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6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.1.2 Method of measurement | 1) The EUT should be placed on a non-conducting support constructed from low dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s) so that its volume centre lies midway between the plates and directly above the central hole (drilled for the purposes of the verification procedure) in the bottom plate. It should be mounte... |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.1.3 Procedure for the completion of the results sheets | There are two values that need to be derived before the overall results sheet (see table 9) can be completed. These are the values for the maximum (or average) usable sensitivity of the EUT and the expanded measurement uncertainty. NOTE: Guidance for deriving the values of the various parameters used in the following c... |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.1.4 Log book entries | Table 8: Log book results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 2 Temperature:.........°°°°C Humidity:...............% Frequency:.............MHz Manufacturer of EUT:..................... Type No:.............. Serial No:.................. Test equipment item Type No. Serial No. VSWR Insertion loss Signal generato... |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.1.5 Statement of results | The results should be presented in tabular form as shown in table 9. Table 9: Overall results sheet RECEIVER SENSITIVITY Date: PAGE 1 of 1 Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m MAXIMUM Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m AVERAGE Usable Sensitivity µV/m Expande... |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.2 Measurement uncertainty for Receiver sensitivity | For tests in which the results of the verification procedure have been used, the test will have comprised only a single measurement stage. Otherwise, two measurement stages of the test would have been involved. A fully worked example calculation can be found in clause 5 of TR 102 273-1-2 [6]. ETSI ETSI TR 102 273-5 V1.... |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 1: EUT measurement | The first stage involves the measurement set-up as shown in figure 17. 150 termination Load Central axis of stripline Signal generator Ferrite beads 10dB attenuator Non-conducting, low dielectric constant support stand EUT with volume centre midway between plates Modulation detection ΩΩΩΩ Figure 17: Stage 1: EUT Measur... |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage 2: Field measurement | For tests using the results of the verification procedure As stated above, for tests in which the results of the verification procedure are used, this second stage does not really exist. In terms of its contribution to the overall uncertainty of this test, the verification procedure contributes the full value of its ov... |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.2.3 Expanded uncertainty for the Receiver sensitivity measurement | The combined standard uncertainty of the results of the receiver sensitivity measurement is the RSS combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.3.2.1 and 7.3.2.2 above. The components to be combined are uc EUT measurement and uc field measurement. dB 2 2 = __,__ + u u = u t measuremen field c nt measureme EUT ... |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.3 Co-channel rejection | This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here. |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.4 Adjacent channel selectivity | This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here. |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.5 Intermodulation immunity | This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here. |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.6 Blocking immunity or desensitization | This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here. |
6d4cb1ea917723cd4d4253e79635e575 | 102 273-5 | 7.3.7 Spurious response rejection | The analysis of this test has not been included in the present document, for this facility. ETSI ETSI TR 102 273-5 V1.2.1 (2001-12) 45 Annex A: Bibliography - "A designers guide to shielding", Hewlett Packard: RF and microwave measurement symposium and exhibition. - "Analysis of trials on Artificial Human Body", I. L. ... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: [1] Void [2] ITU-T Recommendation I.732: "Functional characteristics of ATM equipment". [3] ITU-T Recommendation I.326: "Functional architecture of transport networks based on ATM". [4] ITU-T Recommendation G.805: "Generic functional archite... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ARP Address Resolution Protocol ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode BER Bit Error rate ETSI ETSI TR 102 193 V1.1.1 (2003-04) 7 B-ISDN Broadband ISDN CBR Constant Bit Rate CCS Central Controller Station CDV Cell Delay Variation CER Cell Error Ratio ... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 4 ATM equipment architecture | |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 4.1 Point-to-point system | In these clause it is analysed the P-P case, considering some example of P-P radio equipment with an ATM interfaces. First of all it should be reminded that 3 different typologies of interfaces are possible: • the NNI, which is the interface between two equipment of the Transport Network or between an equipment of the ... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 4.2 P-MP system | The modelling of P-MP equipment is more complex, since for an appropriate managing of Radio channel two specific layers are inserted: the DLC layer and the MAC (Media Access Control) layer. The structure depicted in figure 5 refers to a radio system used with the reference architecture shown in figure 6. ETSI ETSI TR 1... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 6 Bit rate definition | In the previous clause a new block diagram is proposed where the main reference points are: • Z and Z' at the interfaces of the physical layer; • X and X' at the data interfaces NNI, UNI or SNI; • D and D' at the air interfaces. The BER parameter is the basic parameter used to define the majority of radio requirements,... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 6.1 Relationship between bit rates | The relationship between the bit rates at the different reference points is fundamental to define the requirements, since TM4 requirements are generally refer to the BER, i.e. to the errors occurring within a specific bit stream under specific conditions. The layering structure and the identification of precise and uni... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 7 Standard specification | Definition of requirements within EN standard should allow development of equipment and deployment of network to provide a set of services to end-user. So definition should be unequivocal and avoid misinterpretation of specification and allow verifying conformity to requirements. As described before, introduction of a ... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 7.1 BER parameter | In previous clauses the effect of cell loss on BER evaluation is mentioned. In this clause a brief qualitative analysis is reported in order to clarify what should be done to define requirements and/or test methods. Evaluation of BER vs. Receiver Signal Level (RSL) is a simple case. ETSI ETSI TR 102 193 V1.1.1 (2003-04... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 7.1.1 Example of SDH equipment | The BER vs. RSL curve can be measured at reference point Z and X (see figure 10). In case of SDH STM-1 equipment, bits at reference point Z and X are the same, note that the information carried is not the same: as consequence the curves evaluated at two points are the same. It should be noted that this is true consider... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 7.1.2 Example of ATM equipment | Let us now consider a P-MP system with a STM-1 ATM NNI interface at the network side and a E1 at the UNI interface. The systems can be described using atomic function as shown in figure 14 (the model is not formally correct, since SDH layer is not split in RS, MS functions, furthermore DLC and MAC layers are not shown ... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 8 Conformance test | An example of configuration for testing an ATM P-MP equipment with ATM Forum 25 Mbit/s interface is shown in figure 17. With this configuration all ATM performance parameters such as Cell Loss Ratio (CLR), Cell Error Ratio (CER), Cell Delay Variation (CDV), etc., can be measured vs. variation of attenuation A. It shoul... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 8.1 Packet level performance tests | IP protocol is considered the universal level 3 end-to-end protocol. It is operable over different level 2 protocol, as ATM or Ethernet. The main part of offered services from broadband systems are founded on IP technology. The devices should be equipped with Ethernet interface (10/100 base T) towards the users, and AT... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 8.2 Full band throughput | The allowed maximum capacity of IP connection at the 10/100BaseT interface, i.e. the maximum bit rate, for downlink and uplink, can be measured under different conditions. As above described for a P-MP system the tests should be performed on uplink (i.e. LAN-to-ATM) and downlink (i.e. ATM-to-LAN) and of the whole syste... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 8.2.1 Interference condition | The throughput values (above described) can be evaluated under interference condition (see figure 20); the C/I values corresponding to the test points should be declared in the following conditions: • with a co-channel interference producing 1 dB and 3 dB of input signal power threshold degradation at BER=10-6 (as defi... |
76666c84456e17cbafd55ea5dab68cc5 | 102 193 | 8.3 Full band latency | For every value of calculated throughput (with relative conditions) it must be evaluated its value of latency defined according to RFC 1242 [35] and RFC 2544 [37]. Moreover it must be declared what definition of latency is used to run the test: "store and forward" (LIFO) or "bit forwarding" (FIFO). ETSI ETSI TR 102 193... |
c1d17d63077007a7c134603e1fad069f | 102 187 | 1 Scope | The present document has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Satellite Earth stations and Systems (TC SES). It provides the definitions of the Family Names of Broadband Satellite Multimedia (BSM). |
