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7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 8.3.5 Effects of the stripline | Several different types of stripline test facilities are discussed in part 5 of the present document but of these, only one has been found to be in regular use in European test houses. This is the open two-plate stripline as detailed in EN 55020 [9]. The following review of uncertainties specific to stripline test faci... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 8.3.5.1 Mutual coupling | The close proximity of the stripline's metal plates can produce de-tuning effects and imaging of the device placed within the line. These effects are generally termed mutual coupling effects. Imaging can be particularly serious since it can result in changes to the radiation pattern, gain and input impedance of the tes... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 8.3.5.2 Characteristic impedance of the line | Virtually all test devices, whether an EUT, antenna, field probe, etc., are designed to operate in free-space i.e. their radiating structures are matched to the intrinsic impedance of 377 Ω. Therefore when used in environments which have different impedances e.g. stripline test facilities, the matching schemes employed... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 8.3.5.3 Non-planar nature of the field distribution | Ideally, all EUTs should be tested in plane wave far-field conditions i.e. fields which are uniform in both phase and amplitude. Various effects disturb the required field distribution in a stripline, amongst which are non-TEM (also termed higher order) modes, reflections, room resonances, etc. uj27 is used throughout ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 8.3.5.4 Field strength measurement | A three-axis probe or a monopole can be optionally used in test methods to measure the field strength within the stripline during, for example, sensitivity measurements. Alternatively, the value of the stripline's transform factor (i.e. the relationship between power in dBm input into the stripline and the resulting fi... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 8.3.5.5 Correction factor for the size of EUT | The height of the EUT within the stripline is known to distort field strength levels. In EN 55020 [9], correction figures are given to allow for this effect. These figures are, however, subject to uncertainty. uj32 is used throughout all parts of the present document for the uncertainty contribution associated with the... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 8.3.5.6 Influence of site effects | A considerable amount of energy is radiated by the EN 55020 [9] stripline from its open sides. This not only represents a power loss from the facility but also serves as an interference source, by giving rise to possible outside reflections. As a consequence, external objects can influence the results of measurements. ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9 Constructional aspects | This clause concerns all types of test sites i.e. free field test sites and striplines. It discusses the performance implications of key aspects of their construction starting with a major consideration of whether or not to shield against radiated local ambient signals. An individual review of each type of facility is ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.1 Introduction | For any test site, a key aspect is to determine whether or not a shield against local ambient signals is required. The provision or otherwise of a shield can have a major impact on both the overall performance of the site as well as the cost. For example, high ambient signal levels may dictate against the construction ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.2 Open Area Test Site | Where possible, for minimum interference, an Open Area Test Site should be located in an area having low levels of ambient signals and for minimum uncertainty, tests on an EUT should be carried out when the level of ambient signals do not exceed certain specified levels. For conformance testing, the ambient signals sho... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.2.1 Site surveys and site location | The site survey is one of the most important aspects before the construction of an unshielded Open Area Test Site. There are three main objectives to a site survey: - identify (visually) any obvious obstructions within the area which would prohibit its use; - identify (by measurement) which of the available locations h... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.2.1.1 Detection system sensitivity | A site survey determines the detection system sensitivity, i.e. the lowest level of signal that can be distinguished from the background noise (ambient signals). The detection system sensitivity can be affected by many factors such as: - ambient levels; - measurement bandwidth; - type of detection; - distance between r... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.2.1.2 Site survey procedure | A site survey may be carried out using, for example, a biconic and log periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) covering the frequency range 30 MHz to 200 MHz and 200 MHz to 1 000 MHz respectively, a spectrum analyser covering the same frequency range, a tripod placed on the earth and a coaxial cable as shown in figure 92. A typ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.2.1.3 Example of a site survey | Figure 93 shows the positions of an imaginary site survey. Figure 93: Site surveys There are decisions that need to be made before the engineer can proceed with a site survey. For the testing parameters he needs to know: - what range of measurement bandwidths will be used on the site; - can one typical bandwidth be use... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.2.2 Extraneous reflections | Whilst the ideal Open Area Test Site should be completely clear of any possible reflecting objects, this is not very realistic in practice and items such as trees, buildings, movements of people, etc. will always be in and around the area. Care should therefore be taken to ensure that the effects of such objects do not... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.3 Anechoic Chamber (with and without a Ground Plane) | Site surveys are not usually carried out for the Anechoic Chamber (with or without a Ground Plane), as it is normally a measurement of the ambient signal levels at a proposed unprotected (or open) test site. The effects of the metal walls should provide adequate shielding, unless it is built close to a power transmitte... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.3.1 Basic shielded enclosure parameters | An Anechoic Chamber (with or without a Ground Plane) is usually based on a shielded enclosure, see figure 94. h l b Figure 94: Basic shielded enclosure A shielded enclosure is defined as any structure that protects its interior from the effect of an exterior electric or magnetic field, or conversely, protects the surro... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.3.2 Basic shielded enclosure resonances | The approximate frequencies of the basic shielded enclosure resonances can be calculated (in MHz) by using the following formula: see [18]. MHz 150 2 2 2 + + = h z b y l x f Where l, b and h are the length, breadth, and height (in m) respectively (see figure 94) and x, y and z are mo... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.3.3 Waveguide type propagation modes | The propagation of transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes are also possible within the shielded enclosure. These modes can only be supported when the cross sectional dimensions of the shielded enclosure exceed half a wavelength. As the shielded enclosure is rectangular in cross section with side lengths of e... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.3.4 Earthing arrangements | The shielding effectiveness is critically dependant on the earthing arrangements of the chamber. A typical good earth consists of a number of square metal plates (i.e. galvanized steel) arranged vertically in a row at about 1 m to 3 m depth and all connected via a bond strap. The bond straps are made of good conductivi... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.3.5 Skin depth | At high frequencies for a bonding strap or coaxial cable, currents due to external fields are restricted to the outside surface of the conductor. This is a result of skin depth. For copper the skin depth is 6,6 mm at a frequency of 100 Hz, falling to 66 µm at 1 MHz, the changeover from a uniform current distribution to... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.3.6 Shielding effectiveness | The effectiveness of the shield is easier to measure than it is to calculate analytically. Effectiveness depends on many factors such as: - the distance of the source from the shield and the receiver; - the frequency of the radiation; - the material used; - the type of field; - the nature of any discontinuities in the ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.4 striplines | An open stripline (e.g. that specified in EN 55020 [9]) is susceptible to local ambient radiated signals in the same way as an Open Area Test Site. Consideration should therefore be given to provision of a shielded room in which to use the facility. Room resonances and waveguide type transmission modes could however be... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.4.1 Open 2-plate stripline test cell | A specific example of the open 2-plate stripline is that described in EN 55020 [9]. As shown in the outline drawing (see figure 97), the EN 55020 [9] stripline measures 2,76 m in overall length with a height of 0,8 m, a lower plate width of 0,9 m and an upper plate width of 0,6 m. 0,8 m 0,6 m 0,9 m 2,0 m 2,76 m Elevati... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.5 Miscellaneous | |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.5.1 Long term stability | There are a variety of ways in which a test site, when built can degrade with age and whilst a number of the ageing mechanisms will be present at all sites, the actual effect on performance will differ from site to site. Abrupt changes in the performance of a test site are easier to detect than slow, evolutionary chang... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.5.2 Power supplies | Electrically clean supplies are very important. Signals conducted on the ac power mains may interfere with the correct operation of the test site. For example, test equipment may give spurious readings, computer equipment may "glitch", and equipment being tested may respond inappropriately. The interfering signals may ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 9.5.3 Ancillary equipment | Free field test sites (normally remote from buildings, etc.) will need to be heated if they are not "seasonal sites" i.e. sites used when ambient conditions are comfortable for test site personnel. The provision of heating should be considered as a potential problem for such sites as it will place a drain on the electr... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10 Test equipment | |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.1 Introduction | Every item of test equipment in a measurement configuration will, in some way, contribute uncertainty to the measurement. For example the signal generator might drift in frequency, the cables may interact with the radiated fields, the dipoles with poor absorber materials etc. Temperature effects on test equipment are n... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.2 Cables | Whereas an open two wire system is useful at lower frequencies (DC power leads, audio leads, etc.) and in short lengths up to about 100 MHz, at these higher frequencies serious losses can occur due to radiation and to skin effect in the conductors. To overcome radiation losses, a closed field configuration is used in w... