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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#challenge-3-complex-payment-flows | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://mailto:support@dev.to/t/programming | Programming - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Programming Follow Hide The magic behind computers. 💻 🪄 Create Post Older #programming posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 3611 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners 18 reactions Comments 8 comments 2 min read 🌈 Looking for help if possible: I’m Stuck on My TrackMyHRT App (Medication + Symptom Tracker) codebunny20 codebunny20 codebunny20 Follow Jan 12 🌈 Looking for help if possible: I’m Stuck on My TrackMyHRT App (Medication + Symptom Tracker) # discuss # programming # python # opensource 14 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) nicomedina nicomedina nicomedina Follow Jan 13 How I built a high-performance Social API with Bun & ElysiaJS on a $5 VPS (handling 3.6k reqs/min) # bunjs # api # javascript # programming 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read The Vibe Coding Paradox: 5 Surprising Truths About the AI Revolution in Software Juan Guillermo Gomez Torres Juan Guillermo Gomez Torres Juan Guillermo Gomez Torres Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 12 The Vibe Coding Paradox: 5 Surprising Truths About the AI Revolution in Software # vibecoding # programming # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Zig vs Go: init and run Paolo Carraro Paolo Carraro Paolo Carraro Follow Jan 12 Zig vs Go: init and run # zig # go # programming # comparison Comments Add Comment 2 min read Top 8 Fal.AI Alternatives Developers Are Using to Ship AI Apps Emmanuel Mumba Emmanuel Mumba Emmanuel Mumba Follow Jan 13 Top 8 Fal.AI Alternatives Developers Are Using to Ship AI Apps # webdev # programming # ai # javascript 19 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read The Secret Life of JavaScript: Identity Aaron Rose Aaron Rose Aaron Rose Follow Jan 13 The Secret Life of JavaScript: Identity # javascript # coding # programming # software 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Global Undo Sucks: Building Line-Level Undo/Redo for VS Code Namasivaayam L Namasivaayam L Namasivaayam L Follow Jan 12 Why Global Undo Sucks: Building Line-Level Undo/Redo for VS Code # vscode # opensource # extensions # programming 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read SOLID Design Principle Gokul G.K. Gokul G.K. Gokul G.K. Follow Jan 13 SOLID Design Principle # programming # java # design # solidprinciples 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Use Claude Opus 4.5 & Gemini 3 for Free with OpenCode 0xkoji 0xkoji 0xkoji Follow Jan 13 How to Use Claude Opus 4.5 & Gemini 3 for Free with OpenCode # ai # opencode # llm # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🧭 Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Minimum Time Visiting All Points' – LeetCode 1266 (C++, Python, JavaScript) Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Jan 12 🧭 Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Minimum Time Visiting All Points' – LeetCode 1266 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Advancing with React: Hooks Deep Dive! (React Day 5) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 13 Advancing with React: Hooks Deep Dive! (React Day 5) # react # webdev # programming # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read A Production-Ready Monorepo for AI-Native Full-Stack Development gracefullight gracefullight gracefullight Follow Jan 13 A Production-Ready Monorepo for AI-Native Full-Stack Development # vibecoding # programming # webdev # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Daylight Saving Time Handling Strategies: A Guide for C# and Python Developers Outdated Dev Outdated Dev Outdated Dev Follow Jan 13 Daylight Saving Time Handling Strategies: A Guide for C# and Python Developers # timezones # programming # dotnet # python Comments Add Comment 11 min read Lambda Durable Functions: Building Workflows That Run for a Year Dinesh Kumar Elumalai Dinesh Kumar Elumalai Dinesh Kumar Elumalai Follow Jan 13 Lambda Durable Functions: Building Workflows That Run for a Year # aws # serverless # lambda # programming Comments Add Comment 6 min read Bridging the Gap: Building a Universal Web Interface for OBD-II Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Follow Jan 13 Bridging the Gap: Building a Universal Web Interface for OBD-II # webdev # programming # javascript # automotive Comments Add Comment 2 min read Syncing Office 365 & Google Calendar Without OAuth: A GAS Solution Yuto Takashi Yuto Takashi Yuto Takashi Follow Jan 13 Syncing Office 365 & Google Calendar Without OAuth: A GAS Solution # googleappsscripts # programming Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a Production-Ready Portfolio: Phase-2 — Frontend Bootstrapping & Architecture Setup Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Follow Jan 13 Building a Production-Ready Portfolio: Phase-2 — Frontend Bootstrapping & Architecture Setup # programming # python # react # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mutable vs Immutable Objects in Python (Explained Simply) Micheal Angelo Micheal Angelo Micheal Angelo Follow Jan 13 Mutable vs Immutable Objects in Python (Explained Simply) # python # programming # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Jordium GanttChart v1.7.1: Making a Gantt Component Truly Controllable in Vue 3 Nelson Li Nelson Li Nelson Li Follow Jan 13 Jordium GanttChart v1.7.1: Making a Gantt Component Truly Controllable in Vue 3 # webdev # programming # vue # gantt 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building an AI Photo Restoration Tool with Next.js Q1Hang Q1Hang Q1Hang Follow Jan 13 Building an AI Photo Restoration Tool with Next.js # webdev # ai # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Is JS pass-by-value or pass-by-reference? 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https://dev.to/techdogs_inc/tech-spotlight-daily-tech-news-48hb | Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse TechDogs for TechDogs Posted on Oct 15, 2024 Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News # ai # openai # news SpaceX's fifth Starship test successfully returned the Super Heavy booster to its Texas launch pad using giant arms, marking a major step toward creating a reusable Moon and Mars rocket. Source: Reuters The RBI Governor warned that increasing AI use in financial services could pose stability risks, with market concentration from a few tech providers being a key concern. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/workflows | Workflow - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation CORE CONCEPTS Workflow Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog CORE CONCEPTS Workflow OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Understand what is workflow and how to design, test, trigger and track workflow log. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Workflow acts as the notification powerhouse where you define the logic and stitch individual pieces together, like user , template , vendor , and preferences , to deliver notifications to the end user. A workflow comprises a series of steps that, when performed in sequence, form the notification journey. There exists primarily four types of workflow steps, referred to as workflow nodes in SuprSend: Trigger: Initiates the workflow Trigger node initiates the workflow and delivers the first notification. You can trigger a workflow through an event call or a direct API call to SuprSend. Events fall into three categories: 1. External actions performed by users on your platform , such as post like or new comment . To track these actions, integrate the frontend SDK into your product or use the backend SDK or HTTP API . 2. User entering or leaving a list , such as when users unsubscribe from a topic . These events trigger automatically when using SuprSend-managed lists and configuring list events through list tracking . 3. Internal trigger from backend logic , based on data or state changes like shipment out for delivery or job closed . Functions: Logical steps in the workflow Functions represent logical steps in a workflow—such as delay , batch to combine notifications into one summarized message, or implementing conditional waits. Branches: Splits execution in conditional branches Split the workflow into parallel flows where the user follows one branch based on a condition. e.g., the wait until branch holds the user until they meet the required condition. Delivery: sends notification Delivery Nodes represent the final send steps that deliver notifications to users. Templates define the content of each notification. You can send notifications through a single channel , multi-channel , or apply channel routing for sequential delivery across multiple channels. Create workflow In SuprSend, you can group multi-channel and multi-stakeholder notifications in a single workflow, by considering the workflow as a sequence of notifications. One example of a multi-channel, multi-stakeholder workflow involves sending a series of payment reminders to a company’s users. The system sends the first reminder to the account admins via email. The second reminder reaches both the admins and the finance team of the company—first via Inbox, then via email if the notification isn’t seen on Inbox. Payment Reminder workflow Creating a single workflow to track the journey linked to a trigger helps simplify tracking the entire flow—e.g., understanding how many users saw the first notification, how many dropped off after the second, which channel performs best, and more. Fewer workflow Test your workflows in staging workspace before deploying to production: Design your workflows in the staging workspace first and trigger a test workflow before making it live for your production users. Once your workflow is well tested and working, clone it to the production workspace. Notification categories Each workflow connects to a notification category, which helps group related workflows. Users can manage their preferences across these groups. For instance, you can group all shipment-related messages under the category Delivery updates , allowing users to turn off email alerts and receive them only via push notifications. This preference setting automatically applies to all workflows under the category Delivery updates . Learn more about notification categories here . Version control for workflows The system first saves all workflow changes in a draft version and only makes them live after you commit the updates. This approach lets you confidently update workflows without affecting any that currently run in production. Trigger workflow Workflows created on SuprSend dashboard can trigger via an event call or via a direct API call . via workflow API For transactional use cases such as One-Time Password (OTP), authentication, and verification notifications—where you must provide dynamic user channel information or sensitive data at the time of sending—you can include all data and recipient information in a single API request. This method doesn’t require creating a user beforehand to trigger the notification, making it ideal for migrating existing notifications to SuprSend. Below is an example payload that demonstrates a dynamic workflow setup for an OTP notification. Python Node Go Copy Ask AI from suprsend import Event from suprsend import WorkflowTriggerRequest supr_client = Suprsend( "_workspace_key_" , "_workspace_secret_" ) # Prepare workflow payload w1 = WorkflowTriggerRequest( body = { "workflow" : "login_otp" , "recipients" : [ { "distinct_id" : "0gxxx9f14-xxxx-23c5-1902-xxxcb6912ab09" , "$sms" : [ "+15555555555" ] } ], # variable data in your template "data" :{ "OTP" : "1234" } } ) # Trigger workflow response = supr_client.workflows.trigger(w1) print (response) It’s a new workflow method available in the SDK versions below (Python >= v0.11.0, Go >= v0.5.1, and Node >= 1.10.0). Upgrade to the latest version if you’re using an older SDK. Event based Trigger Below is a sample event call to trigger the payment reminder workflow. You can trigger these events by integrating one of the frontend or backend SDKs, or by integrating with your Customer Data Platform (CDP) like Segment and mapping the events passed through these platforms as your workflow trigger. Python Node.js Java Go Copy Ask AI from suprsend import Event # Track Event Example distinct_id = "0fxxx8f74-xxxx-41c5-8752-xxxcb6911fb08" event_name = "Payment Pending" properties = { "first_name" : "User" , "invoice_amount" : "$5000" , "invoice_id" : "Invoice-1234" } event = Event( distinct_id = distinct_id, event_name = event_name, properties = properties) # Track event response = supr_client.track_event(event) print (response) User profile should be created in SuprSend for passing in event call: Please note that you must create the user profile beforehand for the distinct_id passed in your event call. If the user isn’t present, the event call discards it. Send notification using Google Sheets You can also configure your one-time notifications using google sheets. Refer step-by-step guide to configure workflows using google sheets here . Track / Debug Workflow run For each workflow run, you’ll see a detailed log capturing the state and response of each workflow step as they’re sent. You can refer to error guides to understand the errors and see how to resolve them. Analyze notification performance SuprSend provides comprehensive analytics to track the performance of your notifications. You can track delivery, seen, and clicks across all channels in a single graph, identify the best-performing channel, and see how users interact with the notification. You can also retrieve the notification data in your data warehouse for internal analysis and reporting using the S3 connector . Configure SuprSend webhook in vendor dashboard to track delivery data 👍 Ensure to include the SuprSend webhook callback URL in your vendor dashboards for WhatsApp, Short Message Service (SMS), and email. This enables tracking of delivery, seen, and click statuses for display in logs and analytics. For real-time updates to your system, you can also add your webhook endpoint as an outbound webhook in SuprSend. SuprSend processes data received from your end-vendors in a standard format, eliminating the need to adapt your system for different vendor data structures. Per-Tenant workflow Tenants represent a segment that a user belongs to. These can include organizations, teams within an organization, subsidiary companies, or different product lines within the same business. While SuprSend doesn’t directly associate workflows with tenants, you can dynamically pass tenant_id in your trigger to send a notification for a tenant. This picks the properties corresponding to that tenant for custom notification content and considers per-tenant preferences when executing the workflow. Read more about tenant workflows here . Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Overview Overview of Notification Categories: How they drive preferences, vendor selection, and latency rules in workflow execution Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Create workflow Notification categories Version control for workflows Trigger workflow Track / Debug Workflow run Analyze notification performance Per-Tenant workflow | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow Organization actions Extropy.IO We are a Web3 and cryptography consultancy based in Oxford Location Oxford, United Kingdom Joined Joined on Nov 16, 2025 Twitter logo External link icon Support email info@extropy.io Employees 5 Meet the team Our story Formed in 2015 , we are passionate about Web3 and cryptography Our stack Solidity, Rust, Go Post 16 posts published Member 2 members Into the Ocean Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Follow Jan 7 Into the Ocean # math # blockchain # zeroknowledge # web3 Comments 1 comment 1 min read The $3 Billion Loss Year: End-of-Year Security Report Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Follow Dec 31 '25 The $3 Billion Loss Year: End-of-Year Security Report # blockchain # security # zeroknowledge # ethereum 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Moon and the Maths: The Sea of Tranquility Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Follow Dec 30 '25 The Moon and the Maths: The Sea of Tranquility # zeroknowledge # math # blockchain # ethereum 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Quantum Event Horizon: Cryptographic Vulnerabilities in the Ethereum Network Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Follow Dec 29 '25 The Quantum Event Horizon: Cryptographic Vulnerabilities in the Ethereum Network # quantum # ethereum # blockchain # web3 Comments Add Comment 6 min read Moon Math Itinerary: The Lunar Map of ZK Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Follow Dec 19 '25 Moon Math Itinerary: The Lunar Map of ZK # zeroknowledgeproofs # zkp # math # blockchain Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Zero Knowledge Proofs are like a Lunar Landscape. Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Follow Dec 15 '25 Why Zero Knowledge Proofs are like a Lunar Landscape. # web3 # zeroknowledge # math # blockchain Comments Add Comment 1 min read An Analysis of Arbitrage Markets Across Ethereum, Solana, Optimism, and Starknet (2024-2025) Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Follow Dec 12 '25 An Analysis of Arbitrage Markets Across Ethereum, Solana, Optimism, and Starknet (2024-2025) # analytics # ethereum # blockchain # web3 Comments Add Comment 14 min read A Developer's Guide to Implementing the x402 Protocol Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Erick Fernandez Follow Dec 11 '25 A Developer's Guide to Implementing the x402 Protocol # x402 # blockchain # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Design Follow Hide More than just making things look nice... Create Post Older #design posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🦄 Build Trust with Visual Systems, Not Flash Adam Marsden Adam Marsden Adam Marsden Follow Nov 19 '25 🦄 Build Trust with Visual Systems, Not Flash # ui # design # product # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI vs Manual Website Design: Comparing Tools, Efficiency, and Pricing Henry Davids Henry Davids Henry Davids Follow Dec 22 '25 AI vs Manual Website Design: Comparing Tools, Efficiency, and Pricing # programming # api # development # design Comments Add Comment 7 min read Essential Graphic Design Principles for Beginners Design by Qayum Design by Qayum Design by Qayum Follow Dec 21 '25 Essential Graphic Design Principles for Beginners # design # graphicdesign # newdesigner Comments 1 comment 7 min read Sustainable Fashion in the Modern World mariamrankhive mariamrankhive mariamrankhive Follow Nov 17 '25 Sustainable Fashion in the Modern World # discuss # design # watercooler Comments Add Comment 4 min read ESP32 Offline Voice Recognition Using Edge Impulse Messin Messin Messin Follow Nov 17 '25 ESP32 Offline Voice Recognition Using Edge Impulse # programming # tutorial # performance # design Comments Add Comment 4 min read Group Project 3 John Phan John Phan John Phan Follow Nov 16 '25 Group Project 3 # showdev # gamedev # java # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read 3d designs repo Dave Dave Dave Follow Nov 18 '25 3d designs repo # 3dprinting # design # onshape # github Comments Add Comment 1 min read ⚪ OneLang — A Programming Language Built From Only One Symbol Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Nov 29 '25 ⚪ OneLang — A Programming Language Built From Only One Symbol # computerscience # design # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read SVG Converter Kristjan Retter Kristjan Retter Kristjan Retter Follow Nov 14 '25 SVG Converter # design # tooling Comments Add Comment 1 min read A Data-Driven Playbook for Utility App Growth: Mastering the LTV:CAC Ratio for Global Scale paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Nov 14 '25 A Data-Driven Playbook for Utility App Growth: Mastering the LTV:CAC Ratio for Global Scale # mobile # devops # design # ios Comments Add Comment 4 min read Top UI/UX Design Trends for 2026: AI-First, Context-Aware Interfaces & Spatial Experiences Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Follow Dec 18 '25 Top UI/UX Design Trends for 2026: AI-First, Context-Aware Interfaces & Spatial Experiences # ux # ui # design # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Israel Data Center: How MedOne Delivers 99.999 Percent Availability at Scale Aalish Aalish Aalish Follow Nov 18 '25 Israel Data Center: How MedOne Delivers 99.999 Percent Availability at Scale # datacenter # cloudcomputing # architecture # design 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read A Better Way to build Fredrick Ogutu Fredrick Ogutu Fredrick Ogutu Follow Nov 14 '25 A Better Way to build # productivity # ui # design # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Design Systems and Reusable Components in 2025: A Practical Guide OneEntry OneEntry OneEntry Follow Nov 14 '25 Design Systems and Reusable Components in 2025: A Practical Guide # ui # frontend # webdev # design Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why File Units Still Matter in a Pixel‑Based World Norah Norah Norah Follow Dec 17 '25 Why File Units Still Matter in a Pixel‑Based World # productivity # design # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Improve Your Website’s UX Without a Full Redesign Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Follow Dec 17 '25 How to Improve Your Website’s UX Without a Full Redesign # ui # ux # webdev # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Best UI/UX of 2026? Why It’s Time for a New Interface Roma Armsrtrong Roma Armsrtrong Roma Armsrtrong Follow Nov 16 '25 The Best UI/UX of 2026? Why It’s Time for a New Interface # ai # seo # design # frontend 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 13 min read Family Sharing: The Retention Strategy That Turns Subscriptions into Shared Value paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Nov 12 '25 Family Sharing: The Retention Strategy That Turns Subscriptions into Shared Value # design # mobile # ios # paywall Comments Add Comment 3 min read How much does a website cost in 2026? A practical counterpoint & updated budget perspective Polina Elizarova Polina Elizarova Polina Elizarova Follow Nov 17 '25 How much does a website cost in 2026? A practical counterpoint & updated budget perspective # webdev # website # programming # design Comments Add Comment 4 min read Emerging graphic design trends for 2026 Karina Egle Karina Egle Karina Egle Follow Nov 13 '25 Emerging graphic design trends for 2026 # design # recommendations # webdesign # graphicdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Visual Storytelling in the Slide Era: Designing Slides That Actually Get Read Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Sonia Bobrik Follow Nov 16 '25 Visual Storytelling in the Slide Era: Designing Slides That Actually Get Read # writing # productivity # career # design Comments Add Comment 6 min read UX Lessons from Building a Clean E-Commerce Experience for Horse Enthusiasts Daniel Dahllöf Daniel Dahllöf Daniel Dahllöf Follow Nov 12 '25 UX Lessons from Building a Clean E-Commerce Experience for Horse Enthusiasts # programming # horse # design # css Comments Add Comment 2 min read Design de schema GraphQL Lucas Pereira de Souza Lucas Pereira de Souza Lucas Pereira de Souza Follow Nov 10 '25 Design de schema GraphQL # design # api # architecture # graphql Comments Add Comment 4 min read GraphQL Schema Design Lucas Pereira de Souza Lucas Pereira de Souza Lucas Pereira de Souza Follow Nov 10 '25 GraphQL Schema Design # architecture # design # api # graphql Comments Add Comment 3 min read Build a Reusable SwiftUI Component Library Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Follow Dec 2 '25 Build a Reusable SwiftUI Component Library # swiftui # design # components # ui 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Dismiss alert {{ message }} OpenFeature Standardizing Feature Flagging for Everyone Verified We've verified that the organization open-feature controls the domain: openfeature.dev Learn more about verified organizations 1.3k followers https://openfeature.dev/ X @openfeature LinkedIn company/openfeature Overview Repositories Discussions Projects Packages People More Overview Repositories Discussions Projects Packages People README.md Welcome to the OpenFeature project 👋 OpenFeature is an open specification that provides a vendor-agnostic, community-driven API for feature flagging that works with your favorite feature flag management tool or in-house solution. Learn More 📚 · Get Started 🔭 · Contribute 😍 · Discover the Ecosystem 🧭 👋 Getting involved There is a lot to do! If you're interested in getting involved, please join our Slack channel , the mailing lists , and attend the community meetings . We're a friendly, collaborative group and look forward to working together! 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https://realpython.com/ref/glossary/queue/ | queue | Python Glossary – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In Table of Contents Example Related Resources ( clear filter ) Clear filter Python Glossary / absolute import abstract base class (ABC) abstract method annotation application programming 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This means that the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed. Queues are useful when you need to maintain the order of elements as they’re processed, similar to a line of people waiting for service. In Python, you can implement queues using various modules and data structures, including the queue module and the collections.deque class, or even using regular lists . Example Here’s a quick example of using a queue in Python with the queue module: Python >>> import queue >>> q = queue . Queue () >>> q . put ( "first" ) >>> q . put ( "second" ) >>> q . put ( "third" ) >>> q <queue.Queue object at 0x1040091d0> >>> q . get () 'first' >>> q . get () 'second' >>> q . get () 'third' >>> q . empty () True In this example, you add elements to the queue using the .put() method and remove them using the .get() method. The order of removal is the same as the order of insertion, demonstrating the FIFO behavior. Related Resources Tutorial Python Stacks, Queues, and Priority Queues in Practice In this tutorial, you'll take a deep dive into the theory and practice of queues in programming. Along the way, you'll get to know the different types of queues, implement them, and then learn about the higher-level queues in Python's standard library. Be prepared to do a lot of coding. intermediate algorithms data-structures For additional information on related topics, take a look at the following resources: Python's deque: Implement Efficient Queues and Stacks (Tutorial) The Python heapq Module: Using Heaps and Priority Queues (Tutorial) By Leodanis Pozo Ramos • Updated June 24, 2025 Python Glossary Share Feedback Learn Python Start Here Learning Resources Code Mentor Python Reference Python Cheat Sheet Support Center Courses & Paths Learning Paths Quizzes & Exercises Browse Topics Live Courses Books Community Podcast Newsletter Community Chat Office Hours Learner Stories Membership Plans & Pricing Team Plans For Business For Schools Reviews Company About Us Team Mission & Values Editorial Guidelines Sponsorships Careers Press Kit Merch Privacy Policy ⋅ Terms of Use ⋅ Security ⋅ Contact Happy Pythoning! © 2012–2026 DevCademy Media Inc. DBA Real Python. All rights reserved. REALPYTHON™ is a trademark of DevCademy Media Inc. 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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#why-these-choices | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://forem.com/chefgs#main-content | Saravanan Gnanaguru - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Saravanan Gnanaguru Cloud DevOps and Infra as Code Location India Joined Joined on Dec 29, 2019 Email address g.gsaravanan@gmail.com Personal website https://gsaravanan.dev/ github website twitter website Pronouns he/him Work Architect Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close Show all 14 badges More info about @chefgs Organizations InfraCloud Technologies AWS Community Builders Kubernetes Community Days Chennai cloudengine labs UpCloud GitHub Repositories golang Repo for golang sample workouts Go • 2 stars awscdk AWS CDK samples repo Python tfcdk Terraform CDK Sample Workouts Python terraform_repo Terraform samples for Major Cloud Providers and Custom Provider Development HCL • 26 stars Available for Technical Writing, Developer Advocacy Post 55 posts published Comment 31 comments written Tag 11 tags followed Pin Pinned Automate Kubernetes Deployment using Terraform and GitHub Actions Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow May 22 '23 Automate Kubernetes Deployment using Terraform and GitHub Actions # githubhack23 # terraform # kubernetes # githubactions 20 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Deploy Kubernetes Resources in Minikube cluster using Terraform Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jun 25 '22 Deploy Kubernetes Resources in Minikube cluster using Terraform # kubernetes # tutorial # minikube # terraform 57 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Develop REST API using Go with API versioning, Basic Auth and Query String Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai May 4 '22 Develop REST API using Go with API versioning, Basic Auth and Query String # go # beginners # tutorial # restapi 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Kubernetes Learning Part II - Understanding of Kubernetes Architecture and Hands-on Lab Setup Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai Apr 18 '22 Kubernetes Learning Part II - Understanding of Kubernetes Architecture and Hands-on Lab Setup # kubernetes # beginners # tutorial 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Create AWS Infrastructure using CDK for Terraform Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Mar 24 '22 Create AWS Infrastructure using CDK for Terraform # terraform # cdktf # beginners # tutorial 12 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read Run Your Own GenAI LLMs Offline with LM Studio Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Aug 13 '25 Run Your Own GenAI LLMs Offline with LM Studio # genai # llm # programming # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Want to connect with Saravanan Gnanaguru? 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Sign in Git Guide to Delete Old Commits and Clear Sensitive Info from Git History Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jul 26 '25 Git Guide to Delete Old Commits and Clear Sensitive Info from Git History # git # security # github # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Kubernetes Automates and Manages Your Docker Containers Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for UpCloud Apr 21 '25 How Kubernetes Automates and Manages Your Docker Containers Comments Add Comment 5 min read GitHub Actions Self-Hosted Runner Setup Guide for Ubuntu Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 23 '24 GitHub Actions Self-Hosted Runner Setup Guide for Ubuntu 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Art of Creating Container Images and Best Practices Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 29 '24 The Art of Creating Container Images and Best Practices # docker # devops # development # devrel 164 reactions Comments 6 comments 7 min read Create Architecture Diagram as Code for a 2-Tier Bookstore Application Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 9 '24 Create Architecture Diagram as Code for a 2-Tier Bookstore Application # aws # python # architecture # devrel 32 reactions Comments 4 comments 9 min read Practicing Kubernetes Control Plane environment in Killercoda Interactive Terminal Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai May 23 '23 Practicing Kubernetes Control Plane environment in Killercoda Interactive Terminal # kubernetes # beginners # kcdchennai # blogathon 14 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Platform Engineering and Internal Developer Platform Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders May 11 '23 Platform Engineering and Internal Developer Platform # devops # platformengineering # idp # beginners 27 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Setup HarperDB on Equinix Bare Metal Server Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Apr 19 '23 Setup HarperDB on Equinix Bare Metal Server # harperdb # database # programming # tutorial 15 reactions Comments 2 comments 8 min read Create Amazon EKS Cluster using Terraform Module Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Apr 18 '23 Create Amazon EKS Cluster using Terraform Module # aws # kubernetes # awseks # tutorial 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Checking the Capability of ChatGPT for DevOps Automation Solution Design Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Apr 9 '23 Checking the Capability of ChatGPT for DevOps Automation Solution Design # chatgpt # beginners # devops # kubernetes 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Glossary of Kubernetes Architecture Components Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Mar 26 '23 Glossary of Kubernetes Architecture Components # kubernetes # architecture # beginners 21 reactions Comments 2 comments 11 min read Effective Mentoring Tips and Guidelines Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Dec 17 '22 Effective Mentoring Tips and Guidelines Comments Add Comment 3 min read Guide to Create Github Actions Workflow for Terraform and AWS Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 29 '22 Guide to Create Github Actions Workflow for Terraform and AWS 13 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Upgrading an End of Life (EOL) Ubuntu OS to LTS version Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Oct 26 '22 Upgrading an End of Life (EOL) Ubuntu OS to LTS version 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Introduction to Kubectl CLI Plugins ctx and ns Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 10 '22 Introduction to Kubectl CLI Plugins ctx and ns 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Git 101: Rename default branch from master to main Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jun 22 '22 Git 101: Rename default branch from master to main # git # tutorial # github # beginners 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Getting started with Python based IaC using AWS CDK Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Jun 14 '22 Getting started with Python based IaC using AWS CDK # aws # cdk # tutorial # beginners 37 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Install Docker on Ubuntu Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai May 25 '22 Install Docker on Ubuntu # docker # beginners # tutorial 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Example for text processing Shell commands - tr, uniq, sort, sed and awk Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai May 10 '22 Example for text processing Shell commands - tr, uniq, sort, sed and awk # bash # tutorial # shell # beginners 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Setup SSH-Key in GitHub for Git Operations Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai May 2 '22 How to Setup SSH-Key in GitHub for Git Operations # git # github # beginners # tutorial 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Develop REST API using Go and Test using various methods Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai Apr 26 '22 How to Develop REST API using Go and Test using various methods # go # api # tutorial # beginners 15 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read Kubernetes Learning Part V: Workload Resource - StatefulSet Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai Apr 25 '22 Kubernetes Learning Part V: Workload Resource - StatefulSet # kubernetes # beginners # tutorial 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Kubernetes Learning Part IV: Workload Resources - Deployment and ReplicaSet Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai Apr 21 '22 Kubernetes Learning Part IV: Workload Resources - Deployment and ReplicaSet # kubernetes # beginners # tutorial 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Kubernetes Learning Part III - K8s Concepts, Pods and Init-Containers Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai Apr 20 '22 Kubernetes Learning Part III - K8s Concepts, Pods and Init-Containers # kubernetes # beginners # tutorial 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Kubernetes Learning Part I - Application Architecture Decision and Purpose of K8s Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for Kubernetes Community Days Chennai Apr 16 '22 Kubernetes Learning Part I - Application Architecture Decision and Purpose of K8s # kcdchennai # kubernetes # tutorial # kcdchennaiblogathon 34 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Git 101 - How to Create Your First GitHub Repository Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Mar 10 '22 Git 101 - How to Create Your First GitHub Repository # github # git # tutorial # beginners 32 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Guide to implement MERN Stack Web App Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jan 13 '22 Guide to implement MERN Stack Web App # javascript # webdev # beginners # tutorial 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read MERN Stack Web Application - Property Bookings Catalog Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jan 12 '22 MERN Stack Web Application - Property Bookings Catalog # atlashackathon # mongodb # javascript # mern 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Become an AWS Community Builder Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 12 '22 How to Become an AWS Community Builder # aws # community # howto 42 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read GitHub Actions workflow for Go Continuous Integration Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Nov 26 '21 GitHub Actions workflow for Go Continuous Integration # actionshackathon21 # go # github # tutorial 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Develop a Custom Provider in Terraform v0.13+ Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Nov 20 '21 How to Develop a Custom Provider in Terraform v0.13+ # terraform # tutorial # customprovider # devops 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Kubernetes Learning Part III: K8s Workload Resources - Deployment and ReplicaSet Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Oct 17 '21 Kubernetes Learning Part III: K8s Workload Resources - Deployment and ReplicaSet # kubernetes # beginners # tutorial # devops 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Script to Generate Table-of-Content for Markdown file Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Sep 15 '21 Script to Generate Table-of-Content for Markdown file # help # markdown # blog # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Kubernetes Learning Part II - K8s Concepts, Pods and Init-Containers Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Sep 12 '21 Kubernetes Learning Part II - K8s Concepts, Pods and Init-Containers # kubernetes # beginners # tutorial # devops 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read How to Setup SSH key for Git Operations in GitHub Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Aug 30 '21 How to Setup SSH key for Git Operations in GitHub # github # git # authentication 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kubernetes Learning Part I - Architecture Decision and Purpose of K8s Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Aug 25 '21 Kubernetes Learning Part I - Architecture Decision and Purpose of K8s # kubernetes # beginners # tutorial # devops 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Getting Started Tutorial for Learning Kubernetes Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Aug 16 '21 Getting Started Tutorial for Learning Kubernetes # kubernetes # beginners # tutorial # devops 23 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read Create and Configure Google Cloud Instance using Terraform and Chef Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jul 15 '21 Create and Configure Google Cloud Instance using Terraform and Chef # terraform # googlecloud # beginners # tutorial 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Create Apache Web Server in AWS Using Terraform Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jun 19 '21 Create Apache Web Server in AWS Using Terraform # terraform # aws # tutorial # beginners 43 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Writing a GitHub Actions Workflow for Chef Cookbook Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Dec 22 '20 Writing a GitHub Actions Workflow for Chef Cookbook # github # actions # devops # chefcookbook 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Install Docker on Ubuntu 16.04 Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Nov 6 '20 Install Docker on Ubuntu 16.04 # docker # gettingstarted # tutorial 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Developing Terraform Custom Provider for Terraform v0.12 Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Oct 31 '20 Developing Terraform Custom Provider for Terraform v0.12 # showdev # terraform # tutorial 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Chef Cookbook GitHub Actions with Chef BDD and Code Analysis Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Sep 16 '20 Chef Cookbook GitHub Actions with Chef BDD and Code Analysis # showdev # actionshackathon # devops 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Develop REST API with Basic API Authentication using Go Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Aug 14 '20 Develop REST API with Basic API Authentication using Go # showdev # go # tutorial # restapi 22 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Develop REST API using Go and Test using various methods Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jul 24 '20 Develop REST API using Go and Test using various methods # showdev # go # tutorial # restapi 16 reactions Comments 5 comments 9 min read Go Hello World! Program Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jul 13 '20 Go Hello World! Program # go # beginners # tutorial 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read AWS EC2 - EBS Volume Encryption Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jul 8 '20 AWS EC2 - EBS Volume Encryption # showdev # aws # ec2 # security 9 reactions Comments 5 comments 4 min read Getting Started with Go in Ubuntu 16.04 Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Saravanan Gnanaguru Follow Jul 1 '20 Getting Started with Go in Ubuntu 16.04 # go # ubuntu # beginners # tutorial 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/decision_intelligent/how-odoo-erp-simplifies-vat-filing-for-uae-businesses-decision-intelligent-26i2#3-realtime-vat-reporting | How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Posted on Jan 5 How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odoo # erp Since the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UAE, businesses are required to maintain accurate financial records, submit timely VAT returns, and comply with Federal Tax Authority (FTA) regulations . While VAT compliance can be complex and time-consuming when handled manually, modern ERP systems like Odoo ERP make the process significantly easier. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help UAE businesses streamline VAT compliance using Odoo ERP , ensuring accuracy, transparency, and peace of mind. This article explains how Odoo ERP simplifies VAT filing for UAE businesses and why it's the preferred solution for growing companies. Understanding VAT Challenges for UAE Businesses Many businesses in the UAE face common VAT-related challenges, including: Manual invoice tracking and data entry errors Incorrect VAT calculations (5% standard rate) Difficulty separating taxable, zero-rated, and exempt supplies Incomplete audit trails Time-consuming VAT return preparation Risk of penalties due to late or incorrect filings Without an integrated system, VAT compliance often becomes a monthly headache rather than a smooth process. What Is Odoo ERP? Odoo ERP is a comprehensive, modular enterprise resource planning system that integrates: Accounting & Finance Sales & Purchase Management Inventory & Warehousing CRM & Operations For UAE businesses, Odoo offers localized VAT features that align with FTA requirements, making it one of the most efficient ERP solutions for VAT compliance. How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing in the UAE 1. Automated VAT Calculation Odoo automatically calculates VAT at 5% on sales and purchases based on predefined tax rules. No manual calculations Reduced human error Consistent tax application across all transactions Each invoice, bill, or credit note automatically reflects the correct VAT amount. 2. VAT-Compliant Invoicing Odoo generates FTA-compliant tax invoices , including: TRN (Tax Registration Number) VAT amount clearly displayed Taxable amount breakdown Invoice date and unique number This ensures every invoice issued meets UAE VAT regulations without additional formatting work. 3. Real-Time VAT Reporting With Odoo ERP, businesses can access real-time VAT reports , including: VAT on sales (output tax) VAT on purchases (input tax) VAT payable or refundable Decision-makers can instantly view VAT liabilities, helping with better cash flow planning. 4. FTA-Ready VAT Return Reports Odoo generates VAT return reports aligned with the UAE FTA format, making it easier to: Prepare VAT returns Validate figures before submission Reduce dependency on spreadsheets With Decision Intelligent's Odoo configuration, reports are structured to match FTA Form 201 , minimizing errors during filing. 5. Centralized Record Keeping for Audits FTA requires businesses to retain VAT records for at least 5 years. Odoo ERP securely stores: Invoices Bills Credit notes VAT reports Transaction history This creates a clear audit trail , making VAT audits stress-free and transparent. 6. Handling Multiple VAT Scenarios Odoo supports different VAT scenarios, including: Standard-rated supplies Zero-rated supplies Exempt transactions Imports and reverse charge mechanisms Decision Intelligent customizes Odoo to ensure your VAT setup reflects your exact business operations. Why UAE Businesses Choose Decision Intelligent for Odoo VAT Setup At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we go beyond basic ERP implementation. We offer: ✅ UAE VAT-compliant Odoo configuration ✅ Customized tax rules based on your industry ✅ VAT reporting optimization ✅ User training for finance teams ✅ Ongoing support & compliance guidance Our consultants ensure your ERP system works with your business , not against it. Industries That Benefit Most from Odoo VAT Automation Odoo VAT features are especially valuable for: Trading companies Retail & eCommerce businesses Manufacturing firms Service-based companies Restaurants & hospitality Real estate & contracting companies Each industry has unique VAT requirements - and Odoo adapts accordingly. Common Mistakes Avoided with Odoo ERP By using Odoo ERP, businesses avoid: ❌ Incorrect VAT calculations ❌ Missing VAT details on invoices ❌ Inconsistent reporting ❌ Manual spreadsheet errors ❌ Late or inaccurate VAT filings Automation significantly reduces compliance risk. VAT compliance doesn't have to be complicated. With Odoo ERP , UAE businesses can automate VAT calculations, generate compliant invoices, and prepare accurate VAT returns effortlessly. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help businesses implement VAT-ready Odoo ERP solutions that save time, reduce risk, and support sustainable growth. Ready to Simplify Your VAT Filing? 👉 Book a free Odoo consultation with Decision Intelligent 📩 info@decisionintelligent.com 🌐 decisionintelligent.com 👉 Call/Whatsapp: +971505169693 / +971585703015 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow We empower organizations across industries to harness the power of artificial intelligence and make informed, data-backed decisions that drive success. Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates Joined Nov 18, 2025 More from DECISION INTELLIGENT UAE VAT & Corporate Tax Compliance with Odoo ERP | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odooerp # uaetax Cloud vs On-Prem ERP: What Decision Intelligent Recommends for SMEs # decisionintelligent # odooerp # ai # sme Odoo for Real Estate: How Decision Intelligent Helps Agencies Automate Operations # decisionintelligent # ai # odoo # realestate 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#key-features-im-proud-of | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/aws-builders/can-we-implement-asynchronous-circuit-breakers-with-serverless-architecture-34gh | Can we implement asynchronous circuit breakers with serverless architecture? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Marcos Henrique for AWS Community Builders Posted on Dec 22, 2023 • Edited on Dec 26, 2023 Can we implement asynchronous circuit breakers with serverless architecture? # todayilearned # aws # serverless Scenario We are attempting to make a post request that involves calling a third-party API , the application is serverless and an EDA , so everything. Nevertheless, this API occasionally experiences unexpected outages. We are currently exploring possible solutions to address this issue. A typical "trust no one" problem can arise when integrating with external partners or suppliers, and the first thing that occurred in my mind was whether I should use a circuit breaker , However, this is only used in synchronous applications, and my application is entirely asynchronous . How can I achieve it? First of all, let's recap. What is a circuit breaker ? Visualise your app as a rock star holding an arena concert, and the Circuit Breaker is that guy backstage who knows when you've just gone too far. You'll fry the stage wiring if you keep up like that. So, your application is at the top of its lungs, each note is a service call. But then suddenly, the guitar amp (your database) wants to rest. Rather than having your app crying for more solos, like a cool roadie, the Circuit Breaker watches out after things, saying: "Calm down there. The amp needs time to breathe." It's like making sure your concert doesn't descend into a riotous frenzy, allowing the guitar amp (your company) to cool down. Who wants to hear the tale of a concert fiasco? In the curtain call, the Circuit Breaker is your backup plan for staying gigable even when glitches strike you out midair. So, you can rock on, but with a safety net. Backing to the tech buzzwords In a nutshell, a circuit breaker is designed for synchronous applications because it can interrupt the sequence of operations when one fails swiftly. In synchronous settings, operations occur linearly, allowing the circuit breaker to prevent cascading failures effectively. In contrast, asynchronous applications, with concurrent and independent operations, often rely on different error-handling mechanisms better suited to their non-linear and non-blocking nature Is it possible to accomplish an asynchronous circuit breaker? I've been brainstorming and coming up with some out-of-the-box ways to achieve our goal. I'm excited to share these two approaches with you! 1 - A self-healing Lambda function that adapts its throughput based on performance This unbeatable article goes through a way how to handle third parties in an approach using kinesis and a ventilator lambda function , below it's a small piece of this treasure written by the marvellous serverless hero Yan Cui at the OG BurningMonk Blog . The ventilator function can, therefore, self-adjust its batch size by updating the Kinesis event source mapping. As the provider API’s response time goes up, the ventilator can respond by reducing its batch size. This gives the API a chance to catch its breath and recover. When the response time returns to acceptable levels, then the ventilator can gradually increase its batch size back to previous levels 2 - Take a break for your downstream 😅 After a quick catch-up with a 🇵🇱 Polish Wizard a.k.a Łukasz Kiedrowski 🧙♂️, giving me some wisdom, he sent me a quote that basically blew my mind. This quote, written by him, clarified the perspective I was wondering about, a way to achieve the wanted async circuit breaker using basically only a DLQ In EDA architectures DLQ (maxReceiveCount + dynamic visibility timeout) will act as a circuit breaker in Synchronous architectures This approach will protect you from the third party but won't act, in fact, as a "breaker". It will reduce the invocations instead of breaking it, protecting you from third-party failure . This post presents some alternatives for implementing a circuit breaker within an asynchronous serverless environment. Please let me know if you would like to see an implementation of this. Of course, I would highly appreciate constructive discussion. If you don't agree with anything mentioned here, please feel free to leave your comments below. Cheers! Top comments (7) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Andy Andy Andy Follow Joined Dec 24, 2023 • Dec 24 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Lots of ways to skin the cat here but ultimately you need some flag controlling the status of the third party service, updated by your Lambda. From there you could use either AWS Systems Manager or AWS Config to control concurrency/batch size of the Lambda function, reacting to changes in the flag. Think of it as a Cloudwatch Alarm or a Feature Flag. That's only half the battle of course, it's still letting messages through so configure SQS to push to a DLQ but also ensure the DLQ is set to redrive those messages back to the source queue, with timings that make sense for the process. Then it's completely automatic and you don't need to intervene or worry about it, other than to consider if you need FIFO or not and what sort of throughput you need and the resulting backlog that will cause. If your app is truly EDA, then it should also respect idempotency to prevent inadvertent duplication and back to the earlier point on Cloudwatch Alarms, if your backlog ends up high you can increase batch size and concurrency based on queue depth so you're not waiting ages for the processes to catch up following the outage. Hope that helps! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Marcos Henrique AWS Community Builders Marcos Henrique AWS Community Builders Marcos Henrique Follow "Programming isn't about what you know; it's about what you can figure out.” Learning in Public 🧑🏻💻 Email wakeupmh@gmail.com Location São José dos Campos Work Cloud Engineer | AWS Community Builder Joined May 21, 2019 • Dec 24 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, man! Thanks a lot for sharing. This could help clarify everything for everyone who drops by. Hehe. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Marcos Henrique AWS Community Builders Marcos Henrique AWS Community Builders Marcos Henrique Follow "Programming isn't about what you know; it's about what you can figure out.” Learning in Public 🧑🏻💻 Email wakeupmh@gmail.com Location São José dos Campos Work Cloud Engineer | AWS Community Builder Joined May 21, 2019 • Dec 24 '23 • Edited on Dec 24 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was wondering if it's possible to throttle the first lambda when a CloudWatch alarm is triggered Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andy Andy Andy Follow Joined Dec 24, 2023 • Dec 25 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Kind of. Two options... In your Lambda, your external service has failed, your batch is now 1, you get the next message, it fails. Before dropping to the DLQ you check that feature flag and if it's in error state then throw in a 30 second sleep. This will really slow down batch retrieval, but will increase Lambda runtime and cost and make sure concurrency is 1 or you can get 100 functions sitting for 30 seconds!! You don't want to lose messages which is why you have SQS but you might not want to lose the FIFO ordering either which DLQ usage will. In which case you can "turn off" SQS as an event source temporarily. It doesn't turn off SQS, you'll still get messages from your publisher but Lambda won't trigger. In this scenario, you would then need the feature flag to trigger another function that checks the response on your external service regularly and when it's working again it updates the feature flag and enables SQS as the event source. This is useful when that external service can be down for hours at a time. I had this with a vendor and didn't want to just cycle through the queue over and over, so this is the "proper" circuit breaker approach, in that the circuit is disabled and nothing passes through it until you turn it back on again. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Roxanne D. Miller Roxanne D. Miller Roxanne D. Miller Follow I AM SALES MANGER IN AL KHAN . Joined Jan 9, 2024 • Jan 20 '24 • Edited on Jan 23 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, implementing asynchronous circuit breakers in a serverless architecture is feasible. Serverless computing relies on event-driven functions, and asynchronous circuit breakers can be designed to monitor and manage such events. By leveraging serverless features like AWS Lambda or Azure Functions, developers can implement circuit-breaking patterns to handle asynchronous communication and prevent system failures and there is now easier to browse ( scoopearth.com/recieving-healing-b... ) site for best body healing. This approach enhances fault tolerance by temporarily isolating faulty services, allowing them to recover independently. Asynchronous circuit breakers in serverless architectures contribute to robust, scalable, and resilient systems, ensuring smooth operation even in the face of unpredictable events or failures. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand chgerkens chgerkens chgerkens Follow Location Hamburg, Germany Work AWS Solution Architect at globaldatanet Joined Jan 13, 2021 • Jan 2 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You may want to check out "Circuit Breaker Solution for AWS Lambda Functions" medium.com/@ch.gerkens/circuit-bre... Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Marcos Henrique AWS Community Builders Marcos Henrique AWS Community Builders Marcos Henrique Follow "Programming isn't about what you know; it's about what you can figure out.” Learning in Public 🧑🏻💻 Email wakeupmh@gmail.com Location São José dos Campos Work Cloud Engineer | AWS Community Builder Joined May 21, 2019 • Jan 3 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide such amazing approach, thanks for sharing it Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse AWS Community Builders Follow Build On! Would you like to become an AWS Community Builder? Learn more about the program and apply to join when applications are open next. Learn more More from AWS Community Builders From Fragmented Monitoring to Unified Observability # cncf # aws # ecs # opentelemetry AWS Graviton migration with Kiro CLI and the Arm MCP server # kiro # aws # arm # mcp 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) # aws # ec2 # linux # cloud 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#1-contextaware-fampb-orders | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://design.forem.com/privacy#d-other-purposes | Privacy Policy - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # technical Follow Hide Create Post Older #technical posts 1 2 3 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How I Built a Zero-Dependency Technical Research Blog with Just HTML, CSS, and Markdown Huy Pham Huy Pham Huy Pham Follow Jan 13 How I Built a Zero-Dependency Technical Research Blog with Just HTML, CSS, and Markdown # news # research # technical # claudecode Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Practical Guide to Building Your First Card Payment System with Blnk Finance Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Follow Jan 9 A Practical Guide to Building Your First Card Payment System with Blnk Finance # technical # devrel # blnkfinance # fintech 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read Technical SEO for E-commerce in 2026: What Engineers Actually Need to Get Right Blue Tuskr USA Blue Tuskr USA Blue Tuskr USA Follow Dec 29 '25 Technical SEO for E-commerce in 2026: What Engineers Actually Need to Get Right # seo # ecommerce # technical # s Comments Add Comment 4 min read Your Guide to Mastering Email Forwarding Wajeeha Zeeshan Wajeeha Zeeshan Wajeeha Zeeshan Follow for IT Services and Consulting Dec 10 '25 Your Guide to Mastering Email Forwarding # email # businessgrowth # technical # microsoft365 Comments Add Comment 2 min read Apache SeaTunnel vs. DataX, Flink CDC, and Talend: A Full Technical Comparison Apache SeaTunnel Apache SeaTunnel Apache SeaTunnel Follow Dec 4 '25 Apache SeaTunnel vs. DataX, Flink CDC, and Talend: A Full Technical Comparison # apacheseatunnel # datascience # flink # technical 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Extracting IP Addresses from Palo Alto Configs: A Technical Guide SimpleIPAM SimpleIPAM SimpleIPAM Follow Nov 30 '25 Extracting IP Addresses from Palo Alto Configs: A Technical Guide # paloalto # parsing # technical # xml Comments Add Comment 3 min read Parsing FortiGate Configs: What We Extract and Why SimpleIPAM SimpleIPAM SimpleIPAM Follow Nov 30 '25 Parsing FortiGate Configs: What We Extract and Why # fortigate # parsing # technical Comments Add Comment 4 min read Allowing/Blocking Emails or Domains in Microsoft 365 Wajeeha Zeeshan Wajeeha Zeeshan Wajeeha Zeeshan Follow for IT Services and Consulting Nov 27 '25 Allowing/Blocking Emails or Domains in Microsoft 365 # emails # domains # technical # microsoft365 Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building an Enhanced Squoosh: High-Performance Local Image Compression with libimagequant-wasm AlixWang AlixWang AlixWang Follow Oct 27 '25 Building an Enhanced Squoosh: High-Performance Local Image Compression with libimagequant-wasm # technical # webassembly # performance Comments Add Comment 7 min read Voice Search Ready: Optimizing E‑commerce Product Pages for 2025 Ramer Lacida Ramer Lacida Ramer Lacida Follow Sep 21 '25 Voice Search Ready: Optimizing E‑commerce Product Pages for 2025 # seo # voicesearch # ecommerce # technical Comments Add Comment 4 min read Turbocharge Your E‑commerce Site Speed: SEO Tips for 2025 Rankings Ramer Lacida Ramer Lacida Ramer Lacida Follow Sep 21 '25 Turbocharge Your E‑commerce Site Speed: SEO Tips for 2025 Rankings # ecommerce # sitespeed # seo # technical Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to conduct a useful technical interview (based on my personal experience (subjective opinion)) Anton Malofeev Anton Malofeev Anton Malofeev Follow Sep 15 '25 How to conduct a useful technical interview (based on my personal experience (subjective opinion)) # technical # interview 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read DevLog 2025801: Procedural Context Type Charles Zhang Charles Zhang Charles Zhang Follow for Methodox Technologies, Inc. Aug 2 '25 DevLog 2025801: Procedural Context Type # divooka # technical # architecture # procedural 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Schema Markup SEO: Hidden HTML Code That Doubles Your Search Traffic Reuben Reuben Reuben Follow May 20 '25 Schema Markup SEO: Hidden HTML Code That Doubles Your Search Traffic # marketing # technical # seo # html 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 16 min read What I Learned Publishing 5 Technical Blogs in 7 Days on Medium | by Faruk Ahmed | May, 2025 Faruk Faruk Faruk Follow May 31 '25 What I Learned Publishing 5 Technical Blogs in 7 Days on Medium | by Faruk Ahmed | May, 2025 # what # learned # technical # blogs Comments Add Comment 1 min read The AI Revolution You Didn't See Coming: How "Attention Is All You Need" Changed Everything Anurag Deo Anurag Deo Anurag Deo Follow Jun 5 '25 The AI Revolution You Didn't See Coming: How "Attention Is All You Need" Changed Everything # research # advanced # technical # academic 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 10 min read Apache DolphinScheduler Restricts Timing Scheduling at the Second Level Chen Debra Chen Debra Chen Debra Follow Dec 18 '24 Apache DolphinScheduler Restricts Timing Scheduling at the Second Level # javascript # dolphinscheduler # opensource # technical Comments Add Comment 4 min read Navigating Technical Interviews: The Most Popular Questions SalmanIyad SalmanIyad SalmanIyad Follow Oct 20 '24 Navigating Technical Interviews: The Most Popular Questions # interview # development # technical Comments Add Comment 5 min read The #1 mistake developers make about being too technical Uriel Bitton Uriel Bitton Uriel Bitton Follow Apr 9 '24 The #1 mistake developers make about being too technical # developers # technical # programming # compsci 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read The Importance of Soft Skills Luis Castro Luis Castro Luis Castro Follow Mar 7 '24 The Importance of Soft Skills # webdev # softskills # developers # technical Comments Add Comment 5 min read aptLearn: YOUR PATH TO TECHNICAL SUCCESS SynthScript SynthScript SynthScript Follow Mar 6 '24 aptLearn: YOUR PATH TO TECHNICAL SUCCESS # technical # aptlearn # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read All you need to know - 2024 Bahrain Grand Prix preview Tracing Insights Tracing Insights Tracing Insights Follow Mar 1 '24 All you need to know - 2024 Bahrain Grand Prix preview # f1 # formula1 # technical # bahraingp Comments Add Comment 5 min read Need to Create a Simple Content Aggregator Website using Django? It's a Minimalist Task Nick Nick Nick Follow Jan 4 '24 Need to Create a Simple Content Aggregator Website using Django? It's a Minimalist Task # django # webdev # technical # python 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Modern Software Development Practices, Terms and Trends Mainul Hasan Mainul Hasan Mainul Hasan Follow Jan 25 '24 Modern Software Development Practices, Terms and Trends # agile # devops # technical # softwaredevelopment 8 reactions Comments 4 comments 11 min read A technical look at the news of "Python moves to remove the GIL". Some coding & some source checking Jadi Jadi Jadi Follow Aug 28 '23 A technical look at the news of "Python moves to remove the GIL". 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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#the-tech-stack | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse TechDogs for TechDogs Posted on Dec 4, 2024 Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News # ai # openai # tech # news AI infrastructure firm Nebius Group raised $700 million from investors, including Nvidia, Accel, and Orbis Investments, to expand its AI infrastructure capabilities post-Yandex split. Source: Reuters A report urges banning Chinese-made lidar sensors in U.S. defense equipment, citing hacking risks. Lidar, vital in vehicles and infrastructure, maps surroundings with laser technology. 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More from TechDogs Which mobile chipset powers smarter experiences—Snapdragon or MediaTek? # mediatekvssnapdragon # aichipset # ai # techinnovation Is your AI smart enough to think beyond keywords? # aiinbusiness # techinnovation # ai Daily Dose 11 April 2025 # techdogs # technology # dailydose # tech 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/decision_intelligent/how-odoo-erp-simplifies-vat-filing-for-uae-businesses-decision-intelligent-26i2#4-ftaready-vat-return%C2%A0reports | How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Posted on Jan 5 How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odoo # erp Since the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UAE, businesses are required to maintain accurate financial records, submit timely VAT returns, and comply with Federal Tax Authority (FTA) regulations . While VAT compliance can be complex and time-consuming when handled manually, modern ERP systems like Odoo ERP make the process significantly easier. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help UAE businesses streamline VAT compliance using Odoo ERP , ensuring accuracy, transparency, and peace of mind. This article explains how Odoo ERP simplifies VAT filing for UAE businesses and why it's the preferred solution for growing companies. Understanding VAT Challenges for UAE Businesses Many businesses in the UAE face common VAT-related challenges, including: Manual invoice tracking and data entry errors Incorrect VAT calculations (5% standard rate) Difficulty separating taxable, zero-rated, and exempt supplies Incomplete audit trails Time-consuming VAT return preparation Risk of penalties due to late or incorrect filings Without an integrated system, VAT compliance often becomes a monthly headache rather than a smooth process. What Is Odoo ERP? Odoo ERP is a comprehensive, modular enterprise resource planning system that integrates: Accounting & Finance Sales & Purchase Management Inventory & Warehousing CRM & Operations For UAE businesses, Odoo offers localized VAT features that align with FTA requirements, making it one of the most efficient ERP solutions for VAT compliance. How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing in the UAE 1. Automated VAT Calculation Odoo automatically calculates VAT at 5% on sales and purchases based on predefined tax rules. No manual calculations Reduced human error Consistent tax application across all transactions Each invoice, bill, or credit note automatically reflects the correct VAT amount. 2. VAT-Compliant Invoicing Odoo generates FTA-compliant tax invoices , including: TRN (Tax Registration Number) VAT amount clearly displayed Taxable amount breakdown Invoice date and unique number This ensures every invoice issued meets UAE VAT regulations without additional formatting work. 3. Real-Time VAT Reporting With Odoo ERP, businesses can access real-time VAT reports , including: VAT on sales (output tax) VAT on purchases (input tax) VAT payable or refundable Decision-makers can instantly view VAT liabilities, helping with better cash flow planning. 4. FTA-Ready VAT Return Reports Odoo generates VAT return reports aligned with the UAE FTA format, making it easier to: Prepare VAT returns Validate figures before submission Reduce dependency on spreadsheets With Decision Intelligent's Odoo configuration, reports are structured to match FTA Form 201 , minimizing errors during filing. 5. Centralized Record Keeping for Audits FTA requires businesses to retain VAT records for at least 5 years. Odoo ERP securely stores: Invoices Bills Credit notes VAT reports Transaction history This creates a clear audit trail , making VAT audits stress-free and transparent. 6. Handling Multiple VAT Scenarios Odoo supports different VAT scenarios, including: Standard-rated supplies Zero-rated supplies Exempt transactions Imports and reverse charge mechanisms Decision Intelligent customizes Odoo to ensure your VAT setup reflects your exact business operations. Why UAE Businesses Choose Decision Intelligent for Odoo VAT Setup At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we go beyond basic ERP implementation. We offer: ✅ UAE VAT-compliant Odoo configuration ✅ Customized tax rules based on your industry ✅ VAT reporting optimization ✅ User training for finance teams ✅ Ongoing support & compliance guidance Our consultants ensure your ERP system works with your business , not against it. Industries That Benefit Most from Odoo VAT Automation Odoo VAT features are especially valuable for: Trading companies Retail & eCommerce businesses Manufacturing firms Service-based companies Restaurants & hospitality Real estate & contracting companies Each industry has unique VAT requirements - and Odoo adapts accordingly. Common Mistakes Avoided with Odoo ERP By using Odoo ERP, businesses avoid: ❌ Incorrect VAT calculations ❌ Missing VAT details on invoices ❌ Inconsistent reporting ❌ Manual spreadsheet errors ❌ Late or inaccurate VAT filings Automation significantly reduces compliance risk. VAT compliance doesn't have to be complicated. With Odoo ERP , UAE businesses can automate VAT calculations, generate compliant invoices, and prepare accurate VAT returns effortlessly. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help businesses implement VAT-ready Odoo ERP solutions that save time, reduce risk, and support sustainable growth. Ready to Simplify Your VAT Filing? 👉 Book a free Odoo consultation with Decision Intelligent 📩 info@decisionintelligent.com 🌐 decisionintelligent.com 👉 Call/Whatsapp: +971505169693 / +971585703015 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Follow We empower organizations across industries to harness the power of artificial intelligence and make informed, data-backed decisions that drive success. Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates Joined Nov 18, 2025 More from DECISION INTELLIGENT UAE VAT & Corporate Tax Compliance with Odoo ERP | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odooerp # uaetax Cloud vs On-Prem ERP: What Decision Intelligent Recommends for SMEs # decisionintelligent # odooerp # ai # sme Odoo for Real Estate: How Decision Intelligent Helps Agencies Automate Operations # decisionintelligent # ai # odoo # realestate 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#challenge-2-multilanguage-support | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#2-flexible-deployment-options | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://www.anthropic.com/legal/aup | Skip to main content Skip to footer Research Economic Futures Commitments Learn News Try Claude Usage Policy Effective September 15, 2025 Previous Version English Our Usage Policy (also referred to as our “Acceptable Use Policy” or “AUP”) applies to anyone who can submit inputs to Anthropic’s products and/or services, including via any authorized resellers or passthrough access, all of whom we refer to as “users.” The Usage Policy is intended to help our users stay safe and promote the responsible use of our products and services. The Usage Policy is categorized according to who can use our products and for what purposes. We will update our policy as our technology and the associated risks evolve or as we learn about unanticipated risks. Universal Usage Standards: Our Universal Usage Standards apply to all users and use cases. 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https://realpython.com/python-collections-module/ | Python's collections: A Buffet of Specialized Data Types – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Getting Started With Python’s collections Improving Code Readability: namedtuple() Building Efficient Queues and Stacks: deque Handling Missing Keys: defaultdict Keeping Your Dictionaries Ordered: OrderedDict Counting Objects in One Go: Counter Chaining Dictionaries Together: ChainMap Customizing Built-Ins: UserString, UserList, and UserDict Conclusion Mark as Completed Share Python's collections: A Buffet of Specialized Data Types by Leodanis Pozo Ramos Reading time estimate 39m intermediate data-structures python stdlib Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Getting Started With Python’s collections Improving Code Readability: namedtuple() Building Efficient Queues and Stacks: deque Handling Missing Keys: defaultdict Keeping Your Dictionaries Ordered: OrderedDict Counting Objects in One Go: Counter Chaining Dictionaries Together: ChainMap Customizing Built-Ins: UserString, UserList, and UserDict Conclusion Remove ads Python’s collections module provides a rich set of specialized container data types carefully designed to approach specific programming problems in a Pythonic and efficient way. The module also provides wrapper classes that make it safer to create custom classes that behave similar to the built-in types dict , list , and str . Learning about the data types and classes in collections will allow you to grow your programming tool kit with a valuable set of reliable and efficient tools. