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6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.2 Improved battery operating life for daily PMR shift use | Improved battery operating life is a very important user requirement in all market segments and in all user organizations. Improved battery operating life for daily PMR shift use is the most important user requirement in the general TETRA market. In PMR, the majority of the calls are group calls. These calls happen at ... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.3 Improved battery operating life for telephony use | Improved battery operating life for telephony use was in 2001 seen as the second most important user requirement in the general TETRA market. It was seen as more or equal important to improved battery operating life for daily PMR shift use by the utility and PAMR type users. For Public Safety users this aspect had the ... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.4 Improved battery operating life for data use | With the introduction of HSD in Release 2 and improvements in Release 2.1 the use of mobile data will move to become a real alternative for commercial cellular mobile services, with the extra benefit from TETRA's inbuilt security and other services. This change in operations will enable the users to use more complex da... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.5 Weight reduction | In the general TETRA market in 2001 this requirement was far less important than improved battery operating life. For Public Safety users however this requirement was second on the requirement list when the user requirements were gathered for Release 2, not so far behind the requirement for improved battery operating l... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.6 Size reduction | In the general TETRA market this requirement had the lowest priority in 2001. For Public Safety users however this requirement was seen during the Release 2 URS work as more important than improved battery operating life for telephony use. As the terminal sizes have come down since then, (further) size reduction is see... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.7 Co-existence of terminals (MSs) and/or base stations (BSs) | TETRA terminal user experiences from several countries have shown that some TETRA terminals have difficulties to operate in close vicinity of each other. These terminals however comply with the current TETRA specifications. TETRA specifications should be tightened to allow closer co-existence between MSs. Transmitting ... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.8 Harmonised cell (re)selection criteria | |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.8.1 Priorities | Not all terminals support all the functions defined in the TETRA standards. If there is information available for cell (re)selection that is not applicable to a specific terminal, that terminal should ignore that when placing available cells in priority order. ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-4 V1.4.1 (2011-08) 15 The priorities d... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.8.2 Use of the Cell Service Level | The TETRA Release 1 air interface provides two bits for indication of the Cell Service Level (CSL). These can be used to spread the load between overlapping cells more evenly, also called load based or load directed roaming. Direct Access TEDS will provide a separate cell load indicator that is not considered in the pr... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.8.3 Subscriber class | Subscriber classes can be used by the operator to guide the terminal base to use or avoid specific radio cells. TETRA supports 16 subscriber classes, of which 1 to 16 can be enabled on each cell and each terminal. In addition to having the match/mismatch functionality guiding the terminals, there are several preference... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.8.4 Pre-programmed cell/frequency information | Some MSs provide a possibility to pre-program preferred radio cells or Location Areas into the terminal. This may be useful for various reasons, e.g. to keep one local talkgroup members within one or selected few radio cells. Also, a similar functionality for pre-programming cells or Location Areas as "less preferred" ... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.3.8.5 Effect of higher/lower cell preference levels to cell reselection | Some neighbour cell information such as subscriber class preference levels indicate that a neighbour cell should be ranked higher or lower than the current cell, effectively indicating how early the terminal should move to and from the current cell. This information may be pre-programmed into the network and/or the ter... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4 Location information aspects | |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.1 Location positioning applications | A survey of user requirements highlighted the need for multiple applications. Those can be categorized in two types of applications with similar requirements: • location positioning of vehicles using TETRA mobiles. This is called Automatic Vehicle Location or AVL; • location positioning of persons using TETRA portables... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.2 Location positioning accuracy and resolution | Accuracy is defined as the precision of the acquiring location positioning system whereas resolution is the precision of the transferred information. The general requirement for location accuracy is a few metres. In urban environments it should be possible to know in what building the person has entered. In big buildin... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.3 Location positioning updates | The maximum location positioning update rate needs depend on the user, the speed travelled, etc. and may in some cases, e.g. a high-speed car chase, be in the order of a few seconds. This is however a maximum rate, which is only needed during limited periods when special attention to that particular person or vehicle i... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.4 Location positioning availability | As more and more user- and organization-critical applications will depend on having location positioning, the requirements for availability are very high, especially in the public safety sector. Location positioning is needed in all locations where users may operate. These locations include inside buildings, tunnels, u... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.5 Location positioning reliability | Users and organizations will start using more and more applications based on location positioning. These applications will become critical to fulfil their task. Control rooms and/or dispatchers will be so used to having location positioning that they will have great difficulties continuing their work when the location ... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.6 Location positioning terminal impact | The general requirements for terminals are increased battery life, weight reduction and reduction in size. Adding location positioning functionality should also respect these requirements. Especially for APL the equipment volume, the equipment weight and the battery consumption should not increase substantially. ETSI E... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.7 Location positioning air interface enhancement | The analysis and feasibility assessment of TG23, TR 101 987 [i.2], has shown that it is very difficult to add an integrated location positioning service in TETRA 1 V+D because of the modulation (symbol length/channel bandwidth) and the lack of timing systems (e.g. TA). Having an "enhancement" changing the modulation (p... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.8 Location information transfer to support APL/AVL applications | In the following a preferred technical solution for the "Emergency Services" is described. It should however be noted that there are several other solutions currently in use and others will continue to be developed, which may or may not necessarily meet the requirements of the "Emergency Services". The location informa... |
6bce6c85318154fbd8c05d4f300ad8ea | 102 021-4 | 4.4.9 Location positioning security issues | The location information transfer method should be available during temporary disable. However this functionality should only be available if no external devices are needed to provide location information as no external communication should be allowed during temporary disable, neither should there be any indication of ... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 1 Scope | The present document provides the user requirements for enhancement of Codec. The main requirements in such an enhancement are the following: • improved end-to-end delay performance; • voice quality improvement over the existing TETRA codec; • equal or better immunity to background noise; • interworking with GSM/UMTS (... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report, the following references apply: [1] ETSI TR 102 021-1: "Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2; Part 1: General Overview". [2] ETSI TR 102 021-2: "Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2; Part... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: TETRA Release 2: Work Programme with new terms of reference within ETSI Project TETRA to enhance the services and facilities of TETRA in order to meet new user requirements, utilize new technology and increase the longevity of TETRA wi... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: EPT ETSI Project TETRA ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute GSM Global System for Mobile communications NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization PS Public Safety PAMR Public Access Mobile Radio PMR Professional (or Private) Mobi... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4 User Requirement Specification | |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.1 Method of analysis | This URS has been defined using the feedback of users and possible users to the TETRA Release 2 Market Questionnaire (see bibliography). The individual responses from different user organizations have been weighted in accordance with the size of the TETRA system planned by the responder. The number of base stations and... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.2 Need for new codec | The TETRA Release 1 voice codec has been found to be appropriate for PMR and PAMR voice communications. This is particularly the case in the PS sector where 90 % of the user responses indicate that a new codec is not required. However the move towards UMTS/3G and the large diffusion of TETRA in different market segment... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.3 Relative importance of the TETRA 2 codec | Users were asked to assign a relative importance figure to all of the new features considered for standardization in TETRA Release 2. The weighted overall importance given to new codec(s), in relation to other features of TETRA Release 2, by users among all market segments is 10 % (see figure 1). Figure 1: Weighted ove... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.4 Improved end-to-end delay performance | End-to-end delay is a key factor in the perceived quality of voice communication. Although the end-to-end delay of the TETRA 1 codec itself is considered to be adequate, some 23 % of weighted votes over all market segments do require an improvement in the overall end-to-end delay (see figure 2). This requirement is sli... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.5 Codec specific performance figures | |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.5.1 Fundamental requirements | The following three fundamental requirements are considered to be purely codec specific: • voice quality improvement; • immunity to background noise; • interworking with GSM/UMTS. Further to what has been said in clause 4.4, end-to-end delay has not been considered as one of the above codec specific performance require... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.5.2 Voice quality improvement over existing codec | It can be concluded from responses to Questionnaire that improved voice quality is considered highly important in all market segments, although it is considered more important by PAMR users than by PS users. |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.5.3 Equal or better immunity to background noise | Equal or better immunity to background noise with respect to the TETRA 1 codec is considered to be of moderate importance. ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-3 V1.1.1 (2001-12) 10 |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.5.4 Interworking with GSM/UMTS (No double vocoding) | Direct interworking with GSM/UMTS networks, without double vocoding is considered to be of high importance. |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.6 Interoperability with lower rate, standard codec | The military segment that is considered a potential future user of TETRA technology has raised this requirement. NATO is in the selection phase of a new codec for use in military environments. The deadline for this selection process is end-2001.The key-requirement of NATO is low bandwidth (e.g. 2,4/1,2 kbps). Concernin... |
38088a23ee7efbb0a53bdf30448ecdc8 | 102 021-3 | 4.7 Timescales for the new codec | Users have been asked in the Questionnaire about availability in time of the TETRA Release 2 codec(s). Responses are spread over a 5-year period. As a tentative interpretation of these results we conclude that this requirement is dependent on market sectors. The availability requirements from different segments are giv... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 1 Scope | The present document contains the User Requirements Specifications (URS) which are described in non-technical terms and are based on an analysis of the results for High Speed Data from the TETRA Release 2 Market Questionnaire, described in TR 102 021-1 [i.1], clauses 4.2 and 4.3, subsequent results from a joint ETSI/TE... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which ar... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] ETSI TR 102 021-1: "Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2.1; Part 1: General overview". ETSI ETSI TR 102 0... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: conventional access: HSD access method introduced in TETRA Release 2 where the control channel is on a TETRA 1 bearer NOTE: This means that each HSD cell have at least one TETRA 1 bearer even if all terminals would use only the HSD ser... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition ECG ElectroCardioGram GoS Grade of Service HSD High Speed Data kbit/s kilo (thousand) bits per second MoU Memorandum of Understanding MS Mobile Station PAMR Public Access Mobile Radio PMR Private Mobile ... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4 User Requirement Specification | |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.1 High Speed Data (HSD) technology solution | The HSD technology solution selected by WG4 will be based on a technology that best meets the User Requirements as described in this URS, balanced against any technology constraints identified in WG4 from the candidate technology proposals submitted into WG4 for HSD standard consideration. |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.2 HSD applications | |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.2.1 Point-to-point HSD for non-voice applications | The net data rates to support non-voice applications on HSD are listed in table 1. For ease of understanding requirements, the table has been sorted in order of net data rates. It is important to note that the original list of HSD applications was derived from the work done by WG1 in May 2001 and from a joint ETSI/TETR... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.2.2 Point-to-multipoint HSD for non-voice applications | Although a typical use case, point-to-point communication is not the only data need the users have. Especially user organisations working on group basis, e.g. police in many cases, have a need to inform several people at virtually the same time. The most effective way of doing this is to utilize point-to-multipoint fun... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.2.3 Voice over HSD | Although not seen as one of the first applications to use HSD technology, it is expected that carrying voice over the same channels as used to carry the fast non-voice applications is likely to be of interest to some operators in the future. The new modulation methods could provide a flexible voice capacity solution pr... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.3 Data rate capacity in addition to TETRA V+D | Analysis of the non-voice application requirements listed in table 1 has identified that the new HSD service will have very little impact in reducing voice traffic levels in TETRA networks. For this reason, the provision of HSD on existing networks will require separate capacity to support non-voice applications depend... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.4 RF coverage requirements for HSD | The coverage of HSD service should match that of TETRA Release 1 for Voice and Data as evidenced by the 2007 workshop where this was considered the most important TMO enhancement area [i.2]. Exact user requirements of RF coverage needs for HSD applications vary greatly between different user organizations. For example,... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.5 Frequency spectrum efficiency requirements | As mentioned in clause 4.3, analysis of non-voice applications identified that the new HSD service will have very little impact in reducing voice traffic levels in TETRA networks. For this reason, if the Grade of Service for voice services is to remain unchanged, the provision of HSD on existing networks will require a... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.6 Integration of HSD with TETRA Release 1 V+D services | The 2001 user requirements for HSD services are marked by a strong need for integration with the V+D services of TETRA Release 1. The degree of integration varies from very high for simultaneous Voice and HSD operation, to moderate and low respectively for voice communication priority over HSD to independent operation ... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.7 Compatibility of HSD with TETRA Release 1 V+D services | Although outside the scope of the TETRA Release 2 Questionnaire, it has been requested by WG4 to consider the following three aspects as part of the HSD URS where HSD needs to be compatible with TETRA Release 1 as near as practically possible. These three areas are: • VoIP or some other transportation method for voice.... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.8 HSD call types | The user requirement for HSD call types has many variants within the "one to one" and "one to many" categories. The communications matrix in table 3 shows the variety of call types required for HSD. Table 3: HSD call type communications matrix One to one (Call Initiator) MS Dispatcher Data network MS Yes Yes Yes Dispat... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.9 Backward compatibility with TETRA Release 1 | For reasons of evolution and utilization of TETRA Release 1 services, a TETRA Release 2 network provisioned with conventional access HSD should support TETRA Release 1 terminals while not causing any degradation of services, facilities and operational performance to TETRA Release 2 terminals on the network. Likewise a ... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.10 Migration from TETRA Release 1 | User organizations have expressed a need to utilize HSD services as economically as possible on existing TETRA V+D networks. For this reason, the implementation of HSD should be as economical as possible. In addition, the field upgrade and provision of HSD on TETRA V+D networks should be carried out with the minimum of... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.11 Availability of HSD | From the user requirement's analysis by WG1 in May 2001 a number of respondents saw a market for HSD in 2005 onwards, with a similar number requiring a service before 2005. There is a section of the market that sees a need for HSD as early as 2002. Table 5 shows the respondent breakdown for HSD availability to support ... |
65f7073176ab8cbd4b4a58327cf7c46a | 102 021-2 | 4.12 Relative importance of HSD user requirement criteria | As part of the TETRA Release 2 Questionnaire respondents were requested to indicate the relative importance of criteria relating to HSD. The results of this question are listed in table 6. Table 6: Criteria importance HSD criteria Importance (Percentage) Respondent (Min/Max) Compatibility with TETRA Release 1 V+D 40 0/... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 1 Scope | The present document outlines the process employed by TC TETRA Working Group 1 in generating user requirements in general, and the methodology used for creating User Requirements Specifications (URSs) for Release 2.1 in particular. It also covers the process of identifying interdependencies, which is considered importa... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which ar... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] ETSI TR 102 021-2: "Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2.1; Part 2: High Speed Data". [i.2] ETSI TR 102 0... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: High Speed Data (HSD): net data rates in excess of 28,8 kbit/s which is the current capability of TETRA Release 1 interworking: where TETRA users on one system can communicate with mobile users on another system (which could be TETRA o... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: DMO Direct Mode Operation GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile communications HSD High Speed Data LMB Local Mode Broadband ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-1 V1.3.1 (2011-07) 8 PAMR Public Access Mobile Radio PMR Private Mobile R... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 4 User Requirement Specification (URS) | |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 4.1 The Process | Within TC TETRA, WG1 has been given the responsibility for capturing the requirements of the "TETRA Market" from a variety of user entities and for producing User Requirement Specifications. These are then used as a basis for all the other TC TETRA working groups, each of which is responsible for development of a parti... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 4.2 Methodology | In order to ensure that the most up-to-date information is used for the URSs, WG1 undertook to produce and send out a comprehensive Market Questionnaire, which was sent to the members of TC TETRA and the TETRA Association. Replies received from respondents to the Questionnaire were used as the main references for the R... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 4.3 Interdependencies between URSs | As already mentioned, the Release 2.1 URS is divided into several separate documents, each covering only one of the sections of the Release 2.1 requirement. This method had the advantage of maximum flexibility when it came to the production and maintenance of each of the documents, since different parts of the Release ... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 4.4 Individual URSs and their scope | The URSs for TETRA Release 2.1, with a brief description of each, are listed in clauses 4.4.1 to 4.4.7. The updated URSs contain also the requirements from the previous versions with indications of main achievements. 4.4.1 TR 102 021-2 "User Requirement Specification TETRA Release 2.1; Part 2: High Speed Data" TR 102 0... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 4.5 Relative Market importance of each area of Release 2.0 | Based on the replies from the Market Questionnaire (2001), the relative importance of each area of Release 2.0 is given in figure 1. Figure 1: Overall importance ETSI ETSI TR 102 021-1 V1.3.1 (2011-07) 13 Note that the important improvements to Security and air-ground-air services, for which separate URSs have been pub... |
36ae69d5b80ce6ff51836ee6f8d6ff31 | 102 021-1 | 4.6 General Enhancement Areas all workshop respondents | TETRA World Congress 2007 Future of TETRA workshop report [i.12] answers to question 4 from questionnaire 2 are presented in figure 2. General All respondents RF coverage 22% Capacity 11% Grade of Service (GoS) 9% Frequency efficiency 9% Reliability 6% Voice quality 5% Data throughput 12% Security of voice and data 9% ... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 1 Scope | The present document presents QoS related background information for IP networks that provide voice telephony in accordance with all TIPHON scenarios. It contains: • a depiction of each TIPHON scenario by its reference connection; • an overview of the physical components based on which a TIPHON service may be provided. |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: [1] ETSI EG 202 306: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Access networks for residential customers". [2] ETSI TS 101 314: "Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON) Release 4; Abstract Architecture and Re... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: best effort QoS: situation in which the end to end performance of the media stream is not defined by a service level specification end-to-end delay jitter: estimate of the statistical variance of the voice frames interarrival time meas... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line BRAN Broadband Radio Access Networks FDM Frequency Division Multiplex GSM Global System for Mobile communications ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network IP Internet Protocol ITU International Telecommu... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4 Introduction to end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) | |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.1 Main QoS parameters influenced by TIPHON systems | End-to-end QoS in a TIPHON system is characterized in the TIPHON QoS documentation under two broad headings: • call set-up quality; and • call quality. |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.1.1 Call set-up quality | Call set-up quality is mainly characterized by the call set-up time which is perceived by the user as the responsiveness of the service. Call set-up time is the time elapsed from the end of the user interface command by the caller (keypad dialling, E-mail alias typing, etc.) to the receipt by the caller of a meaningful... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.1.2 Call quality | Call quality is characterized by the overall transmission quality rating R. Overall transmission quality rating (R) describes the full acoustic-to-acoustic (mouth to ear) quality, experienced by a user, for a typical situation using a "standard" telephony handset. The overall transmission quality rating is calculated u... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.1.3 Conversational speech quality | The conversational quality of a telephone link is influenced by four parts: • Listening quality, the quality of the speech received from the talker's voice at the other side, dominated by noise and speech distortion. • Talking quality, the quality of the speech received from the talker's own voice, dominated by echo an... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.2 Further QoS parameters | In general, Quality of Service (QoS) is determined by a multitude of further QoS parameters; guidance in this field is provided by ITU-T Recommendation I.350 [10]. For the complexity of other QoS parameters it is considered that: • they either do not apply to TIPHON systems; or • the TIPHON systems have similar influen... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.3 TIPHON specific QoS relevant factors | Examples of TIPHON specific QoS relevant factors are: • number of hops; • possible variation of the geographical length of one connection during the talking state; • occurrence of congestion; • use of prioritization or bandwidth reservation schemes; • jitter and jitter buffer behaviour (see clauses 4.3.1 through 4.3.4)... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.3.1 Delay Jitter | Packetized transmission systems exhibit variable delay in packet delivery time; this is caused by the fact that different packets carrying speech samples of the same telephone conversation may be transported via distinct routes through the network or queueing of data, voice and other voice streams on the same route: de... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.3.2 Jitter buffers | Jitter buffers are "devices" implemented in terminal equipment or software at the receiving end of a voice connection on a packet switched network. Their function is to ensure that voice packets are delivered at regular intervals to the voice decoder, even if packets experience variation in the time they are underway i... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.3.3 Jitter Buffer Implementations | A jitter buffer is used to compensate for delay variation ("jitter") in a stream of incoming packets, in our case voice packets, at the receiving end of a "connection", see figures 3 and 4. Figure 3: Jitter Gateway IP Network Gateway encoding packetisation transport dejittering decoding PSTN PSTN Figure 4: Jitter Buffe... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.3.4 Jitter buffer monitoring capabilities | Quantifying jitter can be done in two ways: The statistical variance of interarrival time, or the jitter amplitude. The variance is more meaningful than the amplitude, because the amplitude is only determined by the two extremes. A packet switched network introduces not only loss and delay, but also delay variation, al... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.4.1 IP terminal | For the purposes of the TIPHON QoS documentation only those IP terminals will be considered to which the following description of a TIPHON terminal applies. TIPHON terminal: A terminal that is either dedicated (e.g. a telephone set) or general purpose (e.g. a computer running an application that performs the terminal f... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.4.2 IP access network | A variety of access network transport media may be used to interconnect TIPHON IP terminals with IP backbone networks. EG 202 306 [1] provides guidelines. Examples of methods that can be used for IP access layer transport are: • LAN Access; • PSTN Access; • xDSL Access; • Cable Modem Access; • BRAN Access; • DECT Acces... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.4.3 IP backbone | A variety of equipment may be used to provide IP backbone networks for TIPHON services. Examples of equipment that can be used for IP backbones are: • Routers; • High-speed facilities. The way in which each of this equipment is implemented has implications for end-to-end Quality of Service. |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.4.4 IWF (gateway/gatekeeper) | Factors affecting QoS in the Gateway mirror those in the IP terminal. Interworking functions (IWFs) may be realized in various ways: • local; • distributed. The way in which each of these techniques is implemented has implications for end-to-end Quality of Service. ETSI ETSI TR 102 024-1 V4.1.1 (2003-09) 13 |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.4.5 SCN | A variety of various branches of the SCN follow a multitude of different national or international regulations or standards. Examples of different types of branches of the SCN are: • analogue networks; • digital networks; • cordless networks; • mobile networks. Examples of the different technologies on which those netw... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 4.4.6 Voice terminal connected to the SCN | A variety of voice telephony terminals interconnected to various branches of the SCN and follow a multitude of different national or international regulations or standards. Examples of different terminal types interconnected to SCN are: • 2-wire analogue telephones; • 4-wire analogue telephones; • digital telephones; •... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 5 Reference connections | For general transmission planning purposes ITU-T Recommendation G.103 [7] provides guidance and definitions with regard to reference connections. For the purposes of TIPHON however, the recommendations provided by G.103 [7] are not sufficient or may not be applicable. Therefore, the present document gives additional in... |
9db1a96739cb4e4d8cb2fa0f6ac750eb | 102 024-1 | 5.1 Reference connection for TIPHON scenario #0 | IP Network IP Access IP Access IP Network TIPHON Terminal TIPHON Terminal Figure 5: Scenario 0 - IP network to IP network ETSI ETSI TR 102 024-1 V4.1.1 (2003-09) 15 |
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