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.2.1 Cable attenuation | Cable attenuation plays an important part in test site operation. It can reduce unwanted reflections when it is high, but as a consequence also reduces sensitivity. Alternatively if it is low it will not reduce system sensitivity as much but equally it will offer less protection against any reflection problems. Cable a... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.2.2 Cable coupling | A common mechanism for introducing uncertainty into any measurement is electromagnetic coupling into the cables. This coupling can have differing effects depending on the length of the cable and where it is in the system. Cables are usually the longest parts of the test set-ups and as such they can make good receiving ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.2.3 Cable shielding | Externally, poor cable sheath earthing can have a major impact on the screening effectiveness of cables. The degree of screening is also affected by the skin effect, particularly at low frequencies, where the sheath can be thinner than a skin depth. In these cases the current flowing in the sheath can be considered to ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.2.4 Transfer impedance | Surface transfer impedance is defined as "The quotient of the voltage induced in the centre conductor of a coaxial line per unit length by the current on the external surface of the coaxial line IEC 60050-161 [15]. In the case of figure 101, the impinging wave shown strikes the outer sheath and induces a current Is on ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.2.5 Improving cable performance with ferrite beads | Ferrite is a ferromagnetic ceramic material. Its susceptibility and permeability are dependant on the field strength and magnetization curves (which have hysterisis). Its magnetic characteristics can be affected by pressure, temperature, field strength, frequency and time. Its mechanical and electromagnetic characteris... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.2.5.1 Impedance | The impedance of a ferrite core is considered to be a series combination of the inductive reactance (jωLs) which is a function of the material's permeability, and the loss resistance (Rs), both of which are frequency dependant. High permeability ferrites (µr greater than 2 000) have relatively high impedances at low fr... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.2.6 Equipment interconnection (mismatch) | When two or more items of RF test equipment are connected together a degree of mismatch occurs. Associated with this mismatch there is an uncertainty component as the precise interactions are unknown. Mismatch uncertainties are calculated in the present document using S-parameters and full details of the method are giv... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.3 Signal generator | The signal generator is used as the transmitting source for test site verification procedures, the substitution source for emission measurements and the transmitting source for sensitivity type tests. The signal generator's output level should remain constant for the duration of the tests. Any variation in the output l... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.4 Attenuators | An attenuator on the measuring or test antenna provides isolation between the antenna output and the receiver input, whereas an attenuator on the substitution antenna (transmitting antenna) provides isolation between the signal generator output and the antenna input. In both cases the attenuator is used to prevent sign... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.4.1 Attenuators used in test site verification procedures | The attenuation value is nominal and contributes equally to both the reference measurement and the actual measurement when site verification measurements are made. Any associated uncertainty in its loss value therefore cancels in the calculations. |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.4.2 Attenuators used in test methods | The test equipment layouts for the EUT measurement and substitution stages of a test method, are not always the same, therefore the uncertainty contributions do not always cancel. On the one side, the test antenna's attenuator is involved in both stages and hence its uncertainty contribution cancels. However the substi... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.4.3 Other insertion losses | Other items of test equipment contribute measurement uncertainty in the same way as attenuators. These include cables, adapters and antenna baluns. Each of these has an insertion loss at a given frequency which acts as a systematic offset. Knowing the value of the insertion loss allows the result to be corrected by the... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5 Antennas | An antenna is a device which converts a radiated field strength in V/m or A/m to a conducted power level and vice versa. Its technical characteristics can be described by a number of parameters typically gain, polarization, radiation pattern and input impedance. These, along with other parameters that affect the accura... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.1 Antenna factor | The antenna factor for a particular antenna relates the output voltage appearing at its terminals to the electric (or magnetic) field strength in which it is immersed. It is a factor which takes into account the directivity, all internal and mismatch losses, the effects of any integral circuitry and is specified at a p... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.2 Gain | An antenna's gain is a measure of its ability to direct power in a particular direction and is usually specified in dB relative to an isotropic radiator in the far-field. Some manufacturers supply measured gain calibration curves with their antennas whilst others supply typical figures only. Whatever the case, the figu... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.3 Tuning | Uncertainty is introduced into any test in which dipoles are used, as a result of the uncertainty of setting of the correct length of the dipole arms. uj46 is used throughout all parts of the present document for the uncertainty contribution associated with the inaccurate tuning of the antenna. |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.4 Polarization | Most antennas used on test sites (dipoles, bicones, LPDAs, waveguide horns, etc.) are termed linearly polarized, i.e. the electric vector is assumed to be contained in a single plane. However, few practical antennas exhibit true linear polarization since there is usually an orthogonal (cross-polarized) component presen... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.5 Phase centre | The phase centre of an antenna (or any other radiating structure) is the point from which it can be considered to radiate. If the antenna (or radiating structure) was rotated about this point, the phase of the received/transmitted signal would not change. The phase centre of both a dipole and biconic antenna is in the ... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.6 Input impedance | The input impedance of an antenna is, in general, the complex combination of the radiation resistance, line lengths, loss resistance and matching section (if any). If the input impedance of the antenna is mismatched to its feed line then full power is not transmitted. Equally, if, in free Space, the antenna is perfectl... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.7 Temperature | Any surface at a temperature greater than absolute zero produces radiation which can contribute to the overall noise detected by an antenna. In general, on an unprotected Open Area Test Site the receive antenna will be pointing at the sky which is usually regarded as being at an equivalent temperature for microwave fre... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.8 Nearfield | Reactive and radiated near-fields have been discussed in clause 7. Measurement uncertainty may be high in these regions due to the presence of numerous field components and a non-uniform phase front. Mutual coupling also occurs in this region resulting in possible impedance changes and the consequent mismatching of ant... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.5.9 Farfield | The far-field has also been discussed in clause 7 and is the region in which, wherever possible, all radiated measurements should be carried out. In this region the amplitude and phase distributions of the field incident on the receive antenna are sufficiently uniform for no significant uncertainties in the received po... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.6 Spectrum analyser and measuring receiver | Different types of test equipment are used to measure the received signal, the main types being the spectrum analyser and the measuring receiver. It is important therefore to know the main differences between these two receiving devices for a better understanding of how they can introduce uncertainties through improper... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.6.1 Detector characteristics | An average detector is a detector, the output voltage of which is the average value of the magnitude of the envelope of an applied signal or noise [1]. Average detection occurs when the video bandwidth is less than the intermediate frequency bandwidth. A ratio may be defined of the (intermediate frequency bandwidth): (... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.6.2 Measurement bandwidth | The measurement bandwidth can significantly affect the outcome of a measurement. For a purely sinusoidal wave, an increase or decrease in measurement bandwidth has no effect on the measured value, other than the relative passband loss of the selected bandwidth. For a broadband signal, however, the measurement bandwidth... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.6.3 Receiver sensitivity | The minimum discernible signal on a receiver is a signal that is just above the receiver noise floor, the receiver noise floor itself being bandwidth dependant. A method is required to calculate the receiver noise floor in a given bandwidth. The source of the noise floor is thermal effects. The random motion of electro... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.6.4 Measurement automation | The complete measuring receiver, based on a spectrum analyser, is a complex instrument. Manufacturers often provide powerful automation software packages in order to take some of the difficulties away from the operator. By developing libraries of predetermined test set ups, and limit lines, the display can be processed... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.6.5 Power measuring receiver | For the measurement of transmitter adjacent channel power, a power measuring receiver is required. There are three types of power measuring receivers in common usage, they are: - an adjacent channel power meter with mechanical filters; - a spectrum analyser; - a measuring receiver with digital filters. Adjacent channel... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.7 EUT | The ideal EUT is a radiating (or receiving) device which is infinitesimal and therefore has an isotropic field pattern which is stable with time. In practice, however, the EUT will have a physical extent. This causes uncertainties in the distance to the test antenna as there is no standard way of determining the positi... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.7.1 Battery operated EUTs | Battery operated EUTs require special attention during testing. For example, how will the battery pack affect the measured results? Normally the relevant standard requires that the power source of the EUT should be replaced by a test power source, capable of producing normal and extreme test voltages as stated in the r... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.8 Frequency counter | The frequency of the device may be measured by several means. Amongst these, the purpose built frequency counter and the frequency readout on a spectrum analyser are the most common. The frequency counter will be specified by, ETSI ETSI TR 102 273-1-1 V1.2.1 (2001-12) 225 amongst other things, crystal stability, temper... |