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: Write readable and explicit code with namedtuple Build efficient queues and stacks with deque Count objects quickly with Counter Handle missing dictionary keys with defaultdict Guarantee the insertion order of keys with OrderedDict Manage multiple dictionaries as a single unit with ChainMap To better understand the data types and classes in collections , you should know the basics of working with Python’s built-in data types, such as lists , tuples , and dictionaries . Additionally, the last part of the article requires some basic knowledge about object-oriented programming in Python. Free Download: Get a sample chapter from Python Tricks: The Book that shows you Python’s best practices with simple examples you can apply instantly to write more beautiful + Pythonic code. Getting Started With Python’s collections Back in Python 2.4 , Raymond Hettinger contributed a new module called collections to the standard library . The goal was to provide various specialized collection data types to approach specific programming problems. At that time, collections only included one data structure, deque , which was specially designed as a double-ended queue that supports efficient append and pop operations on either end of the sequence. From this point on, several modules in the standard library took advantage of deque to improve the performance of their classes and structures. Some outstanding examples are queue and threading . With time, a handful of specialized container data types populated the module: Data type Python version Description deque 2.4 A sequence-like collection that supports efficient addition and removal of items from either end of the sequence defaultdict 2.5 A dictionary subclass for constructing default values for missing keys and automatically adding them to the dictionary namedtuple() 2.6 A factory function for creating subclasses of tuple that provides named fields that allow accessing items by name while keeping the ability to access items by index OrderedDict 2.7 , 3.1 A dictionary subclass that keeps the key-value pairs ordered according to when the keys are inserted Counter 2.7 , 3.1 A dictionary subclass that supports convenient counting of unique items in a sequence or iterable ChainMap 3.3 A dictionary-like class that allows treating a number of mappings as a single dictionary object Besides these specialized data types, collections also provides three base classes that facilitate the creations of custom lists, dictionaries, and strings : Class Description UserDict A wrapper class around a dictionary object that facilitates subclassing dict UserList A wrapper class around a list object that facilitates subclassing list UserString A wrapper class around a string object that facilitates subclassing string The need for these wrapper classes was partially eclipsed by the ability to subclass the corresponding standard built-in data types. However, sometimes using these classes is safer and less error-prone than using standard data types. With this brief introduction to collections and the specific use cases that the data structures and classes in this module can solve, it’s time to take a closer look at them. Before that, it’s important to point out that this tutorial is an introduction to collections as a whole. In most of the following sections, you’ll find a blue alert box that’ll guide you to a dedicated article on the class or function at hand. Remove ads Improving Code Readability: namedtuple() Python’s namedtuple() is a factory function that allows you to create tuple subclasses with named fields . These fields give you direct access to the values in a given named tuple using the dot notation , like in obj.attr . The need for this feature arose because using indices to access the values in a regular tuple is annoying, difficult to read, and error-prone. This is especially true if the tuple you’re working with has several items and is constructed far away from where you’re using it. Note: Check out Write Pythonic and Clean Code With namedtuple for a deeper dive into how to use namedtuple in Python. A tuple subclass with named fields that developers can access with the dot notation seemed like a desirable feature back in Python 2.6. That’s the origin of namedtuple() . The tuple subclasses you can build with this function are a big win in code readability if you compare them with regular tuples. To put the code readability problem in perspective, consider divmod() . This built-in function takes two (non-complex) numbers and returns a tuple with the quotient and remainder that result from the integer division of the input values: Python >>> divmod ( 12 , 5 ) (2, 2) It works nicely. However, is this result readable? Can you tell what the meaning of each number in the output is? Fortunately, Python offers a way to improve this. You can code a custom version of divmod() with an explicit result using namedtuple : Python >>> from collections import namedtuple >>> def custom_divmod ( x , y ): ... DivMod = namedtuple ( "DivMod" , "quotient remainder" ) ... return DivMod ( * divmod ( x , y )) ... >>> result = custom_divmod ( 12 , 5 ) >>> result DivMod(quotient=2, remainder=2) >>> result . quotient 2 >>> result . remainder 2 Now you know the meaning of each value in the result. You can also access each independent value using the dot notation and a descriptive field name. To create new tuple subclass using namedtuple() , you need two required arguments: typename is the name of the class you’re creating. It must be a string with a valid Python identifier . field_names is the list of field names you’ll use to access the items in the resulting tuple. It can be: An iterable of strings, such as ["field1", "field2", ..., "fieldN"] A string with whitespace-separated field names, such as "field1 field2 ... fieldN" A string with comma-separated field names, such as "field1, field2, ..., fieldN" For example, here are different ways to create a sample 2D Point with two coordinates ( x and y ) using namedtuple() : Python >>> from collections import namedtuple >>> # Use a list of strings as field names >>> Point = namedtuple ( "Point" , [ "x" , "y" ]) >>> point = Point ( 2 , 4 ) >>> point Point(x=2, y=4) >>> # Access the coordinates >>> point . x 2 >>> point . y 4 >>> point [ 0 ] 2 >>> # Use a generator expression as field names >>> Point = namedtuple ( "Point" , ( field for field in "xy" )) >>> Point ( 2 , 4 ) Point(x=2, y=4) >>> # Use a string with comma-separated field names >>> Point = namedtuple ( "Point" , "x, y" ) >>> Point ( 2 , 4 ) Point(x=2, y=4) >>> # Use a string with space-separated field names >>> Point = namedtuple ( "Point" , "x y" ) >>> Point ( 2 , 4 ) Point(x=2, y=4) In these examples, you first create Point using a list of field names. Then you instantiate Point to make a point object. Note that you can access x and y by field name and also by index. The remaining examples show how to create an equivalent named tuple with a string of comma-separated field names, a generator expression , and a string of space-separated field names. Named tuples also provide a bunch of cool features that allow you to define default values for your fields, create a dictionary from a given named tuple, replace the value of a given field, and more: Python >>> from collections import namedtuple >>> # Define default values for fields >>> Person = namedtuple ( "Person" , "name job" , defaults = [ "Python Developer" ]) >>> person = Person ( "Jane" ) >>> person Person(name='Jane', job='Python Developer') >>> # Create a dictionary from a named tuple >>> person . _asdict () {'name': 'Jane', 'job': 'Python Developer'} >>> # Replace the value of a field >>> person = person . _replace ( job = "Web Developer" ) >>> person Person(name='Jane', job='Web Developer') Here, you first create a Person class using namedtuple() . This time, you use an optional argument called defaults that accepts a sequence of default values for the tuple’s fields. Note that namedtuple() applies the default values to the rightmost fields. In the second example, you create a dictionary from an existing named tuple using ._asdict() . This method returns a new dictionary that uses the field names as keys. Finally, you use ._replace() to replace the original value of job . This method doesn’t update the tuple in place but returns a new named tuple with the new value stored in the corresponding field. Do you have an idea of why ._replace() returns a new named tuple? Remove ads Building Efficient Queues and Stacks: deque Python’s deque was the first data structure in collections . This sequence-like data type is a generalization of stacks and queues designed to support memory-efficient and fast append and pop operations on both ends of the data structure. Note: The word deque is pronounced “deck” and stands for d ouble- e nded que ue. In Python, append and pop operations on the beginning or left side of list objects are inefficient, with O ( n ) time complexity . These operations are especially expensive if you’re working with large lists because Python has to move all the items to the right to insert new items at the beginning of the list. On the other hand, append and pop operations on the right side of a list are normally efficient ( O (1)) except for those cases in which Python needs to reallocate memory to grow the underlying list for accepting new items. Python’s deque was created to overcome this problem. Append and pop operations on both sides of a deque object are stable and equally efficient because deques are implemented as a doubly linked list . That’s why deques are particularly useful for creating stacks and queues. Take a queue as an example. It manages items in a First-In/First-Out ( FIFO ) fashion. It works as a pipe, where you push in new items at one end of the pipe and pop old items out from the other end. Adding an item to the end of a queue is known as an enqueue operation. Removing an item from the front or beginning of a queue is called dequeue . Note: Check out Python’s deque: Implement Efficient Queues and Stacks for a thorough exploration into using deque in your Python code. Now say you’re modeling a queue of people waiting to buy tickets to a movie. You can do that with a deque . Every time a new person arrives, you enqueue them. When the person at the front of the queue gets their tickets, you dequeue them. Here’s how you can emulate the process using a deque object: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> ticket_queue = deque () >>> ticket_queue deque([]) >>> # People arrive to the queue >>> ticket_queue . append ( "Jane" ) >>> ticket_queue . append ( "John" ) >>> ticket_queue . append ( "Linda" ) >>> ticket_queue deque(['Jane', 'John', 'Linda']) >>> # People bought their tickets >>> ticket_queue . popleft () 'Jane' >>> ticket_queue . popleft () 'John' >>> ticket_queue . popleft () 'Linda' >>> # No people on the queue >>> ticket_queue . popleft () Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : pop from an empty deque Here, you first create an empty deque object to represent the queue of people. To enqueue a person, you can use .append() , which adds items to the right end of a deque. To dequeue a person, you use .popleft() , which removes and returns items on the left end of a deque. Note: In the Python standard library, you’ll find queue . This module implements multi-producer, multi-consumer queues useful for exchanging information between multiple threads safely. The deque initializer takes two optional arguments: iterable holds an iterable that serves as an initializer. maxlen holds an integer number that specifies the maximum length of the deque . If you don’t provide an iterable , then you get an empty deque. If you supply a value to maxlen , then your deque will only store up to maxlen items. Having a maxlen is a handy feature. For example, say you need to implement a list of recent files in one of your applications. In that case, you can do the following: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> recent_files = deque ([ "core.py" , "README.md" , "__init__.py" ], maxlen = 3 ) >>> recent_files . appendleft ( "database.py" ) >>> recent_files deque(['database.py', 'core.py', 'README.md'], maxlen=3) >>> recent_files . appendleft ( "requirements.txt" ) >>> recent_files deque(['requirements.txt', 'database.py', 'core.py'], maxlen=3) Once the deque reaches its maximum size (three files in this case), adding a new file on an end of the deque automatically discards the file at the opposite end. If you don’t supply a value to maxlen , then the deque can grow to an arbitrary number of items. So far, you’ve learned the basics of deques, including how to create them and how to append and pop items from both ends of a given deque. Deques provide some additional features with a list-like interface. Here are some of them: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> # Use different iterables to create deques >>> deque (( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )) deque([1, 2, 3, 4]) >>> deque ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) deque([1, 2, 3, 4]) >>> deque ( "abcd" ) deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']) >>> # Unlike lists, deque doesn't support .pop() with arbitrary indices >>> deque ( "abcd" ) . pop ( 2 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pop() takes no arguments (1 given) >>> # Extend an existing deque >>> numbers = deque ([ 1 , 2 ]) >>> numbers . extend ([ 3 , 4 , 5 ]) >>> numbers deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) >>> numbers . extendleft ([ - 1 , - 2 , - 3 , - 4 , - 5 ]) >>> numbers deque([-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) >>> # Insert an item at a given position >>> numbers . insert ( 5 , 0 ) >>> numbers deque([-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) In these examples, you first create deques using different types of iterables to initialize them. One difference between deque and list is that deque.pop() doesn’t support popping the item at a given index. Note that deque provides sister methods for .append() , .pop() , and .extend() with the suffix left to indicate that they perform the corresponding operation on the left end of the underlying deque. Deques also support sequence operations: Method Description .clear() Remove all the elements from a deque .copy() Create a shallow copy of a deque .count(x) Count the number of deque elements equal to x .remove(value) Remove the first occurrence of value Another interesting feature of deques is the ability to rotate their elements using .rotate() : Python >>> from collections import deque >>> ordinals = deque ([ "first" , "second" , "third" ]) >>> ordinals . rotate () >>> ordinals deque(['third', 'first', 'second']) >>> ordinals . rotate ( 2 ) >>> ordinals deque(['first', 'second', 'third']) >>> ordinals . rotate ( - 2 ) >>> ordinals deque(['third', 'first', 'second']) >>> ordinals . rotate ( - 1 ) >>> ordinals deque(['first', 'second', 'third']) This method rotates the deque n steps to the right. The default value of n is 1 . If you provide a negative value to n , then the rotation is to the left. Finally, you can use indices to access the elements in a deque, but you can’t slice a deque: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> ordinals = deque ([ "first" , "second" , "third" ]) >>> ordinals [ 1 ] 'second' >>> ordinals [ 0 : 2 ] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : sequence index must be integer, not 'slice' Deques support indexing but, interestingly, they don’t support slicing. When you try to retrieve a slice from an existing deque, you get a TypeError . This is because performing a slice operation on a linked list would be inefficient, so the operation isn’t available. Remove ads Handling Missing Keys: defaultdict A common problem you’ll face when you’re working with dictionaries in Python is how to handle missing keys. If you try to access a key that doesn’t exist in a given dictionary, then you get a KeyError : Python >>> favorites = { "pet" : "dog" , "color" : "blue" , "language" : "Python" } >>> favorites [ "fruit" ] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> KeyError : 'fruit' There are a few approaches to work around this issue. For example, you can use .setdefault() . This method takes a key as an argument. If the key exists in the dictionary, then it returns the corresponding value. Otherwise, the method inserts the key, assigns it a default value, and returns that value: Python >>> favorites = { "pet" : "dog" , "color" : "blue" , "language" : "Python" } >>> favorites . setdefault ( "fruit" , "apple" ) 'apple' >>> favorites {'pet': 'dog', 'color': 'blue', 'language': 'Python', 'fruit': 'apple'} >>> favorites . setdefault ( "pet" , "cat" ) 'dog' >>> favorites {'pet': 'dog', 'color': 'blue', 'language': 'Python', 'fruit': 'apple'} In this example, you use .setdefault() to generate a default value for fruit . Since this key doesn’t exist in favorites , .setdefault() creates it and assigns it the value of apple . If you call .setdefault() with an existent key, then the call won’t affect the dictionary and your key will hold the original value instead of the default value. You can also use .get() to return a suitable default value if a given key is missing: Python >>> favorites = { "pet" : "dog" , "color" : "blue" , "language" : "Python" } >>> favorites . get ( "fruit" , "apple" ) 'apple' >>> favorites {'pet': 'dog', 'color': 'blue', 'language': 'Python'} Here, .get() returns apple because the key is missing in the underlying dictionary. However, .get() doesn’t create the new key for you. Since handling missing keys in dictionaries is a common need, Python’s collections also provides a tool for that. The defaultdict type is a subclass of dict designed to help you out with missing keys. Note: Check out Using the Python defaultdict Type for Handling Missing Keys for a deeper dive into how to use Python’s defaultdict . The constructor of defaultdict takes a function object as its first argument. When you access a key that doesn’t exist, defaultdict automatically calls that function without arguments to create a suitable default value for the key at hand. To provide its functionality, defaultdict stores the input function in .default_factory and then overrides .__missing__() to automatically call the function and generate a default value when you access any missing keys. You can use any callable to initialize your defaultdict objects. For example, with int() you can create a suitable counter to count different objects: Python >>> from collections import defaultdict >>> counter = defaultdict ( int ) >>> counter defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {}) >>> counter [ "dogs" ] 0 >>> counter defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {'dogs': 0}) >>> counter [ "dogs" ] += 1 >>> counter [ "dogs" ] += 1 >>> counter [ "dogs" ] += 1 >>> counter [ "cats" ] += 1 >>> counter [ "cats" ] += 1 >>> counter defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {'dogs': 3, 'cats': 2}) In this example, you create an empty defaultdict with int() as its first argument. When you access a key that doesn’t exist, the dictionary automatically calls int() , which returns 0 as the default value for the key at hand. This kind of defaultdict object is quite useful when it comes to counting things in Python. Another common use case of defaultdict is to group things. In this case, the handy factory function is list() : Python >>> from collections import defaultdict >>> pets = [ ... ( "dog" , "Affenpinscher" ), ... ( "dog" , "Terrier" ), ... ( "dog" , "Boxer" ), ... ( "cat" , "Abyssinian" ), ... ( "cat" , "Birman" ), ... ] >>> group_pets = defaultdict ( list ) >>> for pet , breed in pets : ... group_pets [ pet ] . append ( breed ) ... >>> for pet , breeds in group_pets . items (): ... print ( pet , "->" , breeds ) ... dog -> ['Affenpinscher', 'Terrier', 'Boxer'] cat -> ['Abyssinian', 'Birman'] In this example, you have raw data about pets and their breed, and you need to group them by pet. To do this, you use list() as .default_factory when you create the defaultdict instance. This enables your dictionary to automatically create an empty list ( [] ) as the default value for every missing key you access. Then you use that list to store the breeds of your pets. Finally, you should note that since defaultdict is a subclass of dict , it provides the same interface. This means that you can use your defaultdict objects as you would use a regular dictionary. Remove ads Keeping Your Dictionaries Ordered: OrderedDict Sometimes you need your dictionaries to remember the order in which key-value pairs are inserted. Python’s regular dictionaries were unordered data structures for years. So, back in 2008, PEP 372 introduced the idea of adding a new dictionary class to collections . The new class would remember the order of items based on the moment in which keys were inserted. That was the origin of OrderedDict . OrderedDict was introduced in Python 3.1 . Its application programming interface (API) is substantially the same as dict . However, OrderedDict iterates over keys and values in the same order keys were first inserted into the dictionary. If you assign a new value to an existing key, then the order of the key-value pair remains unchanged. If an entry is deleted and reinserted, then it’ll be moved to the end of the dictionary. Note: Check out OrderedDict vs dict in Python: The Right Tool for the Job for a deeper dive into Python’s OrderedDict and why you should consider using it. There are several ways to create OrderedDict objects. Most of them are identical to how you create a regular dictionary. For example, you can create an empty ordered dictionary by instantiating the class without arguments and then insert key-value pairs as needed: Python >>> from collections import OrderedDict >>> life_stages = OrderedDict () >>> life_stages [ "childhood" ] = "0-9" >>> life_stages [ "adolescence" ] = "9-18" >>> life_stages [ "adulthood" ] = "18-65" >>> life_stages [ "old" ] = "+65" >>> for stage , years in life_stages . items (): ... print ( stage , "->" , years ) ... childhood -> 0-9 adolescence -> 9-18 adulthood -> 18-65 old -> +65 In this example, you create an empty ordered dictionary by instantiating OrderedDict without arguments. Next, you add key-value pairs to the dictionary as you would with a regular dictionary. When you iterate through the dictionary , life_stages , you get the key-value pairs in the same order you inserted them into the dictionary. Guaranteeing the order of items is the main problem that OrderedDict solves. Python 3.6 introduced a new implementation of dict . This implementation provides an unexpected new feature: now regular dictionaries keep their items in the same order they’re first inserted. Initially, the feature was considered an implementation detail, and the documentation advised not to rely on it. However, since Python 3.7 , the feature is officially part of the language specification. So, what’s the point of using OrderedDict ? There are some features of OrderedDict that still make it valuable: Intent communication: With OrderedDict , your code will make it clear that the order of items in the dictionary is important. You’re clearly communicating that your code needs or relies on the order of items in the underlying dictionary. Control over the order of items: With OrderedDict , you have access to .move_to_end() , which is a method that allows you to manipulate the order of items in your dictionary. You’ll also have an enhanced variation of .popitem() that allows removing items from either end of the underlying dictionary. Equality test behavior: With OrderedDict , equality tests between dictionaries take the order of items into account. So, if you have two ordered dictionaries with the same group of items but in a different order, then your dictionaries will be considered non-equal. There is at least one more reason for using OrderedDict : backward compatibility . Relying on regular dict objects to preserve the order of items will break your code in environments that run versions of Python older than 3.6. Okay, now it’s time to see some of these cool features of OrderedDict in action: Python >>> from collections import OrderedDict >>> letters = OrderedDict ( b = 2 , d = 4 , a = 1 , c = 3 ) >>> letters OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('d', 4), ('a', 1), ('c', 3)]) >>> # Move b to the right end >>> letters . move_to_end ( "b" ) >>> letters OrderedDict([('d', 4), ('a', 1), ('c', 3), ('b', 2)]) >>> # Move b to the left end >>> letters . move_to_end ( "b" , last = False ) >>> letters OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('d', 4), ('a', 1), ('c', 3)]) >>> # Sort letters by key >>> for key in sorted ( letters ): ... letters . move_to_end ( key ) ... >>> letters OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]) In these examples, you use .move_to_end() to move items around and reorder letters . Note that .move_to_end() accepts an optional argument called last that allows you to control which end of the dictionary you want to move the items to. This method is quite handy when you need to sort the items in your dictionaries or when you need to manipulate their order in any way. Another important difference between OrderedDict and a regular dictionary is how they compare for equality: Python >>> from collections import OrderedDict >>> # Regular dictionaries compare the content only >>> letters_0 = dict ( a = 1 , b = 2 , c = 3 , d = 4 ) >>> letters_1 = dict ( b = 2 , a = 1 , d = 4 , c = 3 ) >>> letters_0 == letters_1 True >>> # Ordered dictionaries compare content and order >>> letters_0 = OrderedDict ( a = 1 , b = 2 , c = 3 , d = 4 ) >>> letters_1 = OrderedDict ( b = 2 , a = 1 , d = 4 , c = 3 ) >>> letters_0 == letters_1 False >>> letters_2 = OrderedDict ( a = 1 , b = 2 , c = 3 , d = 4 ) >>> letters_0 == letters_2 True Here, letters_1 has a different item order from letters_0 . When you use regular dictionaries, this difference doesn’t matter and both dictionaries compare equal. On the other hand, when you use ordered dictionaries, letters_0 and letters_1 aren’t equal. This is because equality tests between ordered dictionaries consider the content and also the order of items. Remove ads Counting Objects in One Go: Counter Counting objects is a common operation in programming. Say you need to count how many times a given item appears in a list or iterable. If your list is short, then counting its items can be straightforward and quick. If you have a long list, then counting the items will be more challenging. To count objects, you typically use a counter , or an integer variable with an initial value of zero. Then you increment the counter to reflect the number of times a given object occurs. In Python, you can use a dictionary to count several different objects at once. In this case, the keys will store individual objects, and the values will hold the number of repetitions of a given object, or the object’s count . Here’s an example that counts the letters in the word "mississippi" with a regular dictionary and a for loop : Python >>> word = "mississippi" >>> counter = {} >>> for letter in word : ... if letter not in counter : ... counter [ letter ] = 0 ... counter [ letter ] += 1 ... >>> counter {'m': 1, 'i': 4, 's': 4, 'p': 2} The loop iterates over the letters in word . The conditional statement checks if the letters aren’t already in the dictionary and initializes the letter’s count to zero accordingly. The final step is to increment the letter’s count as the loop goes. As you already know, defaultdict objects are convenient when it comes to counting things because you don’t need to check if the key exists. The dictionary guarantees appropriate default values for any missing keys: Python >>> from collections import defaultdict >>> counter = defaultdict ( int ) >>> for letter in "mississippi" : ... counter [ letter ] += 1 ... >>> counter defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {'m': 1, 'i': 4, 's': 4, 'p': 2}) In this example, you create a defaultdict object and initialize it using int() . With int() as a factory function, the underlying default dictionary automatically creates missing keys and conveniently initializes them to zero. Then you increment the value of the current key to compute the final count of the letter in "mississippi" . Just like with other common programming problems, Python also has an efficient tool for approaching the counting problem. In collections , you’ll find Counter , which is a dict subclass specially designed for counting objects. Here’s how you can write the "mississippi" example using Counter : Python >>> from collections import Counter >>> Counter ( "mississippi" ) Counter({'i': 4, 's': 4, 'p': 2, 'm': 1}) Wow! That was quick! A single line of code and you’re done. In this example, Counter iterates over "mississippi" , producing a dictionary with the letters as keys and their frequency as values. Note: Check out Python’s Counter: The Pythonic Way to Count Objects for a deeper dive into Counter and how to use it for counting objects efficiently. There are a few different ways to instantiate Counter . You can use lists, tuples , or any iterables with repeated objects. The only restriction is that your objects need to be hashable : Python >>> from collections import Counter >>> Counter ([ 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 4 ]) Counter({3: 3, 1: 2, 2: 1, 4: 1}) >>> Counter (([ 1 ], [ 1 ])) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : unhashable type: 'list' Integer numbers are hashable, so Counter works correctly. On the other hand, lists aren’t hashable, so Counter fails with a TypeError . Being hashable means that your objects must have a hash value that never changes during their lifetime. This is a requirement because these objects will work as dictionary keys. In Python, immutable objects are also hashable. Note: In Counter , a highly optimized C function provides the counting functionality. If this function isn’t available for some reason, then the class uses an equivalent but less efficient Python function . Since Counter is a subclass of dict , their interfaces are mostly the same. However, there are some subtle differences. The first difference is that Counter doesn’t implement .fromkeys() . This avoids inconsistencies, such as Counter.fromkeys("abbbc", 2) , in which every letter would have an initial count of 2 regardless of the real count it has in the input iterable. The second difference is that .update() doesn’t replace the count (value) of an existing object (key) with a new count. It adds both counts together: Python >>> from collections import Counter >>> letters = Counter ( "mississippi" ) >>> letters Counter({'i': 4, 's': 4, 'p': 2, 'm': 1}) >>> # Update the counts of m and i >>> letters . update ( m = 3 , i = 4 ) >>> letters Counter({'i': 8, 'm': 4, 's': 4, 'p': 2}) >>> # Add a new key-count pair >>> letters . update ({ "a" : 2 }) >>> letters Counter({'i': 8, 'm': 4, 's': 4, 'p': 2, 'a': 2}) >>> # Update with another counter >>> letters . update ( Counter ([ "s" , "s" , "p" ])) >>> letters Counter({'i': 8, 's': 6, 'm': 4, 'p': 3, 'a': 2}) Here, you update the count for m and i . Now those letters hold the sum of their initial count plus the value you passed to them through .update() . If you use a key that isn’t present in the original counter, then .update() creates the new key with the corresponding value. Finally, .update() accepts iterables, mappings, keyword arguments, and also other counters. Note: Since Counter is a subclass of dict , there are no restrictions on the objects you can store in the keys and values of your counters. The keys can store any hashable objects, whereas the values can store any objects. However, to logically work as counters, the values should be integer numbers representing counts. Another difference between Counter and dict is that accessing a missing key returns 0 instead of raising a KeyError : Python >>> from collections import Counter >>> letters = Counter ( "mississippi" ) >>> letters [ "a" ] 0 This behavior signals that the count of an object that doesn’t exist in the counter is zero. In this example, the letter "a" isn’t in the original word, so its count is 0 . In Python, Counter is also useful to emulate a multiset or bag . Multisets are similar to sets , but they allow multiple instances of a given element. The number of instances of an element is known as its multiplicity . For example, you can have a multiset like {1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4}. When you use Counter to emulate multisets, the keys represent the elements, and the values represent their respective multiplicity: Python >>> from collections import Counter >>> multiset = Counter ([ 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 ]) >>> multiset Counter({1: 2, 2: 1, 3: 3, 4: 2}) >>> multiset . keys () == { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } True Here, the keys of multiset are equivalent to a Python set. The values hold the multiplicity of each element in the set. Python’ Counter provides a few additional features that help you work with them as multisets. For example, you can initialize your counters with a mapping of elements and their multiplicity. You can also perform math operations on the elements’ multiplicity and more. Say you’re working at the local pet shelter. You have a given number of pets, and you need to have a record of how many pets are adopted each day and how many pets enter and leave the shelter. In this case, you can use Counter : Python >>> from collections import Counter >>> inventory = Counter ( dogs = 23 , cats = 14 , pythons = 7 ) >>> adopted = Counter ( dogs = 2 , cats = 5 , pythons = 1 ) >>> inventory . subtract ( adopted ) >>> inventory Counter({'dogs': 21, 'cats': 9, 'pythons': 6}) >>> new_pets = { "dogs" : 4 , "cats" : 1 } >>> inventory . update ( new_pets ) >>> inventory Counter({'dogs': 25, 'cats': 10, 'pythons': 6}) >>> inventory = inventory - Counter ( dogs = 2 , cats = 3 , pythons = 1 ) >>> inventory Counter({'dogs': 23, 'cats': 7, 'pythons': 5}) >>> new_pets = { "dogs" : 4 , "pythons" : 2 } >>> inventory += new_pets >>> inventory Counter({'dogs': 27, 'cats': 7, 'pythons': 7}) That’s neat! Now you can keep a record of your pets using Counter . Note that you can use .subtract() and .update() to subtract and add counts or multiplicities. You can also use the addition ( + ) and subtraction ( - ) operators. There’s a lot more you can do with Counter objects as multisets in Python, so go ahead and give it a try! Remove ads Chaining Dictionaries Together: ChainMap Python’s ChainMap groups multiple dictionaries and other mappings together to create a single object that works pretty much like a regular dictionary. In other words, it takes several mappings and makes them logically appear as one. ChainMap objects are updateable views , which means that changes in any of the chained mappings affect the ChainMap object as a whole. This is because ChainMap doesn’t merge the input mappings together. It keeps a list of mappings and reimplements common dictionary operations on top of that list. For example, a key lookup searches the list of mappings successively until it finds the key. Note: Check out Python’s ChainMap: Manage Multiple Contexts Effectively for a deeper dive into using ChainMap in your Python code. When you’re working with ChainMap objects, you can have several dictionaries with either unique or repeated keys. In either case, ChainMap allows you to treat all your dictionaries as one. If you have unique keys across your dictionaries, you can access and update the keys as if you were working with a single dictionary. If you have repeated keys across your dictionaries, besides managing your dictionaries as one, you can also take advantage of the internal list of mappings to define some sort of access priority . Because of this feature, ChainMap objects are great for handling multiple contexts. For example, say you’re working on a command-line interface (CLI) application. The application allows the user to use a proxy service for connecting to the Internet. The settings priorities are: Command-line options ( --proxy , -p ) Local configuration files in the user’s home directory Global proxy configuration If the user supplies a proxy at the command line, then the application must use that proxy. Otherwise, the application should use the proxy provided in the next configuration object, and so on. This is one of the most common use cases of ChainMap . In this situation, you can do the following: Python >>> from collections import ChainMap >>> cmd_proxy = {} # The user doesn't provide a proxy >>> local_proxy = { "proxy" : "proxy.local.com" } >>> global_proxy = { "proxy" : "proxy.global.com" } >>> config = ChainMap ( cmd_proxy , local_proxy , global_proxy ) >>> config [ "proxy" ] 'proxy.local.com' ChainMap allows you to define the appropriate priority for the application’s proxy configuration. A key lookup searches cmd_proxy , then local_proxy , and finally global_proxy , returning the first instance of the key at hand. In this example, the user doesn’t provide a proxy at the command line, so your application uses the proxy in local_proxy . In general, ChainMap objects behave similarly to regular dict objects. However, they have some additional features. For example, they have a .maps public attribute that holds the internal list of mappings: Python >>> from collections import ChainMap >>> numbers = { "one" : 1 , "two" : 2 } >>> letters = { "a" : "A" , "b" : "B" } >>> alpha_nums = ChainMap ( numbers , letters ) >>> alpha_nums . maps [{'one': 1, 'two': 2}, {'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'}] The instance attribute .maps gives you access to the internal list of mappings. This list is updatable. You can add and remove mappings manually, iterate through the list, and more. Additionally, ChainMap provides a .new_child() method and a .parents property: Python >>> from collections import ChainMap >>> dad = { "name" : "John" , "age" : 35 } >>> mom = { "name" : "Jane" , "age" : 31 } >>> family = ChainMap ( mom , dad ) >>> family ChainMap({'name': 'Jane', 'age': 31}, {'name': 'John', 'age': 35}) >>> son = { "name" : "Mike" , "age" : 0 } >>> family = family . new_child ( son ) >>> for person in family . maps : ... print ( person ) ... {'name': 'Mike', 'age': 0} {'name': 'Jane', 'age': 31} {'name': 'John', 'age': 35} >>> family . parents ChainMap({'name': 'Jane', 'age': 31}, {'name': 'John', 'age': 35}) With .new_child() , you create a new ChainMap object containing a new map ( son ) followed by all the maps in the current instance. The map passed as a first argument becomes the first map in the list of maps. If you don’t pass a map, then the method uses an empty dictionary. The parents property returns a new ChainMap objects containing all the maps in the current instance except for the first one. This is useful when you need to skip the first map in a key lookup. A final feature to highlight in ChainMap is that mutating operations, such as updating keys, adding new keys, deleting existing keys, popping keys, and clearing the dictionary, act on the first mapping in the internal list of mappings: Python >>> from collections import ChainMap >>> numbers = { "one" : 1 , "two" : 2 } >>> letters = { "a" : "A" , "b" : "B" } >>> alpha_nums = ChainMap ( numbers , letters ) >>> alpha_nums ChainMap({'one': 1, 'two': 2}, {'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'}) >>> # Add a new key-value pair >>> alpha_nums [ "c" ] = "C" >>> alpha_nums ChainMap({'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'c': 'C'}, {'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'}) >>> # Pop a key that exists in the first dictionary >>> alpha_nums . pop ( "two" ) 2 >>> alpha_nums ChainMap({'one': 1, 'c': 'C'}, {'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'}) >>> # Delete keys that don't exist in the first dict but do in others >>> del alpha_nums [ "a" ] Traceback (most recent call last): ... KeyError : "Key not found in the first mapping: 'a'" >>> # Clear the dictionary >>> alpha_nums . clear () >>> alpha_nums ChainMap({}, {'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'}) These examples show that mutating operations on a ChainMap object only affect the first mapping in the internal list. This is an important detail to consider when you’re working with ChainMap . The tricky part is that, at first glance, it could look like it’s possible to mutate any existing key-value pair in a given ChainMap . However, you can only mutate the key-value pairs in the first mapping unless you use .maps to access and mutate other mappings in the list directly. Remove ads Customizing Built-Ins: UserString , UserList , and UserDict Sometimes you need to customize built-in types, such as strings, lists, and dictionaries to add and modify certain behavior. Since Python 2.2 , you can do that by subclassing those types directly. However, you could face some issues with this approach, as you’ll see in a minute. Python’s collections provides three convenient wrapper classes that mimic the behavior of the built-in data types: UserString UserList UserDict With a combination of regular and special methods , you can use these classes to mimic and customize the behavior of strings, lists, and dictionaries. Nowadays, developers often ask themselves if there’s a reason to use UserString , UserList , and UserDict when they need to customize the behavior of built-in types. The answer is yes. Built-in types were designed and implemented with the open-closed principle in mind. This means that they’re open for extension but closed for modification. Allowing modifications on the core features of these classes can potentially break their invariants . So, Python core developers decided to protect them from modifications. For example, say you need a dictionary that automatically lowercases the keys when you insert them. You could subclass dict and override .__setitem__() so every time you insert a key, the dictionary lowercases the | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#challenges-amp-solutions | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://forem.com/setevoy#main-content | Arseny Zinchenko - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Arseny Zinchenko DevOps, cloud and infrastructure engineer. Love Linux, OpenSource, and AWS. Location Kiev, Ukraine Joined Joined on Sep 16, 2017 Personal website https://rtfm.co.ua/en github website twitter website Eight Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least eight years. Got it Close Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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AWS, Azure Python, Ruby, C, Groovy Ci/CD - Jenkins, Bamboo, TeamCity Docker Terraform, Ansible, Chef Currently hacking on My blog https://rtfm.co.ua/en/ Post 290 posts published Comment 25 comments written Tag 28 tags followed AWS: Monitoring AWS OpenSearch Service Cluster with CloudWatch Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 30 '25 AWS: Monitoring AWS OpenSearch Service Cluster with CloudWatch # aws # monitoring # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 20 min read Want to connect with Arseny Zinchenko? Create an account to connect with Arseny Zinchenko. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Terraform: creating an AWS OpenSearch Service cluster and users Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Heroes Dec 29 '25 Terraform: creating an AWS OpenSearch Service cluster and users # devops # aws # terraform # tutorial Comments Add Comment 16 min read Terraform: using Ephemeral Resources and Write-Only Attributes Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 28 '25 Terraform: using Ephemeral Resources and Write-Only Attributes # todayilearned # terraform # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read Terraform: AWS EKS Terraform module update from version 20.x to version 21.x Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Sep 13 '25 Terraform: AWS EKS Terraform module update from version 20.x to version 21.x # todayilearned # terraform # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 12 min read Kubernetes: PVC in a StatefulSet, and the “Forbidden updates to statefulset spec” error Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Sep 13 '25 Kubernetes: PVC in a StatefulSet, and the “Forbidden updates to statefulset spec” error # todayilearned # devops # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kubernetes: what are the Kubernetes Operator and CustomResourceDefinition Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Sep 13 '25 Kubernetes: what are the Kubernetes Operator and CustomResourceDefinition # todayilearned # kubernetes # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read AWS: creating an OpenSearch Service cluster and configuring authentication and authorization Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Heroes Dec 28 '25 AWS: creating an OpenSearch Service cluster and configuring authentication and authorization # devops # aws # security Comments Add Comment 14 min read Kubernetes: Kubernetes API, API groups, CRDs, and the etcd Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Sep 13 '25 Kubernetes: Kubernetes API, API groups, CRDs, and the etcd # todayilearned # devops # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 8 min read Kubernetes: Pod resources.requests, resources.limits and Linux cgroup Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Sep 13 '25 Kubernetes: Pod resources.requests, resources.limits and Linux cgroup # todayilearned # linux # devops # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 12 min read AWS: introduction to the OpenSearch Service as a vector store Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Heroes Nov 1 '25 AWS: introduction to the OpenSearch Service as a vector store # devops # aws # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 19 min read VictoriaLogs: the "rate limit exceeded" error and monitoring ingested logs Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 28 '25 VictoriaLogs: the "rate limit exceeded" error and monitoring ingested logs # monitoring # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 7 min read VictoriaMetrics: migrating VMSingle and VictoriaLogs data between Kubernetes clusters Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 19 '25 VictoriaMetrics: migrating VMSingle and VictoriaLogs data between Kubernetes clusters # todayilearned # devops # kubernetes # monitoring 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 16 min read Terraform: using import, and some hidden pitfalls Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 19 '25 Terraform: using import, and some hidden pitfalls # todayilearned # devops # terraform 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read AI: Introduction to Ollama for local LLM launch Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 19 '25 AI: Introduction to Ollama for local LLM launch # todayilearned # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 10 min read Terraform: data types, loops, indexes, and the "resource must be replaced" issue Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 19 '25 Terraform: data types, loops, indexes, and the "resource must be replaced" issue # todayilearned # devops # terraform 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Kubernetes: 503 errors with AWS ALB possible causes and solutions Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 19 '25 Kubernetes: 503 errors with AWS ALB possible causes and solutions # aws # devops # kubernetes # todayileraned 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read TCP/IP: OSI and TCP/IP models, TCP packets, Linux sockets and ports Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Sep 13 '25 TCP/IP: OSI and TCP/IP models, TCP packets, Linux sockets and ports # linux # tutorial # devops # networking Comments Add Comment 20 min read Python: introduction to the Celery, and its monitoring configurations Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 19 '25 Python: introduction to the Celery, and its monitoring configurations # todayilearned # python # programming Comments Add Comment 13 min read AI: writing an MCP server for VictoriaLogs Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 19 '25 AI: writing an MCP server for VictoriaLogs # ai # python # todayileraned Comments Add Comment 5 min read AI: What is the MCP? Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 28 '25 AI: What is the MCP? # todayilearned # ai # tutorial # python 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Python: introduction to @decorators using FastAPI as an example Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 31 '25 Python: introduction to @decorators using FastAPI as an example # todayilearned # python Comments Add Comment 8 min read Nexus: Configuring Docker proxy repository, and ContainerD in Kubernetes Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 31 '25 Nexus: Configuring Docker proxy repository, and ContainerD in Kubernetes # devops # docker # kubernetes # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read PostgreSQL: using EXPLAIN and setting up “auto_explain” in AWS RDS Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 22 '25 PostgreSQL: using EXPLAIN and setting up “auto_explain” in AWS RDS # aws # monitoring # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 11 min read PostgreSQL: AWS RDS Performance and monitoring Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 22 '25 PostgreSQL: AWS RDS Performance and monitoring # todayilearned # database # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 28 min read VictoriaLogs: creating Recording Rules with VMAlert Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 17 '25 VictoriaLogs: creating Recording Rules with VMAlert # devops # monitoring # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read Nexus: running in Kubernetes, and setting up a PyPI caching repository Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 17 '25 Nexus: running in Kubernetes, and setting up a PyPI caching repository # aws # devops # kubernetes # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Kubernetes: a single AWS Load Balancer for different Kubernetes Ingresses Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 17 '25 Kubernetes: a single AWS Load Balancer for different Kubernetes Ingresses # kubernetes # aws # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 7 min read Vector.dev: introduction, AWS S3 logs, and integration with VictoriaLogs Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow May 17 '25 Vector.dev: introduction, AWS S3 logs, and integration with VictoriaLogs # monitoring # devops # aws # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read VictoriaLogs: a Grafana dashboard for AWS VPC Flow Logs — migrating from Grafana Loki Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 21 '24 VictoriaLogs: a Grafana dashboard for AWS VPC Flow Logs — migrating from Grafana Loki # devops # monitoring # aws # tutorial Comments Add Comment 22 min read AWS: VPC Flow Logs — logs to S3 and Grafana dashboard with Loki Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 21 '24 AWS: VPC Flow Logs — logs to S3 and Grafana dashboard with Loki # devops # aws # monitoring # tutorial Comments Add Comment 16 min read GitHub Actions: running the Actions Runner Controller in Kubernetes Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 7 '24 GitHub Actions: running the Actions Runner Controller in Kubernetes # aws # kubernetes # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 18 min read Karpenter: an introduction to the Disruption Budgets Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Heroes Dec 7 '24 Karpenter: an introduction to the Disruption Budgets # kubernetes # devops # aws # karpenter Comments Add Comment 5 min read VictoriaMetrics Cloud: integration with AWS Data Firehose for CloudWatch metrics Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 7 '24 VictoriaMetrics Cloud: integration with AWS Data Firehose for CloudWatch metrics # devops # aws # monitoring # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read VictoriaLogs: an overview, run in Kubernetes, LogsQL, and Grafana Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 7 '24 VictoriaLogs: an overview, run in Kubernetes, LogsQL, and Grafana # devops # monitoring # kubernetes # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 20 min read AWS: Kubernetes and External Secrets Operator for AWS Secrets Manager Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 7 '24 AWS: Kubernetes and External Secrets Operator for AWS Secrets Manager # aws # devops # security # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 12 min read AWS: IAM Access Analyzer policy generation — create an IAM Policy Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Heroes Dec 7 '24 AWS: IAM Access Analyzer policy generation — create an IAM Policy # aws # devops # security # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read Terraform: managing EKS Access Entries and EKS Pod Identities Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Oct 17 '24 Terraform: managing EKS Access Entries and EKS Pod Identities # aws # devops # kubernetes # terraform Comments Add Comment 19 min read Terraform: EKS and Karpenter — upgrade the module version from 19.21 to 20.0 Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Aug 24 '24 Terraform: EKS and Karpenter — upgrade the module version from 19.21 to 20.0 # kubernetes # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 20 min read AWS: Kubernetes and Access Management API, the new authentication in EKS Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 13 '24 AWS: Kubernetes and Access Management API, the new authentication in EKS # security # kubernetes # aws # devops 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 11 min read AWS: RDS IAM database authentication, EKS Pod Identities, and Terraform Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 13 '24 AWS: RDS IAM database authentication, EKS Pod Identities, and Terraform # kubernetes # devops # security # aws Comments Add Comment 12 min read AWS: Cost optimization — an overview of Bills, Cost Explorer, and the costs control Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 7 '24 AWS: Cost optimization — an overview of Bills, Cost Explorer, and the costs control # todayilearned # aws # devops Comments Add Comment 6 min read Kubernetes: containers, and the “lost” SIGTERM signals Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 7 '24 Kubernetes: containers, and the “lost” SIGTERM signals # todayilearned # linux # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 12 min read Kubernetes: monitoring Events with kubectl and Grafana Loki Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 7 '24 Kubernetes: monitoring Events with kubectl and Grafana Loki # kubernetes # devops # monitoring Comments Add Comment 3 min read Pritunl: launching a VPN in AWS on EC2 with Terraform Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jul 7 '24 Pritunl: launching a VPN in AWS on EC2 with Terraform # aws # terraform # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read AWS: Karpenter and SSH for Kubernetes WorkerNodes Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Community Builders Jun 23 '24 AWS: Karpenter and SSH for Kubernetes WorkerNodes # security # aws # devops # kubernetes 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Renovate: GitHub, and Helm Charts versions management Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jun 23 '24 Renovate: GitHub, and Helm Charts versions management # tutorial # github # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read Dependabot: GitHub, and Terraform versions management Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Jun 23 '24 Dependabot: GitHub, and Terraform versions management # tutorial # github # devops # terraform Comments Add Comment 5 min read AWS: VPC Flow Logs, NAT Gateways, and Kubernetes Pods - a detailed overview Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow for AWS Heroes Jun 23 '24 AWS: VPC Flow Logs, NAT Gateways, and Kubernetes Pods - a detailed overview # todayilearned # devops # kubernetes # aws Comments Add Comment 17 min read GitHub Actions: Terraform deployments with a review of planned changes Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Mar 23 '24 GitHub Actions: Terraform deployments with a review of planned changes # terraform # github # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 16 min read Kubernetes: tracing requests with AWS X-Ray, and Grafana data source Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Mar 7 '24 Kubernetes: tracing requests with AWS X-Ray, and Grafana data source # kubernetes # aws # monitoring # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read AWS: VPC Prefix and the maximum of Pods on Kubernetes WorkerNodes Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Mar 2 '24 AWS: VPC Prefix and the maximum of Pods on Kubernetes WorkerNodes # aws # kubernetes # todayileraned # devops Comments Add Comment 9 min read Terraform: creating a module for collecting AWS ALB logs in Grafana Loki Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Feb 29 '24 Terraform: creating a module for collecting AWS ALB logs in Grafana Loki # devops # tutorial # aws # terraform Comments Add Comment 11 min read Grafana Loki: LogQL and Recording Rules for metrics from AWS Load Balancer logs Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Feb 25 '24 Grafana Loki: LogQL and Recording Rules for metrics from AWS Load Balancer logs # todayilearned # monitoring # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 21 min read Karpenter: its monitoring, and Grafana dashboard for Kubernetes WorkerNodes Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Feb 24 '24 Karpenter: its monitoring, and Grafana dashboard for Kubernetes WorkerNodes # aws # devops # monitoring # grafana Comments Add Comment 14 min read AWS: EKS Pod Identities — a replacement for IRSA? Simplifying IAM access management Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 17 '23 AWS: EKS Pod Identities — a replacement for IRSA? Simplifying IAM access management # aws # devops # kubernetes # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read AWS: CloudWatch — Multi source query: collecting metrics from an external Prometheus Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 16 '23 AWS: CloudWatch — Multi source query: collecting metrics from an external Prometheus # todayilearned # monitoring # aws # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS: Amazon Q — an overview, features, and first impressions Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 14 '23 AWS: Amazon Q — an overview, features, and first impressions # todayilearned # ai # aws Comments Add Comment 9 min read AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service: RBAC Authorization via AWS IAM and RBAC Groups Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 13 '23 AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service: RBAC Authorization via AWS IAM and RBAC Groups # devops # aws # security # kubernetes 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read Grafana Loki: collecting AWS LoadBalancer logs from S3 with Promtail Lambda Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 13 '23 Grafana Loki: collecting AWS LoadBalancer logs from S3 with Promtail Lambda # aws # monitoring # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read Kubernetes: ensuring High Availability for Pods Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Arseny Zinchenko Follow Dec 13 '23 Kubernetes: ensuring High Availability for Pods # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse TechDogs for TechDogs Posted on Sep 3, 2024 • Originally published at reuters.com Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News # ai # openai # news Intel, one of the first tech firms in the Dow Jones, may be removed due to a nearly 60% drop in its stock price this year. AT&T and Nokia have signed an agreement to build a fiber network in the U.S., following Nokia's recent loss of a major AT&T deal to Ericsson. The ESIA urged the EU to accelerate aid, develop a "Chips Act 2.0," reduce export restrictions, and appoint an envoy to support Europe's chip industry. 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More from TechDogs Which mobile chipset powers smarter experiences—Snapdragon or MediaTek? # mediatekvssnapdragon # aichipset # ai # techinnovation Is your AI smart enough to think beyond keywords? # aiinbusiness # techinnovation # ai Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News # tech # ai # openai # news 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#3-realtime-analytics-without-the-overhead | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/hb/react-vs-vue-vs-angular-vs-svelte-1fdm#vue | React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Henry Boisdequin Posted on Nov 29, 2020 React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte # react # vue # angular # svelte In this article, I'm going to cover which of the top Javascript frontend frameworks: React, Vue, Angular, or Svelte is the best at certain factors and which one is the best for you. There are going to be 5 factors which we are going to look at: popularity, community/resources, performance, learning curve, and real-world examples. Before diving into any of these factors, let's take a look at what these frameworks are. 🔵 React Developed By : Facebook Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : March 2013 Github Repo : https://github.com/facebook/react Description : React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Pros : Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Performant and fast Large community Cons : JSX is required Poor documentation 🟢 Vue Developed By : Evan You Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : Feburary 2014 Github Repo : https://github.com/vuejs/vue Description : Vue.js is a progressive, incrementally-adoptable JavaScript framework for building UI on the web. Pros : Performant and fast Component-based: reusable code Easy to learn and use Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Fewer resources compared to a framework like React Over flexibility at times 🔴 Angular Developed By : Google Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : September 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/angular/angular Description : Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using Typescript/JavaScript and other languages. Pros : Fast server performance MVC Architecture implementation Component-based: reusable code Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Steep learning curve Angular is very complex 🟠 Svelte Developed By : Rich Harris Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : November 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte Description : Svelte is a new way to build web applications. It's a compiler that takes your declarative components and converts them into efficient JavaScript that surgically updates the DOM. Pros : No virtual DOM Truly reactive Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Cons : Small community Confusion in variable names and syntax The 1st Factor: Popularity All of these options are extremely popular and are used by loads of developers. I'm going to compare these 4 frameworks in google trends, NPM trends, and the Stackoverflow 2020 survey results to see which one is the most popular. Note: Remember that popularity doesn't mean it has the largest community and resources. Google Trends Google trends measures the number of searches for a certain topic. Let's have a look at the results: Note: React is blue, Angular is red, Svelte is gold, Vue is green. The image above contains the trends for these 4 frontend frameworks over the past 5 years. As you can see, Angular and React are by far the most searched, with React being searched more than Angular. While Vue sits in the middle, Svelte is the clear least searched framework. Although Google Trends gives us the number of search results, it may be a bit deceiving so lets of on to NPM trends. NPM Trends NPM Trends is a tool created by John Potter, used to compare NPM packages popularity. This measures how many times a certain NPM package was downloaded. As you can see, React is clearly the most popular in terms of NPM package downloads. Angular and Vue are very similar on the chart, with them going back and forth while Svelte sits at the bottom once again. Stackoverflow 2020 Survey In February of 2020, close to 65 thousand developers filled out the Stackoverflow survey. This survey is the best in terms of what the actual developer community uses, loves, dreads, and wants. Above is the info for the most popular web frameworks. As you can see React and Angular are 2nd and 3rd but React still has a monumental lead. Vue sits happily in the middle but Svelte is nowhere to be seen. Above are the results for the most loved web frameworks. As you can see, React is still 2nd and this time Vue sits in 3rd. Angular is in the middle of the bunch, but yet again Svelte is not there. Note: Angular.js is not Angular Above are the most dreaded web frameworks. As you can see React and Vue are towards the bottom (which is good) while Angular is one of the most dreaded web frameworks. This is because React and Vue developers tend to make fun of Angular, mostly because of its predecessor Angular.js . Svelte is not on this list which is good for the framework. Explaining Svelte's "Bad" Results Some may say that Svelte performed poorly compared to the other 3 frameworks in this category. You would be right. Svelte is the new kid on the block, not many people are using it or know about it. Think of React, Vue, or Angular in their early stages: that's what Svelte is currently. Most of these frontend frameworks comparisons are between React, Vue, or Angular but since I think that Svelte is promising, I wanted to include it in this comparison. Most of the other factors, Svelte is ranking quite highly in. Wrapping up the 1st Factor: Popularity From the three different trends/surveys, we can conclude that React is the most popular out of the three but with Vue and Angular just behind. Popularity: React Angular Vue Svelte Note: it was very hard to choose between Angular and Vue since they are very close together but I think Angular just edges out Vue in the present day. The 2nd Factor: Community & Resources This factor will be about which framework has the best community and resources. This is a crucial factor as this helps you learn the technology and get help when you are stuck. We are going to be looking at the courses available and the community size behind these frameworks. Let's jump right into it! React React has a massive amount of resources and community members behind it. Firstly, they have a Spectrum chat which usually has around 200 developers looking to help you online. Also, they have a massive amount of Stackoverflow developers looking to help you. There are 262,951 Stackoverflow questions on React, one of the most active Stackoverflow tags. React also has a bunch of resources and tutorials. If you search up React tutorial there will be countless tutorials waiting for you. Here are my recommended React tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/4UZrsTqkcW4 Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/complete-react-developer-zero-to-mastery/ Vue Vue also has loads of resources and a large community but not as large as React. Vue has a Gitter chat with over 19,000 members. In addition, they have a massive Stackoverflow community with 68,778 questions. Where Vue really shines is its resources. Vue has more resources than I could imagine. Here are my recommended Vue tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/e-E0UB-YDRk Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/vuejs-2-the-complete-guide/ Angular Angular has a massive community. Their Gitter chat has over 22,489 people waiting to help you. Also, their Stackoverflow questions asked is over 238,506. Like React and Vue, Angular has a massive amount of resources to help you learn the framework. A downfall to these resources is that most of them are outdated (1-2 years old) but you can still find some great tutorials. Here are my recommended Angular tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/Fdf5aTYRW0E Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/the-complete-guide-to-angular-2/ Svelte Svelte has a growing community yet still has many quality tutorials and resources. An awesome guide to Svelte and their community is here: https://svelte-community.netlify.app . They have a decent Stackoverflow community with over 1,300 questions asked. Also, they have an awesome Discord community with over 1,500 members online on average. Svelte has a lot of great tutorials and resources, despite it only coming on to the world stage quite recently. Here are my recommended Svelte tutorials for getting started: Free: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zojEMeQGGHs&list=PL4cUxeGkcC9hlbrVO_2QFVqVPhlZmz7tO Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/sveltejs-the-complete-guide/ Wrapping up the 2nd Factor: Community & Resources From just looking at the Stackoverflow community and the available resources, we can conclude that all of these 4 frameworks have a massive community and available resources. Community & Resources: React Vue & Angular* Svelte *I really couldn't decide between the two! The 3rd Factor: Performance In this factor, I will be going over which of these frameworks are the most performant. There are going to be three main components to this factor: speed test, startup test, and the memory allocation test. I will be using this website to compare the speed of all frameworks. Speed Test This test will compare each of the frameworks in a set of tasks and find out the speed of which they complete them. Let's have a look at the results. As you can see, just by the colours that Svelte and Vue are indeed the most performant in this category. This table has the name of the actions on one side and the results on the other. At the bottom of the table, we can see something called slowdown geometric mean. Slowdown geometric mean is an indicator of overall performance and speed by a framework. From this, we can conclude that this category ranking: Vue - 1.17 slowdown geometric mean Svelte - 1.19 slowdown geometric mean React & Angular - 1.27 slowdown geometric mean Startup Test The startup test measures how long it takes for one of these frameworks to "startup". Let's see the table. As you can see, Svelte is the clear winner. For every single one of these performance tests, Svelte is blazing fast (if you want to know how Svelte does this, move to the "Why is Svelte so performant?" section). From these results, we can create this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Memory Test The memory test sees which framework takes up the least amount of memory for the same test. Let's jump into the results. Similarly to the startup test, Svelte is clearly on top. Vue and React are quite similar while Angular (once again) is the least performant. From this, we can derive this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Why is Svelte so performant? TL;DR: No Virtual DOM Compiled to just JS Small bundles Before looking at why Svelte is how performant, we need to understand how Svelte works. Svelte is not compiled to JS, HTML, and CSS files. You might be thinking: what!? But that's right, instead of doing that it compiles highly optimized JS files. This means that the application needs no dependencies to start and it's blazing fast. This way no virtual DOM is needed. Your components are compiled to Javascript and the DOM doesn't need to update. Also, it also takes up little memory as it complies in highly optimized, small bundles of Javascript. Wrapping up the 3rd Factor: Performance Svelte made a huge push in this factor, blowing away the others! From the three categories, let's rank these frameworks in terms of performance. Svelte Vue React Angular The 4th Factor: Learning Curve In this factor, we will be looking at how long and how easy it is to be able to build real-world (frontend-only) applications. This is one of the most important factors if you are looking to get going with this framework quickly. Let's dive right into it. React React is super easy to learn. React almost takes no time to learn, I would even say if you are proficient at Javascript and HTML, you can learn the basics in a day. Since we are looking about how long it takes to build a real-world project, this is the list of things you need to learn: How React works JSX State Props Main Hooks useState useEffect useRef useMemo Components NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Functional Components vs Class Components React Router Create React App, Next.js, or Gatsby Optional but recommended: Redux, Recoil, Zustand, or Providers Vue In my opinion, Vue takes a bit more time than React to build a real project. With a bit of work, you could learn the Vue fundamentals in less than 3 days. Although Vue takes longer to learn, it is definitely one of the fastest popular Javascript frameworks to learn. Here is the list of things you need to learn: How Vue Works .vue files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ State management Vuex Components create-vue-app/Vue CLI Vue Router Declarative Rendering Conditionals and Loops Vue Instance Vue Shorthands Optional: Nuxt.js, Vuetify, NativeScript-Vue Angular Angular is a massive framework, much larger than any other in this comparison. This may be why Angular is not as performant as other frameworks such as React, Svelte, or Vue. To learn the basics of Angular, it could take a week or more. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Angular: How Angular Works Typescript Data Types Defining Types Type Inference Interfaces Union Types Function type definitions Two-way data binding Dependency Injection Components Routing NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Directives Templates HTTP Client Svelte One could argue that Svelte is the easiest framework to learn in this comparison. I would agree with that. Svelte's syntax is very similar to an HTML file. I would say that you could learn the Svelte basics in a day. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Svelte: How Svelte Works .svelte files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Reactivity Props If, Else, Else ifs/Logic Events Binding Lifecycle Methods Context API State in Svelte Svelte Routing Wrapping up the 4th Factor: Learning Curve All these frameworks (especially Vue, Svelte, and React) are extremely easy to learn, very much so when one is already proficient with Javascript and HTML. Let's rank these technologies in terms of their learning curve! (ordered in fastest to learn to longest to learn) Svelte React Vue Angular The 5th Factor: Real-world examples In this factor, the final factor, we will be looking at some real-world examples of apps using that particular framework. At the end of this factor, the technologies won't be ranking but it's up to you to see which of these framework's syntax and way of doing things you like best. Let's dive right into it! React Top 5 Real-world companies using React : Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Yahoo!, Netflix Displaying "Hello World" in React : import React from ' react ' ; function App () { return ( < div > Hello World </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Vue Top 5 Real-world companies using Vue : NASA, Gitlab, Nintendo, Grammarly, Adobe Displaying "Hello World" in Vue : < template > <h1> Hello World </h1> </ template > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Angular Top 5 Real-world companies using Angular : Google, Microsoft, Deutsche Bank, Forbes, PayPal Displaying "Hello World" in Angular : import { Component } from ' @angular/core ' ; @ Component ({ selector : ' my-app ' , template : &lt;h1&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt; , }) export class AppComponent ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Svelte Top 5 Real-world companies using Svelte : Alaska Air, Godaddy, Philips, Spotify, New York Times Displaying "Hello World" in Svelte : <h1> Hello world </h1> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Wrapping up the 5th Factor: Real-world Examples Wow! Some huge companies that we use on a daily basis use the frameworks that we use. This shows that all of these frameworks can be used to build apps as big as these household names. Also, the syntax of all of these frameworks is extremely intuitive and easy to learn. You can decide which one you like best! Conculsion I know, you're looking for a ranking of all of these frameworks. It really depends but to fulfil your craving for a ranking, I'll give you my personal opinion : Svelte React Vue Angular This would be my ranking but based on these 5 factors, choose whichever framework you like best and feel yourself coding every day in, all of them are awesome. I hope that you found this article interesting and maybe picked a new framework to learn (I'm going to learn Svelte)! Please let me know which frontend framework you use and why you use it. Thanks for reading! Henry Top comments (47) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Henry, I mostly agree with the point 1,2,3. But point 4 is subjective depending on your background and previous knowledge. To improve your post, you should add a note explaining what's your background. Finally point 5 are not similar at all. The vue example is a complete page using a reactive property. Anyway as @johnpapa said in a talk, you can achieve almost the same result with any framework, pick the one which feels right for you... :) Like comment: Like comment: 13 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I agree with you! I would recommend anyone to learn the framework which feels right for you. For the Vue example, I'm not an expert at Vue and don't know a better way to do it (if you have a smaller, more concise 'hello world' example, please comment it). I will definitely work an a 'what's my background section'. To explain it know: I've been using React in all my web dev projects. I have basic knowledge of Vue, Angular, and Svelte. After looking at these 5 factors, I plan to use Svelte for my coming projects. Thanks, @stefanovualto for the feedback! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Follow Email chris@sol.company Location Pasco, WA Education Western Governors University Work Senior Software Engineer at Soltech Joined Jan 14, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In the Vue example you are using data components. For the others just plain html. You could have a Vue component with a template of just the h1 tag and no script. It would look more like the svelte example. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide ✅ Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 • Nov 29 '20 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In your vue example, I think that you should expect to be in a .vue file lik le it seems to be in the others (I mean that you have the whole bundling machinery working under the hood). Then something similar would be: <template> <h1> Hello world! </h1> </template> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Maybe a pro' for vue is that it can be adopted/used progressively without having to rely on building process (which I am assuming are mandatory for react, svelte and maybe angular). What I mean is that your previous example worked, but it wasn't comparable to the others. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm usually using Svelte for my projects. Because, it's simple, write less, and get more Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A couple thoughts. "Requires JSX" a downside??? I almost stopped reading at that point. Template DSLs are more or less the same. If that's a con, doesn't support JSX could easily be seen as one. There are reasonable arguments for both sides and this shows extreme bias. Vue is "truly reactive" as well. Whatever that means. Your JS Framework Benchmark results are over 2 years old. Svelte and Vue 3 are both out and in the current results. He now publishes them per Chrome version. Here are the latest: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... . It doesn't change the final positions much, but Svelte and Vue look much more favorable in newer results. If anyone is interested in how those benchmarks work in more detail I suggest reading: dev.to/ryansolid/making-sense-of-t... Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm a React dev and it's my favourite framework out of the bunch. When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. I know that my benchmarks were two years old and I addressed this multiple times before: For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html. Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. Thanks for the new benchmark website, I will definitely be using that in the future. Also, I just read your benchmark article and its a good explanation on how these benchmarks work. Thanks for your input. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Here's the index page where he posts new results as they come up: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. Svelte has good marketing clearly. Is this HTML? <label> <input type= "checkbox" bind:checked= {visible} > visible </label> {#if visible} <p transition:fade > Fades in and out </p> {/if} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or this HTML? <a @ [event]= "doSomething" > ... </a> <ul id= "example-1" > <li v-for= "item in items" :key= "item.message" > {{ item.message }} </li> </ul> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode How about this? <form onSubmit= {handleSubmit} > <label htmlFor= "new-todo" > What needs to be done? </label> <input id= "new-todo" onChange= {handleChange} value= {text} /> <button> Add #{items.length + 1} </button> </form> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That's why a con of Svelte is its syntax (I added that in my post). This is more explanation to that point: Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide why svelte is not seen in search trend? because, svelte's docs is very easy to new comer in this framework Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm not really sure @mzaini30 . A great pro of Svelte is its docs and tutorial on its website. I think in 1-2 years, you are going to see Svelte at least where Vue is in the search trends. Most of the search trends come from developers asking questions like how to fix this error, or how to do this but since not many people use Svelte (compared to the other frameworks) there are not many questions being asked. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Bergamof Bergamof Bergamof Follow Location Bordeaux, France Education 3iL Work Senior Developer at IPPON Technologies Joined Nov 30, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sure! Too bad the great Svelte tutorial was not mentioned. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's a great tutorial, but I decided to just add video tutorials. In the community factor, I give a link to the Svelte community website which features that tutorial! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sad that Solid not even mentioned, although it's the one of the best performing frameworks. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've never actually heard of solid. I'll check it out! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, author of the Solid is even commented in this topic. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 16 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide To be fair, performance is only one area and arguably the least important. Even if Solid completely dominates across the board in all things performance by a considerable margin, we have a long way before popularity, community, or realworld usage really makes it worth even being in a comparison of this nature. But I appreciate the sentiment. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 16 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, good performance across the board usually is a clear sign of high technical quality of design and implementation. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand dallgoot dallgoot dallgoot Follow Location France Joined Oct 3, 2017 • Jan 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't want to start a flamewar but i see a trend where React is considered the -only- viable framework and -some- people reacting like religious zealots against any critics because "it's the best ! it's made by Facebook!" React is too hyped IMHO. Svelte is a a true innovation. And yes performance matters. Angular and Vue may lose traction with time... i think... i fail to see their distinctive useful points. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Jan 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I completely agree with you. Most React devs now will not try any other framework and just make fun of the others. I completely agree that React is too hyped. Unfortunately, as you stated, Angular and Vue are losing some traction. I also agree with you that Svelte is a true innovation, this is why I put Svelte at number 1! For 2021, I will focus on using Svelte. Thanks for reading! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide React with a smaller learning curve than Vue.js 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide They were very tight but I would say that React has a smaller learning curve as its more intuitive and has easier syntax than Vue. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Dec 4 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sorry @hb , you've decided to go on a touchy subject by writing this article! I will have to disagree with you on that point. I think it's perfectly okay to prefer using React. There are many reasons why it is a good choice. However, an easy learning curve isn't part of it. Just so there is no ambiguity, after having used all the Frameworks from this article - my choice goes towards Vue.js and Svelte, but I'll try to remain as objective as possible. 1) According to the State of JS survey 2018 (not using 2019, because that same question wasn't part of last year's survey). From 20,268 developers interrogated, the number #1 argument about Vue.js is an easy learning curve. For React it comes at position #11 (top 3 beings: elegant programming style, rick package ecosystem, and well-established): 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2) Main reason why Vue.js is labelled "The Progressive JavaScript Framework", is because it is progressive to implement and to learn. Before you can get started with React, you need to know about JSX and build systems. On the other end, Vue.js can be used just by dropping a single script tag into your page and using plain HTML and CSS. This makes a huge difference in terms of approachability of the Framework. 3) Maybe less objective on this one - but from my own professional experience with both Frameworks and leading teams of developers - it usually takes Junior Developers almost twice the time to become proficient with React than with Vue.js. Firstly because of what I mentioned in point number 2. Secondly, because React has few abstraction leaks that makes performance optimisation something developers have to deal with themselves (using memoize hooks). It's a concept that is hard to understand, but essentials if working on large applications. Thirdly, because of the documentation (as you mentioned in your article). And lastly because of the fragmented ecosystem of libraries that can quickly be overwhelming for Junior Devs. Again, I think there are a lot of reasons why React can be a good choice. But not because of the learning curve. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Follow Joined Feb 5, 2017 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular 6? Well, they just released version 11 and there was the switch to Ivy since version 6, so what about a more recent benchmark? And looking at the Google trends chart I wonder why all 3 (React/Angular/Vue) lost quite a bit of their popularity during the past months... any new kid on the block? It's obviously not Svelte, which could hardly benefit from the others' losses. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html . Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. For the search results, they are unpredictable. To my knowledge, there is no new kid on the block in terms of frontend Javascript frameworks. If anything, more people are using Web Assembly. As you can see from the search results graph, it goes up and down, changing all the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Also, it would be great if you could give a little explanation of this point Confusion in variable names and syntax Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It makes syntax simpler TBH. React isn't even a direct comparison to Svelte. The only syntax that users will get accustomed to is $ assignments. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You forgot to mention that Svelte has a great discord :) Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I just had a look at it, a great tool! I'll add it to the post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular con: it is complex? what.... Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Follow A JavaScript one trick pony who loves to code. I live and breath NodeJS, currently learning React and Angular. Location Toronto, Ontario, Canada Education High School Work Back End Developer at Ensemble Education Joined Jun 18, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Learning Angular is actually no that bad until RXJS comes in Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You need to learn Typescript Smart/Dumb Components One-way Dataflow and Immutability And much more It's much more complex and harder to understand than the other frameworks on this list. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide learn typescript? You mean to start writing it... it's easy and intuitive, I'm writing Angular, React, and Node code only in typescript. Smart/Dumb Components? I really don't understand what is this referred to? Angular has two-way data biding, and even easier data passing to the child and back to the parent. And of course, it has more features, its framework, React is more like a library compared to Angular. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Hanster Hanster Hanster Follow Joined Oct 19, 2021 • Oct 19 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I fully agree. Comparing framework e.g angular against library e.g react, is like comparing a smart tv against a traditional tv. Of course smart tv is more challenging to learn it's usage, not because it's lousy, but it has more features beyond watching tv. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (47 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Joined Oct 12, 2020 More from Henry Boisdequin Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # svelte The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free # webdev # react # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse TechDogs for TechDogs Posted on Aug 28, 2024 • Originally published at reuters.com Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News # ai # openai # news OpenAI supports California's AB 3211 bill, requiring tech companies to label AI-generated content, addressing concerns over misinformation. The bill has received less attention than SB 1047. An Asian industry group, including Google, Meta, and X, urged Malaysia to pause its plan for social media licensing, citing unclear regulations. 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https://docs.github.com/en/integrations | GitHub integrations - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Integrations Home Integrations Concepts About integrations Featured integrations About building integrations GitHub Developer Program How-tos Slack Integrate GitHub with Slack Use GitHub in Slack Customize notifications Reference Slack permissions Tutorials Slack Create issues Manage issues GitHub integrations Learn how to connect, extend, and customize GitHub with apps and tools. Overview Articles All categories Learn about integrations Build integrations About building integrations You can build integrations to extend GitHub's functionality. Learn about integrations About GitHub integrations Learn how to connect, extend, and customize GitHub with apps and tools. Use integrations Creating issues with the GitHub integration in Slack Learn how to create issues with the GitHub integration in Slack. Use integrations Customizing notifications for GitHub in Slack Learn how to customize notifications for GitHub in Slack. Learn about integrations Featured GitHub integrations Use GitHub extensions to work seamlessly in repositories on GitHub.com within third-party applications. Learn about integrations Build integrations GitHub Developer Program If you build tools that integrate with GitHub, you can join the GitHub Developer Program. Administer integrations Integrating GitHub with Slack Learn how to integrate GitHub with Slack to improve collaboration and streamline workflows. Use integrations Managing issues with the GitHub integration in Slack Learn how to manage issues with the GitHub integration in Slack. Learn about integrations Permissions for GitHub in Slack Learn about the permissions required for the GitHub app in Slack to function. Showing 1-9 of 10 Previous 1 2 Next Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/slack-quick-start | Slack - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Overview Email SMS Whatsapp Inbox Mobile Push Web Push Slack Microsoft Teams Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Quick Start Guide Slack Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Quick Start Guide Slack OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Quick set up guide to start sending notification on Slack chat via SuprSend. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Create SuprSend account Simply signup on SuprSend to create your account. If you already have your company account setup, ask your admin to invite you to the team. Integrate Slack and add option to join Slack in your product To activate Slack Integration, you’ll have to first enable slack channel from vendor page , create a Slack App and set up the right authentication method to take user permission for sending Slack notifications. Start testing in Sandbox workspace Your SuprSend account includes three default workspaces: Sandbox, Staging, and Production. You can switch between them from the top navigation bar, and create additional workspaces if needed. Sandbox Demo Workspace with pre-configured vendors for quick exploration and POC. Includes a sample workflow, a sample user with your registered email and pre-configured channels for quick testing. Limitation: Available for a trial period of 30 days. Staging Development workspace used to test notification flows before pushing it to production. You can enable Test Mode to safely test notification flows without delivering to real users. In Test Mode, notifications is delivered only to designated internal testers. You can also set up a catch-all channel to redirect all notifications intended for non-test users. Production Live workspace for syncing your actual product users and running production workflows. We do not recommend making changes directly in your production workspace as it might disrupt your live notifications. Create a workflow Workflow houses the automation logic of your notification. Each workflow starts with a trigger, processes the defined logic, and sends one or more messages to the end user. You can create a workflow from SuprSend dashboard by clicking on button on the workflows tab . To design a workflow, you need: A Trigger point - Trigger initiates the workflow. You can initiate it Using the direct workflow API , where you can include recipient channel information, preferences, and actor details directly in the trigger. By emitting an event : You can trigger these events from your frontend application or from your backend systems, depending on the use case. (note: the recipient needs to be pre-created for event-based triggers). Delivery node - Delivery Nodes represent the channels where users will receive notifications. You can use: multi-channel nodes, to send messages across multiple channels, smart channel routing , to notify users sequentially rather than bombarding them on all channels at once (though it’s generally better to use). Template in delivery node contains the content of the notification. You can add both static and dynamic content sourced from user properties or trigger payloads. We use handlebars as our Whatsapp templating language. You can add dynamic content as {{var}} . Add trigger data in the mock to get variable auto-suggestions during editing. Ensure to publish the template before using it in a workflow. Learn how to design Slack template here . 3. Functional nodes (Optional) : These are the logic nodes in the workflow. You can use it to add delay, batch multiple notifications in a summary or add conditional branches in the workflow. Check out all workflow nodes here. Trigger the workflow You can trigger a test workflow directly from dashboard by clicking on ‘ Text ’ button in your workflow editor or “Commit” changes to trigger it from your code. We follow Git like versioning for workflow changes, so you need to commit your changes to trigger new workflow via the API. You can check all methods of triggering workflow here . To trigger a workflow, you need: Recipient : End user who would be notified in the workflow run. Recipient is uniquely identified by distinct_id within SuprSend and must have the relevant channel identity set in their profile. You can define recipient inline in case of API based trigger or create user profile first for event based trigger. Data or Event Properties : This will be used to render dynamic content in the template (added in template mock) or variables in the workflow configuration. We’ll be triggering the workflow with direct API trigger for quick testing. You can check all trigger methods here. Sample Payload for API based trigger You can get workspace key, secret or API Key for trigger from Settings tab -> API Keys . Here, we are defining Slack channel inline using user email and access token. The access token here belongs to the bot added to your Slack App during creation. curl Python Node Go Java Copy Ask AI curl --request POST \ --url https://hub.suprsend.com/trigger/ \ --header 'Authorization: Bearer __api_key__' \ --header 'accept: application/json' \ --header 'content-type: application/json' \ --data ' { "workflow": "_workflow_slug_", "recipients": [ { "distinct_id": "0gxxx9f14-xxxx-23c5-1902-xxxcb6912ab09", "$slack": [{ "email": " [email protected] ", "access_token": "xoxb-XXXXXXXX" }], "name":"recipient_1" } ], "data":{ "first_name": "User", "invoice_amount": "$5000", "invoice_id":"Invoice-1234" } } Check notification logs You can view the status of any sent notification under the Logs tab. Logs are organized in the following order: Requests : Captures all API/SDK requests sent to SuprSend from your backend or frontend. You can see the input payload and request response here. Executions : Workflow executions are logged here. You can click on a log entry to open the step-by-step workflow debugger Messages : All delivery nodes (including webhooks) are tracked here along with their message status (delivered, seen, clicked). Message preview for delivered notifications will also be available soon. Push to Production In SuprSend, each environment is isolated, meaning workflows, users, and vendors are configured separately in testing and production workspaces. Follow this go live checklist to setup things in production once you are done testing. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Microsoft Teams Quick set up guide to start sending notification on MS Teams chat via SuprSend. 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https://replit.com/teams | Replit Teams – Software creation for modern teams Agent Products Agent Design Database Publish Security Integrations Mobile For Work Teams Replit for teams to build together Enterprise Replit with Enterprise-grade security & controls Use Cases Business Apps Rapid Prototyping Roles Enterprise PM Designers Operations Software Developers Small Businesses SMB owners Founders Resources Get Started Docs Community Expert Network Inspiration Customer Stories Gallery Blog News Pricing Careers Agent Contact sales Log in Sign up Products For Work Resources Pricing Careers Contact sales Log in Start building Software Creation for modern teams Whether you're prototyping or launching production-ready apps, Replit lets you securely vibe code with your team—with database, auth, and deployment built in. Get started with your team Unlimited Collaboration Develop collaboratively with your team. Get up to 50 viewer seats for viewers to review your apps. Centralized Billing & Role Based Access Controls Role based Access Controls ensure you have control over access levels of every member on your team. Choose from between Admin, Editor and Viewer roles. Private Deployments Turn on authentication for your apps with a single toggle—no code edits required. Private Deployments automatically add a Replit sign-in screen to your app and restrict access to approved members of your organization. Ideal for Internal tools Beta or pre-launch projects Apps that handle sensitive data Keep your work secure and share it only with the people who need it. Trusted by teams around the globe From scrappy startups to established Enterprises With a successful prototype built on Replit, our business, product, and engineering teams can align quickly and at a level of detail way beyond spreadsheet assumptions. Rapid prototypes shift the dialog from 'Should we?' to 'How should we?'” — Chris Stevens, SpotHero CHIEF MARKETING OFFICER We have shipped 8 applications to production that would have never made it there if not for Replit. I have coded more in the past 12 months than the previous 10 years because it makes it so easy to get started. We can just focus on building ideas.” — Max Miner, SkillsEngine DIRECTOR OF PRODUCT & DESIGN Using Replit Teams, we've been able to cut our development time significantly, allowing us to focus more on creativity and less on infrastructure. It's like having a full engineering team at our fingertips.” — Randall Bennett, Bolt Foundry CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER From rapidly prototyping MVPs to building internal tools or customer facing apps, the possibilities are endless Replit’s got everything you need to make building & launching your app a breeze — build & refine your apps through conversing with Agent. Every Replit app comes with a built in database, user-authentication, integrations and Enterprise Grade security. Rapid Prototyping Rapidly prototype your product ideas for customer demos and feedback. Launch it as production ready app or hand it off to engineering for continued development. Internal Tools Build that perfect tool you always wanted and simplify your workflow and increase your productivity. Customer Facing Apps Build new, production-ready apps for your customers much faster via faster prototyping and more seamless handoff from product to engineering teams. Empower your Product, Design & Business teams to bring their ideas to life Product Teams Quickly prototype and test your product ideas with clickable prototypes to speed up customer demos, gather feedback faster, and dramatically shorten your product development cycle. Don’t just hand off a PRD to engineering—hand off working source code. Designers Bring your Figma designs to life and simplify that developer handoff by building out a clickable prototype. Now your designs can be transferred to product with perfect fidelity. Sales & Marketing Teams Build that perfect tool you always wanted and simplify your workflow and increase productivity. Where you want to analyze sales call transcripts or generate quick landing pages for marketing, you can do it all with a Replit app. Operations Teams Build that perfect tool you always wanted and simplify your workflow and increase productivity. Where you want to build a custom dashboard to analyze support tickets, or a procurement tool, you can build it all with a Replit app. Questions? Contact sales First Name (required) Last Name (required) Work Email (required) Phone Number (optional) Message (optional) Contact Sales What are you waiting for? Get started with your team Handy Links About us Vibe Coding 101 Help How to guides Import from GitHub Status Additional resources Brand kit Partnerships Legal Terms of service Commercial agreement Privacy Subprocessors DPA Report abuse Connect X / Twitter Tiktok Facebook Instagram Linkedin Scroll to top All rights reserved. Copyright © 2026 Replit, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close GitHub Actions Follow Hide GitHub Actions helps you automate, customize, and execute your software development workflows right in your repository. You can discover, create, and share actions to perform any job you'd like, including CI/CD, and combine actions in a completely customized workflow. Create Post about #githubactions Use this tag to share your experiences and insights with using GitHub Actions. Articles can focus on tips and tricks, real-world use cases, step-by-step tutorials, and best practices for authoring or using GitHub Actions in different contexts. 1️⃣ Get Started 2️⃣ Examples 3️⃣ Custom Actions Older #githubactions posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Making Retype Docs AI-Ready with llms.txt Automation zakaria chahboun zakaria chahboun zakaria chahboun Follow Jan 10 Making Retype Docs AI-Ready with llms.txt Automation # documentation # githubactions # markdown # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Chrome Extension: From Idea to Automated Release Prajwol Shrestha Prajwol Shrestha Prajwol Shrestha Follow Jan 11 Building a Chrome Extension: From Idea to Automated Release # webdev # extensions # automation # githubactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Bastion Host & GitHub Actions on Hostim.dev Pavel Pavel Pavel Follow Jan 8 Bastion Host & GitHub Actions on Hostim.dev # docker # githubactions # cicd # ci Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stop Manual Deploys: A 5-Minute Guide to GitHub Actions in 2026 Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 7 Stop Manual Deploys: A 5-Minute Guide to GitHub Actions in 2026 # github # git # githubactions # guide Comments Add Comment 2 min read Docker is Overkill: Setting Up Lightweight CI/CD for Solo Devs Akshith Anand Akshith Anand Akshith Anand Follow Jan 4 Docker is Overkill: Setting Up Lightweight CI/CD for Solo Devs # webdev # cicd # githubactions # docker 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Troubleshooting Auth Issues Pulling Multiple Images With BuildKit in Github Actions Joseph Yi Joseph Yi Joseph Yi Follow Jan 6 Troubleshooting Auth Issues Pulling Multiple Images With BuildKit in Github Actions # docker # githubactions # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Terraform Day 27: Automating Infrastructure with GitHub Actions (CI/CD) Jeeva Jeeva Jeeva Follow Dec 31 '25 🚀 Terraform Day 27: Automating Infrastructure with GitHub Actions (CI/CD) # githubactions # cicd # devops # terraform Comments Add Comment 2 min read Como fazer o upload de imagens Docker para a Huawei Cloud usando o GitHub Actions Matheus Farias de Oliveira Matsumoto Matheus Farias de Oliveira Matsumoto Matheus Farias de Oliveira Matsumoto Follow Dec 30 '25 Como fazer o upload de imagens Docker para a Huawei Cloud usando o GitHub Actions # githubactions # docker # huaweicloud # terraform Comments Add Comment 6 min read PlatformIO on GitHub Actions with cache accelerate aKuad aKuad aKuad Follow Dec 30 '25 PlatformIO on GitHub Actions with cache accelerate # githubactions # iot Comments Add Comment 2 min read GitHub Actions로 Docker 이미지 자동 빌드 및 배포하기 - 완벽 가이드 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 GitHub Actions로 Docker 이미지 자동 빌드 및 배포하기 - 완벽 가이드 # infra # devops # githubactions # docker Comments Add Comment 3 min read Day-21 GitHub Actions, CI Triggers, and Understanding Runners 🚀 Jayanth Dasari Jayanth Dasari Jayanth Dasari Follow Dec 30 '25 Day-21 GitHub Actions, CI Triggers, and Understanding Runners 🚀 # devops # githubactions # cicd # jenkins Comments Add Comment 2 min read CI/CD Explained for Beginners (Using GitHub Actions Terms) Raji Sherifdeen ayinla Raji Sherifdeen ayinla Raji Sherifdeen ayinla Follow Dec 30 '25 CI/CD Explained for Beginners (Using GitHub Actions Terms) # devops # github # githubactions # softwaredevelopment 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Improved Dependency Submission for GitHub Actions Jesse Houwing Jesse Houwing Jesse Houwing Follow Dec 27 '25 Improved Dependency Submission for GitHub Actions # githubactions # github # supplychainsecurity # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP10)✌️ Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Dec 25 '25 GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP10)✌️ # github # githubactions # cicd # gitlab Comments Add Comment 3 min read Hello World to GitHub Actions: Your First Automated Workflow Vishwajeet Kondi Vishwajeet Kondi Vishwajeet Kondi Follow Dec 25 '25 Hello World to GitHub Actions: Your First Automated Workflow # githubactions # cicd # automation # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP6)🚀 Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Dec 25 '25 GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP6)🚀 # github # githubactions # cicd # gitlab Comments Add Comment 3 min read GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP7)🚀 Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Dec 25 '25 GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP7)🚀 # github # githubactions # cicd # gitlab Comments Add Comment 3 min read GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP1)🚀 Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Dec 25 '25 GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP1)🚀 # githubactions # frontend # github # cicd Comments Add Comment 2 min read GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP4)🚀 Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Dec 25 '25 GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP4)🚀 # github # githubactions # cicd # frontend Comments Add Comment 3 min read GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP5) Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Dec 25 '25 GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP5) # github # githubactions # frontend # cicd Comments Add Comment 2 min read GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP3)🚀 Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Dec 25 '25 GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP3)🚀 # githubactions # github # frontend # cicd Comments Add Comment 2 min read GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP2)🚀 Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Dec 25 '25 GitHub Actions: From Zero to Production(EP2)🚀 # github # githubactions # frontend # cicd Comments Add Comment 2 min read CI/CD Pipelines : Understand in 3 Minutes Hongster Hongster Hongster Follow Dec 25 '25 CI/CD Pipelines : Understand in 3 Minutes # cicdpipeline # automation # githubactions # abotwrotethis Comments Add Comment 3 min read Is CI/CD Stifling Innovation? 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse TechDogs for TechDogs Posted on Oct 1, 2024 • Originally published at reuters.com Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News # ai # openai # news SoftBank's Vision Fund will invest $500 million in OpenAI's $6.5 billion funding round, according to a report. SoftBank declined to comment, and OpenAI has yet to respond. ByteDance, TikTok's parent company, plans to develop an AI model using chips from Huawei, shifting to domestic suppliers due to U.S. export restrictions on advanced AI chips like Nvidia's. 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https://docs.github.com/en/migrations | Migrations documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Migrations Home Migrations Overview GitHub's migration tooling Plan your migration Migration paths Locked repositories Programmatic repository imports Migrate from Azure DevOps About migrations Overview of a migration Manage access Migrate repositories Import source code GitHub Importer About GitHub Importer Import a repository Command line About source code imports Local code External Git repo Subversion Mercurial Team Foundation Version Control GitHub Enterprise Importer Understand GitHub Enterprise Importer About GitHub Enterprise Importer Migrate from Bitbucket Server About migrations Overview of a migration Manage access Migrate repositories Migrate between GitHub products About migrations Overview of a migration Manage access Migrate from Enterprise Server Migrate repositories from GitHub.com Migrate organizations from GitHub.com Complete migration Access migration logs Reclaim mannequins Troubleshoot migrations ghe-migrator About ghe-migrator Export from GHES Export from GitHub.com Migrate data Migrations documentation If you're moving to GitHub from another code hosting platform or moving between GitHub products, learn how to use our migration tooling to bring your work with you. Overview Plan your migration Start here About GitHub Importer If your source code is stored on another Git-based hosting service, you can move the code to GitHub.com using GitHub Importer. About GitHub Enterprise Importer With GitHub Enterprise Importer, you can migrate your enterprise to GitHub Enterprise Cloud from various sources. Automating migration with GitHub Actions Importer Use GitHub Actions Importer to plan and automate your migration to GitHub Actions. Popular Importing a repository with GitHub Importer If you have a project hosted on another Git-based hosting service, you can quickly import it to GitHub using the GitHub Importer tool. Adding locally hosted code to GitHub If your code is stored locally on your computer and is tracked by Git or not tracked by any version control system (VCS), you can import the code to GitHub using GitHub CLI or Git commands. Migrating repositories from GitHub Enterprise Server to GitHub Enterprise Cloud You can migrate repositories from GitHub Enterprise Server to GitHub Enterprise Cloud, using the GitHub CLI or API. Guides Reclaiming mannequins for GitHub Enterprise Importer After your migration, you can assign the history of a placeholder identity, or mannequin, to a member of your organization. @GitHub Troubleshooting your migration with GitHub Enterprise Importer If your migration fails or produces unexpected results, you can try common troubleshooting steps. @GitHub All Migrations docs Overview About GitHub's migration tooling Planning your migration to GitHub Migration paths to GitHub About locked repositories Programmatically importing repositories Migrating from Azure DevOps to GitHub Enterprise Cloud About migrations from Azure DevOps to GitHub Enterprise Cloud Overview of a migration from Azure DevOps to GitHub Enterprise Cloud Managing access for a migration from Azure DevOps Migrating repositories from Azure DevOps to GitHub Enterprise Cloud Importing source code Using GitHub Importer • 2 articles Using the command line to import source code • 6 articles Using GitHub Enterprise Importer Understanding GitHub Enterprise Importer • 1 articles Migrating from Bitbucket Server to GitHub Enterprise Cloud • 4 articles Migrating between GitHub products • 6 articles Completing your migration with GitHub Enterprise Importer • 3 articles Using ghe-migrator About ghe-migrator Exporting migration data from GitHub Enterprise Server Exporting migration data from GitHub.com Migrating data to GitHub Enterprise Server Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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https://forem.com/nocnica#main-content | Nočnica Mellifera - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Nočnica Mellifera Actually the pug from Dune (1984) Location Portland, Oregon Joined Joined on Apr 30, 2019 github website twitter website Work Developer Advocate at New Relic Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Sign in The Sub-prime Crisis of Notifications Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Courier Sep 15 '22 The Sub-prime Crisis of Notifications # ux # userexperience # product 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Great UX Outside of your App Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Courier Sep 7 '22 Building a Great UX Outside of your App # ux # notification # productdesign # api 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Effortless MongoDB Atlas With Opta Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow Nov 30 '21 Effortless MongoDB Atlas With Opta # opta # runx # mongodb # kubernetes 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read I can't believe you're not adding observability Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for New Relic Oct 27 '21 I can't believe you're not adding observability # observability # kubernetes # newrelic # devops 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read K8s Pods: Image tags vs. Digest Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Oct 27 '21 K8s Pods: Image tags vs. Digest # kubernetes # k8s # pods # devops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Video] Running your cloud locally: Opta's Open source Infrastructure as Code Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Oct 11 '21 [Video] Running your cloud locally: Opta's Open source Infrastructure as Code # aws # deployment # cicd 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Can we build a better Terraform? The story of Opta Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Sep 29 '21 Can we build a better Terraform? The story of Opta # terraform # devops # kubernetes # aws 15 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Can Kubernetes Save You Money? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Sep 24 '21 Can Kubernetes Save You Money? # discuss # kubernetes # healthydebate 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Tesla Bot is a great example of how NOT to develop a product Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Sep 22 '21 Tesla Bot is a great example of how NOT to develop a product # watercooler # career # ai # tesla 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Embrace Remote Work or Perish Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Sep 16 '21 Embrace Remote Work or Perish # discuss # healthydebate # remote # career 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read How to Deploy Wordpress to Kubernetes on AWS Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Sep 14 '21 How to Deploy Wordpress to Kubernetes on AWS # wordpress # kubernetes # opta # aws 8 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read DevOps Is Not Automation Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Sep 8 '21 DevOps Is Not Automation # devops # productivity # startup # automation 46 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read Do you love programming? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Sep 2 '21 Do you love programming? # discuss # healthydebate 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Is your microservice architecture just a monolith wearing a bunch of smaller trench coats? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 31 '21 Is your microservice architecture just a monolith wearing a bunch of smaller trench coats? # architecture # api # devops # productivity 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I made a list of Awesome Kubernetes libraries, what should I add? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 26 '21 I made a list of Awesome Kubernetes libraries, what should I add? # discuss # github # kubernetes # k8s 6 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read What sites do you use to share your coding portfolio? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 25 '21 What sites do you use to share your coding portfolio? # discuss # career # tools # portfolio 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read What makes a 10x engineer? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 20 '21 What makes a 10x engineer? # discuss # healthydebate # 10x # career 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read I'll be speaking at CodeLand! Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 20 '21 I'll be speaking at CodeLand! # codenewbie # devcommunity # forem 15 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read How do you make time for your non-dev life? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 17 '21 How do you make time for your non-dev life? # watercooler # productivity # career # motivation 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Should you transition to Golang? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 10 '21 Should you transition to Golang? # discuss # go # frameworks # watercooler 7 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Do Developers Still Use PHP (and why that’s the wrong question to ask) Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 5 '21 Do Developers Still Use PHP (and why that’s the wrong question to ask) # discuss # webdev # php # career 49 reactions Comments 26 comments 3 min read Is It Time For Kubernetes Yet? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 3 '21 Is It Time For Kubernetes Yet? # kubernetes # devops # docker # cloud 12 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read How important is the NON technical interview? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Aug 2 '21 How important is the NON technical interview? # watercooler # career # leadership # productivity 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Deploying Jenkins on Google Cloud Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Jul 29 '21 Deploying Jenkins on Google Cloud # jenkins # gcp # kubernetes # opta 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Resume Tip That Changed My Career Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Jul 26 '21 The Resume Tip That Changed My Career # career # achievements # resume # jobs 43 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Why Do Companies Ask For Passion? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for Run [X] Jul 19 '21 Why Do Companies Ask For Passion? # discuss # passion # career # diversity 113 reactions Comments 52 comments 3 min read Do developers still use PHP? 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Learn Data Pipelines. Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for RudderStack Mar 4 '21 Want to earn more in dev? Learn Data Pipelines. # rudderstack # data # career 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read What's something you wish you could teach your younger self? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for RudderStack Mar 2 '21 What's something you wish you could teach your younger self? # discuss # watercooler # culture 6 reactions Comments 9 comments 1 min read Does asking for more money damage your career? 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Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for RudderStack Feb 11 '21 How do you organize your projects? # discuss # watercooler 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read The ugly truth of the CDP Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for RudderStack Feb 10 '21 The ugly truth of the CDP # bigdata # marketing # cdp 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to start learning git - a guide for the absolute beginner Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for RudderStack Feb 9 '21 How to start learning git - a guide for the absolute beginner # git # beginners # tips 15 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read How do you stay motivated? Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for RudderStack Feb 5 '21 How do you stay motivated? # discuss # watercooler # career # feels 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read What's the best os for your dev laptop - OSX vs Windows vs Linux Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Nočnica Mellifera Follow for RudderStack Feb 4 '21 What's the best os for your dev laptop - OSX vs Windows vs Linux # watercooler # discuss # laptops # rudderstack 6 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://docs.github.com/en/github/site-policy/github-privacy-statement | GitHub General Privacy Statement - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Site policy / Privacy Policies / GitHub General Privacy Statement Home Site policy GitHub Terms GitHub Terms of Service GitHub Corporate Terms of Service GitHub Terms for Additional Products and Features GitHub Community Guidelines GitHub Community Code of Conduct GitHub Pre-release License Terms GitHub DPA-Covered Previews GitHub Sponsors Additional Terms GitHub Registered Developer Agreement GitHub Marketplace Terms of Service GitHub Marketplace Developer Agreement GitHub Research Program Terms GitHub Open Source Applications Terms and Conditions GitHub Event Terms GitHub Event Code of Conduct GitHub Educational Use Agreement GitHub Copilot Extension Developer Policy Acceptable Use Policies GitHub Acceptable Use Policies Active Malware or Exploits Bullying and Harassment Disrupting the Experience of Other Users Doxxing and Invasion of Privacy Hate Speech and Discrimination Impersonation Disinformation Policy Sexually Obscene Content Threats of Violence and Gratuitously Violent Content Terrorism and Violent Extremism Content CSAM Policy NCII Synthetic Media and AI Tools GitHub Appeal and Reinstatement Privacy Policies GitHub General Privacy Statement GitHub Subprocessors GitHub Cookies GitHub Global Data Privacy Notice for Candidates Other Site Policies GitHub and Trade Controls GitHub Deceased User Policy GitHub Logo Policy GitHub Government Takedown Policy GitHub Username Policy Guidelines for Legal Requests of User Data GitHub Account Recovery Policy Content Removal Policies Submitting content removal requests DMCA Takedown Policy GitHub Private Information Removal Policy GitHub Trademark Policy Guide to Submitting a DMCA Counter Notice Guide to Submitting a DMCA Takedown Notice Security Policies Coordinated Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities GitHub Bug Bounty Program Legal Safe Harbor GitHub SIRT description RFC 2350 GitHub Company Policies GitHub Statement Against Modern Slavery and Child Labor GitHub Anti-Bribery Statement GitHub GPL Cooperation Commitment GitHub Gifts and Entertainment Policy Site policy / Privacy Policies / GitHub General Privacy Statement GitHub General Privacy Statement View page as Markdown In this article GitHub Privacy Statement Personal Data We Collect Processing Purposes: How We Use Your Personal Data Sharing of Personal Data Private repositories: GitHub Access Lawful Bases for Processing Personal Data (Applicable to EEA and UK End Users) Your Privacy Rights International data transfers Data Privacy Framework (DPF) Security and Retention Security Contact Us Information for Minors Changes to Our Privacy Statement Translations Our use of cookies and tracking technologies US State Specific Information GitHub Privacy Statement Effective date: February 1, 2024 Welcome to the GitHub Privacy Statement. This is where we describe how we handle your “Personal Data”, which is information that is directly linked or can be linked to you. It applies to the Personal Data that GitHub, Inc. or GitHub B.V., processes as the “Data Controller” when you interact with websites, applications, and services that display this Statement (collectively, “Services”). This Statement does not apply to services or products that do not display this Statement, such as Previews, where relevant. End User Notice: Organization-Provided GitHub Accounts When a school or employer supplies your GitHub account, they assume the role of Data Controller for most Personal Data used in our Services. This enables them to: Manage and administer your GitHub account, including adjusting privacy settings. Access and utilize your Personal Data, which includes details on how you use the Services, as well as your content and files. Should you access a GitHub Service through an account provided by an organization, such as your employer or school, the organization becomes the Data Controller, and this Privacy Statement's direct applicability to you changes. Even so, GitHub remains dedicated to preserving your privacy rights. In such circumstances, GitHub functions as a Data Processor, adhering to the Data Controller's instructions regarding your Personal Data's processing. A Data Protection Agreement governs the relationship between GitHub and the Data Controller. For further details regarding their privacy practices, please refer to the privacy statement of the organization providing your account. In cases where your organization grants access to GitHub products, GitHub acts as the Data Controller solely for specific processing activities. These activities are clearly defined in a contractual agreement with your organization, known as a Data Protection Agreement. You can review our standard Data Protection Agreement at GitHub Data Protection Agreement . For those limited purposes, this Statement governs the handling of your Personal Data. For all other aspects of GitHub product usage, your organization's policies apply. Third Party Access and Data Protection When you use third-party extensions, integrations, or follow references and links within our Services, the privacy policies of these third parties apply to any Personal Data you provide or consent to share with them. Their privacy statements will govern how this data is processed. Personal Data We Collect Personal Data is collected from you directly, automatically from your device, and also from third parties. The Personal Data GitHub processes when you use the Services depends on variables like how you interact with our Services (such as through web interfaces, desktop or mobile applications), the features you use (such as pull requests, Codespaces, or GitHub Copilot) and your method of accessing the Services (your preferred IDE). Below, we detail the information we collect through each of these channels: From You Account Data: We collect certain information when you open an account such as your GitHub handle, name, email address, password, payment information and transaction information. User Content and Files: When you use our Services, we collect Personal Data included as part of the information you provide such as code, inputs, text, documents, images, or feedback. Demographic information: In some cases, you provide us with ethnicity, gender, or similar demographic details. Feedback Data: This consists of information you submit through surveys, reviews, or interactive features. Payment Information: For paid subscriptions, we collect details like name, billing address, and payment specifics. Profile Information: We collect information to create a user profile, which may include a photo, additional email addresses, job title, or biography. Sales and Marketing Data: This includes information provided for promotional communications, such as name, email address, and company name. Support Data: When you seek customer support, we collect details like code, text, or multimedia files. Automatically Buttons, Tools, and Content from Other Companies: Our Services may contain links or buttons that lead to third-party services like Twitter or LinkedIn. Use of these features may result in data collection. Engaging with these buttons, tools, or content may automatically send certain browser information to these companies. Please review the privacy statements of these companies for more information. Essential Cookies and Similar Tracking Technologies: We use cookies and similar technologies to provide essential functionality like storing settings and recognizing you while using our Services. Non-essential Cookies: Depending on your jurisdiction, we may use online analytics products that use cookies to help us analyze how de-identified users use our Services and to enhance your experience when you use the Services. We may also employ third-party Cookies to gather data for interest-based advertising. In some jurisdictions, we only use non-essential cookies after obtaining your consent. See this section for more details and control options. Email Marketing Interactions: Our emails may have web beacons that offer information on your device type, email client, email reception, opens, and link clicks. Geolocation Information: Depending on the Service's functionality, we collect regional geolocation data. Service Usage Information: We collect data about your interactions with the Services, such as IP address, device information, session details, date and time of requests, device type and ID, operating system and application version, information related to your contributions to repositories, and performance of specific features or Services. Website Usage Data: We automatically log data about your Website interactions, including the referring site, date and time of visit, pages viewed, and links clicked. From Third Parties Information from Other Users of the Services: Other users may share information about you when they submit issues and comments. We may also receive information about you if you are identified as a representative or administrator on your company's account. Publicly Available Sources: We may acquire information about you from publicly available sources like public GitHub repositories. Services you linked to your GitHub account: When you or your administrator integrate third-party apps or services with our Services, we receive information based on your settings with those services. This can include details like your name and email from services like Google for authentication. The information we receive depends on the third-party's settings and privacy policies. Always review these to understand what data is shared with our Services. Vendors, Partners, and Affiliates: We may receive information about you from third parties, like vendors, resellers, partners, or affiliates for the purposes outlined in this statement. Processing Purposes: How We Use Your Personal Data The Personal Data we process depends on your interaction and access methods with our Services, including the interfaces (web, desktop, mobile apps), features used (pull requests, Codespaces, GitHub Copilot), and your preferred access tools (like your IDE). This section details all the potential ways GitHub may process your Personal Data: Business Operations: We use Personal Data for activities like billing, accounting, and compensation. This includes creating aggregated statistical data for internal reporting, financial reporting, revenue planning, capacity planning, and forecast modeling (including product strategy). Communication: We use Personal Data to inform you about new Services, features, offers, promotions, and other pertinent information. This also includes sending confirmations, invoices, technical notices, updates, security alerts, and administrative messages. Inference: We generate new information from other data we collect to derive likely preferences or other characteristics. For instance, we infer your general geographic location based on your IP address. Personalization: We use Personal Data to customize the Service to your preferences, to evaluate the effectiveness of enterprise business ads and promotional communications, and to ensure a seamless and consistent user experience. Safety and Security: To promote safety, integrity, and security across our Services, we process Personal Data, using both automated and, at times, manual techniques for abuse detection, prevention, and violations of terms of service. Service Provision: We use Personal Data to deliver and update our Services as configured and used by You, and to make ongoing personalized experiences and recommendations. Troubleshooting: We use Personal Data to identify and resolve technical issues. Ongoing Service Performance: Personal Data helps us keep the Services up to date and performant, and meet user productivity, reliability, efficacy, quality, privacy, accessibility and security needs. Complying with and resolving legal obligations: including responding to Data Subject Requests for Personal Data processed by GitHub as Controller (for example website data), tax requirements, agreements and disputes. Delivering Professional Services: We use Personal Data to deliver training, consulting or implementation (“Professional Services”). This includes providing technical support, professional planning, advice, guidance, data migration, deployment, and solution/software development services. Improving Professional Services: Enhancing delivery, efficacy, quality, and security of Professional Services and the underlying product(s) based on issues identified while providing Professional Services, including fixing software defects, and otherwise keeping the Professional Services up to date and performant. When carrying out these activities, GitHub practices data minimization and uses the minimum amount of Personal Information required. Sharing of Personal Data We may share Personal Data with the following recipients: Abuse and Fraud Prevention Entities: We may disclose Personal Data based on a good faith belief it is needed to prevent fraud, abuse, or attacks on our Services, or to protect the safety of GitHub and our users. Affiliates: Personal Data may be shared with GitHub affiliates, including Microsoft, to facilitate customer service, marketing and advertising, order fulfillment, billing, technical support, and legal and compliance obligations. Our affiliates may only use the Personal Data in a manner consistent with this Privacy Statement. GitHub Organization Accounts: If an organization adds you to their GitHub account, we might share Personal Data with that organization to fulfill the commercial relationship. In such a case, your use of the Services is protected by a data protection agreement and terms between your organization and GitHub Competent Authorities: We may disclose Personal Data to authorized law enforcement, regulators, courts, or other public authorities in response to lawful requests or to protect our rights and safety. Please refer to our Guidelines for Legal Requests of User Data for more information. Corporate Transaction Entities: we might disclose Personal Data within the limits of the law and in accordance with this Privacy Statement for strategic business transactions such as sales or a merger. Partners and Resellers: We cooperate with third-parties that offer sales, consulting, support, and technical services for our Services. We may share your data with these partners and resellers where allowed, and with your consent when required. Subprocessors and Service Providers: We may use vendors to provide services on our behalf, including hosting, marketing, advertising, social, analytics, support ticketing, credit card processing, or security services. They are bound by contractual obligations to ensure the security, privacy, and confidentiality of your information. Please visit https://docs.github.com/en/site-policy/privacy-policies/github-subprocessors to see our list of Subprocessors. Visual Studio Code (GitHub Codespaces): GitHub Codespaces and github.dev offer Visual Studio Code in a web browser, where some telemetry is collected by default. Details on telemetry collection are on the VS Code website . To opt out, go to File > Preferences > Settings in the top left menu of VS Code. Opting out will sync this preference across all future web sessions in GitHub Codespaces and github.dev. Other Third-party Applications: Upon your instruction, we may share Personal Data with third-party applications available on our Marketplace. You are responsible for the data you instruct us to share with these applications. Other Users and the Public: Depending on your account settings, we may share Personal Data with other users of the Services and the public. You control what information is made public. To adjust your settings, visit User Settings in your profile. Please be aware that any information you share in a collaborative context may become publicly accessible. Private repositories: GitHub Access If your GitHub account has private repositories, you control the access to that information. GitHub personnel does not access private repository information without your consent except as provided in this Privacy Statement and for: security purposes automated scanning or manual review for known vulnerabilities, active malware, or other content known to violate our Terms of Service to assist the repository owner with a support matter to maintain the integrity of the Services, or to comply with our legal obligations if we have reason to believe the contents are in violation of the law. GitHub will provide you with notice regarding private repository access unless doing so is prohibited by law or if GitHub acted in response to a security threat or other risk to security. Lawful Bases for Processing Personal Data (Applicable to EEA and UK End Users) GitHub processes Personal Data in compliance with the GDPR, ensuring a lawful basis for each processing activity. The basis varies depending on the data type and the context, including how you access the services. Our processing activities typically fall under these lawful bases: Contractual Necessity: Processing is required to fulfill our contractual duties to you, in accordance with the GitHub Terms of Service. Legal Obligation: We process data when it's necessary to comply with applicable laws or to protect the rights, safety, and property of GitHub, our affiliates, users, or third parties. Legitimate Interests: We process data for purposes that are in our legitimate interests, such as securing our Services, communicating with you, and improving our Services. This is done only when these interests are not overridden by your data protection rights or your fundamental rights and freedoms. Consent: We process data when you have explicitly consented to such processing. When we rely on consent as the legal basis, you have the right to withdraw your consent for data processing at any time. The procedures for withdrawal are detailed in this Statement and available on our website. Your Privacy Rights Depending on your residence location, you may have specific legal rights regarding your Personal Data: The right to access the data collected about you The right to request detailed information about the specific types of Personal Data we've collected over the past 12 months, including data disclosed for business purposes The right to rectify or update inaccurate or incomplete Personal Data under certain circumstances The right to erase or limit the processing of your Personal Data under specific conditions The right to object to the processing of your Personal Data, as allowed by applicable law The right to withdraw consent, where processing is based on your consent The right to receive your collected Personal Data in a structured, commonly used, and machine-readable format to facilitate its transfer to another company, where technically feasible To exercise these rights, please send an email to privacy[at]github[dot]com and follow the instructions provided. To verify your identity for security, we may request extra information before addressing your data-related request. Please contact our Data Protection Officer at dpo[at]github[dot]com for any feedback or concerns. Depending on your region, you have the right to complain to your local Data Protection Authority. European users can find authority contacts on the European Data Protection Board website, and UK users on the Information Commissioner’s Office website. We aim to promptly respond to requests in compliance with legal requirements. Please note that we may retain certain data as necessary for legal obligations or for establishing, exercising, or defending legal claims. International data transfers GitHub stores and processes Personal Data in a variety of locations, including your local region, the United States, and other countries where GitHub, its affiliates, subsidiaries, or subprocessors have operations. We transfer Personal Data from the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland to countries that the European Commission has not recognized as having an adequate level of data protection. When we engage in such transfers, we generally rely on the standard contractual clauses published by the European Commission under Commission Implementing Decision 2021/914 , to help protect your rights and enable these protections to travel with your data. To learn more about the European Commission’s decisions on the adequacy of the protection of personal data in the countries where GitHub processes personal data, see this article on the European Commission website . Data Privacy Framework (DPF) GitHub also complies with the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (EU-U.S. DPF), the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (Swiss-U.S. DPF) as set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce. GitHub has certified to the U.S. Department of Commerce that it adheres to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework Principles (EU-U.S. DPF Principles) with regard to the processing of personal data received from the European Union in reliance on the EU-U.S. DPF and from the United Kingdom (and Gibraltar) in reliance on the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF. GitHub has certified to the U.S. Department of Commerce that it adheres to the Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Framework Principles (Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles) with regard to the processing of personal data received from Switzerland in reliance on the Swiss-U.S. DPF. If there is any conflict between the terms in this privacy statement and the EU-U.S. DPF Principles and/or the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles, the Principles shall govern. To learn more about the Data Privacy Framework (DPF) program, and to view our certification, please visit https://www.dataprivacyframework.gov/ . GitHub has the responsibility for the processing of Personal Data it receives under the Data Privacy Framework (DPF) Principles and subsequently transfers to a third party acting as an agent on GitHub’s behalf. GitHub shall remain liable under the DPF Principles if its agent processes such Personal Data in a manner inconsistent with the DPF Principles, unless the organization proves that it is not responsible for the event giving rise to the damage. Dispute resolution process In compliance with the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF, GitHub commits to resolve DPF Principles-related complaints about our collection and use of your personal information. EU, UK, and Swiss individuals with inquiries or complaints regarding our handling of personal data received in reliance on the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK Extension, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF should first contact GitHub at: dpo[at]github[dot]com. If you do not receive timely acknowledgment of your DPF Principles-related complaint from us, or if we have not addressed your DPF Principles-related complaint to your satisfaction, please visit https://go.adr.org/dpf_irm.html for more information or to file a complaint. The services of the International Centre for Dispute Resolution are provided at no cost to you. An individual has the possibility, under certain conditions, to invoke binding arbitration for complaints regarding DPF compliance not resolved by any of the other DPF mechanisms. For additional information visit https://www.dataprivacyframework.gov/framework-article/ANNEX-I-introduction . Government Enforcement GitHub is subject to the investigatory and enforcement powers of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. § 45), an organization's failure to abide by commitments to implement the DPF Principles may be challenged as deceptive by the FTC. The FTC has the power to prohibit such misrepresentations through administrative orders or by seeking court orders. Security and Retention GitHub uses appropriate administrative, technical, and physical security controls to protect your Personal Data. We’ll retain your Personal Data as long as your account is active and as needed to fulfill contractual obligations, comply with legal requirements, resolve disputes, and enforce agreements. The retention duration depends on the purpose of data collection and any legal obligations. Security GitHub uses administrative, technical, and physical security controls where appropriate to protect your Personal Data. Contact Us Contact us via our contact form or by emailing our Data Protection Officer at dpo[at]github[dot]com. Our addresses are: GitHub B.V. Prins Bernhardplein 200, Amsterdam 1097JB The Netherlands GitHub, Inc. 88 Colin P. Kelly Jr. St. San Francisco, CA 94107 United States Information for Minors Our Services are not intended for individuals under the age of 13. We do not intentionally gather Personal Data from such individuals. If you become aware that a minor has provided us with Personal Data, please notify us . Changes to Our Privacy Statement GitHub may periodically revise this Privacy Statement. If there are material changes to the statement, we will provide at least 30 days prior notice by updating our website or sending an email to your primary email address associated with your GitHub account. Translations Below are translations of this document into other languages. In the event of any conflict, uncertainty, or apparent inconsistency between any of those versions and the English version, this English version is the controlling version. French Cliquez ici pour obtenir la version française: Déclaration de confidentialité de GitHub (PDF) . Other translations For translations of this statement into other languages, please visit https://docs.github.com/ and select a language from the drop-down menu under “English.” Our use of cookies and tracking technologies Cookies and tracking technologies GitHub uses cookies to provide, secure and improve our Service or to develop new features and functionality of our Service. For example, we use them to (i) keep you logged in, (ii) remember your preferences, (iii) identify your device for security and fraud purposes, including as needed to maintain the integrity of our Service, (iv) compile statistical reports, and (v) provide information and insight for future development of GitHub. We provide more information about cookies on GitHub that describes the cookies we set, the needs we have for those cookies, and the expiration of such cookies. 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You have the right to opt out of profiling in furtherance of decisions that produce legal or similarly significant effects concerning the consumer. GitHub does not engage in such profiling as defined by Colorado law, so there’s no need to opt out. Nevada We do not sell your covered information, as defined under Chapter 603A of the Nevada Revised Statutes. If you still have questions about your covered information or anything else in our Privacy Statement, please send an email to privacy[at]github[dot]com. Help and support Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/sajijohn/why-genai-observability-breaks-in-production-2ao | Why GenAI Observability Breaks in Production - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Saji John Miranda Posted on Dec 15, 2025 Why GenAI Observability Breaks in Production # genai # llm # rag # architecture GenAI systems usually look fine in development and staging. Latency is predictable. Token usage looks reasonable. Costs seem under control. Then the system moves to production — and something changes. Costs creep up quietly . Latency becomes inconsistent . Retries and fallbacks increase . But when teams look at their dashboards, nothing obvious is “broken”. The problem: infrastructure metrics don’t explain AI behavior Traditional observability answers questions like: Is the service up? Are requests failing? Is CPU or memory saturated? Those signals are useful — but they don’t explain how AI behavior changes over time. In GenAI systems, cost and reliability are driven by things infra tools don’t model well: token expansion across prompts retries and partial failures fallback model usage routing changes temperature and sampling effects subtle execution drift without code changes From the outside, the system looks healthy. From the inside, behavior is changing. That’s the gap most teams hit after production rollout. The GenAI production blind spot This is what teams usually miss: GenAI systems don’t fail loudly — they drift quietly. Costs don’t spike in a single incident. Latency doesn’t collapse across the board. Instead: average cost per request slowly rises tail latency worsens retries become more frequent fallback paths get exercised more often And because prompts and responses are sensitive, many teams avoid collecting anything beyond coarse metrics. So the very signals that explain why things are changing never get captured. Why this is hard to spot early Two reasons: Behavioral signals aren’t first-class metrics Tokens, retries, routing decisions, and execution paths aren’t treated like CPU or memory. Prompt-level data is sensitive Storing raw prompts or outputs creates privacy, compliance, and security concerns. As a result, teams either: collect too little and fly blind, or collect too much and create risk. A short visual explanation I put together a short video that explains this production blind spot visually — why teams lose visibility once GenAI systems go live, and what kind of signals actually matter. 🎥 The GenAI Production Blind Spot https://youtu.be/8O61U5EQpS0 It’s not a demo or a tutorial — just a clear explanation of the gap that appears in production. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Saji John Miranda Follow 🔥 Work & Project Specialization: ✅ Agentic AI ✅ ML & DL ✅ NLP & LLMs ✅ RAG AI/ML Architect : Consulting 🤝 Open for AI Arch Design, & Research. AI/ML projects & startup partnerships. 📞 +919663522720 Location Bangalore, India Joined Oct 31, 2024 More from Saji John Miranda Local LLM Observability for Developers — Introducing DoCoreAI (Free) # ai # python # llm # observability 🎉 8,215+ downloads in just 30 days! # ai # machinelearning # aiops # rag 25 Days of DoCoreAI – A Reflection for Builders & Curious Developers # promptengineering # llm # machinelearning # ai 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/arshadyaseen/building-a-typescript-library-in-2025-2h0i | Building a TypeScript Library in 2025 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Arshad Yaseen Posted on Jul 23, 2025 • Edited on Sep 26, 2025 Building a TypeScript Library in 2025 # typescript # bunjs # programming If you've built a TypeScript library recently, you know the pain. You spend more time wrestling with build configurations than actually writing code. Your tsup builds take 4 seconds. It's 2025. We can do better. The TypeScript ecosystem has been missing a tool that combines: Lightning-fast builds (sub-100ms, not multi-second) Zero-config ergonomics that scale with complexity Modern TypeScript features like isolatedDeclarations Built-in intelligence for common library tasks Enter the Speed Revolution Here's what modern TypeScript library development should look like: # Traditional approach $ tsup src/index.ts ✓ Build completed in 1.4s # What's possible in 2025 with bunup $ bunup src/index.ts ✓ Build completed in 37ms Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 37 milliseconds. Not 1.8 seconds. Not 400ms. 37ms. Bunup is powered by Bun's native bundler, making it fast by default with instant TypeScript declaration generation. This isn't just about saving time (though saving 1.7+ seconds per build adds up). It's about changing how you develop . When builds are instant, you can: Iterate faster during development Run builds in watch mode without battery drain Include builds in pre-commit hooks without friction Actually enjoy the development process Modern TypeScript: Isolated Declarations TypeScript 5.5 introduced isolatedDeclarations - a game-changer for library authors that most tools still don't properly support. Why It Matters Traditional declaration generation analyzes your entire codebase to infer types: // Old way - requires whole-program analysis export function getUserData ( id : string ) { return database . users . find ( user => user . id === id ); // Inferred return type } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With isolatedDeclarations , you're explicit about your public API: // Modern way - explicit, fast, reliable export function getUserData ( id : string ): Promise < User | null > { return database . users . find ( user => user . id === id ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Benefits 10x faster declaration generation More predictable types for library consumers Better encapsulation - your internal types stay internal Clearer intent - you explicitly define what's public Enable it in your tsconfig.json : { "compilerOptions" : { "declaration" : true , "isolatedDeclarations" : true } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Modern bundlers should embrace this, not fight it. Beyond Speed: Beautiful Ergonomics Fast builds are just the beginning. Modern library tooling should understand your needs: Package Exports // bunup.config.ts export default defineConfig ({ entry : [ ' src/index.ts ' ], plugins : [ exports ()] }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Your package.json automatically gets: { "main" : "./dist/index.cjs" , "module" : "./dist/index.js" , "types" : "./dist/index.d.ts" , "exports" : { "." : { "import" : { "types" : "./dist/index.d.ts" , "default" : "./dist/index.js" }, "require" : { "types" : "./dist/index.d.cts" , "default" : "./dist/index.cjs" } } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No more manual exports field maintenance. No more forgetting the types field. No more mismatched paths. Unused Dependencies plugins : [ unused ()] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Get warnings about: Dependencies you're not actually using Dev dependencies that should be regular dependencies Missing peer dependencies And a lot more beautiful plugins that you love. Monorepo Support Building multiple packages? Bunup workspaces make it effortless: // bunup.config.ts export default defineWorkspace ([ { name : " core " , root : " packages/core " , config : { entry : [ " src/index.ts " ], format : [ " esm " , " cjs " ] } }, { name : " utils " , root : " packages/utils " , config : { entry : [ " src/index.ts " ], format : [ " esm " ] } } ]); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Build all packages with a single command, with incremental builds that only rebuild what's changed. Perfect for design systems, component libraries, and complex projects. The Full Developer Experience Here's what building a TypeScript library looks like in 2025: Initial Setup (10 seconds) bunx bunup@latest --new Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You get: TypeScript configured with isolatedDeclarations Bun-powered testing setup Biome for linting and formatting GitHub Actions for CI/CD Automatic npm publishing workflow Development Workflow bun run dev # Watch mode with instant rebuilds bun run test # Lightning-fast tests bun run build # Production build in ~37ms Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Publishing bun run release Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Automatically: Bumps version Generates changelog Creates GitHub release Publishes to npm with provenance Real-World Performance Comparison I tested this with a medium-sized TypeScript library (15 source files, 3 entry points): Tool Build Time Rebuild Time tsup 1.8s 0.6s unbuild 1.1s 0.4s tsdown 108ms 34ms bunup 37ms 8ms That's not a typo. 37 milliseconds for a complete build with TypeScript declarations. ⭐ Star bunup on GitHub and join the speed revolution. The future of TypeScript library development is here. It's fast, it's simple, and it's available at bunup.dev today. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Arshad Yaseen Follow a fullstack developer ✦ Expert In MERN Stack Location Kerala,India Work CEO at Glowit Labs Joined Jun 4, 2022 More from Arshad Yaseen Building a modern TypeScript Library in 2026 with Bun # typescript # npm 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.github.com/en/github-cli | GitHub CLI documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar GitHub CLI Home GitHub CLI GitHub CLI About GitHub CLI Quickstart Accounts across platforms Creating GitHub CLI extensions Using GitHub CLI extensions GitHub CLI reference GitHub CLI documentation GitHub CLI is an open source tool for using GitHub from your computer's command line. When you're working from the command line, you can use the GitHub CLI to save time and avoid switching context. Overview Quickstart Reference Start here Creating GitHub CLI extensions Learn how to share new GitHub CLI commands with other users by creating custom extensions for GitHub CLI. Using GitHub CLI extensions Learn how to use custom extensions written by other GitHub CLI users. Using GitHub CLI in workflows You can script with GitHub CLI in GitHub Actions workflows. Using GitHub Codespaces with GitHub CLI You can work with GitHub Codespaces directly from your command line by using gh, the GitHub command line interface. Popular CLI tasks Creating a pull request Create a pull request to propose and collaborate on changes to a repository. These changes are proposed in a branch, which ensures that the default branch only contains finished and approved work. Creating an issue Issues can be created in a variety of ways, so you can choose the most convenient method for your workflow. Adding a new SSH key to your GitHub account To configure your account on GitHub.com to use your new (or existing) SSH key, you'll also need to add the key to your account. Quickstart for repositories Learn how to create a new repository and commit your first change in 5 minutes. What's new View all GitHub CLI renews GPG signing key for Linux packages September 11 All GitHub CLI docs GitHub CLI About GitHub CLI GitHub CLI quickstart Using the GitHub CLI across GitHub platforms Creating GitHub CLI extensions Using GitHub CLI extensions GitHub CLI reference Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
