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aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.4.2 Institutional/organizational acceptance | There is little or no awareness within the rail industry of VDL Mode 4 and no obvious operational or safety justification for seeking new data solutions. Huge amounts of time and investment have already been made across Europe in the development of GSM-R to meet the very wide and diverse requirements of this sector and... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.4.3 Standards | There is already a very large family of international standards that support GSM/GSM-R and train control systems (TCS/ERTMS). Legacy PMR systems in use within various countries are not standardized and interoperable. The case for GNSS as an integral positioning element has yet to be proven but effort has already commen... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.4.4 Competition | As outlined in clause 6.4.2, the increasing reliance upon GSM/GSM-R means that the opportunities for any new data link solution must be regarded as minimal. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.4.5 Cost | See clause 6.4.2. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.4.6 Terminal availability | See clause 6.4.2. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.4.7 Spectrum availability | The existing use of legacy PMR systems provides the potential availability of VHF spectrum. However, its availability may be short term depending upon its potential use as a fallback system in the future. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.4.8 Summary | Table 6.4 presents a summary of the key issues affecting market suitability. The level of suitability is represented by "high", "medium" or "low" accompanied by supporting notes where applicable. ETSI ETSI TR 102 168 V1.1.1 (2004-02) 56 Table 6.4: Market suitability (Rail) Market suitability criteria Suitability assess... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5 Fleet and asset management | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5.1 Functional suitability | In broad terms, the capability of VDL Mode 4 far exceeds the current and emerging requirements of this market. Whilst the requirements for navigation data broadcast may be satisfied, there are few communications modes beyond "simple" broadcast. The requirement for user authentication arises from the need to recover rev... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5.2 Institutional/organizational acceptance | As described in clause 4.5.1, there is no single institution or decision-making organization either at a national or European level. The decision to accept new services and technologies is ultimately made by individual corporate organizations who themselves may be in control of significant fleet sizes. That said, it is... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5.3 Standards | Any Galileo navigation services within this market are likely to be provided in an integrated fashion with GPS. Those organizations that already provide DGPS commercial services to fleet and asset managers are therefore likely to be the greatest influencers of future standards for navigation data broadcast. Such data f... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5.4 Competition | As stated earlier in clause 6.5.2, there is immense competition within this market that is increasingly dominated by public bearers such as GPRS/UMTS. This is due to a wide choice of inexpensive equipment and the availability of open standards and integrated service/application platforms. The use of mobile voice and da... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5.5 Cost | See clauses 6.5.2 and 6.5.3. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5.6 Terminal availability | See clauses 6.5.2 and 6.5.3. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5.7 Spectrum availability | As stated in clause 6.5.4, there is some existing use of VHF spectrum for mobile voice and data. However, its long-term availability is uncertain. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.5.8 Summary | Table 6.5 presents a summary of the key issues affecting market suitability. The level of suitability is represented by "high", "medium" or "low" accompanied by supporting notes where applicable. ETSI ETSI TR 102 168 V1.1.1 (2004-02) 58 Table 6.5: Market suitability (Fleet/asset management) Market suitability criteria ... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6 Regulated road transport | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6.1 Functional suitability | In broad terms, the capability of VDL Mode 4 far exceeds the current and emerging requirements of this market. Whilst the requirements for navigation data broadcast may be satisfied, there are few communications modes beyond "simple" broadcast. However, whilst the communications modes may be "straight forward", the abi... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6.2 Institutional/organizational acceptance | This market has many similarities to the fleet/asset management market insofar as this is a very large market with a heavy influence from the consumer market, which means that: • New services must be enabled by common equipment and data standards for reasons of commercial cost. • Available products often determine mark... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6.3 Standards | Standards are essential to support what is essentially a mass market for millions of users across Europe. Given the immaturity of the market (see clause 6.6.2.), these standards are required at several levels for applications such as road tolling, including: • Application and national interoperability. • Financial tran... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6.4 Competition | See clauses 6.6.2 and 6.6.3. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6.5 Cost | This market is extremely cost sensitive for a number of reasons including: • The need to develop mass market products for several millions of vehicles. • The sensitivity of the motor industry to increased vehicle costs and the need to minimize additional extras to consumers. These factors would tend to favour mass-mark... