 🐪 Weekly #753 - Happy New Year! # perl # news # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.memorymanagement.org/glossary/p.html#term-physical-memory-2 | Memory Management Glossary: P — Memory Management Reference 4.0 documentation Memory Management Reference « Memory Management Glossary: O | Memory Management Glossary: P | Memory Management Glossary: Q » Memory Management Glossary: P ¶ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z padding ¶ Padding is redundant memory (2) within the memory allocated to an object . It is usually inserted because of alignment restrictions on the fields of the object or on the object itself. Padding is a form of internal fragmentation . padding method ¶ In the MPS A format method that is called by a moving pool to create a padding object . See mps_fmt_pad_t . padding object ¶ In the MPS A formatted object that consists of padding . One of three types of formatted objects, the other two being client objects and forwarding objects . page ¶ A virtual memory system usually deals with memory (1) blocks of fixed size as units for paging . These are known as pages . Pages are often 4 kB or 8 kB in size. This size is determined by the addressing hardware of the machine. page fault ¶ An exception when accessing virtual memory , usually resulting in a page being fetched from disk. A page fault is an exception occurring during the translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses . “Page fault” usually means an access to a page that has been paged out and hence requires fetching from disk, but it is sometimes also used to mean invalid page fault or protection fault . See also paged in , paged out , paging , read fault , write fault . page marking ¶ Page marking is a form of card-marking where the card is the same size as a page page protection ¶ See protection . Many operating systems support protection of memory (2) pages . Individual pages may be protected against a combination of read, write or execute accesses by a process. page table ¶ In a virtual memory system, it is common to map between virtual addresses and physical addresses by means of a data structure called a page table . The page number of an address is usually found from the most significant bits of the address; the remaining bits yield the offset of the memory location within the page. The page table is normally indexed by page number and contains information on whether the page is currently in main memory , and where it is in main memory or on disk. Conventional page tables are sized to the virtual address space and store the entire virtual address space description of each process. Because of the need to keep the virtual-to-physical translation time low, a conventional page table is structured as a fixed, multi-level hierarchy, and can be very inefficient at representing a sparse virtual address space, unless the allocated pages are carefully aligned to the page table hierarchy. See also inverted page table . paged in ¶ In a virtual memory system, memory (2) is described as paged in if it is available in physical memory (1) . Similar term swapped in . Opposite term paged out . See also paging . paged out ¶ In a virtual memory system, memory (2) is described as paged out if it is not available in physical memory (1) . Similar term swapped out . Opposite term paged in . See also paging . paging ¶ In a virtual memory system, paging is the act of transferring pages between physical memory (1) and backing store (usually disk). When pages need to be paged out, a heuristic is used to select ones that will not be needed soon; “least recently used” is a popular one. Similar term swapping . See also paged in , paged out . palimpsest ¶ A block of memory (2) that has been allocated , freed (1) (or reclaimed ), and then allocated again. Such memory may contain data from the previous use if portions of it remain uninitialised. This commonly occurs on the stack , especially if the compiler allocates large stack frames in anticipation of allocating data structures on the stack. If the palimpsest is being scanned conservatively , such left-over data may cause unreachable objects to appear reachable and thus become floating garbage . If it is scanned precisely , such left-over data, if treated as pointers , is a bug. parallel garbage collection ¶ Also known as concurrent garbage collection . A parallel or concurrent collector (2) executes simultaneously with the mutator , usually on a multi-processor machine. Concurrent garbage collection must cope with the mutator changing objects while collection occurs. The problem is similar to that of incremental GC , but harder. The solution typically involves barriers (1) . Similar term incremental . See also replicating garbage collector . Related publications Doligez & Leroy (1993) , Doligez & Gonthier (1994) . parked state ¶ In the MPS One of the four states an arena can be in (the others being the clamped state , the postmortem state , and the unclamped state ). In the parked state, no garbage collection is in progress, no object motion occurs and the staleness of location dependencies does not change. Call mps_arena_park() or mps_arena_collect() to put an arena into the parked state. perfect fit ¶ If an allocation request is satisfied exactly from a free block with no fragmentation , this is said to be a perfect fit . See also allocation mechanism , best fit , free block . phantom reachable ¶ phantomly reachable ¶ In Java , an object is phantom reachable if it is neither strongly nor softly nor weakly reachable and has been finalized and there is a path from the roots to it that contains at least one phantom reference . When the Java collector (1) determines that an object is phantom reachable, the reference objects containing the phantom references are enqueued. The Java specification says that the phantom reference is not cleared when the reference object is enqueued, but actually, there’s no way in the language to tell whether that has been done or not. In some implementations, JNI weak global references are weaker than phantom references, and provide a way to access phantom reachable objects. See also reachability . Related links Class java.lang.ref.PhantomReference , Reference Objects and Garbage Collection . phantom reference ¶ In Java terminology, phantom reference is used to mean a reference encapsulated in a reference object of class PhantomReference . Phantom references form one of three kinds of weak reference (1) in Java. They are handy for performing clean-ups after an object has died and been finalized . See also phantom reachable . Related link Class java.lang.ref.PhantomReference , Reference Objects and Garbage Collection . physical address ¶ Also known as absolute address . Physical addresses are used to index into physical memory (1) . On some systems, they are called absolute addresses . In a virtual memory system the application program handles virtual addresses and these are translated to physical addresses by the MMU . Opposite term virtual address . physical address space ¶ The physical address space is the space of physical addresses . Opposite term virtual address space . physical memory (1) ¶ Also known as real memory . Physical memory is memory (1) that is wired to directly to the processor, addressable by physical address . This term is basically synonymous to main memory , but is used in contrast to virtual memory and backing store . While modern computers usually have lots of virtual memory , performance is still closely related to the quantity of physical memory available. If a system has insufficient physical memory, it may thrash . Similar term main memory . physical memory (2) ¶ Also known as physical storage . Physical memory is memory (1) on physical storage devices, such as RAM or disks. This term is often contrasted to virtual address space that might not be mapped to any actual storage. Similar term memory (1) . physical storage ¶ See physical memory (2) . pig in the python ¶ Also known as pig in the snake . In a generational collector, when long-lived objects are allocated in nursery space , collection effort will be wasted as those objects survive and are promoted from generation to generation. This is especially noticeable in a copying collector , where long-lived objects will be copied many times. This difficulty is similar to that of a python which swallows its prey whole and is somewhat immobilized as it digests it. Modern collectors permit objects to be allocated directly into appropriate generations or pools to avoid this problem. Long-lived objects can be allocated directly into long-term generations. Large objects can be allocated directly into pools with special support for large objects (such as copying by remapping, incremental copying, or not copying at all). See also generational garbage collection . In the MPS A pool can be configured to allocate into a specific generation in its generation chain by setting the MPS_KEY_GEN keyword argument when calling mps_pool_create_k() . pig in the snake ¶ See pig in the python . pinning ¶ Also known as nailing . In copying garbage collection , an object may not be movable because it is the target of an ambiguous reference or because it is referenced by foreign code that does not co-operate with the collector. Such an object is said to be pinned . placement policy ¶ See allocation policy . platform ¶ In the MPS The term platform is used to refer to the combination of operating system, processor architecture, and compiler. See Platforms . plinth ¶ In the MPS The plinth is a program module providing the MPS with all the support functions it needs from the execution environment. The plinth removes the need for external libraries, by getting the support from the client program . See Plinth . pointer ¶ Pointer data types represent a reference to an object or a location . Pointers may be specialized by the type of the object referred to. Typically, pointers are represented by an address , but they can be more complicated when they need to carry more information. For example, when the referent is smaller than a word , an offset within the word might be needed. Similar terms address , reference . See also tag . pool ¶ In the MPS A pool is responsible for requesting memory from the arena and making it available to the client program via mps_alloc() or via an allocation point . Multiple pools can coexist in one arena. Pools belong to the type mps_pool_t . See Pools and the Pool reference . pool class ¶ In the MPS A value of type mps_pool_class_t describing a class of pools that manage memory according to particular policy. See Pool reference . postmortem state ¶ In the MPS One of the four states an arena can be in (the others being the unclamped state , the clamped state , and the parked state ). In the postmortem state, objects do not move in memory, the staleness of location dependencies does not change, memory occupied by unreachable objects is not recycled, all memory protection is removed, and memory may be in an inconsistent state. Call mps_arena_postmortem() to put an arena into the postmortem state. precise garbage collection ¶ See exact garbage collection . precise reference ¶ See exact reference . precise root ¶ See exact root . premature free ¶ Also known as use after free . A premature free or use after free occurs when memory (2) is deallocated , but is later accessed. Under manual memory management , this usually occurs when one part of a program decides it has finished using a memory block , and is unaware that another part of the program is still using it. This is rare under automatic memory management . See also double free . premature promotion ¶ See premature tenuring . premature tenuring ¶ Also known as premature promotion . When a short-lived object allocated in a generational garbage collector is promoted (due to poor timing) into a less-frequently collected generation . This prematurely tenured object may become garbage very soon after promotion, but will not be reclaimed for some time because it is now in a less frequently collected generation. This problem is essentially due to quantization error: all objects in a generation are treated as if they have the same age, even though they range from as old as the previous promotion cycle to new-born. Modern collectors (1) offer several remedies for premature tenuring. If the client program knows that it is entering a phase that will create many short-lived objects, it can forestall all promotion until it knows it is done with those objects. Thus no objects will be prematurely promoted: they will all be seen as garbage. Another solution is to create buckets within generations to more accurately classify objects by age and only promote those which have reached a certain minimum. primary storage ¶ See main memory . promotion ¶ Also known as tenuring . Promotion or tenuring is the act of moving an object from its current generation to an older one (one that contains objects that are expected to survive longer). “Tenuring” is used particularly about promotion to the oldest generation. See also generational garbage collection . protectable root ¶ In the MPS A root which the MPS may protect with a write barrier . A protectable root is created by specifying the root mode MPS_RM_PROT when calling a registration function such as mps_root_create() . protected ¶ A region of memory (2) is said to be protected if there is a barrier (1) on that region. Opposite term unprotected protection ¶ Also known as memory protection , page protection . Many operating systems support protection of memory (2) pages . Individual pages may be protected against a combination of read, write or execute accesses by a process. A process which attempts a protected access will trigger a protection fault . Protection is typically implemented in hardware by the MMU as part of the support for virtual memory . Pages can be protected for a number of reasons: a generational or incremental garbage collector may want to place barriers (1) on pages; an operating system may want to protect pages for security, or to implement “copy-on-write” or “demand-zero-filled” pages. See also read fault , write fault . Related publications Appel et al. (1988) , Singhal et al. (1992) , Hosking & Moss (1993) . protection exception ¶ See protection fault . protection fault ¶ Also known as barrier hit , protection exception , protection violation . A protection fault is an exception or trap which occurs when a process attempts to access memory (2) which has been protected . Relevance to memory management Some garbage collectors use handlers for protection faults to provide barriers (1) . See also General Protection Fault , segmentation violation . protection violation ¶ See protection fault . © Copyright 2023, Ravenbrook Limited. Created using Sphinx 4.5.0. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # bunjs Follow Hide Create Post Older #bunjs posts 7 8 9 10 11 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Making own nuxt-like framework with bun LowByteFox LowByteFox LowByteFox Follow Jun 10 '23 Making own nuxt-like framework with bun # bunjs # buchta # elysia # vue 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Alternative ni written in fish Karibash Karibash Karibash Follow Mar 29 '23 Alternative ni written in fish # node # yarn # pnpm # bunjs Comments Add Comment 2 min read Migrating from ts-node to Bun John Reilly John Reilly John Reilly Follow Mar 18 '23 Migrating from ts-node to Bun # bunjs 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Using LiteFS with Bun on Fly.io Andrea Giammarchi Andrea Giammarchi Andrea Giammarchi Follow Feb 24 '23 Using LiteFS with Bun on Fly.io # bunjs # javascript # ts # sqlite 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read YugabyteDB Masters and Tablet servers Frits Hoogland Frits Hoogland Frits Hoogland Follow for YugabyteDB Feb 14 '23 YugabyteDB Masters and Tablet servers # discuss # bunjs # node # tooling Comments Add Comment 4 min read useState Hook: A staple that every React user should know how to use samanthamarberger samanthamarberger samanthamarberger Follow Feb 8 '23 useState Hook: A staple that every React user should know how to use # docker # langchain # bunjs # tooling Comments Add Comment 5 min read React Components CalvinJimenez CalvinJimenez CalvinJimenez Follow Dec 13 '22 React Components # bunjs # gratitude 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read API Design Revolation, Code Generation Adam Crockett 🌀 Adam Crockett 🌀 Adam Crockett 🌀 Follow Dec 2 '22 API Design Revolation, Code Generation # svelte # bunjs # openapi # architecture 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Bun so far Chris Bongers Chris Bongers Chris Bongers Follow Oct 7 '22 Bun so far # bunjs # javascript # node # webdev 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Running NextJS with Bun Chris Bongers Chris Bongers Chris Bongers Follow Oct 6 '22 Running NextJS with Bun # node # javascript # nextjs # bunjs 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Using Bun with React Chris Bongers Chris Bongers Chris Bongers Follow Oct 5 '22 Using Bun with React # bunjs # node # javascript # webdev 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read A first look at Bun Chris Bongers Chris Bongers Chris Bongers Follow Oct 4 '22 A first look at Bun # bunjs # node # javascript # webdev 20 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Introduction a Bun.sh Fabrice Claeys Fabrice Claeys Fabrice Claeys Follow Sep 27 '22 Introduction a Bun.sh # french # bunjs 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Porting Curveball to Bun Evert Pot Evert Pot Evert Pot Follow Sep 13 '22 Porting Curveball to Bun # bunjs # javascript # deno # express 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 4 min read What is Bun, and does it live up to the hype? AsyncBanana AsyncBanana AsyncBanana Follow Aug 17 '22 What is Bun, and does it live up to the hype? # javascript # programming # webdev # bunjs 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Bun - What can I use it for? Roger Oriol Roger Oriol Roger Oriol Follow Aug 9 '22 Bun - What can I use it for? # javascript # bunjs # typescript # zig 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read What’s the deal with Bun? Herbie Herbie Herbie Follow Aug 5 '22 What’s the deal with Bun? # javascript # typescript # node # bunjs 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Bun command not found on Linux Brent Vanwildemeersch Brent Vanwildemeersch Brent Vanwildemeersch Follow Jul 31 '22 Bun command not found on Linux # javascript # bunjs # bundler 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Is Bun so much faster than Node.js? Daniel PL Daniel PL Daniel PL Follow Jul 26 '22 Is Bun so much faster than Node.js? # javascript # node # bunjs # performance 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Let's create a next.js app with bun Ashirbad Panigrahi Ashirbad Panigrahi Ashirbad Panigrahi Follow Jul 22 '22 Let's create a next.js app with bun # bunjs # nextjs # react # javascript 42 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Create a react app with bun Ashirbad Panigrahi Ashirbad Panigrahi Ashirbad Panigrahi Follow Jul 16 '22 Create a react app with bun # react # bunjs # webdev # javascript 142 reactions Comments 29 comments 1 min read Does speed really matter? Bun, Node.js, Vite, Webpack Mikhail Karan Mikhail Karan Mikhail Karan Follow Jul 15 '22 Does speed really matter? Bun, Node.js, Vite, Webpack # webdev # podcast # node # bunjs 41 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Targeting Node, Bun and Deno With F# Angel Daniel Munoz Gonzalez Angel Daniel Munoz Gonzalez Angel Daniel Munoz Gonzalez Follow Jul 13 '22 Targeting Node, Bun and Deno With F# # node # bunjs # deno # fsharp 35 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Install Bun for Windows: A Modern JavaScript Runtime Like Node or Deno openHacking openHacking openHacking Follow Jul 11 '22 Install Bun for Windows: A Modern JavaScript Runtime Like Node or Deno # node # bunjs # javascript # webdev 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Install Bun on WSL Ben Subendran Ben Subendran Ben Subendran Follow Jul 10 '22 Install Bun on WSL # javascript # bunjs # tutorial # wsl 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://mn.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Эхлэх Хичээл Блог Хамтрал v 18.2.0 Хэлнүүд GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... Docs Суулгац Үндсэн ойлголтууд Ахисан шатны заавар API лавлах Дэгээ (Hooks) Тестлэх Concurrent Mode (Experimental) Оролцох Түгээмэл асуултууд Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Хамтралын сан Багажууд More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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Right menu Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem Subhrangsu Bera Subhrangsu Bera Subhrangsu Bera Follow Jan 12 Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem # vcs # git # github Comments Add Comment 4 min read Connecting Your Computer to GitHub - Part One Sarah Bartley Dye Sarah Bartley Dye Sarah Bartley Dye Follow Jan 12 Connecting Your Computer to GitHub - Part One # git # github 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Inside Git: How It Really Works (With the .git Folder Explained) Subhrangsu Bera Subhrangsu Bera Subhrangsu Bera Follow Jan 12 Inside Git: How It Really Works (With the .git Folder Explained) # git # github # development # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Writing a Novel the Developer Way Burve (Burve Story Lab) Burve (Burve Story Lab) Burve (Burve Story Lab) Follow Jan 12 Writing a Novel the Developer Way # writing # git # vscode # markdown Comments Add Comment 7 min read Putting the CD Back into CI/CD: A Guide to Continuous Deployment Audacia Audacia Audacia Follow Jan 12 Putting the CD Back into CI/CD: A Guide to Continuous Deployment # devops # cicd # git # software Comments Add Comment 7 min read Inside Git: How It Works and the Role of the `.git` Folder Umar Hayat Umar Hayat Umar Hayat Follow Jan 12 Inside Git: How It Works and the Role of the `.git` Folder # git # beginners # tutorial # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Version Control Exists: The Pen Drive Problem Anoop Rajoriya Anoop Rajoriya Anoop Rajoriya Follow Jan 12 Why Version Control Exists: The Pen Drive Problem # git # beginners # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🤔 I Got Tired of Typing Git Commands… So I Built My Own One-Command Git Tool in Python Aegis-Specter Aegis-Specter Aegis-Specter Follow Jan 12 🤔 I Got Tired of Typing Git Commands… So I Built My Own One-Command Git Tool in Python # showdev # automation # git # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read # Inside Git: How It Works and the Role of the `.git` Folder saiyam gupta saiyam gupta saiyam gupta Follow Jan 10 # Inside Git: How It Works and the Role of the `.git` Folder # architecture # beginners # git 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Inside Git: How its works and the role of the .git folder Debashis Das Debashis Das Debashis Das Follow Jan 10 Inside Git: How its works and the role of the .git folder # git # beginners # tutorial # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS VPC Peering Using Terraform: A Complete Multi-Region Hands-On Guide Amit Kushwaha Amit Kushwaha Amit Kushwaha Follow Jan 10 AWS VPC Peering Using Terraform: A Complete Multi-Region Hands-On Guide # devops # aws # cloud # git Comments Add Comment 8 min read # Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem saiyam gupta saiyam gupta saiyam gupta Follow Jan 10 # Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem # beginners # git # softwaredevelopment 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read What's Inside the .git Folder? Satpalsinh Rana Satpalsinh Rana Satpalsinh Rana Follow Jan 9 What's Inside the .git Folder? # git Comments Add Comment 5 min read GitHub's December 2025 - January 2026: The Ships That Matter Andrea Liliana Griffiths Andrea Liliana Griffiths Andrea Liliana Griffiths Follow Jan 8 GitHub's December 2025 - January 2026: The Ships That Matter # git # github # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Commit Message Comedy Club: Drop your funniest "git commit -m" lines Mehmet Bulat Mehmet Bulat Mehmet Bulat Follow Jan 8 The Commit Message Comedy Club: Drop your funniest "git commit -m" lines # jokes # community # devbugsmash # git Comments Add Comment 1 min read Zero-Friction Database Branching with Neon, Git Hooks, and Claude Code Eugene Oleinik Eugene Oleinik Eugene Oleinik Follow Jan 8 Zero-Friction Database Branching with Neon, Git Hooks, and Claude Code # postgres # neon # git # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem Debashis Das Debashis Das Debashis Das Follow Jan 8 Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem # beginners # git # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read Stop Manual Deploys: A 5-Minute Guide to GitHub Actions in 2026 Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 7 Stop Manual Deploys: A 5-Minute Guide to GitHub Actions in 2026 # github # git # githubactions # guide Comments Add Comment 2 min read Automate Your GitHub Workflow with Gemini CLI Daniel Gwerzman Daniel Gwerzman Daniel Gwerzman Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 11 Automate Your GitHub Workflow with Gemini CLI # ai # geminicli # git # gemini 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Git Merge Tools That Work Well with GitHub Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Jan 6 Git Merge Tools That Work Well with GitHub # git # github # productivity # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read What is Git and GitHub? Gm Aravind Gm Aravind Gm Aravind Follow Jan 5 What is Git and GitHub? # git # github # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Use Git Unstash Without Losing Work Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Jan 5 How to Use Git Unstash Without Losing Work # git # productivity # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Deploying An Eleventy Site to NeoCities with GitLab CI/CD Brennan K. Brown Brennan K. Brown Brennan K. Brown Follow Jan 4 Deploying An Eleventy Site to NeoCities with GitLab CI/CD # cicd # webdev # bash # git Comments Add Comment 6 min read Git for Beginners: Basics and Essential Commands Abhimanyu Kumar Abhimanyu Kumar Abhimanyu Kumar Follow Jan 4 Git for Beginners: Basics and Essential Commands # webdev # programming # git # github Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Setup an LLM Model Locally on Your Machine (Linux) Ganesh Kumar Ganesh Kumar Ganesh Kumar Follow Jan 5 How to Setup an LLM Model Locally on Your Machine (Linux) # git 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Top 10 Productivity Hacks Every Developer Should Know 🚀 How to Stop Your AI Agent From Making Unwanted Code Changes Git Worktrees: The Power Behind Cursor’s Parallel Agents Solving Git Authentication Failures: "Password authentication is not supported" Error 🚀 Introduction to Git Worktree (With Oh My Zsh Aliases) 🤖🤖How to run AI in parallel easily and for free (Git Worktree Runner)🧠🧠 First steps towards Codeberg If You Think YOUR Commit Messages Are Bad, Just Wait… I Built a CLI Tool to Make Git Worktree Enjoyable Fixing Common Git Lock Errors: Understanding and Recovering from .git/index.lock How to Check the Number of Lines Changed in Your Current Git Branch Compared to Main A Better Way to Run Git Worktrees Finally! 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https://www.memorymanagement.org/mmref/recycle.html#tracing-collectors | 3. Recycling techniques — Memory Management Reference 4.0 documentation Memory Management Reference « 2. Allocation techniques | 3. Recycling techniques | 4. Memory management in various languages » Table Of Contents 3. Recycling techniques 3.1. Tracing collectors 3.1.1. Mark-sweep collection 3.1.2. Copying collection 3.1.3. Incremental collection 3.1.4. Conservative garbage collection 3.2. Reference counts 3.2.1. Simple reference counting 3.2.2. Deferred reference counting 3.2.3. One-bit reference counting 3.2.4. Weighted reference counting 3. Recycling techniques ¶ There are many ways for automatic memory managers to determine what memory is no longer required. In the main, garbage collection relies on determining which blocks are not pointed to by any program variables. Some of the techniques for doing this are described briefly below, but there are many potential pitfalls, and many possible refinements. These techniques can often be used in combination. 3.1. Tracing collectors ¶ Automatic memory managers that follow pointers to determine which blocks of memory are reachable from program variables (known as the root set ) are known as tracing collectors. The classic example is the mark-sweep collector. 3.1.1. Mark-sweep collection ¶ In a mark-sweep collection, the collector first examines the program variables; any blocks of memory pointed to are added to a list of blocks to be examined. For each block on that list, it sets a flag (the mark) on the block to show that it is still required, and also that it has been processed. It also adds to the list any blocks pointed to by that block that have not yet been marked. In this way, all blocks that can be reached by the program are marked. In the second phase, the collector sweeps all allocated memory, searching for blocks that have not been marked. If it finds any, it returns them to the allocator for reuse. Five memory blocks, three of which are reachable from program variables. ¶ In the diagram above, block 1 is directly accessible from a program variable, and blocks 2 and 3 are indirectly accessible. Blocks 4 and 5 cannot be reached by the program. The first step would mark block 1, and remember blocks 2 and 3 for later processing. The second step would mark block 2. The third step would mark block 3, but wouldn’t remember block 2 as it is already marked. The sweep phase would ignore blocks 1, 2, and 3 because they are marked, but would recycle blocks 4 and 5. The two drawbacks of simple mark-sweep collection are: it must scan the entire memory in use before any memory can be freed; it must run to completion or, if interrupted, start again from scratch. If a system requires real-time or interactive response, then simple mark-sweep collection may be unsuitable as it stands, but many more sophisticated garbage collection algorithms are derived from this technique. 3.1.2. Copying collection ¶ After many memory blocks have been allocated and recycled, there are two problems that typically occur: the memory in use is widely scattered in memory, causing poor performance in the memory caches or virtual memory systems of most modern computers (known as poor locality of reference ); it becomes difficult to allocate large blocks because free memory is divided into small pieces, separated by blocks in use (known as external fragmentation ). One technique that can solve both these problems is copying garbage collection . A copying garbage collector may move allocated blocks around in memory and adjust any references to them to point to the new location. This is a very powerful technique and can be combined with many other types of garbage collection, such as mark-sweep collection. The disadvantages of copying collection are: it is difficult to combine with incremental garbage collection (see below) because all references must be adjusted to remain consistent; it is difficult to combine with conservative garbage collection (see below) because references cannot be confidently adjusted; extra storage is required while both new and old copies of an object exist; copying data takes extra time (proportional to the amount of live data). 3.1.3. Incremental collection ¶ Older garbage collection algorithms relied on being able to start collection and continue working until the collection was complete, without interruption. This makes many interactive systems pause during collection, and makes the presence of garbage collection obtrusive. Fortunately, there are modern techniques (known as incremental garbage collection ) to allow garbage collection to be performed in a series of small steps while the program is never stopped for long. In this context, the program that uses and modifies the blocks is sometimes known as the mutator . While the collector is trying to determine which blocks of memory are reachable by the mutator, the mutator is busily allocating new blocks, modifying old blocks, and changing the set of blocks it is actually looking at. Incremental collection is usually achieved with either the cooperation of the memory hardware or the mutator; this ensures that, whenever memory in crucial locations is accessed, a small amount of necessary bookkeeping is performed to keep the collector’s data structures correct. 3.1.4. Conservative garbage collection ¶ Although garbage collection was first invented in 1958, many languages have been designed and implemented without the possibility of garbage collection in mind. It is usually difficult to add normal garbage collection to such a system, but there is a technique, known as conservative garbage collection , that can be used. The usual problem with such a language is that it doesn’t provide the collector with information about the data types, and the collector cannot therefore determine what is a pointer and what isn’t. A conservative collector assumes that anything might be a pointer. It regards any data value that looks like a pointer to or into a block of allocated memory as preventing the recycling of that block. Note that, because the collector does not know for certain which memory locations contain pointers, it cannot readily be combined with copying garbage collection. Copying collection needs to know where pointers are in order to update them when blocks are moved. You might think that conservative garbage collection could easily perform quite poorly, leaving a lot of garbage uncollected. In practice, it does quite well, and there are refinements that improve matters further. 3.2. Reference counts ¶ A reference count is a count of how many references (that is, pointers) there are to a particular memory block from other blocks. It is used as the basis for some automatic recycling techniques that do not rely on tracing. 3.2.1. Simple reference counting ¶ In a simple reference counting system, a reference count is kept for each object . This count is incremented for each new reference, and is decremented if a reference is overwritten, or if the referring object is recycled. If a reference count falls to zero, then the object is no longer required and can be recycled. Reference counting is frequently chosen as an automatic memory management strategy because it seems simple to implement using manual memory management primitives. However, it is hard to implement efficiently because of the cost of updating the counts. It is also hard to implement reliably, because the standard technique cannot reclaim objects connected in a loop. In many cases, it is an inappropriate solution, and it would be preferable to use tracing garbage collection instead. Reference counting is most useful in situations where it can be guaranteed that there will be no loops and where modifications to the reference structure are comparatively infrequent. These circumstances can occur in some types of database structure and some file systems. Reference counting may also be useful if it is important that objects are recycled promptly, such as in systems with tight memory constraints. 