c1d17d63077007a7c134603e1fad069f | 102 187 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: [1] ETSI TR 101 374-1: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Broadband satellite multimedia; Part 1: Survey on standardization objectives". [2] ETSI TR 101 374-2: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Broadband satellite multim... |
c1d17d63077007a7c134603e1fad069f | 102 187 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
c1d17d63077007a7c134603e1fad069f | 102 187 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Satellite Access Function (SAF): logical function that provides interworking between the BSM bearer service and an End System, either directly or via a local network (e.g. a LAN) Satellite Gateway Function (SGF): logical function that ... |
c1d17d63077007a7c134603e1fad069f | 102 187 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: BSM Broadband Satellite Multimedia FSS Fixed Satellite Services SAF Satellite Access Function SGF Satellite Gateway Function |
c1d17d63077007a7c134603e1fad069f | 102 187 | 4 Families of BSM systems | |
c1d17d63077007a7c134603e1fad069f | 102 187 | 4.1 Family names | To ensure that a Technical Specification can be re-used by various systems, it is required to classify them under families to maximize the commonalties between them. This will also facilitate, when appropriate, not only interoperability between these systems or between components of these systems within a same family b... |
c1d17d63077007a7c134603e1fad069f | 102 187 | 4.2 Reference points | According to the reference model for BSM access systems defined in TR 101 984 [3] these common functional requirements are defined at the following interfaces: BSM Satellite Access Function (Family i) BSM Satellite Access Function (Family i) BSM Satellite Gateway Function (Family i) BSM Satellite Gateway Function (Fami... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 1 Scope | The present document provides background to the subject of measurement uncertainty and proposes extensions and improvements relevant to radiated measurements. It also details the methods of radiated measurements (test methods for mobile radio equipment parameters and verification procedures for test sites) and addition... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: [1] ANSI C63.5 (1998): "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ControlCalibration of Antennas (9 kHz to 40 GHz)". [2] "Antenna Engineering Handboo... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations | |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: accuracy: this term is defined, in relation to the measured value, in clause 4.1.1; it has also been used in the remainder of the document in relation to instruments Audio Frequency (AF) load: normally a resistor of sufficient power ra... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: β 2π/λ (radians/m) γ incidence angle with ground plane (°) λ wavelength (m) φH phase angle of reflection coefficient (°) η 120π Ω - the intrinsic impedance of free Space (Ω) µ permeability (H/m) AFR antenna factor of the receive antenna (dB/m) AFT a... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AF Audio Frequency BER Bit Error Ratio CB Citizens' Band emf electromotive force EUT Equipment Under Test FSK Frequency Shift Keying GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying GSM Global System for Mobile telecommunication (Pan European digital teleco... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4 Introduction to measurement uncertainty | This clause gives the general background to the subject of measurement uncertainty and is the basis of the present document. It covers methods of evaluating both individual components and overall system uncertainties and ends with a discussion of the generally accepted present day approach to the calculation of overall... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.1 Background to measurement uncertainty | |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.1.1 Commonly used terms | UNCERTAINTY is that part of the expression of the result of a measurement which states the range of values within which the true value is estimated to lie. ACCURACY is an estimate of the closeness of the measured value to the true value. An accurate measurement is one in which the uncertainties are small. This term is ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.1.2 Assessment of upper and lower uncertainty bounds | One method of providing upper and lower bounds is by straightforward arithmetic calculation in the worst case condition, using the individual uncertainty contributions. This method can be used to arrive at a value each side of the measured result within which, there is utmost confidence (100 %) that the true value lies... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.1.3 Combination of rectangular distributions | The following example shows that the overall combined uncertainty of a measurement, when all contributions of that measurement have the same rectangular distribution, approaches a Normal distribution. The case of a discrete approach to a rectangularly distributed function, (the outcome of throwing a die), is shown and ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.1.4 Main contributors to uncertainty | The main contributors to the overall uncertainty of a measurement comprise: - systematic uncertainties: those uncertainties inherent in the test equipment used (instruments, attenuators, cables, amplifiers, etc.), and in the method employed. These uncertainties cannot always be eliminated (calculated out) although they... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.1.5 Other contributors | Other contributors to the overall uncertainty of a measurement can relate to the standard itself: - the type of measurement (direct field, substitution or conducted) and the test method have an effect on the uncertainty. These can be the most difficult uncertainty components to evaluate. As an illustration, if the same... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.2 Evaluation of individual uncertainty components | As discussed in clause 4.1.4, uncertainty components can be categorized either as "random" or "systematic". Such categorization of components of uncertainty can be ambiguous if they are applied too rigorously. For example, a "random" component of uncertainty in one measurement may become a "systematic" component of unc... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.2.1 Evaluation of Type A uncertainties | When we carry out a measurement more than once and find the results are different, the following questions arise: - What to do with the results? - How much variation is acceptable? - When do we suspect the measuring system is faulty? - Are the conditions repeatable? Variations in these repeated measurements are assumed... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.2.2 Evaluation of Type B uncertainties | Some examples of Type B uncertainties are: - mismatch; - losses in cables and components; - non-linearities in instruments; - antenna factors. Type B uncertainties do not reveal themselves as fluctuations as do Type A uncertainties; they can only be assessed by careful analysis of test and calibration data. For incorpo... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.2.3 Uncertainties relating to influence quantities | Uncertainties relating to influence quantities are, as a result of the way they are treated in the present document, regarded as a subgroup of Type B uncertainties. Some examples of influence quantities are: - power supply; - ambient temperature; - time/duty cycle. Their effect is evaluated using some relationship betw... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.3 Methods of evaluation of overall measurement uncertainty | The uncertainty of the measurement is a combination of many components. Some of these components may be evaluated from the statistical distributions of the results of a series of measurements (Type A uncertainty) whilst other components are evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or other i... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.4 Summary | The measured result can be affected by many variables, some of which are shown in figure 4. Corrections Coupling Equipment under test Contributions from the test method Influence quantities Temperature, supply voltage etc. Random uncertainties Inadequate definition of the measurand Statistical fluctuations Measuring sy... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 4.5 Overview of the approach of the present document | The present document proposes an approach to the calculation of the combined standard uncertainty of a measurement which includes solutions to the present day imperfections. For example, in clause 5, a technique is put forward for converting linear standard deviations into logarithmic ones (and vice versa) so that all ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 5 Analysis of measurement uncertainty | This clause develops the approach to measurement uncertainty beyond the introduction given in clause 4. It details the improvements to the analysis which the present document is proposing and presents solutions for all the identified problems associated with the BIPM method for calculating measurement uncertainty in ra... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 5.1 The BIPM method | Basic to the BIPM method is the representation of each individual uncertainty component that contributes to the overall measurement uncertainty by an estimated standard deviation, termed standard uncertainty [14], with suggested symbol u. All individual uncertainties are categorized as either Type A or Type B. Type A u... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 5.1.1 Type A uncertainties and their evaluation | Type A uncertainties are evaluated by statistical methods, estimating their standard deviations (corresponding to "standard uncertainties"). Annex D of TR 100 028-2 [11] shows that, in most cases, it is only the standard uncertainty that needs to be known in order to find the combined uncertainty. In the BIPM approach,... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 5.1.2 Type B uncertainties and their evaluation | Type B uncertainties are estimated by various methods. Figure 5 illustrates a selection of uncertainty distributions which can often be identified in RF measurements. 