http://planetpython.org/#left-hand-navigation | Planet Python Planet Python Last update: January 13, 2026 07:44 AM UTC January 13, 2026 Talk Python to Me #534: diskcache: Your secret Python perf weapon Your cloud SSD is sitting there, bored, and it would like a job. Today we’re putting it to work with DiskCache, a simple, practical cache built on SQLite that can speed things up without spinning up Redis or extra services. Once you start to see what it can do, a universe of possibilities opens up. We're joined by Vincent Warmerdam to dive into DiskCache.<br/> <br/> <strong>Episode sponsors</strong><br/> <br/> <a href='https://talkpython.fm/training'>Talk Python Courses</a><br> <a href='https://talkpython.fm/devopsbook'>Python in Production</a><br/> <br/> <h2 class="links-heading mb-4">Links from the show</h2> <div><strong>diskcache docs</strong>: <a href="https://grantjenks.com/docs/diskcache/?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >grantjenks.com</a><br/> <strong>LLM Building Blocks for Python course</strong>: <a href="https://training.talkpython.fm/courses/llm-building-blocks-for-python" target="_blank" >training.talkpython.fm</a><br/> <strong>JSONDisk</strong>: <a href="https://grantjenks.com/docs/diskcache/api.html#jsondisk" target="_blank" >grantjenks.com</a><br/> <strong>Git Code Archaeology Charts</strong>: <a href="https://koaning.github.io/gitcharts/#django/versioned" target="_blank" >koaning.github.io</a><br/> <strong>Talk Python Cache Admin UI</strong>: <a href="https://blobs.talkpython.fm/talk-python-cache-admin.png?cache_id=cd0d7f" target="_blank" >blobs.talkpython.fm</a><br/> <strong>Litestream SQLite streaming</strong>: <a href="https://litestream.io?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >litestream.io</a><br/> <strong>Plash hosting</strong>: <a href="https://pla.sh?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >pla.sh</a><br/> <br/> <strong>Watch this episode on YouTube</strong>: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ze7N_RE9KU0" target="_blank" >youtube.com</a><br/> <strong>Episode #534 deep-dive</strong>: <a href="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/show/534/diskcache-your-secret-python-perf-weapon#takeaways-anchor" target="_blank" >talkpython.fm/534</a><br/> <strong>Episode transcripts</strong>: <a href="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/transcript/534/diskcache-your-secret-python-perf-weapon" target="_blank" >talkpython.fm</a><br/> <br/> <strong>Theme Song: Developer Rap</strong><br/> <strong>🥁 Served in a Flask 🎸</strong>: <a href="https://talkpython.fm/flasksong" target="_blank" >talkpython.fm/flasksong</a><br/> <br/> <strong>---== Don't be a stranger ==---</strong><br/> <strong>YouTube</strong>: <a href="https://talkpython.fm/youtube" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-youtube"></i> youtube.com/@talkpython</a><br/> <br/> <strong>Bluesky</strong>: <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/talkpython.fm" target="_blank" >@talkpython.fm</a><br/> <strong>Mastodon</strong>: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/web/@talkpython" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-mastodon"></i> @talkpython@fosstodon.org</a><br/> <strong>X.com</strong>: <a href="https://x.com/talkpython" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i> @talkpython</a><br/> <br/> <strong>Michael on Bluesky</strong>: <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/mkennedy.codes?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" >@mkennedy.codes</a><br/> <strong>Michael on Mastodon</strong>: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/web/@mkennedy" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-mastodon"></i> @mkennedy@fosstodon.org</a><br/> <strong>Michael on X.com</strong>: <a href="https://x.com/mkennedy?featured_on=talkpython" target="_blank" ><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i> @mkennedy</a><br/></div> January 13, 2026 05:32 AM UTC January 12, 2026 Real Python Python's deque: Implement Efficient Queues and Stacks You can use Python’s deque for efficient appends and pops at both ends of a sequence-like data type. These capabilities are critical when you need to implement queue and stack data structures that operate efficiently even under heavy workloads. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how deque works, when to use it over a list , and how to apply it in real code. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: deque internally uses a doubly linked list , so end operations are O(1) while random indexing is O(n) . You can build a FIFO queue with .append() and .popleft() , and a LIFO stack with .append() and .pop() . deque supports indexing but doesn’t support slicing . Passing a value to maxlen creates a bounded deque that drops items from the opposite end when full. In CPython, .append() , .appendleft() , .pop() , .popleft() , and len() are thread-safe for multithreaded use. Up next, you’ll get started with deque , benchmark it against list , and explore how it shines in real-world use cases, such as queues, stacks, history buffers, and thread-safe producer-consumer setups. Get Your Code: Click here to download the free sample code that shows you how to implement efficient queues and stacks with Python’s deque. Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “Python's deque: Implement Efficient Queues and Stacks” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress: Interactive Quiz Python's deque: Implement Efficient Queues and Stacks Use Python's deque for fast queues and stacks. Refresh end operations, maxlen rollover, indexing limits, and thread-safe methods. Get Started With Python’s deque Appending to and popping from the right end of a Python list are efficient operations most of the time. Using the Big O notation for time complexity , these operations are O(1) . However, when Python needs to reallocate memory to grow the underlying list to accept new items, these operations slow down and can become O ( n ). In contrast, appending and popping items from the left end of a Python list are always inefficient and have O ( n ) time complexity. Because Python lists provide both operations with the .append() and .pop() methods , you can use them as stacks and queues . However, the performance issues you saw before can significantly impact the overall performance of your applications. Python’s deque was the first data type added to the collections module back in Python 2.4 . This data type was specially designed to overcome the efficiency problems of .append() and .pop() in Python lists. A deque is a sequence -like data structure designed as a generalization of stacks and queues . It supports memory-efficient and fast append and pop operations on both ends. Note: The word deque is pronounced as “deck.” The name stands for d ouble- e nded que ue . Append and pop operations on both ends of a deque object are stable and equally efficient because deques are implemented as a doubly linked list . Additionally, append and pop operations on deques are thread-safe and memory-efficient. These features make deques particularly useful for creating custom stacks and queues in Python. Deques are also a good choice when you need to keep a list of recently seen items, as you can restrict the maximum length of your deque. By setting a maximum length, once a deque is full, it automatically discards items from one end when you append new items to the opposite end. Here’s a summary of the main features of deque : Stores items of any data type Is a mutable data type Supports membership operations with the in operator Supports indexing , like in a_deque[i] Doesn’t support slicing , like in a_deque[0:2] Supports built-in functions that operate on sequences and iterables , such as len() , sorted() , reversed() , and more Doesn’t support in-place sorting Supports normal and reverse iteration Supports pickling with pickle Supports fast, memory-efficient, and thread-safe pop and append operations on both ends To create deques, you just need to import deque from collections and call it with an optional iterable as an argument : Python >>> from collections import deque >>> # Create an empty deque >>> deque () deque([]) >>> # Use different iterables to create deques >>> deque (( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )) deque([1, 2, 3, 4]) >>> deque ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) deque([1, 2, 3, 4]) >>> deque ( range ( 1 , 5 )) deque([1, 2, 3, 4]) >>> deque ( "abcd" ) deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']) >>> numbers = { "one" : 1 , "two" : 2 , "three" : 3 , "four" : 4 } >>> deque ( numbers . keys ()) deque(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']) >>> deque ( numbers . values ()) deque([1, 2, 3, 4]) >>> deque ( numbers . items ()) deque([('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3), ('four', 4)]) If you instantiate deque without providing an iterable as an argument, then you get an empty deque. If you provide an iterable , then deque initializes the new instance with data from it. The initialization goes from left to right using deque.append() . The deque initializer takes the following two optional arguments : iterable holds an iterable that provides the initialization data. maxlen holds an integer number that specifies the maximum length of the deque. As mentioned previously, if you don’t supply an iterable , then you get an empty deque. If you provide a value to maxlen , then your deque will only store up to maxlen items. Finally, you can also use unordered iterables, such as sets , to initialize your deques. In those cases, you won’t have a predefined order for the items in the final deque. Read the full article at https://realpython.com/python-deque/ » [ Improve Your Python With 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 – Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. >> Click here to learn more and see examples ] January 12, 2026 02:00 PM UTC The Python Coding Stack Need a Constant in Python? Enums Can Come in Useful Python doesn’t have constants. You probably learnt this early on when learning Python. Unlike many other programming languages, you can’t define a constant in Python. All variables are variable! “Ah, but there are immutable types.” Sure, you can have an object that doesn’t change throughout its lifetime. But you can’t have a reference to it that’s guaranteed not to change. The identifier (variable name) you use to refer to this immutable type can easily switch to refer to something else. “How about using all caps for the identifier. Doesn’t that make it a constant?” No, it doesn’t. That’s just a convention you use to show your intent as a programmer that an identifier refers to a value that shouldn’t change. But nothing prevents that value from changing. Here’s an all-uppercase identifier that refers to an immutable object: All code blocks are available in text format at the end of this article • #1 The identifier is all caps. The object is a tuple, which is immutable. Recall that you don’t need parentheses to create a tuple—the comma is sufficient. So, you use an all-uppercase identifier for an immutable object. But that doesn’t stop you from changing the value of FIXED_LOCATION : #2 Neither using an immutable object nor using uppercase identifiers prevents you from changing this value! So, Python doesn’t have constants. But there are tools you can use to mimic constant behaviour depending on the use case you need. In this article I’ll explore one of these: Enums . All The Python Coding Place video courses are included in a single, cost-effective bundle. The courses cover beginner and intermediate level courses, and you also get access to a members-only forum. Get The All Courses Bundle Jargon Corner : Enum is short for enumeration , and you’ll see why soon. But don’t confuse this with the built-in enumerate() , which does something else. See Parkruns, Python’s enumerate and zip, and Why Python Loops Are Different from Other Languages • [Note: This is a Club post] for more on enumerate() . Let’s revisit our friend Alex from an article from a short while ago: “AI Coffee” Grand Opening This Monday . This article explored the program Alex used in his new coffee shop and how the function signature changed over time to minimise confusion and errors when using it. It’s a fun article about all the various types and styles of parameters and arguments you can have in Python functions. But it didn’t address another potential source of error when using this code. So let’s look at a simple version of the brew_coffee() function Alex used to serve his coffee-drinking customers: #3 When you call the function, you pass the coffee you want to this function: #4 And elsewhere in the code, these coffees are defined in a dictionary: #5 If you’ve written code like this in the past, you’ll know that it’s rather annoying—and error-prone—to keep using the strings with the coffee names wherever you need to refer to a specific coffee, such as when passing the coffees to brew_coffee() . The names of the coffees and the parameters that define them do not change. They’re constant. It’s a shame Python doesn’t have constants, you may think. But it has enums… #6 The CoffeeType enum contains seven members. Each member has a name and a value. By convention, you use all-uppercase names for the members since they represent constants. And these enum members behave like constants: #7 When you attempt to reassign a value to a member, Python raises an exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File ..., line 12, in <module> CoffeeType.ESPRESSO = 10 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ... AttributeError: cannot reassign member ‘ESPRESSO’ The member names are also contained within the namespace of the Enum class—you use CoffeeType.ESPRESSO rather than just ESPRESSO outside the Enum class definition. So, you get autocomplete, refactor-friendly names, and fewer silent typos. With raw strings, "capuccino" (with a single “p”) can sneak into your code, and nothing complains until a customer is already waiting at the counter. For these enum members to act as constants, their names must be unique. You can’t have the same name appear more than once: #8 You include ESPRESSO twice with different values. But this raises an exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File ..., line 3, in <module> ... ESPRESSO = 8 ^^^^^^^^ ... TypeError: ‘ESPRESSO’ already defined as 1 That’s good news. Otherwise, these enum members wouldn’t be very useful as constants. However, you can have an alias. You can have more than one member sharing the same value: #9 The members MACCHIATO and ESPRESSO_MACCHIATO both have the value 4 . Therefore, they represent the same item. They’re different names for the same coffee: #10 Note that Python always displays the first member associated with a value: CoffeeType.MACCHIATO The output says CoffeeType.MACCHIATO even though you pass CoffeeType.ESPRESSO_MACCHIATO to print() . Incidentally, if you don’t want to have aliases, you can use the @unique decorator when defining the enum class. Join The Club , the exclusive area for paid subscribers for more Python posts for premium members , videos, a members’ forum, and more. You can also access the name and value of an enum member: #11 Here’s the output from this code: CoffeeType.ESPRESSO ESPRESSO 1 The .name attribute is a string, and the .value attribute is an integer in this case: #12 Here’s the output when you display the types: <enum ‘CoffeeType’> <class ‘str’> <class ‘int’> You’ll often use integers as values for enum members—that’s why they’re called enumerations . But you don’t have to: #13 The values are now also strings: CoffeeType.ESPRESSO ESPRESSO espresso You can use these enum members instead of strings wherever you need to refer to each coffee type: #14 …and again when you call brew_coffee() : #15 Now you have a safer, neater, and more robust way to handle the coffee types... and treat them as constants. A Bit More • StrEnum and IntEnum Let’s add some code to brew_coffee() : #16 This version is almost fine. But here’s a small problem: Brewing a CoffeeType.CORTADO with 30ml of coffee and 60ml of milk. Strength level: 2 The output displays CoffeeType.CORTADO since coffee_type refers to an enum member. You’d like the output to just show the name of the coffee! Of course, you can use the .value attribute any time you need to fetch the string. However, to make your coding simpler and more readable, you can ensure that the enum members are also strings themselves without having to rely on one of their attributes. You can use StrEnum instead of Enum : #17 Members of a StrEnum also inherit all the string methods, such as: #18 You call the string method .title() directly on the StrEnum member: Macchiato There’s also an IntEnum that can be useful when you want your enum members to act as integers. Let’s replace the coffee strength values, which are currently integers, with IntEnum members: #19 You could use a standard Enum in this case. But using an IntEnum allows you to manipulate its members directly as integers should you need to do so. Here’s an example: #20 This code is equivalent to printing 3 + 1 . You wouldn’t be able to do this with enums unless you use the .value attributes. And A Couple More Things About Enums Let’s explore a couple of other useful enum features before we wrap up this article. An enum class is iterable. Here are all the coffee types in a for loop: #21 Note that CoffeeType is the class name. But it’s an enum (a StrEnum in this case), so it’s iterable: Brewing a espresso with 30ml of coffee and 0ml of milk. Strength level: 3 Brewing a latte with 30ml of coffee and 150ml of milk. Strength level: 1 Brewing a cappuccino with 30ml of coffee and 100ml of milk. Strength level: 2 Brewing a macchiato with 30ml of coffee and 10ml of milk. Strength level: 3 Brewing a flat_white with 30ml of coffee and 120ml of milk. Strength level: 2 Brewing a ristretto with 20ml of coffee and 0ml of milk. Strength level: 4 Brewing a cortado with 30ml of coffee and 60ml of milk. Strength level: 2 I’ll let you sort out the text displayed to make sure you get ‘ an espresso’ when brewing an espresso and to remove the underscore in the flat white! And there will be times when you don’t care about the value of an enum member. You just want to use an enum to give your constants a consistent name. In this case, you can use the automatic value assignment: #22 Python assigns integers incrementally in the order you define the members for Enum classes. Note that these start from 1 , not 0 . The same integers are used if you use IntEnum classes. However, when you use StrEnum classes, Python behaves differently since the values should be strings in this case: #23 The values are now the lowercase strings representing the members’ names. Of course, the default values you get when you use auto() may be the values you need, after all. This is the case for both enums you created in this article, CoffeeType and CoffeeStrength : #24 Using auto() when appropriate makes it easier to write your code and expand it later if you need to add more enum members. Final Words You can get by without ever using enums. But there are many situations where you’d love to reach for a constant, and an enum will do just fine. Sure, Python doesn’t have constants. But it has enums! Photo by Valeria Boltneva Code in this article uses Python 3.14 The code images used in this article are created using Snappify . [Affiliate link] Join The Club , the exclusive area for paid subscribers for more Python posts , videos, a members’ forum, and more. Subscribe now You can also support this publication by making a one-off contribution of any amount you wish . Support The Python Coding Stack For more Python resources, you can also visit Real Python —you may even stumble on one of my own articles or courses there! Also, are you interested in technical writing? You’d like to make your own writing more narrative, more engaging, more memorable? Have a look at Breaking the Rules . And you can find out more about me at stephengruppetta.com Appendix: Code Blocks Code Block #1 FIXED_LOCATION = 51.75, 0.34 Code Block #2 FIXED_LOCATION # (51.75, 0.34) FIXED_LOCATION = "Oops!" FIXED_LOCATION # 'Oops!' Code Block #3 def brew_coffee(coffee_type): # Actual code goes here... # It's not relevant for this article Code Block #4 brew_coffee("espresso") brew_coffee("cappuccino") Code Block #5 coffee_types = { "espresso": {"strength": 3, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 0}, "latte": {"strength": 1, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 150}, "cappuccino": {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 100}, "macchiato": {"strength": 3, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 10}, "flat_white": {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 120}, "ristretto": {"strength": 4, "coffee_amount": 20, "milk_amount": 0}, "cortado": {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 60}, } Code Block #6 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = 1 LATTE = 2 CAPPUCCINO = 3 MACCHIATO = 4 FLAT_WHITE = 5 RISTRETTO = 6 CORTADO = 7 Code Block #7 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = 1 LATTE = 2 CAPPUCCINO = 3 MACCHIATO = 4 FLAT_WHITE = 5 RISTRETTO = 6 CORTADO = 7 CoffeeType.ESPRESSO = 10 Code Block #8 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = 1 LATTE = 2 CAPPUCCINO = 3 MACCHIATO = 4 FLAT_WHITE = 5 RISTRETTO = 6 CORTADO = 7 ESPRESSO = 8 Code Block #9 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = 1 LATTE = 2 CAPPUCCINO = 3 MACCHIATO = 4 FLAT_WHITE = 5 RISTRETTO = 6 CORTADO = 7 ESPRESSO_MACCHIATO = 4 Code Block #10 print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO_MACCHIATO) Code Block #11 # ... print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO) print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.name) print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.value) Code Block #12 # ... print(type(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO)) print(type(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.name)) print(type(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.value)) Code Block #13 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = "espresso" LATTE = "latte" CAPPUCCINO = "cappuccino" MACCHIATO = "macchiato" FLAT_WHITE = "flat_white" RISTRETTO = "ristretto" CORTADO = "cortado" print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO) print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.name) print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.value) Code Block #14 # ... coffee_types = { CoffeeType.ESPRESSO: {"strength": 3, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 0}, CoffeeType.LATTE: {"strength": 1, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 150}, CoffeeType.CAPPUCCINO: {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 100}, CoffeeType.MACCHIATO: {"strength": 3, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 10}, CoffeeType.FLAT_WHITE: {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 120}, CoffeeType.RISTRETTO: {"strength": 4, "coffee_amount": 20, "milk_amount": 0}, CoffeeType.CORTADO: {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 60}, } Code Block #15 # ... brew_coffee(CoffeeType.CORTADO) Code Block #16 # ... def brew_coffee(coffee_type): coffee_details = coffee_types.get(coffee_type) if not coffee_details: print("Unknown coffee type!") return print( f"Brewing a {coffee_type} " f"with {coffee_details['coffee_amount']}ml of coffee " f"and {coffee_details['milk_amount']}ml of milk. " f"Strength level: {coffee_details['strength']}" ) brew_coffee(CoffeeType.CORTADO) Code Block #17 from enum import StrEnum class CoffeeType(StrEnum): ESPRESSO = "espresso" LATTE = "latte" CAPPUCCINO = "cappuccino" MACCHIATO = "macchiato" FLAT_WHITE = "flat_white" RISTRETTO = "ristretto" CORTADO = "cortado" # ... def brew_coffee(coffee_type): coffee_details = coffee_types.get(coffee_type) if not coffee_details: print("Unknown coffee type!") return print( f"Brewing a {coffee_type} " f"with {coffee_details['coffee_amount']}ml of coffee " f"and {coffee_details['milk_amount']}ml of milk. " f"Strength level: {coffee_details['strength']}" ) brew_coffee(CoffeeType.CORTADO) Code Block #18 print(CoffeeType.MACCHIATO.title()) Code Block #19 # ... class CoffeeStrength(IntEnum): WEAK = 1 MEDIUM = 2 STRONG = 3 EXTRA_STRONG = 4 coffee_types = { CoffeeType.ESPRESSO: { "strength": CoffeeStrength.STRONG, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 0, }, CoffeeType.LATTE: { "strength": CoffeeStrength.WEAK, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 150, }, CoffeeType.CAPPUCCINO: { "strength": CoffeeStrength.MEDIUM, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 100, }, # ... and so on... } # ... Code Block #20 print(CoffeeStrength.STRONG + CoffeeStrength.WEAK) Code Block #21 # ... for coffee in CoffeeType: brew_coffee(coffee) Code Block #22 from enum import Enum, auto class Test(Enum): FIRST = auto() SECOND = auto() Test.FIRST # <Test.FIRST: 1> Test.SECOND # <Test.SECOND: 2> Code Block #23 from enum import StrEnum, auto class Test(StrEnum): FIRST = auto() SECOND = auto() Test.FIRST # <Test.FIRST: 'first'> Test.SECOND # <Test.SECOND: 'second'> Code Block #24 # ... class CoffeeType(StrEnum): ESPRESSO = auto() LATTE = auto() CAPPUCCINO = auto() MACCHIATO = auto() FLAT_WHITE = auto() RISTRETTO = auto() CORTADO = auto() class CoffeeStrength(IntEnum): WEAK = auto() MEDIUM = auto() STRONG = auto() EXTRA_STRONG = auto() # ... For more Python resources, you can also visit Real Python —you may even stumble on one of my own articles or courses there! Also, are you interested in technical writing? You’d like to make your own writing more narrative, more engaging, more memorable? Have a look at Breaking the Rules . And you can find out more about me at stephengruppetta.com January 12, 2026 01:33 PM UTC Python Bytes #465 Stack Overflow is Cooked <strong>Topics covered in this episode:</strong><br> <ul> <li><strong><a href="https://github.com/productdevbook/port-killer?featured_on=pythonbytes">port-killer</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://iscinumpy.dev/post/packaging-faster/?featured_on=pythonbytes">How we made Python's packaging library 3x faster</a></strong></li> <li><strong>CodSpeed</strong></li> <li><strong>Extras</strong></li> <li><strong>Joke</strong></li> </ul><a href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waNYGS7u8Ts' style='font-weight: bold;'data-umami-event="Livestream-Past" data-umami-event-episode="465">Watch on YouTube</a><br> <p><strong>About the show</strong></p> <p>Sponsored by us! Support our work through:</p> <ul> <li>Our <a href="https://training.talkpython.fm/?featured_on=pythonbytes"><strong>courses at Talk Python Training</strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://courses.pythontest.com/p/the-complete-pytest-course?featured_on=pythonbytes"><strong>The Complete pytest Course</strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.patreon.com/pythonbytes"><strong>Patreon Supporters</strong></a></li> </ul> <p><strong>Connect with the hosts</strong></p> <ul> <li>Michael: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@mkennedy">@mkennedy@fosstodon.org</a> / <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/mkennedy.codes?featured_on=pythonbytes">@mkennedy.codes</a> (bsky)</li> <li>Brian: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@brianokken">@brianokken@fosstodon.org</a> / <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/brianokken.bsky.social?featured_on=pythonbytes">@brianokken.bsky.social</a></li> <li>Show: <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@pythonbytes">@pythonbytes@fosstodon.org</a> / <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/pythonbytes.fm">@pythonbytes.fm</a> (bsky)</li> </ul> <p>Join us on YouTube at <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/stream/live"><strong>pythonbytes.fm/live</strong></a> to be part of the audience. Usually <strong>Monday</strong> at 11am PT. Older video versions available there too.</p> <p>Finally, if you want an artisanal, hand-crafted digest of every week of the show notes in email form? Add your name and email to <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/friends-of-the-show">our friends of the show list</a>, we'll never share it.</p> <p><strong>Michael #1: <a href="https://github.com/productdevbook/port-killer?featured_on=pythonbytes">port-killer</a></strong></p> <ul> <li>A powerful cross-platform port management tool for developers.</li> <li>Monitor ports, manage Kubernetes port forwards, integrate Cloudflare Tunnels, and kill processes with one click.</li> <li>Features: <ul> <li>🔍 Auto-discovers all listening TCP ports</li> <li>⚡ One-click process termination (graceful + force kill)</li> <li>🔄 Auto-refresh with configurable interval</li> <li>🔎 Search and filter by port number or process name</li> <li>⭐ Favorites for quick access to important ports</li> <li>👁️ Watched ports with notifications</li> <li>📂 Smart categorization (Web Server, Database, Development, System)</li> </ul></li> </ul> <p><strong>Brian #2: <a href="https://iscinumpy.dev/post/packaging-faster/?featured_on=pythonbytes">How we made Python's packaging library 3x faster</a></strong></p> <ul> <li>Henry Schreiner</li> <li>Some very cool graphs demonstrating some benchmark data.</li> <li>And then details about how various speedups <ul> <li>each being 2-37% faster</li> <li>the total adding up to about 3x speedup, or shaving 2/3 of the time.</li> </ul></li> <li>These also include nice write-ups about why the speedups were chosen.</li> <li>If you are trying to speed up part of your system, this would be good article to check out.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Michael #3</strong>: AI’s Impact on dev companies</p> <ul> <li><strong>On TailwindCSS</strong>: <a href="https://simonwillison.net/2026/Jan/7/adam-wathan/#atom-everything">via Simon</a> <ul> <li>Tailwind is growing faster than ever and is bigger than it has ever been</li> <li>Its revenue is down close to 80%.</li> <li>75% of the people on our engineering team lost their jobs here yesterday because of the brutal impact AI has had on our business.</li> <li>“We had 6 months left”</li> <li>Listen to the founder: “<a href="https://adams-morning-walk.transistor.fm/episodes/we-had-six-months-left?featured_on=pythonbytes">A Morning Walk</a>”</li> <li>Super insightful video: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSgch1vcptQ&pp=0gcJCU0KAYcqIYzv">Tailwind is in DEEP trouble</a></li> </ul></li> <li><strong>On Stack Overflow</strong>: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gy0fp4Pab0g">See video</a>. <ul> <li>SO was founded around 2009, first month had 3,749 questions</li> <li>December, SO had 3,862 questions asked</li> <li>Most of its live it had 200,000 questions per month</li> <li>That is a 53x drop!</li> </ul></li> </ul> <p><strong>Brian #4: CodSpeed</strong></p> <ul> <li>“CodSpeed integrates into dev and CI workflows to measure performance, detect regressions, and enable actionable optimizations.”</li> <li>Noticed it while looking through the <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/blob/master/.github/workflows/test.yml?featured_on=pythonbytes">GitHub workflows for FastAPI</a></li> <li>Free for small teams and open-source projects</li> <li>Easy to integrate with Python by marking tests with <code>@pytest.mark.benchmark</code></li> <li>They’ve releases a GitHub action to incorporate benchmarking in CI workflows</li> </ul> <p><strong>Extras</strong></p> <p>Brian:</p> <ul> <li>Part 2 of <a href="https://courses.pythontest.com/lean-tdd/?featured_on=pythonbytes">Lean TDD</a> released this morning, “Lean TDD Practices”, which has 9 mini chapters.</li> </ul> <p>Michael:</p> <ul> <li>Our Docker build just broke because of <a href="https://mkennedy.codes/posts/devops-python-supply-chain-security/?featured_on=pythonbytes">the supply chain techniques from last week</a> (that’s a good thing!). Not a real issue, but really did catch an open CVE.</li> <li><a href="https://instatunnel.my/blog/the-1mb-password-crashing-backends-via-hashing-exhaustion?featured_on=pythonbytes">Long passwords are bad now</a>? ;)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Joke: <a href="https://x.com/PR0GRAMMERHUM0R/status/2008644769799434688?featured_on=pythonbytes">Check out my app</a>!</strong></p> January 12, 2026 08:00 AM UTC Python GUIs What does @pyqtSlot() do? — Is the pyqtSlot decorator even necessary? When working with Qt slots and signals in PyQt6 you will discover the @pyqtSlot decorator. This decorator is used to mark a Python function or method as a slot to which a Qt signal can be connected. However, as you can see in our signals and slots tutorials you don't have to use this. Any Python function or method can be used, normally, as a slot for a Qt signals. But elsewhere, in our threading tutorials we do use it. What's going on here? Why do you sometimes use @pyqtSlot but usually not? What happens when you omit it? Are there times when it is required ? What does the documentation say? The PyQt6 documentation has a good explanation: Although PyQt6 allows any Python callable to be used as a slot when connecting signals, it is sometimes necessary to explicitly mark a Python method as being a Qt slot and to provide a C++ signature for it. PyQt6 provides the pyqtSlot() function decorator to do this. Connecting a signal to a decorated Python method has the advantage of reducing the amount of memory used and is slightly faster. From the above we see that: Any Python callable can be used as a slot when connecting signals. It is sometimes necessary to explicitly mark a Python method as being a Qt slot and to provide a C++ signature for it. There is a side-benefit in that marking a function or method with pyqtSlot() reduces the amount of memory used, and makes the slot faster. When is it necessary? Sometimes necessary is a bit vague. In practice the only situation where you need to use pyqtSlot decorators is when working with threads. This is because of a difference in how signal connections are handled in decorated vs. undecorated slots. If you decorate a method with @pyqtSlot then that slot is created as a native Qt slot, and behaves identically If you don't decorate the method then PyQt6 will create a "proxy" object wrapper which provides a native slot to Qt In normal use this is fine, aside from the performance impact (see below). But when working with threads, there is a complication: is the proxy object created on the GUI thread or on the runner thread. If it ends up on the wrong thread, this can lead to segmentation faults. Using the pyqtSlot decorator side-steps this issue, because no proxy is created. When updating my PyQt6 book I wondered -- is this still necessary?! -- and tested removing it from the examples. Many examples continue to work, but some failed. To be safe, use pyqtSlot decorators on your QRunnable.run methods. What about performance? The PyQt6 documentation notes that using native slots "has the advantage of reducing the amount of memory used and is slightly faster". But how much faster is it really, and does decorating slots actually save much memory? We can test this directly by using this script from Oliver L Schoenborn . Updating for PyQt6 (replace PyQt5 with PyQt6 and it will work as-is) and running this we get the following results: See the original results for PyQt5 for comparison. First the results for the speed of emitting signals when connected to a decorated slot, vs non-decorated. python Raw slot mean, stddev: 0.578 0.024 Pyqt slot mean, stddev: 0.587 0.021 Percent gain with pyqtSlot: -2 % The result shows pyqtSlot as 2% slower, but this is negligible (the original data on PyQt5 also showed no difference). So, using pyqtSlot will have no noticeable impact on the speed of signal handling in your applications. Next are the results for establishing connections. This shows the speed, and memory usage of connecting to decorated vs. non-decorated slots. python Comparing mem and time required to create 10000000 connections, 1000 times Measuring for 1000000 connections # connects mem (bytes) time (sec) Raw : 1000000 949186560 (905MB) 9.02 Pyqt Slot : 1000000 48500736 ( 46MB) 1.52 Ratios : 20 6 The results show that decorated slots are about 6x faster to connect to. This sounds like a big difference, but it would only be noticeable if an application was connecting a considerable number of signals. Based on these numbers, if you connected 100 signals the total execution time difference would be 0.9 ms vs 0.15 ms. This is negligible, not to mention imperceptible. Perhaps more significant is that using raw connections uses 20x the memory of decorated connections. Again though, bear in mind that for a more realistic upper limit of connections (100) the actual difference here is 0.09MB vs 0.004MB. The bottom line: don't expect any dramatic improvements in performance or memory usage from using slot decorators, unless you're working with insanely large numbers of signals or making regular connections you won't see any difference at all. That said, decorating your slots is an easy win if you need it. Are there any other reasons to decorate a slot? In Qt signals can be used to transmit more than one type of data by overloading signals and slots with different types . For example, with the following code the my_slot_fn will only receive signals which match the signature of two int values. python @pyqtSlot(int, int) def my_slot_fn(a, b): pass This is a legacy of Qt5 and not recommended in new code. In Qt6 all of these signals have been replaced with separate signals with distinct names for different types. I recommend you follow the same approach in your own code for the sake of simplicity. Conclusion The pyqtSlot decorator can be used to mark Python functions or methods as Qt slots. This decorator is only required on slots which may be connected to across threads, for example the run method of QRunnable objects. For all other slots it can be omitted. There is a very small performance benefit to using it, which you may want to consider when your application makes a large number of signal/slot connections. For an in-depth guide to building Python GUIs with PyQt5 see my book, Create GUI Applications with Python & Qt5. January 12, 2026 06:00 AM UTC Wingware Wing Python IDE Version 11.0.7 - January 12, 2026 Wing Python IDE version 11.0.7 has been released. It improves performance of Search in Files on some machines, fixes using stdout.writelines in unit tests run from the Testing tool, reduces CPU used by rescanning for package managers, and fixes analysis failures on incorrect # type: comments. Downloads Be sure to Check for Updates in Wing's Help menu after downloading, to make sure that you have the latest hot fixes. Wing Pro 11.0.7 Wing Personal 11.0.7 Wing 101 11.0.7 Wing 10 and earlier versions are not affected by installation of Wing 11 and may be installed and used independently. However, project files for Wing 10 and earlier are converted when opened by Wing 11 and should be saved under a new name, since Wing 11 projects cannot be opened by older versions of Wing. New in Wing 11 Improved AI Assisted Development Wing 11 improves the user interface for AI assisted development by introducing two separate tools AI Coder and AI Chat . AI Coder can be used to write, redesign, or extend code in the current editor. AI Chat can be used to ask about code or iterate in creating a design or new code without directly modifying the code in an editor. Wing 11's AI assisted development features now support not just OpenAI but also Claude, Grok, Gemini, Perplexity, Mistral, Deepseek, and any other OpenAI completions API compatible AI provider. This release also improves setting up AI request context, so that both automatically and manually selected and described context items may be paired with an AI request. AI request contexts can now be stored, optionally so they are shared by all projects, and may be used independently with different AI features. AI requests can now also be stored in the current project or shared with all projects, and Wing comes preconfigured with a set of commonly used requests. In addition to changing code in the current editor, stored requests may create a new untitled file or run instead in AI Chat. Wing 11 also introduces options for changing code within an editor, including replacing code, commenting out code, or starting a diff/merge session to either accept or reject changes. Wing 11 also supports using AI to generate commit messages based on the changes being committed to a revision control system. You can now also configure multiple AI providers for easier access to different models. For details see AI Assisted Development under Wing Manual in Wing 11's Help menu. Package Management with uv Wing Pro 11 adds support for the uv package manager in the New Project dialog and the Packages tool. For details see Project Manager > Creating Projects > Creating Python Environments and Package Manager > Package Management with uv under Wing Manual in Wing 11's Help menu. Improved Python Code Analysis Wing 11 makes substantial improvements to Python code analysis, with better support for literals such as dicts and sets, parametrized type aliases, typing.Self , type of variables on the def or class line that declares them, generic classes with [...] , __all__ in *.pyi files, subscripts in typing.Type and similar, type aliases, type hints in strings, type[...] and tuple[...] , @functools.cached_property , base classes found also in .pyi files, and typing.Literal[...] . Updated Localizations Wing 11 updates the German, French, and Russian localizations, and introduces a new experimental AI-generated Spanish localization. The Spanish localization and the new AI-generated strings in the French and Russian localizations may be accessed with the new User Interface > Include AI Translated Strings preference. Improved diff/merge Wing Pro 11 adds floating buttons directly between the editors to make navigating differences and merging easier, allows undoing previously merged changes, and does a better job managing scratch buffers, scroll locking, and sizing of merged ranges. For details see Difference and Merge under Wing Manual in Wing 11's Help menu. Other Minor Features and Improvements Wing 11 also adds support for Python 3.14, improves the custom key binding assignment user interface, adds a Files > Auto-Save Files When Wing Loses Focus preference, warns immediately when opening a project with an invalid Python Executable configuration, allows clearing recent menus, expands the set of available special environment variables for project configuration, and makes a number of other bug fixes and usability improvements. Changes and Incompatibilities Since Wing 11 replaced the AI tool with AI Coder and AI Chat , and AI configuration is completely different than in Wing 10, you will need to reconfigure your AI integration manually in Wing 11. This is done with Manage AI Providers in the AI menu. After adding the first provider configuration, Wing will set that provider as the default. You can switch between providers with Switch to Provider in the AI menu. If you have questions, please don't hesitate to contact us at support@wingware.com . January 12, 2026 01:00 AM UTC January 10, 2026 EuroPython Humans of EuroPython: Jakub Červinka EuroPython wouldn’t exist if it weren’t for all the volunteers who put in countless hours to organize it. Whether it’s contracting the venue, selecting and confirming talks & workshops or coordinating with speakers, hundreds of hours of loving work have been put into making each edition the best one yet. Read our latest interview with Jakub Červinka, a member of the EuroPython 2025 Operations Team and organizer of PyConCZ 2026. Thank you for your service to EuroPython, Jakub! Jakub Červinka, member of the Operations Team at EuroPython 2025 EP: What first inspired you to volunteer for EuroPython? The community has always been the biggest draw for me. Having volunteered at our local Python conference previously, I already knew how rewarding it is to be part of the organizing team. When the opportunity to join EuroPython came up, I jumped at it without a second thought. I really like connecting with organizers, speakers, and attendees from across the continent. EP: What&aposs one task you handled that attendees might not realize happens behind the scenes at EuroPython? One year I took on the role of “designated driver”, essentially the person who handles the last-minute, ad-hoc tasks that arise during the conference. It ranged from running out to buy a cart full of hygiene products for the bathrooms, to hauling cases of bottled water when we were about to run dry, to picking up emergency prints on one of the hottest days of the year. These are the kinds of small but critical jobs that keep everything running smoothly, and I enjoy making sure they get done. EP: How did volunteering for EuroPython impact your relationships within the community? In the best possible way. Over the years, I’ve built lasting friendships, met people I had only known from online talks and tutorials, and had the chance to become a familiar face in the community myself. Every EuroPython and every local conference strengthens those connections and leaves you with renewed energy and inspiration to keep contributing. EP: What&aposs one thing you took away from the experience that you still use today? The importance of recognition and appreciation. A simple “thank you” or “great job” from an attendee can mean a lot to volunteers. We’re doing important work, but it’s not our paid job. That experience has made me much more intentional about expressing gratitude to everyone who helps, whether they’re fellow volunteers, staff, or people in service roles. EP: Do you have any tips for first-time EuroPython volunteers? Don’t be afraid to ask questions or offer help, there’s always something that needs doing, and everyone can contribute in their own way. Keep an eye out for small improvements you could suggest, introduce yourself to people, and most importantly, enjoy the experience. Volunteering is as much about building relationships and having fun as it is about getting tasks done. EP: Thank you, Jakub! January 10, 2026 09:49 AM UTC January 09, 2026 Mike Driscoll How to Switch to ty from Mypy Python has supported type hinting for quite a few versions now, starting way back in 3.5. However, Python itself does not enforce type checking. Instead, you need to use an external tool or IDE. The first and arguably most popular is mypy . Microsoft also has a Python type checker that you can use in VS Code called Pyright, and then there’s the lesser-known Pyrefly type checker and language server. The newest type checker on the block is Astral’s ty , the maker of Ruff. Ty is another super-fast Python utility written in Rust. In this article, you will learn how to switch your project to use ty locally and in GitHub Actions. Installation You can run ty with uvx if you do not want to install it by using the following command in your terminal: uvx ty To install ty with uv, run the following: uv tool install ty@latest If you do not want to use uv, you can use the standalone installer. Instructions vary depending on your platform, so it is best to refer to the documentation for the latest information. Note: Technically, you can use pip or pipx to install ty as well. Running ty Locally Once you have ty installed, you can run it using any of the following: Running with uv uv run ty Running without Installation uvx ty Running ty Directly ty check Configuring ty You can configure ty using either of the following: pyproject.toml ty.toml There are many rules that you can change. C | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/beeptec/pc-vs-code-can-logic-assembly-replace-low-level-programming-in-automation-2dgi | Can logic assembly replace low-level programming in automation? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Beeptec Engineering Posted on Sep 16, 2025 Can logic assembly replace low-level programming in automation? # programming # productivity # discuss # news Hi engineers, I am working on a concept called an IDE for automation and robotics that aims to occupy the intermediate space between microcontrollers and PLCs. The typical picture in embedded development is this: Microcontrollers like Arduino, STM32, or ESP provide flexibility but require firmware, register-level work, and constant debugging. PLCs are reliable and standardized, but expensive, often tied to proprietary software and ecosystems. DIY and hobbyist solutions such as Raspberry Pi are good for prototypes but are limited for industrial-scale applications. The idea behind this IDE is to use a standard x86 PC with modular hardware interfaces and a visual logic editor based on soft-PLC and finite state machines. It is designed to speed up development and remove the routine work associated with low-level coding. What has been implemented so far: machines GPIO control through USB Ready-made modules for typical automation tasks ntegration with AI models to generate documentation and logic templates Use cases include multi-industry automation, laboratories, R&D test rigs, ag-tech pilot projects, and small production cells where PLCs are excessive and microcontrollers slow down development. Questions for the community: How do you evaluate the potential of a PC-based approach for embedded systems and automation? Is it true that microcontrollers remain the only viable option for most tasks? Do you see a niche where PCs with modular I/O could be a more effective tool? I am interested in the opinions of computer engineering professionals on whether this "middle ground" is justified and whether it can genuinely simplify the transition from prototype to working solution. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Beeptec Engineering Follow Engineer with 20+ years in automation and robotics. Passionate about bridging hardware and software, building tools that let ideas turn into working logic fast. Currently developing a soft logic IDE Location Israel Pronouns He/Him Work Engineer consultant in automation/robotics building a PC based soft logic IDE for HW SW integration Joined Jan 22, 2025 More from Beeptec Engineering Automation and Robotics, New R&D Tools for Prompt Architects. # programming # discuss # automation # development Turn your PC into a multitasking logic R&D controller # productivity # news # testing # development In 20 minutes from simple manual scenarios to complex automation. # news # automation # development # tooling 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4 | Setasena Randata - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Setasena Randata 404 bio not found Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined Joined on May 14, 2025 Personal website https://setasena.com More info about @setasena_randata_1cfa30f4 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 5 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Pin Pinned Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS Setasena Randata Setasena Randata Setasena Randata Follow May 14 '25 Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management Setasena Randata Setasena Randata Setasena Randata Follow Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs Comments Add Comment 3 min read Stop Fighting Sanity's Portable Text - Here's How to Use Markdown Instead Setasena Randata Setasena Randata Setasena Randata Follow Oct 5 '25 Stop Fighting Sanity's Portable Text - Here's How to Use Markdown Instead # sanity # markdown # tutorial # howto 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read I Spent 6 Hours Per Blog Post Until I Built This AI Content Platform Setasena Randata Setasena Randata Setasena Randata Follow Oct 5 '25 I Spent 6 Hours Per Blog Post Until I Built This AI Content Platform # ai # startup # sanity # productivity 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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https://realpython.com/python-in-operator/ | Python's "in" and "not in" Operators: Check for Membership – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Getting Started With Membership Tests in Python Python’s in Operator Python’s not in Operator Using in and not in With Different Python Types Lists, Tuples, and Ranges Strings Generators Dictionaries and Sets Putting Python’s in and not in Operators Into Action Replacing Chained or Operators Writing Efficient Membership Tests Using operator.contains() for Membership Tests Supporting Membership Tests in User-Defined Classes Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions Mark as Completed Share Recommended Video Course Checking for Membership Using Python's "in" and "not in" Operators Python's "in" and "not in" Operators: Check for Membership by Leodanis Pozo Ramos Publication date Jan 26, 2025 Reading time estimate 34m basics best-practices python Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Getting Started With Membership Tests in Python Python’s in Operator Python’s not in Operator Using in and not in With Different Python Types Lists, Tuples, and Ranges Strings Generators Dictionaries and Sets Putting Python’s in and not in Operators Into Action Replacing Chained or Operators Writing Efficient Membership Tests Using operator.contains() for Membership Tests Supporting Membership Tests in User-Defined Classes Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions Remove ads Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Checking for Membership Using Python's "in" and "not in" Operators Python’s in and not in operators allow you to quickly check if a given value is or isn’t part of a collection of values. This type of check is generally known as a membership test in Python. Therefore, these operators are known as membership operators . By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: The in operator in Python is a membership operator used to check if a value is part of a collection. You can write not in in Python to check if a value is absent from a collection . Python’s membership operators work with several data types like lists, tuples, ranges, and dictionaries. You can use operator.contains() as a function equivalent to the in operator for membership testing. You can support in and not in in custom classes by implementing methods like .__contains__() , .__iter__() , or .__getitem__() . To get the most out of this tutorial, you’ll need basic knowledge of Python, including built-in data types such as lists , tuples , ranges , strings , sets , and dictionaries . You’ll also need to know about Python generators , comprehensions , and classes . Source Code: Click here to download the free source code that you’ll use to perform membership tests in Python with in and not in . Getting Started With Membership Tests in Python Sometimes you need to find out whether a value is present in a collection of values or not. In other words, you need to check if a given value is or is not a member of a collection of values. This kind of check is commonly known as a membership test . Arguably, the natural way to perform this kind of check is to iterate over the values and compare them with the target value. You can do this with the help of a for loop and a conditional statement . Consider the following is_member() function: Python >>> def is_member ( value , iterable ): ... for item in iterable : ... if value is item or value == item : ... return True ... return False ... This function takes two arguments, the target value and a collection of values, which is generically called iterable . The loop iterates over iterable while the conditional statement checks if the target value is equal to the current value. Note that the condition checks for object identity with is or for value equality with the equality operator ( == ). These are slightly different but complementary tests. If the condition is true, then the function returns True , breaking out of the loop. This early return short-circuits the loop operation. If the loop finishes without any match, then the function returns False : Python >>> is_member ( 5 , [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ]) True >>> is_member ( 8 , [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ]) False The first call to is_member() returns True because the target value, 5 , is a member of the list at hand, [2, 3, 5, 9, 7] . The second call to the function returns False because 8 isn’t present in the input list of values. Membership tests like the ones above are so common and useful in programming that Python has dedicated operators to perform these types of checks. You can get to know the membership operators in the following table: Operator Description Syntax in Returns True if the target value is present in a collection of values. Otherwise, it returns False . value in collection not in Returns True if the target value is not present in a given collection of values. Otherwise, it returns False . value not in collection As with Boolean operators , Python favors readability by using common English words instead of potentially confusing symbols as operators. Note: Don’t confuse the in keyword when it works as the membership operator with the in keyword in the for loop syntax. They have entirely different meanings. The in operator checks if a value is in a collection of values, while the in keyword in a for loop indicates the iterable that you want to draw from. Like many other operators, in and not in are binary operators. That means you can create expressions by connecting two operands. In this case, those are: Left operand: The target value that you want to look for in a collection of values Right operand: The collection of values where the target value may be found The syntax of a membership test looks something like this: Python Syntax value in collection value not in collection In these expressions, value can be any Python object. Meanwhile, collection can be any data type that can hold collections of values, including lists, tuples , strings , sets , and dictionaries . It can also be a class that implements the .__contains__() method or a user-defined class that explicitly supports membership tests or iteration. If you use the in and not in operators correctly, then the expressions that you build with them will always evaluate to a Boolean value. In other words, those expressions will always return either True or False . On the other hand, if you try and find a value in something that doesn’t support membership tests, then you’ll get a TypeError . Later , you’ll learn more about the Python data types that support membership tests. Now that you know what membership operators are, it’s time to learn the basics of how they work. Remove ads Python’s in Operator To better understand the in operator, you’ll start by writing some small demonstrative examples that determine if a given value is in a list: Python >>> 5 in [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ] True >>> 8 in [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ] False The first expression returns True because 5 appears inside your list of numbers. The second expression returns False because 8 isn’t present in the list. According to the in operator documentation , an expression like value in collection is equivalent to the following code: Python any ( value is item or value == item for item in collection ) The generator expression wrapped in the call to any() builds a list of the Boolean values that result from checking if the target value has the same identity or is equal to the current item in collection . The call to any() checks if any one of the resulting Boolean values is True , in which case the function returns True . If all the values are False , then any() returns False . Python’s not in Operator The not in membership operator does exactly the opposite. With this operator, you can check if a given value is not in a collection of values: Python >>> 5 not in [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ] False >>> 8 not in [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ] True In the first example, you get False because 5 is in [2, 3, 5, 9, 7] . In the second example, you get True because 8 isn’t in the list of values. This negative logic may seem like a tongue twister. To avoid confusion, remember that you’re trying to determine if the value is not part of a given collection of values. Note: The not value in collection construct works the same as the value not in collection one. However, the former construct is more difficult to read. Therefore, you should use not in as a single operator instead of using not to negate the result of in . With this quick overview of how membership operators work, you’re ready to go to the next level and learn how in and not in work with different built-in data types. Using in and not in With Different Python Types All built-in sequences —such as lists, tuples, range objects, and strings—support membership tests with the in and not in operators. Collections like sets and dictionaries also support these tests. By default, membership operations on dictionaries check whether the dictionary has a given key or not. However, dictionaries also have explicit methods that allow you to use the membership operators with keys, values, and key-value pairs. In the following sections, you’ll learn about a few particularities of using in and not in with different built-in data types. You’ll start with lists, tuples, and range objects to kick things off. Lists, Tuples, and Ranges So far, you’ve coded a few examples of using the in and not in operators to determine if a given value is present in an existing list of values. For these examples, you’ve explicitly used list objects. So, you’re already familiar with how membership tests work with lists. With tuples, the membership operators work the same as they would with lists: Python >>> 5 in ( 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ) True >>> 5 not in ( 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ) False There are no surprises here. Both examples work the same as the list-focused examples. In the first example, the in operator returns True because the target value, 5 , is in the tuple. In the second example, not in returns the opposite result. For lists and tuples, the membership operators use a search algorithm that iterates over the items in the underlying collection. Therefore, as your iterable gets longer, the search time increases in direct proportion. Using Big O notation , you’d say that membership operations on these data types have a time complexity of O(n) . If you use the in and not in operators with range objects, then you get a similar result: Python >>> 5 in range ( 10 ) True >>> 5 not in range ( 10 ) False >>> 5 in range ( 0 , 10 , 2 ) False >>> 5 not in range ( 0 , 10 , 2 ) True When it comes to range objects, using membership tests may seem unnecessary at first glance. Most of the time, you’ll know the values in the resulting range beforehand. But what if you’re using range() with arguments that are determined at runtime? Note: When creating range objects, you can pass up to three arguments to range() . These arguments are start , stop , and step . They define the number that starts the range, the number at which the range must stop generating values, and the step between the generated values. Consider the following examples, which use random numbers to determine arguments at runtime: Python >>> from random import randint >>> 50 in range ( 0 , 100 , randint ( 1 , 10 )) False >>> 50 in range ( 0 , 100 , randint ( 1 , 10 )) False >>> 50 in range ( 0 , 100 , randint ( 1 , 10 )) True >>> 50 in range ( 0 , 100 , randint ( 1 , 10 )) True On your machine, you might get different results because you’re working with random ranges. In these specific examples, step is the only value that varies. In real code, you could have varying values for start and stop as well. For range objects, the algorithm behind the membership tests computes the presence of a given value using the expression (value - start) % step) == 0 , which depends on the arguments used to create the range at hand. This makes membership tests very efficient when they operate on range objects. In this case, you’d say that their time complexity is O(1) . Note: Lists, tuples, and range objects have an .index() method that returns the index of the first occurrence of a given value in the underlying sequence. This method is useful for locating a value in a sequence. Some may think that they can use the method to determine if a value is in a sequence. However, if the value isn’t in the sequence, then .index() raises a ValueError : Python >>> ( 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ) . index ( 8 ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError : tuple.index(x): x not in tuple You probably don’t want to figure out whether a value is in a sequence or not by raising exceptions, so you should use a membership operator instead of .index() for this purpose. Remember that the target value in a membership test can be of any type. The test will check if that value is or isn’t in the target collection. For example, say that you have a hypothetical app where the users authenticate with a username and a password. You can have something like this: Python users.py username = input ( "Username: " ) password = input ( "Password: " ) users = [( "john" , "secret" ), ( "jane" , "secret" ), ( "linda" , "secret" )] if ( username , password ) in users : print ( f "Hi { username } , you're logged in!" ) else : print ( "Wrong username or password" ) This is a naive example. It’s unlikely that anyone would handle their users and passwords like this. But the example shows that the target value can be of any data type. In this case, you use a tuple of strings representing the username and the password of a given user. Here’s how the code works in practice: Shell $ python users.py Username: john Password: secret Hi john, you're logged in! $ python users.py Username: tina Password: secret Wrong username or password In the first example, the username and password are correct because they’re in the users list. In the second example, the username doesn’t belong to any registered user, so the authentication fails. In these examples, it’s important to note that the order in which the data is stored in the login tuple is critical because something like ("john", "secret") isn’t equal to ("secret", "john") in tuple comparison even if they have the same items. In this section, you’ve explored examples that showcase the core behavior of membership operators with common Python built-in sequences. However, there’s a built-in sequence left. Yes, strings! In the next section, you’ll learn how membership operators work with this data type in Python. Remove ads Strings Python strings are a fundamental tool in every Python developer’s tool kit. Like tuples, lists, and ranges, strings are also sequences because their items or characters are sequentially stored in memory. You can use the in and not in operators with strings when you need to figure out if a given character is present in the target string. For example, say that you’re using strings to set and manage user permissions for a given resource: Python >>> class User : ... def __init__ ( self , username , permissions ): ... self . username = username ... self . permissions = permissions ... >>> admin = User ( "admin" , "wrx" ) >>> john = User ( "john" , "rx" ) >>> def has_permission ( user , permission ): ... return permission in user . permissions ... >>> has_permission ( admin , "w" ) True >>> has_permission ( john , "w" ) False The User class takes two arguments, a username and a set of permissions. To provide the permissions, you use a string in which w means that the user has write permission, r means that the user has read permission, and x implies execution permissions. Note that these letters are the same ones that you’d find in the Unix-style file-system permissions . The membership test inside has_permission() checks whether the current user has a given permission or not, returning True or False accordingly. To do this, the in operator searches the permissions string to find a single character. In this example, you want to know if the users have write permission. However, your permission system has a hidden issue. What would happen if you called the function with an empty string? Here’s your answer: Python >>> has_permission ( john , "" ) True Because an empty string is always considered a substring of any other string, an expression like "" in user.permissions will return True . Depending on who has access to your users’ permissions, this behavior of membership tests may imply a security breach in your system. You can also use the membership operators to determine if a string contains a substring : Python >>> greeting = "Hi, welcome to Real Python!" >>> "Hi" in greeting True >>> "Hi" not in greeting False >>> "Hello" in greeting False >>> "Hello" not in greeting True For the string data type, an expression like substring in string is True if substring is part of string . Otherwise, the expression is False . Note: Unlike other sequences like lists, tuples, and range objects, strings provide a .find() method that you can use when searching for a given substring in an existing string. For example, you can do something like this: Python >>> greeting . find ( "Python" ) 20 >>> greeting . find ( "Hello" ) -1 If the substring is present in the underlying string, then .find() returns the index at which the substring starts in the string. If the target string doesn’t contain the substring, then you get -1 as a result. So, an expression like string.find(substring) >= 0 would be equivalent to a substring in string test. However, the membership test is way more readable and explicit, which makes it preferable in this situation. An important point to remember when using membership tests on strings is that string comparisons are case-sensitive: Python >>> "PYTHON" in greeting False This membership test returns False because strings comparisons are case-sensitive, and "PYTHON" in uppercase isn’t present in greeting . To work around this case sensitivity, you can normalize all your strings using either the .upper() or .lower() method: Python >>> "PYTHON" . lower () in greeting . lower () True In this example, you use .lower() to convert the target substring and the original string into lowercase letters. This conversion tricks the case sensitivity in the implicit string comparison. Generators Generator functions and generator expressions create memory-efficient iterators known as generator iterators . To be memory efficient, these iterators yield items on demand without keeping a complete series of values in memory. In practice, a generator function is a function that uses the yield statement in its body. For example, say that you need a generator function that takes a list of numbers and returns an iterator that yields square values from the original data. In this case, you can do something like this: Python >>> def squares_of ( values ): ... for value in values : ... yield value ** 2 ... >>> squares = squares_of ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> next ( squares ) 1 >>> next ( squares ) 4 >>> next ( squares ) 9 >>> next ( squares ) 16 >>> next ( squares ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... StopIteration This function returns a generator iterator that yields square numbers on demand. You can use the built-in next() function to retrieve consecutive values from the iterator. When the generator iterator is completely consumed, it raises a StopIteration exception to communicate that no more values are left. You can use the membership operators on a generator function like squares_of() : Python >>> 4 in squares_of ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) True >>> 9 in squares_of ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) True >>> 5 in squares_of ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) False The in operator works as expected when you use it with generator iterators, returning True if the value is present in the iterator and False otherwise. However, there’s something you need to be aware of when checking for membership on generators. A generator iterator will yield each item only once. If you consume all the items, then the iterator will be exhausted, and you won’t be able to iterate over it again. If you consume only some items from a generator iterator, then you can iterate over the remaining items only. When you use in or not in on a generator iterator, the operator will consume it while searching for the target value. If the value is present, then the operator will consume all the values up to the target value. The rest of the values will still be available in the generator iterator: Python >>> squares = squares_of ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> 4 in squares True >>> next ( squares ) 9 >>> next ( squares ) 16 >>> next ( squares ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... StopIteration In this example, 4 is in the generator iterator because it’s the square of 2 . Therefore, in returns True . When you use next() to retrieve a value from square , you get 9 , which is the square of 3 . This result confirms that you no longer have access to the first two values. You can continue calling next() until you get a StopIteration exception when the generator iterator is exhausted. Likewise, if the value isn’t present in the generator iterator, then the operator will consume the iterator completely, and you won’t have access to any of its values: Python >>> squares = squares_of ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> 5 in squares False >>> next ( squares ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... StopIteration In this example, the in operator consumes squares completely, returning False because the target value isn’t in the input data. Because the generator iterator is now exhausted, a call to next() with squares as an argument raises StopIteration . You can also create generator iterators using generator expressions. These expressions use the same syntax as list comprehensions but replace the square brackets ( [] ) with round brackets ( () ). You can use the in and not in operators with the result of a generator expression: Python >>> squares = ( value ** 2 for value in [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> squares <generator object <genexpr> at 0x1056f20a0> >>> 4 in squares True >>> next ( squares ) 9 >>> next ( squares ) 16 >>> next ( squares ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... StopIteration The squares variable now holds the iterator that results from the generator expression. This iterator yields square values from the input list of numbers. Generator iterators from generator expressions work the same as generator iterators from generator functions. So, the same rules apply when you use them in membership tests. Another critical issue can arise when you use the in and not in operators with generator iterators. This issue can appear when you’re working with infinite iterators. The function below returns an iterator that yields infinite integers: Python >>> def infinite_integers (): ... number = 0 ... while True : ... yield number ... number += 1 ... >>> integers = infinite_integers () >>> integers <generator object infinite_integers at 0x1057e8c80> >>> next ( integers ) 0 >>> next ( integers ) 1 >>> next ( integers ) 2 >>> next ( integers ) 3 >>> next ( integers ) The infinite_integers() function returns a generator iterator, which is stored in integers . This iterator yields values on demand, but remember, there will be infinite values. Because of this, it won’t be a good idea to use the membership operators with this iterator. Why? Well, if the target value isn’t in the generator iterator, then you’ll run into an infinite loop that’ll make your execution hang . Remove ads Dictionaries and Sets Python’s membership operators also work with dictionaries and sets. If you use the in or not in operators directly on a dictionary, then it’ll check whether the dictionary has a given key or not. You can also do this check using the .keys() method, which is more explicit about your intentions. You can also check if a given value or key-value pair is in a dictionary. To do these checks, you can use the .values() and .items() methods, respectively: Python >>> likes = { "color" : "blue" , "fruit" : "apple" , "pet" : "dog" } >>> "fruit" in likes True >>> "hobby" in likes False >>> "blue" in likes False >>> "fruit" in likes . keys () True >>> "hobby" in likes . keys () False >>> "blue" in likes . keys () False >>> "dog" in likes . values () True >>> "drawing" in likes . values () False >>> ( "color" , "blue" ) in likes . items () True >>> ( "hobby" , "drawing" ) in likes . items () False In these examples, you use the in operator directly on your likes dictionary to check whether the "fruit" , "hobby" , and "blue" keys are in the dictionary or not. Note that even though "blue" is a value in likes , the test returns False because it only considers the keys. Next up, you use the .keys() method to get the same results. In this case, the explicit method name makes your intentions much clearer to other programmers reading your code. To check if a value like "dog" or "drawing" is present in likes , you use the .values() method, which returns a view object with the values in the underlying dictionary. Similarly, to check if a key-value pair is contained in likes , you use .items() . Note that the target key-value pairs must be two-item tuples with the key and value in that order. If you’re using sets, then the membership operators work as they would with lists or tuples: Python >>> fruits = { "apple" , "banana" , "cherry" , "orange" } >>> "banana" in fruits True >>> "banana" not in fruits False >>> "grape" in fruits False >>> "grape" not in fruits True These examples show that you can also check whether a given value is contained in a set by using the membership operators in and not in . Now that you know how the in and not in operators work with different built-in data types, it’s time to put these operators into action with a couple of examples. Putting Python’s in and not in Operators Into Action Membership tests with in and not in are pretty common operations in programming. You’ll find these kinds of tests in many existing Python codebases, and you’ll use them in your code as well. In the following sections, you’ll learn how to replace Boolean expressions based on the or operator with membership tests. Because membership tests can be quite common in your code, you’ll also learn how to make these tests more efficient. Replacing Chained or Operators Using a membership test to replace a compound Boolean expression with several or operators is a useful technique that allows you to simplify your code and make it more readable. To see this technique in action, say that you need to write a function that takes a color name as a string and determines whether it’s a primary color. To figure this out, you’ll use the RGB (red, green, and blue) color model: Python >>> def is_primary_color ( color ): ... color = color . lower () ... return color == "red" or color == "green" or color == "blue" ... >>> is_primary_color ( "yellow" ) False >>> is_primary_color ( "green" ) True In is_primary_color() , you use a compound Boolean expression that uses the or operator to check if the input color is either red, green, or blue. Even though this function works as expected, the condition may be confusing and difficult to read and understand. The good news is that you can replace the above condition with a compact and readable membership test: Python >>> def is_primary_color ( color ): ... primary_colors = { "red" , "green" , "blue" } ... return color . lower () in primary_colors ... >>> is_primary_color ( "yellow" ) False >>> is_primary_color ( "green" ) True Now your function uses the in operator to check whether the input color is red, green, or blue. Assigning the set of primary colors to a properly named variable like primary_colors also helps to make your code more readable. The final check is pretty clear now. Anyone reading your code will immediately understand that you’re trying to determine if the input color is a primary color according to the RGB color model. If you look at the example again, then you’ll notice that the primary colors have been stored in a set. Why? You’ll find your answer in the following section. Remove ads Writing Efficient Membership Tests Python uses a data structure called a hash table to implement dictionaries and sets. Hash tables have a remarkable property: looking for any given value in the data structure takes about the same time, no matter how many values the table has. Using Big O notation, you’ll say that value lookups in hash tables have a time complexity of O(1) , which makes them super fast. Now, what does this feature of hash tables have to do with membership tests on dictionaries and sets? Well, it turns out that the in and not in operators work very quickly when they operate on these types. This detail allows you to optimize your code’s performance by favoring dictionaries and sets over lists and other sequences in membership tests. To have an idea of how much more efficient than a list a set can be, go ahead and create the following script: Python performance.py from timeit import timeit a_list = list ( range ( 100_000 )) a_set = set ( range ( 100_000 )) list_time = timeit ( "-1 in a_list" , number = 1 , globals = globals ()) set_time = timeit ( "-1 in a_set" , number = 1 , globals = globals ()) print ( f "Sets are { ( list_time / set_time ) : .2f } times faster than Lists" ) This script creates a list of integer numbers with one hundred thousand values and a set with the same number of elements. Then the script computes the time that it takes to determine if the number -1 is in the list and the set. You know up front that -1 doesn’t appear in the list or set. So, the membership operator will have to check all the values before getting a final result. As you already know, when the in operator searches for a value in a list, it uses an algorithm with a time complexity of O(n) . On the other hand, when the in operator searches for a value in a set, it uses the hash table lookup algorithm, which has a time complexity of O(1) . This fact can make a big difference in terms of performance. Go ahead and run your script from the command line using the following command: Shell $ python performance.py Sets are 1563.33 times faster than Lists Although your command’s output may be slightly different, it’ll still show a significant performance difference when you use a set instead of a list in this specific membership test. With a list, the processing time will be proportional to the number of values. With a set, the time will be pretty much the same for any number of values. This performance test shows that when your code is doing membership checks on large collections of values, you should use sets instead of lists whenever possible. You’ll also benefit from sets when your code performs several membership tests during its execution. However, note that it’s not a good idea to convert an existing list into a set just to perform a few membership tests. Remember that converting a list into a set is an operation with O(n) time complexity. Using operator.contains() for Membership Tests The in operator has an equivalent function in the operator module , which comes in the standard library . The function is called contains() . It takes two arguments—a collection of values and a target value. It returns True if the input collection contains the target value: Python >>> from operator import contains >>> contains ([ 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ], 5 ) True >>> contains ([ 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 7 ], 8 ) False The first argument to contains() is the collection of values, and the second argument is the target value. Note that the order of arguments differs from a regular membership operation, where the target value comes first. This function comes in handy when you’re using tools like map() , or filter() to process iterables in your code. For example, say you have a bunch of Cartesian points stored as tuples inside a list. You want to create a new list containing only the points that aren’t over the coordinate axis. Using the filter() function, you can come up with the following solution: Python >>> points = [ ... ( 1 , 3 ), ... ( 5 , 0 ), ... ( 3 , 7 ), ... ( 0 , 6 ), ... ( 8 , 3 ), ... ( 2 , 0 ), ... ] >>> list ( filter ( lambda point : not contains ( point , 0 ), points )) [(1, 3), (3, 7), (8, 3)] In this example, you use filter() to retrieve the points that don’t contain a 0 coordinate. To do this, you use contains() in a lambda function. Because filter() returns an iterator, you wrap up everything in a call to list() to convert the iterator into a list of points. Even though the construct in the above example works, it’s quite complex because it implies importing contains() , creating a lambda function on top of it, and calling a couple of functions. You can get the same result using a list comprehension either with contains() or the not in operator directly: Python >>> [ point for point in points if not contains ( point , 0 )] [(1, 3), (3, 7), (8, 3)] >>> [ point for point in points if 0 not in point ] [(1, 3), (3, 7), (8, 3)] The above list comprehensions are shorter and arguably more readable than the equivalent filter() call from the previous example. They’re also less complex because you don’t need to create a lambda function or call list() , so you’re reducing the knowledge requirements. Remove ads Supporting Membership Tests in User-Defined Classes Providing a .__contains__() method is the most explicit and preferred way to support membership tests in your own classes. Python will automatically call this special method when you use an instance of your class as the right operand in a membership test. You’ll likely add a .__contains__() method only to classes that’ll work as collections of values. That way, the users of your class will be able to determine if a given value is stored in a specific instance of your class. As an example, say that you need to create a minimal stack data structure to store values following the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. One requirement of your custom data structure is to support membership tests. So, you end up writing the following class: Python stack.py class Stack : def __init__ ( self ): self . items = [] def push ( self , item ): self . items . append ( item ) def pop ( self ): return self . items . pop () def __contains__ ( self , item ): return item in self . items Your Stack class supports the two core functionalities of stack data structures. You can push a value to the top of the stack and pop a value from the top of the stack. Note that your data structure uses a list object under the hood to store and manipulate the actual data. Your class also supports membership tests with the in and not in operators. To do this, the class implements a .__contains__() method that relies on the in operator itself. To try out your class, go ahead and run the following code: Python >>> from stack import Stack >>> stack = Stack () >>> stack . push ( 1 ) >>> stack . push ( 2 ) >>> stack . push ( 3 ) >>> 2 in stack True >>> 42 in stack False >>> 42 not in stack True Your class fully supports the in and not in operators. Great job! You now know how to support membership tests in your own classes. Note that if a given class has a .__contains__() method, then the class doesn’t have to be iterable for the membership operators to work. In the example above, Stack isn’t iterable, and the operators still work because they retrieve their result from the .__contains__() method. There are at least two more ways to support membership tests in user-defined classes apart from providing a .__contains__() method. If your class has either an .__iter__() or a .__getitem__() method, then the in and not in operators also work. Consider the following alternative version of Stack : Python stack.py class Stack : def __init__ ( self ): self . items = [] def push ( self , item ): self . items . append ( item ) def pop ( self ): return self . items . pop () def __iter__ ( self ): yield from self . items The .__iter__() special method makes your class iterable , which is enough for membership tests to work. Go ahead and give it a try! Another way to support membership tests is to implement a .__getitem__() method that handles indexing operations using zero-based integer indices in your classes: Python stack.py class Stack : def __init__ ( self ): self . items = [] def push ( self , item ): self . items . append ( item ) def pop ( self ): return self . items . pop () def __getitem__ ( self , index ): return self . items [ index ] Python automatically calls the .__getitem__() method when you perform indexing operations on the underlying object. In this example, when you do stack[0] , you’ll get the first item in the Stack instance. Python takes advantage of .__getitem__() to make the membership operators work correctly. Conclusion Now you know how to perform membership tests using Python’s in and not in operators. This type of test allows you to check if a given value is present in a collection of values, which is a pretty common operation in programming. In this tutorial, you’ve learned how to: Run membership tests using Python’s in and not in operators Use the in and not in operators with different data types Work with operator.contains() , the equivalent function to the in operator Support in and not in in your own classes With this knowledge, you’re good to go with membership tests using Python’s in and not in operators in your code. Source Code: Click here to download the free source code that you’ll use to perform membership tests in Python with in and not in . Remove ads Frequently Asked Questions Now that you have some experience with the in and not in operators in Python, you can use the questions and answers below to check your understanding and recap what you’ve learned. These FAQs are related to the most important concepts you’ve covered in this tutorial. Click the Show/Hide toggle beside each question to reveal the answer. What is the in operator in Python? Show/Hide The in operator in Python checks if a value is present in a collection, such as a list, tuple, set, string, or dictionary. Can you write not in in Python? Show/Hide Yes, you can use not in in Python to check if a value is not present in a collection. How do you use the in operator in Python? Show/Hide You use the in operator to check if a value is present in a collection, returning True if it is and False otherwise. For example, 1 in [1, 2, 3] will return True . What is the difference between the in and not in operators? Show/Hide The in operator checks if a value is present in a collection, while the not in operator checks if a value is absent from a collection. Can you use in and not in with custom classes? Show/Hide Yes, you can use in and not in with custom classes by implementing the .__contains__() , .__iter__() , or .__getitem__() methods in your class. Why are sets more efficient than lists for membership tests? Show/Hide Sets are more efficient than lists for membership tests because they use a hash table to store elements. This allows for constant time complexity, O(1), in membership tests, whereas lists have linear time complexity of O(n). What does operator.contains() do? Show/Hide operator.contains() is a function that performs the same membership test as the in operator, checking if a collection contains a specific value. Mark as Completed Share Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Checking for Membership Using Python's "in" and "not in" Operators 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. No spam ever. Unsubscribe any time. Curated by the Real Python team. Send Me Python Tricks » About Leodanis Pozo Ramos Leodanis is a self-taught Python developer, educator, and technical writer with over 10 years of experience. » More about Leodanis Each tutorial at Real Python is created by a team of developers so that it meets our high quality standards. The team members who worked on this tutorial are: Aldren Brenda Geir Arne Ian Kate Martin Master Real-World Python Skills With Unlimited Access to Real Python Join us and get access to thousands of tutorials, hands-on video courses, and a community of expert Pythonistas: Level Up Your Python Skills » Master Real-World Python Skills With Unlimited Access to Real Python Join us and get access to thousands of tutorials, hands-on video courses, and a community of expert Pythonistas: Level Up Your Python Skills » What Do You Think? Rate this article: LinkedIn Twitter Bluesky Facebook Email What’s your #1 takeaway or favorite thing you learned? How are you going to put your newfound skills to use? Leave a comment below and let us know. Commenting Tips: The most useful comments are those written with the goal of learning from or helping out other students. Get tips for asking good questions and get answers to common questions in our support portal . Looking for a real-time conversation? Visit the Real Python Community Chat or join the next “Office Hours” Live Q&A Session . Happy Pythoning! Keep Learning Related Topics: basics best-practices python Recommended Video Course: Checking for Membership Using Python's "in" and "not in" Operators Related Tutorials: Python's F-String for String Interpolation and Formatting Python for Loops: The Pythonic Way Python Exceptions: An Introduction How to Write Docstrings in Python Keep reading Real Python by creating a free account or signing in: Continue » Already have an account? Sign-In Almost there! Complete this form and click the button below to gain instant access: × Python's "in" and "not in" Operators: Check for Membership (Source Code) Send Code » 🔒 No spam. We take your privacy seriously. 