3.2.2. Deferred reference counting ¶ The performance of reference counting can be improved if not all references are taken into account. In one important technique, known as deferred reference counting , only references from other objects are counted, and references from program variables are ignored. Since most of the references to the object are likely to be from local variables, this can substantially reduce the overhead of keeping the counts up to date. An object cannot be reclaimed as soon as its count has dropped to zero, because there might still be a reference to it from a program variable. Instead, the program variables (including the control stack ) are periodically scanned , and any objects which are not referenced from there and which have zero count are reclaimed. Deferred reference counting cannot normally be used unless it is directly supported by the compiler. It’s more common for modern compilers to support tracing garbage collectors instead, because they can reclaim loops. Deferred reference counting may still be useful for its promptness—but that is limited by the frequency of scanning the program variables. 3.2.3. One-bit reference counting ¶ Another variation on reference counting, known as the one-bit reference count , uses a single bit flag to indicate whether each object has either “one” or “many” references. If a reference to an object with “one” reference is removed, then the object can be recycled. If an object has “many” references, then removing references does not change this, and that object will never be recycled. It is possible to store the flag as part of the pointer to the object, so no additional space is required in each object to store the count. One-bit reference counting is effective in practice because most actual objects have a reference count of one. 3.2.4. Weighted reference counting ¶ Reference counting is often used for tracking inter-process references for distributed garbage collection . This fails to collect objects in separate processes if they have looped references, but tracing collectors are usually too inefficient as inter-process tracing entails much communication between processes. Within a process, tracing collectors are often used for local recycling of memory. Many distributed collectors use a technique called weighted reference counting , which reduces the level of communication even further. Each time a reference is copied, the weight of the reference is shared between the new and the old copies. Since this operation doesn’t change the total weight of all references, it doesn’t require any communication with the object. Communication is only required when references are deleted. © Copyright 2023, Ravenbrook Limited. Created using Sphinx 4.5.0. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # jwt Follow Hide Create Post Older #jwt posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Building Secure JWT Auth in NestJS: Argon2, Redis Blacklisting, and Token Rotation David Essien David Essien David Essien Follow Jan 12 Building Secure JWT Auth in NestJS: Argon2, Redis Blacklisting, and Token Rotation # nestjs # security # authentication # jwt 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Local Storage vs Cookies for JWT Auth in MERN mayank sagar mayank sagar mayank sagar Follow Jan 5 Local Storage vs Cookies for JWT Auth in MERN # mern # websecurity # authentication # jwt 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Auth0 email_verified Was Missing from My Access Token (And How to Fix It) Anand Rathnas Anand Rathnas Anand Rathnas Follow Jan 3 Why Auth0 email_verified Was Missing from My Access Token (And How to Fix It) # auth0 # jwt # security # authentication Comments Add Comment 3 min read JWT vs OAuth: Why Everyone Argues, and Almost Everyone Is Slightly Wrong Dulaj Thiwanka Dulaj Thiwanka Dulaj Thiwanka Follow Jan 8 JWT vs OAuth: Why Everyone Argues, and Almost Everyone Is Slightly Wrong # jwt # webdev # programming # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read JWT vs Cookies in Next.js: What Should We Really Use for Authentication? Anurag Bagri Anurag Bagri Anurag Bagri Follow Dec 26 '25 JWT vs Cookies in Next.js: What Should We Really Use for Authentication? # jwt # cookies # security # goodcodingpractice Comments Add Comment 3 min read Complete Guide to JWT Authentication in Next.js 15: From Setup to Production sizan mahmud0 sizan mahmud0 sizan mahmud0 Follow Dec 21 '25 Complete Guide to JWT Authentication in Next.js 15: From Setup to Production # webdev # programming # nextjs # jwt 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Dec 13 '25 Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress # cypress # react # jwt # testing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Quickly Inspect & Decode JWTs in Postman (The Right Way) mahjadan mahjadan mahjadan Follow Dec 12 '25 How to Quickly Inspect & Decode JWTs in Postman (The Right Way) # webdev # jwt # security # api Comments Add Comment 3 min read Everything you need to know on JWT Authentication Abdul Ahad Abeer Abdul Ahad Abeer Abdul Ahad Abeer Follow Dec 11 '25 Everything you need to know on JWT Authentication # webdev # programming # javascript # jwt Comments Add Comment 10 min read JWTs Explained: A Beginner’s Guide somedays10 somedays10 somedays10 Follow Dec 7 '25 JWTs Explained: A Beginner’s Guide # jwt # webdev # security # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read OTP email verification and password reset Anton Prudkohliad Anton Prudkohliad Anton Prudkohliad Follow Dec 3 '25 OTP email verification and password reset # security # webdev # api # jwt Comments Add Comment 7 min read Authentication: JWTs vs. Sessions (My Study Notes) Dhruv Dhruv Dhruv Follow Dec 1 '25 Authentication: JWTs vs. Sessions (My Study Notes) # security # auth0challenge # jwt # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Getting Started with eslint-plugin-jwt Ofri Peretz Ofri Peretz Ofri Peretz Follow Jan 2 Getting Started with eslint-plugin-jwt # jwt # security # authentication # eslint Comments Add Comment 3 min read The JWT Algorithm "none" Attack: The Vulnerability in 1 Line of Code Ofri Peretz Ofri Peretz Ofri Peretz Follow Dec 31 '25 The JWT Algorithm "none" Attack: The Vulnerability in 1 Line of Code # security # jwt # node # eslint 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stop Rewriting Authentication in Node.js — I Built a Devise-Inspired Auth Kit Yogendra Prajapati Yogendra Prajapati Yogendra Prajapati Follow Dec 27 '25 Stop Rewriting Authentication in Node.js — I Built a Devise-Inspired Auth Kit # node # authentication # opensource # jwt 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Entendendo o JSON Web Token (JWT) Ewerton Ewerton Ewerton Follow Dec 24 '25 Entendendo o JSON Web Token (JWT) # jwt # backend # api # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read Bridging Cookie-Based SSR Authentication in TanStack Start with JWT-Protected NestJS APIs Sudhir Sudhir Sudhir Follow Dec 12 '25 Bridging Cookie-Based SSR Authentication in TanStack Start with JWT-Protected NestJS APIs # tanstack # ssr # jwt # cookies 26 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Laravel + React Authentication the Right Way: Sanctum, JWT, or Passport? A Developer’s Comparison Mayank Goyal Mayank Goyal Mayank Goyal Follow for AddWeb Solution Pvt Ltd Dec 24 '25 Laravel + React Authentication the Right Way: Sanctum, JWT, or Passport? A Developer’s Comparison # laravel # sanctum # passport # jwt 76 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Generate Secure JWT Secrets: A Complete Guide for Developers 조환희 조환희 조환희 Follow Nov 25 '25 How to Generate Secure JWT Secrets: A Complete Guide for Developers # jwt # security # webdev # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Gerenciamento seguro e eficiente de tokens com Go e Redis Carolina Vila-Nova Carolina Vila-Nova Carolina Vila-Nova Follow Nov 12 '25 Gerenciamento seguro e eficiente de tokens com Go e Redis # go # redis # jwt # programming Comments Add Comment 5 min read Secure Service-to-Service Auth: Verifying Laravel JWTs in a NestJS Microservice Noni Gopal Sutradhar Rinku Noni Gopal Sutradhar Rinku Noni Gopal Sutradhar Rinku Follow Nov 11 '25 Secure Service-to-Service Auth: Verifying Laravel JWTs in a NestJS Microservice # jwt # microservices # nestjs # laravel Comments Add Comment 3 min read DevPill 8 - How to set up jwt authentication for your Go REST API Raul Paes Silva Raul Paes Silva Raul Paes Silva Follow Dec 11 '25 DevPill 8 - How to set up jwt authentication for your Go REST API # go # jwt # api # rest Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🔐 Understanding Access Tokens and Refresh Tokens (Made Simple for Developers) MD. Nur Islam MD. Nur Islam MD. Nur Islam Follow Oct 27 '25 🔐 Understanding Access Tokens and Refresh Tokens (Made Simple for Developers) # node # jwt # beginners # security 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 𝗖𝗮𝗻 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗦𝗽𝗼𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗝𝗪𝗧 𝗠𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗲? Supraja Tangella Supraja Tangella Supraja Tangella Follow Oct 13 '25 𝗖𝗮𝗻 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗦𝗽𝗼𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗝𝗪𝗧 𝗠𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗲? # dotnet # csharp # jwt # webapi 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read My Experience Building a Full-Stack App (Next.js + Express + MongoDB) Somnath Baidya Somnath Baidya Somnath Baidya Follow Nov 12 '25 My Experience Building a Full-Stack App (Next.js + Express + MongoDB) # webdev # nextjs # jwt # cookie Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Bridging Cookie-Based SSR Authentication in TanStack Start with JWT-Protected NestJS APIs Laravel + React Authentication the Right Way: Sanctum, JWT, or Passport? A Developer’s Comparison Complete Guide to JWT Authentication in Next.js 15: From Setup to Production Entendendo o JSON Web Token (JWT) Resolving TS2769: Bridging the Type Gap in Node.js JWT Expiration Implementing JWT Authentication in Rust with Axum. The JWT Algorithm "none" Attack: The Vulnerability in 1 Line of Code Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress JWT vs Cookies in Next.js: What Should We Really Use for Authentication? JWTs Explained: A Beginner’s Guide How to Quickly Inspect & Decode JWTs in Postman (The Right Way) Stop Rewriting Authentication in Node.js — I Built a Devise-Inspired Auth Kit My Experience Building a Full-Stack App (Next.js + Express + MongoDB) Getting Started with eslint-plugin-jwt Local Storage vs Cookies for JWT Auth in MERN OTP email verification and password reset Building Secure JWT Auth in NestJS: Argon2, Redis Blacklisting, and Token Rotation Authentication: JWTs vs. Sessions (My Study Notes) DevPill 8 - How to set up jwt authentication for your Go REST API Gerenciamento seguro e eficiente de tokens com Go e Redis 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.memorymanagement.org/glossary/g.html#term-garbage-collection | Memory Management Glossary: G — Memory Management Reference 4.0 documentation Memory Management Reference « Memory Management Glossary: F | Memory Management Glossary: G | Memory Management Glossary: H » Memory Management Glossary: G ¶ A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z garbage ¶ Garbage consists of objects that are dead . In tracing garbage collection , the term is sometimes used to mean objects that are known to be dead; that is, objects that are unreachable . garbage collection ¶ Also known as GC . Garbage collection (GC), also known as automatic memory management , is the automatic recycling of dynamically allocated memory (2) . Garbage collection is performed by a garbage collector which recycles memory that it can prove will never be used again. Systems and languages which use garbage collection can be described as garbage-collected . Garbage collection is a tried and tested memory management technique that has been in use since its invention in the 1950s. It avoids the need for the programmer to deallocate memory blocks explicitly, thus avoiding a number of problems: memory leaks , double frees , and premature frees . The burden on the programmer is reduced by not having to investigate such problems, thereby increasing productivity. Garbage collection can also dramatically simplify programs, chiefly by allowing modules to present cleaner interfaces to each other: the management of object storage between modules is unnecessary. It is not possible, in general, for a garbage collector to determine exactly which objects are still live . Even if it didn’t depend on future input, there can be no general algorithm to prove that an object is live (cf. the Halting Problem). All garbage collectors use some efficient approximation to liveness. In tracing garbage collection , the approximation is that an object can’t be live unless it is reachable . In reference counting , the approximation is that an object can’t be live unless it is referenced . Hybrid algorithms are also possible. Often the term garbage collection is used narrowly to mean only tracing garbage collection. There is a large body of published work on particular and general garbage collection algorithms. Historical note Garbage collection was first invented by John McCarthy in 1958 as part of the implementation of Lisp . Other significant languages offering garbage collection include Java , ML , Modula-3 , Perl , Prolog , and Smalltalk . Major applications using garbage collection include Emacs and AutoCAD; usually, you can’t tell whether an application does or not, but these have extension languages that expose the fact. Similar term automatic memory management . Opposite term manual memory management . See also conservative garbage collection , copying garbage collection , distributed garbage collection , generational garbage collection , incremental garbage collection , parallel garbage collection . Related publication McCarthy (1960) . garbage collector ¶ Also known as collector . A (garbage) collector is (an implementation of) a garbage collection algorithm. This term is often used when referring to particular implementations or algorithms, for example, “the Boehm–Demers–Weiser collector ”. GB ¶ See gigabyte . GC ¶ See garbage collection . General Protection Fault ¶ Also known as GPF . A General Protection Fault on the Windows platforms is the equivalent of a segmentation violation on Unix. generation ¶ A generation is a set of objects of similar age . A generational garbage collector will typically divide the set of all objects into generations, and condemn all the objects in a generation together. Rather than allowing whole generations to age, the collector (1) can promote objects into older generations as they survive successive collection cycles . New objects are usually allocated in the youngest or nursery generation , but if we know that particular objects will be long-lived, we might want to allocate them directly in an older generation. Thus, more loosely, a generation is a set of objects which have similar expected lifetimes . See also bucket . In the MPS The client program specifies the generational structure of a pool (or group of pools) using a generation chain . See Garbage collection . generation chain ¶ In the MPS A data structure that specifies the structure of the generations in a pool (or group of pools). See Garbage collection . generation scavenging ¶ See generational garbage collection . generational garbage collection ¶ Also known as generation scavenging . Generational garbage collection is tracing garbage collection that makes use of the generational hypothesis . Objects are gathered together in generations . New objects are allocated in the youngest or nursery generation, and promoted to older generations if they survive. Objects in older generations are condemned less frequently, saving CPU time. It is typically rare for an object to refer to a younger object. Hence, objects in one generation typically have few references to objects in younger generations. This means that the scanning of old generations in the course of collecting younger generations can be done more efficiently by means of remembered sets . In some purely functional languages (that is, without update), all references are backwards in time, in which case remembered sets are unnecessary. See also remembered set . In the MPS The AMC (Automatic Mostly-Copying) and AMCZ (Automatic Mostly-Copying Zero-rank) pool classes support generational garbage collection. generational hypothesis ¶ Also known as infant mortality . Infant mortality or the generational hypothesis is the observation that, in most cases, young objects are much more likely to die than old objects. Strictly, the hypothesis is that the probability of death as a function of age falls faster than exponential decay (inverse hyper-exponential), but this strict condition is not always required for techniques such as generational garbage collection to be useful. gigabyte ¶ Also known as GB . A gigabyte is 1024 megabytes , or 1073741824 bytes (1) . See byte (1) for general information on this and related quantities. good fit ¶ The class of allocation policies which approximate best fit . Strict best fit may be costly to implement (depending on the details of the allocation mechanism ), so some implementors approximate it, choosing a block which is close in size to the allocation request. See also allocation policy , best fit , next fit , worst fit . Related publication Wilson et al. (1995) . GPF ¶ See General Protection Fault . grain ¶ The grain of a platform is the smallest alignment that is sufficient to accommodate all data accesses on that platform. Often this is a word or a small multiple of a word. Double precision floating point numbers often have the strictest alignment requirements. See also alignment , word . graph ¶ A graph is a set of nodes together with a set of edges connecting nodes. If the edges have direction like arrows (for example, references in a graph of objects ), then the graph is said to be a directed graph . Directed graph. ¶ Relevance to memory management Graphs are used to model reachability for tracing garbage collection . The objects are considered to form a graph, with the nodes of the graph being the objects and the edges of the graph being the references from one object to another. Usually, there is a single, distinguished root to which the mutator has direct access, and the nodes strongly connected to it are the reachable modes. gray ¶ grey ¶ In a tri-color marking scheme, gray objects are objects that are proved or assumed (see generational and condemn ) to be reachable , but have not yet been scanned . More precisely, gray objects have been noted reachable, but must still be visited by the collector (2) in order to process their children. Similar term gray list . Opposite terms black , white . gray list ¶ grey list ¶ The gray list is the set of objects that a tracing garbage collector has noted reachable , but hasn’t scanned yet. The gray list is so called because it corresponds to the set of gray objects in the tri-color marking model of graph tracing. The gray list changes as the garbage collector progresses. Each gray object is scanned , and all white objects referred to by it become gray and are added to the list. Scanning a gray object turns it black . When the gray list is empty, the tracing is finished, and white objects may be reclaimed . The representation of the gray list is a key part of garbage collector design. The size of the list is potentially proportional to the size of the heap , and the operation of finding the next gray object to scan must be cheap. See also Cheney scan . © Copyright 2023, Ravenbrook Limited. Created using Sphinx 4.5.0. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming EKS = Управляемый Kubernetes от Amazon Web Services EKS предоставляет вам: Управляющая плоскость ** Kubernetes** (API-сервер, планировщик). AWS управляет этим за вас. Вам всё ещё необходимо: Рабочие узлы (EC2) → для запуска подов kubectl **→ для связи с кластером **YAML → для указания Kubernetes, что нужно запустить. Очень важная ментальная модель _`Your laptop (kubectl) | v EKS API Server (managed by AWS) | v Worker Nodes (EC2) → Pods → Containers`_ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подключаться к узлам по SSH НИКОГДА нельзя. Шаг 1 — Создайте EKS вручную (через консоль AWS, без использования инструментов). 1. Откройте консоль AWS → EKS Выберите регион (например: us-east-1) Нажмите «Создать кластер» . 2. Конфигурация кластера Заполнять только: Имя * : bluegreen-demo * Версия Kubernetes : по умолчанию Роль кластерной службы * : Если AWS отображает её, выберите её. Если нет, нажмите * «Создать роль» (AWS создаст её автоматически). Нажмите Далее 3. Сетевое взаимодействие Использовать значения по умолчанию : VPC по умолчанию Как минимум 2 подсети Доступ к общедоступной конечной точке Нажмите « Создать ». ⏳ Дождитесь активации В этот момент: Kubernetes существует НО пока ничего не может бежать Шаг 2 — Создание рабочих узлов (ЭТО создаст EC2) Зачем нам это нужно Kubernetes размещает поды на узлах . Нет узлов = нет подов. Создать группу узлов Внутри вашего кластера: Перейдите в раздел «Вычисления» → «Добавить группу узлов». Наполнять: Имя: bg-nodes Роль IAM: создать/выбрать роль работника по умолчанию Настройки узла: Тип экземпляра:t3.medium Желательно: 2 Мин.: 2 Макс.: 3 Создать группу узлов → дождаться активации Теперь EC2 существует автоматически. Шаг 3 — Подключите kubectl (так работает DevOps) С вашего ноутбука: aws eks update-kubeconfig \ --region us-east-1 \ --name bluegreen-demo Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Проверять: kubectl get nodes Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Если вы видите узлы → значит, вы соединены. Впредь: Консоль AWS практически неактуальна. Всё делается с помощью kubectl Почему существуют стратегии развертывания (ОЧЕНЬ ВАЖНО) До Kubernetes (старый мир) Остановить приложение Развернуть новую версию Запустите приложение снова. Пользователи видят время простоя Откат происходит медленно. Проблемы, с которыми сталкивался DevOps Простои во время развертывания Пользователи получают ошибки Быстрый откат недоступен. Страх перед развертыванием войск Проблема с Kubernetes решена: - Капсулы - Услуги - Самоисцеление Однако стратегия развертывания определяет, как будет перемещаться трафик. Именно поэтому * существуют стратегии развертывания * . Что такое сине-зеленая стратегия (в простом виде)? Сине-зеленый = две версии, работающие одновременно. Синий → текущее производство Зеленый → новая версия, протестирована Транспортный поток резко меняет направление движения. Отсутствие частичного трафика. Отсутствие замедления развертывания. Почему сине-зеленый цвет используется в DevOps Преимущества Отсутствие простоев Мгновенный откат Безопасные релизы Легко понять Предсказуемое поведение Когда DevOps выбирает сине-зеленый подход Критические приложения API Финансовые системы Внутренние платформы Когда неудача обходится дорого Как работает принцип «сине-зеленого» взаимодействия в Kubernetes (простая истина) Kubernetes уже предоставляет нам такой инструмент: 👉 Сервис Решение принимает служба: «Какие модули посещают пользователи?» Сине-зеленый = * изменить селектор услуги * Вот и все. Внедрение сине-зеленого подхода (с нуля) 1️⃣ Развертывание Blue (версия 1 – в рабочем режиме) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-blue spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: blue template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: blue spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=BLUE v1"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2️⃣ Экологичное развертывание (версия 2 – не запущена) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-green spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: green template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: green spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=GREEN v2"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3️⃣ Сервис (производственный трафик) apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: prod-svc spec: selector: app: demo color: blue # LIVE VERSION ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 5678 Это переключатель управления . Разверните всё kubectl apply -f blue.yaml kubectl apply -f green.yaml kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Трафик → СИНИЙ Само развертывание (синий → зеленый) Измените одну строку: color: green Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подайте заявку снова: kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Транспортный поток мгновенно переключается. Перезагрузка Pod не требуется. Простой отсутствует. Откат (безопасность DevOps) Вернитесь назад: color: blue Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Применить → откат завершен. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://reactjs.org/tutorial/tutorial.html | Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe – React React v 19.2 Search ⌘ Ctrl K Learn Reference Community Blog GET STARTED Quick Start Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe Thinking in React Installation Creating a React App Build a React App from Scratch Add React to an Existing Project Setup Editor Setup Using TypeScript React Developer Tools React Compiler Introduction Installation Incremental Adoption Debugging and Troubleshooting LEARN REACT Describing the UI Your First Component Importing and Exporting Components Writing Markup with JSX JavaScript in JSX with Curly Braces Passing Props to a Component Conditional Rendering Rendering Lists Keeping Components Pure Your UI as a Tree Adding Interactivity Responding to Events State: A Component's Memory Render and Commit State as a Snapshot Queueing a Series of State Updates Updating Objects in State Updating Arrays in State Managing State Reacting to Input with State Choosing the State Structure Sharing State Between Components Preserving and Resetting State Extracting State Logic into a Reducer Passing Data Deeply with Context Scaling Up with Reducer and Context Escape Hatches Referencing Values with Refs Manipulating the DOM with Refs Synchronizing with Effects You Might Not Need an Effect Lifecycle of Reactive Effects Separating Events from Effects Removing Effect Dependencies Reusing Logic with Custom Hooks Is this page useful? Learn React Quick Start Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe You will build a small tic-tac-toe game during this tutorial. This tutorial does not assume any existing React knowledge. The techniques you’ll learn in the tutorial are fundamental to building any React app, and fully understanding it will give you a deep understanding of React. Note This tutorial is designed for people who prefer to learn by doing and want to quickly try making something tangible. If you prefer learning each concept step by step, start with Describing the UI. The tutorial is divided into several sections: Setup for the tutorial will give you a starting point to follow the tutorial. Overview will teach you the fundamentals of React: components, props, and state. Completing the game will teach you the most common techniques in React development. Adding time travel will give you a deeper insight into the unique strengths of React. What are you building? In this tutorial, you’ll build an interactive tic-tac-toe game with React. You can see what it will look like when you’re finished here: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; function Square ( { value , onSquareClick } ) { return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { onSquareClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } function Board ( { xIsNext , squares , onPlay } ) { function handleClick ( i ) { if ( calculateWinner ( squares ) || squares [ i ] ) { return ; } const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; if ( xIsNext ) { nextSquares [ i ] = 'X' ; } else { nextSquares [ i ] = 'O' ; } onPlay ( nextSquares ) ; } const winner = calculateWinner ( squares ) ; let status ; if ( winner ) { status = 'Winner: ' + winner ; } else { status = 'Next player: ' + ( xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O' ) ; } return ( < > < div className = "status" > { status } </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 0 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 1 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 1 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 2 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 2 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 3 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 3 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 4 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 4 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 5 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 5 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 6 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 6 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 7 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 7 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 8 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 8 ) } /> </ div > </ > ) ; } export default function Game ( ) { const [ history , setHistory ] = useState ( [ Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ] ) ; const [ currentMove , setCurrentMove ] = useState ( 0 ) ; const xIsNext = currentMove % 2 === 0 ; const currentSquares = history [ currentMove ] ; function handlePlay ( nextSquares ) { const nextHistory = [ ... history . slice ( 0 , currentMove + 1 ) , nextSquares ] ; setHistory ( nextHistory ) ; setCurrentMove ( nextHistory . length - 1 ) ; } function jumpTo ( nextMove ) { setCurrentMove ( nextMove ) ; } const moves = history . map ( ( squares , move ) => { let description ; if ( move > 0 ) { description = 'Go to move #' + move ; } else { description = 'Go to game start' ; } return ( < li key = { move } > < button onClick = { ( ) => jumpTo ( move ) } > { description } </ button > </ li > ) ; } ) ; return ( < div className = "game" > < div className = "game-board" > < Board xIsNext = { xIsNext } squares = { currentSquares } onPlay = { handlePlay } /> </ div > < div className = "game-info" > < ol > { moves } </ ol > </ div > </ div > ) ; } function calculateWinner ( squares ) { const lines = [ [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] , [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 6 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] , [ 2 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 8 ] , [ 2 , 4 , 6 ] , ] ; for ( let i = 0 ; i < lines . length ; i ++ ) { const [ a , b , c ] = lines [ i ] ; if ( squares [ a ] && squares [ a ] === squares [ b ] && squares [ a ] === squares [ c ] ) { return squares [ a ] ; } } return null ; } Show more If the code doesn’t make sense to you yet, or if you are unfamiliar with the code’s syntax, don’t worry! The goal of this tutorial is to help you understand React and its syntax. We recommend that you check out the tic-tac-toe game above before continuing with the tutorial. One of the features that you’ll notice is that there is a numbered list to the right of the game’s board. This list gives you a history of all of the moves that have occurred in the game, and it is updated as the game progresses. Once you’ve played around with the finished tic-tac-toe game, keep scrolling. You’ll start with a simpler template in this tutorial. Our next step is to set you up so that you can start building the game. Setup for the tutorial In the live code editor below, click Fork in the top-right corner to open the editor in a new tab using the website CodeSandbox. CodeSandbox lets you write code in your browser and preview how your users will see the app you’ve created. The new tab should display an empty square and the starter code for this tutorial. App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork export default function Square ( ) { return < button className = "square" > X </ button > ; } Note You can also follow this tutorial using your local development environment. To do this, you need to: Install Node.js In the CodeSandbox tab you opened earlier, press the top-left corner button to open the menu, and then choose Download Sandbox in that menu to download an archive of the files locally Unzip the archive, then open a terminal and cd to the directory you unzipped Install the dependencies with npm install Run npm start to start a local server and follow the prompts to view the code running in a browser If you get stuck, don’t let this stop you! Follow along online instead and try a local setup again later. Overview Now that you’re set up, let’s get an overview of React! Inspecting the starter code In CodeSandbox you’ll see three main sections: The Files section with a list of files like App.js , index.js , styles.css in src folder and a folder called public The code editor where you’ll see the source code of your selected file The browser section where you’ll see how the code you’ve written will be displayed The App.js file should be selected in the Files section. The contents of that file in the code editor should be: export default function Square ( ) { return < button className = "square" > X </ button > ; } The browser section should be displaying a square with an X in it like this: Now let’s have a look at the files in the starter code. App.js The code in App.js creates a component . In React, a component is a piece of reusable code that represents a part of a user interface. Components are used to render, manage, and update the UI elements in your application. Let’s look at the component line by line to see what’s going on: export default function Square ( ) { return < button className = "square" > X </ button > ; } The first line defines a function called Square . The export JavaScript keyword makes this function accessible outside of this file. The default keyword tells other files using your code that it’s the main function in your file. export default function Square ( ) { return < button className = "square" > X </ button > ; } The second line returns a button. The return JavaScript keyword means whatever comes after is returned as a value to the caller of the function. <button> is a JSX element . A JSX element is a combination of JavaScript code and HTML tags that describes what you’d like to display. className="square" is a button property or prop that tells CSS how to style the button. X is the text displayed inside of the button and </button> closes the JSX element to indicate that any following content shouldn’t be placed inside the button. styles.css Click on the file labeled styles.css in the Files section of CodeSandbox. This file defines the styles for your React app. The first two CSS selectors ( * and body ) define the style of large parts of your app while the .square selector defines the style of any component where the className property is set to square . In your code, that would match the button from your Square component in the App.js file. index.js Click on the file labeled index.js in the Files section of CodeSandbox. You won’t be editing this file during the tutorial but it is the bridge between the component you created in the App.js file and the web browser. import { StrictMode } from 'react' ; import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client' ; import './styles.css' ; import App from './App' ; Lines 1-5 bring all the necessary pieces together: React React’s library to talk to web browsers (React DOM) the styles for your components the component you created in App.js . The remainder of the file brings all the pieces together and injects the final product into index.html in the public folder. Building the board Let’s get back to App.js . This is where you’ll spend the rest of the tutorial. Currently the board is only a single square, but you need nine! If you just try and copy paste your square to make two squares like this: export default function Square ( ) { return < button className = "square" > X </ button > < button className = "square" > X < /button>; } You’ll get this error: Console /src/App.js: Adjacent JSX elements must be wrapped in an enclosing tag. Did you want a JSX Fragment <>...