'U' Distribution +a -a 0 Rectangular Distribution +a -a 0 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution Figure 5: Types of uncertainty distribution Mismatch uncertainti... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 5.3.1 Student's t-distribution | The Student's t-distribution gives coverage factors (i.e. multipliers) for measurements, whereby the confidence level of a series of measurements can be calculated from a limited number of samples, assuming those samples have been taken from a Normal distribution. The fewer the number of samples, the bigger the coverag... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 5.3.2 Expanded uncertainties | When the combined standard uncertainty, uc, has been calculated from equation 5.1 (or by any other method) and it can be expected that the corresponding distribution is Normal, then, the uncertainty limits relate to a confidence level of 68,3 % (due to the properties of the Gaussian curve). By multiplying uc by "a cove... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 5.5 Uncertainties and randomness | The major difficulty behind this clause is to understand exactly what "randomness uncertainty" is supposed to cover in this context (i.e. what this clause or contribution is expected to cover): the BIPM method and the corresponding analysis is supposed to cover all components of the uncertainty, so it is fundamental to... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 5.6 Summary of the recommended approach | The basic BIPM method, with specific modifications, remains the adopted approach used for the calculation of combined standard and expanded uncertainty in the examples given in this report for radiated measurements. That is to say that once all the individual standard uncertainties in a particular measurement have been... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.1 Mismatch | In the following the Greek letter Γ means the complex reflection coefficient. ρx is the magnitude of the reflection coefficient: ρ x = Γx Where two parts or elements in a measurement configuration are connected, if the matching is not ideal, there will be an uncertainty in the level of the RF signal passing through ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.2 Attenuation measurement | In many measurements the absolute level of the RF signal is part of the measured result. The RF signal path attenuation has to be known in order to apply a systematic correction to the result. The RF signal path can be characterized using the manufacturers' information about the components involved, but this method can... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.3 Calculation involving a dependency function | The specific dependency function is the relationship between the RF signal level at the EUT antenna connector (dB) to the uncertainty of the measurement of SINAD at the EUT's audio output i.e. how does SINAD measurement uncertainty relate to RF level uncertainty at the EUT antenna connector. The following example is ba... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4 Measurement of carrier power | The example test is a conducted measurement. |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.1 Measurement set-up | The EUT is connected to the power meter via a coaxial cable and two power attenuators, one of 10 dB and one of 20 dB (see figure 9). Transmitter under test Power meter Sensor 20 dB power attenuator 10 dB power attenuator Cable Figure 9: Measurement set-up ETSI ETSI TR 102 273-1-1 V1.2.1 (2001-12) 40 The nominal carrier... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.2 Method of measurement | The transmitter is in an environmental chamber adjusted to +55 °C. The attenuators and the power sensor are outside the chamber. Prior to the power measurement the total insertion loss of cable and attenuators is measured. The attenuation measurements are done using a generator and a measuring receiver and two 6 dB att... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.3 Power meter and sensor module | The power meter uses a thermocouple power sensor module and contains a power reference. Power reference level: Power reference level uncertainty: ±1,2 % power. As nothing is stated about the distribution it is assumed to be rectangular and the standard uncertainty is converted from % power to dB by division with 23,0 (... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.4 Attenuator and cabling network | Standing wave ratios involved in the attenuation measurement (taken from manufacturers data): - Signal generator: VSWR ≤ 1,5 ρ = 0,200; - Power sensor: VSWR ≤ 1,15 ρ = 0,070; - 6 dB attenuators: VSWR ≤ 1,2 ρ = 0,091; - 10 dB power attenuator: VSWR ≤ 1,3 ρ = 0,130; - 20 dB attenuator: VSWR ≤ 1,25 ρ = 0,111; - Cable: VSW... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.4.1 Reference measurement | Figure 10 details the components involved in this reference measurement. 6 dB (2) attenuator 6 dB (1) attenuator RF signal generator Power meter and sensor Figure 10: The reference measurement ETSI ETSI TR 102 273-1-1 V1.2.1 (2001-12) 42 The individual mismatch uncertainties between the various components in figure 10 ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.4.2 The cable and the 10 dB power attenuator | Figure 11 shows the section of the reference set-up which concerns this part of the calculation. 