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ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 8.6.2 BSM-Specific Management Information Base (MIB) | The Management Information Base (MIB) contains data referring to managed objects organized in a hierarchical MIB tree. All objects are represented by MIB variables (numbers, lists, tables) which can be queried or modified. While the MIB goes beyond the scope of performance it does include performance management. Table ... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 8.7 BSM performance summary | Table 18 summarizes the role of each BSM subsystem in the management and measurement of QoS. As can be seen in the table each BSM element can and will pay a role in the setting, monitoring or measurement of QoS and performance parameters. For example, admission control is clearly distributed between the NCC, responsibl... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9 BSM protocol manager | |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.1 General description | From the previous clauses it is easily inferred that for maintaining QoS and evaluating performance of the BSM world in the Internet world, there is a need for some "manager". The protocol stack from the BSM drives the development of the Protocol Manager. The "manager" resides above the SAP and defines how IP protocols... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.2 GSM heritage | The BPM has a lot of commonality with the QoS management functions for UMTS bearer service in the control and user plane. In UMTS and GPRS these include control functions for managing services, translate protocol primitives, perform admission control, and enforce policy [1]. These are in addition to mapping, classifica... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.3 Architecture | An overview of the system is shown in figure 19. The BPM communicates at different levels of the BSM stack. While the middleware above IP is not fully in the scope of the BSM, the BPM will interact with specific middleware to establish transport level and application level PEPs, communicate with bandwidth brokers and p... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4 Description | A detailed view of the BPM software is available in figure 20. It uses a client-server model with a modular approach to the development of specific functions. Initial descriptions are available in the next clauses. Metadata : • Traffic Classes • Performance Goals • Protocols • Etc. DSCP RSVP Markings Arbitrator Perform... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4.1 Arbitrator | The Arbitrator enables IP to BSM event modelling and interpretation. It supports a central database of metadata describing IP (or other protocols) and traffic characteristics and manages the different modules. The metadata, in essence a Management Information Base (MIB), enables API translation from the requesting appl... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4.2 Metadata | Table 19 illustrates the type of metadata that the arbitrator will use to manage the QoS protocols over the BSM. |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4.3 Modules | The Module Framework enables modular implementation and SI abstraction of basic BSM functionality. Each module can specify and provide a native API as a library. The states of the resource a single module manages are kept in a single location but the set of modules can be located in many servers across the BSM (even ac... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4.3.1 QoS and performance modules | For QoS the BPM performs a number of different functions: signalling to and from the BSM, protocol and requirement translation, packet marking, statistics gathering and performance reporting. The BPM also has an important role in the admission of sessions in the BSM and in the triggering of mechanism for flow and conge... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4.3.1.1 Admission/flow/congestion control | Admission, flow and congestion control are essential SIAF. As such the BPM should be able to communicate with and set parameters or trigger drop mechanisms. This module could be fairly transparent to existing SIAFs. |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4.3.1.2 RSVP and Intserv | In the Intserv model, the BMP can act directly on the RSVP packets or being provisioned by a COPS server. In the first case, it is the BPM that will receive the RSVP messages and respond to them. It will also translate flowspecs into SI parameters, link flow ids to internal BSM ids and send the RSVP message to the next... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4.3.1.3 Diffserv - Markings and negotiations | For DiffServ, the role of the BPM is to map DS from attached networks into BSM priorities and negotiate values when appropriate and mark packets in and out of the BSM. The role of the BPM is to define the priority (and UDTS), based on available packet information, thus translating from DS to BSM priorities. The UDTS an... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 9.4.3.2 Performance/Availability | Based on the performance goals, the BPM will lower layer capabilities to ensure the BSM is operating at nominal performance. No IP protocol should have to decide on modulation or coding. The BPM will contain a query module to the SIAF that in turn will get the right information from the SDAF to ensure that the connecti... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 10.1 Common characteristics across all TSs | TS1: Architecture for a QoS and Performance Protocol Manager (Functional and Software Specifications) TS2: BSM Traffic Classes TS3: Performance Goals TS4: QOS TS5: Performance TS4.1 RSVP Extensions including MPLS TS4.2 Diffserv Markings TS4.3 Diffserv Negotiation TS4.4: Satellite Dependent Advertisement Protocol TS5.1:... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 10.2 TS1: Architecture | The protocol manager was described in details in clause 9. |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 10.3 TS2 and TS3: Generic TSs | Two top-level TSs are proposed to deal with generic QoS and performance requirements in the BSM: • TS2: a BSM specific set of traffic classes (based on ITU-T, 3GPP and TIPHON) defined and leading to achievable goals in term of delay, jitter and loss. A preemption class to allow time-stamped messages to get fast access ... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 10.4 TS4.x: QoS specific TSs | Technical specifications that are specific to QoS include: • TS4: BSM specific functions for QoS management in Intserv and Diffserv models: • TS4.1: a set of RSVP-like primitives and proxy manager using the current air interface primitives to identify RSVP messages and request and reserve bandwidth across the BSM; this... |