</> ? React components need to return a single JSX element and not multiple adjacent JSX elements like two buttons. To fix this you can use Fragments ( <> and </> ) to wrap multiple adjacent JSX elements like this: export default function Square ( ) { return ( < > < button className = "square" > X </ button > < button className = "square" > X </ button > </ > ) ; } Now you should see: Great! Now you just need to copy-paste a few times to add nine squares and… Oh no! The squares are all in a single line, not in a grid like you need for our board. To fix this you’ll need to group your squares into rows with div s and add some CSS classes. While you’re at it, you’ll give each square a number to make sure you know where each square is displayed. In the App.js file, update the Square component to look like this: export default function Square ( ) { return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < button className = "square" > 1 </ button > < button className = "square" > 2 </ button > < button className = "square" > 3 </ button > </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < button className = "square" > 4 </ button > < button className = "square" > 5 </ button > < button className = "square" > 6 </ button > </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < button className = "square" > 7 </ button > < button className = "square" > 8 </ button > < button className = "square" > 9 </ button > </ div > </ > ) ; } The CSS defined in styles.css styles the divs with the className of board-row . Now that you’ve grouped your components into rows with the styled div s you have your tic-tac-toe board: But you now have a problem. Your component named Square , really isn’t a square anymore. Let’s fix that by changing the name to Board : export default function Board ( ) { //... } At this point your code should look something like this: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork export default function Board ( ) { return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < button className = "square" > 1 </ button > < button className = "square" > 2 </ button > < button className = "square" > 3 </ button > </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < button className = "square" > 4 </ button > < button className = "square" > 5 </ button > < button className = "square" > 6 </ button > </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < button className = "square" > 7 </ button > < button className = "square" > 8 </ button > < button className = "square" > 9 </ button > </ div > </ > ) ; } Show more Note Psssst… That’s a lot to type! It’s okay to copy and paste code from this page. However, if you’re up for a little challenge, we recommend only copying code that you’ve manually typed at least once yourself. Passing data through props Next, you’ll want to change the value of a square from empty to “X” when the user clicks on the square. With how you’ve built the board so far you would need to copy-paste the code that updates the square nine times (once for each square you have)! Instead of copy-pasting, React’s component architecture allows you to create a reusable component to avoid messy, duplicated code. First, you are going to copy the line defining your first square ( <button className="square">1</button> ) from your Board component into a new Square component: function Square ( ) { return < button className = "square" > 1 </ button > ; } export default function Board ( ) { // ... } Then you’ll update the Board component to render that Square component using JSX syntax: // ... export default function Board ( ) { return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Note how unlike the browser div s, your own components Board and Square must start with a capital letter. Let’s take a look: Oh no! You lost the numbered squares you had before. Now each square says “1”. To fix this, you will use props to pass the value each square should have from the parent component ( Board ) to its child ( Square ). Update the Square component to read the value prop that you’ll pass from the Board : function Square ( { value } ) { return < button className = "square" > 1 </ button > ; } function Square({ value }) indicates the Square component can be passed a prop called value . Now you want to display that value instead of 1 inside every square. Try doing it like this: function Square ( { value } ) { return < button className = "square" > value </ button > ; } Oops, this is not what you wanted: You wanted to render the JavaScript variable called value from your component, not the word “value”. To “escape into JavaScript” from JSX, you need curly braces. Add curly braces around value in JSX like so: function Square ( { value } ) { return < button className = "square" > { value } </ button > ; } For now, you should see an empty board: This is because the Board component hasn’t passed the value prop to each Square component it renders yet. To fix it you’ll add the value prop to each Square component rendered by the Board component: export default function Board ( ) { return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = "1" /> < Square value = "2" /> < Square value = "3" /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = "4" /> < Square value = "5" /> < Square value = "6" /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = "7" /> < Square value = "8" /> < Square value = "9" /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Now you should see a grid of numbers again: Your updated code should look like this: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork function Square ( { value } ) { return < button className = "square" > { value } </ button > ; } export default function Board ( ) { return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = "1" /> < Square value = "2" /> < Square value = "3" /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = "4" /> < Square value = "5" /> < Square value = "6" /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = "7" /> < Square value = "8" /> < Square value = "9" /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Show more Making an interactive component Let’s fill the Square component with an X when you click it. Declare a function called handleClick inside of the Square . Then, add onClick to the props of the button JSX element returned from the Square : function Square ( { value } ) { function handleClick ( ) { console . log ( 'clicked!' ) ; } return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { handleClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } If you click on a square now, you should see a log saying "clicked!" in the Console tab at the bottom of the Browser section in CodeSandbox. Clicking the square more than once will log "clicked!" again. Repeated console logs with the same message will not create more lines in the console. Instead, you will see an incrementing counter next to your first "clicked!" log. Note If you are following this tutorial using your local development environment, you need to open your browser’s Console. For example, if you use the Chrome browser, you can view the Console with the keyboard shortcut Shift + Ctrl + J (on Windows/Linux) or Option + ⌘ + J (on macOS). As a next step, you want the Square component to “remember” that it got clicked, and fill it with an “X” mark. To “remember” things, components use state . React provides a special function called useState that you can call from your component to let it “remember” things. Let’s store the current value of the Square in state, and change it when the Square is clicked. Import useState at the top of the file. Remove the value prop from the Square component. Instead, add a new line at the start of the Square that calls useState . Have it return a state variable called value : import { useState } from 'react' ; function Square ( ) { const [ value , setValue ] = useState ( null ) ; function handleClick ( ) { //... value stores the value and setValue is a function that can be used to change the value. The null passed to useState is used as the initial value for this state variable, so value here starts off equal to null . Since the Square component no longer accepts props anymore, you’ll remove the value prop from all nine of the Square components created by the Board component: // ... export default function Board ( ) { return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Now you’ll change Square to display an “X” when clicked. Replace the console.log("clicked!"); event handler with setValue('X'); . Now your Square component looks like this: function Square ( ) { const [ value , setValue ] = useState ( null ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setValue ( 'X' ) ; } return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { handleClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } By calling this set function from an onClick handler, you’re telling React to re-render that Square whenever its <button> is clicked. After the update, the Square ’s value will be 'X' , so you’ll see the “X” on the game board. Click on any Square, and “X” should show up: Each Square has its own state: the value stored in each Square is completely independent of the others. When you call a set function in a component, React automatically updates the child components inside too. After you’ve made the above changes, your code will look like this: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; function Square ( ) { const [ value , setValue ] = useState ( null ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setValue ( 'X' ) ; } return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { handleClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } export default function Board ( ) { return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square /> < Square /> < Square /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Show more React Developer Tools React DevTools let you check the props and the state of your React components. You can find the React DevTools tab at the bottom of the browser section in CodeSandbox: To inspect a particular component on the screen, use the button in the top left corner of React DevTools: Note For local development, React DevTools is available as a Chrome , Firefox , and Edge browser extension. Install it, and the Components tab will appear in your browser Developer Tools for sites using React. Completing the game By this point, you have all the basic building blocks for your tic-tac-toe game. To have a complete game, you now need to alternate placing “X”s and “O”s on the board, and you need a way to determine a winner. Lifting state up Currently, each Square component maintains a part of the game’s state. To check for a winner in a tic-tac-toe game, the Board would need to somehow know the state of each of the 9 Square components. How would you approach that? At first, you might guess that the Board needs to “ask” each Square for that Square ’s state. Although this approach is technically possible in React, we discourage it because the code becomes difficult to understand, susceptible to bugs, and hard to refactor. Instead, the best approach is to store the game’s state in the parent Board component instead of in each Square . The Board component can tell each Square what to display by passing a prop, like you did when you passed a number to each Square. To collect data from multiple children, or to have two child components communicate with each other, declare the shared state in their parent component instead. The parent component can pass that state back down to the children via props. This keeps the child components in sync with each other and with their parent. Lifting state into a parent component is common when React components are refactored. Let’s take this opportunity to try it out. Edit the Board component so that it declares a state variable named squares that defaults to an array of 9 nulls corresponding to the 9 squares: // ... export default function Board ( ) { const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; return ( // ... ) ; } Array(9).fill(null) creates an array with nine elements and sets each of them to null . The useState() call around it declares a squares state variable that’s initially set to that array. Each entry in the array corresponds to the value of a square. When you fill the board in later, the squares array will look like this: [ 'O' , null , 'X' , 'X' , 'X' , 'O' , 'O' , null , null ] Now your Board component needs to pass the value prop down to each Square that it renders: export default function Board ( ) { const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 1 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 2 ] } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 3 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 4 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 5 ] } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 6 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 7 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 8 ] } /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Next, you’ll edit the Square component to receive the value prop from the Board component. This will require removing the Square component’s own stateful tracking of value and the button’s onClick prop: function Square ( { value } ) { return < button className = "square" > { value } </ button > ; } At this point you should see an empty tic-tac-toe board: And your code should look like this: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; function Square ( { value } ) { return < button className = "square" > { value } </ button > ; } export default function Board ( ) { const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 1 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 2 ] } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 3 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 4 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 5 ] } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 6 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 7 ] } /> < Square value = { squares [ 8 ] } /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Show more Each Square will now receive a value prop that will either be 'X' , 'O' , or null for empty squares. Next, you need to change what happens when a Square is clicked. The Board component now maintains which squares are filled. You’ll need to create a way for the Square to update the Board ’s state. Since state is private to a component that defines it, you cannot update the Board ’s state directly from Square . Instead, you’ll pass down a function from the Board component to the Square component, and you’ll have Square call that function when a square is clicked. You’ll start with the function that the Square component will call when it is clicked. You’ll call that function onSquareClick : function Square ( { value } ) { return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { onSquareClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } Next, you’ll add the onSquareClick function to the Square component’s props: function Square ( { value , onSquareClick } ) { return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { onSquareClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } Now you’ll connect the onSquareClick prop to a function in the Board component that you’ll name handleClick . To connect onSquareClick to handleClick you’ll pass a function to the onSquareClick prop of the first Square component: export default function Board ( ) { const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { handleClick } /> //... ); } Lastly, you will define the handleClick function inside the Board component to update the squares array holding your board’s state: export default function Board ( ) { const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; function handleClick ( ) { const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; nextSquares [ 0 ] = "X" ; setSquares ( nextSquares ) ; } return ( // ... ) } The handleClick function creates a copy of the squares array ( nextSquares ) with the JavaScript slice() Array method. Then, handleClick updates the nextSquares array to add X to the first ( [0] index) square. Calling the setSquares function lets React know the state of the component has changed. This will trigger a re-render of the components that use the squares state ( Board ) as well as its child components (the Square components that make up the board). Note JavaScript supports closures which means an inner function (e.g. handleClick ) has access to variables and functions defined in an outer function (e.g. Board ). The handleClick function can read the squares state and call the setSquares method because they are both defined inside of the Board function. Now you can add X’s to the board… but only to the upper left square. Your handleClick function is hardcoded to update the index for the upper left square ( 0 ). Let’s update handleClick to be able to update any square. Add an argument i to the handleClick function that takes the index of the square to update: export default function Board ( ) { const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; function handleClick ( i ) { const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; nextSquares [ i ] = "X" ; setSquares ( nextSquares ) ; } return ( // ... ) } Next, you will need to pass that i to handleClick . You could try to set the onSquareClick prop of square to be handleClick(0) directly in the JSX like this, but it won’t work: < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { handleClick ( 0 ) } /> Here is why this doesn’t work. The handleClick(0) call will be a part of rendering the board component. Because handleClick(0) alters the state of the board component by calling setSquares , your entire board component will be re-rendered again. But this runs handleClick(0) again, leading to an infinite loop: Console Too many re-renders. React limits the number of renders to prevent an infinite loop. Why didn’t this problem happen earlier? When you were passing onSquareClick={handleClick} , you were passing the handleClick function down as a prop. You were not calling it! But now you are calling that function right away—notice the parentheses in handleClick(0) —and that’s why it runs too early. You don’t want to call handleClick until the user clicks! You could fix this by creating a function like handleFirstSquareClick that calls handleClick(0) , a function like handleSecondSquareClick that calls handleClick(1) , and so on. You would pass (rather than call) these functions down as props like onSquareClick={handleFirstSquareClick} . This would solve the infinite loop. However, defining nine different functions and giving each of them a name is too verbose. Instead, let’s do this: export default function Board ( ) { // ... return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 0 ) } /> // ... ); } Notice the new () => syntax. Here, () => handleClick(0) is an arrow function, which is a shorter way to define functions. When the square is clicked, the code after the => “arrow” will run, calling handleClick(0) . Now you need to update the other eight squares to call handleClick from the arrow functions you pass. Make sure that the argument for each call of the handleClick corresponds to the index of the correct square: export default function Board ( ) { // ... return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 0 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 1 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 1 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 2 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 2 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 3 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 3 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 4 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 4 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 5 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 5 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 6 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 6 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 7 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 7 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 8 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 8 ) } /> </ div > </ > ) ; } ; Now you can again add X’s to any square on the board by clicking on them: But this time all the state management is handled by the Board component! This is what your code should look like: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; function Square ( { value , onSquareClick } ) { return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { onSquareClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } export default function Board ( ) { const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; function handleClick ( i ) { const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; nextSquares [ i ] = 'X' ; setSquares ( nextSquares ) ; } return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 0 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 1 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 1 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 2 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 2 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 3 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 3 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 4 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 4 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 5 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 5 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 6 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 6 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 7 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 7 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 8 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 8 ) } /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Show more Now that your state handling is in the Board component, the parent Board component passes props to the child Square components so that they can be displayed correctly. When clicking on a Square , the child Square component now asks the parent Board component to update the state of the board. When the Board ’s state changes, both the Board component and every child Square re-renders automatically. Keeping the state of all squares in the Board component will allow it to determine the winner in the future. Let’s recap what happens when a user clicks the top left square on your board to add an X to it: Clicking on the upper left square runs the function that the button received as its onClick prop from the Square . The Square component received that function as its onSquareClick prop from the Board . The Board component defined that function directly in the JSX. It calls handleClick with an argument of 0 . handleClick uses the argument ( 0 ) to update the first element of the squares array from null to X . The squares state of the Board component was updated, so the Board and all of its children re-render. This causes the value prop of the Square component with index 0 to change from null to X . In the end the user sees that the upper left square has changed from empty to having an X after clicking it. Note The DOM <button> element’s onClick attribute has a special meaning to React because it is a built-in component. For custom components like Square, the naming is up to you. You could give any name to the Square ’s onSquareClick prop or Board ’s handleClick function, and the code would work the same. In React, it’s conventional to use onSomething names for props which represent events and handleSomething for the function definitions which handle those events. Why immutability is important Note how in handleClick , you call .slice() to create a copy of the squares array instead of modifying the existing array. To explain why, we need to discuss immutability and why immutability is important to learn. There are generally two approaches to changing data. The first approach is to mutate the data by directly changing the data’s values. The second approach is to replace the data with a new copy which has the desired changes. Here is what it would look like if you mutated the squares array: const squares = [ null , null , null , null , null , null , null , null , null ] ; squares [ 0 ] = 'X' ; // Now `squares` is ["X", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null]; And here is what it would look like if you changed data without mutating the squares array: const squares = [ null , null , null , null , null , null , null , null , null ] ; const nextSquares = [ 'X' , null , null , null , null , null , null , null , null ] ; // Now `squares` is unchanged, but `nextSquares` first element is 'X' rather than `null` The result is the same but by not mutating (changing the underlying data) directly, you gain several benefits. Immutability makes complex features much easier to implement. Later in this tutorial, you will implement a “time travel” feature that lets you review the game’s history and “jump back” to past moves. This functionality isn’t specific to games—an ability to undo and redo certain actions is a common requirement for apps. Avoiding direct data mutation lets you keep previous versions of the data intact, and reuse them later. There is also another benefit of immutability. By default, all child components re-render automatically when the state of a parent component changes. This includes even the child components that weren’t affected by the change. Although re-rendering is not by itself noticeable to the user (you shouldn’t actively try to avoid it!), you might want to skip re-rendering a part of the tree that clearly wasn’t affected by it for performance reasons. Immutability makes it very cheap for components to compare whether their data has changed or not. You can learn more about how React chooses when to re-render a component in the memo API reference . Taking turns It’s now time to fix a major defect in this tic-tac-toe game: the “O”s cannot be marked on the board. You’ll set the first move to be “X” by default. Let’s keep track of this by adding another piece of state to the Board component: function Board ( ) { const [ xIsNext , setXIsNext ] = useState ( true ) ; const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; // ... } Each time a player moves, xIsNext (a boolean) will be flipped to determine which player goes next and the game’s state will be saved. You’ll update the Board ’s handleClick function to flip the value of xIsNext : export default function Board ( ) { const [ xIsNext , setXIsNext ] = useState ( true ) ; const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; function handleClick ( i ) { const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; if ( xIsNext ) { nextSquares [ i ] = "X" ; } else { nextSquares [ i ] = "O" ; } setSquares ( nextSquares ) ; setXIsNext ( ! xIsNext ) ; } return ( //... ) ; } Now, as you click on different squares, they will alternate between X and O , as they should! But wait, there’s a problem. Try clicking on the same square multiple times: The X is overwritten by an O ! While this would add a very interesting twist to the game, we’re going to stick to the original rules for now. When you mark a square with an X or an O you aren’t first checking to see if the square already has an X or O value. You can fix this by returning early . You’ll check to see if the square already has an X or an O . If the square is already filled, you will return in the handleClick function early—before it tries to update the board state. function handleClick ( i ) { if ( squares [ i ] ) { return ; } const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; //... } Now you can only add X ’s or O ’s to empty squares! Here is what your code should look like at this point: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; function Square ( { value , onSquareClick } ) { return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { onSquareClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } export default function Board ( ) { const [ xIsNext , setXIsNext ] = useState ( true ) ; const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; function handleClick ( i ) { if ( squares [ i ] ) { return ; } const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; if ( xIsNext ) { nextSquares [ i ] = 'X' ; } else { nextSquares [ i ] = 'O' ; } setSquares ( nextSquares ) ; setXIsNext ( ! xIsNext ) ; } return ( < > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 0 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 1 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 1 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 2 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 2 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 3 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 3 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 4 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 4 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 5 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 5 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 6 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 6 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 7 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 7 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 8 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 8 ) } /> </ div > </ > ) ; } Show more Declaring a winner Now that the players can take turns, you’ll want to show when the game is won and there are no more turns to make. To do this you’ll add a helper function called calculateWinner that takes an array of 9 squares, checks for a winner and returns 'X' , 'O' , or null as appropriate. Don’t worry too much about the calculateWinner function; it’s not specific to React: export default function Board ( ) { //... } function calculateWinner ( squares ) { const lines = [ [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] , [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 6 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] , [ 2 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 8 ] , [ 2 , 4 , 6 ] ] ; for ( let i = 0 ; i < lines . length ; i ++ ) { const [ a , b , c ] = lines [ i ] ; if ( squares [ a ] && squares [ a ] === squares [ b ] && squares [ a ] === squares [ c ] ) { return squares [ a ] ; } } return null ; } Note It does not matter whether you define calculateWinner before or after the Board . Let’s put it at the end so that you don’t have to scroll past it every time you edit your components. You will call calculateWinner(squares) in the Board component’s handleClick function to check if a player has won. You can perform this check at the same time you check if a user has clicked a square that already has an X or an O . We’d like to return early in both cases: function handleClick ( i ) { if ( squares [ i ] || calculateWinner ( squares ) ) { return ; } const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; //... } To let the players know when the game is over, you can display text such as “Winner: X” or “Winner: O”. To do that you’ll add a status section to the Board component. The status will display the winner if the game is over and if the game is ongoing you’ll display which player’s turn is next: export default function Board ( ) { // ... const winner = calculateWinner ( squares ) ; let status ; if ( winner ) { status = "Winner: " + winner ; } else { status = "Next player: " + ( xIsNext ? "X" : "O" ) ; } return ( < > < div className = "status" > { status } </ div > < div className = "board-row" > // ... ) } Congratulations! You now have a working tic-tac-toe game. And you’ve just learned the basics of React too. So you are the real winner here. Here is what the code should look like: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; function Square ( { value , onSquareClick } ) { return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { onSquareClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } export default function Board ( ) { const [ xIsNext , setXIsNext ] = useState ( true ) ; const [ squares , setSquares ] = useState ( Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ) ; function handleClick ( i ) { if ( calculateWinner ( squares ) || squares [ i ] ) { return ; } const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; if ( xIsNext ) { nextSquares [ i ] = 'X' ; } else { nextSquares [ i ] = 'O' ; } setSquares ( nextSquares ) ; setXIsNext ( ! xIsNext ) ; } const winner = calculateWinner ( squares ) ; let status ; if ( winner ) { status = 'Winner: ' + winner ; } else { status = 'Next player: ' + ( xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O' ) ; } return ( < > < div className = "status" > { status } </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 0 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 1 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 1 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 2 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 2 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 3 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 3 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 4 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 4 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 5 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 5 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 6 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 6 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 7 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 7 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 8 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 8 ) } /> </ div > </ > ) ; } function calculateWinner ( squares ) { const lines = [ [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] , [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 6 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] , [ 2 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 8 ] , [ 2 , 4 , 6 ] , ] ; for ( let i = 0 ; i < lines . length ; i ++ ) { const [ a , b , c ] = lines [ i ] ; if ( squares [ a ] && squares [ a ] === squares [ b ] && squares [ a ] === squares [ c ] ) { return squares [ a ] ; } } return null ; } Show more Adding time travel As a final exercise, let’s make it possible to “go back in time” to the previous moves in the game. Storing a history of moves If you mutated the squares array, implementing time travel would be very difficult. However, you used slice() to create a new copy of the squares array after every move, and treated it as immutable. This will allow you to store every past version of the squares array, and navigate between the turns that | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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https://music.forem.com/t/ambientmusic | Ambientmusic - Music Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Music Forem Close # ambientmusic Follow Hide ethereal soundscapes to chill Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Why *Dhurandhar* Movie Songs Feel So Awesome 🎶 Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Follow Jan 6 Why *Dhurandhar* Movie Songs Feel So Awesome 🎶 # indie # ambientmusic # digital # classical 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Marconi Union - Weightless. World’s Most Relaxing Song? Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Follow Apr 12 '25 Marconi Union - Weightless. World’s Most Relaxing Song? # discuss # ambientmusic # neuroscience 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Why *Dhurandhar* Movie Songs Feel So Awesome 🎶 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Music Forem — From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Music Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place dedicated to discussing all things music - composing, producing, performing, and all the fun and not-fun things in-between. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://music.forem.com/privacy | Privacy Policy - Music Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Music Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Music Forem — From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Music Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place dedicated to discussing all things music - composing, producing, performing, and all the fun and not-fun things in-between. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/ruppysuppy/redux-vs-context-api-when-to-use-them-4k3p#so-what-is-redux | Redux vs Context API: When to use them - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Tapajyoti Bose Posted on Nov 28, 2021 • Edited on Mar 1, 2025 Redux vs Context API: When to use them # redux # react # javascript # webdev The simplest way to pass data from a parent to a child in a React Application is by passing it on to the child's props . But an issue arises when a deeply nested child requires data from a component higher up in the tree . If we pass on the data through the props , every single one of the children would be required to accept the data and pass it on to its child , leading to prop drilling , a terrible practice in the world of React. To solve the prop drilling issue, we have State Management Solutions like Context API and Redux. But which one of them is best suited for your application? Today we are going to answer this age-old question! What is the Context API? Let's check the official documentation: In a typical React application, data is passed top-down (parent to child) via props, but such usage can be cumbersome for certain types of props (e.g. locale preference, UI theme) that are required by many components within an application. Context provides a way to share values like these between components without having to explicitly pass a prop through every level of the tree. Context API is a built-in React tool that does not influence the final bundle size, and is integrated by design. To use the Context API , you have to: Create the Context const Context = createContext ( MockData ); Create a Provider for the Context const Parent = () => { return ( < Context . Provider value = { initialValue } > < Children /> < /Context.Provider > ) } Consume the data in the Context const Child = () => { const contextData = useContext ( Context ); // use the data // ... } So What is Redux? Of course, let's head over to the documentation: Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps. It helps you write applications that behave consistently, run in different environments (client, server, and native), and are easy to test. On top of that, it provides a great developer experience, such as live code editing combined with a time-traveling debugger. You can use Redux together with React, or with any other view library. It is tiny (2kB, including dependencies), but has a large ecosystem of addons available. Redux is an Open Source Library which provides a central store , and actions to modify the store . It can be used with any project using JavaScript or TypeScript , but since we are comparing it to Context API , so we will stick to React-based Applications . To use Redux you need to: Create a Reducer import { createSlice } from " @reduxjs/toolkit " ; export const slice = createSlice ({ name : " slice-name " , initialState : { // ... }, reducers : { func01 : ( state ) => { // ... }, } }); export const { func01 } = slice . actions ; export default slice . reducer ; Configure the Store import { configureStore } from " @reduxjs/toolkit " ; import reducer from " ./reducer " ; export default configureStore ({ reducer : { reducer : reducer } }); Make the Store available for data consumption import React from ' react ' ; import ReactDOM from ' react-dom ' ; import { Provider } from ' react-redux ' ; import App from ' ./App.jsx ' import store from ' ./store ' ; ReactDOM . render ( < Provider store = { store } > < App /> < /Provider> , document . getElementById ( " root " ) ); Use State or Dispatch Actions import { useSelector , useDispatch } from ' react-redux ' ; import { func01 } from ' ./redux/reducer ' ; const Component = () => { const reducerState = useSelector (( state ) => state . reducer ); const dispatch = useDispatch (); const doSomething = () = > dispatch ( func01 ) return ( <> { /* ... */ } < / > ); } export default Component ; That's all Phew! As you can see, Redux requires way more work to get it set up. Comparing Redux & Context API Context API Redux Built-in tool that ships with React Additional installation Required, driving up the final bundle size Requires minimal Setup Requires extensive setup to integrate it with a React Application Specifically designed for static data, that is not often refreshed or updated Works like a charm with both static and dynamic data Adding new contexts requires creation from scratch Easily extendible due to the ease of adding new data/actions after the initial setup Debugging can be hard in highly nested React Component Structure even with Dev Tool Incredibly powerful Redux Dev Tools to ease debugging UI logic and State Management Logic are in the same component Better code organization with separate UI logic and State Management Logic From the table, you must be able to comprehend where the popular opinion Redux is for large projects & Context API for small ones come from. Both are excellent tools for their own specific niche, Redux is overkill just to pass data from parent to child & Context API truly shines in this case. When you have a lot of dynamic data Redux got your back! So you no longer have to that guy who goes: Wrapping Up In this article, we went through what is Redux and Context API and their differences. We learned, Context API is a light-weight solution which is more suited for passing data from a parent to a deeply nested child and Redux is a more robust State Management solution . Happy Developing! Thanks for reading Need a Top Rated Software Development Freelancer to chop away your development woes? Contact me on Upwork Want to see what I am working on? Check out my Personal Website and GitHub Want to connect? Reach out to me on LinkedIn Follow my blogs for bi-weekly new Tidbits on Medium FAQ These are a few commonly asked questions I get. So, I hope this FAQ section solves your issues. I am a beginner, how should I learn Front-End Web Dev? Look into the following articles: Front End Buzz words Front End Development Roadmap Front End Project Ideas Transition from a Beginner to an Intermediate Frontend Developer Would you mentor me? Sorry, I am already under a lot of workload and would not have the time to mentor anyone. Top comments (38) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Follow Joined Jul 4, 2021 • Nov 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You are referring to a style of Redux there that is not the recommended style of writing Redux for over two years now. Modern Redux looks very differently and is about 1/4 of the code. It does not use switch..case reducers, ACTION_TYPES or createStore and is a lot easier to set up than what you are used to. I'd highly recommend going through the official Redux tutorial and maybe updating this article afterwards. Like comment: Like comment: 41 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Nov 28 '21 • Edited on Nov 28 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for pointing it out, please take a look now Its great to have one of the creators of Redux reviewing my article! Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Follow Joined Jul 4, 2021 • Nov 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Now the Redux portion looks okay for me - as for the comparison, I'd still say it doesn't 100% stand as the two examples just do very different things - the Context example only takes initialValue from somewhere and passes it down the tree, but you don't even have code to change that value ever in the future. So if you add code for that (and also pass down an option to change that data), you will probably already here get to a point where the Context is already more code than the Redux solution. Like comment: Like comment: 9 likes Like Thread Thread Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Nov 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm not entirely sure whether I agree on this point. Using context with data update would only take 4 more lines: Function in Mock data useState in the Parent Update handler in initialValue Using the update handler in the Child Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Follow Joined Jul 4, 2021 • Nov 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In the end, it usually ends up as quite some more code - see kentcdodds.com/blog/how-to-use-rea... for example. But just taking your examples side by side: Usage in the component is pretty much the same amount of code. In both cases you need to wrap the app in a Provider (you forgot that in the context examples above) creating a slice and creating the Provider wrapper pretty much abstract the same logic - but in a slice, you can use mutating logic, so as soon as you get to more complex data manipulation, the slice will be significantly shorter That in the end leaves the configureStore call - and that are three lines. You will probably save more code by using createSlice vs manually writing a Provider. Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Thread Thread Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Nov 29 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide But I had added the Provider in the Context example 😐 You are talking about using useReducer hook with the Context API . I am suggesting that if one is required to modify the data, one should definitely opt for Redux . In case only sharing the data with the Child Components is required, Context would be a better solution Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Follow Joined Jul 4, 2021 • Nov 29 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yeah, but you are not using the Parent anywhere, which is kinda equivalent to using the Provider in Redux, kinda making it look like one step less for Context ;) As for the "not using useReducer " - seems like I read over that - in that case I 100% agree. :) Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Thread Thread Dan Dan Dan Follow Been coding on and off as a hobby for 5 years now and commercially - as a freelancer, on and off - for 1 year. Joined Oct 6, 2023 • Oct 6 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide "I am suggesting that if one is required to modify the data, one should definitely opt for Redux." - can you elaborate? What specific advantages Redux has over using reducers with useReducer in React? Thanks! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Follow Joined Jul 4, 2021 • Oct 6 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide @gottfried-dev The problem is not useReducer , which is great for component-local state, but Context, which has no means of subscribing to parts of an object, so as soon as you have any complicated value in your context (which you probably have if you need useReducer), any change to any sub-property will rerender every consumer, if it is interested in the change or not. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mangor1no Mangor1no Mangor1no Follow I need a sleep. https://www.russdev.net Location Hanoi, VN Education FPT University Work Front end Engineer at JUST.engineer Joined Nov 27, 2020 • Nov 29 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I myself really don't like using redux toolkit. Feel like I have more control when using the old way Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Lenz Weber Follow Joined Jul 4, 2021 • Nov 29 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Which part of it exactly is taking control away? Oh, btw.: if it is only one of those "I need the control only 10% of the time" cases - you can always mix both styles. RTK is just Redux, there is absolutely no magic going on that would prevent a mix of RTK reducers and hand-written reducers. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Philipp Renoth Philipp Renoth Philipp Renoth Follow 🦀 Rust, ⬢ node.js and 🌋 Vulkan Email renoth@aitch.de Location Germany Work Software Engineer at ConSol Consulting & Solutions Software GmbH Joined May 5, 2021 • Nov 30 '21 • Edited on Nov 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Referring to your example, I can write a blog post, too: Context API vs. ES6 import Context API is too complicated. I can simply import MockData from './mockData' and use it in any component. Context API has 10 lines, import only 1 line. Then you can write another blog post Redux vs. ES6 import . There are maybe projects which need to mutate data want smart component updates want time-travel for debugging want a solid plugin concept for global state management And then there are devs reading blogs about using redux is too complicated and end up introducing their own concepts and ideas around the Context API without knowing one thing about immutable data optimizations and so on. You can use a react context to solve problems that are also being solved by redux, but some features and optimizations are not that easy for homegrown solutions. I mean try it out - it's a great exercise to understand why you should maybe use redux in your production code or stick to a simpler solution that has less features at all. I'm not saying, that you should use redux in every project, but redux is not just some stupid boilerplate around the Context API => if you need global state utils check out the libs built for it. There are also others than redux. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand roggc roggc roggc Follow React and React Native developer Email roggc9@gmail.com Location Barcelona Joined Oct 26, 2019 • Jun 8 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello, I have developed a library, react-context-slices which allows to manage state through Context easily and quickly. It has 0 boilerplate. You can define slices of Context and fetch them with a unique hook, useSlice , which acts either as a useState or useReducer hook, depending on if you defined a reducer or not for the slice of Context you are fetching. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Follow Software Developer | Content Creator | AI, Tech, Programming Location London, UK Education Bachelor Degree Computer Science Work Software Developer Joined Feb 11, 2020 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Redux used to be my first choice for large applications but these days I much prefer to use the Context API. Still good to know Redux though just in case and many projects and companies still require you to know it. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nishant Tilve Nishant Tilve Nishant Tilve Follow An aspiring Web Developer, an amateur Game Developer, and an AI/ML enthusiast. Involved in the pursuit of finding my niche. Email nishanttilve@gmail.com Location Goa, India Work Student Joined May 20, 2020 • Nov 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Also, if you need to maintain some sort of complex state for any mid-level project, you can still create your own reducer using React's Context API itself, before reaching out for redux and adding external dependencies to your project initially. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kayeeec Kayeeec Kayeeec Follow Education Masters degree in Informatics Joined Feb 9, 2022 • Mar 30 '22 • Edited on Mar 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide But you might take a performance hit. Redux seems to be better performance-wise when you intend to update the shared data a lot - see stackoverflow.com/a/66972857/7677851 . If used correctly that is. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand adam-biggs adam-biggs adam-biggs Follow Location Toronto, Ontario Education University of Waterloo Work Full Stack Developer + Talent Acquisition Specialist Joined Oct 21, 2022 • Oct 27 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide One of the best and most overlooked alternatives to Redux is to use React's own built-in Context API. Context API provides a different approach to tackling the data flow problem between React’s deeply nested components. Context has been around with React for quite a while, but it has changed significantly since its inception. Up to version 16.3, it was a way to handle the state data outside the React component tree. It was an experimental feature not recommended for most use cases. Initially, the problem with legacy context was that updates to values that were passed down with context could be “blocked” if a component skipped rendering through the shouldComponentUpdate lifecycle method. Since many components relied on shouldComponentUpdate for performance optimizations, the legacy context was useless for passing down plain data. The new version of Context API is a dependency injection mechanism that allows passing data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level. The most important thing here is that, unlike Redux, Context API is not a state management system. Instead, it’s a dependency injection mechanism where you manage a state in a React component. We get a state management system when using it with useContext and useReducer hooks. A great next step to learning more is to read this article by Andy Fernandez: scalablepath.com/react/context-api... Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohammad Jawad (Kasir) Barati Mohammad Jawad (Kasir) Barati Mohammad Jawad (Kasir) Barati Follow Love to work with cutting edge technologies and on my journey to learn and teach. Having a can-do attitude and being industrious are the reasons why I question the status quo an venture in the unknown Email node.js.developers.kh@gmail.com Location Bremen, Germany Education Bachelor Pronouns He/Him/His Work Fullstack Engineer Joined Mar 13, 2021 • May 29 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Can you give me some explanation to what you meant when you wrote Context is DI. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lohit Peesapati Lohit Peesapati Lohit Peesapati Follow A polymath developer curious about solving problems, and building products that bring comfort and convenience to users. Location Hyderabad Work Full Stack Product Developer at Rudra labs Joined Mar 4, 2019 • Nov 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I found Redux to be easier to setup and work with than Context API. I migrated a library I was building in Redux to context API and reused most of the reducer logic, but the amount of optimization and debugging I had to do to make the same functionality work was a nightmare in Context. It made me appreciate Redux more and I switched back to save time. It was a good learning to know the specific use case and limitations of context. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 • Nov 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I too am a huge fan of redux for most projects! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Salah Eddine Lalami Salah Eddine Lalami Salah Eddine Lalami Follow Hi I'm Salah Eddine Lalami , Senior Software Developer @ IDURARAPP.COM Location Remote Work Senior Software Developer at IDURAR Joined Jul 4, 2021 • Sep 2 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide @ IDURAR , we use react context api for all UI parts , and we keep our data layer inside redux . Here Article about : 🚀 Mastering Advanced Complex React useContext with useReducer ⭐ (Redux like Style) ⭐ : dev.to/idurar/mastering-advanced-c... Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shakil Ahmed Shakil Ahmed Shakil Ahmed Follow MERN Stack High-Performance Applications at Your Service! React | Node | Express | MongoDB Location Savar, Dhaka Joined Jan 22, 2021 • Dec 4 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Exciting topic! 🚀 I love exploring the nuances of state management in React, and finding the sweet spot between Redux and Context API for optimal performance and simplicity. What factors do you prioritize when making the choice? 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Upride Network Upride Network Upride Network Follow Building Next-Gen Mobility Tech! Location Bengaluru, India Joined May 21, 2023 • Jan 30 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, We have build out site in react: upride.in , which tech stack should be better in 2024 as we want to do a complete revamp for faster loading. if anyone can help for our site that how we can make progress. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (38 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Tapajyoti Bose Follow Top Rated Freelancer || Blogger || Cross-Platform App Developer || Web Developer || Open Source Contributor Location Kolkata, West Bengal, India Joined Dec 4, 2020 More from Tapajyoti Bose 9 tricks that separate a pro Typescript developer from an noob 😎 # programming # javascript # typescript # beginners 7 skill you must know to call yourself HTML master in 2025 🚀 # webdev # programming # html # beginners 11 Interview Questions You Should Know as a React Native Developer in 2025 📈🚀 # react # reactnative # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/beck_moulton/stop-sending-sensitive-data-to-the-cloud-build-a-local-first-mental-health-ai-with-webllm-5100#step-4-building-the-react-ui | Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Beck_Moulton Posted on Jan 13 Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM # privacy # typescript # webgpu # webllm In an era where data breaches are common, privacy in Edge AI has moved from a "nice-to-have" to a "must-have," especially in sensitive fields like healthcare. If you've ever worried about your private conversations being used to train a massive corporate model, you're not alone. Today, we are exploring the frontier of Privacy-preserving AI by building a medical Q&A bot that runs entirely on the client side. By leveraging WebLLM , WebGPU , and TVM Unity , we can now execute large language models directly in the browser. This means the dialogue never leaves the user's device, providing a truly decentralized and secure experience. For those looking to scale these types of high-performance implementations, I highly recommend checking out the WellAlly Tech Blog for more production-ready patterns on enterprise-grade AI deployment. The Architecture: Why WebGPU? Traditional AI apps send a request to a server (Python/FastAPI), which queries a GPU (NVIDIA A100), and sends a JSON response back. This "Client-Server" model is the privacy killer. Our "Local-First" approach uses WebGPU , the next-gen graphics API for the web, to tap into the user's hardware directly. graph TD subgraph User_Device [User Browser / Device] A[React UI Layer] -->|Dispatch| B[WebLLM Worker] B -->|Request Execution| C[TVM Unity Runtime] C -->|Compute Kernels| D[WebGPU API] D -->|Inference| E[VRAM / GPU Hardware] E -->|Streaming Text| B B -->|State Update| A end F((Public Internet)) -.->|Static Assets & Model Weights| A F -.->|NO PRIVATE DATA SENT| A Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Prerequisites Before we dive in, ensure you have a browser that supports WebGPU (Chrome 113+ or Edge). Framework : React (Vite template) Language : TypeScript AI Engine : @mlc-ai/web-llm Core Tech : WebGPU & TVM Unity Step 1: Initializing the Engine Running an LLM in a browser requires significant memory management. We use a Web Worker to ensure the UI doesn't freeze while the model is "thinking." // engine.ts import { CreateMLCEngine , MLCEngineConfig } from " @mlc-ai/web-llm " ; const modelId = " Llama-3-8B-Instruct-v0.1-q4f16_1-MLC " ; // Lightweight quantized model export async function initializeEngine ( onProgress : ( p : number ) => void ) { const engine = await CreateMLCEngine ( modelId , { initProgressCallback : ( report ) => { onProgress ( Math . round ( report . progress * 100 )); console . log ( report . text ); }, }); return engine ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Creating the Privacy-First Chat Hook In a medical context, the system prompt is critical. We need to instruct the model to behave as a supportive assistant while maintaining strict safety boundaries. // useChat.ts import { useState } from ' react ' ; import { initializeEngine } from ' ./engine ' ; export const useChat = () => { const [ engine , setEngine ] = useState < any > ( null ); const [ messages , setMessages ] = useState < { role : string , content : string }[] > ([]); const startConsultation = async () => { const instance = await initializeEngine (( p ) => console . log ( `Loading: ${ p } %` )); setEngine ( instance ); // Set the System Identity for Mental Health await instance . chat . completions . create ({ messages : [{ role : " system " , content : " You are a private, empathetic mental health assistant. Your goal is to listen and provide support. You do not store data. If a user is in danger, provide emergency resources immediately. " }], }); }; const sendMessage = async ( input : string ) => { const newMessages = [... messages , { role : " user " , content : input }]; setMessages ( newMessages ); const reply = await engine . chat . completions . create ({ messages : newMessages , }); setMessages ([... newMessages , reply . choices [ 0 ]. message ]); }; return { messages , sendMessage , startConsultation }; }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 3: Optimizing for Performance (TVM Unity) The magic behind WebLLM is TVM Unity , which compiles models into highly optimized WebGPU kernels. This allows us to run models like Llama-3 or Mistral at impressive tokens-per-second on a standard Macbook or high-end Windows laptop. If you are dealing with advanced production scenarios—such as model sharding or custom quantization for specific medical datasets—the team at WellAlly Tech has documented extensive guides on optimizing WebAssembly runtimes for maximum throughput. Step 4: Building the React UI A simple, clean interface is best for mental health applications. We want the user to feel calm and secure. // ChatComponent.tsx import React , { useState } from ' react ' ; import { useChat } from ' ./useChat ' ; export const MentalHealthBot = () => { const { messages , sendMessage , startConsultation } = useChat (); const [ input , setInput ] = useState ( "" ); return ( < div className = "p-6 max-w-2xl mx-auto border rounded-xl shadow-lg bg-white" > < h2 className = "text-2xl font-bold mb-4" > Shielded Mind AI 🛡️ </ h2 > < p className = "text-sm text-gray-500 mb-4" > Status: < span className = "text-green-500" > Local Only (Encrypted by Hardware) </ span ></ p > < div className = "h-96 overflow-y-auto mb-4 p-4 bg-gray-50 rounded" > { messages . map (( m , i ) => ( < div key = { i } className = { `mb-2 ${ m . role === ' user ' ? ' text-blue-600 ' : ' text-gray-800 ' } ` } > < strong > { m . role === ' user ' ? ' You: ' : ' AI: ' } </ strong > { m . content } </ div > )) } </ div > < div className = "flex gap-2" > < input className = "flex-1 border p-2 rounded" value = { input } onChange = { ( e ) => setInput ( e . target . value ) } placeholder = "How are you feeling today?" /> < button onClick = { () => { sendMessage ( input ); setInput ( "" ); } } className = "bg-purple-600 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded hover:bg-purple-700" > Send </ button > </ div > < button onClick = { startConsultation } className = "mt-4 text-xs text-gray-400 underline" > Initialize Secure WebGPU Engine </ button > </ div > ); }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenges & Solutions Model Size : Downloading a 4GB-8GB model to a browser is the biggest hurdle. Solution : Use IndexedDB caching so the user only downloads the model once. VRAM Limits : Mobile devices may struggle with large context windows. Solution : Implement sliding window attention and aggressive 4-bit quantization. Cold Start : The initial "Loading" phase can take time. Solution : Use a skeleton screen and explain that this process ensures their privacy. Conclusion By moving the "brain" of our AI from the cloud to the user's browser, we've created a psychological safe space that is literally impossible for hackers to intercept at the server level. WebLLM and WebGPU are turning browsers into powerful AI engines. Want to dive deeper into Edge AI security , LLM Quantization , or WebGPU performance tuning ? Head over to the WellAlly Tech Blog where we break down the latest advancements in local-first software architecture. What do you think? Would you trust a local-only AI more than ChatGPT for sensitive topics? Let me know in the comments below! 👇 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Beck_Moulton Follow Joined Aug 22, 2022 More from Beck_Moulton Private & Fast: Building a Browser-Based Dermatology Screener with WebLLM and WebGPU # privacy # ai # web # webdev Federated Learning or Bust: Architecting Privacy-First Health AI # machinelearning # architecture # privacy # devops Why Your Health Data Belongs on Your Device (Not the Cloud): A Local-First Manifesto # architecture # privacy # offlinefirst # database 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/szabgab/billions-of-unnecessary-files-in-github-i85#gitignore | Billions of unnecessary files in GitHub - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Gabor Szabo Posted on Dec 21, 2022 • Edited on Sep 22, 2023 Billions of unnecessary files in GitHub # github # programming # python # webdev As I was looking for easy assignments for the Open Source Development Course I found something very troubling which is also an opportunity for a lot of teaching and a lot of practice. Some files don't need to be in git The common sense dictates that we rarely need to include generated files in our git repository. There is no point in keeping them in our version control as they can be generated again. (The exception might be if the generation takes a lot of time or can be done only during certain phases of the moon.) Neither is there a need to store 3rd party libraries in our git repository. Instead of that we store a list of our dependencies with the required version and then we download and install them. (Well, the rightfully paranoid might download and save a copy of every 3rd party library they use to ensure it can never disappear, but you'll see we are not talking about that). .gitignore The way to make sure that neither we nor anyone else adds these files to the git repository by mistake is to create a file called .gitignore , include patterns that match the files we would like to exclude from git and add the .gitignore file to our repository. git will ignore those file. They won't even show up when you run git status . The format of the .gitignore file is described in the documentation of .gitignore . In a nutshell: /output.txt Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ignore the output.txt file in the root of the project. output.txt Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ignore output.txt anywhere in the project. (in the root or any subdirectory) *.txt Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ignore all the files with .txt extension venv Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ignore the venv folder anywhere in the project. There are more. Check the documentation of .gitignore ! Not knowing about .gitignore Apparently a lot of people using git and GitHub don't know about .gitignore The evidence: Python developers use something called virtualenv to make it easy to use different dependencies in different projects. When they create a virtualenv they usually configure it to install all the 3rd party libraries in a folder called venv . This folder we should not include in git. And yet: There are 452M hits for this search venv In a similar way NodeJS developers install their dependencies in a folder called node_modules . There are 2B responses for this search: node_modules Finally, if you use the Finder applications on macOS and open a folder, it will create an empty(!) file called .DS_Store . This file is really not needed anywhere. And yet I saw many copies of it on GitHub. Unfortunately so far I could not figure out how to search for them. The closest I found is this search . Misunderstanding .gitignore There are also many people who misunderstand the way .gitignore works. I can understand it as the wording of the explanation is a bit ambiguous. What we usually say is that If you'd like to make sure that git will ignore the __pycache__ folder then you need to put it in .gitignore . A better way would be to say this: If you'd like to make sure that git will ignore the __pycache__ folder then you need to put its name in the .gitignore file. Without that people might end up creating a folder called .gitignore and moving all the __pycache__ folder to this .gitignore folder. You can see it in this search Help Can you suggest other common cases of unnecessary files in git that should be ignored? Can you help me creating the search for .DS_store in GitHub? Updates More based on the comments: .o files the result of compilation of C and C++ code: .o .class files the result of compilation of Java code: .class .pyc files are compiled Python code. Usually stored in the __pycache__ folder mentioned earlier: .pyc How to create a .gitignore file? A follow-up post: How to create a .gitignore file? Gabor Szabo ・ Dec 29 '22 #github #gitlab #programming Top comments (51) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Brian Kirkpatrick Brian Kirkpatrick Brian Kirkpatrick Follow Aerospace engineer with a passion for programming, an intrigue for information theory, and a soft spot for space! Location Tustin, California Education Harvey Mudd College Work Chief Mod/Sim Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2019 • Dec 22 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Did you know the command git clean -Xfd will remove all files from your project that match the current contents of your .gitignore file? I love this trick. Like comment: Like comment: 82 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand cubiclesocial cubiclesocial cubiclesocial Follow CubicleSoft is a software development company with fantastic software products. What do you need to build next? https://github.com/cubiclesoft Location USA Work Software Developer at CubicleSoft Joined Apr 26, 2020 • Jan 7 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Be careful with this one. Some of my repos have bits and pieces I expressly never commit and are in .gitignore but also don't want to branch/stash those things either. Things like files with sensitive configuration information or credentials in them that exist for development/testing purposes but should never reach GitHub. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Perchun Pak Perchun Pak Perchun Pak Follow Hello there! I'm 15 years old Junior+ Backend/Software developer from Ukraine. See perchun.it for more info. Email dev.to@perchun.it Location Ukraine Work Available for hire. Joined Dec 17, 2022 • Jan 9 '23 • Edited on Jan 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Maybe use environment variables in your IDE? Or if you're on Linux, you can set those values automatically when you enter the folder with cd . This is much safer in both situations, you will never commit this data and will never delete it. For e.g. syncing it between devices, use password manager (like BitWarden ). Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Real AI Real AI Real AI Follow Joined Apr 28, 2017 • Feb 1 '23 • Edited on Feb 1 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The thing with repos is that git clean -Xfd should not be dangerous, if it is then you have important information that should be stored elsewhere, NOT on the filesystem. Please learn to use a proper pgpagent or something. The filesystem should really be ephemeral. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread cubiclesocial cubiclesocial cubiclesocial Follow CubicleSoft is a software development company with fantastic software products. What do you need to build next? https://github.com/cubiclesoft Location USA Work Software Developer at CubicleSoft Joined Apr 26, 2020 • Feb 2 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Information has to be stored somewhere. And that means everything winds up stored in a file system somewhere. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Exoutia Exoutia Exoutia Follow A techgeek Education Techno Main Saltlake Work Student Joined Dec 17, 2021 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was just looking for this comman I wanted to remove some of the sqlite files from GitHub Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This won't remove the already committed files from github. It removes the files from your local disk that should not be committed to git. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arik Arik Arik Follow Software Engineer Location FL Education Self Taught Work Freelance Joined May 26, 2018 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Lifesaver! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Seth Berrier Seth Berrier Seth Berrier Follow Teacher of computer science and game design and development in Western Wisconsin; modern JS and web tech advocate! Location Menomonie, WI Education PhD in Computer Science Work Associate Prof. of Computer Science at University of Wisconsin Stout Joined Oct 28, 2019 • Dec 22 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Game engine projects often have very large cache folders that contain auto generated files which should not be checked into repositories. There are well established .gitignore files to help keep these out of GitHub, but people all to often don't use them. For Unity projects, "Library" off the root is a cache (hard to search for that one, it's too generic). For Unreal, "DerivedDataCache" is another ( search link ) There's also visual studio's debug symbol files with extension .pdb. these can get pretty damn big and often show up in repos when they shouldn't: search link Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 23 '22 • Edited on Dec 23 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks! That actually gave me the idea to open the recommended gitignore files and use those as the criteria for searches. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Chris Hansen Chris Hansen Chris Hansen Follow Location Salt Lake City, UT Joined Sep 16, 2019 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide See also gitignore generators like gitignore.io . For example, this generated .gitignore has some interesting ones like *.log and *.tmp . Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kolja Kolja Kolja Follow Joined Oct 7, 2021 • Dec 21 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Does GitHub really store duplicate files? Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 21 '22 • Edited on Dec 21 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't know how github stores the files, but I am primarily interested in the health of each individual project. Having these files stored and then probably updated later will cause misunderstandings and it will make harder to track changes. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Márton Somogyi Márton Somogyi Márton Somogyi Follow I am a programmer with about more than 15 years of experience. I have worked in many programming languages, both as a hobby and professionally. My favorites are Java, Kotlin, PHP, and Python Location Hungary Joined Jan 31, 2022 • Dec 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Duplicate or not, git clone is create them. 😞 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am not sure I understand what you meant by this comment. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Márton Somogyi Márton Somogyi Márton Somogyi Follow I am a programmer with about more than 15 years of experience. I have worked in many programming languages, both as a hobby and professionally. My favorites are Java, Kotlin, PHP, and Python Location Hungary Joined Jan 31, 2022 • Dec 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It doesn't matter if github stores it in duplicate or not, because git clone will create it unnecessarily on the client side. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Right Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Comment deleted Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Jan 7 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am sorry, but it is unclear what you mean by that comment and what does that image refer to? Could you elaborate, please? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Thomas Bnt Thomas Bnt Thomas Bnt Follow French web developer mainly but touches everything. Volunteer admin mod here at DEV. I learn Nuxt at this moment and databases. — Addict to Cappuccino and Music Location France Pronouns He/him Work IAM Consultant @ Ariovis Joined May 5, 2017 • Jan 7 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide He demonstrates how to lighten your open source projects with the use of .gitignore . 👍🏼 At no time does he point at people and tell them that. Why do you think like that? 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alex Oladele Alex Oladele Alex Oladele Follow Constantly wanting to learn more Email oladelaa@gmail.com Location Raleigh, NC Education Miami University Work Application Developer at IBM Joined Sep 9, 2017 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I manage a GitHub Enterprise instance for work and this is soooo incredibly important actually. The files you commit to git really build up overtime. Even if you "remove" a file in a subsequent commit, it is still in git history, which means you're still cloning down giant repo history whenever you clone. You might think: "oh well so what? What's the big deal? This is a normal part of the development cycle" Let's couple these large repo clones with automation that triggers multiple times a day. Now let's say that a bunch of other people are also doing automated clones of repos with large git histories. The amount of network traffic that this generates is actually significant and starts to impact performance for everyone . Not to mention that the code has to live on a server somewhere, so its likely costing your company a lot of money just o be able to host it. * General advice whether you're using GitHub Enterprise or not: * Utilize a .gitignore from the start! Be overzealous in adding things to your .gitignore file because its likely safer for you. I use Toptal to generate my gitignores personally If you're committing files or scripts that are larger than 100mb, just go ahead and use git-lfs to commit them. You're minimizing your repo history that way Try to only retain source code in git. Of course there will be times where you need to store images and maybe some documents, but really try to limit the amount of non source-code files that you store in git. Images and other non text-based files can't be diffed with git so they're essentially just reuploaded to git. This builds up very quickly Weirdly enough, making changes to a bunch of minified files can actually be more harmful to git due to the way it diffs. If git has to search for a change in a single line of text, it still has to change that entire (single) line. Having spacing in your code makes it easier to diff things with git since only a small part of the file has to change instead of the entire file. If you pushed a large file to git and realized that you truly do not need it in git, use BFG repo cleaner to remove it from your git history. This WILL mess with your git history, so I wouldn't use it lighty, but its an incredibly powerful and useful tool for completely removing large files from git history. Utilize git-sizer to see how large your repo truly is. Cloning your repo and then looking at the size on disk is probably misleading because its likely not factoring in git history. Review your automation that interacts with your version control platform. Do you really need to clone this repo 10 times an hour? Does it really make a difference to the outcome if you limited it to half that amount? A lot of times you can reduce the number of git operations you're making which just helps the server overall Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohammad Hosein Balkhani Mohammad Hosein Balkhani Mohammad Hosein Balkhani Follow Eating Pizza ... Location Linux Kernel Education Master of Information Technology ( MBA ) Work Senior Software Engineer at BtcEx Joined Aug 18, 2018 • Dec 25 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was really shocked, i read your article 3 times and opened the node modules search to believe this. Wow GitHub should start to alert this people! Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Darren Cunningham Darren Cunningham Darren Cunningham Follow Cloud Architect, Golang enthusiast, breaker of things Location Columbus, OH Work Engineer at Rhove Joined Nov 13, 2019 • Dec 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide github.com/community/community#mak... Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Neo Sibanda Neo Sibanda Neo Sibanda Follow Social Enthusiast Social Media Marketer Content Creator Growth Advocate Email neosibanda@gmail.com Location Harare, Zimbabwe Education IMM Graduate School of marketing Work Remote work Joined Dec 19, 2022 • Dec 22 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ignored files are usually build artifacts and machine generated files that can be derived from your repository source or should otherwise not be committed. Some common examples are: dependency caches, such as the contents of /node_modules or /packages. compiled code, such as .o , .pyc , and .class files. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 22 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've updated the article based on your suggestions. Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Follow Web developer, tinkerer, take-aparterer (and, sometimes, put-back-togetherer) Location Melbourne, Australia Work Front End Developer at Art Processors Joined Jul 23, 2019 • Dec 21 '22 • Edited on Dec 21 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good explanation of .gitgnore Don’t forget those .env files as well! GitHub’s extension search parameter doesn’t require the dot, so your .DS_Store search should work if you make that small change extension:DS_Store https://github.com/search?q=extension%3ADS_Store&type=Code Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ethan Azariah Ethan Azariah Ethan Azariah Follow Hello! I'm a crazy guy with OS-dev interests who sometimes argues for no reason. Trying to kick the habit. ;) Formerly known as Ethan Gardener Joined Jan 7, 2020 • Dec 29 '22 • Edited on Dec 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was quite used to configuring everything by text file when I first encountered Git in 2005, but I still needed a little help and a little practice to get used to .gitignore. :) I think the most help was seeing examples in other peoples' projects; that's what usually works for me. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Posandu Posandu Posandu Follow Joined Jun 24, 2021 • Dec 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The .gitignore folder search link is wrong. It should have the query .gitignore/ not .gitignore https://github.com/search?q=path%3A.gitignore%2F&type=code Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yours looks more correct, but I get the same results for both searches. Currently I get for both searches: 1,386,986 code results Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Posandu Posandu Posandu Follow Joined Jun 24, 2021 • Dec 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Weird, I get two different results. 🤣 .gitignore/ .gitignore Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Dec 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You use night-mode and I use day-mode. That must be the explanation. 🤔 Also I have a menu at the top, next to the search box with items such as "Pull requests", "Issues", ... and you don't. Either some configuration or we are on different branches of their AB testing. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jakub Narębski Jakub Narębski Jakub Narębski Follow Location Toruń, Poland Education Ph.D. in Physics Pronouns he/him Work Assistant Professor at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland Joined Jul 30, 2018 • Dec 27 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide There is gitignore.io service that can be used to generate good .gitignore file for the programming language and/or framework that you use, and per-user or per-repository ignore file for the IDE you use. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (51 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Some comments have been hidden by the post's author - find out more Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 More from Gabor Szabo Perl 🐪 Weekly #755 - Does TIOBE help Perl? # perl # news # programming Perl 🐪 Weekly #754 - New Year Resolution # perl # news # programming Perl 🐪 Weekly #753 - Happy New Year! # perl # news # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/callstacktech/how-to-transcribe-and-detect-intent-using-deepgram-for-stt-a-developers-journey-621#comments | How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse CallStack Tech Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at callstack.tech How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey TL;DR Most real-time STT pipelines fail when audio arrives faster than intent detection processes it. Here's how to build one that doesn't: stream audio to Deepgram's WebSocket API, parse partial transcripts for intent signals in real-time, and route responses before the user finishes speaking. Stack: Deepgram STT + lightweight intent classifier + async event handlers. Result: sub-500ms latency intent detection on live audio. Prerequisites API Keys & Credentials You need a Deepgram API key. Generate one at console.deepgram.com. Store it in .env as DEEPGRAM_API_KEY . This authenticates all streaming transcription requests. Runtime & SDK Requirements Node.js 16+ (or Python 3.8+). Install the Deepgram SDK: npm install @deepgram/sdk . Alternatively, use raw WebSocket connections without the SDK—both work, but the SDK handles reconnection logic automatically. Audio Input Setup You'll need audio source access: microphone input (browser), file streams (Node.js), or network audio. Deepgram accepts PCM 16-bit, 16kHz mono audio. If your source differs, transcode it first (ffmpeg works). LLM Integration (Optional) For intent detection beyond transcription, you'll need an LLM API key (OpenAI, Anthropic, etc.). This processes transcripts to extract intent, sentiment, or entities. Not required for basic STT, but essential for the full pipeline. Network Requirements WebSocket support (port 443). Firewall must allow outbound HTTPS. Test connectivity: curl https://api.deepgram.com/v1/status . Deepgram : Try Deepgram Speech-to-Text → Get Deepgram Step-by-Step Tutorial Configuration & Setup Deepgram's streaming API requires WebSocket connections, not REST. Most production failures happen because developers treat it like a batch API. // Production WebSocket config - NOT a REST endpoint const deepgramConfig = { url : ' wss://api.deepgram.com/v1/listen ' , params : { model : ' nova-2 ' , language : ' en-US ' , punctuate : true , interim_results : true , endpointing : 300 , // ms silence before finalizing utterance_end_ms : 1000 , // Intent boundary detection smart_format : true , sentiment : true , // Enable sentiment analysis intents : true // Enable intent detection }, headers : { ' Authorization ' : `Token ${ process . env . DEEPGRAM_API_KEY } ` } }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Critical: interim_results: true enables real-time partial transcripts. Without it, you wait for full utterances—killing responsiveness. utterance_end_ms defines intent boundaries. Set too low (< 500ms) = fragmented intents. Too high (> 2000ms) = laggy detection. Architecture & Flow The streaming pipeline: Audio chunks (PCM 16kHz) → WebSocket Deepgram returns partials every 100-200ms Final transcript includes sentiment + intent metadata Your server processes intent, triggers actions Race condition to avoid: Partial transcripts arrive while you're processing the previous final. Use a queue or lock state. Step-by-Step Implementation 1. Establish WebSocket Connection const WebSocket = require ( ' ws ' ); let ws ; let isProcessing = false ; // Race condition guard function connectDeepgram () { const params = new URLSearchParams ( deepgramConfig . params ); ws = new WebSocket ( ` ${ deepgramConfig . url } ? ${ params } ` , { headers : deepgramConfig . headers }); ws . on ( ' open ' , () => { console . log ( ' Deepgram connected ' ); }); ws . on ( ' message ' , ( data ) => { const response = JSON . parse ( data ); handleTranscript ( response ); }); ws . on ( ' error ' , ( error ) => { console . error ( ' WebSocket error: ' , error ); // Reconnect with exponential backoff setTimeout ( connectDeepgram , Math . min ( 1000 * Math . pow ( 2 , retries ), 30000 )); }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Stream Audio Chunks function streamAudio ( audioBuffer ) { if ( ws . readyState === WebSocket . OPEN ) { ws . send ( audioBuffer ); // Raw PCM bytes } else { console . error ( ' WebSocket not ready ' ); // Buffer audio or reconnect } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Handle Transcripts + Intent Detection function handleTranscript ( response ) { const { is_final , channel } = response ; const transcript = channel . alternatives [ 0 ]. transcript ; if ( ! is_final ) { // Partial - show live captions, don't act yet console . log ( ' Partial: ' , transcript ); return ; } // Final transcript with metadata const { sentiment , intents } = channel . alternatives [ 0 ]; if ( isProcessing ) { console . warn ( ' Already processing - queuing ' ); return ; // Prevent race condition } isProcessing = true ; // Intent detection if ( intents && intents . length > 0 ) { const topIntent = intents [ 0 ]; // Highest confidence console . log ( `Intent: ${ topIntent . intent } ( ${ topIntent . confidence } )` ); // Route based on intent if ( topIntent . intent === ' book_appointment ' && topIntent . confidence > 0.7 ) { triggerBookingFlow ( transcript ); } } // Sentiment analysis if ( sentiment ) { console . log ( `Sentiment: ${ sentiment . sentiment } ( ${ sentiment . sentiment_score } )` ); if ( sentiment . sentiment === ' negative ' && sentiment . sentiment_score < - 0.5 ) { escalateToHuman (); } } isProcessing = false ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Error Handling & Edge Cases WebSocket disconnects: Mobile networks drop connections every 30-60s. Implement reconnect with exponential backoff (shown above). Buffer audio during reconnection or you'll lose speech. False intent triggers: Background noise can trigger low-confidence intents. Always check confidence > 0.7 threshold before acting. Latency spikes: Deepgram typically responds in 100-200ms. If you see > 500ms, check network or switch to a closer region. Testing & Validation Send test audio with known intents. Verify: Partial transcripts arrive < 200ms Final transcripts include sentiment + intent metadata Reconnection works after forced disconnect Intent confidence thresholds prevent false positives Production metric: Track time_to_final_transcript . If > 1s consistently, your audio chunking is wrong (likely sending too large chunks). System Diagram Call flow showing how Deepgram handles user input, webhook events, and responses. sequenceDiagram participant Client participant DeepgramAPI participant SpeechEngine participant ErrorHandler participant Logger Client->>DeepgramAPI: Send audio stream DeepgramAPI->>SpeechEngine: Process audio SpeechEngine->>DeepgramAPI: Return transcription DeepgramAPI->>Client: Send transcription alt Transcription Error SpeechEngine->>ErrorHandler: Error detected ErrorHandler->>Logger: Log error details ErrorHandler->>Client: Send error message else No Error DeepgramAPI->>Logger: Log successful transcription end Note over Client,DeepgramAPI: Continuous streaming possible Client->>DeepgramAPI: Send additional audio DeepgramAPI->>SpeechEngine: Process additional audio SpeechEngine->>DeepgramAPI: Return additional transcription DeepgramAPI->>Client: Send additional transcription Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Testing & Validation Most intent detection systems fail in production because developers skip local validation. Here's how to catch issues before they hit users. Local Testing Test the WebSocket connection with a pre-recorded audio file. This isolates STT accuracy from network jitter. // Test with local audio file to validate transcript quality const fs = require ( ' fs ' ); const testAudio = fs . readFileSync ( ' ./test-audio.wav ' ); async function testLocalTranscription () { const ws = connectDeepgram (); // Reuse existing connection logic ws . on ( ' open ' , () => { // Send audio in 250ms chunks to simulate real-time let offset = 0 ; const chunkSize = 4000 ; // 250ms at 16kHz const interval = setInterval (() => { if ( offset >= testAudio . length ) { clearInterval ( interval ); ws . send ( JSON . stringify ({ type : ' CloseStream ' })); return ; } ws . send ( testAudio . slice ( offset , offset + chunkSize )); offset += chunkSize ; }, 250 ); }); ws . on ( ' message ' , ( msg ) => { const response = JSON . parse ( msg ); if ( response . is_final ) { console . log ( ' Final transcript: ' , response . channel . alternatives [ 0 ]. transcript ); console . log ( ' Confidence: ' , response . channel . alternatives [ 0 ]. confidence ); } }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What breaks: If utterance_end_ms is too low (< 800ms), you'll get fragmented transcripts. Test with pauses to validate endpointing. Webhook Validation If using server-side intent detection, validate the full pipeline with curl: # Simulate Deepgram webhook payload curl -X POST http://localhost:3000/webhook \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ -d '{ "channel": { "alternatives": [{ "transcript": "I want to cancel my subscription", "confidence": 0.94 }] }, "is_final": true }' Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Check logs for topIntent extraction. If intent is null, your keyword matching logic is too strict. Real-World Example Most developers hit a wall when users interrupt mid-sentence. Your bot keeps talking over the user because you didn't handle barge-in. Here's what actually happens in production. Barge-In Scenario User calls support line. Bot starts: "Your account balance is currently—" User cuts in: "I need to speak to a manager." Your STT fires a partial transcript while TTS is still playing. Without proper handling, both audio streams collide. // Production barge-in handler - stops TTS on user speech let isProcessing = false ; let currentTTSStream = null ; ws . on ( ' message ' , ( message ) => { const data = JSON . parse ( message ); if ( data . type === ' Results ' && data . channel . alternatives [ 0 ]. transcript ) { const transcript = data . channel . alternatives [ 0 ]. transcript ; // Kill TTS immediately on user speech if ( currentTTSStream && ! isProcessing ) { currentTTSStream . destroy (); currentTTSStream = null ; console . log ( `[BARGE-IN] Killed TTS. User said: " ${ transcript } "` ); } // Prevent race condition - lock processing if ( isProcessing ) { console . warn ( ' [RACE] Dropped transcript - already processing ' ); return ; } isProcessing = true ; handleTranscript ( transcript ) . finally (() => { isProcessing = false ; }); } }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Event Logs Real production logs show the timing chaos: 14:23:01.234 [STT] Partial: "Your account balance is currently" 14:23:01.456 [TTS] Playing audio chunk 1/3 14:23:01.789 [STT] Partial: "I need to" (USER INTERRUPT) 14:23:01.791 [BARGE-IN] Killed TTS stream 14:23:02.012 [STT] Final: "I need to speak to a manager" 14:23:02.015 [INTENT] Detected: escalate_to_human (confidence: 0.94) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Notice the 2ms gap between interrupt detection and TTS kill. On slower networks, this stretches to 50-100ms of overlapping audio. Edge Cases Multiple rapid interrupts : User says "wait wait wait" three times in 500ms. Without the isProcessing lock, you spawn three parallel LLM calls. Cost: $0.06 wasted. Solution: Guard with boolean flag. False positives from background noise : Dog barks trigger VAD. Deepgram fires partial: "woof". Your intent detector returns unknown_command . Fix: Set endpointing: 300 minimum in deepgramConfig to ignore sub-300ms sounds. Silence after interrupt : User interrupts, then pauses 2 seconds thinking. Your utterance_end_ms: 1000 fires prematurely, cutting off their thought. Increase to 1500ms for natural conversation flow. Common Issues & Fixes Race Conditions in Streaming Transcription Most production failures happen when partial transcripts arrive while you're still processing the previous utterance. The isProcessing flag prevents overlapping intent detection calls, but developers often forget to reset it on errors. // WRONG: Flag never resets on error async function handleTranscript ( transcript ) { if ( isProcessing ) return ; isProcessing = true ; const topIntent = await detectIntent ( transcript ); // Throws error // isProcessing stuck at true forever } // CORRECT: Always reset flag async function handleTranscript ( transcript ) { if ( isProcessing ) return ; isProcessing = true ; try { const topIntent = await detectIntent ( transcript ); console . log ( ' Intent: ' , topIntent ); } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Intent detection failed: ' , error . message ); } finally { isProcessing = false ; // Reset even on error } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Real-world impact: Without the finally block, one failed API call locks your pipeline. Subsequent transcripts get dropped silently. This breaks 40% of production deployments. WebSocket Connection Drops Deepgram WebSocket connections timeout after 10 seconds of silence. If you're streaming from a file using fs.createReadStream() , gaps between chunks trigger disconnects. // Add keepalive pings during silence const interval = setInterval (() => { if ( ws . readyState === WebSocket . OPEN ) { ws . send ( JSON . stringify ({ type : ' KeepAlive ' })); } }, 5000 ); // Ping every 5s ws . on ( ' close ' , () => clearInterval ( interval )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Partial Transcript Noise Setting endpointing: 300 in deepgramConfig causes premature utterance splits on mobile networks with 200ms+ jitter. Increase utterance_end_ms to 500-700ms for noisy connections. Test with actual cellular audio—WiFi benchmarks lie. Complete Working Example Most developers hit a wall when connecting all the pieces: WebSocket setup, audio streaming, and intent detection running simultaneously. Here's the full production-ready implementation that handles all three. Full Server Code This example processes a local audio file through Deepgram's streaming API, detects intents in real-time, and handles connection failures gracefully. Copy-paste this into index.js : const WebSocket = require ( ' ws ' ); const fs = require ( ' fs ' ); // Production config with intent detection enabled const deepgramConfig = { url : ' wss://api.deepgram.com/v1/listen ' , params : { model : ' nova-2 ' , language : ' en-US ' , punctuate : true , interim_results : true , endpointing : 300 , utterance_end_ms : 1000 , smart_format : true , detect_topics : true // Enables intent classification }, headers : { ' Authorization ' : `Token ${ process . env . DEEPGRAM_API_KEY } ` } }; let isProcessing = false ; let currentTTSStream = null ; // Connect to Deepgram with automatic reconnection function connectDeepgram () { const params = new URLSearchParams ( deepgramConfig . params ). toString (); const ws = new WebSocket ( ` ${ deepgramConfig . url } ? ${ params } ` , { headers : deepgramConfig . headers }); ws . on ( ' open ' , () => { console . log ( ' WebSocket connected - ready for audio ' ); isProcessing = false ; }); ws . on ( ' message ' , ( data ) => { handleTranscript ( JSON . parse ( data . toString ())); }); ws . on ( ' error ' , ( error ) => { console . error ( ' WebSocket error: ' , error . message ); if ( error . message . includes ( ' 401 ' )) { throw new Error ( ' Invalid API key - check DEEPGRAM_API_KEY ' ); } }); ws . on ( ' close ' , ( code ) => { console . log ( `Connection closed: ${ code } ` ); if ( code === 1006 ) { console . log ( ' Abnormal closure - retrying in 2s ' ); setTimeout (() => connectDeepgram (), 2000 ); } }); return ws ; } // Stream audio file in 250ms chunks (production pattern) function streamAudio ( ws , testAudio ) { const chunkSize = 8000 ; // 250ms at 16kHz PCM let offset = 0 ; const interval = setInterval (() => { if ( offset >= testAudio . length ) { clearInterval ( interval ); ws . send ( JSON . stringify ({ type : ' CloseStream ' })); console . log ( ' Audio stream complete ' ); return ; } const chunk = testAudio . slice ( offset , offset + chunkSize ); ws . send ( chunk ); offset += chunkSize ; }, 250 ); } // Process transcripts and extract intent function handleTranscript ( response ) { if ( response . type === ' Results ' ) { const transcript = response . channel . alternatives [ 0 ]. transcript ; if ( response . is_final && transcript . length > 0 ) { // Guard against race conditions during overlapping utterances if ( isProcessing ) { console . log ( ' Skipping - already processing intent ' ); return ; } isProcessing = true ; console . log ( `Final: ${ transcript } ` ); // Extract detected topics (intent proxies) const topics = response . channel . alternatives [ 0 ]. topics || []; const topIntent = topics . length > 0 ? topics [ 0 ]. topic : ' unknown ' ; const confidence = topics . length > 0 ? topics [ 0 ]. confidence : 0 ; console . log ( `Intent: ${ topIntent } ( ${( confidence * 100 ). toFixed ( 1 )} %)` ); // Reset processing flag after 500ms (prevents rapid-fire duplicates) setTimeout (() => { isProcessing = false ; }, 500 ); } else if ( transcript . length > 0 ) { // Partial results for UI feedback console . log ( `Partial: ${ transcript } ` ); } } if ( response . type === ' UtteranceEnd ' ) { console . log ( ' Utterance boundary detected ' ); isProcessing = false ; } } // Test with local audio file function testLocalTranscription () { const testAudio = fs . readFileSync ( ' ./test-audio.wav ' ); const ws = connectDeepgram (); ws . on ( ' open ' , () => { streamAudio ( ws , testAudio ); }); } // Run test testLocalTranscription (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run Instructions Prerequisites: Node.js 18+, Deepgram API key, 16kHz PCM WAV file named test-audio.wav npm install ws export DEEPGRAM_API_KEY = "your_key_here" node index.