7806589cb221af5f58e72478b546c108 | 102 273-1-1 | 10.9 Salty man/salty-lite and Test Fixtures | Salty man/Salty-lite: The human body has a significant effect on the electrical performance of a body worn equipment. For test purposes the artificial human body should simulate the average human body. Two main types of artificial human bodies are used in testing salty man and salty-lite. uj58 is used throughout all pa... |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 1 Scope | The present document records the details of two surveys made in connection with work TR 102 068 [1] on requirements for assistive technology devices in Information and Telecommunications Technology (ICT) systems. No attempt is made to analyse the results which are given here solely for information and to provide possib... |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following reference applies: [1] ETSI TR 102 068: "Human Factors (HF); Requirements for assistive technology devices in ICT". |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Bluetooth: wireless technology enabling secure transmission of both voice and data DAISY: international standard for talking books design for all: design of products to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without ... |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AT Assistive Technology ATM Automatic Teller Machine CCTV Closed Circuit TeleVision CD Compact Disc CP Cerebral Palsy DAISY Digital Accessible Information SYstem GPS Global Positioning System HCI Human Computer Interface ETSI ETSI TR 102 279 V... |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 4 Background | STF 181 was set up to produce TR 102 068 [1], a technical report intended to give guidance on the needs of elderly and disabled people for assistive technology devices and the requirements for the interconnection of such devices to ICT systems. As part of the background research carried out at the commencement of the p... |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 5 Questionnaire to disability professionals | |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 5.1 The questionnaire | |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 5.1.1 Contents | The questionnaire contained the following introduction: Thank you for offering to answer this brief questionnaire on the future requirements for personal assistive technology for people with disabilities. The aim of this questionnaire is to discover what elderly and disabled people will require from the assistive techn... |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 5.1.2 Comment on the questionnaire | As can be seen in clause 5.1.1, the questions asked were somewhat open-ended and the requested categorization by types of disability in the first three questions appeared to be treated differently by the various respondents. This is likely to make it a somewhat difficult to analyse the results. Nevertheless the replies... |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 6 Questionnaire to disability equipment industry | |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 6.1 The questionnaire | |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 6.1.1 Contents | Many Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industries are working on making their products usable by disabled and elderly users. When inclusive design does not meet all the users' needs, it will be necessary to use assistive devices. Currently there is little standardization of the interface between assistive ... |
8fc3045581af6620940ade4e8ae94d1a | 102 279 | 6.1.2 Comment on the questionnaire | The question in clause 6.1.1 was open-ended and so the replies do not lead themselves to simple analysis. On the other hand they were simple and straightforward and produced valuable answers in a reasonably logical form making the information contained accessible to the user. There were 49 respondents from 10 different... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 1 Scope | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 1.1 General | The European Commission requires a feasibility study for a European standard related to the capability of VDL (Very high frequency Data Link) Mode 4 to serve as an element to support services to be provided by the Galileo local component. The GALILEO system is comprised of a number of major architectural components. Th... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 1.2 Background | The"classic" local component comprises a Data Generation Mechanism (DGM) and a Data Delivery Mechanism (DDM) (see figure 1.1). ETSI ETSI TR 102 168 V1.1.1 (2004-02) 8 Data Generation Mechanism (DGM) Users Data Delivery Mechanism (DDM) Monitors satellites (GPS/Galileo) to produce differential corrections and/or integrit... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 1.3 Methodology | The approach taken by the team is illustrated in figure 1.3. VDL 4 Characterisation User link requirements Technological assessment Market acceptance assessment Market characterisation What is the theoretical potential for VDL 4? How to establish market acceptance? Future requirements for navigation data distribution N... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 1.4 Selection of candidate markets and applications | Our proposed candidate markets for this analysis are: • Aviation, focussing on the civil Air Traffic Management (ATM) segment of the market. • Maritime. • Rail. • Fleet and asset management (e.g. public safety, utilities, transport terminals). • High-integrity road transport (e.g. road tolling). These markets have been... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 1.5 Structure of the present document | Clause 4 characterizes each of the candidate markets and thereby identifies potential drivers for the uptake of Galileo services and the opportunities for navigation data distribution to mobile users. clause 4 also highlights specific market issues that will affect market acceptance (see clause 6). Clause 5 quantifies ... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: [1] Current Market Outlook 2002, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Marketing, July 2002. [2] General Aviation Statistical Databook 2002, General Aviation Manufacturers Association, http://www.gama.aero. [3] Eurocontrol ADS-B cost benefit analysis... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AIS Automatic Identification System ADS-B Automatic Dependant Surveillance - Broadcast ADS-C Automatic Dependant Surveillance - Contract APV APproach with Vertical guidance A-SMGCS Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System AT Air T... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4 Market characterization | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.1 General | This clause characterizes each of the candidate markets and thereby identifies potential drivers for the uptake of Galileo services and the opportunities for navigation data distribution to mobile users. clause 4 also highlights specific market issues that will affect market acceptance (to be investigated later in the ... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.2 Aviation | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.2.1 Organizational context | This clause focuses on the ATM segment of the Aviation market. This market has a complex organizational structure due to the global and safety critical nature of the industry. Key stakeholders in the market are: • Airlines and commercial aircraft operators. • General aviation aircraft operators. • Military and state ai... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.2.2 Market segmentation | The airborne market can be subdivided into three segments: • Air Transport (AT) - aircraft operated for the transportation of passengers or cargo, either scheduled or charter. • General Aviation (GA) - all other commercial or leisure aircraft, including the following applications: leisure, business aviation, police, ai... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.2.3 Applications and requirements | This clause gives the requirements on a navigation source for aviation applications. These requirements would have to be met by Galileo with a VDL Mode 4 local component (other navigation systems may also be used). Tables 4.4 to 4.7 define GNSS requirements for different applications extracted from the ICAO GNSS SARPs,... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.2.4 Current and planned use of GNSS | This clause describes the current and planned use of GNSS in aviation. It includes all the aviation applications that may apply to Galileo with VDL Mode 4 local component. Oceanic and remote airspace GNSS (and presently GPS specifically) has a significant role in oceanic/remote operations. The UK allows GPS use "sole m... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.2.5 Drivers for uptake of new services | The main drivers for change in the aviation industry are: • Increasing capacity and reducing delays, particularly in high-density, congested areas. • Increasing flight efficiency. • Minimising the environmental impact of air transport. • Maintaining or increasing safety as traffic increases. • Reducing costs of service... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.2.6 Implementation challenges | This clause describes some of the main implementation challenges facing VDL Mode 4 as a local component for Galileo: Avionics integration VDL Mode 4 as a local component and also as a communication/surveillance system needs to be integrated on a range of aircraft with different architectures for different applications.... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.3 Maritime transport | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.3.1 Organizational context | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.3.1.1 General | The worldwide fleet has been growing for the last two decades (about 1 % a year) and this tendency is expected to continue. Automation of ship operation (one man machine rooms, one man wheelhouses, etc) is important current issues and, because of this system facilitating navigation and communication, is becoming more a... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.3.1.2 Political and regulatory issues | The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a United Nations Agency, regulates safety matters. Most countries (157 in total) are members of the IMO and Member states engage themselves to adopt the IMO resolutions as a part of their local legislation. IMO covers about 98 % of the world's merchant fleet tonnage. IMO h... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.3.2 Market segmentation | Table 4.8 illustrates the different categories of user in the maritime market and the estimated global market size by year. This market size represents the maximum number of potential users and does not represent the actual number of GNSS or Galileo users. Global figures are shown (as opposed to Europe) since regulatio... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 4.3.3 Applications and requirements |
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