ec1da71088ed2b609dd1a945b52a5786 | 102 157 | 10.5 TS5.x: Performance specific TSs | Technical specifications that are specific to Availability and Performance include: • TS5: s series of performance management functions to manage BSM performance; • TS5.1: the development of a BSM specific Management Information Base; this would be based on the known MIBS for other technologies and would standardize no... |
40a31946476e467245cec1b91802edb2 | 102 258 | 1 Scope | The present document presents the results from LCL measurements performed in Germany, The Netherlands and Spain. It investigates the distribution of the LCL values in respect to the frequency and to the national LVDN-particularities (wiring technology, earthing etc.). |
40a31946476e467245cec1b91802edb2 | 102 258 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: [1] ITU-T Recommendation G.117 (1996): "Transmission aspects of unbalance about earth". [2] Ian P. Macfarlane: "A probe for the measurement of electrical unbalance of networks and devices", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,... |
40a31946476e467245cec1b91802edb2 | 102 258 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: EDP Electronic Data Processing LCL Longitudinal Conversion Loss LVDN Low Voltage Distribution Network STF Special Task Force ToR Terms of Reference |
40a31946476e467245cec1b91802edb2 | 102 258 | 4 Measurement method and measurement locations | The measurements have been performed with a LCL-measurement adapter according to Macfarlane [2]. The differential mode design impedance is Z = 100 Ω. The measurements corresponds to the LCL-definition of ITU-T Recommendation G.117 [1]. The protection earth at the socket to be measured was not connected to the ground pl... |
40a31946476e467245cec1b91802edb2 | 102 258 | 5 Example test results | The value of LCL varies in general with frequency and measurement location. Therefore a statistical evaluation must be performed in order to consider not the absolute worst case but a case, for which it can be guaranteed that most of the plugs of the LVDN are better than this case. Figure 1 shows typical results of LCL... |
40a31946476e467245cec1b91802edb2 | 102 258 | 6 Proof of frequency independence | If the LCL behaviour shows no general tendency with frequency, all measurement points regardless of frequency can be used for statistical evaluation. A general frequency dependence can be established by calculating the regression line (especially its slope) with the least squares method for each LCL measurement locatio... |
40a31946476e467245cec1b91802edb2 | 102 258 | 7 Statistical evaluation of the measured LCL | Taking into account all frequencies and locations (without pure industrial sites) the cumulative probability in dependence of the mean LCL for each site is plotted in figure 3. As it can be seen from this curve, the median LCL (50 %-value) is 33,0 dB and 80 % of all measurement sites show a LCL of more than 30,7 dB. 0 ... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 1 Scope | The present document analyses technical requirements for the support and deployment of Broadband Multimedia Services in Europe. It evaluates the requirements for standardization, identifies existing standards and standardization gaps with respect to the technology for Broadband Multimedia Services. |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: [1] ITU-T Recommendation F.700 (2000): "Framework Recommendation for multimedia services". [2] ITU-T Recommendation Y.100 (1998): "General overview of the Global Information Infrastructure standards development". [3] ITU-T Recommendation Q.... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting AALn ATM Adaptation Layer n ADM Adaptive Delta Modulation ADPCM Adaptive DPCM ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AH Authentication Header ETSI ETSI TR 102 199 V1.1.1 (2003-10) 15 ANMP Ad-ho... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4 Description of broadband multimedia services | |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.1 Definition of broadband multimedia services | |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.1.1 Definition of broadband | The term "broadband" has often a different meaning. Various definers of broadband have assigned a minimum data rate to the term. • Newton's Telecom Dictionary: "...greater than a voice grade line of 3 KHz...some say (it should be at least) 20 KHz". • Jupiter Communications: at least 256 Kbps. • IBM Dictionary of Comput... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.1.2 Multimedia service | Multimedia services are telecommunication services that handle two or more types of media in a synchronized way from the user's point of view. A multimedia service may involve multiple parties, multiple connections, and the addition or deletion of resources and users within a single communication session [1]. ETSI ETSI... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.1.3 Multimedia application | A multimedia application is an application that requests the handling of two or more representation media (information types) simultaneously which constitute a common information space. Examples are cooperative document editing, long distance meetings, remote surveillance, medical document remote analysis and teletrain... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.1.4 Broadband multimedia service | "Broadband" multimedia is sometimes called "streaming" multimedia because the services, or the "content" that is delivered via broadband networks is digitized, and received by users of the content in continuous real-time "streams". Broadband multimedia services will put the user in total control by enabling personal, c... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.2.1 Criteria for classification | Based on the definition given in [1], multimedia services are telecommunication services that handle two or more types of media in a synchronized way from the user's point of view. Nowadays, several types of media are conveyed by networks: • text (ASCII, etc.); • audio; • graphics (2D, 3D); • images (still or animated)... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.2.2 Multimedia services reference model | Multimedia services reference model can be organized in four levels [1]: • Application level: The level at which the essential functional characteristics of an end-user application are described from the end-user's point of view irrespective of the underlying technical aspects of the services or particular network solu... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.2.2.1 Communication tasks | A multimedia service can be decomposed into a set of communication tasks, each of them being, separately or not, manipulated by the user and/or service provider. From a reverse point of view, a communication task can be viewed as a means of bringing together the media components that are related each to other for the p... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.2.2.2 Media components | Media components are those parts of communication service which provide the communication capabilities related to a single information type. They provide the necessary functions for user information handling, such as information capture, presentation, storage, transfer and post-processing. The following are examples of... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.2.2.3 Control and processing functions | Control and processing functions are associated with the service and communication tasks level, possibly but not necessarily with the media component level (for example, the coding and decoding process belongs to the media component level). The control features are usually embodied in protocols independent from transmi... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.2.2.4 Network aspects | It should be noted that the ITU-T Recommendation F.700 [1] Multimedia service reference model and the following series of General Service Recommendations for generic services (e.g. for Multimedia Conferencing Services [3], Multimedia Conversational Services [4], etc.) provide functional descriptions of services that ar... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 4.2.3 Identification of generic service capabilities | This clause provides an overview of existing and possible future generic services and applications. It has to be noted that the services in the overview given below have been identified from a user's point of view. It also shows positioning of broadband multimedia services within the overall service landscape. This cla... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.1 Architecture | Broadband multimedia applications and services need to be independent of the networks they operate across. The impetus for this has been the growth in the use of the Internet with its concept of "available anywhere and anytime". Additionally, an open network architecture has to ensure that new broadband multimedia appl... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2 Accessibility | 5.2.1 Broadband access technologies with respect to their use for multimedia services |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.1 Fixed access | |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.1.1 Analog modems | The analog modem can operate with any dial-up phone. The modem supports high-speed analog data, voice, and fax operation. The ITU-T Recommendation V.90-enabled analog modem supports symmetric rates up to 33,6 kbit/s. In asymmetric mode, it supports data bit rates up to 56 kbit/s from a digitally connected central site ... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.1.2 xDSL | The best-known example for broadband access is the Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), a technology that uses the twisted pair for the Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) in the Local Loop. The history of DSL started with the concept of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). In the so-called xDSL family, the x in xDSL r... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.1.3 Ethernet | Ethernet is the most popular physical layer LAN technology in use today. Other LAN types include Token Ring, Fast Ethernet, FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface), and LocalTalk. Ethernet is popular because it strikes a good balance between speed, cost and ease of installation. These benefits, combined with wide accep... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.1.4 CATV (Cable Television) | Cable Networks for Television are one of the alternative solutions to provide an access to broadband multimedia services. CATV networks were originally designed for one-way broadcast of television to consumers' homes. To ensure the reception of the cabled TV service with the same TV sets used to receive over-the-air br... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.1.5 PLT (PowerLine Telecommunications) | PowerLine Telecommunications is an access technology that uses the electricity networks with especially prepared signals to provide high speed access to telecommunications services. One major advantage of using the PLT as an access technology is that the power network extends to most rooms in buildings and it therefore... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.1.6 FTTB (Fibre-to-the building) | Fibre-to-the building (FTTB) means a fibre optic running directly to the customer premises. This access technology allows therefore very high bit rates with very high quality. There are two possibilities how to "bring" fibre to the building: - All Fibre-PON - intended mainly for residential applications for Internet an... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.2 Wireless access | |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.2.1 WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) | WLAN is a standard offering a limited coverage for LAN users. Cell radius is usually from few tens of meters to some hundred meters. In 1997 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering) finished the definition of the WLAN standard 802.11, and in 1999 standards 802.11a and 802.11b [151] have been approved. ... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.2.2 Radio in the Local Loop | Radio Relay Systems point-to-point or point-to-multipoint or HiperMAN (Metropolitan Area Networks) or HIPERACCESS are fixed radio-based alternatives for broadband access. ETSI BRAN currently produces specifications for three major standard areas: • HiperLAN2, a mobile broadband short-range access network. • HIPERACCESS... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.2.3 Bluetooth | Bluetooth is the name given to a technology standard using short-range radio links, intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. The standard defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to communicate with each other. Its key features are robustness, low complexity, ... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.2.4 DECT | DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) is a flexible digital radio access technology for cordless communications in residential, business and public environments. Designed for short-range use (20 m to 300 m) as an access mechanism to the main networks, DECT offers cordless voice, fax, high speed data and m... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.3 Cellular systems | |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.3.1 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) | One major difference between "wireless" and "cellular" access is a range of mobility provided to a user. While a wireless access itself provides a user only with a very limited mobility within the range of this access point, full mobility can only be achieved by an underlying cellular network, which implements the mobi... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.3.2 EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution) | EDGE is another extension to GSM networks that was standardized to further increase the data rate in mobile networks. By an enhancement of the radio interface, EDGE is capable of data rates up to 384 kbit/s. Both the GPRS and EDGE require upgrade of the existing GSM networks, and both also require a new type of termina... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.3.3 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services) | UMTS is one of the major new third generation (3G) mobile systems being developed within the framework which has been defined by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) and known as IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications). UMTS will play a key role in creating the future mass market for high-quality... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.4 Terrestrial systems | These are the systems, which use radio links to provide connections between customers in fixed locations and telecommunications networks. It covers systems such as LMDS (Local Microwave Distribution System), MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service), MVDS (Microwave Video Distribution Systems) and MWS (Multim... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.5 Satellite systems | Several approaches have been proposed for using satellites to provide two-way data services to users around the world. Published expected data rates of the various satellite constellations vary between 200 kbit/s downstream to 2 Mbit/s upstream for residential users and from 10 Mbit/s to 30 Mbit/s for business users. S... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.5.1 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites | Communications satellites have until recently been mainly geostationary, i.e. they appear to hover above a fixed point on the earth. This has the major advantage that the antenna used to connect the ground station to the satellite does not have to track the path of the satellite across the sky and calls do not have to ... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.5.2 High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) | An alternative approach, which is being considered, is High Altitude Platform Stations. There are a number of variations of these being proposed, but a typical scheme is proposing a balloon-based platform about the size of a football field at a height of 21 km. The plan is to launch these over large cities. These would... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.6 Broadcast systems | Both the terrestrial and satellite broadcast systems were originally set up to distribute radio and TV programs, mainly to residential sites. Whilst the analogue services were the only ones available, this remained the only use of this network apart from the text pages broadcast by teletext. The introduction of digital... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.2.1.7 Conclusions | Demand for high data rates has lead to several technological approaches developed to provide broadband access to business and residential customers. The preceding clause has described some of the technologies, which are available, or are becoming available, to access broadband multimedia services. There are a number of... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.3 Transport layer | The transport layer of the core network has to be designed in such a way to be able to support any type of service or application with differing sensitivities to delay and with different variations in traffic loading. At the physical level there is a basic topology of physical means (wired or wireless) that interconnec... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4 Signalling and protocols (Control layer) | Two of the principal characteristics of the NGN given in clause 5.1: • it is be based on a unique and shared packet-based network (IP, ATM, etc.); • transport layer and control layer are independent. This brings also the necessity of the separation of control functions for bearer control, call/session control and servi... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.1 Functional elements | This clause gives an overview of the control layer functional architecture. The full NGN architecture comprises network elements needed for the provision of traditional telephony services and advanced next-generation applications (Eurescom Project P1109: Next Generation Networks: the service offering standpoint - see b... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.1.1 Media Gateway | The Media Gateway converts media and framing protocols provided in one type of network to the format required in another type of network. The Media Gateway terminates the bearer control protocols and contains bearer terminations. It also contains media manipulation equipment (e.g. transcoders, echo cancellers, or tone ... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.1.2 Signalling Gateway | The Signalling Gateway is the network entity responsible to forward call control signalling by converting the transport mechanism of the incoming signalling to an appropriate ongoing transport mechanism (e.g. SS7 call signalling over MTP onto SS7 over IP). In order to provide this function the Signalling Gateway may ex... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.1.3 Call/Session Server (Media Gateway Controller) | A Call/Session Server provides basic call control including call routing (routing tables, address translations between different numbering plan formats, routing information retrieval from external devices), call signalling process (SIP, H.323, ISUP, MGCP, etc.) and H.248-like Media Gateway Controller functions. It shou... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.1.4 Physical implementation | Thanks to decomposition of the network functions into layers the physical implementation and geographical localization of the functional elements mentioned above is left on the choice of constructors and network operators. This also allows to optimize the network resources and to dimension them separately. |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2 Candidate protocols | |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.1 Call control protocols | Call control protocols allow the establishment, in general based on the user demand, the communication between two terminals or between a terminal and a server. The two candidate protocols are H.323 and SIP. |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.1.1 H.323 | ITU-T Recommendation H.323 is a set of protocols for voice, video, and data conferencing over packet-based networks such as the Internet. The H.323 protocol stack is designed to operate above the transport layer of the underlying network. As such, H.323 can be used on top of any packet-based network transport like Ethe... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.1.2 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) | The Session Initiation Protocol, or SIP, is an IETF text-based signalling protocol [11] for establishing real-time multimedia calls and conferences over Internet Protocol networks. Each session may include different types of data such as audio and video, although currently most of the SIP extensions address audio commu... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.2 Media Gateway control protocols | The necessity to interconnect the traditional telephone networks into NGN as well as the flexibility allowed by the separation of the NGN transport and control layers have lead to the distinction of the functions of the Media Gateway and Call/Session Server. This was the reason for developing a protocol which allows th... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.2.1 MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) | MGCP (RFC 2705) was originally a proposal for the MEGACO/H.248. While MGCP had early deployment and is a reality in some networks, it is not representative of the current industry direction, nor is it a truly open standard. MGCP offers limited support of networks other than PSTN, is less flexible and extensible than ME... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.2.2 MEGACO/H.248 | MEGACO (RFC 3015) defines the protocols used between elements of a physically decomposed multi-media gateway consisting of a MG and a MGC. MEGACO does not define how multiple MGs or MGCs communicate with each other. The standard is the result of a collaborative effort between the IETF WG MEGACO and ITU SG 16. Derived f... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.3 Signalling protocols between Call/Session Servers | There are two types of signalling protocols that might be used between Call/Session Servers: • at the level of a core network (BICC, SIP-T, H.323); • for the interconnection with the existing PSTN/ISDN networks, via the transport of PSTN/ISDN signalling over an IP-based network (SIGTRAN). |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.3.1 BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control) | BICC is a standard developed in ITU-T [12] and ETSI [13] for signalling. It has been proposed as the adaptation of the narrowband ISDN User Part (ISUP) for the support of narrowband ISDN services independent of the bearer technology and signalling message transport technology used. In terms of its name and origin it pr... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.3.2 H.323 between Call/Session Servers | In the IP network In IP networks, ITU-T Recommendation H.323 use both Recommendations H.225 and H.245 for managing call control. Initially, these signalling channels were created between H.323 terminal (i.e. telephone set or H.323/ISDN gateway) and the H.323 call server. With the evolution of Recommendation H.323 which... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.3.3 SIP-T | SIP-T (SIP for telephones, previously SIP-BCP-T) [14] is a mechanism that uses SIP to facilitate the interconnection of the PSTN with IP-based networks. It is intended to allow traditional IN-type services to be seamlessly handled in the IP-based networks. It is essential that SS7 messages be available at the points of... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.4.2.3.4 SIGTRAN | The SIGTRAN (Signalling Transport) protocol suite was developed within the IETF to allow an interworking between SS7 network elements and IP-based elements. Its primary purpose is to address the transport of PSTN/ISDN signalling over IP networks, taking into account the functional and performance requirements of the PS... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5 Service layer | In current telecommunication networks, the services are dedicated to the specific type of a network. An example might be the Intelligent Network over existing PSTN/ISDN dedicated mainly for the telephone terminals (fixed or mobiles), or services like mail and web dedicated for the IP-based networks. Appearance of the n... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.1 OSA/Parlay | The current Intelligent Networks technology does not allow external service providers to create and deploy services on their own through the network of a network operator. The main reason is the missing security features in IN - a Service Creation Environment (SCE) has full access to the network operators signalling ne... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.1.1 Standardization of API | The efforts of the Parlay group to bring the API specification into standardization bodies succeeded already one year later. The 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), in charge of specifying 3G mobile networks, adapted Parlay as the method for creating services in UMTS. 3GPP introduced this API under the name OSA ... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.1.2 OSA/Parlay architecture | The OSA/Parlay defines an architecture that enables the inter-working between the IT applications and the telecommunications features in the telecommunication network through an open standardized interface, i.e. the OSA/Parlay API's. The network functionality is described as SCFs (Service Capability Features) and appli... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.2 Web services | The main goal of Web services architecture is the realization of an interoperable network of services focused on service reuse and it is suitable both to interact with 3rd party applications and to export services by a network operator or a service provider. It is fully based on the Web-oriented architecture and protoc... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.2.1 Protocols for "Web services" | |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.2.1.1 SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) | SOAP is a XML-based object invocation protocol. It is a text-based protocol. SOAP was originally developed for distributed applications to communicate over HTTP and through corporate firewalls. SOAP defines the use of XML and HTTP to access services, objects and servers in a platform-independent manner. SOAP does not i... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.2.1.2 WSDL (Web Services Description Language) | WSDL (specified by the W3C) is an XML format for describing network services as a set of endpoints operating on messages containing either document-oriented or procedure-oriented information. The operations and messages are described abstractly, and then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format to define... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.2.1.3 UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) | Technical matter related to Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) is handled by UDDI.org's OASIS Technical Committees (TC). At the moment a single TC exists, the UDDI Spec TC (UDDI Specification TC). The UDDI specifications define a way to publish and discover information about Web services. The term ... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.3 Comparison of the two models | Both the models, OSA/Parlay and "Web services", have the same objective: to allows for a personalized access to multimedia services. For this, it is necessary to utilize a control layer that can control the interface between applications built by the use of the common service components and service resources: it is the... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.4 Scripting languages | Scripting Languages are lightweight, highly customisable, and typically interpreted languages, appropriate in the area of rapid application development, acting as glue to provide connections among existing components. These characteristics allow them to be used to code or modify applications at runtime, and interact wi... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.5.5 SIP servlets | SIP servlets are a set of libraries that are used to create services on a SIP based network. The SIP Servlet API (SIP Servlet API Extensions - see bibliography) is a Java API based on the previously existing Servlet API. SIP Servlets are also a programming model where the Servlets (the applications) are hosted by an in... |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.6 Issues affecting all layers | |
a90e8f53dc74ce8384544d0f30284f3d | 102 199 | 5.6.1 Addressing, numbering and naming |
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