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Expected output: Partial transcripts stream in real-time, final transcripts print with detected intent topics, utterance boundaries trigger every 1000ms of silence. If you see 401 errors, your API key is invalid. If topics array is empty, enable detect_topics: true in config. Production gotcha: The isProcessing flag prevents race conditions when utterances overlap (user talks, pauses 200ms, continues). Without it, you'll trigger duplicate intent classifications and waste API quota. FAQ Technical Questions How does Deepgram's WebSocket connection differ from REST API for real-time STT? WebSocket maintains a persistent, bidirectional connection ideal for streaming audio. REST requires separate HTTP requests per audio chunk, introducing latency overhead. For real-time intent detection, WebSocket is mandatory—you get Partial transcripts mid-utterance, enabling early intent classification before the user finishes speaking. REST forces you to wait for utterance_end_ms silence detection, adding 300-800ms latency. The connectDeepgram() function establishes WebSocket; the streamAudio() function feeds chunks continuously without request overhead. What's the difference between Partial and final transcripts in intent detection? Partial transcripts fire as the user speaks, allowing real-time intent classification. Final transcripts arrive after utterance_end_ms silence (default 1000ms). For responsive systems, classify intent on Partial transcripts—if confidence exceeds your threshold, trigger the action immediately. This cuts perceived latency by 500-1000ms. The handleTranscript() function processes both; check the type field to distinguish them. Why does intent detection fail on short utterances? Intent models require minimum context. Single-word commands ("yes", "no") often return low Confidence scores. Deepgram's intent detection works best on 3+ word phrases. For short utterances, implement fallback logic: if Confidence < 0.6 on a short transcript, request clarification or use keyword matching as a secondary classifier. Performance How much latency should I expect from transcription to intent detection? Deepgram's STT adds 100-200ms (network + processing). Intent detection on Partial transcripts adds 50-100ms. Total: 150-300ms from audio input to actionable intent. This assumes low-latency network (< 50ms RTT). Mobile networks introduce 200-400ms jitter. Optimize by classifying on Partial transcripts rather than waiting for final results. Does sentiment analysis on transcripts impact latency? Sentiment analysis is post-processing—run it asynchronously after the final transcript arrives. Deepgram's core STT doesn't include sentiment; you pipe the transcript text to a separate NLP service (OpenAI, Hugging Face). This adds 200-500ms but doesn't block real-time intent detection. Queue sentiment jobs separately to avoid blocking the main transcription pipeline. Platform Comparison How does Deepgram compare to Google Cloud Speech-to-Text for intent detection? Deepgram offers lower latency (100-200ms vs. 300-500ms) and cheaper per-minute pricing. Google Cloud provides broader language support and tighter Dialogflow integration for intent. If you need native intent detection, Google's Dialogflow is built-in; Deepgram requires external intent classification. For cost-sensitive, latency-critical applications, Deepgram wins. For enterprise NLU pipelines, Google's ecosystem is deeper. Can I use Deepgram's intent detection without a separate LLM? Deepgram provides transcription only—intent detection requires external classification. You must pipe the transcript to an LLM (GPT-4, Claude) or lightweight intent classifier (Rasa, spaCy). This adds 200-800ms depending on the model. For sub-500ms latency, use lightweight classifiers; for accuracy, use LLMs with acceptable latency trade-off. Resources Deepgram Documentation Deepgram API Reference – Official docs for streaming transcription, model selection, and real-time STT configuration WebSocket API Guide – Live audio streaming with partial transcripts and intent detection parameters GitHub & Implementation Deepgram Node.js SDK – Production-ready client for WebSocket connections and audio transcript processing Deepgram Examples Repository – Sample implementations for voice AI pipeline integration with LLM backends Related Tools Node.js ws Module – WebSocket client for streaming audio to Deepgram FFmpeg – Audio format conversion (WAV, PCM, mulaw) for preprocessing before STT Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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https://dev.to/thenjdevopsguy/kubernetes-ingress-vs-service-mesh-2ee2#do-you-need-both | Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Michael Levan Posted on Jun 15, 2022 • Edited on Aug 6, 2025 Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh # kubernetes # devops # cloud # git Networking in Kubernetes is no easy task. Whether you’re on the application side or the operations side, you need to think about networking. Whether it’s connectivity between clusters, control planes, and worker nodes, or connectivity between Kubernetes Services and Pods, it all becomes a task that needs a large amount of focus and effort. In this blog post, you’ll learn about what a service mesh is, what ingress is, and why you need both. What’s A Service Mesh When you deploy applications inside of Kubernetes, there are two primary ways that the apps are talking to each other: Service-to-Service communication Pod-to-Pod communication Pod-to-Pod communication isn’t exactly recommended because Pods are ephemeral, which means they aren’t permanent. They are designed to go down at any time and only if they’re part of a StatefulSet would they keep any type of unique identifier. However, Pods still need to be able to communicate with each other because microservices need to talk. Backends need to talk to frontends, middleware needs to talk to backends and frontends, etc… The next primary communication is Services. Services are the preferred method because a Service isn’t ephemeral and only gets deleted if specified by an engineer. Pods are able to connect to Services with Selectors (sometimes called Tags), so if a Pod goes down but the Selector in the Kubernetes Manifest that deployed the Pod doesn’t change, the new Pod will be connected to the Service. In short, a Service sits in front of Pods almost like a load balancer would (not to be confused with the LoadBalancer service type). Here’s the problem: all of this traffic is unencrypted by default. Pod-to-Pod communication, or as some people like to call it, East-West Traffic, and Service-to-Service is completely unencrypted. That means if for any reason an environment is compromised or you have some segregation concerns, there’s nothing out of the box that you can do. A Service Mesh handles a lot of that for you. A Service Mesh: Encrypts traffic between Services Helps with network latency troubleshooting Securely connects Kubernetes Services Observability for tracing and alerting The key piece here, aside from the encryption between services (using mTLS) is the network observability and routing implementations. As a small example, the following routing rule forwards traffic to /rooms via a delegate VirtualService object/kind named roompage . apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: hotebooking spec: hosts: - "hotelbooking.com" gateways: - hbgateway http: - match: - uri: prefix: "/rooms" delegate: name: roompage namespace: rooms Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You have full control over the "what and how" in terms of routing. What’s Ingress Outside of the need for secure communication between microservices, you need a way to interact with frontend apps. The typical way is with a load balancer that’s connected to a Service. You can also use a NodePort, but in the cloud world, you’ll mostly see load balancers being used. Here’s the problem; cloud load balancers are expensive literally and figuratively. You have to pay money for each cloud load balancer that you have. Having a few applications may not be a big deal, but what about if you have 50 or 100? Not to mention that you have to manage all of those cloud load balancers. If a Kubernetes Service disconnects from the load balancer for whatever reason, it’s your job to go in and fix it. With Kubernetes Ingress Controllers, the management and cost nightmare is abstracted from you. An Ingress Controller allows you to have: One load balancer Multiple applications (Kubernetes Services) pointing to it You can create one load balancer and have every Kubernetes Service point to it that's within the specific web application from a routing perspective. Then, you can access each Kubernetes Service on a different path. For example, below is an Ingress Spec that points to a Kubernetes Service called nginxservice and outputs it on the path called /nginxappa apiVersion : networking . k8s . io / v1 kind : Ingress metadata : name : ingress - nginxservice - a spec : ingressClassName : nginx - servicea rules : - host : localhost http : paths : - path : / nginxappa pathType : Prefix backend : service : name : nginxservice port : number : 8080 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ingress Controllers are like an Nginx Reverse Proxy. Do You Need Both? My take on it is that you need both. Here’s why: They’re both doing two different jobs. I always like to use the hammer analogy. If I need to hammer a nail, I can use the handle to slam the nail in and eventually it’ll work, but why would I do that if I can use the proper end of the hammer? An Ingress Controller is used to: Make load balancing apps easier A Service Mesh is used to: Secure communication between apps Help out with Kubernetes networking Now, here’s the kicker; there are tools that do both. For example, Istio Ingress is an Ingress Controller, but also has the capability of secure gateways using mTLS. If you’re using one of those tools, great. Just make sure that it handles both communication and security for you in the way that you’re expecting. The recommendation still is to use the proper tool for the job. Both Service Mesh and Ingress are incredibly important, especially as your microservice environment grows. Popular Ingress Controllers and Service Mesh Platforms Below is a list of Ingress Controllers and Service Mesh that are popular in today’s cloud-native world. For Service Mesh: https://istio.io/latest/about/service-mesh/ For Ingress Controllers: https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/ https://doc.traefik.io/traefik/providers/kubernetes-ingress/ https://github.com/Kong/kubernetes-ingress-controller#readme https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ If you want to check out how to get started with the Istio, check out my blog post on it here . Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand trylvis trylvis trylvis Follow Work Infra / Ops / DevOps Engineer Joined Jun 16, 2022 • Jun 16 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice summary! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 • Jun 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I'm happy that you enjoyed it. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jan Jurák Jan Jurák Jan Jurák Follow Joined Apr 20, 2021 • Jan 4 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you for introduction into Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand heroes1412 heroes1412 heroes1412 Follow Joined Oct 7, 2022 • Oct 7 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Your article is very good and easy to understand. But how about API Gateway, i see ingress controller can handle API gateway task. what diffenrent? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 • Oct 7 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I would say the biggest two differences are 1) Ingress Controllers are a Kubernetes Controller in itself, so it's handled in a declarative fashion 2) (correct me if I'm wrong here about API Gateways please) API Gateways are typically an intermediary to route traffic between services. Sort of like a "middle ground". Where-as the ingress controllers are more about handling frontend app traffic. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 More from Michael Levan Running Any AI Agent on Kubernetes: Step-by-Step # ai # programming # kubernetes # cloud Context-Aware Networking & Runtimes: Agentic End-To-End # ai # kubernetes # programming # cloud Security Holes in MCP Servers and How To Plug Them # programming # ai # kubernetes # docker 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi 🔐 AWS Community Builder – Security | 🧑🚀AWStronaut (12x AWS) | AWS is what I learn every time and explore more Focusing on Gen AI and security side of AWS Intermediate expert on AWS Q Business Location Hyderabad ,India Joined Joined on Jul 24, 2024 Email address rachapudivishnu3@gmail.com Personal website https://technodiaryvishnu.hashnode.dev/ github website Education Chaitanya Bharathi institute of technology,Hyderabad Work SUDO More info about @vishnu_rachapudi_75e73248 Badges One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Docker Awarded to the top Docker author each week Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Organizations AWS Community Builders GitHub Repositories eco-save-calculator JavaScript • 1 star QCli-Maze-Game A simple 2D maze runner game built with PyGame where players navigate through increasingly difficult mazes while collecting tokens and avoiding obstacles. Python • 2 stars ecs-ecr-demo Terraform/demo for ECS + ECR HCL • 1 star aws-apprunner-demo TypeScript • 1 star ecs-cloudmap-terraform Skills/Languages Python , AWS , Security Currently learning Agentic AI , Security Available for Mentor , Public Speaking . Post 34 posts published Comment 6 comments written Tag 3 tags followed 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 12 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) # aws # ec2 # linux # cloud 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Want to connect with Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi? Create an account to connect with Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in ☁️ What If I Move to the Cloud? Part 1 – What Is This Cloud, Really? Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 10 ☁️ What If I Move to the Cloud? Part 1 – What Is This Cloud, Really? # aws # azure # gcp # oracle 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Became an AWS Community Builder (Security) – My Real Journey + Application Guide Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 25 '25 How I Became an AWS Community Builder (Security) – My Real Journey + Application Guide # aws # security # community # cloud 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Panelist & Mentor to Speaker to AWS Certified – A Defining Week in My AWS Journey Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 25 '25 From Panelist & Mentor to Speaker to AWS Certified – A Defining Week in My AWS Journey # techtalks # aws # speaker # certification 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read AWS App Runner vs ECS Express Mode: Git, ECR, Scaling, and Security Explained Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 24 '25 AWS App Runner vs ECS Express Mode: Git, ECR, Scaling, and Security Explained # aws # cloud # devops # containers 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stop the EBS Madness: Automate Your AWS Storage Savings NOW Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 23 '25 Stop the EBS Madness: Automate Your AWS Storage Savings NOW # aws # finops # ai # cloud 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Evolution of Agentic AI C/O Amazon Quicksuite Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 22 '25 Evolution of Agentic AI C/O Amazon Quicksuite # ai # aws # agents # cloud 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read From image to HTTPS endpoint in one step with ECS Express Mode Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 22 '25 From image to HTTPS endpoint in one step with ECS Express Mode # aws # docker # containers # ecs 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building an AWS Daily Helper Assistant with Strands Agents and Bedrock AgentCore Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 8 '25 Building an AWS Daily Helper Assistant with Strands Agents and Bedrock AgentCore # agents # aws # tutorial # ai 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read My First Time Speaking at AWS Community Day UAE 2025 — A Journey to Remember 🎤✨ Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 27 '25 My First Time Speaking at AWS Community Day UAE 2025 — A Journey to Remember 🎤✨ # aws # career # devjournal # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Gulf Heritage AI Studio: A Serverless GenAI Experience Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 25 '25 Building Gulf Heritage AI Studio: A Serverless GenAI Experience # aws # genai # ai # serverless 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Secure Remote Access with AWS Verified Access Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 19 '25 Secure Remote Access with AWS Verified Access # aws # security # backend # iam 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Q the Future: Enterprise Productivity with AWS Q Business Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 15 '25 Q the Future: Enterprise Productivity with AWS Q Business # aws # genai # rag # llm 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Migrating EC2 Instances Across Accounts & Regions Using AMI Sharing Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 30 '25 Migrating EC2 Instances Across Accounts & Regions Using AMI Sharing # aws # ec2 # wordpress # webdev 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Securing Your Code with AWS Inspector: A Comprehensive Guide to Code Security Scanning Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 9 '25 Securing Your Code with AWS Inspector: A Comprehensive Guide to Code Security Scanning # aws # code # security # terraform 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🛡️ Proactive Monitoring with AWS CloudWatch Canaries for Web Apps Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 22 '25 🛡️ Proactive Monitoring with AWS CloudWatch Canaries for Web Apps # aws # docker # web # cloudwatch 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Explored Neo4j, Cypher & Graph Modeling – A Hands-On Journey Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow Jul 15 '25 How I Explored Neo4j, Cypher & Graph Modeling – A Hands-On Journey # neo4j # cloud # graphdb # cypher 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🧭 Stop Hardcoding IPs! Discover Services the Right Way with AWS Cloud Map + ECS + Terraform Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 14 '25 🧭 Stop Hardcoding IPs! Discover Services the Right Way with AWS Cloud Map + ECS + Terraform # aws # serverless # terraform # ecs Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Build Enterprise Apps in Minutes with AWS App Studio (No Infrastructure Hassles!) Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 7 '25 🚀 Build Enterprise Apps in Minutes with AWS App Studio (No Infrastructure Hassles!) # aws # ai # genai # nocode 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🚀 AWS App Runner – The Easiest Way to Deploy Containers to the Cloud Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jun 25 '25 🚀 AWS App Runner – The Easiest Way to Deploy Containers to the Cloud # aws # containers # devtools # github 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read 💻 OCI Journey – Part 3: Compute Services in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow Jun 23 '25 💻 OCI Journey – Part 3: Compute Services in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure # oracle # cloud # containers # kubernetes 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🌐 OCI Journey – Part 2: Networking in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow Jun 21 '25 🌐 OCI Journey – Part 2: Networking in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure # oracle # cloud # networking # oci 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Introduction to IAM in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow Jun 20 '25 Introduction to IAM in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure # oracle # cloud # iam # security 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read A Simple ECS + ECR Project for Beginners Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jun 15 '25 A Simple ECS + ECR Project for Beginners # aws # docker # terraform # cdn 65 reactions Comments 10 comments 6 min read Using Amazon Q CLI & PyGame to Build a 3-Level Maze Game (with Hearts & Hazards!) Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders May 21 '25 Using Amazon Q CLI & PyGame to Build a 3-Level Maze Game (with Hearts & Hazards!) # aws # ai # cli # amazonqcli 9 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read 🛡️ Secure, Lint, and Validate Your Terraform Like a Pro Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders May 19 '25 🛡️ Secure, Lint, and Validate Your Terraform Like a Pro # aws # security # terraform # githubactions 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read 🌟 Demystifying Amazon Nova: AWS's Powerful New Family of AI Models Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders May 7 '25 🌟 Demystifying Amazon Nova: AWS's Powerful New Family of AI Models # aws # ai # rag # machinelearning 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 5 Secure Ways to Connect to EC2 Instances — Including SSH Key Recovery Made Easy! Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Apr 16 '25 5 Secure Ways to Connect to EC2 Instances — Including SSH Key Recovery Made Easy! # aws # security # ec2 # cloud 9 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Building Trustworthy AI: Importance of Guardrails in AWS Bedrock and Q Business Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Apr 8 '25 Building Trustworthy AI: Importance of Guardrails in AWS Bedrock and Q Business # ai # aws # security # cloud 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Building Trustworthy AI: Importance of Guardrails in AWS Bedrock and Q Business Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow Apr 8 '25 Building Trustworthy AI: Importance of Guardrails in AWS Bedrock and Q Business # aws # ai # security # cloud 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read 🎉 Exciting Milestone: Achieving AWS Golden Jacket! 🎉 Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Feb 22 '25 🎉 Exciting Milestone: Achieving AWS Golden Jacket! 🎉 # aws # certification # awschallenge # cloud 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS Certificate Manager (ACM): An In-Depth Overview Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow Feb 22 '25 AWS Certificate Manager (ACM): An In-Depth Overview # aws # security # awssecurity # awscommunity Comments Add Comment 6 min read Triumph Over AWS SAP-C02: My Journey from Uncertainty to Success Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow Jul 28 '24 Triumph Over AWS SAP-C02: My Journey from Uncertainty to Success # aws # certification # awschallenge # architecture Comments 20 comments 2 min read Introduction to Vault Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow Jul 24 '24 Introduction to Vault # vault # security # hashicorp # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html#react | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... Docs Installation Main Concepts Advanced Guides API Reference Hooks Testing Contributing FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Community Resources More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2025 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jess Lee for The DEV Team Posted on Jan 9 What was your win this week??? # discuss # weeklyretro 👋👋👋👋 Looking back on your week -- what was something you're proud of? All wins count -- big or small 🎉 Examples of 'wins' include: Getting a promotion! Starting a new project Fixing a tricky bug Beating a level in a game you've been stuck on 🎮 Happy Friday! Top comments (62) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow Follow Just a dude, a mid-level on Godot / Python developer and Rust beginner Joined Nov 18, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I released the beta version of my dream project and wrote this long post ! Like comment: Like comment: 15 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pascal CESCATO Pascal CESCATO Pascal CESCATO Follow Full-stack dev sharing practical guides on WordPress, n8n automation, AI tools, Docker & self-hosting. Always experimenting with new tech to make life easier. Email pascal.cescato@gmail.com Location France Pronouns he/him Joined Aug 19, 2025 • Jan 9 • Edited on Jan 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In a first time I solved a cloud cost mystery on my CV analyzer - turned out the "obvious" bot cost €0.01/month, not more. Real culprit: WebSocket timeouts. One config change → -93.5% cost And I started writing again! Working on a new project and documenting the journey. Feels good to be back at it. Like comment: Like comment: 11 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jess Lee The DEV Team Jess Lee The DEV Team Jess Lee Follow Building DEV and Forem with everyone here. Interested in the future. Email jess@forem.com Location USA / TAIWAN Pronouns she/they Work Co-Founder & COO at Forem Joined Jul 29, 2016 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide woohoo!! Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ben Sinclair Ben Sinclair Ben Sinclair Follow I've been a professional C, Perl, PHP and Python developer. I'm an ex-sysadmin from the late 20th century. These days I do more Javascript and CSS and whatnot, and promote UX and accessibility. Location Scotland Education Something something cybernetics Pronouns They/them Work General-purpose software person Joined Aug 29, 2017 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I treated myself to the remake of Silent Hill 2 to play over Christmas and got a couple of hours into it before the first boss fight. I then uninstalled it because I'm 20 years older than when I played it through last and can't be dealing with repeatedly trying to complete a stupid mini-game with an unskippable cutscene and sluggish tank controls. It's a great game, but... boss fights ruin great games. They take the atmosphere that's built over hours of puzzle-solving and remind you you're playing a video game. A lot of modern games have a "story" difficulty setting, and I used to think it was silly, but nowadays not so much. SH2 on easy combat difficulty was making me sad. So like I said, I uninstalled it. Then this week I reinstalled it and downloaded a cheat which I turn on for the boss fights. I just god-mode through them and don't have any regrets. Life's too short. And I'm happily playing the next spooky part. Like comment: Like comment: 12 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Aryan Choudhary Aryan Choudhary Aryan Choudhary Follow Level up 10x faster Email aryanc1240@gmail.com Location Pune, India Pronouns He/Him Work SDE 1 Joined Nov 5, 2024 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Biggest win? Fixed sleep schedule! (hope this weekend doesn't break it again) Got better at handling things at my new job, posted a reflective blog about the same experience. Fixed code for a vibe coder multiple times... 😮💨 Also learning GSAP animation on the side for my portfolio Got back to reading Japanese after a month's break (would like some recommendations, need some good material to learn the language) Like comment: Like comment: 13 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Richard Pascoe Richard Pascoe Richard Pascoe Follow Computer hobbyist who is currently exploring Python. Also interested in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Location United Kingdom Pronouns he/him Joined Jan 1, 2026 • Jan 10 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Had to smile at the "Fixed code for a vibe coder..." bullet point! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Robert Snedeker Robert Snedeker Robert Snedeker Follow I'm Robert. A tech whiz and website developer, I specialize in crafting eye-catching websites as well as repairing computers. Email rsnedeker20@gmail.com Location Pennsylvania, United States Joined Jun 11, 2024 • Jan 10 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Real, it gave me a laugh too. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Martin S. Martin S. Martin S. Follow Senior Software Developer | React/Angular/Next/Vue/ Node/Cloud&Devops/AI Location TX, US Work Senior Software Engineer at Stripe | Co-Founder at Code Globalize Joined Jan 8, 2026 • Jan 11 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hard to work, Have to work, Have to succeed!💪✌️ Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Dilippurohit47 Dilippurohit47 Dilippurohit47 Follow Typescript Full stack developer Who loves to build things. Location India Education Parul university Pronouns he/him Work Fullstack developer at hostelco Joined Jan 9, 2026 • Jan 9 • Edited on Jan 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide successfully hosted one app on cloudflare track-habits.xyz simple and most effective I used to track in excel but I always struggle so I make my own the goal is to keep it simple Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nyanguno Nyanguno Nyanguno Follow Founder building AI tools that help people avoid scams, misinformation, and wasted time online. Currently working on TruthScore — a YouTube trust & risk analysis tool. Email kelonnyanguno@gmail.com Location Nairobi, Kenya Education Bachelor’s student in Energy & Environmental Technology, JKUAT Work Founder, TruthScore Joined Jan 5, 2026 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice tool, brother. Kindly explain how it works? Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Dilippurohit47 Dilippurohit47 Dilippurohit47 Follow Typescript Full stack developer Who loves to build things. Location India Education Parul university Pronouns he/him Work Fullstack developer at hostelco Joined Jan 9, 2026 • Jan 10 • Edited on Jan 10 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello brother, let me explain how it works. I tried many routine and habit tracker apps, but most of them are too fancy — too many pages, features, and complexity. Also, many of them don’t have a simple monthly tracker where you just complete a habit and tick it off. So I built a very simple, purely client-side app. There’s no signup or login required. You just add habits from Manage Habits or the Add New Habit dialog, and it shows empty boxes in a monthly habit table. Whenever you complete a habit, you mark the box. From that, it calculates things like success rate, last 3 days momentum, and habit-specific consistency. The main goal is to help people who struggle to maintain a routine by keeping everything simple and distraction-free. I can make complex tool but it complexity doesnt matter in routine tool it should be simple the adding habit and marking it should not feel task in itself so i make these. Currently it is desktop tool only . Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Nyanguno Nyanguno Nyanguno Follow Founder building AI tools that help people avoid scams, misinformation, and wasted time online. Currently working on TruthScore — a YouTube trust & risk analysis tool. Email kelonnyanguno@gmail.com Location Nairobi, Kenya Education Bachelor’s student in Energy & Environmental Technology, JKUAT Work Founder, TruthScore Joined Jan 5, 2026 • Jan 10 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Aaah! Now I understand. I'll be trying it out Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Dilippurohit47 Dilippurohit47 Dilippurohit47 Follow Typescript Full stack developer Who loves to build things. Location India Education Parul university Pronouns he/him Work Fullstack developer at hostelco Joined Jan 9, 2026 • Jan 10 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hey Please give feedback Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Nyanguno Nyanguno Nyanguno Follow Founder building AI tools that help people avoid scams, misinformation, and wasted time online. Currently working on TruthScore — a YouTube trust & risk analysis tool. Email kelonnyanguno@gmail.com Location Nairobi, Kenya Education Bachelor’s student in Energy & Environmental Technology, JKUAT Work Founder, TruthScore Joined Jan 5, 2026 • Jan 10 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Will do Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Makanju Oluwafemi Makanju Oluwafemi Makanju Oluwafemi Follow Hi there, I'm a frontend engineer / developer relations - I code, I write documentation and I write tech blogs. Do you have something for me? Send me an email. Emerging developer relation engineer Email makurseme@gmail.com Location Nigeria Education Bsc in Computer science and engineering Pronouns He/Him Work Frontend Engineer Joined May 8, 2021 • Jan 11 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I won't call it a win; however, I was able to recover well from losing my job on my first workday of the year. If you want to know more about this, you can check my post dev.to/miracool/laid-off-on-the-fi... Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Richard Pascoe Richard Pascoe Richard Pascoe Follow Computer hobbyist who is currently exploring Python. Also interested in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Location United Kingdom Pronouns he/him Joined Jan 1, 2026 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Serveral small wins this week. Being able to engage with some of the wonderful members of this community. Making sure I continue to learn something everyday via freeCodeCamp. Lastly, using my writing as a way to stay consistent on my learning journey. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Julien Avezou Julien Avezou Julien Avezou Follow Entrepreneur | Software Engineer | Co-creator of daily-jots.com Location Toronto, Canada Education University of Warwick Pronouns he/him Work Jots Joined Jun 4, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Started learning basic robotics with a starter kit. As a software engineer I want to broaden my intuitions towards hardware too. So many new things to learn, makes me very excited to continue. Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jess Lee The DEV Team Jess Lee The DEV Team Jess Lee Follow Building DEV and Forem with everyone here. Interested in the future. Email jess@forem.com Location USA / TAIWAN Pronouns she/they Work Co-Founder & COO at Forem Joined Jul 29, 2016 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Share a link to the kit? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Julien Avezou Julien Avezou Julien Avezou Follow Entrepreneur | Software Engineer | Co-creator of daily-jots.com Location Toronto, Canada Education University of Warwick Pronouns he/him Work Jots Joined Jun 4, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Here it is UNO R3 Super Starter Kit Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Razumovsky Razumovsky Razumovsky Follow Backend Developer and Enthusiast Education Self-Taught Joined Nov 18, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Built from scratch and released my own browser extension for Youtube that hides shorts, comments, recommendations and other stuff to focus on what really matters. Got it in 3 days and i'm very proud of myself Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand maker89 maker89 maker89 Follow Indie maker & Lovable template creator. Joined Jan 9, 2026 • Jan 11 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a cool idea; YouTube keeps insisting on showing me shorts even when I try to get it to stop. Congrats on building! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Razumovsky Razumovsky Razumovsky Follow Backend Developer and Enthusiast Education Self-Taught Joined Nov 18, 2025 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Shorts was actually the main reason why i started to build this extension. I figured out i spend so much time on it and wanted to change it. Thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Josiah Mbao Josiah Mbao Josiah Mbao Follow Error 404: Bio not found... Just kidding, I code for fun. Seriously. Location Nairobi, Kenya Education United States International University - Africa Pronouns He/Him Work Freelancer @ Fiverr Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Jan 11 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I shipped my first indie game in Rust this week! I'm still a newbie game dev but I had a lot of fun making it. Shipping it taught me a lot about how making the game is only half the battle. For the first time, I now had to start thinking about distribution and cross-platform compatibility (still need a lil help here) and user experience. And don't even get me started on marketing/promotion! There's definitely a lot more to making even a simple 2D game than I initially thought. This was kind of humbling for me, but in a good way. In the end, I felt there was a million things for me to improve or polish before it was ready. So I just decided to ship anyway . The game is currently only playable on macOS :( But I'm committed to making it cross platform. Question . Does anyone know have any ideas on how I can make a game more cross-platform? The only solutions I can think of at the moment, is either I: setup a VM locally with Windows/Linux ask a friend with different OS to help build the project to create a shareable zip Anyway, I am excited to create something tangible and hope to learn more as I keep going! Win is a win! Oh, here's the game if you wanna check it out Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (62 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse The DEV Team Follow The hardworking team behind DEV ❤️ Want to contribute to open source and help make the DEV community stronger? 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Right menu You Know Python Basics—Now Let's Build Something Real Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 8 You Know Python Basics—Now Let's Build Something Real # python # beginners # gamedev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding if, elif, and else in Python with Simple Examples Shahrouz Nikseresht Shahrouz Nikseresht Shahrouz Nikseresht Follow Jan 8 Understanding if, elif, and else in Python with Simple Examples # python # beginners # tutorial # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Build Your Own Local AI Agent (Part 4): The PII Scrubber 🧼 Harish Kotra (he/him) Harish Kotra (he/him) Harish Kotra (he/him) Follow Jan 8 Build Your Own Local AI Agent (Part 4): The PII Scrubber 🧼 # programming # ai # beginners # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read I finally Deployed on AWS Olamide Olanrewaju Olamide Olanrewaju Olamide Olanrewaju Follow Jan 8 I finally Deployed on AWS # aws # beginners # devjournal Comments Add Comment 3 min read System Design Intro #Day-1 VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA Follow Jan 9 System Design Intro #Day-1 # systemdesign # beginners # computerscience # interview Comments Add Comment 2 min read Day 12: Understanding Constructors in Java Karthick Narayanan Karthick Narayanan Karthick Narayanan Follow Jan 8 Day 12: Understanding Constructors in Java # java # programming # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read 7 Essential Rust Libraries for Building High-Performance Backends James Miller James Miller James Miller Follow Jan 8 7 Essential Rust Libraries for Building High-Performance Backends # rust # programming # webdev # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Day 11: Understanding `break` and `continue` Statements in Java Karthick Narayanan Karthick Narayanan Karthick Narayanan Follow Jan 8 Day 11: Understanding `break` and `continue` Statements in Java # beginners # java # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Introdução ao Deploy Yuri Peixinho Yuri Peixinho Yuri Peixinho Follow Jan 8 Introdução ao Deploy # beginners # devops # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Scrapy Cookie Handling: Master Sessions Like a Pro Muhammad Ikramullah Khan Muhammad Ikramullah Khan Muhammad Ikramullah Khan Follow Jan 8 Scrapy Cookie Handling: Master Sessions Like a Pro # webdev # programming # python # beginners Comments Add Comment 7 min read Gear Up for React: Mastering the Modern Frontend Toolkit! 