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6.6 Terminal availability | See clauses 6.6.2 to 6.6.5. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6.7 Spectrum availability | There is no existing use of VHF spectrum for such widespread consumer applications throughout Europe, and there are no prospects for this situation to alter. ETSI ETSI TR 102 168 V1.1.1 (2004-02) 60 |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 6.6.8 Summary | Table 6.6 presents a summary of the key issues affecting market suitability. The level of suitability is represented by "high", "medium" or "low" accompanied by supporting notes where applicable. Table 6.6: Market suitability (Regulated road transport) Market suitability criteria Qualitative assessment Notes Functional... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 7 Identification of standardization measures | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 7.1 Lessons learnt from the market assessment | The analysis of the previous clause indicates that: • The opportunities for systems based on VDL Mode 4 are greatest where there are already similar systems in place, enabling low cost extension of existing equipment. This particularly applies to aviation, where VDL Mode 4 is gaining acceptance in significant parts of ... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 7.2 Market requirements for additional standardization | |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 7.2.1 Aviation | The protocols to support a wide range of service are already in place. Key issues for extension of the system include: • Local component information. Specification of messages to transfer local component information. This applies both to aircraft and ground vehicles operating at airports. • Support for general aviation... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 7.2.2 Maritime | VDL Mode 4 offers a wider range of protocols than the current AIS system particularly in relation to point-to-point services. A key issue is to transfer the additional protocols available in VDL Mode 4 and combine them with, and make them compatible with, the AIS protocols. The aim would be to enable an AIS system upgr... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 7.2.3 Combined Aviation/Maritime | An interoperable aviation/maritime standard would facilitate: • Search and rescue services. • Mobile air traffic control services for offshore operations. |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 7.2.4 Land applications in support of aviation and maritime | An initial focus for other markets should be on serving the needs of users that operate near to current users of VDL Mode 4/AIS. Example includes: • Ground vehicle users at airports and ports. This would primarily be focussed on surface logistics but would include, for example, operations close to aircraft and ships. A... |
aa0108a46e41c1e350dad7b763dec0a3 | 102 168 | 7.3 Standardization measures | To meet the diverse requirements set out above, this clause sets out an approach to providing additional standardization. The approach is based on the following assumptions: • A generic STDMA system will be defined intended to be implemented in a variety of radio types. • The radio types would support, at least: - A mo... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 1 Scope | The feasibility of using W-CDMA UTRA FDD as a satellite radio interface has been shown in ETSI TR 102 058 [6]. Based on this, ITU has adopted this radio interface as G family in ITU-Rec M 1455 [3] and ITU-Rec M 1457 [4]. This radio interface has been standardized within the TC SES S-UMTS working group as family G in TS... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: [1] ETSI TR 101 865: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite component of UMTS/IMT-2000; General aspects and principles". [2] ITU-R Recommendation M.1225: "Guidelines for evaluation of Radio Transmission technology for IMT-20... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: cell: geographical area under Intermediate Module Repeater (IMR) coverage handover: process in which the User Equipment (UE) continuously receives services while it crosses radio access areas covered with distinct radio access mode and... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: or c I E CCPCH S _ − ratio of the transmit energy per PN chip of the S-CCPCH to the total transmit power spectral density at the Node B antenna connector. t b N E ratio of combined received energy per information bit to the effective noise power spe... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel BCH Broadcast CHannel BLER BLock Error Ratio BMC Broadcast/Multicast Control BS Base Station CCCH Common Control CHannel CCPCH Common Control... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4 Satellite Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.1 System architecture | The proposed system architecture is devoted to Satellite Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (S-MBMS), as depicted in figure 4.1. RNS FMSS FFSS FMSS orFFSS FMSS Terrestrial repeater Node B Node B RNC (optional) UE Gateway Uu Iub Iu Uu/ Iub Uu 3GPP Core Network Figure 4.1: System architecture ETSI ETSI TR 102 277 V1... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.2 Frequency bands | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.2.1 Service link | The S-MBMS frequency bands are allocated in the IMT-2000 MSS band. For the space-to-earth direction and for the IMR signal repetition, the UE is able to receive S-MBMS in the 2 170 MHz to 2 200 MHz band, which has been allocated by WARC-92 to MSS downlink and is the "core band". This frequency band is adjacent to the t... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.2.2 Feeder links | The present document does not intend to specify feeder links. Nevertheless, candidate frequency bands are given for indication. The gateway to satellite feeder link is intended to be operated in the 27,5 GHz to 30 GHz band. Depending on the IMR configuration, the satellite to IMR link is intended to be operated either:... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.3 Satellite system configuration | The system is able to cope with several satellite constellation types, i.e. LEO, HEO, MEO or GEO. It is out of the scope of the present document to restrict the satellite system configuration. Nevertheless, in order to present realistic deployment scenario, the present document focuses on the GEO constellation type. Se... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.3.1 Global beam architecture | The global beam architecture provides an overall throughput of 3,84 Mb/s over Europe shared among 2 FDMs, each carrying 5 channel codes at 384 kbit/s. Each FDM occupies 5 MHz bandwidth among MSS frequency band. Satellite performances are summarized in table 4.1. ETSI ETSI TR 102 277 V1.2.1 (2007-02) 17 Table 4.1: Satel... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.3.2 Multi-beam architecture | Satellite performances are summarized in table 4.2. Table 4.2: Satellite 7 multi-beam architecture 7 Multibeam Number of spot beams 7 Downlink (satellite to UE) Frequency (satellite to UE) MHz 2 170 to 2 200 Polarization LHCP or RHCP On board EIRP per carrier dBW From 64 to 74 (see note) NOTE: Depending on considered s... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.3.3 Extended multi-beam architecture | Satellite performances are summarized in table 4.3. Table 4.3: Satellite extended multi-beam architecture Extended Multibeam Number of spot beams 30 Downlink (satellite to UE) Frequency (satellite to UE) MHz 2 170 to 2 200 Polarization LHCP or RHCP On board EIRP per carrier dBW From 64 to 74 (see note) NOTE: Depending ... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.3.4 Multi-satellite/multi-beam architecture | This configuration is addressed in the present document but not fully analysed. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.4 User Equipment | User Equipment (UE) may be of several types: • 3G standardized handset: the use in satellite environment requires adaptation for frequency agility to the MSS band. The basic assumption is UE equipped with standard omni-directional antenna (e.g. antenna gain: 0 dBi). While satellite antenna polarization is circular, han... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 4.5 Intermediate Module Repeaters (IMR) | Two kinds of architecture can be envisaged: • "on channel" repeaters: use the same band for signal reception and retransmission. The gain is limited to around 80 dB to avoid self-oscillation and offer narrow coverage; • "non on-channel" repeaters: use different frequency bands for signal reception and retransmission. T... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5 W-CDMA Satellite Radio Interface (SRI) | Clause 5 gives a description of W-CDMA as applicable to the S-MBMS satellite environment. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.1 General description | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.1.1 S-UMTS Interface G key features for satellite MBMS | Listed below are the key services and operational features of the S-UMTS Interface G radio-interface: • support of 3GPP standard MBMS services from low-data-rate (8 kbps) up to high-data-rate transmission (384 kbps) with wide-area coverage; • high service flexibility with support of multiple parallel variable-rate serv... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.1.2 Key technical characteristics | Key technical characteristics are summarized in table 5.1. Table 5.1: Key technical characteristics Multiple-Access scheme DS-CDMA Duplex scheme FDD Chip rate 3,840 Mcps Carrier spacing 5 MHz (200 kHz carrier raster) Frame length 10 ms Inter-spot synchronization No accurate synchronization needed Multi-rate/Variable-ra... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.1.3 Radio interface protocol architecture | Radio interface protocol stack is extracted from 3GPP UTRAN (see [14]). L3 control control control control Logical Channels Transport Channels C-plane signalling U-plane information PHY L2/MAC L1 RLC DC Nt GC L2/RLC MAC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC Duplication avoidance UuS boundary BMC L2/BMC control PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP ... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.2 Channel structure | The channel structure is the same as in 3GPP (see [14]). It is described here for clarification, reduced to common channels required for S-MBMS services. The MBMS channels are still under definition in 3GPP. Any change may impact clause 5.2. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.2.1 Logical channels | All the logical channels are downlink only and point-to-multipoint. The following common logical channels are defined (see [14]): • Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): used to broadcast system- and spot-specific information. The BCCH is always transmitted over the entire spot; • Paging Control Channel (PCCH): used to car... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.2.2 Transport channels | Common transport channels are: • Broadcast Channel (BCH): used for broadcast of system information into an entire spot; • Paging Channel (PCH): used for broadcast of control information into an entire spot allowing efficient UE sleep mode procedures. Currently identified information types are paging and notification. A... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.2.3 Physical channels and signals | Physical channels and signals are: • Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH): carries a pre-defined sequence of symbols. It is the phase reference for SCH, P-CCPCH, PICH and S-CCPCH. It is used by UEs for spot pilot synchronization, and downlink channels estimation; • Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH): optional. ... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.2.4 Logical to transport channels mapping | The mappings as seen from the UE and USRAN sides are shown in figures 5.2 and 5.3respectively. ETSI ETSI TR 102 277 V1.2.1 (2007-02) 22 BCH PCH FACH BCCH SAP CCCH-SAP PCCH SAP Transport Channels MSCH-SAP Logical Channels MCCH-SAP MTCH-SAP Figure 5.2: Logical channels mapped onto transport channels, seen from the UE sid... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.2.5 Mapping and association of physical channels | Transport Channels BCH FACH PCH Physical Channels Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Synchronisation Channel (SCH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) MBMS Indicator Channel (MICH) Figure 5.4: Mapping of transport channels onto ... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3 Physical channel structure | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) | The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) downlink physical channel that carries a pre-defined bit/symbol sequence. ETSI ETSI TR 102 277 V1.2.1 (2007-02) 23 Pre-defined symbol sequence Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14 Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms Figure 5.... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.1.1 Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) | The P-CPICH characteristics are: • the same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH; • the P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code; • there is one and only one P-CPICH per spot/cell; • the P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire spot/cell; • the Primary CPICH is a phase reference for the downlink ph... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.1.2 Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH) | The S-CPICH characteristics are: • an arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH; • a A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling code; • there may be zero, one, or several S-CPICH per spot/cell; • a S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire spot/cell or only over a part... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.2 Synchronization Channel (SCH) | The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal used for spot/cell search. The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the Primary and Secondary SCH. The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH are divided into 15 slots, each of length 2 560 chips. ETSI ETSI TR 102 277 V1.2.1 (2007-02) 24 Primary SCH Secon... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) | The Primary CCPCH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) downlink physical channels used to carry the BCH transport channel. The Primary CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each slot. Instead, Primary SCH and Secondary SCH are transmitted during this period. Data Ndata1=18 bits Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slo... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) | The Secondary CCPCH is used to carry the FACH and PCH. There are two types of Secondary CCPCH: those that include TFCI and those that do not include TFCI. ETSI ETSI TR 102 277 V1.2.1 (2007-02) 25 Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14 Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=0..6) Pilot Npilot bits Data Ndata1 bits 1 radio frame: T... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.5 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) | The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the paging indicators. The PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped. One PICH radio frame of length 10 ms consists of 300 bits. Of these, 288 bits are used to carry paging indicators. ... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.6 MBMS Indicator Channel (MICH) | The MBMS Indicator Channel (MICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the MBMS notification indicators. The MICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a FACH transport channel is mapped. Figure 5.10 illustrates the frame structure of the MICH. One MICH radio frame of length 10 ms consists of... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.7 Code allocation | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.7.1 Scrambling codes | The downlink scrambling code cscramb is a 38 400 chips (10 ms) segment of a length 218 - 1 Gold code repeated in each frame. The scrambling codes are divided into 512 sets each of a primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes. The primary scrambling codes consist of scrambling codes n = 16 × i where i=0 t... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.7.2 Synchronization codes | The same synchronization codes as specified in reference [9]. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.3.7.3 Channelization codes | SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 c1,1 = (1) c2,1 = (1,1) c2,2 = (1,-1) c4,1 = (1,1,1,1) c4,2 = (1,1,-1,-1) c4,3 = (1,-1,1,-1) c4,4 = (1,-1,-1,1) Figure 5.11: Code-tree for generation of OVSF codes The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes that preserve the orthogonality between downlink channel... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4 Channel coding and service multiplexing | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1 Channel coding/interleaving for user services | W-CDMA offers three basic service classes with respect to forward-error-correction (FEC) coding (see [8]): • standard-services with convolutional coding; • high-quality services with Turbo coding; • services with service-specific coding, i.e. services for which the W-CDMA layer 1 does not apply any pre-specified channe... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.1 CRC attachment | Error detection is provided on transport blocks through a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). The size of the CRC is 0, 8, 16 or 24 bits. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.2 Transport block concatenation and code block segmentation | All transport blocks in a TTI are serially concatenated. If the number of bits in a TTI is larger than Z, the maximum size of a code block in question, then code block segmentation is performed after the concatenation of the transport blocks. The maximum size of the code blocks depends on whether convolutional coding, ... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.3 Channel coding | The scheme of Turbo coder is a Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code (PCCC) with two 8-state constituent encoders and one Turbo code internal interleaver. Table 5.5: Channel coding scheme and coding rate Type of TrCH Coding scheme Coding rate BCH Convolutional coding 1/2 PCH Convolutional coding 1/2 FACH Convolution... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.4 Radio frame size equalization | Radio frame size equalization is padding the input bit sequence in order to ensure that the output can be segmented in data segments of same size. Radio frame size equalization is only performed in the UL. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.5 Radio frame segmentation | When the transmission time interval is longer than 10 ms, the input bit sequence is segmented and mapped onto consecutive radio frames. Following rate matching in the DL and radio frame size equalization in the UL the input bit sequence length is guaranteed to be an integer multiple of radio frames. ETSI ETSI TR 102 27... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.6 TrCH multiplexing | Every 10 ms, one radio frame from each TrCH is delivered to the TrCH multiplexing. These radio frames are serially multiplexed into a coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH). |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.7 Insertion of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) indication bits | In the downlink, DTX is used to fill up the radio frame with bits. The insertion point of DTX indication bits depends on whether fixed or flexible positions of the TrCHs in the radio frame are used. It is up to the USRAN to decide for each CCTrCH whether fixed or flexible positions are used during the connection. DTX i... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.8 Outer coding/interleaving | The current assumption for the outer Reed Salomon coding is a rate 4/5 code over the 28 - ary symbol alphabet. After outer Reed Salomon coding, symbol-wise inter-frame block interleaving is applied. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.4.1.9 Rate matching | After channel coding and service multiplexing, the total bit rate is almost arbitrary. The rate matching matches this rate to the limited set of possible bit rates of a Dedicated Physical Data Channel. Rate matching means that bits on a transport channel are repeated or punctured. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5 Radio resource functions | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.1 Initial spot/cell search | During the initial satellite spot/cell search, the UE searches for and determines the long code and frame synchronization of the spot/cell to which it has the lowest path loss. This is carried out in three steps. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.1.1 Step 1: Slot synchronization | During the first step of the initial spot/cell search procedure, the UE uses the primary synchronization channel to acquire slot synchronization to the strongest spot/cell. This is done with a matched filter matched to the primary synchronization code cp common to all spots/cell. The output of the matched filter, accum... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.1.2 Step 2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification | During the next step of the initial spot/cell search procedure, the UE uses the secondary synchronization channel to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the spot/cell found in the first step. This is done by correlating the received signal at the position of the secondary synchronization codes wit... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.1.3 Step 3: Scrambling-code identification | During the last step of the initial spot/cell search procedure, the UE determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the found spot/cell. The primary scrambling code is identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all scrambling codes within the code group identified in the second step. Af... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.2 Radio resource allocation | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.2.1 Channelization codes | The channelization code for the BCCH is a predefined code which is the same for all spots/cell within the system. The channelization code(s) used for the Secondary Common Control Physical Channel is broadcast on the BCCH. The channelization codes for the S-CCPCH are decided by the network. The set of channelization cod... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.2.2 Scrambling code | The downlink scrambling code is assigned to the spot/cell at the initial deployment. The mobile station learns about the downlink scrambling code during the spot/cell search process. |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.2.3 IMR frequency and codes | Several radio resource allocation strategies can be adopted: 1) The first strategy, the simplest one on the point of view of resource allocation, is IMRs repeat the satellite signal as it is, i.e. on the same frequency and the same scrambling and channelization codes. IMRs are then called "'transparent IMRs". This meth... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.3 Power control/balancing | The near-far effect in the satellite environment is not as influent as in terrestrial environment. However power control has to be implemented in order not to waste system power and capacity. Slow power level variations are due to different causes: • satellite and UE antenna gain variations; • shadowing; • user speed c... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.4 Handover | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.4.1 Intra-frequency handover | |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.4.1.1 Selective/Soft Combining | Selective/Soft combining deals with simultaneous S-MBMS service reception over distinct scrambling codes from several spots/IMR cells and is applicable in case of either: • intra-satellite spots coverage overlapping (single satellite system); • inter-satellite spots coverage overlapping (multi satellites system); • IMR... |
7323b7a140bcb2fd812315fde85112a7 | 102 277 | 5.5.4.1.2 Softer combining | Softer combining is the special case of a soft combining between sectors/spots belonging to the same gateway (Node B) site or the same IMR. Conceptually, a softer combining is similar to soft combining on the UE point of view. |
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