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https://dev.to/matetechnologie/todomate-build-a-modern-tkinter-to-do-list-app-in-python-2pbd | ToDoMate 📝: Build a Modern Tkinter To-Do List App in Python - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mate Technologies Posted on Jan 9 ToDoMate 📝: Build a Modern Tkinter To-Do List App in Python # python # tkinter # opensource # tutorial Managing tasks efficiently is key to productivity. In this tutorial, we’ll build ToDoMate, a modern Python Tkinter to-do list app with features like priorities, due dates, filters, sorting, and exporting. By the end, you'll have a full-featured desktop app that stores tasks locally in CSV format. Screenshot of the ToDoMate app with dashboard and tasks highlighted. Features ToDoMate comes with: 🗂️ Two-tab interface: Dashboard & To-Do List ✅ Add, remove, and mark tasks as done 📅 Priority levels (High, Medium, Low) and due dates with color coding 🔍 Filters: Today, Overdue, High-priority 🔎 Search tasks by title ↕ Sort tasks by due date or priority 💾 Export tasks to CSV or TXT Requirements You only need Python 3 (tested with 3.9+) and the built-in libraries: pip install tk Tkinter usually comes pre-installed with Python. Project Structure ToDoMate/ ├── todo_list.csv # Tasks storage file (auto-created) └── todomate.py # Main Python app Full Source Code Here’s the full Python script for ToDoMate: import sys import os import csv from datetime import datetime, date import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk, messagebox, filedialog # ========================= # Helpers # ========================= def resource_path(file_name): base_path = getattr(sys, "_MEIPASS", os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) return os.path.join(base_path, file_name) TODO_FILE = resource_path("todo_list.csv") tasks = [] def save_tasks(): try: with open(TODO_FILE, "w", newline="") as f: writer = csv.writer(f) for task in tasks: writer.writerow([task["title"], task["done"], task["priority"], task["due_date"]]) except Exception as e: messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Saving tasks failed: {e}") def load_tasks(): if not os.path.exists(TODO_FILE): return try: with open(TODO_FILE, "r") as f: reader = csv.reader(f) for row in reader: if len(row) == 4: due_date = row[3].strip() if due_date: try: datetime.strptime(due_date, "%Y-%m-%d") except: try: dt = datetime.strptime(due_date, "%m/%d/%Y") due_date = dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") except: due_date = "" tasks.append({ "title": row[0], "done": row[1] == "True", "priority": row[2], "due_date": due_date }) except Exception as e: messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Loading tasks failed: {e}") def get_filtered_sorted_tasks(filter_type=None, sort_by=None, search_text=""): filtered = tasks today_str = date.today().strftime("%Y-%m-%d") if filter_type == "today": filtered = [t for t in filtered if t["due_date"] == today_str] elif filter_type == "overdue": filtered = [t for t in filtered if t["due_date"] and t["due_date"] < today_str and not t["done"]] elif filter_type == "high": filtered = [t for t in filtered if t["priority"] == "High"] if search_text: filtered = [t for t in filtered if search_text.lower() in t["title"].lower()] if sort_by == "due": filtered.sort(key=lambda x: x["due_date"] or "9999-99-99") elif sort_by == "priority": order = {"High": 0, "Medium": 1, "Low": 2} filtered.sort(key=lambda x: order.get(x["priority"], 3)) return filtered # ========================= # GUI Functions # ========================= def refresh_treeview(*args): for row in tree.get_children(): tree.delete(row) filter_type = filter_var.get() sort_by = sort_var.get() search_text = search_var.get() for task in get_filtered_sorted_tasks(filter_type, sort_by, search_text): due_display = task["due_date"] if task["due_date"] else "—" tree.insert("", "end", values=( task["title"], "✅" if task["done"] else "❌", task["priority"], due_display )) tags = [] if task["done"]: tags.append("done") elif task["priority"] == "High": tags.append("high") elif task["priority"] == "Medium": tags.append("medium") elif task["priority"] == "Low": tags.append("low") if task["due_date"]: due_dt = datetime.strptime(task["due_date"], "%Y-%m-%d").date() if due_dt < date.today() and not task["done"]: tags.append("overdue") tree.item(tree.get_children()[-1], tags=tags) def add_task(): title = title_entry.get().strip() if not title: messagebox.showwarning("Input Error", "Task title cannot be empty") return priority = priority_combo.get() due_date = due_entry.get().strip() if due_date: try: datetime.strptime(due_date, "%Y-%m-%d") except: messagebox.showwarning("Input Error", "Invalid due date format. Use YYYY-MM-DD") return tasks.append({"title": title, "done": False, "priority": priority, "due_date": due_date}) save_tasks() refresh_treeview() title_entry.delete(0, tk.END) due_entry.delete(0, tk.END) def remove_task(): selected = tree.selection() if not selected: return idx = tree.index(selected[0]) removed = tasks.pop(idx) save_tasks() refresh_treeview() messagebox.showinfo("🗑️ Removed", f"Removed task: {removed['title']}") def mark_done(): selected = tree.selection() if not selected: return idx = tree.index(selected[0]) tasks[idx]["done"] = True save_tasks() refresh_treeview() def clear_all_tasks(): if messagebox.askyesno("⚠️ Clear All", "Are you sure you want to remove all tasks?"): tasks.clear() save_tasks() refresh_treeview() def export_tasks(): file_path = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension=".csv", filetypes=[("CSV file","*.csv"),("Text file","*.txt")]) if not file_path: return try: if file_path.endswith(".csv"): with open(file_path,"w",newline="") as f: writer = csv.writer(f) for task in tasks: writer.writerow([task["title"], task["done"], task["priority"], task["due_date"]]) else: with open(file_path,"w") as f: for task in tasks: f.write(f"{task['title']} | {'Done' if task['done'] else 'Pending'} | {task['priority']} | {task['due_date'] or '—'}\n") messagebox.showinfo("💾 Exported", f"Tasks exported to {file_path}") except Exception as e: messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Export failed: {e}") # ========================= # GUI Setup # ========================= root = tk.Tk() root.title("ToDoMate 📝") root.geometry("950x600") root.configure(bg="#f0f4f8") # Notebook notebook = ttk.Notebook(root) notebook.pack(fill="both", expand=True) # ... (Dashboard & To-Do Tab code continues as in original) load_tasks() refresh_treeview() root.mainloop() Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode How It Works Tasks are stored in todo_list.csv. Filters and sorting allow users to view tasks by due date, priority, or today’s tasks. Color-coded treeview highlights priorities and overdue tasks. Easy export to CSV or TXT ensures your tasks are portable. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mate Technologies Follow Mate Technologies delivers smart, user-friendly tools that solve everyday problems instantly. Just download, run, and let our software do the work. Location Washington, United States Joined Dec 28, 2025 More from Mate Technologies WatermarkX v1.0 – A Lightweight Offline Image Watermarking Tool Built with Python # python # desktopapp # imageprocessing # opensource 🕰️ Building a Modern Alarm Clock App in Python with Tkinter # python # opensource # alarmclock # tutorial 🎬 Build a Relax Video Generator (Images + MP3 MP4) with Python & Tkinter # python # desktopapp # automation # beginners 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.github.com/en/packages | GitHub Packages documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar GitHub Packages Home GitHub Packages Quickstart Learn GitHub Packages Introduction About permissions Access control & visibility Connect a repository Publishing a package Viewing packages Installing a package Delete & restore a package Working with a GitHub Packages registry Container registry Docker registry RubyGems registry npm registry Apache Maven registry Gradle registry NuGet registry Migration to Container registry Managing GitHub packages with workflows Publish & install with Actions Example workflows Packages & Actions GitHub Packages documentation Learn to safely publish and consume packages, store your packages alongside your code, and share your packages privately with your team or publicly with the open source community. You can also automate your packages with GitHub Actions. Quickstart Reference Start here Learn GitHub Packages You can find out more about using packages in GitHub, including viewing and installing existing packages, publishing new packages to GitHub Packages, and, in special circumstances, deleting packages. Managing GitHub packages using GitHub Actions workflows You can safely publish and consume packages by building custom workflows that can also build, test, and deploy your code. Installing a package You can install a package from GitHub Packages and use the package as a dependency in your own project. Popular Working with the npm registry You can configure npm to publish packages to GitHub Packages and to use packages stored on GitHub Packages as dependencies in an npm project. Learn GitHub Packages You can find out more about using packages in GitHub, including viewing and installing existing packages, publishing new packages to GitHub Packages, and, in special circumstances, deleting packages. Working with the Apache Maven registry You can configure Apache Maven to publish packages to GitHub Packages and to use packages stored on GitHub Packages as dependencies in a Java project. Guides Working with the Container registry You can store and manage Docker and OCI images in the Container registry. @GitHub Working with the npm registry You can configure npm to publish packages to GitHub Packages and to use packages stored on GitHub Packages as dependencies in an npm project. @GitHub Working with the RubyGems registry You can configure RubyGems to publish a package to GitHub Packages and to use packages stored on GitHub Packages as dependencies in a Ruby project with Bundler. @GitHub All GitHub Packages docs Learn GitHub Packages Introduction to GitHub Packages About permissions for GitHub Packages Configuring a package's access control and visibility Connecting a repository to a package Publishing a package Viewing packages Installing a package Deleting and restoring a package Working with a GitHub Packages registry Working with the Container registry Working with the Docker registry Working with the RubyGems registry Working with the npm registry Working with the Apache Maven registry Working with the Gradle registry Working with the NuGet registry Migrating to the Container registry from the Docker registry Managing GitHub packages using GitHub Actions workflows Publishing and installing a package with GitHub Actions Example workflows for publishing a package About GitHub Packages and GitHub Actions Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Antonov Mike Rust / Python enthusiast. Seeking my way in development. Love back-end and command line. Guitar and bass player, songwriter, artist Location Tbilisi, Georgia Joined Joined on Jul 16, 2022 Personal website https://www.linkedin.com/in/mike-antonov-177984232 github website Education Self educated Work Part-time backend developer More info about @antonov_mike Badges Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! 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https://realpython.com/python-iterators-iterables/ | Iterators and Iterables in Python: Run Efficient Iterations – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Understanding Iteration in Python Getting to Know Python Iterators What Is an Iterator in Python? What Is the Python Iterator Protocol? When to Use an Iterator in Python? Creating Different Types of Iterators Yielding the Original Data Transforming the Input Data Generating New Data Coding Potentially Infinite Iterators Inheriting From collections.abc.Iterator Creating Generator Iterators Creating Generator Functions Using Generator Expressions to Create Iterators Exploring Different Types of Generator Iterators Doing Memory-Efficient Data Processing With Iterators Returning Iterators Instead of Container Types Creating a Data Processing Pipeline With Generator Iterators Understanding Some Constraints of Python Iterators Using the Built-in next() Function Getting to Know Python Iterables The Iterable Protocol The Built-in iter() Function The Built-in reversed() Function The Sequence Protocol Working With Iterables in Python Iterating Through Iterables With for Loops Iterating Through Comprehensions Unpacking Iterables Exploring Alternative Ways to Write .__iter__() in Iterables Comparing Iterators vs Iterables Coding Asynchronous Iterators Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions Mark as Completed Share Recommended Video Course Efficient Iterations With Python Iterators and Iterables Iterators and Iterables in Python: Run Efficient Iterations by Leodanis Pozo Ramos Reading time estimate 58m intermediate python Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Understanding Iteration in Python Getting to Know Python Iterators What Is an Iterator in Python? What Is the Python Iterator Protocol? When to Use an Iterator in Python? Creating Different Types of Iterators Yielding the Original Data Transforming the Input Data Generating New Data Coding Potentially Infinite Iterators Inheriting From collections.abc.Iterator Creating Generator Iterators Creating Generator Functions Using Generator Expressions to Create Iterators Exploring Different Types of Generator Iterators Doing Memory-Efficient Data Processing With Iterators Returning Iterators Instead of Container Types Creating a Data Processing Pipeline With Generator Iterators Understanding Some Constraints of Python Iterators Using the Built-in next() Function Getting to Know Python Iterables The Iterable Protocol The Built-in iter() Function The Built-in reversed() Function The Sequence Protocol Working With Iterables in Python Iterating Through Iterables With for Loops Iterating Through Comprehensions Unpacking Iterables Exploring Alternative Ways to Write .__iter__() in Iterables Comparing Iterators vs Iterables Coding Asynchronous Iterators Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions Remove ads Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Efficient Iterations With Python Iterators and Iterables Understanding iterators and iterables in Python is crucial for running efficient iterations. Iterators control loops, allowing you to traverse arbitrary data containers one item at a time. Iterables, on the other hand, provide the data that you want to iterate over. By mastering these concepts, you can create robust code that handles data efficiently, even when working with large datasets or infinite data streams. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: Python iterators are objects with .__iter__() and .__next__() methods. Iterables are objects that can return an iterator using the .__iter__() method. Generator functions use the yield statement to create generator iterators . Asynchronous iterators use .__aiter__() and .__anext__() for async operations. Iterators are memory-efficient and can handle infinite data streams . Before diving deeper into these topics, you should be familiar with some core concepts like loops and iteration , object-oriented programming , inheritance , special methods , and asynchronous programming in Python. Free Sample Code: Click here to download the free sample code that shows you how to use and create iterators and iterables for more efficient data processing. Take the Quiz: Test your knowledge with our interactive “Iterators and Iterables in Python: Run Efficient Iterations” quiz. You’ll receive a score upon completion to help you track your learning progress: Interactive Quiz Iterators and Iterables in Python: Run Efficient Iterations In this quiz, you'll test your understanding of Python's iterators and iterables. By working through this quiz, you'll revisit how to create and work with iterators and iterables, the differences between them, and review how to use generator functions. Understanding Iteration in Python When writing computer programs, you often need to repeat a given piece of code multiple times. To do this, you can follow one of the following approaches: Repeating the target code as many times as you need in a sequence Putting the target code in a loop that runs as many times as you need The first approach has a few drawbacks. The most troublesome issue is the repetitive code itself, which is hard to maintain and not scalable. For example, the following code will print a greeting message on your screen three times: Python greeting.py print ( "Hello!" ) print ( "Hello!" ) print ( "Hello!" ) If you run this script , then you’ll get 'Hello!' printed on your screen three times. This code works. However, what if you decide to update your code to print 'Hello, World!' instead of just 'Hello!' ? In that case, you’ll have to update the greeting message three times, which is a maintenance burden. Now imagine a similar situation but with a larger and more complex piece of code. It can become a nightmare for maintainers. Using a loop will be a much better way to solve the problem and avoid the maintainability issue. Loops allow you to run a piece of code as often as you need. Consider how you’d write the above example using a while loop: Python >>> times = 0 >>> while times < 3 : ... print ( "Hello!" ) ... times += 1 ... Hello! Hello! Hello! This while loop runs as long as the loop-continuation condition ( times < 3 ) remains true. In each iteration, the loop prints your greeting message and increments the control variable, times . Now, if you decide to update your message, then you just have to modify one line, which makes your code way more maintainable. Python’s while loop supports what’s known as indefinite iteration , which means executing the same block of code over and over again, a potentially undefined number of times. You’ll also find a different but similar type of iteration known as definite iteration , which means going through the same code a predefined number of times. This kind of iteration is especially useful when you need to iterate over the items of a data stream one by one in a loop. To run an iteration like this, you typically use a for loop in Python: Python >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] >>> for number in numbers : ... print ( number ) ... 1 2 3 4 5 In this example, the numbers list represents your stream of data, which you’ll generically refer to as an iterable because you can iterate over it, as you’ll learn later in this tutorial. The loop goes over each value in numbers and prints it to your screen. When you use a while or for loop to repeat a piece of code several times, you’re actually running an iteration . That’s the name given to the process itself. In Python, if your iteration process requires going through the values or items in a data collection one item at a time, then you’ll need another piece to complete the puzzle. You’ll need an iterator . Remove ads Getting to Know Python Iterators Iterators were added to Python 2.2 through PEP 234 . They were a significant addition to the language because they unified the iteration process and abstracted it away from the actual implementation of collection or container data types. This abstraction allows iteration over unordered collections, such as sets, ensuring every element is visited exactly once. In the following sections, you’ll get to know what a Python iterator is. You’ll also learn about the iterator protocol. Finally, you’ll learn when you might consider using iterators in your code. What Is an Iterator in Python? In Python, an iterator is an object that allows you to iterate over collections of data, such as lists, tuples , dictionaries , and sets . Python iterators implement the iterator design pattern , which allows you to traverse a container and access its elements. The iterator pattern decouples the iteration algorithms from container data structures . Iterators take responsibility for two main actions: Returning the data from a stream or container one item at a time Keeping track of the current and visited items In summary, an iterator will yield each item or value from a collection or a stream of data while doing all the internal bookkeeping required to maintain the state of the iteration process. Python iterators must implement a well-established internal structure known as the iterator protocol . In the following section, you’ll learn the basics of this protocol. What Is the Python Iterator Protocol? A Python object is considered an iterator when it implements two special methods collectively known as the iterator protocol . These two methods make Python iterators work. So, if you want to create custom iterator classes, then you must implement the following methods: Method Description .__iter__() Called to initialize the iterator. It must return an iterator object. .__next__() Called to iterate over the iterator. It must return the next value in the data stream. The .__iter__() method of an iterator typically returns self , which holds a reference to the current object: the iterator itself. This method is straightforward to write and, most of the time, looks something like this: Python def __iter__ ( self ): return self The only responsibility of .__iter__() is to return an iterator object. So, this method will typically just return self , which holds the current instance. Don’t forget that this instance must define a .__next__() method. The .__next__() method will be a bit more complex depending on what you’re trying to do with your iterator. This method must return the next item from the data stream. It should also raise a StopIteration exception when no more items are available in the data stream. This exception will make the iteration finish. That’s right. Iterators use exceptions for control flow . When to Use an Iterator in Python? The most generic use case of a Python iterator is to allow iteration over a stream of data or a container data structure. Python uses iterators under the hood to support every operation that requires iteration, including for loops , comprehensions , iterable unpacking , and more. So, you’re constantly using iterators without being conscious of them. In your day-to-day programming, iterators come in handy when you need to iterate over a dataset or data stream with an unknown or a huge number of items. This data can come from different sources, such as your local disk, a database, and a network. In these situations, iterators allow you to process the datasets one item at a time without exhausting the memory resources of your system, which is one of the most attractive features of iterators. Remove ads Creating Different Types of Iterators Using the two methods that make up the iterator protocol in your classes, you can write at least three different types of custom iterators. You can have iterators that: Take a stream of data and yield data items as they appear in the original data Take a data stream, transform each item, and yield transformed items Take no input data, generating new data as a result of some computation to finally yield the generated items The first kind of iterator is what you’d call a classic iterator because it implements the original iterator pattern. The second and third types of iterators take the pattern further by adding new capabilities and leveraging the power of iterators. Note: The second and third types of iterators may bring to mind some techniques that sound similar to mapping and filtering operations from functional programming . In the following sections, you’ll learn how to use the iterator protocol to create iterators of all three different types. Yielding the Original Data Okay, now it’s time to learn how to write your own iterators in Python. As a first example, you’ll write a classic iterator called SequenceIterator . It’ll take a sequence data type as an argument and yield its items on demand. Fire up your favorite code editor or IDE and create the following file: Python sequence_iter.py class SequenceIterator : def __init__ ( self , sequence ): self . _sequence = sequence self . _index = 0 def __iter__ ( self ): return self def __next__ ( self ): if self . _index < len ( self . _sequence ): item = self . _sequence [ self . _index ] self . _index += 1 return item else : raise StopIteration Your SequenceIterator will take a sequence of values at instantiation time. The class initializer , .__init__() , takes care of creating the appropriate instance attributes , including the input sequence and an ._index attribute. You’ll use this latter attribute as a convenient way to walk through the sequence using indices. Note: You’ll note that the instance attributes in this and the next examples are non-public attributes whose names start with an underscore ( _ ). That’s because you don’t need direct access to those attributes from outside the class. The .__iter__() method does only one thing: returns the current object, self . In this case, self is the iterator itself, which implies it has a .__next__() method. Finally, you have the .__next__() method. Inside it, you define a conditional statement to check if the current index is less than the number of items in the input sequences. This check allows you to stop the iteration when the data is over, in which case the else clause will raise a StopIteration exception. In the if clause, you grab the current item from the original input sequence using its index. Then you increment the ._index attribute using an augmented assignment . This action allows you to move forward in the iteration while you keep track of the visited items. The final step is to return the current item. Here’s how your iterator works when you use it in a for loop: Python >>> from sequence_iter import SequenceIterator >>> for item in SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]): ... print ( item ) ... 1 2 3 4 Great! Your custom iterator works as expected. It takes a sequence as an argument and allows you to iterate over the original input data. Note: You can create an iterator that doesn’t define an .__iter__() method, in which case its .__next__() method will still work. However, you must implement .__iter__() if you want your iterator to work in for loops. This loop always calls .__iter__() to initialize the iterator. Before diving into another example, you’ll learn how Python’s for loops work internally. The following code simulates the complete process: Python >>> sequence = SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> # Get an iterator over the data >>> iterator = sequence . __iter__ () >>> while True : ... try : ... # Retrieve the next item ... item = iterator . __next__ () ... except StopIteration : ... break ... else : ... # The loop's code block goes here... ... print ( item ) ... 1 2 3 4 After instantiating SequenceIterator , the code prepares the sequence object for iteration by calling its .__iter__() method. This method returns the actual iterator object. Then, the loop repeatedly calls .__next__() on the iterator to retrieve values from it. Note: You shouldn’t use .__iter__() and .__next__() directly in your code. Instead, you should use the built-in iter() and next() functions, which fall back to calling the corresponding special methods. When a call to .__next__() raises the StopIteration exception, you break out of the loop. In this example, the call to print() under the else clause of the try block represents the code block in a normal for loop. As you can see, the for loop construct is a kind of syntactic sugar for a piece of code like the one above. Remove ads Transforming the Input Data Say that you want to write an iterator that takes a sequence of numbers, computes the square value of each number, and yields those values on demand. In this case, you can write the following class: Python square_iter.py class SquareIterator : def __init__ ( self , sequence ): self . _sequence = sequence self . _index = 0 def __iter__ ( self ): return self def __next__ ( self ): if self . _index < len ( self . _sequence ): square = self . _sequence [ self . _index ] ** 2 self . _index += 1 return square else : raise StopIteration The first part of this SquareIterator class is the same as your SequenceIterator class. The .__next__() method is also pretty similar. The only difference is that before returning the current item, the method computes its square value. This computation performs a transformation on each data point. Here’s how the class will work in practice: Python >>> from square_iter import SquareIterator >>> for square in SquareIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]): ... print ( square ) ... 1 4 9 16 25 Using an instance of SquareIterator in a for loop allows you to iterate over the square values of your original input values. The option of performing data transformation on a Python iterator is a great feature. It can make your code quite efficient in terms of memory consumption. Why? Well, imagine for a moment that iterators didn’t exist. In that case, if you wanted to iterate over the square values of your original data, then you’d need to create a new list to store the computed squares. This new list would consume memory because it would have to store all the data simultaneously. Only then would you be able to iterate over the square values. However, if you use an iterator, then your code will only require memory for a single item at a time. The iterator will compute the following items on demand without storing them in memory. In this regard, iterators are lazy objects. Generating New Data You can also create custom iterators that generate a stream of new data from a given computation without taking a data stream as input. Consider the following iterator, which produces Fibonacci numbers: Python fib_iter.py class FibonacciIterator : def __init__ ( self , stop = 10 ): self . _stop = stop self . _index = 0 self . _current = 0 self . _next = 1 def __iter__ ( self ): return self def __next__ ( self ): if self . _index < self . _stop : self . _index += 1 fib_number = self . _current self . _current , self . _next = ( self . _next , self . _current + self . _next , ) return fib_number else : raise StopIteration This iterator doesn’t take a data stream as input. Instead, it generates each item by performing a computation that yields values from the Fibonacci sequence. You do this computation inside the .__next__() method. You start this method with a conditional that checks if the current sequence index hasn’t reached the ._stop value, in which case you increment the current index to control the iteration process. Then you compute the Fibonacci number that corresponds to the current index, returning the result to the caller of .__next__() . When ._index grows to the value of ._stop , you raise a StopIteration , which terminates the iteration process. Note that you should provide a stop value when you call the class constructor to create a new instance. The stop argument defaults to 10 , meaning the class will generate ten Fibonacci numbers if you create an instance without arguments. Here’s how you can use this FibonacciIterator class in your code: Python >>> from fib_iter import FibonacciIterator >>> for fib_number in FibonacciIterator (): ... print ( fib_number ) ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 Instead of yielding items from an existing data stream, your FibonacciIterator class computes every new value in real time, yielding values on demand. Note that in this example, you relied on the default number of Fibonacci numbers, which is 10 . Coding Potentially Infinite Iterators An interesting feature of Python iterators is that they can handle potentially infinite data streams. Yes, you can create iterators that yield values without ever reaching an end! To do this, you just have to skip the StopIteration part. For example, say that you want to create a new version of your FibonacciIterator class that can produce potentially infinite Fibonacci numbers. To do that, you just need to remove the StopIteraton and the condition that raises it: Python inf_fib.py class FibonacciInfIterator : def __init__ ( self ): self . _index = 0 self . _current = 0 self . _next = 1 def __iter__ ( self ): return self def __next__ ( self ): self . _index += 1 self . _current , self . _next = ( self . _next , self . _current + self . _next ) return self . _current The most relevant detail in this example is that .__next__() never raises a StopIteration exception. This fact turns the instances of this class into potentially infinite iterators that would produce values forever if you used the class in a for loop. Note: Infinite loops will cause your code to hang . To stop a program that’s entered an unexpected infinite loop, you may need to use your operating system’s tools, such as a task manager, to terminate the program’s execution. If you’re working in a Python interactive REPL , then you can press the Ctrl + C key combination, which raises a KeyboardInterrupt exception and terminates the loop. To check if your FibonacciInfIterator works as expected, go ahead and run the following loop. But remember, it’ll be an infinite loop: Python >>> from inf_fib import FibonacciInfIterator >>> for fib_number in FibonacciInfIterator (): ... print ( fib_number ) ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 Traceback (most recent call last): ... KeyboardInterrupt When you run this loop in your Python interactive session , you’ll notice that the loop prints numbers from the Fibonacci sequence without stopping. To stop the loops, go ahead and press Ctrl + C . As you’ve confirmed in this example, infinite iterators like FibonacciInfIterator will make for loops run endlessly. They’ll also cause functions that accept iterators—such as sum() , max() , and min() —to never return. So, be careful when using infinite iterators in your code, as you can make your code hang. Remove ads Inheriting From collections.abc.Iterator The collections.abc module includes an abstract base class (ABC) called Iterator . You can use this ABC to create your custom iterators quickly. This class provides basic implementations for the .__iter__() method. It also provides a .__subclasshook__() class method that ensures only classes implementing the iterator protocol will be considered subclasses of Iterator . Check out the following example, in which you change your SequenceIterator class to use the Iterator ABC: Python sequence_iter.py from collections.abc import Iterator class SequenceIterator ( Iterator ): def __init__ ( self , sequence ): self . _sequence = sequence self . _index = 0 def __next__ ( self ): if self . _index < len ( self . _sequence ): item = self . _sequence [ self . _index ] self . _index += 1 return item else : raise StopIteration If you inherit from Iterator , then you don’t have to write an .__iter__() method because the superclass already provides one with the standard implementation. However, you do have to write your own .__next__() method because the parent class doesn’t provide a working implementation. Here’s how this class works: Python >>> from sequence_iter import SequenceIterator >>> for number in SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]): ... print ( number ) ... 1 2 3 4 As you can see, this new version of SequenceIterator works the same as your original version. However, this time you didn’t have to code the .__iter__() method. Your class inherited this method from Iterator . The features inherited from the Iterator ABC are useful when you’re working with class hierarchies. They’ll take work off your plate and save you headaches. Creating Generator Iterators Generator functions are special types of functions that allow you to create iterators using a functional style. Unlike regular functions, which typically compute a value and return it to the caller, generator functions return a generator iterator that yields a stream of data one value at a time. Note: In Python, you’ll commonly use the term generators to collectively refer to two separate concepts: the generator function and the generator iterator . The generator function is the function that you define using the yield statement. The generator iterator is what this function returns. A generator function returns an iterator that supports the iterator protocol out of the box. So, generators are also iterators. In the following sections, you’ll learn how to create your own generator functions. Creating Generator Functions To create a generator function, you must use the yield keyword to yield the values one by one. Here’s how you can write a generator function that returns an iterator that’s equivalent to your SequenceIterator class: Python >>> def sequence_generator ( sequence ): ... for item in sequence : ... yield item ... >>> sequence_generator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) <generator object sequence_generator at 0x108cb6260> >>> for number in sequence_generator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]): ... print ( number ) ... 1 2 3 4 In sequence_generator() , you accept a sequence of values as an argument. Then you iterate over that sequence using a for loop. In each iteration, the loop yields the current item using the yield keyword. This logic is then packed into a generator iterator object, which automatically supports the iterator protocol. You can use this iterator in a for loop as you would use a class-based iterator . Internally, the iterator will run the original loop, yielding items on demand until the loop consumes the input sequence, in which case the iterator will automatically raise a StopIteration exception. Generator functions are a great tool for creating function-based iterators that save you a lot of work. You just have to write a function, which will often be less complex than a class-based iterator. If you compare sequence_generator() with its equivalent class-based iterator, SequenceIterator , then you’ll note a big difference between them. The function-based iterator is way simpler and more straightforward to write and understand. Remove ads Using Generator Expressions to Create Iterators If you like generator functions, then you’ll love generator expressions . These are particular types of expressions that return generator iterators. The syntax of a generator expression is almost the same as that of a list comprehension. You only need to turn the square brackets ( [] ) into parentheses: Python >>> [ item for item in [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]] # List comprehension [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> ( item for item in [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) # Generator expression <generator object <genexpr> at 0x7f55962bef60> >>> generator_expression = ( item for item in [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> for item in generator_expression : ... print ( item ) ... 1 2 3 4 Wow! That was really neat! Your generator expression does the same as its equivalent generator function. The expression returns a generator iterator that yields values on demand. Generator expressions are an amazing tool that you’ll probably use a lot in your code. Exploring Different Types of Generator Iterators As you’ve already learned, classic iterators typically yield data from an existing iterable, such as a sequence or collection data structure. The examples in the above section show that generators can do just the same. However, as their name suggests, generators can generate streams of data. To do this, generators may or may not take input data. Like class-based iterators, generators allow you to: Yield the input data as is Transform the input and yield a stream of transformed data Generate a new stream of data out of a known computation To illustrate the second use case, check out how you can write an iterator of square values using a generator function: Python >>> def square_generator ( sequence ): ... for item in sequence : ... yield item ** 2 ... >>> for square in square_generator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]): ... print ( square ) ... 1 4 9 16 25 This square_generator() function takes a sequence and computes the square value of each of its items. The yield statement yields square items on demand. When you call the function, you get a generator iterator that generates square values from the original input data. Alternatively, generators can just generate the data by performing some computation without the need for input data. That was the case with your FibonacciIterator iterator, which you can write as a generator function like the following: Python >>> def fibonacci_generator ( stop = 10 ): ... current_fib , next_fib = 0 , 1 ... for _ in range ( 0 , stop ): ... fib_number = current_fib ... current_fib , next_fib = ( ... next_fib , current_fib + next_fib ... ) ... yield fib_number ... >>> list ( fibonacci_generator ()) [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34] >>> list ( fibonacci_generator ( 15 )) [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377] This functional version of your FibonacciIterator class works as expected, producing Fibonacci numbers on demand. Note how you’ve simplified the code by turning your iterator class into a generator function. Finally, to display the actual data, you’ve called list() with the iterator as an argument. These calls implicitly consume the iterators, returning lists of numbers. In this example, when the loop finishes, the generator iterator automatically raises a StopIteration exception. If you want total control over this process, then you can terminate the iteration yourself by using an explicit return statement: Python def fibonacci_generator ( stop = 10 ): current_fib , next_fib = 0 , 1 index = 0 while True : if index == stop : return index += 1 fib_number = current_fib current_fib , next_fib = next_fib , current_fib + next_fib yield fib_number In this version of fibonacci_generator() , you use a while loop to perform the iteration. The loop checks the index in every iteration and returns when the index has reached the stop value. You’ll use a return statement inside a generator function to explicitly indicate that the generator is done. The return statement will make the generator raise a StopIteration . Just like class-based iterators, generators are useful when you need to process a large amount of data, including infinite data streams. You can pause and resume generators, and you can iterate over them. They generate items on demand, so they’re also lazy. Both iterators and generators are pretty efficient in terms of memory usage. You’ll learn more about this feature in the following section. Doing Memory-Efficient Data Processing With Iterators Iterators and generators are pretty memory-efficient when you compare them with regular functions, container data types, and comprehensions. With iterators and generators, you don’t need to store all the data in your compter’s memory at the same time. Iterators and generators also allow you to completely decouple iteration from processing individual items. They let you connect multiple data processing stages to create memory-efficient data processing pipelines . In the following sections, you’ll learn how to use iterators, specifically generator iterators, to process your data in a memory-efficient manner. Remove ads Returning Iterators Instead of Container Types Regular functions and comprehensions typically create a container type like a list or a dictionary to store the data that results from the function’s intended computation. All this data is stored in memory at the same time. In contrast, iterators keep only one data item in memory at a time, generating the next items on demand or lazily. For example, get back to the square values generator. Instead of using a generator function that yields values on demand, you could’ve used a regular function like the following: Python >>> def square_list ( sequence ): ... squares = [] ... for item in sequence : ... squares . append ( item ** 2 ) ... return squares ... >>> numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] >>> square_list ( numbers ) [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] In this example, you have two list objects: the original sequence of numbers and the list of square values that results from calling square_list() . In this case, the input data is fairly small. However, if you start with a huge list of values as input, then you’ll be using a large amount of memory to store the original and resulting lists. In contrast, if you use a generator, then you’ll only need memory for the input list and for a single square value at a time. Similarly, generator expressions are more memory-efficient than comprehensions. Comprehensions create container objects, while generator expressions return iterators that produce items when needed. Another important memory-related difference between iterators, functions, data structures, and comprehensions is that iterators are the only way to process infinite data streams. In this situation, you can’t use a function that creates a new container directly, because your input data is infinite, which will hang your execution. Creating a Data Processing Pipeline With Generator Iterators As mentioned before, you can use iterators and generators to build memory-efficient data processing pipelines. Your pipeline can consist of multiple separate generator functions performing a single transformation each. For example, say you need to perform a bunch of mathematical tranformations on a sample of integer numbers. You may need to raise the values to the power of two or three, filter even and odd numbers, and finally convert the data into string objects. You also need your code to be flexible enough that you can decide which specific set of transformations you need to run. Here’s your set of individual generator functions: Python math_pipeline.py def to_square ( numbers ): return ( number ** 2 for number in numbers ) def to_cube ( numbers ): return ( number ** 3 for number in numbers ) def to_even ( numbers ): return ( number for number in numbers if number % 2 == 0 ) def to_odd ( numbers ): return ( number for number in numbers if number % 2 != 0 ) def to_string ( numbers ): return ( str ( number ) for number in numbers ) All these functions take some sample data as their numbers argument. Each function performs a specific mathematical transformation on the input data and returns an iterator that produces transformed values on demand. Here’s how you can combine some of these generator functions to create different data processing pipelines: Python >>> import math_pipeline as mpl >>> list ( mpl . to_string ( mpl . to_square ( mpl . to_even ( range ( 20 ))))) ['0', '4', '16', '36', '64', '100', '144', '196', '256', '324'] >>> list ( mpl . to_string ( mpl . to_cube ( mpl . to_odd ( range ( 20 ))))) ['1', '27', '125', '343', '729', '1331', '2197', '3375', '4913', '6859'] Your first pipeline takes some numbers, extracts the even ones, finds the square value of those even numbers, and finally converts each resulting value into a string object. Note how each function provides the required argument for the next function on the pipeline. The second pipeline works similarly. Understanding Some Constraints of Python Iterators Python iterators have several neat and useful features that make them amazing. Because of these features, iterators are a fundamental tool for most Python developers. Iterators allow you to: Generate and yield a stream of data on demand Pause the iteration completely until the next value is required, which makes them lazy Save memory by keeping only one value in memory at a given time Manage data streams of infinite or unknown size However, iterators have a few constraints and limitations that you must remember when working with them in your Python code. The first and probably the most overlooked constraint is that you can’t iterate over an iterator more than once . Consider the following code, which reuses your SequenceIterator class: Python >>> from sequence_iter import SequenceIterator >>> numbers_iter = SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> for number in numbers_iter : ... print ( number ) ... 1 2 3 4 >>> for number in numbers_iter : ... print ( number ) ... The second loop in this example doesn’t print anything on your screen. The problem is that the first loop consumed all the items from your numbers_iter iterator. Once you’ve consumed all the items from an iterator, that iterator is exhausted . In this example, the iterator is exhausted when you start the second loop. An exhausted iterator’s only action is to raise a StopIteration exception, which immediately terminates any loop. This behavior leads to the second constraint: you can’t reset an exhausted iterator to start iteration again . If you want to iterate over the same data again, then you must create a new iterator: Python >>> another_iter = SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> for number in another_iter : ... print ( number ) ... 1 2 3 4 Here, you create a completely new iterator called another_iter by instantiating SequenceIterator again. This new iterator allows you to iterate through the original data once again. As you already learned, one of the responsibilities of an iterator is to keep track of the current and visited items in an iteration. Therefore, you can partially consume iterators. In other words, you can retrieve a definite number of items from an iterator and leave the rest untouched: Python >>> numbers_iter = SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]) >>> for number in numbers_iter : ... if number == 4 : ... break ... print ( number ) ... 1 2 3 >>> next ( numbers_iter ) 5 >>> next ( numbers_iter ) 6 >>> next ( numbers_iter ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... StopIteration In this example, you use a conditional statement to break the loop when the current number equals 4 . Now the loop only consumes the first four numbers in numbers_iter . You can access the rest of the values using .__next__() or a second loop. Note that there’s no way to access consumed values. Another constraint of iterators is that they only define the .__next__() method, which gets the next item each time. There’s no .__previous__() method or anything like that. This means that you can only move forward through an iterator. You can’t move backward . Because iterators only keep one item in memory at a time, you can’t know their length or number of items , which is another limitation. If your iterator isn’t infinite, then you’ll only know its length when you’ve consumed all its data. Finally, unlike lists and tuples, iterators don’t allow indexing and slicing operations with the [] operator : Python >>> numbers_iter = SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]) >>> numbers_iter [ 2 ] Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'SequenceIterator' object is not subscriptable >>> numbers_iter [ 1 : 3 ] Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'SequenceIterator' object is not subscriptable In the first example, you try to get the item at index 2 in numbers_iter , but you get a TypeError because iterators don’t support indexing. Similarly, when you try to retrieve a slice of data from numbers_iter , you get a TypeError too. Fortunately, you can create iterators that overcome some of the above constraints. For example, you can create an iterator that allows you to iterate over the underlying data multiple consecutive times: Python reusable_range.py class ReusableRange : def __init__ ( self , start = 0 , stop = None , step = 1 ): if stop is None : stop , start = start , 0 self . _range = range ( start , stop , step ) self . _iter = iter ( self . _range ) def __iter__ ( self ): return self def __next__ ( self ): try : return next ( self . _iter ) except StopIteration : self . _iter = iter ( self . _range ) raise This ReusableRange iterator mimics some of the core behavior of the built-in range class. The .__next__() method creates a new iterator over the range object every time you consume the data. Here’s how this class works: Python >>> from reusable_range import ReusableRange >>> numbers = ReusableRange ( 10 ) >>> list ( numbers ) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( numbers ) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Here, you instantiate ReusableRange to create a reusable iterator over a given range of numbers. To try it out, you call list() several times with the numbers iterator object as an argument. In all cases, you get a new list of values. Remove ads Using the Built-in next() Function The built-in next() function lets you retrieve the next item from an iterator. To do this, next() automatically falls back to calling the iterator’s .__next__() method. In practice, you shouldn’t call special methods like .__next__() directly in your code, so if you need to get the next item from an iterator, then you should use next() . The next() function can play an important role in your code when you’re working with Python iterators. This function allows you to traverse an iterator without a formal loop. This possibility can be helpful when you’re working with infinite iterators or with iterators that have an unknown number of items. A common use case of next() is when you need to manually skip over the header line in a CSV file. File objects are also iterators that yield lines on demand. So, you can call next() with a CSV file as an argument to skip its first line and then pass the rest of the file to a for loop for further processing: Python with open ( "sample_file.csv" ) as csv_file : next ( csv_file ) for line in csv_file : # Process file line by line here... print ( line ) In this example, you use the with statement to open a CSV file containing some target data. Because you just want to process the data, you need to skip the first line of the file, which contains headers for each data column rather than data. To do this, you call next() with the file object as an argument. This call to next() falls back to the file object’s .__next__() method, which returns the next line in the file. In this case, the next line is the first line because you haven’t started to consume the file. You can also pass a second and optional argument to next() . The argument is called default and allows you to provide a default value that’ll be returned when the target iterator raises the StopIteration exception. So, default is a way to skip the exception: Python >>> numbers_iter = SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ]) >>> next ( numbers_iter ) 1 >>> next ( numbers_iter ) 2 >>> next ( numbers_iter ) 3 >>> next ( numbers_iter ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... StopIteration >>> numbers_iter = SequenceIterator ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ]) >>> next ( numbers_iter , 0 ) 1 >>> next ( numbers_iter , 0 ) 2 >>> next ( numbers_iter , 0 ) 3 >>> next ( numbers_iter , 0 ) 0 >>> next ( numbers_iter , 0 ) 0 If you call next() without a default value, then your code will end with a StopIteration exception. On the other hand, if you provide a suitable default value in the call to next() , then you’ll get that value as a result when the iterator gets exhausted. So far, you’ve learned a lot about iterators in Python. It’s time for you to get into iterables , which are slightly different tools. Getting to Know Python Iterables When it comes to iteration in Python, you’ll often hear people talking about iterable objects or just iterables . As the name suggests, an iterable is an object that you can iterate over. To perform this iteration, you’ll typically use a for loop. Pure iterable objects typically hold the data themselves. For example, Python built-in container types—such as lists, tuples, dictionaries, and sets—are iterable objects. They provide a stream of data that you can iterate over. However, iterators are also iterable objects even if they don’t hold the data themselves. You’ll learn more about this fact in the section Comparing Iterators vs Iterables . Python expects iterable objects in several different contexts, the most important being for loops. Iterables are also expected in unpacking operations and in built-in functions, such as all() , any() , enumerate() , max() , min() , len() , zip() , sum() , map() , and filter() . Other definitions of iterables include objects that: Implement the iterable protocol Make the built-in iter() function return an iterator Implement the sequence protocol In the following sections, you’ll learn about these three ways to define iterables in Python. To kick things off, you’ll start by understanding the iterable protocol. The Iterable Protocol The iterable protocol consists of a single special method that you already know from the section on the iterator protocol. The .__iter__() method fulfills the iterable protocol. This method must return an iterator object, which usually doesn’t coincide with self unless your iterable is also an iterator. Note: An iterable is an object implementing the .__iter__() special method or the .__getitem__() method as part of the sequence protocol . In this sense, you can think of iterables as a class implementing the iterable protocol , even if this term isn’t officially defined. In Python, a protocol is a set of dunder methods that allows you to support a given feature in a class. You already know .__iter__() from the section on the iterator protocol . This method must return an iterator object, which usually doesn’t coincide with self unless your iterable is also an iterator. To quickly jump into an example of how the iterable protocol works, you’ll reuse the SequenceIterator class from previous sections. Here’s the implementation: Python sequence_iterable.py from sequence_iter import SequenceIterator class Iterable : def __init__ ( self , sequence ): self . sequence = sequence def __iter__ ( self ): return SequenceIterator ( self . sequence ) In this example, your Iterable class takes a sequence of values as an argument. Then, you implement an .__iter__() method that returns an instance of SequenceIterator built with the input sequence. This class is ready for iteration: Python >>> from sequence_iterable import Iterable >>> for value in Iterable ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]): ... print ( value ) ... 1 2 3 4 The .__iter__() method is what makes an object iterable. Behind the scenes, the loop calls this method on the iterable to get an iterator object that guides the iteration process through its .__next__() method. Note that iterables aren’t iterators on their own. So, you can’t use them as direct arguments to the next() function: Python >>> numbers = Iterable ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]) >>> next ( numbers ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'Iterable' object is not an iterator >>> letters = "ABCD" >>> next ( | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/yusadolat/understanding-totp-what-really-happens-when-you-generate-that-6-digit-code-1ael#comments | Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Yusuf Adeyemo Posted on Dec 8, 2025 • Originally published at dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com on Dec 8, 2025 Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code # totp # authentication # google # howitworks This article started from a tweet. Someone on Twitter said they "lowkey want to understand the technology behind Google Authenticator" and I dropped a quick reply - explaining that it's basically TOTP: your device and the server share a secret key, both compute a code using HMAC-SHA1 and the current 30-second time window. No network calls. No "previous code." Same secret + same time slice = same 6-digit code. That reply got some traction, and a few people DM me for a deeper breakdown. So here we are. If you've ever wondered how your phone generates the exact same 6-digit code the server expects - with no internet request, no sync, nothing - this one's for you. The Problem With Passwords Passwords are static. Once someone has it, they have it forever - or until you change it. Even with a strong password, you're one phishing attack or database breach away from compromise. Two-factor authentication fixes this by adding something that changes. But here's the catch - if your phone needs to call a server every time to get a new code, that's a point of failure. What happens when you're offline? On a plane? In a basement with no signal? This is where TOTP comes in. TOTP - Time-based One-Time Password TOTP is defined in RFC 6238, but don't let the RFC scare you. The core idea is dead simple: Both your phone and the server share a secret. They both know the current time. They both do the same math. They both get the same answer. That's it. No network calls. No synchronization requests. Just two parties doing identical calculations independently. The Setup - That QR Code You Scanned When you enable 2FA on any service, they show you a QR code. That QR code contains a URL that looks something like this: otpauth://totp/MyService:yusuf@yusadolat.me?secret=JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP&issuer=MyService Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The important part is the secret . This is a base32-encoded string that both your authenticator app and the server will store. This shared secret is the foundation of everything. You scan it once. Your app saves it. The server saves it. They never exchange it again. The Math - How Codes Get Generated Every 30 seconds, both sides perform this calculation: Step 1: Get the current time window Take the current Unix timestamp and divide by 30. Floor it. time_step = floor(current_unix_time / 30) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Right now, as I write this, the Unix timestamp is around 1733644800. Divided by 30, floored, gives us 57788160. This number changes every 30 seconds. Step 2: Run HMAC-SHA1 Feed the time step and the shared secret into HMAC-SHA1: hmac_result = HMAC-SHA1(secret, time_step) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This produces a 20-byte hash. It looks like random garbage, but it's deterministic - same inputs always give same outputs. Step 3: Dynamic Truncation 20 bytes is too long for humans to type. So we extract 4 bytes from a specific position (determined by the last nibble of the hash), convert to an integer, and take modulo 1,000,000. offset = hmac_result[19] & 0x0fcode = (hmac_result[offset:offset+4] & 0x7fffffff) % 1000000 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Boom. You have your 6-digit code. Why This Is Actually Clever Think about what just happened: No network needed - Your phone doesn't call anyone. The server doesn't push anything. Both just compute. Codes expire automatically - Because time moves forward, old codes become useless. Even if someone shoulder-surfs your code, they have maybe 30 seconds to use it. Can't predict future codes - Without the secret, you can't compute tomorrow's codes. The HMAC function is one-way. Replay attacks fail - Use a code once, the server marks that time window as used. Try it again, rejected. When Things Go Wrong The system assumes both parties agree on what time it is. This is usually fine - your phone syncs with NTP servers, and servers have accurate clocks. But I've seen people with phones that have "manual time" set, drifting by minutes. Their codes stop working and they have no idea why. The server is computing codes for 10:45:00, their phone is computing for 10:43:00. Different time windows, different codes. Most implementations allow a small tolerance - they'll accept codes from one time window before or after. But drift too far and you're locked out. The Recovery Code Situation Those backup codes you're told to save somewhere? They're not TOTP. They're just long random strings stored in a database. Use one, it gets deleted. No time component, no algorithm - just a simple lookup. Save them. Seriously. Losing access to your authenticator without backup codes is a special kind of pain. Show Me The Code Here's a minimal Python implementation to make this concrete: import hmacimport hashlibimport structimport timeimport base64def generate_totp(secret: str) -> str: # Decode the base32 secret key = base64.b32decode(secret.upper()) # Get current time step (30-second window) time_step = int(time.time()) // 30 # Pack as big-endian 8-byte integer time_bytes = struct.pack('>Q', time_step) # Compute HMAC-SHA1 hmac_hash = hmac.new(key, time_bytes, hashlib.sha1).digest() # Dynamic truncation offset = hmac_hash[-1] & 0x0f code_int = struct.unpack('>I', hmac_hash[offset:offset+4])[0] code_int &= 0x7fffffff code = code_int % 1000000 return f'{code:06d}'# Test itsecret = 'JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP' # Example secret, This is what you add setup key on Google Authprint(generate_totp(secret)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Want to see it work in real-time? Here's how to test: Open Google Authenticator (or any TOTP app) Tap the + button to add a new account Select "Enter a setup key" Enter any name (e.g., "TOTP Test") For the key, enter: JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP Make sure it's set to Time-based Save it Now run the Python script. The 6-digit code it prints should match what's showing in your authenticator app. If you're a few seconds off, wait for the next 30-second window and try again. Wrapping Up There's no cloud magic happening when your authenticator generates codes. It's just math - the same math running independently on your device and the server, anchored to the same clock. Understanding this changes how you think about 2FA. It's not some opaque security feature. It's a clever application of cryptographic primitives that's been working reliably for over a decade. Next time you punch in those 6 digits, you'll know exactly what's happening behind the scenes. If you found this useful, I write about DevOps, security, and cloud infrastructure. Connect with me on Twitter @Yusadolat . ]]> Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand AbdQaadir AbdQaadir AbdQaadir Follow Joined Sep 20, 2018 • Dec 8 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow! Brilliantly explained. Thank you so much for this detailed explanation. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sarah Tanya Sarah Tanya Sarah Tanya Follow Joined Dec 8, 2025 • Dec 8 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Location Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria Work DevOps Consultant at TaoBin Joined Feb 9, 2018 Trending on DEV Community Hot How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview Top 7 Featured DEV Posts of the Week # top7 # discuss What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://atproto.com/specs/handle | Handle - AT Protocol Find something... K SDKs Blog GitHub English Português 日本語 한국어 API Documentation Support Home Introduction ATProto Ethos SDKs Glossary FAQ Building apps Quick start Cookbook ⧉ Distributed Systems Guides Overview Identity Data Repositories Schemas & Lexicon Lexicon Style Guide PDS Self-Hosting Going to production OAuth Introduction Permission Requests Account Migration Specs AT Protocol Data Model Lexicon Cryptography Accounts Repository Blobs Labels HTTP API (XRPC) OAuth Permissions Event Stream Sync DID Handle NSID TID Record Key URI Scheme Handle DIDs are the long-term persistent identifiers for accounts in atproto, but they can be opaque and unfriendly for human use. Handles are a less-permanent identifier for accounts. The mechanism for verifying the link between an account handle and an account DID relies on DNS, and possibly connections to a network host, so every handle must be a valid network hostname. Almost every valid "hostname" is also a valid handle, though there are a small number of exceptions. The definition "hostnames" (as a subset of all possible "DNS names") has evolved over time and across several RFCs. Some relevant documents are RFC-1035 , RFC-3696 section 2, and RFC-3986 section 3. Handle Identifier Syntax Lexicon string format type: handle To synthesize other standards, and define "handle" syntax specifically: The overall handle must contain only ASCII characters, and can be at most 253 characters long (in practice, handles may be restricted to a slightly shorter length) The overall handle is split in to multiple segments (referred to as "labels" in standards documents), separated by ASCII periods ( . ) No proceeding or trailing ASCII periods are allowed, and there must be at least two segments. That is, "bare" top-level domains are not allowed as handles, even if valid "hostnames" and "DNS names." "Trailing dot" syntax for DNS names is not allowed for handles. Each segment must have at least 1 and at most 63 characters (not including the periods). The allowed characters are ASCII letters ( a-z ), digits ( 0-9 ), and hyphens ( - ). Segments can not start or end with a hyphen The last segment (the "top level domain") can not start with a numeric digit Handles are not case-sensitive, and should be normalized to lowercase (that is, normalize ASCII A-Z to a-z ) To be explicit (the above rules already specify this), no whitespace, null bytes, joining characters, or other ASCII control characters are allowed in the handle, including as prefix/suffix. Modern "hostnames" (and thus handles) allow ASCII digits in most positions, with the exception that the last segment (top-level domain, TLD) cannot start with a digit. IP addresses are not valid syntax: IPv4 addresses have a final segment starting with a digit, and IPv6 addresses are separated by colons ( : ). A reference regular expression (regex) for the handle syntax is: /^([a-zA-Z0-9]([a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?\.)+[a-zA-Z]([a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?$/ Copy Copied! Additional Non-Syntax Restrictions "Reserved" top-level domains should not fail syntax validation (eg, in atproto Lexicon validation), but they must immediately fail any attempt at registration, resolution, etc. See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Reserved_domains .local hostnames (for mDNS on local networks) should not be used in atproto. The .onion TLD is a special case for Tor protocol hidden services. Resolution of handles via Tor would require ecosystem-wide support, so they are currently disallowed. To summarize the above, the initial list of disallowed TLDs includes: .alt .arpa .example .internal .invalid .local .localhost .onion The .test TLD is intended for examples, testing, and development. It may be used in atproto development, but should fail in real-world environments. The .invalid TLD should only be used for the special handle.invalid value (see below). This value is syntactically valid in the Lexicon schema language, but should not be accepted as a valid handle in most contexts. Identifier Examples Syntactically valid handles (which may or may not have existing TLDs): jay.bsky.social 8.cn name.t--t // not a real TLD, but syntax ok XX.LCS.MIT.EDU a.co xn--notarealidn.com xn--fiqa61au8b7zsevnm8ak20mc4a87e.xn--fiqs8s xn--ls8h.test example.t // not a real TLD, but syntax ok Copy Copied! Invalid syntax: jo@hn.test 💩.test john..test xn--bcher-.tld john.0 cn.8 www.masełkowski.pl.com org name.org. Copy Copied! Valid syntax, but must always fail resolution due to other restrictions: 2gzyxa5ihm7nsggfxnu52rck2vv4rvmdlkiu3zzui5du4xyclen53wid.onion laptop.local blah.arpa Copy Copied! Handle Resolution Handles have a limited role in atproto, and need to be resolved to a DID in almost all situations. Resolution mechanisms must demonstrate a reasonable degree of authority over the domain name at a point in time, and need to be relatively efficient to look up. There are currently two supported resolution mechanisms, one using a TXT DNS record containing the DID, and another over HTTPS at a special /.well-known/ URL. Clients can rely on network services (eg, their PDS) to resolve handles for them, using the com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle endpoint, and don't usually need to implement resolution directly themselves. The DNS TXT method is the recommended and preferred resolution method for individual handle configuration, but services should fully support both methods. The intended use-case for the HTTPS method is existing large-scale web services which may not have the infrastructure to automate the registration of thousands or millions of DNS TXT records. Handles should not be trusted or considered valid until the DID is also resolved and the current DID document is confirmed to link back to the handle. The link between handle and DID must be confirmed bidirectionally, otherwise anybody could create handle aliases for third-party accounts. DNS TXT Method For this resolution method, a DNS TXT record is registered for the _atproto sub-domain under the handle hostname. The record value should have the prefix did= , followed by the full DID. This method aligns with RFC-1464 , "Using the Domain Name System To Store Arbitrary String Attributes". For example, the handle bsky.app would have a TXT record on the name _atproto.bsky.app , and the value would look like did=did:plc:z72i7hdynmk6r22z27h6tvur . Any TXT records with values not starting with did= should be ignored. Only a single valid record should exist at any point in time. If multiple valid records with different DIDs are present, resolution should fail. In this case resolution can be re-tried after a delay, or using a recursive resolver. Note that very long handles can not be resolved using this method if the additional _atproto. name segment pushes the overall name over the 253 character maximum for DNS queries. The HTTPS method will work for such handles. DNSSEC is not required. HTTPS well-known Method For this resolution method, a web server at the handle domain implements a special well-known endpoint at the path /.well-known/atproto-did . A valid HTTP response will have an HTTP success status (2xx), Content-Type header set to text/plain , and include the DID as the HTTP body with no prefix or wrapper formatting. For example, the handle bsky.app would be resolved by an GET request to https://bsky.app/.well-known/atproto-did , and a valid response would look like: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 33 Content-Type: text/plain Date: Wed, 14 Jun 2023 00:47:21 GMT did:plc:z72i7hdynmk6r22z27h6tvur Copy Copied! The response Content-Type header does not need to be strictly verified. The web server's response body should not contain any prefix or suffix whitespace, but clients should strip small amounts of prefix or suffix whitespace from the response body before attempting to parse as a DID. Secure HTTPS on the default port (443) is required for all real-world handle resolutions. HTTP should only be used for local development and testing. HTTP redirects (eg, 301, 302) are allowed, up to a reasonable number of redirect hops. Invalid Handles If the handle for a known DID is confirmed to no longer resolve, it should be marked as invalid. In API responses, the special handle value handle.invalid can be used to indicate that there is no bi-directionally valid handle for the given DID. This handle can not be used in most situations (search queries, API requests, etc). Resolution Best Practices It is ok to attempt both resolution methods in parallel, and to use the first successful result available. If the two methods return conflicting results (aka, different DIDs), the DNS TXT result should be preferred, though it is also acceptable to record the result as ambiguous and try again later. It is considered a best practice for services to cache handle resolution results internally, up to some lifetime, and re-resolve periodically. DNS TTL values provide a possible cache lifetime, but are probably too aggressive (aka, too short a lifetime) for the handle resolution use case. Use of a recursive DNS resolver can help with propagation delays, which are important for the use case of an account changing their handle and waiting for confirmation. With both techniques, it is beneficial to initiate resolution requests from a relatively trusted network environment and configuration. Running resolution requests from multiple regions and environments can help mitigate (though not fully resolve) concerns about traffic manipulation or intentionally segmented responses. Usage and Implementation Guidelines Handles may be prefixed with the "at" symbol (like @jay.bsky.team ) in user interfaces, but this is not a valid syntax for a handle in records, APIs, and other back-end contexts. Internationalized Domain Names ("IDN", or "punycode") are not directly relevant to the low-level handle syntax. In their encoded form, IDNs are already valid hostnames, and thus valid handles. Such handles must be stored and transmitted in encoded ASCII form. Handles that "look like" IDNs, but do not parse as valid IDNs, are valid handles, just as they are valid hostnames. Applications may, optionally, parse and display IDN handles as Unicode. Handles are not case-sensitive, which means they can be safely normalized from user input to lower-case (ASCII) form. Only normalized (lowercase) handles should be stored in records or used in outbound API calls. Applications should not preserve user-provided case information and attempt to display handles in anything other than lower-case. For example, the handle input string BlueskyWeb.xyz should be normalized, stored, and displayed as blueskyweb.xyz . Long all-lowercase handles can be a readability and accessibility challenge. Sub-domain separation (periods), hyphenation, or use of "display names" in application protocols can all help. Very long handles are known to present user interface challenges, but they are allowed in the protocol, and application developers are expected to support them. Handles which look similar to a well-known domain present security and impersonation challenges. For example, handles like paypa1.com or paypal.cc being confused for paypal.com . Very long handles can result in similar issues when truncated at the start or end ( paypal.com… ). Handles should generally not be truncated to local context. For example, the handle @jay.bsky.social should not be displayed as @jay , even in the local context of a bsky.social service. Providers of handle "namespaces" (eg, as subdomains on a registered domain) may impose any additional limits on handles that they wish. It is recommended to constrain the allowed segment length to something reasonable, and to reserve a common set of segment strings like www , admin , mail , etc. There are multiple public lists of "commonly disallowed usernames" that can be used as a starting point. From a practical standpoint, handles should be limited to at most 244 characters, fewer than the 253 allowed for DNS names. This is because DNS verification works with the prefix _atproto. , which adds 9 characters, and that overall name needs to be valid. Handle hostnames are expected to be mainstream DNS domain names, registered through the mainstream DNS name system. Handles with non-standard TLDs, or using non-standard naming systems, will fail to interoperate with other network services and protocol implementations in the atproto ecosystem. PDS implementations hosting an account may prevent repo mutation if the account's handle can no longer be verified (aka, handle.invalid situation). Other network services should generally continue to display the content (to prevent breakage), possibly with a contextual note or warning indicator. Interop test vectors are available from the atproto-interop-tests repository. Possible Future Changes The handle syntax is relatively stable. It is conceivable that .onion handles would be allowed at some point in the future. Previous DID Next NSID © Copyright 2026 . All rights reserved. Follow us on Bluesky Follow us on GitHub | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/decision_intelligent/how-odoo-erp-simplifies-vat-filing-for-uae-businesses-decision-intelligent-26i2#understanding-vat-challenges-for-uae-businesses | How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse DECISION INTELLIGENT Posted on Jan 5 How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing for UAE Businesses | Decision Intelligent # ai # decisionintelligent # odoo # erp Since the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UAE, businesses are required to maintain accurate financial records, submit timely VAT returns, and comply with Federal Tax Authority (FTA) regulations . While VAT compliance can be complex and time-consuming when handled manually, modern ERP systems like Odoo ERP make the process significantly easier. At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we help UAE businesses streamline VAT compliance using Odoo ERP , ensuring accuracy, transparency, and peace of mind. This article explains how Odoo ERP simplifies VAT filing for UAE businesses and why it's the preferred solution for growing companies. Understanding VAT Challenges for UAE Businesses Many businesses in the UAE face common VAT-related challenges, including: Manual invoice tracking and data entry errors Incorrect VAT calculations (5% standard rate) Difficulty separating taxable, zero-rated, and exempt supplies Incomplete audit trails Time-consuming VAT return preparation Risk of penalties due to late or incorrect filings Without an integrated system, VAT compliance often becomes a monthly headache rather than a smooth process. What Is Odoo ERP? Odoo ERP is a comprehensive, modular enterprise resource planning system that integrates: Accounting & Finance Sales & Purchase Management Inventory & Warehousing CRM & Operations For UAE businesses, Odoo offers localized VAT features that align with FTA requirements, making it one of the most efficient ERP solutions for VAT compliance. How Odoo ERP Simplifies VAT Filing in the UAE 1. Automated VAT Calculation Odoo automatically calculates VAT at 5% on sales and purchases based on predefined tax rules. No manual calculations Reduced human error Consistent tax application across all transactions Each invoice, bill, or credit note automatically reflects the correct VAT amount. 2. VAT-Compliant Invoicing Odoo generates FTA-compliant tax invoices , including: TRN (Tax Registration Number) VAT amount clearly displayed Taxable amount breakdown Invoice date and unique number This ensures every invoice issued meets UAE VAT regulations without additional formatting work. 3. Real-Time VAT Reporting With Odoo ERP, businesses can access real-time VAT reports , including: VAT on sales (output tax) VAT on purchases (input tax) VAT payable or refundable Decision-makers can instantly view VAT liabilities, helping with better cash flow planning. 