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(Day 3 – Pre-React Article 3) # webdev # frontend # react # beginners Comments Add Comment 7 min read Day 9 of 100 Palak Hirave Palak Hirave Palak Hirave Follow Jan 8 Day 9 of 100 # challenge # programming # python # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem Debashis Das Debashis Das Debashis Das Follow Jan 8 Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem # beginners # git # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read System Design 101: A Clear & Simple Introduction (With a Real-World Analogy) Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Jan 8 System Design 101: A Clear & Simple Introduction (With a Real-World Analogy) # systemdesign # architecture # beginners # careerdevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read Learning the Foliage Tool in Unreal Engine (Day 13) Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 8 Learning the Foliage Tool in Unreal Engine (Day 13) # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Boot Process & Init Systems Shivakumar Shivakumar Shivakumar Follow Jan 8 Boot Process & Init Systems # architecture # beginners # linux Comments Add Comment 6 min read You Probably Already Know What a Monad Is Christian Ekrem Christian Ekrem Christian Ekrem Follow Jan 8 You Probably Already Know What a Monad Is # programming # frontend # functional # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Course Launch: Writing Is an Important Part of Coding Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Follow Jan 8 Course Launch: Writing Is an Important Part of Coding # programming # learning # tutorial # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built a permanent text wall with Next.js and Supabase. Users are already fighting. ZenomHunter123 ZenomHunter123 ZenomHunter123 Follow Jan 8 I built a permanent text wall with Next.js and Supabase. Users are already fighting. # showdev # javascript # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎬 Build a Relax Video Generator (Images + MP3 MP4) with Python & Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 11 🎬 Build a Relax Video Generator (Images + MP3 MP4) with Python & Tkinter # python # desktopapp # automation # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Code Hike in 100 Seconds Fabian Frank Werner Fabian Frank Werner Fabian Frank Werner Follow Jan 11 Code Hike in 100 Seconds # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Sliding window (Fixed length) Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Follow Jan 6 Sliding window (Fixed length) # programming # beginners # tutorial # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read How To Replace Over-Complicated NgRx Stores With Angular Signals — Without Losing Control kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 7 How To Replace Over-Complicated NgRx Stores With Angular Signals — Without Losing Control # webdev # javascript # beginners # angular Comments Add Comment 27 min read AI Automation vs AI Agents: What’s the Real Difference (Explained with Real-Life Examples) Viveka Sharma Viveka Sharma Viveka Sharma Follow Jan 8 AI Automation vs AI Agents: What’s the Real Difference (Explained with Real-Life Examples) # agents # tutorial # beginners # ai 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Why I rescheduled my AWS exam today Ali-Funk Ali-Funk Ali-Funk Follow Jan 7 Why I rescheduled my AWS exam today # aws # beginners # cloud # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/bunjs/page/5#main-content | Bunjs Page 5 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # bunjs Follow Hide Create Post Older #bunjs posts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Bun (Bite-size Article) koshirok096 koshirok096 koshirok096 Follow Oct 17 '24 Bun (Bite-size Article) # bunjs # node # backend Comments Add Comment 4 min read Skymood - Watch Bluesky's heartbeat through emojis in real-time 🌟 Sebastian Korfmann Sebastian Korfmann Sebastian Korfmann Follow Nov 18 '24 Skymood - Watch Bluesky's heartbeat through emojis in real-time 🌟 # bluesky # bunjs # javascript # react 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to and Should you use Bun FFI Sby Sby Sby Follow Nov 10 '24 How to and Should you use Bun FFI # javascript # bunjs # ffi 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Introducing Pretty-js-log: Add Beautiful, Colorful Logging to Your Node.js Apps 🎨 Noureddine Belguinan Noureddine Belguinan Noureddine Belguinan Follow Nov 6 '24 Introducing Pretty-js-log: Add Beautiful, Colorful Logging to Your Node.js Apps 🎨 # node # bunjs # npm # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Runtime challenge: Bun vs Node Katarina Stojković Katarina Stojković Katarina Stojković Follow Nov 20 '24 Runtime challenge: Bun vs Node # node # bunjs # deno # programming 1 reaction Comments 8 comments 2 min read Nestjs : Bun vs Nodejs Arash Arash Arash Follow Oct 24 '24 Nestjs : Bun vs Nodejs # nestjs # bunjs # node # typescript 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Deno 2.0 vs Bun: The Battle of Modern JavaScript Runtimes Ashish prajapati Ashish prajapati Ashish prajapati Follow Oct 22 '24 Deno 2.0 vs Bun: The Battle of Modern JavaScript Runtimes # javascript # deno # bunjs # webcomponents 13 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read Boring Finance: Fancy Record Keeping - Call for all the Open-Source Contributors Grace Rasaily Grace Rasaily Grace Rasaily Follow Oct 21 '24 Boring Finance: Fancy Record Keeping - Call for all the Open-Source Contributors # webdev # javascript # opensource # bunjs 19 reactions Comments 6 comments 3 min read Bun: A Faster, Modern Alternative to Node.js for JavaScript Development Ashish prajapati Ashish prajapati Ashish prajapati Follow Oct 20 '24 Bun: A Faster, Modern Alternative to Node.js for JavaScript Development # node # bunjs # beginners # typescript 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read A take on Go Style Error Handling in JavaScript Anton Nesterov Anton Nesterov Anton Nesterov Follow Oct 16 '24 A take on Go Style Error Handling in JavaScript # javascript # typescript # node # bunjs 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Deno 2: JavaScript's New Superhero or Just Another Cape? Thijs de Z Thijs de Z Thijs de Z Follow Oct 13 '24 Deno 2: JavaScript's New Superhero or Just Another Cape? # deno # typescript # vercel # bunjs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Easy and Fast API Development with Bun and Hono: A Simple Project in 5 Minutes koshirok096 koshirok096 koshirok096 Follow Oct 25 '24 Easy and Fast API Development with Bun and Hono: A Simple Project in 5 Minutes # bunjs # hono # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read ⚔️ Rust vs Go vs Bun vs Node.js: The Ultimate 2024 Performance Showdown 🚀 Hamza Khan Hamza Khan Hamza Khan Follow Oct 5 '24 ⚔️ Rust vs Go vs Bun vs Node.js: The Ultimate 2024 Performance Showdown 🚀 # rust # go # bunjs # node 13 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read A quick overview of Bun's basic features and how it compares to Node.js Костя Третяк Костя Третяк Костя Третяк Follow Aug 28 '24 A quick overview of Bun's basic features and how it compares to Node.js # node # bunjs # express # ditsmod 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Migrating from shell script to "Bun script" Edimar Cardoso Edimar Cardoso Edimar Cardoso Follow Sep 27 '24 Migrating from shell script to "Bun script" # bunjs # devops # shell # javascript 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Complete Crash Course: Elysia.js Framework in Bangla - Build Scalable Apps - 2024 Developer Sabbir Developer Sabbir Developer Sabbir Follow Sep 23 '24 Complete Crash Course: Elysia.js Framework in Bangla - Build Scalable Apps - 2024 # elysiajs # bunjs # framework Comments Add Comment 1 min read ⚡Mencoba Komparasi Seberapa Kencang Performa Bun dibandingkan Node Ferry Ananda Febian Ferry Ananda Febian Ferry Ananda Febian Follow Sep 18 '24 ⚡Mencoba Komparasi Seberapa Kencang Performa Bun dibandingkan Node # node # bunjs # performance # indonesia 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Bunjs with PM2 Kitanga Nday Kitanga Nday Kitanga Nday Follow Sep 15 '24 Bunjs with PM2 # webdev # javascript # bunjs # backend 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Introducing undb: A Private-First, No-Code Platform for Developers and Makers nichenqin nichenqin nichenqin Follow Sep 14 '24 Introducing undb: A Private-First, No-Code Platform for Developers and Makers # nocode # bunjs # svelte 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read BunJS Is Indeed Faster than NodeJS Anton Nesterov Anton Nesterov Anton Nesterov Follow Sep 1 '24 BunJS Is Indeed Faster than NodeJS # bunjs # node 5 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read Turbocharge Your Web Development with Bun.js and Vite Stas Gorshenin Stas Gorshenin Stas Gorshenin Follow Jul 28 '24 Turbocharge Your Web Development with Bun.js and Vite # bunjs # vite # vallettasoftware # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read Node vs Bun: One Billion Row Challenge Nikita Vasilev Nikita Vasilev Nikita Vasilev Follow Jul 27 '24 Node vs Bun: One Billion Row Challenge # javascript # node # bunjs # performance Comments Add Comment 8 min read Valtio: Unveiling the State Management Ninja with Bun and Vite Guhaprasaanth Nandagopal Guhaprasaanth Nandagopal Guhaprasaanth Nandagopal Follow Jul 13 '24 Valtio: Unveiling the State Management Ninja with Bun and Vite # react # valtio # bunjs # vite Comments Add Comment 13 min read Zenet Technology Onboards Brisa: A New Era of Web Development Albert Sabaté Albert Sabaté Albert Sabaté Follow Aug 7 '24 Zenet Technology Onboards Brisa: A New Era of Web Development # brisa # development # frontend # bunjs 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read How To: Build and Run a Next.js app with Docker Shipyard DevRel Shipyard DevRel Shipyard DevRel Follow Aug 1 '24 How To: Build and Run a Next.js app with Docker # nextjs # bunjs # docker # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-intro.html | Introducing Hooks – React We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub Introducing Hooks These docs are old and won’t be updated. Go to react.dev for the new React docs. These new documentation pages teach React with Hooks: Quick Start Tutorial react : Hooks Hooks are a new addition in React 16.8. They let you use state and other React features without writing a class. import React , { useState } from 'react' ; function Example ( ) { // Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count" const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; return ( < div > < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > < button onClick = { ( ) => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > </ div > ) ; } This new function useState is the first “Hook” we’ll learn about, but this example is just a teaser. Don’t worry if it doesn’t make sense yet! You can start learning Hooks on the next page . On this page, we’ll continue by explaining why we’re adding Hooks to React and how they can help you write great applications. Note React 16.8.0 is the first release to support Hooks. When upgrading, don’t forget to update all packages, including React DOM. React Native has supported Hooks since the 0.59 release of React Native . Video Introduction At React Conf 2018, Sophie Alpert and Dan Abramov introduced Hooks, followed by Ryan Florence demonstrating how to refactor an application to use them. Watch the video here: No Breaking Changes Before we continue, note that Hooks are: Completely opt-in. You can try Hooks in a few components without rewriting any existing code. But you don’t have to learn or use Hooks right now if you don’t want to. 100% backwards-compatible. Hooks don’t contain any breaking changes. Available now. Hooks are now available with the release of v16.8.0. There are no plans to remove classes from React. You can read more about the gradual adoption strategy for Hooks in the bottom section of this page. Hooks don’t replace your knowledge of React concepts. Instead, Hooks provide a more direct API to the React concepts you already know: props, state, context, refs, and lifecycle. As we will show later, Hooks also offer a new powerful way to combine them. If you just want to start learning Hooks, feel free to jump directly to the next page! You can also keep reading this page to learn more about why we’re adding Hooks, and how we’re going to start using them without rewriting our applications. Motivation Hooks solve a wide variety of seemingly unconnected problems in React that we’ve encountered over five years of writing and maintaining tens of thousands of components. Whether you’re learning React, use it daily, or even prefer a different library with a similar component model, you might recognize some of these problems. It’s hard to reuse stateful logic between components React doesn’t offer a way to “attach” reusable behavior to a component (for example, connecting it to a store). If you’ve worked with React for a while, you may be familiar with patterns like render props and higher-order components that try to solve this. But these patterns require you to restructure your components when you use them, which can be cumbersome and make code harder to follow. If you look at a typical React application in React DevTools, you will likely find a “wrapper hell” of components surrounded by layers of providers, consumers, higher-order components, render props, and other abstractions. While we could filter them out in DevTools , this points to a deeper underlying problem: React needs a better primitive for sharing stateful logic. With Hooks, you can extract stateful logic from a component so it can be tested independently and reused. Hooks allow you to reuse stateful logic without changing your component hierarchy. This makes it easy to share Hooks among many components or with the community. We’ll discuss this more in Building Your Own Hooks . Complex components become hard to understand We’ve often had to maintain components that started out simple but grew into an unmanageable mess of stateful logic and side effects. Each lifecycle method often contains a mix of unrelated logic. For example, components might perform some data fetching in componentDidMount and componentDidUpdate . However, the same componentDidMount method might also contain some unrelated logic that sets up event listeners, with cleanup performed in componentWillUnmount . Mutually related code that changes together gets split apart, but completely unrelated code ends up combined in a single method. This makes it too easy to introduce bugs and inconsistencies. In many cases it’s not possible to break these components into smaller ones because the stateful logic is all over the place. It’s also difficult to test them. This is one of the reasons many people prefer to combine React with a separate state management library. However, that often introduces too much abstraction, requires you to jump between different files, and makes reusing components more difficult. To solve this, Hooks let you split one component into smaller functions based on what pieces are related (such as setting up a subscription or fetching data) , rather than forcing a split based on lifecycle methods. You may also opt into managing the component’s local state with a reducer to make it more predictable. We’ll discuss this more in Using the Effect Hook . Classes confuse both people and machines In addition to making code reuse and code organization more difficult, we’ve found that classes can be a large barrier to learning React. You have to understand how this works in JavaScript, which is very different from how it works in most languages. You have to remember to bind the event handlers. Without ES2022 public class fields , the code is very verbose. People can understand props, state, and top-down data flow perfectly well but still struggle with classes. The distinction between function and class components in React and when to use each one leads to disagreements even between experienced React developers. Additionally, React has been out for about five years, and we want to make sure it stays relevant in the next five years. As Svelte , Angular , Glimmer , and others show, ahead-of-time compilation of components has a lot of future potential. Especially if it’s not limited to templates. Recently, we’ve been experimenting with component folding using Prepack , and we’ve seen promising early results. However, we found that class components can encourage unintentional patterns that make these optimizations fall back to a slower path. Classes present issues for today’s tools, too. For example, classes don’t minify very well, and they make hot reloading flaky and unreliable. We want to present an API that makes it more likely for code to stay on the optimizable path. To solve these problems, Hooks let you use more of React’s features without classes. Conceptually, React components have always been closer to functions. Hooks embrace functions, but without sacrificing the practical spirit of React. Hooks provide access to imperative escape hatches and don’t require you to learn complex functional or reactive programming techniques. Examples Hooks at a Glance is a good place to start learning Hooks. Gradual Adoption Strategy TLDR: There are no plans to remove classes from React. We know that React developers are focused on shipping products and don’t have time to look into every new API that’s being released. Hooks are very new, and it might be better to wait for more examples and tutorials before considering learning or adopting them. We also understand that the bar for adding a new primitive to React is extremely high. For curious readers, we have prepared a detailed RFC that dives into the motivation with more details, and provides extra perspective on the specific design decisions and related prior art. Crucially, Hooks work side-by-side with existing code so you can adopt them gradually. There is no rush to migrate to Hooks. We recommend avoiding any “big rewrites”, especially for existing, complex class components. It takes a bit of a mind shift to start “thinking in Hooks”. In our experience, it’s best to practice using Hooks in new and non-critical components first, and ensure that everybody on your team feels comfortable with them. After you give Hooks a try, please feel free to send us feedback , positive or negative. We intend for Hooks to cover all existing use cases for classes, but we will keep supporting class components for the foreseeable future. At Facebook, we have tens of thousands of components written as classes, and we have absolutely no plans to rewrite them. Instead, we are starting to use Hooks in the new code side by side with classes. Frequently Asked Questions We’ve prepared a Hooks FAQ page that answers the most common questions about Hooks. Next Steps By the end of this page, you should have a rough idea of what problems Hooks are solving, but many details are probably unclear. Don’t worry! Let’s now go to the next page where we start learning about Hooks by example. Is this page useful? Edit this page Installation Getting Started Add React to a Website Create a New React App CDN Links Release Channels Main Concepts 1. Hello World 2. Introducing JSX 3. Rendering Elements 4. Components and Props 5. State and Lifecycle 6. Handling Events 7. Conditional Rendering 8. Lists and Keys 9. Forms 10. Lifting State Up 11. Composition vs Inheritance 12. Thinking In React Advanced Guides Accessibility Code-Splitting Context Error Boundaries Forwarding Refs Fragments Higher-Order Components Integrating with Other Libraries JSX In Depth Optimizing Performance Portals Profiler React Without ES6 React Without JSX Reconciliation Refs and the DOM Render Props Static Type Checking Strict Mode Typechecking With PropTypes Uncontrolled Components Web Components API Reference React React.Component ReactDOM ReactDOMClient ReactDOMServer DOM Elements SyntheticEvent Test Utilities Test Renderer JS Environment Requirements Glossary Hooks 1. Introducing Hooks 2. Hooks at a Glance 3. Using the State Hook 4. Using the Effect Hook 5. Rules of Hooks 6. Building Your Own Hooks 7. Hooks API Reference 8. Hooks FAQ Testing Testing Overview Testing Recipes Testing Environments Contributing How to Contribute Codebase Overview Implementation Notes Design Principles FAQ AJAX and APIs Babel, JSX, and Build Steps Passing Functions to Components Component State Styling and CSS File Structure Versioning Policy Virtual DOM and Internals Next article Hooks at a Glance Docs Installation Main Concepts Advanced Guides API Reference Hooks Testing Contributing FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Community Resources More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2025 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/t/eks | Eks - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # eks Follow Hide Create Post Older #eks posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Amazon EKS From The Ground Up - Part 2: Worker Nodes with AWS Managed Nodes Phu Hoang Phu Hoang Phu Hoang Follow Jan 10 Amazon EKS From The Ground Up - Part 2: Worker Nodes with AWS Managed Nodes # aws # eks # devops Comments Add Comment 8 min read Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Automated EKS Cost Optimization with AWS Config Amine AIT AAZIZI Amine AIT AAZIZI Amine AIT AAZIZI Follow Jan 6 Automated EKS Cost Optimization with AWS Config # eks # kubernetes # aws # finops Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Monitor Amazon EKS Using Prometheus and Grafana (Without Helm) dinesh kumar dinesh kumar dinesh kumar Follow Jan 8 How to Monitor Amazon EKS Using Prometheus and Grafana (Without Helm) # devops # eks # aws # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 2 min read Native Amazon EKS Backups with AWS Backup saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 29 '25 Native Amazon EKS Backups with AWS Backup # aws # eks # backup # kubernetes 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Serverless on Kubernetes with KNative and EKS Victor Manuel Pinzon Victor Manuel Pinzon Victor Manuel Pinzon Follow Dec 26 '25 Serverless on Kubernetes with KNative and EKS # knative # kubernetes # eks # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read Using Amazon Q for AI-Assisted Debugging in Amazon EKS Robert Zsoter Robert Zsoter Robert Zsoter Follow Dec 23 '25 Using Amazon Q for AI-Assisted Debugging in Amazon EKS # aws # eks # ai # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 5 min read Amazon EKS Series - Part 2: EKS Architecture and Core Components Tandap Noel Bansikah Tandap Noel Bansikah Tandap Noel Bansikah Follow Dec 17 '25 Amazon EKS Series - Part 2: EKS Architecture and Core Components # aws # kubernetes # eks # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read Amazon EKS Series - Part 1: Introduction to EKS Tandap Noel Bansikah Tandap Noel Bansikah Tandap Noel Bansikah Follow Dec 17 '25 Amazon EKS Series - Part 1: Introduction to EKS # aws # kubernetes # eks # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read Different Ways to Manage AWS IAM to Connect to an EKS Cluster MD Nur Ahmed MD Nur Ahmed MD Nur Ahmed Follow Dec 12 '25 Different Ways to Manage AWS IAM to Connect to an EKS Cluster # aws # kubernetes # iam # eks Comments Add Comment 12 min read Gateway API no EKS: O que muda com o fim do NGINX Ingress Controller santos-edu santos-edu santos-edu Follow Dec 15 '25 Gateway API no EKS: O que muda com o fim do NGINX Ingress Controller # nginx # eks # kubernetes # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Fundamentos de Resiliência no Amazon EKS: Como projetar workloads tolerantes a falhas em produção Rodrigo Fernandes Rodrigo Fernandes Rodrigo Fernandes Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 9 '25 Fundamentos de Resiliência no Amazon EKS: Como projetar workloads tolerantes a falhas em produção # eks # kubernetes # devops # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Enhancing Your AWS EKS Cluster with Istio Service Mesh and Kiali Observability Stéphane Noutsa Stéphane Noutsa Stéphane Noutsa Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 1 Enhancing Your AWS EKS Cluster with Istio Service Mesh and Kiali Observability # aws # eks # istio # kiali 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Fix Karpenter Migration Issues During Upgrade (v0.25.0 v1.5.0) Adedamola Ajibola Adedamola Ajibola Adedamola Ajibola Follow Dec 4 '25 How to Fix Karpenter Migration Issues During Upgrade (v0.25.0 v1.5.0) # aws # kubernetes # karpenter # eks Comments Add Comment 3 min read Amazon EKS enhanced network policies: Admin and DNS-based controls explained saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 5 Amazon EKS enhanced network policies: Admin and DNS-based controls explained # aws # eks # kubernetes # networking 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 5 min read The EKS 1.32 to 1.33 Upgrade That Broke Everything (And How I Fixed It) Adedamola Ajibola Adedamola Ajibola Adedamola Ajibola Follow Dec 26 '25 The EKS 1.32 to 1.33 Upgrade That Broke Everything (And How I Fixed It) # kubernetes # devops # aws # eks 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 EKS Auto Mode na prática Rodrigo Fernandes Rodrigo Fernandes Rodrigo Fernandes Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 15 '25 🚀 EKS Auto Mode na prática # aws # kubernetes # eks # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Amazon EKS From The Ground Up - Part 1: Control Plane & Infrastructure Phu Hoang Phu Hoang Phu Hoang Follow Dec 25 '25 Amazon EKS From The Ground Up - Part 1: Control Plane & Infrastructure # devops # aws # eks 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Visualizing EKS Node Status with eks-node-viewer kennygt51 kennygt51 kennygt51 Follow Nov 20 '25 Visualizing EKS Node Status with eks-node-viewer # eks # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read Optimizing Costs for Container Workloads on AWS EKS and ECS Samir Khanal Samir Khanal Samir Khanal Follow Dec 24 '25 Optimizing Costs for Container Workloads on AWS EKS and ECS # aws # eks # containers # community Comments Add Comment 5 min read My Journey with Amazon EKS: Simplifying Kubernetes on AWS Samir Khanal Samir Khanal Samir Khanal Follow Dec 24 '25 My Journey with Amazon EKS: Simplifying Kubernetes on AWS # eks # aws # kubernetes # community Comments Add Comment 4 min read Observability for Resilience on Amazon EKS with OpenTelemetry + Datadog (Free Tier) Rodrigo Fernandes Rodrigo Fernandes Rodrigo Fernandes Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 24 '25 Observability for Resilience on Amazon EKS with OpenTelemetry + Datadog (Free Tier) # eks # kubernetes # datadog # aws 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Amazon EKS Capabilities: Quick Summary Vijay Kumar Kodam Vijay Kumar Kodam Vijay Kumar Kodam Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 1 '25 Amazon EKS Capabilities: Quick Summary # aws # eks # kubernetes # awscommunity 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Amazon ECR - Architecture & Security On-cloud7 On-cloud7 On-cloud7 Follow Dec 21 '25 Amazon ECR - Architecture & Security # containers # ecr # ecs # eks 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read DNS Failures in EKS? The Real Bottleneck Was AWS Network Limits Ahmed Shendy Ahmed Shendy Ahmed Shendy Follow Dec 18 '25 DNS Failures in EKS? The Real Bottleneck Was AWS Network Limits # eks # aws # kubernetes # observability 21 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources DNS Failures in EKS? The Real Bottleneck Was AWS Network Limits I Created S3 Buckets Using ArgoCD , ACK with EKS Capabilities—No Controllers Installed. The EKS 1.32 to 1.33 Upgrade That Broke Everything (And How I Fixed It) Native Amazon EKS Backups with AWS Backup Amazon EKS Capabilities: Quick Summary Amazon EKS enhanced network policies: Admin and DNS-based controls explained Navigating AWS EKS with Terraform: Configuring Karpenter for Just-in-Time Node Provisioning Event-Driven Batch Processing on AWS: From Scheduled Tasks to Auto-Scaling Workloads 🚀 The Hidden DNS Misconfiguration That Was Killing Performance in Our EKS Cluster (and How We Fix... Enhancing Your AWS EKS Cluster with Istio Service Mesh and Kiali Observability Amazon EKS Series - Part 1: Introduction to EKS Amazon EKS Series - Part 2: EKS Architecture and Core Components มาลองสร้างระบบ Failover แบบ Multi-Region กับ Amazon EKS (แบบ Step-by-step) Using Amazon Q for AI-Assisted Debugging in Amazon EKS How to Fix Karpenter Migration Issues During Upgrade (v0.25.0 v1.5.0) EKS Networking Explained: Why am I running out of IPs? (Part 1) Gateway API no EKS: O que muda com o fim do NGINX Ingress Controller 🚀 EKS Auto Mode na prática Amazon EKS From The Ground Up - Part 1: Control Plane & Infrastructure Amazon EKS Series - Part 4: Deploying Applications on Amazon EKS 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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https://future.forem.com/mashraf_aiman_b9a968e5c1d | Mashraf Aiman - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Follow User actions Mashraf Aiman AGS of NIRAPAD Alliance, Co-founder & CTO of ENNOVAT and PROTIRODH Code enthusiast | Tech Entrepreneur Joined Joined on Oct 11, 2025 Personal website https://ennovat.com Work CTO at ENNOVAT and ZUTTLE More info about @mashraf_aiman_b9a968e5c1d Badges 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 9 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Stop wasting time on dud ChatGPT prompts. Mashraf Aiman Mashraf Aiman Mashraf Aiman Follow Nov 26 '25 Stop wasting time on dud ChatGPT prompts. # ai # chatgpt # promptengineering # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Want to connect with Mashraf Aiman? Create an account to connect with Mashraf Aiman. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in SpaceX vs Blue Origin: Why the Next Big Shock in Spaceflight Might Come From Bezos, Not Musk Mashraf Aiman Mashraf Aiman Mashraf Aiman Follow Nov 23 '25 SpaceX vs Blue Origin: Why the Next Big Shock in Spaceflight Might Come From Bezos, Not Musk # news # space # ai # machinelearning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/t/portfolio/page/5 | Portfolio Page 5 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # portfolio Follow Hide Getting feedback on and discussing portfolio strategies Create Post Older #portfolio posts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu My First Month of Portfolio Analytics: Tracking a 600%+ Traffic Boost & a Big Engagement Mystery! Neeraj S Neeraj S Neeraj S Follow Nov 30 '25 My First Month of Portfolio Analytics: Tracking a 600%+ Traffic Boost & a Big Engagement Mystery! # analytics # webdev # portfolio # googleanalytics Comments 1 comment 2 min read My Portfolio MD. Mohiuddin Ahmed MD. Mohiuddin Ahmed MD. Mohiuddin Ahmed Follow Oct 31 '25 My Portfolio # portfolio # webdev 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read 12 full-stack project ideas (with designs) for your developer portfolio Matt Studdert Matt Studdert Matt Studdert Follow for Frontend Mentor Nov 17 '25 12 full-stack project ideas (with designs) for your developer portfolio # webdev # beginners # fullstack # portfolio 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 25 min read How to Sell Your Skills with a Small Project Bradley Matera Bradley Matera Bradley Matera Follow Nov 20 '25 How to Sell Your Skills with a Small Project # portfolio # tutorial # beginners # career 23 reactions Comments 7 comments 3 min read Build a Portfolio That Wins Real Opportunities Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Follow Oct 22 '25 Build a Portfolio That Wins Real Opportunities # career # developer # portfolio Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Built a Curl Command Generator App with React ak0047 ak0047 ak0047 Follow Nov 23 '25 I Built a Curl Command Generator App with React # beginners # react # portfolio # cli 14 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Building an Intelligent Portfolio Filtering System with Next.js and React Context Ryan VerWey Ryan VerWey Ryan VerWey Follow Nov 23 '25 Building an Intelligent Portfolio Filtering System with Next.js and React Context # webdev # typescript # learning # portfolio 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Building My Portfolio: From Idea to Launch thehollowed1 thehollowed1 thehollowed1 Follow Nov 22 '25 Building My Portfolio: From Idea to Launch # showdev # portfolio # tailwindcss # nextjs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Devfolios ꜱᴛᴀʀᴋ ꜱᴛᴀʀᴋ ꜱᴛᴀʀᴋ Follow Oct 19 '25 Devfolios # webdev # beginners # career # portfolio Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a Personal Portfolio Website Using Only HTML and CSS Chukwunonso Joseph Ofodile Chukwunonso Joseph Ofodile Chukwunonso Joseph Ofodile Follow Oct 18 '25 Building a Personal Portfolio Website Using Only HTML and CSS # webdev # html # css # portfolio Comments Add Comment 3 min read From Local to Global: How Portfolios Help You Get International Clients Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Oct 17 '25 From Local to Global: How Portfolios Help You Get International Clients # portfolio # website # appointment # networking Comments Add Comment 3 min read Stop Chasing Clients: Let Your Portfolio Do the Selling for You Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Oct 17 '25 Stop Chasing Clients: Let Your Portfolio Do the Selling for You # portfolio # website # networking # appointment Comments Add Comment 3 min read "My Portfolio Got 17-Minute Average Engagement - Here's How It Happened" Neeraj S Neeraj S Neeraj S Follow Nov 18 '25 "My Portfolio Got 17-Minute Average Engagement - Here's How It Happened" # webdev # portfolio # analytics Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Build Client Trust in 10 Seconds Using Portfolio Design Psychology Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Oct 14 '25 How to Build Client Trust in 10 Seconds Using Portfolio Design Psychology # portfolio # website # networking # appointment Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building and Running Arbitrage Bots: A Developer’s Perspective TradeLink TradeLink TradeLink Follow Oct 13 '25 Building and Running Arbitrage Bots: A Developer’s Perspective # arbitrage # cryptocurrency # portfolio Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Write a Portfolio Bio That Makes People Want to Hire You Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Oct 15 '25 How to Write a Portfolio Bio That Makes People Want to Hire You # portfolio # website # appointment # networking 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Cloud Resume Challenge - Chunk 5 - The Final Write-Up Trinity Klein Trinity Klein Trinity Klein Follow Nov 11 '25 Cloud Resume Challenge - Chunk 5 - The Final Write-Up # portfolio # aws # cloud # career 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Design a Portfolio That Sells Without Looking “Salesy” Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Oct 8 '25 How to Design a Portfolio That Sells Without Looking “Salesy” # writing # career # portfolio # design Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why We Need a Simple Portfolio with the Best UX Mafuzur Rahman Mafuzur Rahman Mafuzur Rahman Follow Oct 6 '25 Why We Need a Simple Portfolio with the Best UX # programming # ai # javascript # portfolio 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Sell Services Directly from Your Portfolio Without Third-Party Platforms Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Shaikh Taslim Ahmed Follow Oct 4 '25 How to Sell Services Directly from Your Portfolio Without Third-Party Platforms # career # portfolio # productivity 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why I Rebuilt My Developer Portfolio Around Three Core Values (Reliability, Thoughtfulness, and