6 dB (2) attenuator RF signal generator 6 dB (1) attenuator Cable 10 dB power attenuator Power meter and sensor Figure 11: The cable and the 10 dB power attenuator ETSI ETSI TR 102 273-1-1 V1.2.1 (2001-12) 43 The individual... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.4.3 The 20 dB attenuator | Figure 12 shows the section of the set-up which concerns this part of the calculation. Power meter and sensor 6 dB (1) attenuator RF signal generator 20 dB power attenuator 6 dB (2) attenuator Figure 12: The 20 dB attenuator In this part only terms separated by less than 10 dB are taken into account. ETSI ETSI TR 102 2... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.4.4 Instrumentation | Linearity of the measuring receiver is ±0,04 dB (from manufacturers data) as nothing is said about the distribution, a rectangular distribution in a logarithmic scale is assumed and the standard uncertainty is calculated: dB 0,023 3 04 0 = = , u linearity j receiver |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.4.5 Power and temperature influences | Temperature influence: 0,0001 dB/degree (from manufacturers data), which is negligible, the power influence for the 10 dB attenuator is 0,0001 dB/dB × Watt (from manufacturers data) which gives 0,0001 × 25 × 10 = 0,025 dB as nothing is said about the distribution, a rectangular distribution in logs is assumed and the s... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.4.6 Collecting terms | 10 dB attenuator and cabling network uncertainty: 2 10 2 2 10 dB nfluence i j power linearity j receiver c mismatch cable and attenuator dB c u u u u + + = dB 0,160 014 ,0 04 ,0 154 ,0 2 2 2 10 = + + = cable and attenuator dB c u 20 dB attenuator and cabling network uncertainty: 2 20 2 2 20 dB nfluence i j power linear... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.5 Mismatch during measurement | Standing wave ratios involved in the power measurement: - EUT: ρ = 0,200; - Power sensor: VSWR ≤ 1,15 ρ = 0,070; - 10 dB power attenuator: VSWR ≤ 1,3 ρ = 0,130; - 20 dB attenuator: VSWR ≤ 1,25 ρ = 0,111; ETSI ETSI TR 102 273-1-1 V1.2.1 (2001-12) 47 - Cable: VSWR ≤ 1,2 ρ = 0,091. The mismatch uncertainties are calculate... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.6 Influence quantities | The two influence quantities involved in the measurement are ambient temperature and supply voltage. Temperature uncertainty: ±1,0 °C. Supply voltage uncertainty: ±0,1 V. Uncertainty caused by the temperature uncertainty: Dependency function (from TR 100 028 [11]): Mean value 4 %/°C and standard deviation: 1,2 %/°C. St... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.7 Random | The measurement was repeated 9 times. The following results were obtained (before correcting for cabling and attenuator network insertion loss): 21,8 mW; 22,8 mW; 23,0 mW; 22,5 mW; 22,1 mW; 22,7 mW; 21,7 mW; 22,3 mW; 22,7 mW The two sums X and Y are calculated: X = the sum of the measured values = 201,6 mW Y = the sum ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.4.8 Expanded uncertainty | The combined standard uncertainty for the carrier power measurement is the RSS of all the calculated part standard uncertainties: 2 2 2 2 2 c random fluence c in c mismatch cabling and ion c attenuat sensor and c meter power carrier c u u u u u u + + + + = dB 0,344 089 0 108 0 232 0 201 0 066 0 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + = , ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.1 Noise behaviour in different receiver configurations | The effect of noise on radio receivers is very dependant on the actual design. A radio receiver has (generally) a front end and demodulation stages according to one of the possibilities presented in figure 13. This simplified diagram (for AM and FM/PM systems) illustrates several possible routes from the front end to t... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.2 Sensitivity measurement | The sensitivity of a receiver is usually measured as the input RF signal level which produces a specific output performance which is a function of the base band signal-to-noise ratio in the receiver. This is done by adjusting the RF level of the input signal at the RF input of the receiver. What is actually done is tha... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.3 Interference immunity measurements | Interference immunity (i.e. co-channel rejection, adjacent channel rejection) is measured by adjusting the RF level of the wanted signal to a specified value. Then the RF level of the interfering signal is adjusted to produce a specified performance at the output of the receiver. The interfering signal is normally modu... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.4 Blocking and spurious response measurements | These measurements are similar to interference immunity measurements except that the unwanted signal is without modulation. Even though the unwanted signal (or the derived signal in the receive channel caused by the unwanted signal) cannot in every case be regarded as white noise, the present document does not distingu... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.5 Third order intermodulation | When two unwanted signals X and Y occur at frequency distance d(X) and 2d(Y) from the receiving channel a disturbing signal Z is generated in the receiving channel due to non linearities in filters, amplifiers and mixers. The physical mechanism behind the intermodulation is the third order component of the non-linearit... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.5.1 Measurement of third order intermodulation | The measurement is normally carried out as follows: Three signal generators are connected to the input of the EUT. Generator 1 is adjusted to a specified level at the receiving frequency fo (the wanted signal W). Generator 2 is adjusted to frequency fo + δ (unwanted signal X) and generator 3 is adjusted to frequency fo... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.5.2 Uncertainties involved in the measurement | The predominant uncertainty sources related to the measurement are the uncertainty of the levels of the applied RF signals and uncertainty of the degradation (the SINAD, BER, or message acceptance measurement). The problems about the degradation uncertainty are exactly the same as those involved in the co-channel rejec... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.5.2.1 Signal level uncertainty of the two unwanted signals | A is the assumed level of the two unwanted signals (the indication of the two unwanted signal generators corrected for matching network attenuations). Ax is the true level of X and Ay is the true level of Y. (Ax is A + δx and Ay is A + δy) see figure 16. Az is the level of Z (the same as in the ideal measurement). A A ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.5.2.2 Signal level uncertainty of the wanted signal | Under the assumption that equal change of both the level of the wanted signal and the intermodulation product will cause no change of the SINAD, (or the BER, or the message acceptance) the error contribution from the uncertainty of the level of the wanted signal can be calculated. If there is an error δw on the wanted ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.5.3 Analogue speech (SINAD) measurement uncertainty | Sensitivity is normally stated as an RF input level in conducted measurements. For analogue systems this is stated as at a specified SINAD value. For an analogue receiver, the dependency function to transform the SINAD uncertainty to the RF input level uncertainty is the slope of the noise function described above in c... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.5.4 BER and message acceptance measurement uncertainty | Any BER (or message acceptance) uncertainty will influence the total uncertainty by the inverse of the slope of the appropriate BER function at the actual signal-to-noise ratio. As the BER function is very steep, the resulting dependency function is small, and it is sufficient to use the differential coefficient as an ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.5.5.5 Other methods of measuring third order intermodulation | Some test specifications specify other methods of measuring the intermodulation rejection: The measured result is the SINAD, BER, or message acceptance at fixed test signal levels. This is the case with some digital communication equipment like DECT and GSM. In these measurements the uncertainty should be calculated in... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.6 Uncertainty in measuring continuous bit streams | |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.6.1 General | If an EUT is equipped with data facilities, the characteristic used to assess its performance is the Bit Error Ratio (BER). The BER is the ratio of the number of bits in error to the total number of bits in a received signal and is a good measure of receiver performance in digital radio systems just as SINAD is a good ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.6.2 Statistics involved in the measurement | Data transmissions depend upon a received bit actually being that which was transmitted. As the level of the received signal approaches the noise floor (and therefore the signal to noise ratio decreases), the probability of bit errors (and the BER) increases. The first assumption for this statistical analysis of BER me... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.6.4 BER dependency functions | As in SINAD measurements, the BER of a receiver is a function of the signal to noise ratio of the RF signal at the input of the receiver. Several modulation and demodulation techniques are used in data communication and the dependency functions are related to these techniques. This clause covers the following types of ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 6.6.4.1 Coherent data communications | Coherent demodulation techniques are techniques which use absolute phase as part of the information. Therefore the receiver has to be able to retrieve the absolute phase from the received signal. This involves very stable oscillators and sophisticated demodulation circuitry, but there is a gain in performance under noi... |
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