4. FTA-Ready VAT Return Reports Odoo generates VAT return reports aligned with the UAE FTA format, making it easier to: Prepare VAT returns Validate figures before submission Reduce dependency on spreadsheets With Decision Intelligent's Odoo configuration, reports are structured to match FTA Form 201 , minimizing errors during filing. 5. Centralized Record Keeping for Audits FTA requires businesses to retain VAT records for at least 5 years. Odoo ERP securely stores: Invoices Bills Credit notes VAT reports Transaction history This creates a clear audit trail , making VAT audits stress-free and transparent. 6. Handling Multiple VAT Scenarios Odoo supports different VAT scenarios, including: Standard-rated supplies Zero-rated supplies Exempt transactions Imports and reverse charge mechanisms Decision Intelligent customizes Odoo to ensure your VAT setup reflects your exact business operations. Why UAE Businesses Choose Decision Intelligent for Odoo VAT Setup At Decision Intelligent Software Trading L.L.C , we go beyond basic ERP implementation. We offer: ✅ UAE VAT-compliant Odoo configuration ✅ Customized tax rules based on your industry ✅ VAT reporting optimization ✅ User training for finance teams ✅ Ongoing support & compliance guidance Our consultants ensure your ERP system works with your business , not against it. Industries That Benefit Most from Odoo VAT Automation Odoo VAT features are especially valuable for: Trading companies Retail & eCommerce businesses Manufacturing firms Service-based companies Restaurants & hospitality Real estate & contracting companies Each industry has unique VAT requirements - and Odoo adapts accordingly. 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https://realpython.com/linked-lists-python/#how-to-use-doubly-linked-lists | Linked Lists in Python: An Introduction – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In — FREE Email Series — 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get Python Tricks » 🔒 No spam. Unsubscribe any time. Browse Topics Guided Learning Paths Basics Intermediate Advanced ai algorithms api best-practices career community databases data-science data-structures data-viz devops django docker editors flask front-end gamedev gui machine-learning news numpy projects python stdlib testing tools web-dev web-scraping Table of Contents Understanding Linked Lists Main Concepts Practical Applications Performance Comparison: Lists vs Linked Lists Introducing collections.deque How to Use collections.deque How to Implement Queues and Stacks Implementing Your Own Linked List How to Create a Linked List How to Traverse a Linked List How to Insert a New Node How to Remove a Node Using Advanced Linked Lists How to Use Doubly Linked Lists How to Use Circular Linked Lists Conclusion Mark as Completed Share Recommended Video Course Working With Linked Lists in Python Linked Lists in Python: An Introduction by Pedro Pregueiro Reading time estimate 29m intermediate data-structures Mark as Completed Share Table of Contents Understanding Linked Lists Main Concepts Practical Applications Performance Comparison: Lists vs Linked Lists Introducing collections.deque How to Use collections.deque How to Implement Queues and Stacks Implementing Your Own Linked List How to Create a Linked List How to Traverse a Linked List How to Insert a New Node How to Remove a Node Using Advanced Linked Lists How to Use Doubly Linked Lists How to Use Circular Linked Lists Conclusion Remove ads Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Working With Linked Lists in Python Linked lists are like a lesser-known cousin of lists . They’re not as popular or as cool, and you might not even remember them from your algorithms class. But in the right context, they can really shine. In this article, you’ll learn: What linked lists are and when you should use them How to use collections.deque for all of your linked list needs How to implement your own linked lists What the other types of linked lists are and what they can be used for If you’re looking to brush up on your coding skills for a job interview , or if you want to learn more about Python data structures besides the usual dictionaries and lists , then you’ve come to the right place! You can follow along with the examples in this tutorial by downloading the source code available at the link below: Get the Source Code: Click here to get the source code you’ll use to learn about linked lists in this tutorial. Understanding Linked Lists Linked lists are an ordered collection of objects. So what makes them different from normal lists? Linked lists differ from lists in the way that they store elements in memory. While lists use a contiguous memory block to store references to their data, linked lists store references as part of their own elements. Remove ads Main Concepts Before going more in depth on what linked lists are and how you can use them, you should first learn how they are structured. Each element of a linked list is called a node , and every node has two different fields: Data contains the value to be stored in the node. Next contains a reference to the next node on the list. Here’s what a typical node looks like: Node A linked list is a collection of nodes. The first node is called the head , and it’s used as the starting point for any iteration through the list. The last node must have its next reference pointing to None to determine the end of the list. Here’s how it looks: Linked List Now that you know how a linked list is structured, you’re ready to look at some practical use cases for it. Practical Applications Linked lists serve a variety of purposes in the real world. They can be used to implement ( spoiler alert! ) queues or stacks as well as graphs. They’re also useful for much more complex tasks, such as lifecycle management for an operating system application. Queues or Stacks Queues and stacks differ only in the way elements are retrieved. For a queue, you use a First-In/First-Out (FIFO) approach. That means that the first element inserted in the list is the first one to be retrieved: Queue In the diagram above, you can see the front and rear elements of the queue. When you append new elements to the queue, they’ll go to the rear end. When you retrieve elements, they’ll be taken from the front of the queue. For a stack, you use a Last-In/First-Out (LIFO) approach, meaning that the last element inserted in the list is the first to be retrieved: Stack In the above diagram you can see that the first element inserted on the stack (index 0 ) is at the bottom, and the last element inserted is at the top. Since stacks use the LIFO approach, the last element inserted (at the top) will be the first to be retrieved. Because of the way you insert and retrieve elements from the edges of queues and stacks, linked lists are one of the most convenient ways to implement these data structures. You’ll see examples of these implementations later in the article. Graphs Graphs can be used to show relationships between objects or to represent different types of networks. For example, a visual representation of a graph—say a directed acyclic graph (DAG)—might look like this: Directed Acyclic Graph There are different ways to implement graphs like the above, but one of the most common is to use an adjacency list . An adjacency list is, in essence, a list of linked lists where each vertex of the graph is stored alongside a collection of connected vertices: Vertex Linked List of Vertices 1 2 → 3 → None 2 4 → None 3 None 4 5 → 6 → None 5 6 → None 6 None In the table above, each vertex of your graph is listed in the left column. The right column contains a series of linked lists storing the other vertices connected with the corresponding vertex in the left column. This adjacency list could also be represented in code using a dict : Python >>> graph = { ... 1 : [ 2 , 3 , None ], ... 2 : [ 4 , None ], ... 3 : [ None ], ... 4 : [ 5 , 6 , None ], ... 5 : [ 6 , None ], ... 6 : [ None ] ... } The keys of this dictionary are the source vertices, and the value for each key is a list. This list is usually implemented as a linked list. Note: In the above example you could avoid storing the None values, but we’ve retained them here for clarity and consistency with later examples. In terms of both speed and memory, implementing graphs using adjacency lists is very efficient in comparison with, for example, an adjacency matrix . That’s why linked lists are so useful for graph implementation. Remove ads Performance Comparison: Lists vs Linked Lists In most programming languages, there are clear differences in the way linked lists and arrays are stored in memory. In Python, however, lists are dynamic arrays . That means that the memory usage of both lists and linked lists is very similar. Further reading: Python’s implementation of dynamic arrays is quite interesting and definitely worth reading about. Make sure to have a look and use that knowledge to stand out at your next company party! Since the difference in memory usage between lists and linked lists is so insignificant, it’s better if you focus on their performance differences when it comes to time complexity . Insertion and Deletion of Elements In Python, you can insert elements into a list using .insert() or .append() . For removing elements from a list, you can use their counterparts: .remove() and .pop() . The main difference between these methods is that you use .insert() and .remove() to insert or remove elements at a specific position in a list, but you use .append() and .pop() only to insert or remove elements at the end of a list. Now, something you need to know about Python lists is that inserting or removing elements that are not at the end of the list requires some element shifting in the background, making the operation more complex in terms of time spent. You can read the article mentioned above on how lists are implemented in Python to better understand how the implementation of .insert() , .remove() , .append() and .pop() affects their performance. With all this in mind, even though inserting elements at the end of a list using .append() or .insert() will have constant time, O (1), when you try inserting an element closer to or at the beginning of the list, the average time complexity will grow along with the size of the list: O ( n ). Linked lists, on the other hand, are much more straightforward when it comes to insertion and deletion of elements at the beginning or end of a list, where their time complexity is always constant: O (1). For this reason, linked lists have a performance advantage over normal lists when implementing a queue (FIFO), in which elements are continuously inserted and removed at the beginning of the list. But they perform similarly to a list when implementing a stack (LIFO), in which elements are inserted and removed at the end of the list. Retrieval of Elements When it comes to element lookup, lists perform much better than linked lists. When you know which element you want to access, lists can perform this operation in O (1) time. Trying to do the same with a linked list would take O ( n ) because you need to traverse the whole list to find the element. When searching for a specific element, however, both lists and linked lists perform very similarly, with a time complexity of O ( n ). In both cases, you need to iterate through the entire list to find the element you’re looking for. Introducing collections.deque In Python, there’s a specific object in the collections module that you can use for linked lists called deque (pronounced “deck”), which stands for double-ended queue . collections.deque uses an implementation of a linked list in which you can access, insert, or remove elements from the beginning or end of a list with constant O (1) performance. How to Use collections.deque There are quite a few methods that come, by default, with a deque object. However, in this article you’ll only touch on a few of them, mostly for adding or removing elements. First, you need to create a linked list. You can use the following piece of code to do that with deque : Python >>> from collections import deque >>> deque () deque([]) The code above will create an empty linked list. If you want to populate it at creation, then you can give it an iterable as input: Python >>> deque ([ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ]) deque(['a', 'b', 'c']) >>> deque ( 'abc' ) deque(['a', 'b', 'c']) >>> deque ([{ 'data' : 'a' }, { 'data' : 'b' }]) deque([{'data': 'a'}, {'data': 'b'}]) When initializing a deque object, you can pass any iterable as an input, such as a string (also an iterable) or a list of objects. Now that you know how to create a deque object, you can interact with it by adding or removing elements. You can create an abcde linked list and add a new element f like this: Python >>> llist = deque ( "abcde" ) >>> llist deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']) >>> llist . append ( "f" ) >>> llist deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']) >>> llist . pop () 'f' >>> llist deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']) Both append() and pop() add or remove elements from the right side of the linked list. However, you can also use deque to quickly add or remove elements from the left side, or head , of the list: Python >>> llist . appendleft ( "z" ) >>> llist deque(['z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']) >>> llist . popleft () 'z' >>> llist deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']) Adding or removing elements from both ends of the list is pretty straightforward using the deque object. Now you’re ready to learn how to use collections.deque to implement a queue or a stack. Remove ads How to Implement Queues and Stacks As you learned above, the main difference between a queue and a stack is the way you retrieve elements from each. Next, you’ll find out how to use collections.deque to implement both data structures. Queues With queues, you want to add values to a list ( enqueue ), and when the timing is right, you want to remove the element that has been on the list the longest ( dequeue ). For example, imagine a queue at a trendy and fully booked restaurant. If you were trying to implement a fair system for seating guests, then you’d start by creating a queue and adding people as they arrive: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> queue = deque () >>> queue deque([]) >>> queue . append ( "Mary" ) >>> queue . append ( "John" ) >>> queue . append ( "Susan" ) >>> queue deque(['Mary', 'John', 'Susan']) Now you have Mary, John, and Susan in the queue. Remember that since queues are FIFO, the first person who got into the queue should be the first to get out. Now imagine some time goes by and a few tables become available. At this stage, you want to remove people from the queue in the correct order. This is how you would do that: Python >>> queue . popleft () 'Mary' >>> queue deque(['John', 'Susan']) >>> queue . popleft () 'John' >>> queue deque(['Susan']) Every time you call popleft() , you remove the head element from the linked list, mimicking a real-life queue. Stacks What if you wanted to create a stack instead? Well, the idea is more or less the same as with the queue. The only difference is that the stack uses the LIFO approach, meaning that the last element to be inserted in the stack should be the first to be removed. Imagine you’re creating a web browser’s history functionality in which store every page a user visits so they can go back in time easily. Assume these are the actions a random user takes on their browser: Visits Real Python’s website Navigates to Pandas: How to Read and Write Files Clicks on a link for Reading and Writing CSV Files in Python If you’d like to map this behavior into a stack, then you could do something like this: Python >>> from collections import deque >>> history = deque () >>> history . appendleft ( "https://realpython.com/" ) >>> history . appendleft ( "https://realpython.com/pandas-read-write-files/" ) >>> history . appendleft ( "https://realpython.com/python-csv/" ) >>> history deque(['https://realpython.com/python-csv/', 'https://realpython.com/pandas-read-write-files/', 'https://realpython.com/']) In this example, you created an empty history object, and every time the user visited a new site, you added it to your history variable using appendleft() . Doing so ensured that each new element was added to the head of the linked list. Now suppose that after the user read both articles, they wanted to go back to the Real Python home page to pick a new article to read. Knowing that you have a stack and want to remove elements using LIFO, you could do the following: Python >>> history . popleft () 'https://realpython.com/python-csv/' >>> history . popleft () 'https://realpython.com/pandas-read-write-files/' >>> history deque(['https://realpython.com/']) There you go! Using popleft() , you removed elements from the head of the linked list until you reached the Real Python home page. From the examples above, you can see how useful it can be to have collections.deque in your toolbox, so make sure to use it the next time you have a queue- or stack-based challenge to solve. Remove ads Implementing Your Own Linked List Now that you know how to use collections.deque for handling linked lists, you might be wondering why you would ever implement your own linked list in Python. There are a few reasons to do it: Practicing your Python algorithm skills Learning about data structure theory Preparing for job interviews Feel free to skip this next section if you’re not interested in any of the above, or if you already aced implementing your own linked list in Python. Otherwise, it’s time to implement some linked lists! How to Create a Linked List First things first, create a class to represent your linked list: Python class LinkedList : def __init__ ( self ): self . head = None The only information you need to store for a linked list is where the list starts (the head of the list). Next, create another class to represent each node of the linked list: Python class Node : def __init__ ( self , data ): self . data = data self . next = None In the above class definition, you can see the two main elements of every single node: data and next . You can also add a __repr__ to both classes to have a more helpful representation of the objects: Python class Node : def __init__ ( self , data ): self . data = data self . next = None def __repr__ ( self ): return self . data class LinkedList : def __init__ ( self ): self . head = None def __repr__ ( self ): node = self . head nodes = [] while node is not None : nodes . append ( node . data ) node = node . next nodes . append ( "None" ) return " -> " . join ( nodes ) Have a look at an example of using the above classes to quickly create a linked list with three nodes: Python >>> llist = LinkedList () >>> llist None >>> first_node = Node ( "a" ) >>> llist . head = first_node >>> llist a -> None >>> second_node = Node ( "b" ) >>> third_node = Node ( "c" ) >>> first_node . next = second_node >>> second_node . next = third_node >>> llist a -> b -> c -> None By defining a node’s data and next values, you can create a linked list quite quickly. These LinkedList and Node classes are the starting points for our implementation. From now on, it’s all about increasing their functionality. Here’s a slight change to the linked list’s __init__() that allows you to quickly create linked lists with some data: Python def __init__ ( self , nodes = None ): self . head = None if nodes is not None : node = Node ( data = nodes . pop ( 0 )) self . head = node for elem in nodes : node . next = Node ( data = elem ) node = node . next With the above modification, creating linked lists to use in the examples below will be much faster. How to Traverse a Linked List One of the most common things you will do with a linked list is to traverse it. Traversing means going through every single node, starting with the head of the linked list and ending on the node that has a next value of None . Traversing is just a fancier way to say iterating. So, with that in mind, create an __iter__ to add the same behavior to linked lists that you would expect from a normal list: Python def __iter__ ( self ): node = self . head while node is not None : yield node node = node . next The method above goes through the list and yields every single node. The most important thing to remember about this __iter__ is that you need to always validate that the current node is not None . When that condition is True , it means you’ve reached the end of your linked list. After yielding the current node, you want to move to the next node on the list. That’s why you add node = node.next . Here’s an example of traversing a random list and printing each node: Python >>> llist = LinkedList ([ "a" , "b" , "c" , "d" , "e" ]) >>> llist a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> None >>> for node in llist : ... print ( node ) a b c d e In other articles, you might see the traversing defined into a specific method called traverse() . However, using Python’s built-in methods to achieve said behavior makes this linked list implementation a bit more Pythonic . Remove ads How to Insert a New Node There are different ways to insert new nodes into a linked list, each with its own implementation and level of complexity. That’s why you’ll see them split into specific methods for inserting at the beginning, end, or between nodes of a list. Inserting at the Beginning Inserting a new node at the beginning of a list is probably the most straightforward insertion since you don’t have to traverse the whole list to do it. It’s all about creating a new node and then pointing the head of the list to it. Have a look at the following implementation of add_first() for the class LinkedList : Python def add_first ( self , node ): node . next = self . head self . head = node In the above example, you’re setting self.head as the next reference of the new node so that the new node points to the old self.head . After that, you need to state that the new head of the list is the inserted node. Here’s how it behaves with a sample list: Python >>> llist = LinkedList () >>> llist None >>> llist . add_first ( Node ( "b" )) >>> llist b -> None >>> llist . add_first ( Node ( "a" )) >>> llist a -> b -> None As you can see, add_first() always adds the node to the head of the list, even if the list was empty before. Inserting at the End Inserting a new node at the end of the list forces you to traverse the whole linked list first and to add the new node when you reach the end. You can’t just append to the end as you would with a normal list because in a linked list you don’t know which node is last. Here’s an example implementation of a function for inserting a node to the end of a linked list: Python def add_last ( self , node ): if self . head is None : self . head = node return for current_node in self : pass current_node . next = node First, you want to traverse the whole list until you reach the end (that is, until the for loop raises a StopIteration exception). Next, you want to set the current_node as the last node on the list. Finally, you want to add the new node as the next value of that current_node . Here’s an example of add_last() in action: Python >>> llist = LinkedList ([ "a" , "b" , "c" , "d" ]) >>> llist a -> b -> c -> d -> None >>> llist . add_last ( Node ( "e" )) >>> llist a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> None >>> llist . add_last ( Node ( "f" )) >>> llist a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> f -> None In the code above, you start by creating a list with four values ( a , b , c , and d ). Then, when you add new nodes using add_last() , you can see that the nodes are always appended to the end of the list. Inserting Between Two Nodes Inserting between two nodes adds yet another layer of complexity to the linked list’s already complex insertions because there are two different approaches that you can use: Inserting after an existing node Inserting before an existing node It might seem weird to split these into two methods, but linked lists behave differently than normal lists, and you need a different implementation for each case. Here’s a method that adds a node after an existing node with a specific data value: Python def add_after ( self , target_node_data , new_node ): if self . head is None : raise Exception ( "List is empty" ) for node in self : if node . data == target_node_data : new_node . next = node . next node . next = new_node return raise Exception ( "Node with data ' %s ' not found" % target_node_data ) In the above code, you’re traversing the linked list looking for the node with data indicating where you want to insert a new node. When you find the node you’re looking for, you’ll insert the new node immediately after it and rewire the next reference to maintain the consistency of the list. The only exceptions are if the list is empty, making it impossible to insert a new node after an existing node, or if the list does not contain the value you’re searching for. Here are a few examples of how add_after() behaves: Python >>> llist = LinkedList () >>> llist . add_after ( "a" , Node ( "b" )) Exception: List is empty >>> llist = LinkedList ([ "a" , "b" , "c" , "d" ]) >>> llist a -> b -> c -> d -> None >>> llist . add_after ( "c" , Node ( "cc" )) >>> llist a -> b -> c -> cc -> d -> None >>> llist . add_after ( "f" , Node ( "g" )) Exception: Node with data 'f' not found Trying to use add_after() on an empty list results in an exception . The same happens when you try to add after a nonexistent node. Everything else works as expected. Now, if you want to implement add_before() , then it will look something like this: Python 1 def add_before ( self , target_node_data , new_node ): 2 if self . head is None : 3 raise Exception ( "List is empty" ) 4 5 if self . head . data == target_node_data : 6 return self . add_first ( new_node ) 7 8 prev_node = self . head 9 for node in self : 10 if node . data == target_node_data : 11 prev_node . next = new_node 12 new_node . next = node 13 return 14 prev_node = node 15 16 raise Exception ( "Node with data ' %s ' not found" % target_node_data ) There are a few things to keep in mind while implementing the above. First, as with add_after() , you want to make sure to raise an exception if the linked list is empty (line 2) or the node you’re looking for is not present (line 16). Second, if you’re trying to add a new node before the head of the list (line 5), then you can reuse add_first() because the node you’re inserting will be the new head of the list. Finally, for any other case (line 9), you should keep track of the last-checked node using the prev_node variable. Then, when you find the target node, you can use that prev_node variable to rewire the next values. Once again, an example is worth a thousand words: Python >>> llist = LinkedList () >>> llist . add_before ( "a" , Node ( "a" )) Exception: List is empty >>> llist = LinkedList ([ "b" , "c" ]) >>> llist b -> c -> None >>> llist . add_before ( "b" , Node ( "a" )) >>> llist a -> b -> c -> None >>> llist . add_before ( "b" , Node ( "aa" )) >>> llist . add_before ( "c" , Node ( "bb" )) >>> llist a -> aa -> b -> bb -> c -> None >>> llist . add_before ( "n" , Node ( "m" )) Exception: Node with data 'n' not found With add_before() , you now have all the methods you need to insert nodes anywhere you’d like in your list. Remove ads How to Remove a Node To remove a node from a linked list, you first need to traverse the list until you find the node you want to remove. Once you find the target, you want to link its previous and next nodes. This re-linking is what removes the target node from the list. That means you need to keep track of the previous node as you traverse the list. Have a look at an example implementation: Python 1 def remove_node ( self , target_node_data ): 2 if self . head is None : 3 raise Exception ( "List is empty" ) 4 5 if self . head . data == target_node_data : 6 self . head = self . head . next 7 return 8 9 previous_node = self . head 10 for node in self : 11 if node . data == target_node_data : 12 previous_node . next = node . next 13 return 14 previous_node = node 15 16 raise Exception ( "Node with data ' %s ' not found" % target_node_data ) In the above code, you first check that your list is not empty (line 2). If it is, then you raise an exception. After that, you check if the node to be removed is the current head of the list (line 5). If it is, then you want the next node in the list to become the new head . If none of the above happens, then you start traversing the list looking for the node to be removed (line 10). If you find it, then you need to update its previous node to point to its next node, automatically removing the found node from the list. Finally, if you traverse the whole list without finding the node to be removed (line 16), then you raise an exception. Notice how in the above code you use previous_node to keep track of the, well, previous node. Doing so ensures that the whole process will be much more straightforward when you find the right node to be deleted. Here’s an example using a list: Python >>> llist = LinkedList () >>> llist . remove_node ( "a" ) Exception: List is empty >>> llist = LinkedList ([ "a" , "b" , "c" , "d" , "e" ]) >>> llist a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> None >>> llist . remove_node ( "a" ) >>> llist b -> c -> d -> e -> None >>> llist . remove_node ( "e" ) >>> llist b -> c -> d -> None >>> llist . remove_node ( "c" ) >>> llist b -> d -> None >>> llist . remove_node ( "a" ) Exception: Node with data 'a' not found That’s it! You now know how to implement a linked list and all of the main methods for traversing, inserting, and removing nodes. If you feel comfortable with what you’ve learned and you’re craving more, then feel free to pick one of the challenges below: Create a method to retrieve an element from a specific position: get(i) or even llist[i] . Create a method to reverse the linked list: llist.reverse() . Create a Queue() object inheriting this article’s linked list with enqueue() and dequeue() methods. Apart from being great practice, doing some extra challenges on your own is an effective way to assimilate all the knowledge you’ve gained. If you want to get a head start by reusing all the source code from this article, then you can download everything you need at the link below: Get the Source Code: Click here to get the source code you’ll use to learn about linked lists in this tutorial. Using Advanced Linked Lists Until now, you’ve been learning about a specific type of linked list called singly linked lists . But there are more types of linked lists that can be used for slightly different purposes. How to Use Doubly Linked Lists Doubly linked lists are different from singly linked lists in that they have two references: The previous field references the previous node. The next field references the next node. The end result looks like this: Node (Doubly Linked List) If you wanted to implement the above, then you could make some changes to your existing Node class in order to include a previous field: Python class Node : def __init__ ( self , data ): self . data = data self . next = None self . previous = None This kind of implementation would allow you to traverse a list in both directions instead of only traversing using next . You could use next to go forward and previous to go backward. In terms of structure, this is how a doubly linked list would look: Doubly Linked List You learned earlier that collections.deque uses a linked list as part of its data structure. This is the kind of linked list it uses . With doubly linked lists, deque is capable of inserting or deleting elements from both ends of a queue with constant O (1) performance. Remove ads How to Use Circular Linked Lists Circular linked lists are a type of linked list in which the last node points back to the head of the list instead of pointing to None . This is what makes them circular. Circular linked lists have quite a few interesting use cases: Going around each player’s turn in a multiplayer game Managing the application life cycle of a given operating system Implementing a Fibonacci heap This is what a circular linked list looks like: Circular Linked List One of the advantages of circular linked lists is that you can traverse the whole list starting at any node. Since the last node points to the head of the list, you need to make sure that you stop traversing when you reach the starting point. Otherwise, you’ll end up in an infinite loop. In terms of implementation, circular linked lists are very similar to singly linked list. The only difference is that you can define the starting point when you traverse the list: Python class CircularLinkedList : def __init__ ( self ): self . head = None def traverse ( self , starting_point = None ): if starting_point is None : starting_point = self . head node = starting_point while node is not None and ( node . next != starting_point ): yield node node = node . next yield node def print_list ( self , starting_point = None ): nodes = [] for node in self . traverse ( starting_point ): nodes . append ( str ( node )) print ( " -> " . join ( nodes )) Traversing the list now receives an additional argument, starting_point , that is used to define the start and (because the list is circular) the end of the iteration process. Apart from that, much of the code is the same as what we had in our LinkedList class. To wrap up with a final example, have a look at how this new type of list behaves when you give it some data: Python >>> circular_llist = CircularLinkedList () >>> circular_llist . print_list () None >>> a = Node ( "a" ) >>> b = Node ( "b" ) >>> c = Node ( "c" ) >>> d = Node ( "d" ) >>> a . next = b >>> b . next = c >>> c . next = d >>> d . next = a >>> circular_llist . head = a >>> circular_llist . print_list () a -> b -> c -> d >>> circular_llist . print_list ( b ) b -> c -> d -> a >>> circular_llist . print_list ( d ) d -> a -> b -> c There you have it! You’ll notice that you no longer have the None while traversing the list. That’s because there is no specific end to a circular list. You can also see that choosing different starting nodes will render slightly different representations of the same list. Conclusion In this article, you learned quite a few things! The most important are: What linked lists are and when you should use them How to use collections.deque to implement queues and stacks How to implement your own linked list and node classes, plus relevant methods What the other types of linked lists are and what they can be used for If you want to learn more about linked lists, then check out Vaidehi Joshi’s Medium post for a nice visual explanation. If you’re interested in a more in-depth guide, then the Wikipedia article is quite thorough. Finally, if you’re curious about the reasoning behind the current implementation of collections.deque , then check out Raymond Hettinger’s thread . You can download the source code used throughout this tutorial by clicking on the following link: Get the Source Code: Click here to get the source code you’ll use to learn about linked lists in this tutorial. Feel free to leave any questions or comments below. Happy Pythoning! Mark as Completed Share Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Working With Linked Lists in Python 🐍 Python Tricks 💌 Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. No spam ever. Unsubscribe any time. Curated by the Real Python team. Send Me Python Tricks » About Pedro Pregueiro Hi! My name is Pedro and I'm a Python developer who loves coding, burgers and playing guitar. » More about Pedro Each tutorial at Real Python is created by a team of developers so that it meets our high quality standards. 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Visit the Real Python Community Chat or join the next “Office Hours” Live Q&A Session . Happy Pythoning! Keep Learning Related Topics: intermediate data-structures Recommended Video Course: Working With Linked Lists in Python Related Tutorials: Build a Hash Table in Python With TDD Recursion in Python: An Introduction Python Stacks, Queues, and Priority Queues in Practice Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python How to Implement a Python Stack Keep reading Real Python by creating a free account or signing in: Continue » Already have an account? Sign-In Almost there! Complete this form and click the button below to gain instant access: × Linked Lists (Source Code) Send Source Code » 🔒 No spam. We take your privacy seriously. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mate Technologies Posted on Jan 9 ToDoMate 📝: Build a Modern Tkinter To-Do List App in Python # python # tkinter # opensource # tutorial Managing tasks efficiently is key to productivity. In this tutorial, we’ll build ToDoMate, a modern Python Tkinter to-do list app with features like priorities, due dates, filters, sorting, and exporting. By the end, you'll have a full-featured desktop app that stores tasks locally in CSV format. Screenshot of the ToDoMate app with dashboard and tasks highlighted. Features ToDoMate comes with: 🗂️ Two-tab interface: Dashboard & To-Do List ✅ Add, remove, and mark tasks as done 📅 Priority levels (High, Medium, Low) and due dates with color coding 🔍 Filters: Today, Overdue, High-priority 🔎 Search tasks by title ↕ Sort tasks by due date or priority 💾 Export tasks to CSV or TXT Requirements You only need Python 3 (tested with 3.9+) and the built-in libraries: pip install tk Tkinter usually comes pre-installed with Python. Project Structure ToDoMate/ ├── todo_list.csv # Tasks storage file (auto-created) └── todomate.py # Main Python app Full Source Code Here’s the full Python script for ToDoMate: import sys import os import csv from datetime import datetime, date import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk, messagebox, filedialog # ========================= # Helpers # ========================= def resource_path(file_name): base_path = getattr(sys, "_MEIPASS", os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) return os.path.join(base_path, file_name) TODO_FILE = resource_path("todo_list.csv") tasks = [] def save_tasks(): try: with open(TODO_FILE, "w", newline="") as f: writer = csv.writer(f) for task in tasks: writer.writerow([task["title"], task["done"], task["priority"], task["due_date"]]) except Exception as e: messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Saving tasks failed: {e}") def load_tasks(): if not os.path.exists(TODO_FILE): return try: with open(TODO_FILE, "r") as f: reader = csv.reader(f) for row in reader: if len(row) == 4: due_date = row[3].strip() if due_date: try: datetime.strptime(due_date, "%Y-%m-%d") except: try: dt = datetime.strptime(due_date, "%m/%d/%Y") due_date = dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") except: due_date = "" tasks.append({ "title": row[0], "done": row[1] == "True", "priority": row[2], "due_date": due_date }) except Exception as e: messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Loading tasks failed: {e}") def get_filtered_sorted_tasks(filter_type=None, sort_by=None, search_text=""): filtered = tasks today_str = date.today().strftime("%Y-%m-%d") if filter_type == "today": filtered = [t for t in filtered if t["due_date"] == today_str] elif filter_type == "overdue": filtered = [t for t in filtered if t["due_date"] and t["due_date"] < today_str and not t["done"]] elif filter_type == "high": filtered = [t for t in filtered if t["priority"] == "High"] if search_text: filtered = [t for t in filtered if search_text.lower() in t["title"].lower()] if sort_by == "due": filtered.sort(key=lambda x: x["due_date"] or "9999-99-99") elif sort_by == "priority": order = {"High": 0, "Medium": 1, "Low": 2} filtered.sort(key=lambda x: order.get(x["priority"], 3)) return filtered # ========================= # GUI Functions # ========================= def refresh_treeview(*args): for row in tree.get_children(): tree.delete(row) filter_type = filter_var.get() sort_by = sort_var.get() search_text = search_var.get() for task in get_filtered_sorted_tasks(filter_type, sort_by, search_text): due_display = task["due_date"] if task["due_date"] else "—" tree.insert("", "end", values=( task["title"], "✅" if task["done"] else "❌", task["priority"], due_display )) tags = [] if task["done"]: tags.append("done") elif task["priority"] == "High": tags.append("high") elif task["priority"] == "Medium": tags.append("medium") elif task["priority"] == "Low": tags.append("low") if task["due_date"]: due_dt = datetime.strptime(task["due_date"], "%Y-%m-%d").date() if due_dt < date.today() and not task["done"]: tags.append("overdue") tree.item(tree.get_children()[-1], tags=tags) def add_task(): title = title_entry.get().strip() if not title: messagebox.showwarning("Input Error", "Task title cannot be empty") return priority = priority_combo.get() due_date = due_entry.get().strip() if due_date: try: datetime.strptime(due_date, "%Y-%m-%d") except: messagebox.showwarning("Input Error", "Invalid due date format. Use YYYY-MM-DD") return tasks.append({"title": title, "done": False, "priority": priority, "due_date": due_date}) save_tasks() refresh_treeview() title_entry.delete(0, tk.END) due_entry.delete(0, tk.END) def remove_task(): selected = tree.selection() if not selected: return idx = tree.index(selected[0]) removed = tasks.pop(idx) save_tasks() refresh_treeview() messagebox.showinfo("🗑️ Removed", f"Removed task: {removed['title']}") def mark_done(): selected = tree.selection() if not selected: return idx = tree.index(selected[0]) tasks[idx]["done"] = True save_tasks() refresh_treeview() def clear_all_tasks(): if messagebox.askyesno("⚠️ Clear All", "Are you sure you want to remove all tasks?"): tasks.clear() save_tasks() refresh_treeview() def export_tasks(): file_path = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension=".csv", filetypes=[("CSV file","*.csv"),("Text file","*.txt")]) if not file_path: return try: if file_path.endswith(".csv"): with open(file_path,"w",newline="") as f: writer = csv.writer(f) for task in tasks: writer.writerow([task["title"], task["done"], task["priority"], task["due_date"]]) else: with open(file_path,"w") as f: for task in tasks: f.write(f"{task['title']} | {'Done' if task['done'] else 'Pending'} | {task['priority']} | {task['due_date'] or '—'}\n") messagebox.showinfo("💾 Exported", f"Tasks exported to {file_path}") except Exception as e: messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Export failed: {e}") # ========================= # GUI Setup # ========================= root = tk.Tk() root.title("ToDoMate 📝") root.geometry("950x600") root.configure(bg="#f0f4f8") # Notebook notebook = ttk.Notebook(root) notebook.pack(fill="both", expand=True) # ... (Dashboard & To-Do Tab code continues as in original) load_tasks() refresh_treeview() root.mainloop() Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode How It Works Tasks are stored in todo_list.csv. Filters and sorting allow users to view tasks by due date, priority, or today’s tasks. Color-coded treeview highlights priorities and overdue tasks. Easy export to CSV or TXT ensures your tasks are portable. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mate Technologies Follow Mate Technologies delivers smart, user-friendly tools that solve everyday problems instantly. Just download, run, and let our software do the work. Location Washington, United States Joined Dec 28, 2025 More from Mate Technologies WatermarkX v1.0 – A Lightweight Offline Image Watermarking Tool Built with Python # python # desktopapp # imageprocessing # opensource 🕰️ Building a Modern Alarm Clock App in Python with Tkinter # python # opensource # alarmclock # tutorial 🎬 Build a Relax Video Generator (Images + MP3 MP4) with Python & Tkinter # python # desktopapp # automation # beginners 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Vasu Ghanta Full-Stack & React Native Developer Building scalable apps with React Native, Node.js & AWS | DevOps & Cloud enthusiast | Writing about React, DevOps & system design Location Hyderbad,India Joined Joined on Jan 6, 2026 Email address vasughanta660@gmail.com Personal website https://vasughanta.netlify.app/ Education B.E. in Computer Science Pronouns He/Him Work Associate Software Engineer building full-stack & cloud-native applications More info about @vasughanta09 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages JavaScript, React Native, Node.js, Express.js, MySQL, MongoDB, AWS, Firebase, Docker, Kubernetes, CI/CD, Git, HTML, CSS, DevOps Currently learning Learning React Native best practices, Node.js backend architecture, AWS cloud services, DevOps workflows, and sharing practical learnings through technical writing. Currently hacking on Building full-stack applications with React Native & Node.js, exploring AWS cloud architecture, DevOps workflows, and writing beginner-to-advanced technical articles. Available for React Native, HTML, CSS, JavaScript | Node.js, Express | MySQL, MongoDB | AWS, Firebase | Docker, Kubernetes, CI/CD | Git, Jenkins, GitHub Actions | Python, Java Post 14 posts published Comment 3 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Advancing with React: Hooks Deep Dive! (React Day 5) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 13 Advancing with React: Hooks Deep Dive! (React Day 5) # react # webdev # programming # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Want to connect with Vasu Ghanta? Create an account to connect with Vasu Ghanta. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Power Up React: Mastering Lists, Keys, and Component Patterns! (React Day 4) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 12 Power Up React: Mastering Lists, Keys, and Component Patterns! (React Day 4) # javascript # react # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Dark Side of Startup Life in Hyderabad (My Honest Experience) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 11 The Dark Side of Startup Life in Hyderabad (My Honest Experience) # startup # career # hyderabadstartups # startuplife 3 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read Mastering React's Dynamic Side: State, Events, and Conditional Rendering! (React Day 3) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 11 Mastering React's Dynamic Side: State, Events, and Conditional Rendering! (React Day 3) # react # babel # javascript # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building with React: Dive into JSX, Components, and Props! (React Day 2) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 10 Building with React: Dive into JSX, Components, and Props! (React Day 2) # react # webdev # tutorial # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read # Welcome to React World: Grasp the Fundamentals and Mental Model! (React Day 1) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 9 # Welcome to React World: Grasp the Fundamentals and Mental Model! (React Day 1) # beginners # javascript # react # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Tired of Switching Tools Just to Write Markdown? Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 9 Tired of Switching Tools Just to Write Markdown? # markdown # react # webdev # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Gear Up for React: Mastering the Modern Frontend Toolkit! (Day 3 – Pre-React Article 3) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 8 Gear Up for React: Mastering the Modern Frontend Toolkit! (Day 3 – Pre-React Article 3) # webdev # frontend # react # beginners Comments Add Comment 7 min read Dive Deeper into JavaScript: Your Key to Unlocking React Mastery! (Day 2 – Pre-React Article 2) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 8 Dive Deeper into JavaScript: Your Key to Unlocking React Mastery! (Day 2 – Pre-React Article 2) # javascript # webdev # react # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Hey, Curious Coders! Let's Unlock React's Magic by Mastering Web Fundamentals First Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 8 Hey, Curious Coders! Let's Unlock React's Magic by Mastering Web Fundamentals First # webdev # react # javascript # programming Comments Add Comment 6 min read # How APIs Work: A Friendly Dive into Real-Time Magic Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 7 # How APIs Work: A Friendly Dive into Real-Time Magic # api # webdev # javascript # backend Comments Add Comment 3 min read Flash Cache Mastery: Engineering Redis-Powered Systems for Ultimate Speed and Reliability Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 7 Flash Cache Mastery: Engineering Redis-Powered Systems for Ultimate Speed and Reliability # architecture # database # devops # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read Unlocking Real-Time Magic: Dive Deep into WebSockets and Socket.IO for Instant Web Wonders Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 6 Unlocking Real-Time Magic: Dive Deep into WebSockets and Socket.IO for Instant Web Wonders # javascript # networking # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read Claude Opus 4.5 Is Not Just Another AI Model — Here’s Why It Matters Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 6 Claude Opus 4.5 Is Not Just Another AI Model — Here’s Why It Matters # ai # machinelearning # api # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-cloud@latest/enterprise-onboarding | Enterprise onboarding - GitHub Enterprise Cloud Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Enterprise Cloud Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Enterprise onboarding Home Enterprise onboarding Get started Choose an enterprise type Start a trial Add users Billing Migrations Set up organizations and teams Best practices Set up an organization About roles Identify role requirements Create custom roles About teams Create teams Assign roles Use innersource Create a support model Understand enterprise support Support portal Manage support entitlements Govern people and repositories About enterprise policies Create custom properties Create repository policies Protect branches Use the audit log Security features Automate with apps Create enterprise apps Install enterprise apps Set up CI/CD with Actions About GitHub Actions Actions components Plan a rollout Migrate to Actions Get started Enterprise onboarding Onboard your company to GitHub Enterprise Cloud by following our recommended plan. You will set up teams with the access they need, create a policy framework to ensure compliance, and automate processes securely throughout your enterprise. 1 Getting started with your enterprise 5 articles Master the fundamentals of GitHub Enterprise Cloud and get started with a trial. Choosing an enterprise type for GitHub Enterprise Cloud Setting up a trial of GitHub Enterprise Adding users to your enterprise About enterprise billing About migrating to GitHub Enterprise Cloud 2 Setting up organizations and teams in your enterprise 9 articles Organize work effectively and ensure people have the access they need to resources and administrative settings. Best practices for organizing work in your enterprise Setting up an organization About roles in an enterprise Identifying the roles required by your enterprise Creating custom roles About teams in an enterprise Creating enterprise teams Assigning roles to teams and users Using innersource in your enterprise 3 Creating a support model for your enterprise 3 articles Find out how to get help and choose who will be able to contact Support. Understanding enterprise support Using the support portal Managing support entitlements 4 Governing people and repositories 6 articles Implement policies, custom properties, and rulesets to govern users and repositories across your enterprise. About enterprise policies Creating custom properties for repositories in your enterprise Defining policies for repositories in your enterprise Protecting branches in your enterprise with rulesets Using the audit log for your enterprise About enterprise security 5 Automating processes with GitHub Apps 2 articles Create and install apps to automate processes securely in your enterprise and organizations. Creating enterprise apps Installing enterprise apps 6 Setting up CI/CD with GitHub Actions 5 articles Explore GitHub Actions, plan your rollout, and get started. About GitHub Actions for enterprises Understanding the components of GitHub Actions Planning a rollout of GitHub Actions Migrating your enterprise to GitHub Actions Getting started with GitHub Actions for GitHub Enterprise Cloud 1 Getting started with your enterprise 5 articles Master the fundamentals of GitHub Enterprise Cloud and get started with a trial. Choosing an enterprise type for GitHub Enterprise Cloud Setting up a trial of GitHub Enterprise Adding users to your enterprise About enterprise billing About migrating to GitHub Enterprise Cloud 2 Setting up organizations and teams in your enterprise 9 articles Organize work effectively and ensure people have the access they need to resources and administrative settings. Best practices for organizing work in your enterprise Setting up an organization About roles in an enterprise Identifying the roles required by your enterprise Creating custom roles About teams in an enterprise Creating enterprise teams Assigning roles to teams and users Using innersource in your enterprise 3 Creating a support model for your enterprise 3 articles Find out how to get help and choose who will be able to contact Support. Understanding enterprise support Using the support portal Managing support entitlements 4 Governing people and repositories 6 articles Implement policies, custom properties, and rulesets to govern users and repositories across your enterprise. About enterprise policies Creating custom properties for repositories in your enterprise Defining policies for repositories in your enterprise Protecting branches in your enterprise with rulesets Using the audit log for your enterprise About enterprise security 5 Automating processes with GitHub Apps 2 articles Create and install apps to automate processes securely in your enterprise and organizations. Creating enterprise apps Installing enterprise apps 6 Setting up CI/CD with GitHub Actions 5 articles Explore GitHub Actions, plan your rollout, and get started. About GitHub Actions for enterprises Understanding the components of GitHub Actions Planning a rollout of GitHub Actions Migrating your enterprise to GitHub Actions Getting started with GitHub Actions for GitHub Enterprise Cloud Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/techdogs_inc/tech-spotlight-daily-tech-news-58ho | Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse TechDogs for TechDogs Posted on Dec 3, 2024 Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News # ai # openai # tech # news Meta plans to invest over $10 billion in a 40,000+ km subsea cable, ensuring global data traffic infrastructure, marking its first fully-owned project. Source: TechCrunch Ofcom's 2024 Online Nation report reveals declining usage of Elon Musk's X in the UK, with adult reach dropping 8% year-on-year to 22.1 million. Source: The Register Five Canadian news outlets sued OpenAI, alleging frequent copyright breaches in training its AI systems, amid a growing wave of lawsuits from creators and copyright holders. Source: Reuters Mercedes-Benz plans to invest in China's Momenta, adopting its autonomous driving software for four future models, marking Momenta as its first major Chinese tech supplier. Source: Reuters Georgia Tech's AI model, "Chameleon," creates personalized privacy masks for photos, thwarting facial recognition scans and enabling responsible AI adoption while preserving image quality. Source: LiveScience For More News click here ( https://www.techdogs.com/resource/tech-news ) "All image credits belong to their respective owners. If you would like an image removed, please reach out, and we’ll be happy to assist." Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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More from TechDogs Which mobile chipset powers smarter experiences—Snapdragon or MediaTek? # mediatekvssnapdragon # aichipset # ai # techinnovation Is your AI smart enough to think beyond keywords? # aiinbusiness # techinnovation # ai Daily Dose 11 April 2025 # techdogs # technology # dailydose # tech 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/midmeetpy/mid-meet-py-ep-4-interview-with-michael-foord-388i | Mid Meet Py - Ep.4 - Interview with Michael Foord - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Cheuk Ting Ho 🐍 for Mid Meet Py 🎙️ Posted on Apr 23, 2020 Mid Meet Py - Ep.4 - Interview with Michael Foord # python # chat # news # community PyChat (news in the community): Farewell to Oier Echaniz Pyladies Dub meetup 19th May Python in Astronomy hackdays kick off at midnight tonight BST (23rd & 24th) April - all welcome! New Sponsorship Program for Python Packaging Ticket sales for EuroPython 2020 Online have started Meet Hall of Fame: Interview with Michael Foord, Python Core Developer, creator of Iron Python and Mock module Follow Michael on Twitter Check out his website PyPI highlight: Fades - a library to manage your virtual Envs Jupyter-require - Let you run JavaScript, plug-in to Jupyter notebook Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mid Meet Py 🎙️ Follow Tag us @MidMeetPy on Twitter about your ideas. We meet in the middle of the day in the middle of the week to chat about Python. Live every Wednesday at 1pm (UK time) Watch on Twitch More from Mid Meet Py 🎙️ Mid Meet Py 2021 - Ep.02 - Let's chat with Lemon # python # podcast # chat # community New season! Mid Meet Py - Ep.1 - Interview with Laura Funderburk # python # podcast # midmeetpy # talkshow Mid Meet Py 2021 - Ep.01 - We are back and chat with Laura Gutierrez Funderburk # python # chat # podcast # interview 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/t/calendar | Calendar - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # calendar Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Synchronizing Recurring Outlook Meetings with EspoCRM: A Production-Grade Solution yhzhu yhzhu yhzhu Follow Jan 11 Synchronizing Recurring Outlook Meetings with EspoCRM: A Production-Grade Solution # espocrm # outlook # microsoftgraph # calendar Comments Add Comment 5 min read System Design : Calendar App Shalini Goyall Shalini Goyall Shalini Goyall Follow Jan 6 System Design : Calendar App # systemdesign # interview # softwareengineering # calendar Comments Add Comment 3 min read Fixing Legacy Dates in Uniface 10: The $NLS\_DISABLE\_NON\_GREGORIAN\_CALENDAR Switch Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 30 '25 Fixing Legacy Dates in Uniface 10: The $NLS\_DISABLE\_NON\_GREGORIAN\_CALENDAR Switch # uniface # legacy # calendar Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Custom Calendar with React + Storyblok: A Recap of Our Bryntum Integration Tutorial Siddharth Dayalwal Siddharth Dayalwal Siddharth Dayalwal Follow for Storyblok Dec 12 '25 Building a Custom Calendar with React + Storyblok: A Recap of Our Bryntum Integration Tutorial # storyblok # react # calendar # component Comments 1 comment 3 min read Senior Roles' Context Revealed in the Calendar sta sta sta Follow Dec 5 '25 Senior Roles' Context Revealed in the Calendar # calendar # schedule # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Custom Calendar Generator with React/Next.js Bakhat Yar|SEO Specialist Bakhat Yar|SEO Specialist Bakhat Yar|SEO Specialist Follow Nov 6 '25 Building a Custom Calendar Generator with React/Next.js # nextjs # webdev # calendar # printable 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read ilamy Calendar v1.0.0: Resource Calendar is Here! 🎉 kcsujeet kcsujeet kcsujeet Follow Oct 13 '25 ilamy Calendar v1.0.0: Resource Calendar is Here! 🎉 # react # opensource # calendar # typescript Comments Add Comment 4 min read Make a Calendar app with SwiftUI - part 1 Chanh Le Chanh Le Chanh Le Follow Sep 4 '25 Make a Calendar app with SwiftUI - part 1 # swift # swiftui # ios # calendar Comments Add Comment 4 min read Make a Calendar app with SwiftUI - part 2 Chanh Le Chanh Le Chanh Le Follow Sep 7 '25 Make a Calendar app with SwiftUI - part 2 # programming # swift # ios # calendar Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Tracked Every Hour of My Life for 4 Years - and What You Can Learn From It Max Patiiuk Max Patiiuk Max Patiiuk Follow Jun 30 '25 How I Tracked Every Hour of My Life for 4 Years - and What You Can Learn From It # calendar # googlecalendar # hyperscheduling # calendarplus 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read Introducing ilamy Calendar: A Modern React Calendar Built for Developers kcsujeet kcsujeet kcsujeet Follow Jul 21 '25 Introducing ilamy Calendar: A Modern React Calendar Built for Developers # react # opensource # calendar # bunjs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Powerful Custom Calendar Widget in Flutter: From Scratch to Production Anurag Dubey Anurag Dubey Anurag Dubey Follow Jul 19 '25 Building a Powerful Custom Calendar Widget in Flutter: From Scratch to Production # flutter # dart # calendar # ui 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 14 min read How I Use Self-Reflection to Stay on Track Daily, Weekly, Monthly, and Yearly Max Patiiuk Max Patiiuk Max Patiiuk Follow Jun 30 '25 How I Use Self-Reflection to Stay on Track Daily, Weekly, Monthly, and Yearly # reflection # weeklyretro # retrospective # calendar 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 8 min read PocketCal Build Log Cassidy Williams Cassidy Williams Cassidy Williams Follow Jun 13 '25 PocketCal Build Log # ai # javascript # calendar # react Comments Add Comment 5 min read The services and methods for creating Google Tasks templates Aleksandr Ippatev Aleksandr Ippatev Aleksandr Ippatev Follow Jun 2 '25 The services and methods for creating Google Tasks templates # tasks # googletasks # tasktemplates # calendar 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read How FlowForge™ Works: AI-Powered Time & Energy Planning NeuroSync NeuroSync NeuroSync Follow Mar 28 '25 How FlowForge™ Works: AI-Powered Time & Energy Planning # ai # productivity # calendar # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🗓️ Building a Custom Timeline Calendar with Next.js Zineb Esso Zineb Esso Zineb Esso Follow Apr 26 '25 🗓️ Building a Custom Timeline Calendar with Next.js # nextjs # calendar # frontend # management 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI-Powered Flutter Calendar for Effortless Project Scheduling and Reviews Phinter Atieno Phinter Atieno Phinter Atieno Follow for Syncfusion, Inc. Mar 6 '25 AI-Powered Flutter Calendar for Effortless Project Scheduling and Reviews # flutter # calendar # mobile # smartaicomponents Comments Add Comment 11 min read From Chaos to Clarity - How I Document My Work Effectively Tshenolo Mos Tshenolo Mos Tshenolo Mos Follow Mar 13 '25 From Chaos to Clarity - How I Document My Work Effectively # productivity # calendar # focus # documentation Comments Add Comment 4 min read Smart Scheduling with React: Master Notifications and Business Hours in `react-agendfy` Marcio Zebedeu Marcio Zebedeu Marcio Zebedeu Follow Mar 8 '25 Smart Scheduling with React: Master Notifications and Business Hours in `react-agendfy` # react # calendar # scheduling # notification 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 22 min read Calendar API - Update Nikolas Nikolas Nikolas Follow Feb 5 '25 Calendar API - Update # api # calendar # javascript # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀How to manage Google Calendar like a Gangster: Tips for Professional Managers, IT Specialists🌟📈🎉 Pro Project Managment Pro Project Managment Pro Project Managment Follow Dec 28 '24 🚀How to manage Google Calendar like a Gangster: Tips for Professional Managers, IT Specialists🌟📈🎉 # google # calendar # project # manager Comments 1 comment 2 min read The Journey of Optimization Daniel Kukula Daniel Kukula Daniel Kukula Follow Jan 2 '25 The Journey of Optimization # elixir # calendar # tutorial 16 reactions Comments 1 comment 8 min read How to create a simple appointment calendar Angelo Pirola Angelo Pirola Angelo Pirola Follow Dec 19 '24 How to create a simple appointment calendar # dotnet # blazor # webdev # calendar Comments Add Comment 1 min read Regime.sh – A minimalist approach to daily scheduling maksimmuravev maksimmuravev maksimmuravev Follow Nov 4 '24 Regime.sh – A minimalist approach to daily scheduling # productivity # calendar Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources System Design : Calendar App Building a Custom Calendar Generator with React/Next.js Senior Roles' Context Revealed in the Calendar Fixing Legacy Dates in Uniface 10: The $NLS\_DISABLE\_NON\_GREGORIAN\_CALENDAR Switch Synchronizing Recurring Outlook Meetings with EspoCRM: A Production-Grade Solution Building a Custom Calendar with React + Storyblok: A Recap of Our Bryntum Integration Tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.github.com/en/actions | GitHub Actions documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar GitHub Actions Home GitHub Actions Get started Quickstart Understand GitHub Actions Continuous integration Continuous deployment Actions vs Apps Concepts Workflows and actions Workflows Variables Contexts Expressions Reusing workflow configurations Custom actions Deployment environments Concurrency Workflow artifacts Dependency caching Notifications for workflow runs Runners GitHub-hosted runners Larger runners Self-hosted runners Private networking Runner groups Runner scale sets Actions Runner Controller Support for ARC Security Secrets GITHUB_TOKEN OpenID Connect Artifact attestations Script injections Compromised runners Kubernetes admissions controller Metrics Billing and usage How-tos Write workflows Use workflow templates Choose when workflows run Trigger a workflow Control jobs with conditions Control workflow concurrency Choose where workflows run Choose the runner for a job Run jobs in a container Choose what workflows do Use jobs Find and customize actions Use GitHub CLI Add scripts Use secrets Use variables Pass job outputs Set default values for jobs Deploy to environment Run job variations Reuse automations Reuse workflows Create workflow templates Share across private repositories Share with your organization Secure your work Use artifact attestations Use artifact attestations Increase security rating Enforce artifact attestations Verify attestations offline Manage attestations Security harden deployments OIDC in AWS OIDC in Azure OIDC in Google Cloud Platform OIDC in HashiCorp Vault OIDC in JFrog OIDC in PyPI OIDC in cloud providers OIDC with reusable workflows Deploy Configure and manage deployments Control deployments View deployment history Manage 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from Jenkins Migrate from Travis CI Use Actions Runner Controller Quickstart Authenticate to the API Deploy runner scale sets Use ARC in a workflow Troubleshoot GitHub Actions documentation Automate, customize, and execute your software development workflows right in your repository with GitHub Actions. You can discover, create, and share actions to perform any job you'd like, including CI/CD, and combine actions in a completely customized workflow. Overview Quickstart Start here Writing workflows GitHub Actions workflows can automate tasks throughout the software development lifecycle. Tutorials for GitHub Actions Build skills and knowledge about GitHub Actions through hands-on activities. Continuous integration You can create custom continuous integration (CI) workflows directly in your GitHub repository with GitHub Actions. Publishing and installing a package with GitHub Actions You can configure a workflow in GitHub Actions to automatically publish or install a package from GitHub Packages. Popular Workflow syntax for GitHub Actions A workflow is a configurable automated process made up of one or more jobs. You must create a YAML file to define your workflow configuration. Writing workflows GitHub Actions workflows can automate tasks throughout the software development lifecycle. What's new View all Reduced pricing for GitHub-hosted runners usage January 01 Improved performance for GitHub Actions workflows page December 22 Update to GitHub Actions pricing December 16 Guides Using workflow templates GitHub provides workflow templates for a variety of languages and tooling. @GitHub Publishing Node.js packages In this tutorial, you'll learn how to publish Node.js packages to a registry as part of your continuous integration (CI) workflow. @GitHub Building and testing PowerShell Learn how to create a continuous integration (CI) workflow to build and test your PowerShell project. @potatoqualitee All GitHub Actions docs Get started with GitHub Actions Quickstart for GitHub Actions Understanding GitHub Actions Continuous integration Continuous deployment GitHub Actions vs GitHub Apps Concepts for GitHub Actions Workflows and actions • 11 articles GitHub Actions Runners • 8 articles Security in GitHub Actions • 7 articles About GitHub Actions metrics Billing and usage How-tos for GitHub Actions Writing workflows • 4 articles Reusing automations • 4 articles Security for GitHub Actions • 2 articles Deploying with GitHub Actions • 2 articles Creating and publishing actions • 6 articles Managing workflow runs • 10 articles Manage runners • 4 articles Monitor workflows • 6 articles Troubleshooting workflows Administering GitHub Actions • 1 articles Getting help from GitHub Support about GitHub Actions Reference for GitHub Actions Workflows and actions reference • 12 articles Runners reference • 3 articles Security reference • 3 articles Actions limits GitHub Actions Importer reference • 2 articles Tutorials for GitHub Actions Creating an example workflow Building and testing your code • 12 articles Use GITHUB_TOKEN for authentication in workflows Migrating from self-hosted runners to GitHub-hosted runners Create actions • 2 articles Publishing packages • 4 articles Managing your work with GitHub Actions • 4 articles Store and share data with workflow artifacts Using containerized services • 4 articles Migrating to GitHub Actions • 2 articles Use Actions Runner Controller • 5 articles Help and support Did you find what you needed? 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https://dev.to/techdogs_inc/tech-spotlight-daily-tech-news-2mhk | Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse TechDogs for TechDogs Posted on Jan 15, 2025 Tech Spotlight: Daily Tech News # ai # openai # tech # news The Texas Attorney General sued Allstate, alleging it illegally tracked 45 million drivers via mobile apps without consent to adjust car insurance rates. Source: Reuters The Biden administration's new "AI Diffusion rule" restricts advanced AI chips and models' export to certain nations, aiming to maintain U.S. leadership in AI technology. 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https://dev.to/sivarampg/cowork-claude-code-for-the-rest-of-your-work-3hjp#how-it-works | Cowork: Claude Code for the Rest of Your Work - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sivaram Posted on Jan 13 Cowork: Claude Code for the Rest of Your Work # ai # software # productivity # tooling Anthropic just dropped something interesting, and it's not just another AI chatbot. It's called Cowork , and it might represent where AI agents are heading next. What is Cowork? Cowork is essentially "Claude Code for the rest of your work" — a general-purpose AI agent that can work with files on your computer without requiring you to write a single line of code. Think of it this way: Claude Code was built for developers to automate coding tasks. But Anthropic noticed something interesting — developers were using it for everything else: vacation research, building slide decks, cleaning up email, cancelling subscriptions, recovering wedding photos from hard drives, monitoring plant growth, and even controlling ovens. So they stripped away the terminal interface and built Cowork — a visual, approachable version that anyone can use. How It Works The workflow is refreshingly simple: Grant folder access — You give Claude access to a specific folder on your computer Describe what you need — Tell Claude what you want in plain language Let it work — Claude makes a plan, executes steps in parallel, and keeps you updated on progress Get results — Claude reads, edits, or creates files as needed Example Use Cases Here's what you can do with Cowork: Reorganize your downloads folder — Sort and rename files intelligently Create expense reports — Turn a pile of receipt screenshots into a structured spreadsheet Draft reports — Synthesize scattered notes into a coherent first draft File organization — Clean up your desktop or organize documents by project Real-World Performance: 320 Podcast Transcripts in 15 Minutes Lenny Rachitsky put Cowork to the test with a substantial task — analyzing 320 podcast transcripts to extract key insights. Here's what happened: The Task: "Go through every Lenny's Podcast episode and pull out the 10 most important themes and lessons for product builders. Then give me the 10 most counterintuitive truths." The Setup: Lenny gave Claude access to a folder containing 320 podcast transcripts. The Result: 15 minutes later, Claude delivered: The 10 Most Important Themes from Lenny's Podcast Activation Is Everything — Slack's "2,000 messages" moment, Gamma's 30-second magic. Get users to value fast. Storytelling as a Superpower — Compelling narratives align organizations better than documents. Positioning Is Strategy, Not Marketing — April Dunford's 5-step framework that starts with competitive alternatives, not messaging. Product Discovery Before Delivery — Teresa Torres' Opportunity Solution Trees and Marty Cagan's Four Risks framework. Talk to customers weekly, not quarterly. Ruthless Prioritization — Shreyas Doshi's LNO Framework (Leverage/Neutral/Overhead) and focusing on opportunity cost over ROI. AI is Transforming Product Development — Model maximalism, evals as core PM skill, CEOs becoming ICs again. Empowered Teams vs. Feature Factories — Marty Cagan's distinction: give teams problems to solve, not features to build. Build Your Operating System — Claire Hughes Johnson's framework for founding documents, operating cadence, and decision frameworks. Pre-Mortems and Risk Anticipation — Shreyas Doshi's technique to surface failure modes before they happen. Small Teams, Outsized Impact — Jason Fried's 2-person/6-week constraints, Shopify's pair programming culture. The 10 Most Counterintuitive Truths Fear Gives Bad Advice — Do the Opposite — Whatever you're afraid to do (hard conversation, telling board bad news) is exactly what you should do. Adding Friction Can INCREASE Conversion — Adding personalization questions to signup improved Amplitude's conversion by 5%. Fewer Features = More Value — The Walkman succeeded because Sony REMOVED recording. QuickBooks wins with half the features at double the price. Adding People Makes You Slower (Absolutely) — Companies produce MORE total output after layoffs. Coordination overhead is silent killer. What Customers Say They Want Is Meaningless — 93% said they wanted energy-efficient homes. Nobody bought them. "Bitchin' ain't switchin'." Goals Are Not Strategy — They're Opposite — Richard Rumelt says confusing goals for strategy is most common strategic error. OKRs are often just wish lists. Don't A/B Test Your Big Bets — Instagram and Airbnb actively reject testing for transformational changes. You can't A/B test your way to greatness. Your Gut IS Data — Intuition is compressed experiential learning that isn't statistically significant yet. Don't discount it. By the Time You're Thinking About Quitting, It's Too Late — Stewart Butterfield killed Glitch while it was still growing 6-7% weekly. That's why he could start Slack. Most PMs Are Overpaid and Unnecessary — Marty Cagan himself says feature teams don't need PMs. Nikita Bier calls PM "not real." Lenny's verdict: "This is a substantial task - 320 podcast transcripts to analyze!" That's impressive — processing 320 transcripts and synthesizing them into actionable insights in just 15 minutes. The Mind-Blowing Part Here's the detail that's getting attention: Cowork was reportedly built in about a week and a half, and much of it was written by Claude Code itself. That's right — Anthropic's AI coding agent helped build its own non-technical sibling product. It's a recursive improvement loop happening in real-time, and it shows how AI tools can accelerate their own development. Integration with Your Existing Tools Cowork doesn't work in isolation. It integrates with: Connectors — Link Claude to tools like Asana, Notion, Canva, Linear, and more Skills — Specialized capabilities for working with Excel, presentations, or following brand guidelines Chrome extension — Complete tasks that require browser access This means Claude can pull real data from your project management tools, generate documents in your preferred formats, and maintain context across your entire workflow. Safety First Anthropic is being upfront about the risks: Controlled access — Claude can only access files you explicitly grant it access to Confirmation prompts — Claude asks before taking significant actions Clear instructions matter — Vague prompts could lead to unintended actions (like deleting files) Prompt injection risks — Like all AI agents, there are concerns about malicious content trying to hijack the agent They recommend starting with non-sensitive files while you learn how it works. Availability Right now, Cowork is available as a research preview for: Claude Max subscribers ($100-$200/month) on macOS Waitlist available for users on other plans Windows support and broader availability are coming later. What This Means for the Future Cowork represents an interesting shift in AI — moving from chatbots that just talk to you, toward agents that can actually do things for you. It's not about replacing developers or knowledge workers; it's about giving them an AI collaborator that can handle the repetitive, time-consuming tasks that get in the way of real work. The fact that Claude Code helped build Cowork shows how AI tools can compound each other's capabilities. We're seeing the beginning of AI systems that can build, improve, and extend themselves. If you're on Claude Max with a Mac, you can try Cowork today by clicking "Cowork" in the Claude Desktop sidebar. Everyone else can join the waitlist and see what the future of AI-assisted work looks like. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sivaram Follow Full Stack Engineer. Consultant. Designing & Developing Blockchain & AI E2E Solutions. De-risking Ambiguity. OSS Location India Joined Oct 5, 2023 More from Sivaram Building Reliable RAG Systems # rag # architecture # tutorial # ai The Ralph Wiggum Approach: Running AI Coding Agents for Hours (Not Minutes) # webdev # productivity # ai # agents How the Creator of Claude Code Uses Claude Code: A Complete Breakdown # ai # webdev # programming # productivity 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/yusadolat/understanding-totp-what-really-happens-when-you-generate-that-6-digit-code-1ael | Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Yusuf Adeyemo Posted on Dec 8, 2025 • Originally published at dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com on Dec 8, 2025 Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code # totp # authentication # google # howitworks This article started from a tweet. Someone on Twitter said they "lowkey want to understand the technology behind Google Authenticator" and I dropped a quick reply - explaining that it's basically TOTP: your device and the server share a secret key, both compute a code using HMAC-SHA1 and the current 30-second time window. No network calls. No "previous code." Same secret + same time slice = same 6-digit code. That reply got some traction, and a few people DM me for a deeper breakdown. So here we are. If you've ever wondered how your phone generates the exact same 6-digit code the server expects - with no internet request, no sync, nothing - this one's for you. The Problem With Passwords Passwords are static. Once someone has it, they have it forever - or until you change it. Even with a strong password, you're one phishing attack or database breach away from compromise. Two-factor authentication fixes this by adding something that changes. But here's the catch - if your phone needs to call a server every time to get a new code, that's a point of failure. What happens when you're offline? On a plane? In a basement with no signal? This is where TOTP comes in. TOTP - Time-based One-Time Password TOTP is defined in RFC 6238, but don't let the RFC scare you. The core idea is dead simple: Both your phone and the server share a secret. They both know the current time. They both do the same math. They both get the same answer. That's it. No network calls. No synchronization requests. Just two parties doing identical calculations independently. The Setup - That QR Code You Scanned When you enable 2FA on any service, they show you a QR code. That QR code contains a URL that looks something like this: otpauth://totp/MyService:yusuf@yusadolat.me?secret=JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP&issuer=MyService Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The important part is the secret . This is a base32-encoded string that both your authenticator app and the server will store. This shared secret is the foundation of everything. You scan it once. Your app saves it. The server saves it. They never exchange it again. The Math - How Codes Get Generated Every 30 seconds, both sides perform this calculation: Step 1: Get the current time window Take the current Unix timestamp and divide by 30. Floor it. time_step = floor(current_unix_time / 30) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Right now, as I write this, the Unix timestamp is around 1733644800. Divided by 30, floored, gives us 57788160. This number changes every 30 seconds. Step 2: Run HMAC-SHA1 Feed the time step and the shared secret into HMAC-SHA1: hmac_result = HMAC-SHA1(secret, time_step) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This produces a 20-byte hash. It looks like random garbage, but it's deterministic - same inputs always give same outputs. Step 3: Dynamic Truncation 20 bytes is too long for humans to type. So we extract 4 bytes from a specific position (determined by the last nibble of the hash), convert to an integer, and take modulo 1,000,000. offset = hmac_result[19] & 0x0fcode = (hmac_result[offset:offset+4] & 0x7fffffff) % 1000000 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Boom. You have your 6-digit code. Why This Is Actually Clever Think about what just happened: No network needed - Your phone doesn't call anyone. The server doesn't push anything. Both just compute. Codes expire automatically - Because time moves forward, old codes become useless. Even if someone shoulder-surfs your code, they have maybe 30 seconds to use it. Can't predict future codes - Without the secret, you can't compute tomorrow's codes. The HMAC function is one-way. Replay attacks fail - Use a code once, the server marks that time window as used. Try it again, rejected. When Things Go Wrong The system assumes both parties agree on what time it is. This is usually fine - your phone syncs with NTP servers, and servers have accurate clocks. But I've seen people with phones that have "manual time" set, drifting by minutes. Their codes stop working and they have no idea why. The server is computing codes for 10:45:00, their phone is computing for 10:43:00. Different time windows, different codes. Most implementations allow a small tolerance - they'll accept codes from one time window before or after. But drift too far and you're locked out. The Recovery Code Situation Those backup codes you're told to save somewhere? They're not TOTP. They're just long random strings stored in a database. Use one, it gets deleted. No time component, no algorithm - just a simple lookup. Save them. Seriously. Losing access to your authenticator without backup codes is a special kind of pain. Show Me The Code Here's a minimal Python implementation to make this concrete: import hmacimport hashlibimport structimport timeimport base64def generate_totp(secret: str) -> str: # Decode the base32 secret key = base64.b32decode(secret.upper()) # Get current time step (30-second window) time_step = int(time.time()) // 30 # Pack as big-endian 8-byte integer time_bytes = struct.pack('>Q', time_step) # Compute HMAC-SHA1 hmac_hash = hmac.new(key, time_bytes, hashlib.sha1).digest() # Dynamic truncation offset = hmac_hash[-1] & 0x0f code_int = struct.unpack('>I', hmac_hash[offset:offset+4])[0] code_int &= 0x7fffffff code = code_int % 1000000 return f'{code:06d}'# Test itsecret = 'JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP' # Example secret, This is what you add setup key on Google Authprint(generate_totp(secret)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Want to see it work in real-time? Here's how to test: Open Google Authenticator (or any TOTP app) Tap the + button to add a new account Select "Enter a setup key" Enter any name (e.g., "TOTP Test") For the key, enter: JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP Make sure it's set to Time-based Save it Now run the Python script. The 6-digit code it prints should match what's showing in your authenticator app. If you're a few seconds off, wait for the next 30-second window and try again. Wrapping Up There's no cloud magic happening when your authenticator generates codes. It's just math - the same math running independently on your device and the server, anchored to the same clock. Understanding this changes how you think about 2FA. It's not some opaque security feature. It's a clever application of cryptographic primitives that's been working reliably for over a decade. Next time you punch in those 6 digits, you'll know exactly what's happening behind the scenes. If you found this useful, I write about DevOps, security, and cloud infrastructure. Connect with me on Twitter @Yusadolat . ]]> Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand AbdQaadir AbdQaadir AbdQaadir Follow Joined Sep 20, 2018 • Dec 8 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow! Brilliantly explained. Thank you so much for this detailed explanation. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sarah Tanya Sarah Tanya Sarah Tanya Follow Joined Dec 8, 2025 • Dec 8 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Location Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria Work DevOps Consultant at TaoBin Joined Feb 9, 2018 Trending on DEV Community Hot How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview Top 7 Featured DEV Posts of the Week # top7 # discuss What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Web Development Follow Hide Because the internet... Create Post submission guidelines Be nice. Be respectful. Assume best intentions. Be kind, rewind. Older #webdev posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 5409 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I tried to capture system audio in the browser. Here's what I learned. Flo Flo Flo Follow Jan 12 I tried to capture system audio in the browser. Here's what I learned. # api # javascript # learning # webdev 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published Behram Behram Behram Follow Jan 12 How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published # react # animation # webdev # opensource 9 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 13 How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Why Cloudflare is Right to Stand Against Italy's Piracy Shield Polliog Polliog Polliog Follow Jan 12 Why Cloudflare is Right to Stand Against Italy's Piracy Shield # discuss # cloud # dns # webdev 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Websockets with Socket.IO eachampagne eachampagne eachampagne Follow Jan 12 Websockets with Socket.IO # javascript # networking # node # webdev 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read 🙀How to Create a CRAZY Roller Coaster Builder (🎢RollerCoaster.js + React Three Fiber + AI) Web Developer Hyper Web Developer Hyper Web Developer Hyper Follow Jan 12 🙀How to Create a CRAZY Roller Coaster Builder (🎢RollerCoaster.js + React Three Fiber + AI) # ai # webdev # vue # angular 28 reactions Comments 9 comments 6 min read From Zero to SQS Lambda in 15 Minutes Konfy Konfy Konfy Follow Jan 12 From Zero to SQS Lambda in 15 Minutes # webdev # javascript # aws Comments Add Comment 1 min read Top 8 Fal.AI Alternatives Developers Are Using to Ship AI Apps Emmanuel Mumba Emmanuel Mumba Emmanuel Mumba Follow Jan 13 Top 8 Fal.AI Alternatives Developers Are Using to Ship AI Apps # webdev # programming # ai # javascript 19 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Send Transactional Emails in Node.js with Convex and AutoSend API Debajyati Dey Debajyati Dey Debajyati Dey Follow Jan 13 Send Transactional Emails in Node.js with Convex and AutoSend API # webdev # node # convex # javascript 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 14 min read SmoothUI: 40+ Animated React Components with Motion jQueryScript jQueryScript jQueryScript Follow Jan 13 SmoothUI: 40+ Animated React Components with Motion # webdev # tailwindcss # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read Advancing with React: Hooks Deep Dive! 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(React Day 5) # react # webdev # programming # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read A Production-Ready Monorepo for AI-Native Full-Stack Development gracefullight gracefullight gracefullight Follow Jan 13 A Production-Ready Monorepo for AI-Native Full-Stack Development # vibecoding # programming # webdev # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Ultimate Guide to Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL (2025 Edition) Sameer Saleem Sameer Saleem Sameer Saleem Follow Jan 13 The Ultimate Guide to Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL (2025 Edition) # webdev # drizzle # postgres # typescript Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI-Powered Commit Message Generator with Sring Boot & Cerebras Deividas Strole Deividas Strole Deividas Strole Follow Jan 12 AI-Powered Commit Message Generator with Sring Boot & Cerebras # webdev # ai # github # springboot 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read DNS Abuse Sanctuary: How NiceNIC (IANA 3765) Shields Global Cybercrime PhishDestroy PhishDestroy PhishDestroy Follow Jan 13 DNS Abuse Sanctuary: How NiceNIC (IANA 3765) Shields Global Cybercrime # cybersecurity # osint # webdev # security Comments Add Comment 11 min read GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation Sagar Sagar Sagar Follow Jan 13 GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation # webdev # performance # animation Comments Add Comment 5 min read Bridging the Gap: Building a Universal Web Interface for OBD-II Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Follow Jan 13 Bridging the Gap: Building a Universal Web Interface for OBD-II # webdev # programming # javascript # automotive Comments Add Comment 2 min read Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 13 Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # frontend # javascript # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Production-Ready Portfolio: Phase-2 — Frontend Bootstrapping & Architecture Setup Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Follow Jan 13 Building a Production-Ready Portfolio: Phase-2 — Frontend Bootstrapping & Architecture Setup # programming # python # react # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Introducing Frak.js: Simple, Scriptable Code Deployments Franklin Strube Franklin Strube Franklin Strube Follow Jan 13 Introducing Frak.js: Simple, Scriptable Code Deployments # devops # javascript # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Fired the "One-Click" AI Builders: How I Built a React Portfolio with Gemini (Without Knowing React) Aaditya Thakur Aaditya Thakur Aaditya Thakur Follow Jan 13 I Fired the "One-Click" AI Builders: How I Built a React Portfolio with Gemini (Without Knowing React) # ai # webdev # career # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your E Commerce Filters Feel Slow Even When Your Site Is Fast ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 13 Why Your E Commerce Filters Feel Slow Even When Your Site Is Fast # webdev # frontend # ecommerce # ux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why frontend developers don't wanna write e2e tests Sawan Bhattacharya Sawan Bhattacharya Sawan Bhattacharya Follow Jan 13 Why frontend developers don't wanna write e2e tests # discuss # webdev # testing # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 5 min read EP 8: The Legend of "ShopStream": A Tale of Two Architectures Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Follow Jan 10 EP 8: The Legend of "ShopStream": A Tale of Two Architectures # systemdesign # webdev # architecture # microservices Comments Add Comment 4 min read Jordium GanttChart v1.7.1: Making a Gantt Component Truly Controllable in Vue 3 Nelson Li Nelson Li Nelson Li Follow Jan 13 Jordium GanttChart v1.7.1: Making a Gantt Component Truly Controllable in Vue 3 # webdev # programming # vue # gantt 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources I built an app in every frontend framework Coding Without Pressure: How Slowing Down Helped Me Learn Faster JavaScript Frameworks - Heading into 2026 Where we're going, we don't need chatbots: introducing the Antigravity IDE 🚀 An Honest Review of Google Antigravity 5 YouTube Channels Every Programmer Should Follow in 2025! The Complete Full-Stack Developer Roadmap for 2026 🚀 DEV's Worldwide Show and Tell Challenge Presented by Mux: Pitch Your Projects! $3,000 in Prizes. 🎥 5 Terminal Commands That Saved Me Hours of Clicking I Built a Tool to Stop Wasting Time on Toxic Open Source Projects The Ralph Wiggum Approach: Running AI Coding Agents for Hours (Not Minutes) The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever Technical Debt Is a Myth Created By Bad Managers How I Built a Graphics Renderer for Node.js Web Development Is Meant to Be Built, Not Watched The Coursera–Udemy merger raises a bigger question: how do developers actually learn? 12 Open Source Gems To Become The Ultimate Developer 🔥 Fedora 43 Post-Install Guide: 10 Essential Things to Do After Installing I Stopped Chasing Features and Started Designing Systems Yes, true + true === 2. 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https://dev.to/matetechnologie | Mate Technologies - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Mate Technologies Mate Technologies delivers smart, user-friendly tools that solve everyday problems instantly. Just download, run, and let our software do the work. Location Washington, United States Joined Joined on Dec 28, 2025 Personal website https://matetools.gumroad.com github website twitter website More info about @matetechnologie Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close GitHub Repositories python-tiny-tools Practical Python tools for automation, learning, and productivity, plus 200+ curated project ideas from beginner to advanced. Python auction-management-system Real-time Auction Management System built in Python using sockets, Tkinter, and SQLite. Includes a multi-threaded server, Admin panel for auction control, and Bidder panel for live bidding with auto-extend, bid history, and winner notifications. Python Post 34 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 3 tags followed Build a Python Risk Scanner: Step-by-Step Beginner-Friendly Guide Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 13 Build a Python Risk Scanner: Step-by-Step Beginner-Friendly Guide # python # tkinter # beginners # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Want to connect with Mate Technologies? Create an account to connect with Mate Technologies. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Build a Prime Number Checker with Python and Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 13 Build a Prime Number Checker with Python and Tkinter # opensource # tutorial # python # primenumberchecker Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🔍 Building FileScope – A Professional File Finder in Python (Step-by-Step) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 12 🔍 Building FileScope – A Professional File Finder in Python (Step-by-Step) # python # pyside6 # desktop # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Build a Modern Palindrome Checker with Python and Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 12 Build a Modern Palindrome Checker with Python and Tkinter # tutorial # opensource # python # palindromechecker Comments Add Comment 4 min read WatermarkX v1.0 – A Lightweight Offline Image Watermarking Tool Built with Python Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 11 WatermarkX v1.0 – A Lightweight Offline Image Watermarking Tool Built with Python # python # desktopapp # imageprocessing # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🕰️ Building a Modern Alarm Clock App in Python with Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 11 🕰️ Building a Modern Alarm Clock App in Python with Tkinter # python # opensource # alarmclock # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🎬 Build a Relax Video Generator (Images + MP3 MP4) with Python & Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 11 🎬 Build a Relax Video Generator (Images + MP3 MP4) with Python & Tkinter # python # desktopapp # automation # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Build a Modern Countdown Timer in Python with Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 10 Build a Modern Countdown Timer in Python with Tkinter # tutorial # python # opensource # tkinter Comments 1 comment 4 min read Turning Images Into Game-Ready PBR Textures With Python (Offline, No Subscriptions) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 9 Turning Images Into Game-Ready PBR Textures With Python (Offline, No Subscriptions) # python # gamedev # computervision # opengl Comments Add Comment 2 min read ToDoMate 📝: Build a Modern Tkinter To-Do List App in Python Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 9 ToDoMate 📝: Build a Modern Tkinter To-Do List App in Python # python # tkinter # opensource # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Build a Screen Capture & Scopes Tool with Python, Tkinter, and MSS Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 9 Build a Screen Capture & Scopes Tool with Python, Tkinter, and MSS # python # tkinter # beginners # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read VID2IMG Pro – Video to Image Extraction & Anonymization Tool Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 9 VID2IMG Pro – Video to Image Extraction & Anonymization Tool # computervision # videoprocessing # photogrammetry # privacyandanonymization Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a Google Autocomplete Keyword Tool in Python (Source Code Included) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 8 I Built a Google Autocomplete Keyword Tool in Python (Source Code Included) # keywordresearch # seotools # pythondesktopapp # googleautocomplete Comments Add Comment 3 min read SecurePass Desktop: A Privacy-First Offline Password Generator with Python & Tkinter 🛡️ Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 8 SecurePass Desktop: A Privacy-First Offline Password Generator with Python & Tkinter 🛡️ # python # securepass # opensource # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Modern Unit Converter in Python with Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 7 Building a Modern Unit Converter in Python with Tkinter # tutorial # unitconverter # desktopapplication # python Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Built an Offline PDF Text Extractor in Python (Because I Didn’t Trust Online Tools) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 7 I Built an Offline PDF Text Extractor in Python (Because I Didn’t Trust Online Tools) # pdftool # textextraction # productivityapp # pythondesktopapp Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Build a Real-Time Python Auction App (Beginner Guide) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 6 🚀 Build a Real-Time Python Auction App (Beginner Guide) # python # desktopapp # networking # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Build a Rock–Paper–Scissors Mini-Game in Python with Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 6 Build a Rock–Paper–Scissors Mini-Game in Python with Tkinter # python # tkinter # tutorial # scissors Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🐍 Python Tiny Tools: Practical Automation, Learning & 200+ Project Ideas Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 5 🐍 Python Tiny Tools: Practical Automation, Learning & 200+ Project Ideas # python # automation # productivity # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Enterprise Bulk Rename: A Safe, Powerful Bulk File Renaming Tool for Serious Workflows Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 5 🚀 Enterprise Bulk Rename: A Safe, Powerful Bulk File Renaming Tool for Serious Workflows # productivity # opensource # python # tools Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🎲 Building DiceForge: A Modern Dice Rolling Simulator with Python & Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 5 🎲 Building DiceForge: A Modern Dice Rolling Simulator with Python & Tkinter # python # tkinter # ttk # simulator Comments Add Comment 3 min read Clipboard Manager GUI – Full Python Source & Portable EXE Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 4 Clipboard Manager GUI – Full Python Source & Portable EXE # python # windowsexe # clipboardmanagergui # fullpythonsourcecode Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 SnapConvert – A Fast, Lightweight Image Converter for Windows (EXE + Source Code) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 4 🚀 SnapConvert – A Fast, Lightweight Image Converter for Windows (EXE + Source Code) # snapconvert # lightweightimageconverter # python # portablewindows Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Modern Calculator with Tkinter (Light & Dark Mode) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 4 Building a Modern Calculator with Tkinter (Light & Dark Mode) # python # tkinter # stringvar # svttk Comments Add Comment 3 min read FileMate Pro – Next-Gen File Explorer in Python 🗂️✨ Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 3 FileMate Pro – Next-Gen File Explorer in Python 🗂️✨ # python # tkinter # opensource # productivity Comments Add Comment 8 min read FileMate Explorer Pro: A Modern Python File Explorer with Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 2 FileMate Explorer Pro: A Modern Python File Explorer with Tkinter # python # tkinter # desktopapps # opensource Comments Add Comment 6 min read Build a Simple File Explorer in Python with Tkinter – FileMate Explorer Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 1 Build a Simple File Explorer in Python with Tkinter – FileMate Explorer # python # tkinter # desktopapps # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🚀 FileMate Pro: A Python GUI File Manager with Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Dec 31 '25 🚀 FileMate Pro: A Python GUI File Manager with Tkinter # python # tkinter # opensource # desktopapp Comments Add Comment 4 min read FileMate v2: A Modern Tkinter File Manager in Python Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Dec 30 '25 FileMate v2: A Modern Tkinter File Manager in Python # python # tkinter # desktopapps # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🧮 Build a Desktop Word Counter App in Python (Tkinter) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Dec 30 '25 🧮 Build a Desktop Word Counter App in Python (Tkinter) # python # desktopapplications # programmingprojects # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 5 min read Build a Simple File Explorer in Python with Tkinter – FileMate 🗂️ Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Dec 29 '25 Build a Simple File Explorer in Python with Tkinter – FileMate 🗂️ # python # tkinter # beginners # startup Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Modern Temperature Converter in Python with Tkinter, Matplotlib, and SV-TTK Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Dec 29 '25 Building a Modern Temperature Converter in Python with Tkinter, Matplotlib, and SV-TTK # tutorial # python # temperatureconverter # tkinter Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🖼️ ExtractMate — A Full Python OCR Desktop App (Tkinter + Tesseract) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Dec 28 '25 🖼️ ExtractMate — A Full Python OCR Desktop App (Tkinter + Tesseract) # python # tkinter # ocr # desktopapp Comments Add Comment 8 min read 🧮 Building a Modern Statistics Calculator in Python with Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Dec 28 '25 🧮 Building a Modern Statistics Calculator in Python with Tkinter # python # tkinter # gui # statistics Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh | Connecting to GitHub with SSH - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Authentication / Connect with SSH Home Authentication Account security Authentication to GitHub Create a strong password Switching between accounts Verifying devices on sign in Update access credentials Manage personal access tokens Reviewing your SSH keys Deploy keys Token expiration Review security log Security log events Remove sensitive data About anonymized URLs GitHub's IP addresses SSH key fingerprints Sudo mode Unauthorized access Viewing and managing sessions Secure your account with 2FA About 2FA About mandatory 2FA Configure 2FA Configure 2FA recovery Access GitHub with 2FA Countries supporting SMS Change 2FA method Troubleshooting 2FA Recover an account with 2FA Disable 2FA Authenticate with a passkey About passkeys Manage your passkeys Sign in with a passkey Connect with SSH About SSH SSH agent forwarding Managing deploy keys Check for existing SSH key Generate new SSH key Add a new SSH key Test your SSH connection SSH key passphrases Troubleshooting SSH Use SSH over HTTPS port Recover SSH key passphrase Deleted or missing SSH keys Error: Host key verification failed Permission denied (publickey) Error: Bad file number Error: Key already in use Permission denied other-user Permission denied other-repo Agent failure to sign ssh-add "illegal option" error SSL certificate problem Error: Unknown key type SSH key audit Verify commit signatures Commit signature verification Displaying verification for all commits Existing GPG keys Generating a new GPG key Add a GPG key Tell Git about your signing key Associate email with GPG key Signing commits Signing tags Troubleshoot verification Check verification status Use verified email in GPG key Authentication / Connect with SSH Connecting to GitHub with SSH You can connect to GitHub using the Secure Shell Protocol (SSH), which provides a secure channel over an unsecured network. About SSH Using SSH agent forwarding Managing deploy keys Checking for existing SSH keys Generating a new SSH key and adding it to the ssh-agent Adding a new SSH key to your GitHub account Testing your SSH connection Working with SSH key passphrases Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/inbox-flutter#content-area | Flutter (Headless) - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Notification Inbox Flutter (Headless) Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Notification Inbox Flutter (Headless) OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Integrate SuprSend inbox in Flutter using the headless SDK and hooks. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT SuprSend uses flutter hooks to provide inbox functionality in flutter applications. Installation 1 Project's pubspec.yaml changes Add the following line of code inside dependencies in the pubspec.yaml file under the dependencies section pubspec.yaml Copy Ask AI dependencies : flutter : sdk : flutter suprsend_flutter_inbox : "^0.0.1" 2 Run flutter pub get in the terminal Bash Copy Ask AI $ flutter pub get Initialization Enclose your Material App inside SuprSendProvider and pass the workspace key, workspace secret, distinct_id, and subscriber_id . main.dart Copy Ask AI import 'package:suprsend_flutter_inbox/main.dart' ; SuprSendProvider ( workspaceKey : < your workspace key > , workspaceSecret: < your workspace secret > , distinctId: distinct_id, subscriberId: subscriber_id, child: YourAppComponent() ) SuprSend hooks can only be used inside of SuprSendProvider. Adding SuprSend inbox component useBell hook This hook provides unSeenCount, markAllSeen which is related to the Bell icon in the inbox unSeenCount : Use this variable to show the unseen notification count anywhere in your application. markAllSeen : Used to mark seen for all notifications. Call this method on clicking the bell icon so that it will reset the notification count to 0. bell.dart Copy Ask AI import 'package:suprsend_flutter_inbox/main.dart' ; final bellData = useBell (); // bellData structure: { "unSeenCount" : int , "markAllSeen" : () =>void } useNotifications hook This hook provides a notifications list, unSeenCount, markClicked, and markAllSeen. notifications : List of all notifications. This array can be looped and notifications can be displayed. unSeenCount : Use this variable to show the unseen notification count anywhere in your application. markClicked : Method used to mark a notification as clicked. Pass notification id which is clicked as the first param. code.dart Copy Ask AI import 'package:suprsend_flutter_inbox/main.dart' ; final notifData = useNotifications (); // notifData structure: { "notifications" : List < Notification > , "unSeenCount" : int , "markAllSeen" : () =>void "markClicked" :( n_id ) =>void } // Notification structure: { "n_id" : string , "n_category" : string , "created_on" : int , "seen_on" : int , "message" : { "header" : string , "text" : string , "url" : string , "extra_data" : string , "avatar" : { "action_url" : string , "avatar_url" : string }, "subtext" : { "text" : string , "action_url" : string } "actions" :[ { "name" : string , "url" : string } ] } } Example implementation Example implementation can be found here . Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Embedded Preference Centre How to integrate a Notification Preference Center into your website and add its link to your notification templates. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Installation Initialization Adding SuprSend inbox component useBell hook useNotifications hook Example implementation | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://dev.to/setasena_randata_1cfa30f4/building-chalkboard-open-source-billiard-hall-management-391c#main-content | Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Setasena Randata Posted on Jan 13 Building Chalkboard: Open Source Billiard Hall Management # opensource # buildinpublic # typescript # nextjs TL;DR: I built an open-source billiard hall management system with Next.js 15, React 19, and PostgreSQL. It handles everything from table sessions to F&B orders, payments, and analytics. Try it on Railway or run it with Docker . The Problem Running a billiard hall in Indonesia involves juggling multiple systems: table time tracking, F&B orders, payments, staff management, and inventory. Most solutions are either: Expensive SaaS with monthly fees Excel spreadsheets (yes, really) Custom solutions that can't be easily replicated I wanted to build something that any billiard hall could deploy and own their data , whether they're in Jakarta, Manila, or anywhere else. Why Open Source? At Kugie , our motto is "Scale Smarter, Not Harder." For small businesses, that means: No vendor lock-in - Your data stays yours Deploy anywhere - Railway, Docker, VPS, or even Windows standalone Customize freely - Fork it and make it yours Community-driven - Features that actual operators need The Tech Stack // The modern stack that just works - Next . js 15 ( App Router + React 19 ) - TypeScript ( because types save lives ) - Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL - Tailwind + Shadcn / ui - NextAuth . js for authentication - Bun for speed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why These Choices? Next.js 15 with App Router : Server components give us fast initial loads - crucial for operators checking tables on slower Indonesian internet. Drizzle ORM : After dealing with Prisma's bulk query limitations at scale, Drizzle's SQL-like syntax and better performance won me over. Plus, Drizzle Studio is fantastic for database debugging. PostgreSQL : Battle-tested, great JSON support for flexible F&B item properties, and works everywhere - from Neon serverless to local Docker. Key Features I'm Proud Of 1. Context-Aware F&B Orders Orders can be: Linked to table sessions Standalone counter orders Draft orders (for customers waiting for tables) // The schema handles all three contexts elegantly export const fnbOrders = pgTable ( " fnb_orders " , { tableSessionId : uuid ( " table_session_id " ). references (() => tableSessions . id ), paymentId : uuid ( " payment_id " ). references (() => payments . id ), status : varchar ( " status " , { length : 20 }). notNull (). default ( " draft " ), // draft → pending → completed }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Flexible Deployment Options Method Best For Setup Time Railway Cloud, zero config 2 minutes Docker Self-hosted VPS 5 minutes Windows Standalone Local with auto-update 10 minutes 3. Real-Time Analytics Without the Overhead Pre-calculated analytics stored in order_analytics table: Revenue by hour/day/month Popular items and peak times Staff performance tracking No need for expensive analytics services - just PostgreSQL doing what it does best. Challenges & Solutions Challenge 1: Supporting Poor Internet Connectivity Problem : Many billiard halls in Indonesia have unreliable internet. Solution : Optimistic UI updates with local state Service Worker for offline capability (planned) Windows standalone that works 100% locally Challenge 2: Multi-Language Support Problem : Staff might prefer Indonesian, but owners want English reports. Solution : next-intl with route-based locales ( /id/dashboard vs /en/dashboard ) // Clean separation of concerns messages / ├── id / │ ├── common . json │ ├── dashboard . json │ └── fnb . json └── en / ├── common . json ├── dashboard . json └── fnb . json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenge 3: Complex Payment Flows Problem : A single payment might include: Multiple table sessions Multiple F&B orders Split payments Tips Solution : Consolidated payment model with JSON metadata: export const payments = pgTable ( " payments " , { totalAmount : numeric ( " total_amount " , { precision : 10 , scale : 2 }). notNull (), metadata : json ( " metadata " ), // Flexible structure for complex scenarios paymentMethod : varchar ( " payment_method " , { length : 50 }). notNull (), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What's Next? I'm preparing to launch Chalkboard v1.0.3 widely. Planned features: Mobile PWA for table-side ordering Multi-location support for chains Advanced inventory with supplier management Membership system with loyalty points Try It Yourself Quick deploy: Railway (1-click) Docker Hub GitHub Feedback welcome! Whether you run a billiard hall, arcade, or any time-based rental business, I'd love to hear if this could work for you. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Setasena Randata Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Joined May 14, 2025 More from Setasena Randata Hi! I'm tired finding a self hosted finance tool, so I make one. # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource Summit Finance: A Modern Open Source Invoicing Solution Built with Next.js, Drizzle ORM, and Tailwind CSS # webdev # programming # javascript # opensource 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://forem.com/yusadolat#main-content | Yusuf Adeyemo - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Yusuf Adeyemo 404 bio not found Location Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria Joined Joined on Feb 9, 2018 Personal website https://yusadolat.me github website twitter website Work DevOps Consultant at TaoBin Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. 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Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close More info about @yusadolat Organizations Twilio AWS Community Builders Skills/Languages AWS, Kubernetes, Terraform Post 35 posts published Comment 8 comments written Tag 19 tags followed Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 8 '25 Understanding TOTP: What Really Happens When You Generate That 6-Digit Code # totp # authentication # google # howitworks 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Want to connect with Yusuf Adeyemo? Create an account to connect with Yusuf Adeyemo. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in How to Speed Up AWS CodeBuild Docker Builds by 25% or more Using ECR as a Remote Cache Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 20 '25 How to Speed Up AWS CodeBuild Docker Builds by 25% or more Using ECR as a Remote Cache # aws # docker # cache 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Speed Up AWS CodeBuild Docker Builds by 25% or more Using ECR as a Remote Cache Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 20 '25 How to Speed Up AWS CodeBuild Docker Builds by 25% or more Using ECR as a Remote Cache # aws # docker # caching # ecr 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Do You Really Know the Difference Between L1, L2, and L3 CDK Constructs? Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 26 '25 Do You Really Know the Difference Between L1, L2, and L3 CDK Constructs? # awscdk # iac # typescript # cloudcomputing 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Pay AWS Bills in Naira: A Quick Guide Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 14 '25 How to Pay AWS Bills in Naira: A Quick Guide # aws # billing # nigeria 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Nomad 101: The Simpler, Smarter Way to Orchestrate Applications Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 31 '24 Nomad 101: The Simpler, Smarter Way to Orchestrate Applications # nomad # hashicorp # docker # applications 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How I Leverage Raspberry Pi as a DevOps Engineer Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 16 '24 How I Leverage Raspberry Pi as a DevOps Engineer # raspberrypi # devops # ai # github 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read TDD vs BDD: Navigating the Testing Landscape in Modern Software Development Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Aug 27 '24 TDD vs BDD: Navigating the Testing Landscape in Modern Software Development # tutorial # testing # softwaredevelopment 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Enhancing Microservice Communication in AWS ECS with Service Discovery Techniques Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Feb 11 '24 Enhancing Microservice Communication in AWS ECS with Service Discovery Techniques # aws # awsecs 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read NodeJS Graceful Shutdown: A Beginner's Guide Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow May 28 '23 NodeJS Graceful Shutdown: A Beginner's Guide 17 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Do Not Tolerate Flaky Tests. Fix Them (or Delete Them). Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow May 23 '23 Do Not Tolerate Flaky Tests. Fix Them (or Delete Them). 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read How to resolve AWS S3 CORS error Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Aug 23 '23 How to resolve AWS S3 CORS error # aws # s3 Comments Add Comment 1 min read Asynchronous ML Model Training with AWS Lambda Invocation Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Mar 23 '23 Asynchronous ML Model Training with AWS Lambda Invocation # aws # lambda # machinelearning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Terraform Data Sources: Your Key to Dynamic and Adaptable Infrastructure Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Feb 24 '23 Terraform Data Sources: Your Key to Dynamic and Adaptable Infrastructure # terraform 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Observability in Kubernetes: Understanding Liveness Probes with Examples Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Feb 10 '23 Observability in Kubernetes: Understanding Liveness Probes with Examples # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 3 min read Observability in Kubernetes: Understanding Readiness Probes with Examples Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Jan 31 '23 Observability in Kubernetes: Understanding Readiness Probes with Examples # kubernetes # observability 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 5 tools to supercharge your Terraform Development Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Jan 12 '23 5 tools to supercharge your Terraform Development # terraform 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Auto Vacuum Explained: Postgres Internals Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Jan 5 '23 Auto Vacuum Explained: Postgres Internals # database # postgres 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 10 DevOps tools you should learn in 2023 Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 29 '22 10 DevOps tools you should learn in 2023 # kubernetes # terraform # docker 62 reactions Comments 4 comments 5 min read Dive into the world of Docker volumes: A beginner's guide Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 26 '22 Dive into the world of Docker volumes: A beginner's guide # docker 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read ALB vs NLB: The ultimate guide to choosing the best option for your needs Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 24 '22 ALB vs NLB: The ultimate guide to choosing the best option for your needs # aws # alb # nlb 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Difference between Kubernetes DeamonSet and Stateful Set Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 17 '22 Difference between Kubernetes DeamonSet and Stateful Set # kubernetes # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Add Sentry Integration to your NodeJS App Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 16 '22 How to Add Sentry Integration to your NodeJS App # node # sentry # tracing 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding Kafka Consumer Offset: A beginner guide Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 13 '22 Understanding Kafka Consumer Offset: A beginner guide # kafka # kafkaforbeginner Comments Add Comment 2 min read Deploying a container image to AWS ECR using a GitHub Action Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 29 '22 Deploying a container image to AWS ECR using a GitHub Action 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Alternatives to Heroku: migrate your Heroku apps to Koyeb Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Aug 31 '22 Alternatives to Heroku: migrate your Heroku apps to Koyeb # heroku # node # webdev # programming 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 10 GitHub Repositories That Help You Become A Better DevOps Engineer Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Aug 25 '22 10 GitHub Repositories That Help You Become A Better DevOps Engineer # devops # github # sre 76 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Fixing the 'Exec Format Error' with Docker Containers on AWS ECS Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Aug 23 '23 Fixing the 'Exec Format Error' with Docker Containers on AWS ECS # aws # ecs # execformaterror Comments Add Comment 1 min read Learning DevOps: How to learn DevOps as a beginner. Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Aug 25 '22 Learning DevOps: How to learn DevOps as a beginner. # devops # learning 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Dockerize Production ready NodeJS App in 7 Steps Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Aug 26 '22 Dockerize Production ready NodeJS App in 7 Steps # node # docker 14 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How To Deploy a containerized Application on AWS App Runner using Terraform Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 25 '22 How To Deploy a containerized Application on AWS App Runner using Terraform # apprunner # aws # docker # terraform 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read How to install Terraform on AWS CloudShell Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 26 '22 How to install Terraform on AWS CloudShell # aws # cloudshell # terraform 31 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read AWS CodePipeline Overview Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Dec 30 '22 AWS CodePipeline Overview Comments Add Comment 2 min read Introduction to ECS (Elastic Container Service) Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 30 '22 Introduction to ECS (Elastic Container Service) # aws # awsecs # intro 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Running Go Program on iOS and iPadOS with iSH Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Yusuf Adeyemo Follow Aug 28 '22 Running Go Program on iOS and iPadOS with iSH # ios # go # shell # alphine 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/hb | Henry Boisdequin - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Henry Boisdequin Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Joined Joined on Oct 12, 2020 Email address boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com github website Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close Show all 19 badges More info about @hb Skills/Languages 🗣️ - Javascript, Typescript, HTML/CSS, Python, SQL, Rust 🔧 - React, PostgreSQL, GraphQL, Tensorflow, Next.js, Node.js, Bash Commands, Tokio Currently learning DevOps, Rust, Rocket, Diesel, Advanced Git, Systems Programming Currently hacking on stonks - stock CLI tool, rust-lang/rust - working on improving Rust error messages, vsreivew - code review from VSCode Available for Partnerships, projects, questions, and more! Post 30 posts published Comment 289 comments written Tag 15 tags followed Pin Pinned 7 Fullstack Projects You Need to Make in 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 8 '21 7 Fullstack Projects You Need to Make in 2021 # javascript # node # python # beginners 2511 reactions Comments 70 comments 3 min read 30 Programming YouTubers You Need to Subscribe To Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow May 25 '23 30 Programming YouTubers You Need to Subscribe To # python # javascript # productivity # learning 23 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Want to connect with Henry Boisdequin? Create an account to connect with Henry Boisdequin. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in How to Come Back From Burnout Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow May 19 '23 How to Come Back From Burnout # mentalhealth # learning # coding # beginners 133 reactions Comments 26 comments 5 min read Programming Again After 2 Years... | Mental Health & Burn Out Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow May 15 '23 Programming Again After 2 Years... | Mental Health & Burn Out # mentalhealth # programming # coding 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read 10 Advanced Projects to Build in 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 28 '21 10 Advanced Projects to Build in 2021 # productivity # systems # career # c 272 reactions Comments 32 comments 5 min read Cargo (Rust Package Manager) Cheatsheet Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 26 '21 Cargo (Rust Package Manager) Cheatsheet # todayilearned # rust # beginners # tooling 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Weekly Update #3 - 24th Jan 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 24 '21 Weekly Update #3 - 24th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # opensource # git 10 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read How to Fetch a Web API with Rust 🦀 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 18 '21 How to Fetch a Web API with Rust 🦀 # rust # webdev # tutorial # beginners 71 reactions Comments 7 comments 5 min read Weekly Update #2 - 17th Jan 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 17 '21 Weekly Update #2 - 17th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # git 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Snake Case vs Camel Case Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 15 '21 Snake Case vs Camel Case # discuss # healthydebate # python # javascript 21 reactions Comments 23 comments 1 min read Top 5 IDEs/Code Editors for Web Development Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 14 '21 Top 5 IDEs/Code Editors for Web Development # productivity # git # webdev # javascript 49 reactions Comments 30 comments 4 min read Rust: Initial thoughts Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 12 '21 Rust: Initial thoughts # discuss # rust # devjournal # security 41 reactions Comments 24 comments 4 min read Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 10 '21 Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # svelte 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read My 2021 Learning Plan Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 6 '21 My 2021 Learning Plan # javascript # python # webdev # bash 221 reactions Comments 19 comments 2 min read 10 Fun APIs to Use For Your Next Project Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 30 '20 10 Fun APIs to Use For Your Next Project # todayilearned # javascript # webdev # productivity 2107 reactions Comments 71 comments 4 min read The Best Holiday Themed Codepens Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 24 '20 The Best Holiday Themed Codepens # watercooler # javascript # codepen # css 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Python Developer Roadmap in 2021 🗺 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 23 '20 Python Developer Roadmap in 2021 🗺 # python # productivity # beginners # codenewbie 281 reactions Comments 10 comments 2 min read 30 Machine Learning, AI, & Data Science Project Ideas Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 21 '20 30 Machine Learning, AI, & Data Science Project Ideas # python # machinelearning # datascience # beginners 243 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Where do you get your icons? Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 17 '20 Where do you get your icons? # discuss # webdev # css # javascript 68 reactions Comments 53 comments 1 min read The 1 Ultimate Project Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 16 '20 The 1 Ultimate Project # webdev # javascript # productivity # career 48 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kubernetes vs Docker Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 13 '20 Kubernetes vs Docker # explainlikeimfive # kubernetes # docker # devops 12 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Awesome Cheatsheets from Instagram Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 6 '20 Awesome Cheatsheets from Instagram # javascript # python # beginners # productivity 80 reactions Comments Add Comment 56 min read React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Nov 29 '20 React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte # react # vue # angular # svelte 130 reactions Comments 47 comments 11 min read Javascript Tips for Beginners Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Nov 22 '20 Javascript Tips for Beginners # javascript # productivity # webdev # beginners 81 reactions Comments 11 comments 6 min read What is your Tech Stack? Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Nov 15 '20 What is your Tech Stack? # discuss # webdev # productivity # javascript 41 reactions Comments 46 comments 1 min read My Chrome Extensions as a Web Developer Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Nov 8 '20 My Chrome Extensions as a Web Developer # webdev # productivity # programming # javascript 97 reactions Comments 8 comments 6 min read Should I use Linux? Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Nov 1 '20 Should I use Linux? # discuss # linux # macos # os 22 reactions Comments 64 comments 1 min read Time to stop using REST... Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Oct 23 '20 Time to stop using REST... # javascript # graphql # api # programming 63 reactions Comments 18 comments 4 min read Top 10 VSCode Extensions as a Web Developer Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Oct 17 '20 Top 10 VSCode Extensions as a Web Developer # vscode # productivity # webdev # programming 158 reactions Comments 11 comments 4 min read The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Oct 12 '20 The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free # webdev # react # javascript # programming 130 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.github.com/en/billing | Billing and payments documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Billing and payments Home Billing and payments Get started How billing works Introduction to billing Billing manager onboard Concepts Billing cycles Budgets and alerts Cost centers Azure subscriptions Impact of plan changes Discounted plans Enterprise billing Billing for enterprises Usage-based licenses Combined enterprise use GHES license files Azure DevOps licenses Product billing GitHub Actions GitHub Advanced Security GitHub Codespaces GitHub Code Quality GitHub Copilot licenses GitHub Copilot premium requests GitHub Models GitHub Packages Git LFS GitHub Spark Third-party payments GitHub Sponsors GitHub Marketplace apps How-tos Set up payment Manage payment info Connect Azure sub Redeem coupon Add sales tax certificate Manage enterprise invoice India one-time payments Manage plan and licenses Upgrade plan Downgrade plan Manage pending changes View enterprise usage Manage user licenses Products View product/license use Download license use Buy Advanced Security View and estimate spending Use cost centers Manage GHAS licenses Pay third-parties Upgrade Marketplace app Downgrade Marketplace app Cancel Marketplace app Upgrade sponsorship Downgrade sponsorship Cancel sponsorship End sponsorship Manage for client Create client org Create client enterprise Create as CSP partner Manage client org Troubleshooting Declined card Locked account Azure sub connection Enterprise license usage Reference Actions runner pricing Azure billing Azure subscription Billing reports Billing roles Cost center allocation Costs for GitHub Models GitHub license users License reports Product and SKU names Product usage included Supported payment methods Previous billing platform endpoints Tutorials Automate usage reporting Set up budgets Control costs at scale Gather insights Billing and payments documentation Learn about the different components of your bill, and how you can view and manage those components. Overview Start here Introduction to billing and licensing Learn about the billing platform's key functionalities, and how they can help you manage your spending more effectively. How GitHub billing works Learn what you'll be charged for, when charges occur, and how to track your usage on GitHub to avoid billing surprises. Managing your payment and billing information Learn how to view and manage your payment information and billing contacts using the new billing platform. Setting up budgets to control spending on metered products Learn how to set budgets and track when metered usage is nearing or above a budget threshold to prevent overspending. Popular Viewing your usage of metered products and licenses Explore your use of features that are billed by usage and see how they contribute to your bill. GitHub Actions billing Learn how usage of GitHub Actions is measured against your free allowance and how to pay for additional use. GitHub Copilot licenses Learn how licenses for Copilot work, including usage measurement and managing your budget. GitHub Codespaces billing Learn about the costs for using GitHub Codespaces, and the monthly usage quotas included with GitHub personal accounts. What's new View all Deprecation of user to organization account transformation January 12 Improved enterprise license consumption reporting for outside collaborators now generally available November 17 Billing date standardized to the first of the month for self-serve credit card metered Enterprise customers now generally available November 17 Guides Upgrading your account's plan You can upgrade the plan for a personal account or organization on GitHub at any time. @GitHub Impact of changing your plan on billing Learn how upgrading or downgrading your plan is reflected in billing. @GitHub All Billing and payments docs Get started with billing How GitHub billing works Introduction to billing and licensing Billing manager onboarding Concepts for GitHub billing Billing cycles Budgets and alerts Cost centers Azure subscription payments Impact of changing your plan on billing Discounted plans for GitHub accounts Enterprise billing • 5 articles Product billing • 10 articles Payments to third-parties using your GitHub account • 2 articles How-tos for billing Setting up and managing payment • 6 articles Managing your plan and GitHub licenses • 5 articles View and manage paid use of GitHub products • 6 articles Making payments to third-parties through GitHub • 7 articles Managing GitHub for a client • 4 articles Billing troubleshooting • 4 articles Reference for billing Actions runner pricing Billing through Azure subscriptions Azure subscription reference Billing reports reference Roles for the billing platform Cost center allocation for different products Costs and multipliers for using GitHub Models directly People who consume a license in an organization License reports reference GitHub Product and SKU names Product usage included with each plan Supported payment methods for GitHub Migrating from the endpoints used for the previous billing platform Tutorials for billing Automating usage reporting with the REST API Setting up budgets to control spending on metered products Controlling and tracking costs at scale Gathering insights on your spending Help and support Did you find what you needed? 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https://www.git-tower.com/company/about | About Us | Tower Git Client Tower Navigation Features Undo Anything Just press Cmd+Z Drag and Drop Make the complex effortless Integrations Use your favorite tools Tower Workflows Branching Configurations Stacked Pull Requests Supercharged workflows All Features Release Notes Pricing Support Documentation Contact Us Account Login Learn Git Video Course 24 episodes Online Book From novice to master Cheat Sheets For quick lookup Webinar Learn from a Git professional First Aid Kit Recover from mistakes Advanced Git Kit Dive deeper Blog Download Download About Us The team behind Tower. We are a small software company with an international, remote team. Founded in 2010, we set out to make Git’s powerful feature set accessible to developers, designers, and non-technical people. Today Tower is the best Git client for Mac and Windows and used by over 100,000 customers - from startups to Fortune 100 companies. Press Please visit our press area for an extensive press kit, screenshots, press releases and much more. Press Area Join Our Team Take a look at our open positions for a chance to join our fantastic, fully remote team! Learn More The Team Alex Rinaß CTO Alex is responsible for all of our software development. He architects, reviews, actively codes, and helps his teammates in all situations. He's the one who makes sure we're making the best software possible. Ana-Maria Centea Mac Developer A keen developer of apps in the Apple ecosystem, Ana-Maria helps make the Mac version of Tower. Besides work, she's well on her way to visiting every country in the world, snowboarding in as many of them as possible! Andrei Baloleanu Product Growth Manager Andrei is always on the hunt for new opportunities to get more eyes on Tower! When he's not thinking about growth strategies, you'll find him outdoors with his family, reading books on self-development, or working on entrepreneurial side projects. 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Tower Git Client Download for macOS Download for Windows Releases Pricing Beta Channel Use Cases Developers Designers Teams Enterprise Students Teachers & Universities Features Easy Powerful Productive New Features All Features Integrations CLI vs GUI Tower Workflows Stacked Pull Requests Free Tools Code Diff Tool .gitignore Generator Support Help Center Documentation Learn Git Newsletter Contact Us Company About Blog Press Jobs Merch Affiliate Program Legal License Agreement Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Imprint © 2010-2026 Tower - Mentioned product names and logos are property of their respective owners. Your trial is downloading… Try Tower "Pro" for 30 days without limitations! Updates, Courses & Content via Email Updates about Tower, discounts, and giveaways as well as new content from the Tower blog. Free email course " Learn Git with Tower " (8 emails) Free email course " Tips & Tricks for Tower " (10 emails) I have read and accept the Privacy Policy . 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Saiki Sarkar Posted on Dec 24, 2025 • Originally published at ytosko.dev Character.ai Shares Insights on Making Large-Scale Transformer Training Fasterand More Efficient # deeplearning # llm # performance AI (158 Part Series) 1 SunoMusic Unveils v4.5+: Enhanced Tools for Vocal Swaps, Instrumentals and Playlist Creativity 2 Google adds AI-generated news summaries to Discover page on iOS and Android ... 154 more parts... 3 Lightricks unveils new tool enabling creators to direct long-form AI-generated videos in real time 4 USPTO to Launch AI Image-Based Prior-Art Search Tool for Design Patents in October 2025 5 WP Engine Launches AI Toolkit to Add Smart Search and AI Features to WordPress Sites 6 Brave browser blocks Microsoft Recall feature to protect user privacy from screenshot tracking 7 OpenAI&#x27;s ChatGPT Agent Now Available to All Plus, Pro, and Team Users 8 Cursor launches Bugbot out of beta to automate pull request reviews in its AI code editor 9 Microsoft tests Copilot 3D feature to generate 3D models from user-uploaded images 10 Microsoft launches Copilot Appearance as AI CEO hints at personalized, evolving Copilot experiences 11 Tencent Hunyuan Unveils Open-Source Hunyuan3D World Model for Interactive 3D World Generation 12 OpenAI’s ChatGPT Agent Successfully Bypasses “I Am Not a Robot” Verification Test 13 Adobe adds AI-powered one-click image upscaling and other new Firefly features to Photoshop 14 TikTok rolls out new parental controls, fact-checking tools, and AI moderation for safer content 15 Krea releases open weights for FLUX.1 Krea AI model, making it available to the public 16 Brilliant Labs unveils $299 Halo smart glasses that remember names, rivaling Meta’s Ray-Bans 17 Microsoft Identifies Jobs Most at Risk of AI Replacement in New Report 18 Grok Imagine Launches for SuperGrok and Premium+ Subscribers with Latest App Update 19 OpenAI optimizes ChatGPT to improve user learning, problem-solving, and productivity capabilities 20 Microsoft Previews AI-Powered Windows, Envisions Voice and Sensory Features by 2030 21 Midjourney Launches HD Video Mode for Pro and Mega Subscribers 22 Meta unveils prototype VR headsets with enhanced realism and wider field of view at SIGGRAPH 2025 23 Unitree unveils A2 quadruped robot with front and rear lidar for enhanced terrain navigation 24 Hugging Face launches AI Sheets, a new tool for working with datasets using open AI models 25 Microsoft integrates OpenAI GPT-5 across consumer, developer, and enterprise products 26 xAI launches Grok 4 for free worldwide, taking on OpenAI’s GPT-5 27 Josh Woodward: Video Overviews Now Available for Everyone in NotebookLM 28 Figure Unveils Humanoid Robot Capable of Folding Laundry Autonomously 29 Apple plans new AI robots, lifelike Siri, smart displays, and home security devices in major expansion 30 Google Gemini adds Temporary Chats and enhanced personalization features in latest app update 31 Midjourney Enhances Standard Subscriptions With HD Video and Improved Features 32 Windsurf Wave 12 update adds Devin, DeepWiki, Dev Containers, Vibe, and more new features 33 OpenAI Updates GPT-5 for a Warmer, More Approachable Interaction Experience 34 OpenAI CEO Sam Altman addresses ChatGPT 5 backlash and warns of current AI bubble 35 Anthropic updates usage policy to address new capabilities and evolving product applications 36 OpenAI Launches ChatGPT Go in India with Enhanced Features for Rs. 399 37 Meta expands AI translation tool to auto-dub and lip sync Facebook and Instagram reels for creators 38 Microsoft’s MindJourney lets AI explore and interpret simulated 3D worlds for better spatial tasks 39 Google expands AI Mode in Search globally, introduces new agentic and personalized features 40 Higgsfield AI Launches WAN 2.2, Its Most Advanced Open-Source Model for Video &amp; Image 41 Google NotebookLM to add Deep Research feature, enabling web and Google Drive source integration 42 Google Details Efforts to Improve AI Energy Efficiency and Reduce Environmental Impact 43 Tesla launches AI voice assistant in China with DeepSeek and ByteDance for hands-free car control 44 Anthropic settles class action lawsuit over AI book piracy, avoids trial for now 45 RESEARCH: Wan-S2V lets anyone turn speech and photos into movie-quality videos 46 Anthropic updates consumer terms and privacy policy to reflect latest AI safety and research practices 47 Taco Bell and McDonald&#x27;s Bring AI Back to Drive-Thrus to Improve Service After Early Challenges 48 Nous Research launches Hermes 4, unveiling revamped next-generation Nous Chat platform 49 Apple adds Claude accounts and GPT-5 support to Xcode 26 beta 7 for enhanced coding capabilities 50 Runway expands into robotics, boosts team and models to target robotics and self-driving car sectors 51 PayPal and Venmo offer Comet invites and free Perplexity Pro subscriptions in new AI partnership 52 Google unveils new Android features: smarter Gboard AI, Emoji Kitchen updates, and redesigned Quick Share 53 OpenAI partners with Broadcom to develop custom AI chip, aiming for in-house launch next year 54 Roblox launches short-form gameplay video feed and new AI tools for creators 55 Anthropic agrees to $1.5 billion payout to authors in largest US AI copyright settlement 56 Rabbit launches rabbitOS 2 update with new card-based design for its r1 AI companion device 57 Microsoft to Integrate Anthropic AI in Office 365, Reducing Dependence on OpenAI 58 7-Eleven trials shelf-stocking and floor-cleaning robots in Tokyo to address worker shortages 59 Anthropic adds team memory to Claude, enhancing project context and preferences for workplace AI users 60 Microsoft and OpenAI Sign MOU to Advance AI Partnership and Focus on Safety and Innovation 61 OpenAI Releases Official Statement Clarifying Roles of Nonprofit and Public Benefit Corporation 62 Anthropic launches Claude AI integration in Xcode 26 for advanced coding assistance and app development 63 OpenAI outlines new initiatives to enhance teen safety, freedom, and privacy on its platform 64 Zoom Unveils AI Tool to Recommend Which Meetings You Can Skip and Manage Your Calendar Efficiently 65 Luma AI and Adobe partner to launch Ray3 generative video model, aiming to rival Google products 66 Leonardo AI launches Imagination Fund to support innovative creative projects in AI and digital art 67 Apple uses AI to enable blood pressure notifications on new Watch Series 11 without a monitor 68 OpenAI and Jony Ive hire ex-Apple designers, target suppliers for new AI hardware initiative 69 Abundant Intelligence: Sam Altman Predicts Rapid Growth and Economic Impact of AI Services 70 Qualcomm unveils Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 for upcoming Android flagships 71 Climate TRACE Launches AI Tool to Track Fine Particulate Pollution from 660 Million Global Sources 72 Google Updates Gemini 2.5 Flash and Flash-Lite Models for Improved Quality, Speed, and Efficiency 73 xAI strikes deal to provide Grok AI to US government for 42 cents, undercutting OpenAI and Anthropic 74 xAI sues OpenAI, alleging theft of trade secrets after lawsuit against former xAI employee 75 Looki Launches $199 Kitten-Shaped AI Wearable Camera, Expanding AI Wearables Market 76 OpenAI unveils Sora feed with personalized recommendations, safety features, and parental controls 77 Anthropic’s Claude Powers Enterprise AI for Novo Nordisk, Salesforce, Cox Automotive, More 78 Factory.ai releases comprehensive guide to building software development agent teams 79 OpenAI surpasses SpaceX as world&#x27;s most valuable startup with $500 billion valuation 80 Google expands Jules AI coding agent with new command-line tools and early access to Jules API 81 Comet launches free web browser, now available to everyone worldwide 82 Qualcomm acquires Arduino to accelerate developer access to AI solutions 83 Google expands virtual try-on tool to shoes and launches in Australia, Canada, and Japan soon 84 Google launches Gemini CLI extensions to customize workflows and integrate with your favorite tools 85 Rahul Patil appointed Chief Technology Officer at Anthropic to advance AI safety and research initiatives 86 Google expands Opal no-code AI mini-app builder to 15 new countries, enhances ease of use 87 Google Unveils Gemini 2.5 Model, Surpassing Rivals in Browser and Mobile Tasks via API Release 88 Anduril launches EagleEye, an AI-powered helmet system for unified command and control in combat 89 Cisco Launches AI Readiness Assessment to Help Organizations Evaluate AI Adoption and Preparedness 90 Spotify AI DJ Now Accepts Text Commands and Spanish Voice Requests for Music Selections 91 Bubble unveils AI agent to integrate conversational coding with visual app development tools 92 Google AI Studio launches updates offering developers greater control over their projects 93 Anthropic launches Claude Code web tool to enhance AI system reliability and user control 94 RESEARCH: LLM-informed Drone Visual Inspection Enables Smarter, More InteractiveInfrastructure Checks 95 Microsoft Outlook receives major AI overhaul led by new leadership 96 OpenAI launches ChatGPT feature to integrate company knowledge from multipleconnected business tools 97 Adobe Firefly Unveils Advanced AI Tools and Models for Audio, Video, and Imagingat Adobe MAX 2025 98 Comet Launches Privacy Snapshot Feature to Enhance Security in Its AI-PoweredBrowser 99 Cointelegraph reports rise in AI trading bots as experts caution they are notfoolproof for investors 100 Google Warns of AI Malware PROMPTFLUX That Mutates Using LLMs, Marking MajorCybersecurity Threat 101 Google's Flow Introduces New "Images" Tab for Enhanced Image Management 102 Google unveils Private AI Compute to deliver cloud AI features with enhanceduser data privacy 103 Google unveils new image browsing and organization features in the Google appfor easier visual discovery 104 LinkedIn launches AI-powered people search, letting users find profiles withsimple descriptions 105 Google expands Gemini AI access in Vids Workspace tool, enabling more users tocreate videos with AI 106 Manus Launches Browser Operator Extension to Automate Tasks Across CRM andAuthenticated Platforms 107 Meta unveils WorldGen AI to create interactive 3D worlds from simple textprompts 108 Twelve Labs Integrates Advanced Video AI with Frame.io, Surpassing Cloud andOpen Source Models 109 OpenAI’s ChatGPT Marks 3 Years, Transforming Work and Daily Life Worldwide 110 Luma AI Unveils Terminal Velocity Matching for 25x Faster Training Over StandardDiffusion Models 111 Google and OpenAI throttle Sora and Nano Banana Pro features due to high demandand usage limits 112 Epic CEO Tim Sweeney urges Steam to remove Made with AI tags from game listings 113 OpenAI reports Mixpanel security incident; limited API analytics data affected,no credentials exposed 114 Google expands Gemini 3 Pro and Nano Banana Pro rollout to more countries inSearch 115 KREA AI Launches Node App Builder for Easy Workflow-to-App Transformation 116 Apple Unveils STARFlow-V: First End-to-End Normalizing Flow Model forHigh-Quality Video Generation 117 OpenAI teases new Garlic AI model to compete with Google's recent advancementsin language models 118 Amazon unveils Trainium3 AI chip and announces Nvidia-compatible roadmap for AWSplatforms 119 AWS unveils AI Factory to deliver dedicated on-premises AI infrastructure withNvidia or Trainium chips 120 Google launches Gemini 3 Deep Think mode for AI Ultra subscribers in Gemini app 121 Kling AI launches Avatar 2.0 with enhanced expressions and real characterfeatures 122 Meta AI expands real-time news coverage with more diverse content sources forbetter news responses 123 OpenAI may launch GPT-5.2 next week in rapid response to Google, rumored releaseset for December 9 124 Netflix to Acquire Warner Bros. for $83 Billion, Future of HBO Max BrandingUncertain 125 Google unveils Gemini 3 Pro, advancing multimodal AI vision capabilities fordevelopers 126 Google increases Antigravity rate limits for AI Pro and Ultra subscribers tomeet rising demand 127 Microsoft Hires Bloomberg Media COO Julia Beizer to Lead AI News ProductDevelopment 128 ChatGPT user growth slows to 5% from August to November, lagging behind Gemini's30% increase 129 New York Times sues Perplexity for copyright infringement over AI use of newscontent 130 Alibaba's Qwen Code Update Adds Breakthrough Stream JSON Support 131 Anthropic donates Model Context Protocol and launches Agentic AI Foundation forAI safety 132 Accenture partners with Anthropic to help enterprises scale AI solutions frompilot to production 133 Google integrates Gemini 3 AI into Stitch design tool for enhanced app UIgeneration 134 OpenAI launches GPT-5.2, its most advanced AI model for science and mathapplications 135 Disney and OpenAI partner to bring classic characters to Sora, advancingresponsible AI in entertainment 136 NVIDIA launches Nemotron 3 open models in Nano, Super, and Ultra sizes foradvanced agentic AI 137 Google is rolling out Gemini 3 Flash globally in search 138 Google adds Data Tables to NotebookLM for easier compilation and organization ofscattered insights 139 Google DeepMind launches Gemma Scope 2 interpretability suite to boost AI safetyresearch 140 Nano Banana Pro Slides Now Editable on Manus, Marking a First for AIPresentation Tools 141 Alibaba Qwen Launches Open-Sourced Qwen-Image-Layered with Photoshop-GradeLayering 142 YouTube launches AI-powered Playables Builder beta to let creators design andshare their own games 143 Character.ai Shares Insights on Making Large-Scale Transformer Training Fasterand More Efficient 144 Groq and Nvidia Sign Non-Exclusive Deal to Advance Global AI InferenceTechnology 145 Liquid AI's LFM2-2.6B-Exp Outperforms in Instruction, Knowledge, and MathMetrics 146 Andrej Karpathy Reflects on AI's Impact on Programming Profession 147 RunwayML Partners with Adobe to Integrate AI Models into Creative Tools 148 Tongyi Lab Releases Qwen-Image-2512, Enhancing Text-to-Image Realism ThisDecember 149 xAI Expands with MACROHARDRR Acquisition, Boosting Training Compute to Nearly2GW 150 Meta's Yann LeCun criticizes Alexandr Wang, predicts further AI staff departuresfrom the company 151 Grok AI accused of generating explicit images of minors, urges users to reportincidents to FBI 152 OpenAI boosts audio AI development as it prepares to launch an audio-basedpersonal device 153 NVIDIA Unveils DLSS 4.5, G-SYNC Pulsar, and RTX Upgrades for Gaming and AI Toolsat CES 2026 154 Meta delays Ray-Ban Display smart glasses international launch beyond early 2026 155 Ford to Launch AI Voice Assistant in 2024, Plans Level 3 Automated Driving by2028 156 Google integrates Gemini 3 and Personal Intelligence into Gmail, ushering in anew AI-powered era 157 X limits Grok AI image generation to paid subscribers after global criticismover offensive content 158 DeepSeek to Launch V4 AI Model With Advanced Coding Capabilities in Coming Weeks Breaking Through Transformer Training Bottlenecks\n\nAs demand grows for powerful AI models capable of human-like conversation and reasoning, Character.ai engineers have conducted groundbreaking research revealing novel optimization strategies for transformer model training at unprecedented scale. Their findings address critical computational limitations that have previously hindered large model development.\n\n### Fundamental Efficiency Innovations\n\nThe Character.ai team implemented intelligent hybrid parallelism techniques combining tensor, pipeline, and data parallelism to optimize GPU memory allocation across distributed training clusters. Their method strategically partitions computational graphs to minimize communication overhead while maximizing hardware utilization. Early results suggest potential throughput improvements exceeding 40% compared to conventional distributed training setups.\n\n### Custom Software-Hardware Optimization\n\nBy developing proprietary compilation techniques alongside modified kernel operations, researchers achieved substantial gains in low-level compute efficiency. Their work includes novel memory access patterns designed specifically for transformer architectures and dynamic loss scaling mechanisms that significantly accelerate mixed-precision training convergence.\n\n### Practical Implications for AI Development\n\nThese advances substantially reduce hardware requirements for training billion-parameter models while accelerating development cycles. The techniques are particularly impactful for conversational AI systems requiring highly specialized training data and architectures. This breakthrough potentially lowers compute costs by 35-60% depending on model scale and complexity.\n\n### A New Era of Accessible AI Development\n\nAs transformer architectures continue dominating AI research, Character.ai's optimizations could democratize large model development by reducing infrastructure costs and engineering complexity. The team plans to incorporate these techniques into their production training pipelines while exploring open-source implementations to benefit the broader machine learning community. AI (158 Part Series) 1 SunoMusic Unveils v4.5+: Enhanced Tools for Vocal Swaps, Instrumentals and Playlist Creativity 2 Google adds AI-generated news summaries to Discover page on iOS and Android ... 154 more parts... 