Excellence) Obinna Duru Obinna Duru Obinna Duru Follow Nov 5 '25 Why I Rebuilt My Developer Portfolio Around Three Core Values (Reliability, Thoughtfulness, and Excellence) # portfolio # blockchain # smartcontract # webdev 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read How I built a professional portfolio using React, Redux, and APIs. Mohamed Fathy Mohamed Fathy Mohamed Fathy Follow Oct 3 '25 How I built a professional portfolio using React, Redux, and APIs. # portfolio # tutorial # react # api Comments Add Comment 1 min read IT Connect – Our Final Year Project is Now LIVE! Isme Kastrati Isme Kastrati Isme Kastrati Follow Oct 3 '25 IT Connect – Our Final Year Project is Now LIVE! # showdev # portfolio # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀Looking for collaborators for MVP: Delimo – a sharing platform for Serbia (Java / Vue / Android) ValeriiLindenPy ValeriiLindenPy ValeriiLindenPy Follow Sep 30 '25 🚀Looking for collaborators for MVP: Delimo – a sharing platform for Serbia (Java / Vue / Android) # portfolio # opensource # java # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Built My Developer Portfolio with Vite, React, and Bun — Fast, Modern & Fully Customizable Dainy Jose Dainy Jose Dainy Jose Follow Nov 2 '25 How I Built My Developer Portfolio with Vite, React, and Bun — Fast, Modern & Fully Customizable # react # vite # portfolio # webdev 11 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Artificial Intelligence Follow Hide Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities found in humans and in nature. Create Post submission guidelines Posts about artificial intelligence. Older #ai posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Google Gemma2/PaliGemma: Notes on Learning and Applications Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Google Gemma2/PaliGemma: Notes on Learning and Applications # ai # google # llm Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #133: LYING - Claimed Fix Without Verification Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 11 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #133: LYING - Claimed Fix Without Verification # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 1 min read GitHub Copilot: Make Your Commit Messages More Engaging with Custom Instructions Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 GitHub Copilot: Make Your Commit Messages More Engaging with Custom Instructions # ai # github # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Notes: Quick Thoughts on the Google Gemini API Hackathon Awards Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Notes: Quick Thoughts on the Google Gemini API Hackathon Awards # gemini # google # devchallenge # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Thoughts on Vibe Coding and Gemini CLI Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 My Thoughts on Vibe Coding and Gemini CLI # discuss # gemini # cli # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Ray-Ban Meta Glasses AI Setup in Taiwan Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 My Ray-Ban Meta Glasses AI Setup in Taiwan # ai # iot # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #131: Self-Healing Gap - Blog Lesson Sync Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 11 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #131: Self-Healing Gap - Blog Lesson Sync # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Your AI Agents Need a Shell (And How to Give Them One Safely) Salah Pichen Salah Pichen Salah Pichen Follow Jan 11 Why Your AI Agents Need a Shell (And How to Give Them One Safely) # bash # agents # ai # mcp Comments Add Comment 7 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #130: Comprehensive Investment Strategy Review (Jan 11, 2026) Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 11 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #130: Comprehensive Investment Strategy Review (Jan 11, 2026) # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Designing Natural AI Memory: Why It Feels Awkward and How to Fix It web3nomad.eth web3nomad.eth web3nomad.eth Follow Jan 11 Designing Natural AI Memory: Why It Feels Awkward and How to Fix It # ai # agents # ux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Scalable AI Agent Systems: Three Evolutions web3nomad.eth web3nomad.eth web3nomad.eth Follow Jan 11 Building Scalable AI Agent Systems: Three Evolutions # systemdesign # architecture # ai # agents 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 18 min read RAG AI Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Follow Jan 12 RAG AI # ai # llm # rag Comments Add Comment 2 min read Cloud 101 with AWS: From Concepts to a Real Serverless App Warda Liaqat Warda Liaqat Warda Liaqat Follow Jan 11 Cloud 101 with AWS: From Concepts to a Real Serverless App # aws # cloudcomputing # serverless # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional in 2 Weeks (Part 2: Advanced Learning & Exam Prep) MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 11 AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional in 2 Weeks (Part 2: Advanced Learning & Exam Prep) # ai # aws # certification # machinelearning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read AI, Confluence Docs, and READMEs: Why AI Written Docs End Up Unread ujjavala ujjavala ujjavala Follow Jan 12 AI, Confluence Docs, and READMEs: Why AI Written Docs End Up Unread # discuss # webdev # ai # productivity 18 reactions Comments 5 comments 4 min read When AI Governance Calls You "Noise" Alan Tsai Alan Tsai Alan Tsai Follow Jan 11 When AI Governance Calls You "Noise" # ai # hardgate # fun # 雜訊 Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Career Architect: An AI-Powered Job Application Pipeline for Engineers Henry Ohanga Henry Ohanga Henry Ohanga Follow Jan 11 Building Career Architect: An AI-Powered Job Application Pipeline for Engineers # automation # ai # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read High-performance GPUs or TPUs vs CPUs Neweraofcoding Neweraofcoding Neweraofcoding Follow Jan 11 High-performance GPUs or TPUs vs CPUs # architecture # machinelearning # performance # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Agentic AI and Workflow Automation Are Redefining Modern Software Engineering Muhammad Nouman Muhammad Nouman Muhammad Nouman Follow Jan 11 How Agentic AI and Workflow Automation Are Redefining Modern Software Engineering # ai # aiagents # n8n # agentaichallenge Comments Add Comment 4 min read Amazon S3 Vectors: When Your Data Lake Becomes Your Vector Store Sujitha Rasamsetty Sujitha Rasamsetty Sujitha Rasamsetty Follow Jan 11 Amazon S3 Vectors: When Your Data Lake Becomes Your Vector Store # aws # awscommunity # ai # vectordatabase Comments Add Comment 6 min read How Databricks Used AI Agents to Cut Database Debugging Time by 90% Satyabrata Satyabrata Satyabrata Follow Jan 11 How Databricks Used AI Agents to Cut Database Debugging Time by 90% # agents # ai # automation # database Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #079: Tomorrow Hallucination Incident (Jan 5, 2026) Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 11 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #079: Tomorrow Hallucination Incident (Jan 5, 2026) # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read NordVPN Privacy is a Rip-Off for Most Users (But a Beast for One Specific Group) ii-x ii-x ii-x Follow Jan 11 NordVPN Privacy is a Rip-Off for Most Users (But a Beast for One Specific Group) # ai # tech # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built an AI-Powered Portfolio with Next.js, Supabase & Groq - Here's How chiheb nouri chiheb nouri chiheb nouri Follow Jan 11 I Built an AI-Powered Portfolio with Next.js, Supabase & Groq - Here's How # showdev # ai # nextjs # portfolio Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #132: RAG Stuck on December 2025 Content (CRISIS) Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 11 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #132: RAG Stuck on December 2025 Content (CRISIS) # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://music.forem.com/t/theory | Theory - Music Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Music Forem Close # theory Follow Hide the language of music Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Can AI compose truly new music? Exploring the promise and limits Polina Elizarova Polina Elizarova Polina Elizarova Follow Nov 18 '25 Can AI compose truly new music? Exploring the promise and limits # indie # production # digital # theory 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is this scale Phrygian or did AI give me a delusion? Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Follow Aug 18 '25 Is this scale Phrygian or did AI give me a delusion? # theory 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read How'd you learn intervals? Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Follow Aug 7 '25 How'd you learn intervals? # theory # improvisation # composition # notation 4 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Best tips to get better at phrasing? Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Follow Aug 5 '25 Best tips to get better at phrasing? # rock # songwriting # theory # improvisation 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Learning intervals on the guitar Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Follow Aug 7 '25 Learning intervals on the guitar # theory # improvisation 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Can AI compose truly new music? Exploring the promise and limits 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Music Forem — From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Music Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place dedicated to discussing all things music - composing, producing, performing, and all the fun and not-fun things in-between. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://dev.to/thenjdevopsguy/kubernetes-ingress-vs-service-mesh-2ee2#whats-ingress | Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Michael Levan Posted on Jun 15, 2022 • Edited on Aug 6, 2025 Kubernetes Ingress vs Service Mesh # kubernetes # devops # cloud # git Networking in Kubernetes is no easy task. Whether you’re on the application side or the operations side, you need to think about networking. Whether it’s connectivity between clusters, control planes, and worker nodes, or connectivity between Kubernetes Services and Pods, it all becomes a task that needs a large amount of focus and effort. In this blog post, you’ll learn about what a service mesh is, what ingress is, and why you need both. What’s A Service Mesh When you deploy applications inside of Kubernetes, there are two primary ways that the apps are talking to each other: Service-to-Service communication Pod-to-Pod communication Pod-to-Pod communication isn’t exactly recommended because Pods are ephemeral, which means they aren’t permanent. They are designed to go down at any time and only if they’re part of a StatefulSet would they keep any type of unique identifier. However, Pods still need to be able to communicate with each other because microservices need to talk. Backends need to talk to frontends, middleware needs to talk to backends and frontends, etc… The next primary communication is Services. Services are the preferred method because a Service isn’t ephemeral and only gets deleted if specified by an engineer. Pods are able to connect to Services with Selectors (sometimes called Tags), so if a Pod goes down but the Selector in the Kubernetes Manifest that deployed the Pod doesn’t change, the new Pod will be connected to the Service. In short, a Service sits in front of Pods almost like a load balancer would (not to be confused with the LoadBalancer service type). Here’s the problem: all of this traffic is unencrypted by default. Pod-to-Pod communication, or as some people like to call it, East-West Traffic, and Service-to-Service is completely unencrypted. That means if for any reason an environment is compromised or you have some segregation concerns, there’s nothing out of the box that you can do. A Service Mesh handles a lot of that for you. A Service Mesh: Encrypts traffic between Services Helps with network latency troubleshooting Securely connects Kubernetes Services Observability for tracing and alerting The key piece here, aside from the encryption between services (using mTLS) is the network observability and routing implementations. As a small example, the following routing rule forwards traffic to /rooms via a delegate VirtualService object/kind named roompage . apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1 kind: VirtualService metadata: name: hotebooking spec: hosts: - "hotelbooking.com" gateways: - hbgateway http: - match: - uri: prefix: "/rooms" delegate: name: roompage namespace: rooms Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You have full control over the "what and how" in terms of routing. What’s Ingress Outside of the need for secure communication between microservices, you need a way to interact with frontend apps. The typical way is with a load balancer that’s connected to a Service. You can also use a NodePort, but in the cloud world, you’ll mostly see load balancers being used. Here’s the problem; cloud load balancers are expensive literally and figuratively. You have to pay money for each cloud load balancer that you have. Having a few applications may not be a big deal, but what about if you have 50 or 100? Not to mention that you have to manage all of those cloud load balancers. If a Kubernetes Service disconnects from the load balancer for whatever reason, it’s your job to go in and fix it. With Kubernetes Ingress Controllers, the management and cost nightmare is abstracted from you. An Ingress Controller allows you to have: One load balancer Multiple applications (Kubernetes Services) pointing to it You can create one load balancer and have every Kubernetes Service point to it that's within the specific web application from a routing perspective. Then, you can access each Kubernetes Service on a different path. For example, below is an Ingress Spec that points to a Kubernetes Service called nginxservice and outputs it on the path called /nginxappa apiVersion : networking . k8s . io / v1 kind : Ingress metadata : name : ingress - nginxservice - a spec : ingressClassName : nginx - servicea rules : - host : localhost http : paths : - path : / nginxappa pathType : Prefix backend : service : name : nginxservice port : number : 8080 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Ingress Controllers are like an Nginx Reverse Proxy. Do You Need Both? My take on it is that you need both. Here’s why: They’re both doing two different jobs. I always like to use the hammer analogy. If I need to hammer a nail, I can use the handle to slam the nail in and eventually it’ll work, but why would I do that if I can use the proper end of the hammer? An Ingress Controller is used to: Make load balancing apps easier A Service Mesh is used to: Secure communication between apps Help out with Kubernetes networking Now, here’s the kicker; there are tools that do both. For example, Istio Ingress is an Ingress Controller, but also has the capability of secure gateways using mTLS. If you’re using one of those tools, great. Just make sure that it handles both communication and security for you in the way that you’re expecting. The recommendation still is to use the proper tool for the job. Both Service Mesh and Ingress are incredibly important, especially as your microservice environment grows. Popular Ingress Controllers and Service Mesh Platforms Below is a list of Ingress Controllers and Service Mesh that are popular in today’s cloud-native world. For Service Mesh: https://istio.io/latest/about/service-mesh/ For Ingress Controllers: https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/ https://doc.traefik.io/traefik/providers/kubernetes-ingress/ https://github.com/Kong/kubernetes-ingress-controller#readme https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/traffic-management/ingress/ If you want to check out how to get started with the Istio, check out my blog post on it here . Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand trylvis trylvis trylvis Follow Work Infra / Ops / DevOps Engineer Joined Jun 16, 2022 • Jun 16 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice summary! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 • Jun 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I'm happy that you enjoyed it. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jan Jurák Jan Jurák Jan Jurák Follow Joined Apr 20, 2021 • Jan 4 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you for introduction into Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand heroes1412 heroes1412 heroes1412 Follow Joined Oct 7, 2022 • Oct 7 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Your article is very good and easy to understand. But how about API Gateway, i see ingress controller can handle API gateway task. what diffenrent? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 • Oct 7 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I would say the biggest two differences are 1) Ingress Controllers are a Kubernetes Controller in itself, so it's handled in a declarative fashion 2) (correct me if I'm wrong here about API Gateways please) API Gateways are typically an intermediary to route traffic between services. Sort of like a "middle ground". Where-as the ingress controllers are more about handling frontend app traffic. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Michael Levan Follow Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Feb 8, 2020 More from Michael Levan Running Any AI Agent on Kubernetes: Step-by-Step # ai # programming # kubernetes # cloud Context-Aware Networking & Runtimes: Agentic End-To-End # ai # kubernetes # programming # cloud Security Holes in MCP Servers and How To Plug Them # programming # ai # kubernetes # docker 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://zh-hant.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React 文件 教學 部落格 社群 v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... 文件 安裝 主要概念 進階指南 API 參考 Hooks 測試 貢獻 FAQ 溝通管道 GitHub Stack Overflow 討論區 Reactiflux 聊天室 DEV 社群 Facebook Twitter 社群 Code of Conduct Community Resources 其他 教學 Blog 致謝 React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html#whats-next | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... Docs Installation Main Concepts Advanced Guides API Reference Hooks Testing Contributing FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Community Resources More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2025 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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https://reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html#testing-hooks | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... Docs Installation Main Concepts Advanced Guides API Reference Hooks Testing Contributing FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Community Resources More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2025 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/sui-install | Install Sui | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Install Sui On this page Install Sui Sui is a scalable and performant layer-1 blockchain that is home to a complete stack of native primitives ideal for building decentralized applications. Such primitives, such as those for encryption , data storage , verification, and access control, provide developers with every piece of the application stack without needing to use layer-2 chains or off-chain solutions. In contrast to other chains, Sui uses an object-centric model , where every item on the network is an object. Transactions use objects as input, which mutate an existing object or create new objects. Each object has a unique on-chain ID. To create objects, submit transactions, and start building an application on Sui, first you must install Sui. This installation includes the Sui CLI , a tool that creates and manages address balances, builds and publishes smart contracts, and queries information from the network. Prerequisites Have a machine with one of the following supported operating systems: Linux: Ubuntu version 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish) or newer macOS: macOS Monterey or newer Microsoft Windows: Windows 10 or 11 Quick install The Sui CLI is used to interact with the Sui network, deploy packages, and manage assets. To install the Sui CLI, you can use suiup . suiup is the most effective installation method, as it allows you to easily install and switch between different versions of not only the Sui CLI but also other Sui stack components like walrus and mvr . Alternative quick install instructions for Homebrew or Chocolately do not support installing other Sui stack components. Other components will need to be installed through their individual binaries if you'd like to use them in the future. caution Installations using Homebrew or Chocolatey might take several minutes if you do not have any of the Sui prerequisites installed. Using suiup is often much faster and highly recommended. suiup Homebrew Chocolatey First, install suiup : $ curl -sSfL \ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Mystenlabs/suiup/main/install.sh \ | sh Then, install Sui: $ suiup install sui@testnet For alternative installation methods, refer to the suiup repository . danger Installing Sui with suiup does not configure the client. To use sui commands, you must configure the Sui client . To confirm that Sui installed correctly: Open a terminal or console Type sui --version and press Enter If you receive a "command not found" error, verify the Sui binaries directory is in your PATH environment variable. You must have Homebrew installed before running the following command: $ brew install sui To confirm that Sui installed correctly: Open a terminal or console Type sui --version and press Enter If you receive a "command not found" error, verify the Sui binaries directory is in your PATH environment variable. You must have Chocolately installed before running the following command: $ choco install sui Find more versions of Sui for Windows on the Chocolatey community website. To confirm that Sui installed correctly: Open a terminal or console Type sui --version and press Enter If you receive a "command not found" error, verify the Sui binaries directory is in your PATH environment variable. The quick install is suitable for most use cases. For those wanting more control over the installation process, you can install from source or install binaries . If Sui is already installed from a previous development environment, be sure to upgrade to the latest version . Looking for a project to clone? Before you can create and publish a smart contract, you must configure a Sui client and obtain SUI tokens . Then, you can create a "Hello, World!" example or clone another example to start building. Installation details suiup installation details Refer to the suiup repository's README for information regarding installation files and their locations. Default configuration file Regardless of whether you used suiup , Homebrew, or Chocolately, Sui will store a primary configuration in the ~/.sui/sui_config/client.yaml file. This file defines settings and preferences for your environment, such as: Network environment details for Mainnet, Testnet, Devnet, and Localnet networks. Active environment, which specifies the network the CLI commands will target. Active address, which specifies the Sui address the CLI will use for transactions and queries. Keystore location, which specifies where Sui stores your address' private keys. Next steps Configure a Sui Client Configure a Sui client to get a Sui address and connect to Testnet. Get SUI from Faucet Obtain SUI from a faucet to deploy packages on Testnet. Hello, World! Clone the "Hello, World!" project. Edit this page Quick install Installation details suiup installation details Default configuration file © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-custom.html | Building Your Own Hooks – React We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub Building Your Own Hooks These docs are old and won’t be updated. Go to react.dev for the new React docs. These new documentation pages teach modern React and include live examples: Reusing Logic with Custom Hooks Hooks are a new addition in React 16.8. They let you use state and other React features without writing a class. Building your own Hooks lets you extract component logic into reusable functions. When we were learning about using the Effect Hook , we saw this component from a chat application that displays a message indicating whether a friend is online or offline: import React , { useState , useEffect } from 'react' ; function FriendStatus ( props ) { const [ isOnline , setIsOnline ] = useState ( null ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { function handleStatusChange ( status ) { setIsOnline ( status . isOnline ) ; } ChatAPI . subscribeToFriendStatus ( props . friend . id , handleStatusChange ) ; return ( ) => { ChatAPI . unsubscribeFromFriendStatus ( props . friend . id , handleStatusChange ) ; } ; } ) ; if ( isOnline === null ) { return 'Loading...' ; } return isOnline ? 'Online' : 'Offline' ; } Now let’s say that our chat application also has a contact list, and we want to render names of online users with a green color. We could copy and paste similar logic above into our FriendListItem component but it wouldn’t be ideal: import React , { useState , useEffect } from 'react' ; function FriendListItem ( props ) { const [ isOnline , setIsOnline ] = useState ( null ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { function handleStatusChange ( status ) { setIsOnline ( status . isOnline ) ; } ChatAPI . subscribeToFriendStatus ( props . friend . id , handleStatusChange ) ; return ( ) => { ChatAPI . unsubscribeFromFriendStatus ( props . friend . id , handleStatusChange ) ; } ; } ) ; return ( < li style = { { color : isOnline ? 'green' : 'black' } } > { props . friend . name } </ li > ) ; } Instead, we’d like to share this logic between FriendStatus and FriendListItem . Traditionally in React, we’ve had two popular ways to share stateful logic between components: render props and higher-order components . We will now look at how Hooks solve many of the same problems without forcing you to add more components to the tree. Extracting a Custom Hook When we want to share logic between two JavaScript functions, we extract it to a third function. Both components and Hooks are functions, so this works for them too! A custom Hook is a JavaScript function whose name starts with ” use ” and that may call other Hooks. For example, useFriendStatus below is our first custom Hook: import { useState , useEffect } from 'react' ; function useFriendStatus ( friendID ) { const [ isOnline , setIsOnline ] = useState ( null ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { function handleStatusChange ( status ) { setIsOnline ( status . isOnline ) ; } ChatAPI . subscribeToFriendStatus ( friendID , handleStatusChange ) ; return ( ) => { ChatAPI . unsubscribeFromFriendStatus ( friendID , handleStatusChange ) ; } ; } ) ; return isOnline ; } There’s nothing new inside of it — the logic is copied from the components above. Just like in a component, make sure to only call other Hooks unconditionally at the top level of your custom Hook. Unlike a React component, a custom Hook doesn’t need to have a specific signature. We can decide what it takes as arguments, and what, if anything, it should return. In other words, it’s just like a normal function. Its name should always start with use so that you can tell at a glance that the rules of Hooks apply to it. The purpose of our useFriendStatus Hook is to subscribe us to a friend’s status. This is why it takes friendID as an argument, and returns whether this friend is online: function useFriendStatus ( friendID ) { const [ isOnline , setIsOnline ] = useState ( null ) ; // ... return isOnline ; } Now let’s see how we can use our custom Hook. Using a Custom Hook In the beginning, our stated goal was to remove the duplicated logic from the FriendStatus and FriendListItem components. Both of them want to know whether a friend is online. Now that we’ve extracted this logic to a useFriendStatus hook, we can just use it: function FriendStatus ( props ) { const isOnline = useFriendStatus ( props . friend . id ) ; if ( isOnline === null ) { return 'Loading...' ; } return isOnline ? 'Online' : 'Offline' ; } function FriendListItem ( props ) { const isOnline = useFriendStatus ( props . friend . id ) ; return ( < li style = { { color : isOnline ? 'green' : 'black' } } > { props . friend . name } </ li > ) ; } Is this code equivalent to the original examples? Yes, it works in exactly the same way. If you look closely, you’ll notice we didn’t make any changes to the behavior. All we did was to extract some common code between two functions into a separate function. Custom Hooks are a convention that naturally follows from the design of Hooks, rather than a React feature. Do I have to name my custom Hooks starting with “ use ”? Please do. This convention is very important. Without it, we wouldn’t be able to automatically check for violations of rules of Hooks because we couldn’t tell if a certain function contains calls to Hooks inside of it. Do two components using the same Hook share state? No. Custom Hooks are a mechanism to reuse stateful logic (such as setting up a subscription and remembering the current value), but every time you use a custom Hook, all state and effects inside of it are fully isolated. How does a custom Hook get isolated state? Each call to a Hook gets isolated state. Because we call useFriendStatus directly, from React’s point of view our component just calls useState and useEffect . And as we learned earlier , we can call useState and useEffect many times in one component, and they will be completely independent. Tip: Pass Information Between Hooks Since Hooks are functions, we can pass information between them. To illustrate this, we’ll use another component from our hypothetical chat example. This is a chat message recipient picker that displays whether the currently selected friend is online: const friendList = [ { id : 1 , name : 'Phoebe' } , { id : 2 , name : 'Rachel' } , { id : 3 , name : 'Ross' } , ] ; function ChatRecipientPicker ( ) { const [ recipientID , setRecipientID ] = useState ( 1 ) ; const isRecipientOnline = useFriendStatus ( recipientID ) ; return ( < > < Circle color = { isRecipientOnline ? 'green' : 'red' } /> < select value = { recipientID } onChange = { e => setRecipientID ( Number ( e . target . value ) ) } > { friendList . map ( friend => ( < option key = { friend . id } value = { friend . id } > { friend . name } </ option > ) ) } </ select > </ > ) ; } We keep the currently chosen friend ID in the recipientID state variable, and update it if the user chooses a different friend in the <select> picker. Because the useState Hook call gives us the latest value of the recipientID state variable, we can pass it to our custom useFriendStatus Hook as an argument: const [ recipientID , setRecipientID ] = useState ( 1 ) ; const isRecipientOnline = useFriendStatus ( recipientID ) ; This lets us know whether the currently selected friend is online. If we pick a different friend and update the recipientID state variable, our useFriendStatus Hook will unsubscribe from the previously selected friend, and subscribe to the status of the newly selected one. useYourImagination() Custom Hooks offer the flexibility of sharing logic that wasn’t possible in React components before. You can write custom Hooks that cover a wide range of use cases like form handling, animation, declarative subscriptions, timers, and probably many more we haven’t considered. What’s more, you can build Hooks that are just as easy to use as React’s built-in features. Try to resist adding abstraction too early. Now that function components can do more, it’s likely that the average function component in your codebase will become longer. This is normal — don’t feel like you have to immediately split it into Hooks. But we also encourage you to start spotting cases where a custom Hook could hide complex logic behind a simple interface, or help untangle a messy component. For example, maybe you have a complex component that contains a lot of local state that is managed in an ad-hoc way. useState doesn’t make centralizing the update logic any easier so you might prefer to write it as a Redux reducer: function todosReducer ( state , action ) { switch ( action . type ) { case 'add' : return [ ... state , { text : action . text , completed : false } ] ; // ... other actions ... default : return state ; } } Reducers are very convenient to test in isolation, and scale to express complex update logic. You can further break them apart into smaller reducers if necessary. However, you might also enjoy the benefits of using React local state, or might not want to install another library. So what if we could write a useReducer Hook that lets us manage the local state of our component with a reducer? A simplified version of it might look like this: function useReducer ( reducer , initialState ) { const [ state , setState ] = useState ( initialState ) ; function dispatch ( action ) { const nextState = reducer ( state , action ) ; setState ( nextState ) ; } return [ state , dispatch ] ; } Now we could use it in our component, and let the reducer drive its state management: function Todos ( ) { const [ todos , dispatch ] = useReducer ( todosReducer , [ ] ) ; function handleAddClick ( text ) { dispatch ( { type : 'add' , text } ) ; } // ... } The need to manage local state with a reducer in a complex component is common enough that we’ve built the useReducer Hook right into React. You’ll find it together with other built-in Hooks in the Hooks API reference . Is this page useful? Edit this page Installation Getting Started Add React to a Website Create a New React App CDN Links Release Channels Main Concepts 1. Hello World 2. Introducing JSX 3. Rendering Elements 4. Components and Props 5. State and Lifecycle 6. Handling Events 7. Conditional Rendering 8. Lists and Keys 9. Forms 10. Lifting State Up 11. Composition vs Inheritance 12. Thinking In React Advanced Guides Accessibility Code-Splitting Context Error Boundaries Forwarding Refs Fragments Higher-Order Components Integrating with Other Libraries JSX In Depth Optimizing Performance Portals Profiler React Without ES6 React Without JSX Reconciliation Refs and the DOM Render Props Static Type Checking Strict Mode Typechecking With PropTypes Uncontrolled Components Web Components API Reference React React.Component ReactDOM ReactDOMClient ReactDOMServer DOM Elements SyntheticEvent Test Utilities Test Renderer JS Environment Requirements Glossary Hooks 1. Introducing Hooks 2. Hooks at a Glance 3. Using the State Hook 4. Using the Effect Hook 5. Rules of Hooks 6. Building Your Own Hooks 7. Hooks API Reference 8. Hooks FAQ Testing Testing Overview Testing Recipes Testing Environments Contributing How to Contribute Codebase Overview Implementation Notes Design Principles FAQ AJAX and APIs Babel, JSX, and Build Steps Passing Functions to Components Component State Styling and CSS File Structure Versioning Policy Virtual DOM and Internals Previous article Rules of Hooks Next article Hooks API Reference Docs Installation Main Concepts Advanced Guides API Reference Hooks Testing Contributing FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Community Resources More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2025 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:11 |
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