3 Lightricks unveils new tool enabling creators to direct long-form AI-generated videos in real time 4 USPTO to Launch AI Image-Based Prior-Art Search Tool for Design Patents in October 2025 5 WP Engine Launches AI Toolkit to Add Smart Search and AI Features to WordPress Sites 6 Brave browser blocks Microsoft Recall feature to protect user privacy from screenshot tracking 7 OpenAI&#x27;s ChatGPT Agent Now Available to All Plus, Pro, and Team Users 8 Cursor launches Bugbot out of beta to automate pull request reviews in its AI code editor 9 Microsoft tests Copilot 3D feature to generate 3D models from user-uploaded images 10 Microsoft launches Copilot Appearance as AI CEO hints at personalized, evolving Copilot experiences 11 Tencent Hunyuan Unveils Open-Source Hunyuan3D World Model for Interactive 3D World Generation 12 OpenAI’s ChatGPT Agent Successfully Bypasses “I Am Not a Robot” Verification Test 13 Adobe adds AI-powered one-click image upscaling and other new Firefly features to Photoshop 14 TikTok rolls out new parental controls, fact-checking tools, and AI moderation for safer content 15 Krea releases open weights for FLUX.1 Krea AI model, making it available to the public 16 Brilliant Labs unveils $299 Halo smart glasses that remember names, rivaling Meta’s Ray-Bans 17 Microsoft Identifies Jobs Most at Risk of AI Replacement in New Report 18 Grok Imagine Launches for SuperGrok and Premium+ Subscribers with Latest App Update 19 OpenAI optimizes ChatGPT to improve user learning, problem-solving, and productivity capabilities 20 Microsoft Previews AI-Powered Windows, Envisions Voice and Sensory Features by 2030 21 Midjourney Launches HD Video Mode for Pro and Mega Subscribers 22 Meta unveils prototype VR headsets with enhanced realism and wider field of view at SIGGRAPH 2025 23 Unitree unveils A2 quadruped robot with front and rear lidar for enhanced terrain navigation 24 Hugging Face launches AI Sheets, a new tool for working with datasets using open AI models 25 Microsoft integrates OpenAI GPT-5 across consumer, developer, and enterprise products 26 xAI launches Grok 4 for free worldwide, taking on OpenAI’s GPT-5 27 Josh Woodward: Video Overviews Now Available for Everyone in NotebookLM 28 Figure Unveils Humanoid Robot Capable of Folding Laundry Autonomously 29 Apple plans new AI robots, lifelike Siri, smart displays, and home security devices in major expansion 30 Google Gemini adds Temporary Chats and enhanced personalization features in latest app update 31 Midjourney Enhances Standard Subscriptions With HD Video and Improved Features 32 Windsurf Wave 12 update adds Devin, DeepWiki, Dev Containers, Vibe, and more new features 33 OpenAI Updates GPT-5 for a Warmer, More Approachable Interaction Experience 34 OpenAI CEO Sam Altman addresses ChatGPT 5 backlash and warns of current AI bubble 35 Anthropic updates usage policy to address new capabilities and evolving product applications 36 OpenAI Launches ChatGPT Go in India with Enhanced Features for Rs. 399 37 Meta expands AI translation tool to auto-dub and lip sync Facebook and Instagram reels for creators 38 Microsoft’s MindJourney lets AI explore and interpret simulated 3D worlds for better spatial tasks 39 Google expands AI Mode in Search globally, introduces new agentic and personalized features 40 Higgsfield AI Launches WAN 2.2, Its Most Advanced Open-Source Model for Video &amp; Image 41 Google NotebookLM to add Deep Research feature, enabling web and Google Drive source integration 42 Google Details Efforts to Improve AI Energy Efficiency and Reduce Environmental Impact 43 Tesla launches AI voice assistant in China with DeepSeek and ByteDance for hands-free car control 44 Anthropic settles class action lawsuit over AI book piracy, avoids trial for now 45 RESEARCH: Wan-S2V lets anyone turn speech and photos into movie-quality videos 46 Anthropic updates consumer terms and privacy policy to reflect latest AI safety and research practices 47 Taco Bell and McDonald&#x27;s Bring AI Back to Drive-Thrus to Improve Service After Early Challenges 48 Nous Research launches Hermes 4, unveiling revamped next-generation Nous Chat platform 49 Apple adds Claude accounts and GPT-5 support to Xcode 26 beta 7 for enhanced coding capabilities 50 Runway expands into robotics, boosts team and models to target robotics and self-driving car sectors 51 PayPal and Venmo offer Comet invites and free Perplexity Pro subscriptions in new AI partnership 52 Google unveils new Android features: smarter Gboard AI, Emoji Kitchen updates, and redesigned Quick Share 53 OpenAI partners with Broadcom to develop custom AI chip, aiming for in-house launch next year 54 Roblox launches short-form gameplay video feed and new AI tools for creators 55 Anthropic agrees to $1.5 billion payout to authors in largest US AI copyright settlement 56 Rabbit launches rabbitOS 2 update with new card-based design for its r1 AI companion device 57 Microsoft to Integrate Anthropic AI in Office 365, Reducing Dependence on OpenAI 58 7-Eleven trials shelf-stocking and floor-cleaning robots in Tokyo to address worker shortages 59 Anthropic adds team memory to Claude, enhancing project context and preferences for workplace AI users 60 Microsoft and OpenAI Sign MOU to Advance AI Partnership and Focus on Safety and Innovation 61 OpenAI Releases Official Statement Clarifying Roles of Nonprofit and Public Benefit Corporation 62 Anthropic launches Claude AI integration in Xcode 26 for advanced coding assistance and app development 63 OpenAI outlines new initiatives to enhance teen safety, freedom, and privacy on its platform 64 Zoom Unveils AI Tool to Recommend Which Meetings You Can Skip and Manage Your Calendar Efficiently 65 Luma AI and Adobe partner to launch Ray3 generative video model, aiming to rival Google products 66 Leonardo AI launches Imagination Fund to support innovative creative projects in AI and digital art 67 Apple uses AI to enable blood pressure notifications on new Watch Series 11 without a monitor 68 OpenAI and Jony Ive hire ex-Apple designers, target suppliers for new AI hardware initiative 69 Abundant Intelligence: Sam Altman Predicts Rapid Growth and Economic Impact of AI Services 70 Qualcomm unveils Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 for upcoming Android flagships 71 Climate TRACE Launches AI Tool to Track Fine Particulate Pollution from 660 Million Global Sources 72 Google Updates Gemini 2.5 Flash and Flash-Lite Models for Improved Quality, Speed, and Efficiency 73 xAI strikes deal to provide Grok AI to US government for 42 cents, undercutting OpenAI and Anthropic 74 xAI sues OpenAI, alleging theft of trade secrets after lawsuit against former xAI employee 75 Looki Launches $199 Kitten-Shaped AI Wearable Camera, Expanding AI Wearables Market 76 OpenAI unveils Sora feed with personalized recommendations, safety features, and parental controls 77 Anthropic’s Claude Powers Enterprise AI for Novo Nordisk, Salesforce, Cox Automotive, More 78 Factory.ai releases comprehensive guide to building software development agent teams 79 OpenAI surpasses SpaceX as world&#x27;s most valuable startup with $500 billion valuation 80 Google expands Jules AI coding agent with new command-line tools and early access to Jules API 81 Comet launches free web browser, now available to everyone worldwide 82 Qualcomm acquires Arduino to accelerate developer access to AI solutions 83 Google expands virtual try-on tool to shoes and launches in Australia, Canada, and Japan soon 84 Google launches Gemini CLI extensions to customize workflows and integrate with your favorite tools 85 Rahul Patil appointed Chief Technology Officer at Anthropic to advance AI safety and research initiatives 86 Google expands Opal no-code AI mini-app builder to 15 new countries, enhances ease of use 87 Google Unveils Gemini 2.5 Model, Surpassing Rivals in Browser and Mobile Tasks via API Release 88 Anduril launches EagleEye, an AI-powered helmet system for unified command and control in combat 89 Cisco Launches AI Readiness Assessment to Help Organizations Evaluate AI Adoption and Preparedness 90 Spotify AI DJ Now Accepts Text Commands and Spanish Voice Requests for Music Selections 91 Bubble unveils AI agent to integrate conversational coding with visual app development tools 92 Google AI Studio launches updates offering developers greater control over their projects 93 Anthropic launches Claude Code web tool to enhance AI system reliability and user control 94 RESEARCH: LLM-informed Drone Visual Inspection Enables Smarter, More InteractiveInfrastructure Checks 95 Microsoft Outlook receives major AI overhaul led by new leadership 96 OpenAI launches ChatGPT feature to integrate company knowledge from multipleconnected business tools 97 Adobe Firefly Unveils Advanced AI Tools and Models for Audio, Video, and Imagingat Adobe MAX 2025 98 Comet Launches Privacy Snapshot Feature to Enhance Security in Its AI-PoweredBrowser 99 Cointelegraph reports rise in AI trading bots as experts caution they are notfoolproof for investors 100 Google Warns of AI Malware PROMPTFLUX That Mutates Using LLMs, Marking MajorCybersecurity Threat 101 Google's Flow Introduces New "Images" Tab for Enhanced Image Management 102 Google unveils Private AI Compute to deliver cloud AI features with enhanceduser data privacy 103 Google unveils new image browsing and organization features in the Google appfor easier visual discovery 104 LinkedIn launches AI-powered people search, letting users find profiles withsimple descriptions 105 Google expands Gemini AI access in Vids Workspace tool, enabling more users tocreate videos with AI 106 Manus Launches Browser Operator Extension to Automate Tasks Across CRM andAuthenticated Platforms 107 Meta unveils WorldGen AI to create interactive 3D worlds from simple textprompts 108 Twelve Labs Integrates Advanced Video AI with Frame.io, Surpassing Cloud andOpen Source Models 109 OpenAI’s ChatGPT Marks 3 Years, Transforming Work and Daily Life Worldwide 110 Luma AI Unveils Terminal Velocity Matching for 25x Faster Training Over StandardDiffusion Models 111 Google and OpenAI throttle Sora and Nano Banana Pro features due to high demandand usage limits 112 Epic CEO Tim Sweeney urges Steam to remove Made with AI tags from game listings 113 OpenAI reports Mixpanel security incident; limited API analytics data affected,no credentials exposed 114 Google expands Gemini 3 Pro and Nano Banana Pro rollout to more countries inSearch 115 KREA AI Launches Node App Builder for Easy Workflow-to-App Transformation 116 Apple Unveils STARFlow-V: First End-to-End Normalizing Flow Model forHigh-Quality Video Generation 117 OpenAI teases new Garlic AI model to compete with Google's recent advancementsin language models 118 Amazon unveils Trainium3 AI chip and announces Nvidia-compatible roadmap for AWSplatforms 119 AWS unveils AI Factory to deliver dedicated on-premises AI infrastructure withNvidia or Trainium chips 120 Google launches Gemini 3 Deep Think mode for AI Ultra subscribers in Gemini app 121 Kling AI launches Avatar 2.0 with enhanced expressions and real characterfeatures 122 Meta AI expands real-time news coverage with more diverse content sources forbetter news responses 123 OpenAI may launch GPT-5.2 next week in rapid response to Google, rumored releaseset for December 9 124 Netflix to Acquire Warner Bros. for $83 Billion, Future of HBO Max BrandingUncertain 125 Google unveils Gemini 3 Pro, advancing multimodal AI vision capabilities fordevelopers 126 Google increases Antigravity rate limits for AI Pro and Ultra subscribers tomeet rising demand 127 Microsoft Hires Bloomberg Media COO Julia Beizer to Lead AI News ProductDevelopment 128 ChatGPT user growth slows to 5% from August to November, lagging behind Gemini's30% increase 129 New York Times sues Perplexity for copyright infringement over AI use of newscontent 130 Alibaba's Qwen Code Update Adds Breakthrough Stream JSON Support 131 Anthropic donates Model Context Protocol and launches Agentic AI Foundation forAI safety 132 Accenture partners with Anthropic to help enterprises scale AI solutions frompilot to production 133 Google integrates Gemini 3 AI into Stitch design tool for enhanced app UIgeneration 134 OpenAI launches GPT-5.2, its most advanced AI model for science and mathapplications 135 Disney and OpenAI partner to bring classic characters to Sora, advancingresponsible AI in entertainment 136 NVIDIA launches Nemotron 3 open models in Nano, Super, and Ultra sizes foradvanced agentic AI 137 Google is rolling out Gemini 3 Flash globally in search 138 Google adds Data Tables to NotebookLM for easier compilation and organization ofscattered insights 139 Google DeepMind launches Gemma Scope 2 interpretability suite to boost AI safetyresearch 140 Nano Banana Pro Slides Now Editable on Manus, Marking a First for AIPresentation Tools 141 Alibaba Qwen Launches Open-Sourced Qwen-Image-Layered with Photoshop-GradeLayering 142 YouTube launches AI-powered Playables Builder beta to let creators design andshare their own games 143 Character.ai Shares Insights on Making Large-Scale Transformer Training Fasterand More Efficient 144 Groq and Nvidia Sign Non-Exclusive Deal to Advance Global AI InferenceTechnology 145 Liquid AI's LFM2-2.6B-Exp Outperforms in Instruction, Knowledge, and MathMetrics 146 Andrej Karpathy Reflects on AI's Impact on Programming Profession 147 RunwayML Partners with Adobe to Integrate AI Models into Creative Tools 148 Tongyi Lab Releases Qwen-Image-2512, Enhancing Text-to-Image Realism ThisDecember 149 xAI Expands with MACROHARDRR Acquisition, Boosting Training Compute to Nearly2GW 150 Meta's Yann LeCun criticizes Alexandr Wang, predicts further AI staff departuresfrom the company 151 Grok AI accused of generating explicit images of minors, urges users to reportincidents to FBI 152 OpenAI boosts audio AI development as it prepares to launch an audio-basedpersonal device 153 NVIDIA Unveils DLSS 4.5, G-SYNC Pulsar, and RTX Upgrades for Gaming and AI Toolsat CES 2026 154 Meta delays Ray-Ban Display smart glasses international launch beyond early 2026 155 Ford to Launch AI Voice Assistant in 2024, Plans Level 3 Automated Driving by2028 156 Google integrates Gemini 3 and Personal Intelligence into Gmail, ushering in anew AI-powered era 157 X limits Grok AI image generation to paid subscribers after global criticismover offensive content 158 DeepSeek to Launch V4 AI Model With Advanced Coding Capabilities in Coming Weeks Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Saiki Sarkar Follow I am a passionate developer with a strong background in Mathematics and a specialization in AI, machine learning, and automation. I build robust and scalable web solutions, complex problems Joined Jul 19, 2025 More from Saiki Sarkar NVIDIA Unveils DLSS 4.5, G-SYNC Pulsar, and RTX Upgrades for Gaming and AI Toolsat CES 2026 # ai # deeplearning # gamedev # news Google DeepMind launches Gemma Scope 2 interpretability suite to boost AI safetyresearch # google # news # ai # deeplearning Accenture partners with Anthropic to help enterprises scale AI solutions frompilot to production # ai # llm # news 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://coderabbit.ai/privacy-policy | CodeRabbit Privacy Page | AI Code Reviews Features Enterprise Customers Pricing Blog Resources Docs Trust Center Contact Us FAQ Log In Get a free trial Updated: December 10th, 2025 Privacy Policy 1. INTRODUCTION CodeRabbit, Inc. (“ CodeRabbit ”,” we ”, “ our ”, or “ us ”) respects your privacy and are committed to protecting it through our compliance with this Privacy Policy (“ Policy ”). A core element of our mission is our commitment to protect your personal information and to be transparent about the data we collect about you, how it is used, and with whom it is shared. This Policy describes our practices for collecting, using, maintaining, protecting, and disclosing your information through http://coderabbit.ai (our “ Website ”), our applications (our “ Apps ”) and our products, services, technology platforms and related applications (collectively, the “ Service(s) ”). 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Cookies and Other Automatic Data Collection Technologies CodeRabbit and its partners use cookies or similar technologies, which store certain information on your computer and allows us to, among other things, analyze trends, administer the Website, and to gather demographic information about our user base as a whole. The technology used to collect information automatically from CodeRabbit Users may include the following: · Cookies: Like many websites, we and our operational partners, affiliates, analytics, and service providers use “cookies” to collect information. A cookie is a small data file that we transfer to your computer’s hard disk for record-keeping purposes. We use both persistent cookies that remain on your computer or similar device (such as to save your registration ID and login password for future logins to the Service) and session ID cookies, which expire at the end of your browser session (for example, to enable certain features of the Service, to better understand how CodeRabbit Users interact with the Service and to monitor aggregate usage by CodeRabbit Users and web traffic routing on the Service). You can control the use of cookies at the individual browser level, but if you choose to disable cookies, it may limit your use of certain features or functionality of the Service. · Web Beacons: We and our operational partners, affiliates, analytics, and service providers may also employ software technology known as “web beacons” and/or “tracking tags” to help us keep track of what content on our Service is effective and to serve relevant advertising to you. Web beacons are small graphics with a unique identifier that may be invisible to you, and which are used to track the online activity of Internet users. Web beacons are embedded in the web pages you review or email messages you receive. Web beacons or similar technologies may be used for a number of purposes, including, without limitation, to count visitors to our Service, to monitor how CodeRabbit Users navigate the Service, to count how many emails that were sent were actually opened, or to count how many particular articles or links were actually viewed. · Embedded Scripts: We and our operational partners, affiliates, analytics, and service providers may also employ software technology known as an Embedded Script. An Embedded Script is programming code that is designed to collect information about your interactions with the Service, such as the links you click on. The code is temporarily downloaded onto your computer or other device and is deactivated or deleted when you disconnect from the Service. Information Received from Third Parties. We also may receive information about you from third parties. For example, we and our partners, affiliates and service providers may use a variety of other technologies (such as tags) that collect statistical data relating to your Website activity for security and fraud detection purposes. You may choose to elect that certain third parties share information with us, for example, when you choose to access the Services through another service, such as through Single Sign-on (e.g., GitHub and GitLab). · GitHub/GitLab/Azure DevOps/Bitbucket Details : We may collect data necessary to enable your CodeRabbit account to interface with your GitHub account, such as your GitHub token, your user organization, your GitHub username, and your user role. We integrate tightly with GitHub's API and Open Authentication (OAUTH) system. We do not have access to your GitHub/GitLab/Azure DevOps credentials. · Social Networking Services: When you connect with us through a social media platform, we may, depending on your privacy settings, receive some information from your social media account, and what we collect depends on your privacy settings with that social networking service. The Service may also allow you to “like” or share content with social networking services. You may register to join the Service directly via the Service or by logging into your account with a third party social networking service (“ SNS ”) via our Service (e.g., Discord ). Note that the information we collect from and through an SNS may depend on the privacy settings you have set with the SNS and the permissions you grant to us in connection with linking your account with the Service to your account with an SNS. 3. Do Not Track Signal Do Not Track (DNT) is a privacy preference that users can set in some web browsers, allowing users to opt out of tracking by websites and online services. We do not track users and do not allow third parties to track the personal information of our users on our Website. 4. CHILDREN’S PRIVACY The Services are general audience and intended for users 13 and older. We do not knowingly collect Personal Information from anyone younger than age 13. 5. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We may use information that we collect about you or that you provide to us, including any personal information: To provide you with an Account. To perform code reviews, provide actionable suggestions, and enhance your development workflow. To deliver, provide, and process payment for the Services. To improve our Services. To address your inquiries. To tailor content we display to you and offer we may present to you, both on the Service and elsewhere online. To communicate with you, and to promote products, services, offers, and events offered by CodeRabbit. To comply with legal requirements and assist law enforcement. To stop any activity, we may consider to be, or to pose a risk of being, illegal, fraudulent, unethical or a legally actionable activity. To identify CodeRabbit users. For the purposes disclosed at the time you provide your information, and As otherwise permitted with your consent. 6. Legal Bases To process your information as described above, we rely on the following legal basis: Contractual Necessity: To provide you with the CodeRabbit Service and perform the contract that you have with us. Legitimate Interests: It is in our legitimate interests to improve and analyze our Service, promote our products, prevent fraudulent transactions, maintain security of our Services, and provide functionality. Consent: In instances where we have indicated we will ask for consent within this Privacy Policy, you may withdraw your consent at any time by contacting us. Please see the How to Contact Us section for more information. 7. HOW WE DISCLOSE AND SHARE YOUR INFORMATION We do not sell personal information to third parties. We share information we receive about you as follows: With Our Service Providers: We employ third party companies to provide Services on our behalf, to perform Service-related operations (e.g., without limitation, maintenance services, database management, web analytics, server hosting, fraud detection and improvement of CodeRabbit’s features) or to assist us in providing and analyzing how our Service is used. For example, we use Stripe to process your payments, and have partnered with Chargebee to maintain your subscriptions. These third parties may have access to your Personal Information in order to perform these tasks on our behalf. We use Mailchimp as our e-mail marketing service provider. You may access their privacy policy here: https://mailchimp.com/legal/privacy/ . For Our Service Integrations** :** We allow for a variety of Service integrations to provide you with the best possible functionality while using our Services. For example we integrate with: o GitHub and GitLab for code containment. - GitHub’s privacy policy is available here . o Jira for project management; - Jira’s privacy policy is available here . o Linear for productivity; and - Linear’s privacy policy is available here . o OpenAI for performing code reviews. - OpenAI’s privacy policy is available here . o Anthropic for performing code reviews. - OpenAI’s privacy policy is available here . - Neither CodeRabbit nor OpenAI or Anthropic uses personal information collected as part of the code review to train, refine, or otherwise influence our models or any third-party models. Our commitment is to use the data solely for the purpose of reviewing the code in accordance with the user's request, and no other utilization takes place. The above representation does not apply to open-source projects (OSS). We use OSS to train our systems. Your Personal Information is processed in accordance with the privacy policies and practices of such Service integration companies. For Corporate Transactions: CodeRabbit may share information, including Personal Information, with any current or future subsidiaries or affiliates, primarily for business and operational purposes, in connection with a merger, acquisition, reorganization or sale of assets (including, in each case, as part of the due-diligence process with any potential acquiring entity) or in the event of bankruptcy. If Required By Law: CodeRabbit will disclose information about you to government or law enforcement officials or private parties as we, in our sole discretion, believe necessary or appropriate to respond to claims and legal process (including but not limited to subpoenas), or, at the request of governmental authorities or other third parties conducting an investigation where we determine in our sole discretion the disclosure is necessary to (a) protect the property and rights of CodeRabbit or a third party, (b) protect the safety of the public or any person, or (c) prevent or stop activity we may consider to be, or pose a risk of being, illegal, fraudulent, unethical or legally actionable activity. With your Consent** :** You may submit Personal Information to us through a form on the Website and consent to receive communication from us or our business affiliates and non-affiliates based on the information in the form. 8. THIRD PARTY WEBSITES AND LINKS Our Services may contain links and/or features to other websites and/or online platforms operated by third parties. We do not control such other online platforms and are not responsible for their content, their privacy policies, or their use of your information. 9. YOUR RIGHTS AND CHOICES REGARDING YOUR INFORMATION You have several ways to exercise control over your information: Account Settings: You may contact us to access, update or delete your personal information by accessing your Account settings in our App. Contact Us: You may contact us to access, update or delete your personal information by contacting us at support@coderabbit.ai . E-Mail: You also may opt-out of receiving marketing emails from us by following the opt-out instructions provided in those emails. Please note that we reserve the right to send you certain communications relating to your account or use of the Service (for example, administrative and service announcements) via email and other means and these transactional account messages may be unaffected if you opt-out from receiving marketing communications. European Residents Under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), CodeRabbit may be considered a data controller to the extent that we process personal information directly from European residents. To the extent that CodeRabbit is a data controller, European residents may access, correct, update or delete your personal information; object to our processing of this information, ask us to restrict our processing of your personal information, or request portability of your personal information by accessing the account settings within the App or by contacting us at support@coderabbit.ai . EU GDPR Representative In accordance with Article 27 of the GDPR, we have appointed the following EU Representative: Rickert Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft mbH CodeRabbit Inc. Colmantstraße 15 53115 Bonn Germany art-27-rep-coderabbit@rickert.law UK GDPR Representative In accordance with Article 27 of the UK GDPR, we have appointed the following UK Representative: Rickert Services Ltd UK CodeRabbit Inc. PO Box 1487 Peterborough PE1 9XX United Kingdom art-27-rep-coderabbit@rickert-services.uk Upon request, CodeRabbit will provide you with information about whether we hold any of your personal information. You are responsible for maintaining the accuracy of the information you submit to us, such as your contact information. If you submit a request to access all personal information you’ve submitted, we will respond to your request to access within 30 days or as otherwise required by law. We will use commercially reasonable efforts to honor your requests for deletion; however, certain residual information may actively persist on the Service even if you close your account. In addition, the rights described above may be limited, for example, if fulfilling your request would reveal personal information about another person, or if you ask us to delete information, we are required by law to keep or have compelling legitimate interests in keeping (such as for fraud prevention purposes). Your Personal Information may remain in our archives and information you update or delete, or information within a closed account, may persist internally for our administrative purposes, to the extent permitted by law. It is not always possible to completely remove or delete information from our databases. In addition, we typically will not remove information you posted publicly through or on the Service. Bear in mind that neither you nor CodeRabbit can delete all copies of information that has been previously shared with others on the Service. If your information is deleted, then your account may become deactivated. If your account is deactivated or you ask to close your account, you will no longer be able to use the Services. Please note that our Services require a minimum amount of Personal Information in order to function. European residents who do not provide Personal Information (e.g., by not creating an account) may not be able to access the full functionality of features found on CodeRabbit. California Residents If you are a California resident, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) may provide you with additional privacy rights with respect to our collection, use and disclosure of your Personal Information. To the extent that CodeRabbit is a covered business under the CCPA, you may contact us for more information regarding the following rights: · The right to know what Personal information we have collected and how we have used and disclosed that Personal Information in the 12-month period preceding your request. o Please see the above section within this Policy titled INFORMATION WE COLLECT ABOUT YOU AND HOW WE COLLECT IT, to see the categories of Personal Information we have collected about you. o Please see the above sections within this Policy titled HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION and HOW WE DISCLOSE AND SHARE YOUR INFORMATION, to see applicable use and disclosures of your Personal Information. · The right to request deletion of your Personal Information.· The right to be free from discrimination related to the exercise of any of your privacy rights. · The right to opt out of the sale of your personal information, and to request information about whether we have sold your personal information in the past 12 months. o CodeRabbit does not sell personal information, nor do we share personal information with third parties for marketing purposes, and we have not done so in the last year. For more information on how to exercise your rights, please contact us at support@coderabbit.ai . Please note that we may require you to verify your credentials, by matching your e-mail address, or other account information to the information in our systems, before you can submit a request to exercise any of these rights. If you authorize another person to act as your agent to submit requests on your behalf, then unless you provide the agent with power of attorney under the California Probate Code, we will ask the agent to provide us the written and signed authorization that you provided to the agent, we will confirm with you that you did provide the authorization, and we will verify your identity. 10. INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTIONS Our servers are located in the United States , and your personal information passes through servers located in this geographic area. If you are accessing the Services from another country, please be advised that you may be transferring your personal information to such geographic areas and countries and you consent to that transfer, processing, and storage of your personal information in accordance with this Privacy Policy. You also agree to abide by the applicable US federal, state, and local laws concerning your use of the Services and your agreements with us. Any persons accessing our Services from any jurisdiction with laws or regulations governing the use of the Internet, including the collection, use, or disclosure of personal information, different from those of the jurisdictions mentioned above may only use the Services in a manner lawful in their jurisdiction. If your use of the Services is unlawful in your jurisdiction, you may not use our Services. 11. SECURITY We use physical, technical, and organizational measures designed to protect your information against unauthorized access, theft, and loss. We restrict access to your personal information to those employees who need to know that information to service your account or perform their job functions. Although we take precautions intended to help protect information that we process, no system or electronic data transmission is completely secure. Any transmission of your personal data is at your own risk, and we expect that you will use appropriate security measures to protect your personal information. You are responsible for maintaining the security of your account and the information in your account. We may suspend your use of all or part of the Services without Policy if we suspect or detect any breach of security. You understand and agree that we may deliver electronic notifications about breaches of security to the email address on record on your account. 12. DATA RETENTION, STORAGE, & USAGE FOR PROPRIETARY CODE Unless you request that we delete certain information (see Your Rights and Choices Regarding Your Information ), we will retain your personal information for the period necessary to fulfill the purposes outlined in this Privacy Policy unless a longer retention period is required or permitted by law. The criteria used to determine our retention periods include: · The length of time we have an ongoing relationship with you and provide services to you (for example, for as long as you have an account with us or keep using the Website); · Whether there is a legal obligation to which we are subject (for example, certain laws require us to keep records of your transactions for a certain period of time before we can delete them) · Whether retention is advisable; and considering our legal position (such as, for statutes of limitations, litigation, or regulatory investigations). Data Storage for Review Improvement CodeRabbit stores certain data to improve the reviews refining the reviews to align with your preferences. You can opt out of data storage. The stored data primarily consists of vector embeddings, which are used to refine and personalize future reviews. The data storage is compliant with SOC2 Type II, GDPR, and HIPAA regulations. We ensure the utmost confidentiality and security of the data stored. You can opt out of data storage at any time. 13. CHANGES TO THIS POLICY CodeRabbit may update this Privacy Policy at any time and any changes will be effective upon posting. In the event that there are material changes to the way we treat your Personal Information, we will update the Last Modified date at the top of this Policy upon becoming effective. We may also notify you by email, in our discretion. 14. HOW TO CONTACT CODERABBIT Data protection officer has been appointed and can be reached out at dpo@coderabbit.ai for any questions. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Terraform Follow Hide All subjects concerning Hashicorp's IaC tool `Terraform`. Create Post submission guidelines Be nice. Be respectful. Assume best intentions. Be kind, rewind. Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Self-Scheduling Recurring Cloud Tasks (with Terraform + Python code) Charlotte Towell Charlotte Towell Charlotte Towell Follow Jan 12 Self-Scheduling Recurring Cloud Tasks (with Terraform + Python code) # googlecloud # terraform # python # serverless Comments Add Comment 3 min read Scaling Terraform Across many Teams: A Native Framework for Platform Engineering Jacob Jacob Jacob Follow Jan 12 Scaling Terraform Across many Teams: A Native Framework for Platform Engineering # terraform # scaling # devops Comments Add Comment 30 min read Terraform Private Registry: Setup, Publishing & Best Practices Spacelift team Spacelift team Spacelift team Follow for Spacelift Jan 12 Terraform Private Registry: Setup, Publishing & Best Practices # terraform # devops Comments Add Comment 12 min read Help me, Localstack. You're my only hope. KILLALLSKYWALKER KILLALLSKYWALKER KILLALLSKYWALKER Follow Jan 11 Help me, Localstack. You're my only hope. # localstack # aws # terraform Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Use Terraform Random Provider Spacelift team Spacelift team Spacelift team Follow for Spacelift Jan 7 How to Use Terraform Random Provider # terraform # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read Terraform State Management with Amazon S3 Tandap Noel Bansikah Tandap Noel Bansikah Tandap Noel Bansikah Follow Jan 7 Terraform State Management with Amazon S3 # terraform # infrastructureascode # aws # cloud Comments Add Comment 6 min read Forwarding Cookies Using CloudFront: A Workaround for AWS Cache Policy Limitations Daniel Kraszewski Daniel Kraszewski Daniel Kraszewski Follow for u11d Jan 7 Forwarding Cookies Using CloudFront: A Workaround for AWS Cache Policy Limitations # devops # aws # cloudfront # terraform Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Production-Ready AWS ALB + Auto Scaling Architecture Using Terraform manoop madhu manoop madhu manoop madhu Follow Jan 5 Building a Production-Ready AWS ALB + Auto Scaling Architecture Using Terraform # architecture # aws # devops # terraform Comments Add Comment 3 min read IaC should be flat (and small) mikkergimenez mikkergimenez mikkergimenez Follow Jan 6 IaC should be flat (and small) # terraform Comments Add Comment 3 min read BootStrapping Aurora RDS Databases using Lambda and Terraform (Part 1) Santanu Das Santanu Das Santanu Das Follow Jan 10 BootStrapping Aurora RDS Databases using Lambda and Terraform (Part 1) # terraform # aws # aurora # devops Comments Add Comment 8 min read Terraform Provisioners - local-exec, remote-exec & file. Rohan Nalawade Rohan Nalawade Rohan Nalawade Follow Jan 6 Terraform Provisioners - local-exec, remote-exec & file. # terraform # devops # cloud # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your Terraform Modules Are Technical Debt (And What to Do About It) inboryn inboryn inboryn Follow Jan 6 Why Your Terraform Modules Are Technical Debt (And What to Do About It) # terraform # devops # architecture # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Terraform for Local VMs: A Modern Alternative to Vagrant todoroff todoroff todoroff Follow Jan 7 Terraform for Local VMs: A Modern Alternative to Vagrant # terraform # devops # vagrant # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read I Took a Working Terraform Project and Rebuilt It Properly (ALB + EC2 + Modules + Remote State) Adil Khan Adil Khan Adil Khan Follow Jan 4 I Took a Working Terraform Project and Rebuilt It Properly (ALB + EC2 + Modules + Remote State) # terraform # devops # infrastructureascode # aws Comments Add Comment 5 min read Terraform Stacks Huzefa Husain Huzefa Husain Huzefa Husain Follow Jan 3 Terraform Stacks # terraform # devops # infrastructureascode # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Ultimate Guide to Terraform Drift Detection: How to Detect, Prevent, and Remediate Infrastructure Drift env zero Team env zero Team env zero Team Follow for env zero Jan 8 The Ultimate Guide to Terraform Drift Detection: How to Detect, Prevent, and Remediate Infrastructure Drift # devops # devchallenge # infrastructureascode # terraform Comments Add Comment 10 min read Short Secure Terraform Project Muhammad Awais Zahid Muhammad Awais Zahid Muhammad Awais Zahid Follow Jan 2 Short Secure Terraform Project # terraform # aws # cloud # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Deploying a Highly Available AWS Architecture with Terraform Cloudev Cloudev Cloudev Follow Jan 1 Deploying a Highly Available AWS Architecture with Terraform # terraform # aws # automation # hcl Comments Add Comment 3 min read Terraform Guardrail MCP Huzefa Husain Huzefa Husain Huzefa Husain Follow Jan 1 Terraform Guardrail MCP # terraform # mcp # python # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Migrating Masking Database from Amazon Aurora to BigQuery: Performance Improvement and Security Implementation ryo ariyama ryo ariyama ryo ariyama Follow Jan 1 Migrating Masking Database from Amazon Aurora to BigQuery: Performance Improvement and Security Implementation # googlecloud # terraform # programming # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🚀 Terraform Day 27: Automating Infrastructure with GitHub Actions (CI/CD) Jeeva Jeeva Jeeva Follow Dec 31 '25 🚀 Terraform Day 27: Automating Infrastructure with GitHub Actions (CI/CD) # githubactions # cicd # devops # terraform Comments Add Comment 2 min read Terraform Workflow Explained with a Real AWS Example (Beginner Friendly) Megha Shivhare Megha Shivhare Megha Shivhare Follow Jan 6 Terraform Workflow Explained with a Real AWS Example (Beginner Friendly) # cloud # devops # terraform # infrastructureascode 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read 🚀 Terraform Day 26: HashiCorp Cloud Platform (Terraform Cloud) Jeeva Jeeva Jeeva Follow Dec 31 '25 🚀 Terraform Day 26: HashiCorp Cloud Platform (Terraform Cloud) # devops # automation # cloud # terraform Comments Add Comment 2 min read Como fazer o upload de imagens Docker para a Huawei Cloud usando o GitHub Actions Matheus Farias de Oliveira Matsumoto Matheus Farias de Oliveira Matsumoto Matheus Farias de Oliveira Matsumoto Follow Dec 30 '25 Como fazer o upload de imagens Docker para a Huawei Cloud usando o GitHub Actions # githubactions # docker # huaweicloud # terraform Comments Add Comment 6 min read Lifecycle rules in Terraform. Rohan Nalawade Rohan Nalawade Rohan Nalawade Follow Dec 31 '25 Lifecycle rules in Terraform. # terraform # infrastructureascode # devops # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources How I Built an AI Terraform Review Agent on Serverless AWS How I Built My Terraform Portfolio: Projects, Repos, and Lessons Learned Terraform Drift Detection Powered by GitHub Actions Moving on from Terraform CDK Kiro with MCP for GitHub Integration, Docs, Diagrams and AWS Recommendations 2.Create Security Group Using Terraform The Terraform Associate 003 exam will be replaced by the Terraform Associate 004 exam version on ... How to Run Terraform Self-Hosted Navigating AWS EKS with Terraform: Configuring Karpenter for Just-in-Time Node Provisioning Terraform Meets Ansible: Automating Multi-Environment Infrastructure on AWS Automate Terraform Module Releases on the public registry using GitHub Actions Aurora DSQL - Build A Serverless Multi-Region E-Commerce Platform Terraform Module MCP Server Build a Local Kubernetes Cluster in Minutes with Terraform and Multipass Terraform testing with Open Policy Agent and Conftest: Secure infrastructure through Terraform te... 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https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests | Pull requests documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Pull requests Home Pull requests Commit changes to your project Create & edit commits About commits With multiple authors On behalf of an organization Changing a commit message View & compare commits Comparing commits Commit views Troubleshooting commits Commit missing in local clone Linked to wrong user Commit blocked by push protection Collaborate with pull requests Getting started Collaborative development Help others review your changes Manage and standardize pull requests Working with forks About forks Fork a repository Permissions and visibility Configure a remote repository Syncing a fork Allow changes to a branch Deleted or changes visibility Detaching a fork Code quality features About status checks Required status checks Propose changes About branches Create & delete branches About pull requests Compare branches Creating a pull request Create a PR from a fork Using query parameters to create a pull request Change the state Request a PR review Update the head branch Change the base branch Commit to PR branch from fork Address merge conflicts About merge conflicts Resolve merge conflicts Resolve merge conflicts in Git Review changes About PR reviews Review proposed changes Filter files Methods & functions Comment on a PR View a PR review Review dependency changes Incorporate feedback Required reviews Dismiss a PR review Check out a PR locally Incorporate changes About pull request merges Merging a pull request Merge PR automatically Merge PR with merge queue Closing a pull request Reverting a pull request Pull requests documentation Learn how to use pull requests to suggest changes to a project, receive suggested changes to your own projects, and address issues in pull requests, such as merge conflicts. Overview Start here Changing a commit message If a commit message contains unclear, incorrect, or sensitive information, you can amend it locally and push a new commit with a new message to GitHub. You can also change a commit message to add missing information. Resolving a merge conflict using the command line You can resolve merge conflicts using the command line and a text editor. Creating and deleting branches within your repository You can create or delete branches directly on GitHub. Creating a pull request Create a pull request to propose and collaborate on changes to a repository. These changes are proposed in a branch, which ensures that the default branch only contains finished and approved work. Popular About pull request reviews Collaborate on pull requests to improve code quality. Resolving a merge conflict on GitHub You can resolve simple merge conflicts that involve competing line changes on GitHub, using the conflict editor. Syncing a fork Sync a fork of a repository to keep it up-to-date with the upstream repository. Merging a pull request Merge a pull request into the upstream branch when work is completed. Anyone with push access to the repository can complete the merge. Guides Approving a pull request with required reviews If your repository requires reviews, pull requests must have a specific number of approving reviews from people with write or admin permissions in the repository before they can be merged. @GitHub Reverting a pull request You can revert a pull request after it's been merged to the upstream branch. @GitHub Why are my commits linked to the wrong user? GitHub uses the email address in the commit header to link the commit to a GitHub user. If your commits are being linked to another user, or not linked to a user at all, you may need to change your local Git configuration settings, add an email address to your account email settings, or do both. @GitHub All Pull requests docs Committing changes to your project Creating and editing commits • 4 articles Viewing and comparing commits • 2 articles Troubleshooting commits • 3 articles Collaborating with pull requests Getting started • 3 articles Working with forks • 8 articles Collaborating on repositories with code quality features • 2 articles Proposing changes to your work with pull requests • 12 articles Addressing merge conflicts • 3 articles Reviewing changes in pull requests • 11 articles Incorporating changes from a pull request • 6 articles Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:49:27 |
https://forem.com/pravesh_sudha_3c2b0c2b5e0#main-content | Pravesh Sudha - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Pravesh Sudha AWS Community Builder Bridging critical thinking and innovation, from philosophy to DevOps. Location India Joined Joined on Jul 19, 2024 Email address programmerpravesh@gmail.com Personal website https://praveshsudha.com github website twitter website Education Hindu College, Delhi University, India Pronouns he/him Work Freelance DevOps Engineer At Fiverr Google AI Studio Multi-Modal Challenge Completion Awarded for completing the Google AI Studio Multi-Modal Challenge by building and deploying an applet that showcases Gemini's multi-modal capabilities. Thank you for participating! 🤖 Got it Close Midnight 'Privacy First' Challenge Completion Awarded for completing a prompt in the Midnight 'Privacy First' Challenge. 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Got it Close Show all 13 badges More info about @pravesh_sudha_3c2b0c2b5e0 Organizations AWS Community Builders GitHub Repositories 100-Days-of-Code Python • 5 stars Skills/Languages GO, Python, Shell Scripting, Jenkins, Prometheus, Grafna, Elastic Search, Kibana, Kubernetes, Docker, Gitlab, Github Actions, Nginx, Apache, Apache Kafka, Terraform, Ansible Currently learning I am currently learning DevOps tools and Framework like Kafka, Terraform, and various services of AWS, like SNS, RDS, etc. Currently hacking on Most of the time, I am working on client's project which I get from Fiverr. Apart from them, I work on some personal projects because I love to experiments stuff with tools Available for Hey, I am available for writing blogs for devops related projects and collaborate on Coding gigs including AWS Cloud Solutions and Docker Containerisation Post 58 posts published Comment 85 comments written Tag 1 tag followed Pin Pinned 🌟 My Desk, My Journey: CSS Art Inspired by My Remote DevOps Workspace Frontend Challenge CSS Art Submission Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jul 18 '25 🌟 My Desk, My Journey: CSS Art Inspired by My Remote DevOps Workspace # frontendchallenge # devchallenge # css # webdev 41 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 📨 Email-AI Assistant using FastAPI, Gemini & Postmark Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jun 4 '25 📨 Email-AI Assistant using FastAPI, Gemini & Postmark # devchallenge # postmarkchallenge # webdev # api 34 reactions Comments 15 comments 5 min read 3 Exciting Go-lang Projects to Kickstart Your DevOps Journey Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Dec 11 '24 3 Exciting Go-lang Projects to Kickstart Your DevOps Journey # go # devops # programming # coding 23 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read How I Built an AI Terraform Review Agent on Serverless AWS Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 8 How I Built an AI Terraform Review Agent on Serverless AWS # aws # terraform # serverless # devops 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Want to connect with Pravesh Sudha? 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Sign in 🚀 How I Created an AI-Powered Secret Santa Using Cognee as the Memory Layer Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Dec 11 '25 🚀 How I Created an AI-Powered Secret Santa Using Cognee as the Memory Layer # ai # coding # rag # llm 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 5 min read How I Built My Terraform Portfolio: Projects, Repos, and Lessons Learned Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 7 '25 How I Built My Terraform Portfolio: Projects, Repos, and Lessons Learned # aws # terraform # devops # portfolio 18 reactions Comments 4 comments 11 min read Don’t Touch Terraform Before Avoiding These 5 Rookie Mistakes Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 6 '25 Don’t Touch Terraform Before Avoiding These 5 Rookie Mistakes # aws # terraform # devops # infrastructureascode 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read 🚀 5 Terraform Hacks to Cut Your Deployment Time by 90% Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 28 '25 🚀 5 Terraform Hacks to Cut Your Deployment Time by 90% # aws # devops # terraform # docker 8 reactions Comments 4 comments 9 min read 🚀 Terraform Workspaces and Multi-Environment Deployments Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 6 '25 🚀 Terraform Workspaces and Multi-Environment Deployments # aws # terraform # devops # coding 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Terraform Meets Ansible: Automating Multi-Environment Infrastructure on AWS Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 30 '25 Terraform Meets Ansible: Automating Multi-Environment Infrastructure on AWS # aws # terraform # ansible # nginx 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🚀 Deploying Cognee AI Starter App on AWS ECS Using Terraform Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 29 '25 🚀 Deploying Cognee AI Starter App on AWS ECS Using Terraform # ai # devops # rag # programming 13 reactions Comments 2 comments 8 min read Build Your Own AWS DevOps CLI with Python & Boto3 Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 22 '25 Build Your Own AWS DevOps CLI with Python & Boto3 # aws # python # devops # programming 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read No More Forgetful Robots: My Test Drive with Cognee AI's "AI Memory" Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Oct 8 '25 No More Forgetful Robots: My Test Drive with Cognee AI's "AI Memory" # ai # llm # rag # beginners 13 reactions Comments 6 comments 3 min read Terraform Modules: The Secret Sauce to Scalable Infrastructure Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 8 '25 Terraform Modules: The Secret Sauce to Scalable Infrastructure # aws # terraform # devops # programming 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read 🌟 Terraform Meets DevSecOps: 5 Security Practices You Can’t Afford to Ignore Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 30 '25 🌟 Terraform Meets DevSecOps: 5 Security Practices You Can’t Afford to Ignore # aws # terraform # beginners # devops 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read 🌟 Story Weaver: An AI-Powered Multimodal App for Crafting and Experiencing Stories Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Sep 14 '25 🌟 Story Weaver: An AI-Powered Multimodal App for Crafting and Experiencing Stories # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # ai # gemini 24 reactions Comments 10 comments 3 min read 🚀 CI/CD for Terraform with GitHub Actions: Deploying a Node.js + Redis App on AWS Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 9 '25 🚀 CI/CD for Terraform with GitHub Actions: Deploying a Node.js + Redis App on AWS # devops # cicd # docker # terraform 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🚀 Midnight Challenge | Build & Run a Sample dApp with React, Flask & Docker Midnight Network Challenge: Enhance the Ecosystem Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Sep 6 '25 🚀 Midnight Challenge | Build & Run a Sample dApp with React, Flask & Docker # devchallenge # midnightchallenge # web3 # blockchain 27 reactions Comments 11 comments 3 min read 🌟 Automating Cover Letters with Portia AI: My AgentHack 2025 Journey Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Aug 25 '25 🌟 Automating Cover Letters with Portia AI: My AgentHack 2025 Journey # portia # programming # ai # llm 15 reactions Comments 9 comments 8 min read 🚀 Deploying a Highly Scalable & Available Django Application on AWS with Terraform Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 15 '25 🚀 Deploying a Highly Scalable & Available Django Application on AWS with Terraform # aws # terraform # programming # devops 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read 🚀 My Journey to Passing the AWS Solutions Architect Associate Exam Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 5 '25 🚀 My Journey to Passing the AWS Solutions Architect Associate Exam # aws # certification # programming # productivity 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Managing Terraform State File: Local vs Remote (S3 + DynamoDB) Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 29 '25 Managing Terraform State File: Local vs Remote (S3 + DynamoDB) # devops # terraform # aws # programming 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read ✨ How I Built Philosophy AI Agent for WLH Project WLH Challenge: Building with Bolt Submission Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jul 26 '25 ✨ How I Built Philosophy AI Agent for WLH Project # devchallenge # wlhchallenge # bolt # ai 21 reactions Comments 6 comments 4 min read 🌟 Ask a Philosopher: Voice AI Agent Powered by AssemblyAI and Gemini AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge: Domain Expert Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jul 25 '25 🌟 Ask a Philosopher: Voice AI Agent Powered by AssemblyAI and Gemini # devchallenge # assemblyaichallenge # ai # api 29 reactions Comments 14 comments 5 min read How to Deploy a Tetris Game on AWS ECS with Terraform Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 22 '25 How to Deploy a Tetris Game on AWS ECS with Terraform # docker # aws # terraform # devops 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🌟 Getting Started with Terraform: A beginner's Guide Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 19 '25 🌟 Getting Started with Terraform: A beginner's Guide # devops # aws # terraform # programming 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 14 min read 🌟 Becoming Terraform-Ready: Real-World EKS Deployment of a 3-Tier App Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 1 '25 🌟 Becoming Terraform-Ready: Real-World EKS Deployment of a 3-Tier App # docker # aws # terraform # kubernetes 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read How to Deploy Amazon Clone on AWS using Jenkins and Terraform with best DevSecOps Practices Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Jun 19 '25 How to Deploy Amazon Clone on AWS using Jenkins and Terraform with best DevSecOps Practices # aws # docker # node # kubernetes 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read How I built Classic Pac-Man game using AmazonQ CLI Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Jun 17 '25 How I built Classic Pac-Man game using AmazonQ CLI # amazonqcli # aws # ai # programming 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read How I Built an AI Agent That Writes Personalised Freelance Cover Letters with Runner H Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jun 12 '25 How I Built an AI Agent That Writes Personalised Freelance Cover Letters with Runner H # devchallenge # runnerhchallenge # ai # machinelearning 16 reactions Comments 7 comments 2 min read Simple Steps to Deploy a Three-Tier E-Commerce System on AWS EKS Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders May 25 '25 Simple Steps to Deploy a Three-Tier E-Commerce System on AWS EKS # aws # devops # kubernetes # docker 9 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read Easy Steps to deploy Super Mario Game on AWS EKS Using Terraform Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders May 22 '25 Easy Steps to deploy Super Mario Game on AWS EKS Using Terraform # devops # docker # kubernetes # aws 14 reactions Comments 4 comments 8 min read 🚀 Leveraging the Power of AWS ECS to Deploy Flask Tic-Tac-Toe Game Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders May 20 '25 🚀 Leveraging the Power of AWS ECS to Deploy Flask Tic-Tac-Toe Game # docker # devops # aws # python 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 9 min read Deploy a Static Website on EC2 Using AWS CI/CD Services (CodeBuild, CodeDeploy, GitHub, and Nginx) Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Apr 30 '25 Deploy a Static Website on EC2 Using AWS CI/CD Services (CodeBuild, CodeDeploy, GitHub, and Nginx) # aws # cid # nginx # devops 9 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read Understanding NACLs with AWS EC2 instances 🚀 Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Apr 22 '25 Understanding NACLs with AWS EC2 instances 🚀 # aws # devops # programming # security 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Hosting a Static Website on AWS S3 Using AWS CLI – No ClickOps, Just DevOps 💻 Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow for AWS Community Builders Apr 19 '25 Hosting a Static Website on AWS S3 Using AWS CLI – No ClickOps, Just DevOps 💻 # aws # awscommunity # devops # awscli 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Deploying Flask Todo Application using Pulumi for Fast Static Website Deployment Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Apr 5 '25 Deploying Flask Todo Application using Pulumi for Fast Static Website Deployment # devchallenge # pulumichallenge # webdev # cloud 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Deploying a Spring Boot Bank Application on Amazon EKS: A Step-by-Step Guide Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Mar 24 '25 🚀 Deploying a Spring Boot Bank Application on Amazon EKS: A Step-by-Step Guide # docker # aws # kubernetes # devops 10 reactions Comments 3 comments 10 min read Getting Started With Nginx: A beginner's Guide Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Mar 11 '25 Getting Started With Nginx: A beginner's Guide # nginx # docker # devops # coding 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Getting Started with Docker: A Beginner's Guide Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Mar 4 '25 Getting Started with Docker: A Beginner's Guide # docker # devops # tutorial # flask 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🚀 Automating Flask To-Do App with AWS: Terraform, Jenkins & Docker Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Feb 20 '25 🚀 Automating Flask To-Do App with AWS: Terraform, Jenkins & Docker # aws # docker # terraform # jenkins 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Streamlining AWS Deployments: Jenkins & Terraform in Action with the 2048 Game Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Feb 17 '25 Streamlining AWS Deployments: Jenkins & Terraform in Action with the 2048 Game # jenkins # terraform # devops # aws 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read How I Contributed to Kestra: A Beginner’s Perspective Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Feb 12 '25 How I Contributed to Kestra: A Beginner’s Perspective # opensource # frontend # programming # javascript 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Local to Cloud: Deploying a Django Employment Management App with AWS RDS Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Feb 8 '25 From Local to Cloud: Deploying a Django Employment Management App with AWS RDS # aws # django # devops # docker 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Monitoring Your Kubernetes Cluster: A Beginner’s Guide to Setting Up Prometheus and Grafana Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Feb 4 '25 Monitoring Your Kubernetes Cluster: A Beginner’s Guide to Setting Up Prometheus and Grafana # devops # kubernetes # cloud # aws 11 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read Apache Kafka Project: Real-Time Twitter Streaming with Python Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Feb 2 '25 Apache Kafka Project: Real-Time Twitter Streaming with Python # python # devops # kafka # twitter Comments Add Comment 4 min read Scaling Flask with Docker: Deploying a Portfolio Project with NGINX Load Balancing Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jan 28 '25 Scaling Flask with Docker: Deploying a Portfolio Project with NGINX Load Balancing # docker # flask # nginx # devops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Deploy a Flask Portfolio Website on AWS Elastic Beanstalk Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jan 18 '25 How to Deploy a Flask Portfolio Website on AWS Elastic Beanstalk # aws # python # portfolio # elasticbeanstalk 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mastering Cost Optimisation with Shell Scripting: Automate Log Storage in S3 for Budget-Friendly Infrastructure Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jan 13 '25 Mastering Cost Optimisation with Shell Scripting: Automate Log Storage in S3 for Budget-Friendly Infrastructure # devops # aws # jenkins 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Automate Your Workflows Across Jira, GitHub, and Slack Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jan 4 '25 Automate Your Workflows Across Jira, GitHub, and Slack # devops # automation # scrum # github 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Optimising Flask Dockerfiles: Best Practices for DevOps and Developers Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Jan 2 '25 Optimising Flask Dockerfiles: Best Practices for DevOps and Developers # flask # docker # devops # python 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Automating JIRA Ticket Creation with a Flask API: A GitHub Webhook Integration Guide Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Dec 21 '24 Automating JIRA Ticket Creation with a Flask API: A GitHub Webhook Integration Guide # devops # python # programming # automaton 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Optimise AWS Costs: Automate Unused EBS Snapshot Cleanup with Lambda Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Dec 18 '24 Optimise AWS Costs: Automate Unused EBS Snapshot Cleanup with Lambda # devops # aws # python # cloudcomputing 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read 3 Python Projects to Kickstart Python Learning Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Dec 18 '24 3 Python Projects to Kickstart Python Learning # python # devops # coding # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read How to Containerise and Deploy a MERN Stack Application with Docker Compose Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow Dec 9 '24 How to Containerise and Deploy a MERN Stack Application with Docker Compose # devops # docker # kubernetes # mongodb 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://forem.com/t/design/page/3 | Design Page 3 - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Design Follow Hide More than just making things look nice... Create Post Older #design posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu The Essential Guide to Adaptive Design Systems Luisa Luisa Luisa Follow Dec 29 '25 The Essential Guide to Adaptive Design Systems # mobile # design Comments Add Comment 7 min read How I Pivoted to Design (2025 Wrapped) Shubh Sharma Shubh Sharma Shubh Sharma Follow Dec 29 '25 How I Pivoted to Design (2025 Wrapped) # webdev # programming # design 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Minimalism isn't a style. It's a growth strategy paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Dec 29 '25 Minimalism isn't a style. 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https://www.thepythoncodingstack.com/p/python-enums-constants | Need a Constant in Python? Enums Can Come in Useful Subscribe Sign in Need a Constant in Python? Enums Can Come in Useful Python doesn’t have constants. But it has enums Stephen Gruppetta Jan 12, 2026 4 1 1 Share Python doesn’t have constants. You probably learnt this early on when learning Python. Unlike many other programming languages, you can’t define a constant in Python. All variables are variable! “Ah, but there are immutable types.” Sure, you can have an object that doesn’t change throughout its lifetime. But you can’t have a reference to it that’s guaranteed not to change. The identifier (variable name) you use to refer to this immutable type can easily switch to refer to something else. “How about using all caps for the identifier. Doesn’t that make it a constant?” No, it doesn’t. That’s just a convention you use to show your intent as a programmer that an identifier refers to a value that shouldn’t change. But nothing prevents that value from changing. Here’s an all-uppercase identifier that refers to an immutable object: All code blocks are available in text format at the end of this article • #1 The identifier is all caps. The object is a tuple, which is immutable. Recall that you don’t need parentheses to create a tuple—the comma is sufficient. So, you use an all-uppercase identifier for an immutable object. But that doesn’t stop you from changing the value of FIXED_LOCATION : #2 Neither using an immutable object nor using uppercase identifiers prevents you from changing this value! So, Python doesn’t have constants. But there are tools you can use to mimic constant behaviour depending on the use case you need. In this article I’ll explore one of these: Enums . All The Python Coding Place video courses are included in a single, cost-effective bundle. The courses cover beginner and intermediate level courses, and you also get access to a members-only forum. Get The All Courses Bundle Jargon Corner : Enum is short for enumeration , and you’ll see why soon. But don’t confuse this with the built-in enumerate() , which does something else. See Parkruns, Python’s enumerate and zip, and Why Python Loops Are Different from Other Languages • [Note: This is a Club post] for more on enumerate() . Let’s revisit our friend Alex from an article from a short while ago: “AI Coffee” Grand Opening This Monday . This article explored the program Alex used in his new coffee shop and how the function signature changed over time to minimise confusion and errors when using it. It’s a fun article about all the various types and styles of parameters and arguments you can have in Python functions. But it didn’t address another potential source of error when using this code. So let’s look at a simple version of the brew_coffee() function Alex used to serve his coffee-drinking customers: #3 When you call the function, you pass the coffee you want to this function: #4 And elsewhere in the code, these coffees are defined in a dictionary: #5 If you’ve written code like this in the past, you’ll know that it’s rather annoying—and error-prone—to keep using the strings with the coffee names wherever you need to refer to a specific coffee, such as when passing the coffees to brew_coffee() . The names of the coffees and the parameters that define them do not change. They’re constant. It’s a shame Python doesn’t have constants, you may think. But it has enums… #6 The CoffeeType enum contains seven members. Each member has a name and a value. By convention, you use all-uppercase names for the members since they represent constants. And these enum members behave like constants: #7 When you attempt to reassign a value to a member, Python raises an exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File ..., line 12, in <module> CoffeeType.ESPRESSO = 10 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ... AttributeError: cannot reassign member ‘ESPRESSO’ The member names are also contained within the namespace of the Enum class—you use CoffeeType.ESPRESSO rather than just ESPRESSO outside the Enum class definition. So, you get autocomplete, refactor-friendly names, and fewer silent typos. With raw strings, "capuccino" (with a single “p”) can sneak into your code, and nothing complains until a customer is already waiting at the counter. For these enum members to act as constants, their names must be unique. You can’t have the same name appear more than once: #8 You include ESPRESSO twice with different values. But this raises an exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File ..., line 3, in <module> ... ESPRESSO = 8 ^^^^^^^^ ... TypeError: ‘ESPRESSO’ already defined as 1 That’s good news. Otherwise, these enum members wouldn’t be very useful as constants. However, you can have an alias. You can have more than one member sharing the same value: #9 The members MACCHIATO and ESPRESSO_MACCHIATO both have the value 4 . Therefore, they represent the same item. They’re different names for the same coffee: #10 Note that Python always displays the first member associated with a value: CoffeeType.MACCHIATO The output says CoffeeType.MACCHIATO even though you pass CoffeeType.ESPRESSO_MACCHIATO to print() . Incidentally, if you don’t want to have aliases, you can use the @unique decorator when defining the enum class. Join The Club , the exclusive area for paid subscribers for more Python posts for premium members , videos, a members’ forum, and more. Subscribe You can also access the name and value of an enum member: #11 Here’s the output from this code: CoffeeType.ESPRESSO ESPRESSO 1 The .name attribute is a string, and the .value attribute is an integer in this case: #12 Here’s the output when you display the types: <enum ‘CoffeeType’> <class ‘str’> <class ‘int’> You’ll often use integers as values for enum members—that’s why they’re called enumerations . But you don’t have to: #13 The values are now also strings: CoffeeType.ESPRESSO ESPRESSO espresso You can use these enum members instead of strings wherever you need to refer to each coffee type: #14 …and again when you call brew_coffee() : #15 Now you have a safer, neater, and more robust way to handle the coffee types... and treat them as constants. A Bit More • StrEnum and IntEnum Let’s add some code to brew_coffee() : #16 This version is almost fine. But here’s a small problem: Brewing a CoffeeType.CORTADO with 30ml of coffee and 60ml of milk. Strength level: 2 The output displays CoffeeType.CORTADO since coffee_type refers to an enum member. You’d like the output to just show the name of the coffee! Of course, you can use the .value attribute any time you need to fetch the string. However, to make your coding simpler and more readable, you can ensure that the enum members are also strings themselves without having to rely on one of their attributes. You can use StrEnum instead of Enum : #17 Members of a StrEnum also inherit all the string methods, such as: #18 You call the string method .title() directly on the StrEnum member: Macchiato There’s also an IntEnum that can be useful when you want your enum members to act as integers. Let’s replace the coffee strength values, which are currently integers, with IntEnum members: #19 You could use a standard Enum in this case. But using an IntEnum allows you to manipulate its members directly as integers should you need to do so. Here’s an example: #20 This code is equivalent to printing 3 + 1 . You wouldn’t be able to do this with enums unless you use the .value attributes. And A Couple More Things About Enums Let’s explore a couple of other useful enum features before we wrap up this article. An enum class is iterable. Here are all the coffee types in a for loop: #21 Note that CoffeeType is the class name. But it’s an enum (a StrEnum in this case), so it’s iterable: Brewing a espresso with 30ml of coffee and 0ml of milk. Strength level: 3 Brewing a latte with 30ml of coffee and 150ml of milk. Strength level: 1 Brewing a cappuccino with 30ml of coffee and 100ml of milk. Strength level: 2 Brewing a macchiato with 30ml of coffee and 10ml of milk. Strength level: 3 Brewing a flat_white with 30ml of coffee and 120ml of milk. Strength level: 2 Brewing a ristretto with 20ml of coffee and 0ml of milk. Strength level: 4 Brewing a cortado with 30ml of coffee and 60ml of milk. Strength level: 2 I’ll let you sort out the text displayed to make sure you get ‘ an espresso’ when brewing an espresso and to remove the underscore in the flat white! And there will be times when you don’t care about the value of an enum member. You just want to use an enum to give your constants a consistent name. In this case, you can use the automatic value assignment: #22 Python assigns integers incrementally in the order you define the members for Enum classes. Note that these start from 1 , not 0 . The same integers are used if you use IntEnum classes. However, when you use StrEnum classes, Python behaves differently since the values should be strings in this case: #23 The values are now the lowercase strings representing the members’ names. Of course, the default values you get when you use auto() may be the values you need, after all. This is the case for both enums you created in this article, CoffeeType and CoffeeStrength : #24 Using auto() when appropriate makes it easier to write your code and expand it later if you need to add more enum members. Final Words You can get by without ever using enums. But there are many situations where you’d love to reach for a constant, and an enum will do just fine. Sure, Python doesn’t have constants. But it has enums! Photo by Valeria Boltneva Code in this article uses Python 3.14 The code images used in this article are created using Snappify . [Affiliate link] Join The Club , the exclusive area for paid subscribers for more Python posts , videos, a members’ forum, and more. Subscribe You can also support this publication by making a one-off contribution of any amount you wish . Support The Python Coding Stack For more Python resources, you can also visit Real Python —you may even stumble on one of my own articles or courses there! Also, are you interested in technical writing? You’d like to make your own writing more narrative, more engaging, more memorable? Have a look at Breaking the Rules . And you can find out more about me at stephengruppetta.com Appendix: Code Blocks Code Block #1 FIXED_LOCATION = 51.75, 0.34 Code Block #2 FIXED_LOCATION # (51.75, 0.34) FIXED_LOCATION = "Oops!" FIXED_LOCATION # 'Oops!' Code Block #3 def brew_coffee(coffee_type): # Actual code goes here... # It's not relevant for this article Code Block #4 brew_coffee("espresso") brew_coffee("cappuccino") Code Block #5 coffee_types = { "espresso": {"strength": 3, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 0}, "latte": {"strength": 1, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 150}, "cappuccino": {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 100}, "macchiato": {"strength": 3, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 10}, "flat_white": {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 120}, "ristretto": {"strength": 4, "coffee_amount": 20, "milk_amount": 0}, "cortado": {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 60}, } Code Block #6 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = 1 LATTE = 2 CAPPUCCINO = 3 MACCHIATO = 4 FLAT_WHITE = 5 RISTRETTO = 6 CORTADO = 7 Code Block #7 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = 1 LATTE = 2 CAPPUCCINO = 3 MACCHIATO = 4 FLAT_WHITE = 5 RISTRETTO = 6 CORTADO = 7 CoffeeType.ESPRESSO = 10 Code Block #8 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = 1 LATTE = 2 CAPPUCCINO = 3 MACCHIATO = 4 FLAT_WHITE = 5 RISTRETTO = 6 CORTADO = 7 ESPRESSO = 8 Code Block #9 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = 1 LATTE = 2 CAPPUCCINO = 3 MACCHIATO = 4 FLAT_WHITE = 5 RISTRETTO = 6 CORTADO = 7 ESPRESSO_MACCHIATO = 4 Code Block #10 print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO_MACCHIATO) Code Block #11 # ... print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO) print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.name) print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.value) Code Block #12 # ... print(type(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO)) print(type(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.name)) print(type(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.value)) Code Block #13 from enum import Enum class CoffeeType(Enum): ESPRESSO = "espresso" LATTE = "latte" CAPPUCCINO = "cappuccino" MACCHIATO = "macchiato" FLAT_WHITE = "flat_white" RISTRETTO = "ristretto" CORTADO = "cortado" print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO) print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.name) print(CoffeeType.ESPRESSO.value) Code Block #14 # ... coffee_types = { CoffeeType.ESPRESSO: {"strength": 3, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 0}, CoffeeType.LATTE: {"strength": 1, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 150}, CoffeeType.CAPPUCCINO: {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 100}, CoffeeType.MACCHIATO: {"strength": 3, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 10}, CoffeeType.FLAT_WHITE: {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 120}, CoffeeType.RISTRETTO: {"strength": 4, "coffee_amount": 20, "milk_amount": 0}, CoffeeType.CORTADO: {"strength": 2, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 60}, } Code Block #15 # ... brew_coffee(CoffeeType.CORTADO) Code Block #16 # ... def brew_coffee(coffee_type): coffee_details = coffee_types.get(coffee_type) if not coffee_details: print("Unknown coffee type!") return print( f"Brewing a {coffee_type} " f"with {coffee_details['coffee_amount']}ml of coffee " f"and {coffee_details['milk_amount']}ml of milk. " f"Strength level: {coffee_details['strength']}" ) brew_coffee(CoffeeType.CORTADO) Code Block #17 from enum import StrEnum class CoffeeType(StrEnum): ESPRESSO = "espresso" LATTE = "latte" CAPPUCCINO = "cappuccino" MACCHIATO = "macchiato" FLAT_WHITE = "flat_white" RISTRETTO = "ristretto" CORTADO = "cortado" # ... def brew_coffee(coffee_type): coffee_details = coffee_types.get(coffee_type) if not coffee_details: print("Unknown coffee type!") return print( f"Brewing a {coffee_type} " f"with {coffee_details['coffee_amount']}ml of coffee " f"and {coffee_details['milk_amount']}ml of milk. " f"Strength level: {coffee_details['strength']}" ) brew_coffee(CoffeeType.CORTADO) Code Block #18 print(CoffeeType.MACCHIATO.title()) Code Block #19 # ... class CoffeeStrength(IntEnum): WEAK = 1 MEDIUM = 2 STRONG = 3 EXTRA_STRONG = 4 coffee_types = { CoffeeType.ESPRESSO: { "strength": CoffeeStrength.STRONG, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 0, }, CoffeeType.LATTE: { "strength": CoffeeStrength.WEAK, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 150, }, CoffeeType.CAPPUCCINO: { "strength": CoffeeStrength.MEDIUM, "coffee_amount": 30, "milk_amount": 100, }, # ... and so on... } # ... Code Block #20 print(CoffeeStrength.STRONG + CoffeeStrength.WEAK) Code Block #21 # ... for coffee in CoffeeType: brew_coffee(coffee) Code Block #22 from enum import Enum, auto class Test(Enum): FIRST = auto() SECOND = auto() Test.FIRST # <Test.FIRST: 1> Test.SECOND # <Test.SECOND: 2> Code Block #23 from enum import StrEnum, auto class Test(StrEnum): FIRST = auto() SECOND = auto() Test.FIRST # <Test.FIRST: 'first'> Test.SECOND # <Test.SECOND: 'second'> Code Block #24 # ... class CoffeeType(StrEnum): ESPRESSO = auto() LATTE = auto() CAPPUCCINO = auto() MACCHIATO = auto() FLAT_WHITE = auto() RISTRETTO = auto() CORTADO = auto() class CoffeeStrength(IntEnum): WEAK = auto() MEDIUM = auto() STRONG = auto() EXTRA_STRONG = auto() # ... For more Python resources, you can also visit Real Python —you may even stumble on one of my own articles or courses there! Also, are you interested in technical writing? You’d like to make your own writing more narrative, more engaging, more memorable? Have a look at Breaking the Rules . And you can find out more about me at stephengruppetta.com 4 1 1 Share Previous Discussion about this post Comments Restacks Neural Foundry 9h Liked by Stephen Gruppetta Fantastic breakdown of enums as a workaround for Python's lack of true constants. The point about silent typos with raw strings is something I ran into constantly when building a state machine last year, switching to IntEnum literally saved me from a debugging nightmare. One thing that caught my attention is how StrEnum auto-generates lowercase values, which is super conveniet for APIs expecting specific casings. Worth noting tho that enum comparisons can trip people up since identity checks work differently than with primitives. Expand full comment Reply Share Top Latest Discussions No posts Ready for more? 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https://realpython.com/ref/glossary/sequence/ | sequence | Python Glossary – Real Python Start Here Learn Python Python Tutorials → In-depth articles and video courses Learning Paths → Guided study plans for accelerated learning Quizzes & Exercises → Check your learning progress Browse Topics → Focus on a specific area or skill level Community Chat → Learn with other Pythonistas Office Hours → Live Q&A calls with Python experts Podcast → Hear what’s new in the world of Python Books → Round out your knowledge and learn offline Reference → Concise definitions for common Python terms Code Mentor → Beta Personalized code assistance & learning tools Unlock All Content → More Learner Stories Python Newsletter Python Job Board Meet the Team Become a Tutorial Writer Become a Video Instructor Search / Join Sign‑In Table of Contents Examples Related Resources ( clear filter ) Clear filter Python Glossary / absolute import abstract base class (ABC) abstract method annotation application programming interface (API) args (arguments) argument array ASCII assignment assignment expression asynchronous context manager asynchronous generator asynchronous generator iterator asynchronous iterable asynchronous iteration asynchronous iterator asynchronous programming attribute awaitable base class BDFL binary file Boolean buffer protocol bytecode bytes-like object callable callback class class method closure cls (argument) code style collection comment composition comprehension concurrency console context manager control flow coroutine coroutine function CPU-bound task CPython data class data structure debugging decorator deep copy dependency descriptor dictionary dictionary view docstring dot notation duck typing EAFP encapsulation escape sequence exception expression f-string function functional programming function annotation garbage collection generator generator expression generator iterator generic function generic type Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) hashable higher-order 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IndentationError IndexError InterruptedError IOError IsADirectoryError KeyboardInterrupt KeyError LookupError MemoryError ModuleNotFoundError NameError NotADirectoryError NotImplementedError OSError OverflowError PermissionError RecursionError RuntimeError StopAsyncIteration StopIteration SyntaxError SystemExit TabError TimeoutError TypeError ValueError ZeroDivisionError Python’s Built-in Functions / abs() aiter() all() anext() any() ascii() bin() bool() breakpoint() callable() chr() classmethod() compile() delattr() dir() divmod() enumerate() eval() exec() filter() format() getattr() globals() hasattr() hash() help() hex() id() __import__() input() isinstance() issubclass() iter() len() locals() map() max() memoryview() min() next() oct() open() ord() pow() print() property() repr() reversed() round() setattr() slice() sorted() staticmethod() sum() super() type() vars() zip() Python Standard Library / abc argparse array asyncio calendar collections configparser contextlib contextvars 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defines its position in the sequence. Sequences allow you to store multiple values in a single container object. You can access each value by its position (index) within the sequence. Lists , tuples , and strings are common examples of sequences in Python. Each of these data types supports indexing, slicing , and iteration , making them versatile and powerful tools for managing data collections. Sequences are fundamental in Python programming because they provide a way to handle collections of data efficiently. With sequences, you can perform operations like concatenation, repetition, and membership testing. You can also use built-in functions like len() , min() , and max() to perform common tasks. Examples Here’s a quick example of using a list, which is a sequence data type in Python: Python >>> # Creating a list >>> fruits = [ "apple" , "banana" , "cherry" , "grape" ] >>> # Accessing items by index >>> fruits [ 0 ] 'apple' >>> # Updating an existing item >>> fruits [ 3 ] = "red grape" >>> # Getting a slice for the list >>> fruits [ 1 : 3 ] ['banana', 'cherry'] >>> # Adding an item to the list >>> fruits . append ( "mango" ) >>> # Iterate over the list >>> for fruit in fruits : ... print ( fruit ) ... apple banana cherry red grape mango In this example, you perform common sequence operations, such as creating a new list, accessing its items by index, assigning new values to a given item, retrieving a portion of the list, adding items to it, and iterating over its items. Note that you can only update values and add new ones to mutable sequences like lists. Tuples and strings are immutable and don’t support in-place changes. Here are some additional examples of using a string, another Python sequence: Python >>> # Creating a string >>> text = "apple" >>> # Accessing characters by index >>> text [ 0 ] 'a' >>> # Getting a slice of the string >>> text [ 1 : 4 ] 'ppl' >>> # Iterating over the string >>> for char in text : ... print ( char ) ... a p p l e >>> # Trying to update a character >>> text [ 0 ] = "A" Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment Strings are immutable. They support indexing, slicing, iteration, as well as other common sequence operations. However, they don’t support item assignment as lists do. Related Resources Tutorial Python Sequences: A Comprehensive Guide This tutorial dives into Python sequences, which is one of the main categories of data types. You'll learn about the properties that make an object a sequence and how to create user-defined sequences. intermediate python For additional information on related topics, take a look at the following resources: Python's list Data Type: A Deep Dive With Examples (Tutorial) Python's tuple Data Type: A Deep Dive With Examples (Tutorial) Strings and Character Data in Python (Tutorial) Lists vs Tuples in Python (Tutorial) Python Sequences: A Comprehensive Guide (Quiz) Exploring Python's list Data Type With Examples (Course) Exploring Python's tuple Data Type With Examples (Course) Strings and Character Data in Python (Course) Python Strings and Character Data (Quiz) Lists and Tuples in Python (Course) Lists vs Tuples in Python (Quiz) By Leodanis Pozo Ramos • Updated Oct. 2, 2025 Python Glossary Share Feedback Learn Python Start Here Learning Resources Code Mentor Python Reference Python Cheat Sheet Support Center Courses & Paths Learning Paths Quizzes & Exercises Browse Topics Live Courses Books Community Podcast Newsletter Community Chat Office Hours Learner Stories Membership Plans & Pricing Team Plans For Business For Schools Reviews Company About Us Team Mission & Values Editorial Guidelines Sponsorships Careers Press Kit Merch Privacy Policy ⋅ Terms of Use ⋅ Security ⋅ Contact Happy Pythoning! © 2012–2026 DevCademy Media Inc. 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