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567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] ETSI TR 103 099 (V1.2.1): "Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Architecture of conformance validation framework". [i.2] ETSI EG 201 015 (V1.1.1): "Me... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ASN Abstract Syntax Notation ATS Abstract Test Suite FNTP Fast Networking & Transport Protocol FSAP Fast Service Advertisement Protocol IICP ITS station-Internal management Communications Protocol ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems PICS Pr... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4 Validation report | |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.1 Validation level | Level 3 (Rigorous) abstract test suite validation has been performed, according to the validation handbook EG 201 015 [i.2]: • the test suite has been compiled on more than one TTCN-3 tool; • the complete suite of tests has been implemented and executed on two test platform; • the suite of tests for implemented protoco... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.2 Source code evaluation | |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.2.1 TTCN-3 version | The FSAP, FNTP and IICP abstract test suites TS 102 985-3 [i.8] and TS 102 797-3 [i.11] are based on TTCN-3 edition 4.2.1 (TTCN3:2010) specified in ES 201 873-1 [i.12]. ETSI ETSI TR 101 611 V1.1.1 (2014-06) 7 |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.2.2 TTCN-3 tools used for compilation | The test suites TS 102 985-3 [i.8] and TS 102 797-3 [i.11] have been compiled using three different TTCN-3 tools, as detailed in table 1. Table 1: TTCN-3 tools used for compilation Supplier Tool name Version Settings Compilation result Elvior TestCast T3 6.7.2.1 No error, no warning TestingTech TTworkbench 1.1.17 Suppo... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.3 Validation process | |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.3.1 Test platform | The validation test platform is based on the conformance validation framework [i.1] and extensions of it presented in TS 102 985-3 [i.8] and TS 102 797-3 [i.11] using the components presented in table 2. Table 2: Validation test platform components TTCN-3 Tool Elvior TestCastT3 v6.7.2.1 TTCN-3 Tool TestingTech TTworkbe... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.3.2 Systems under test | The following SUTs have been used to validate the FNTP, FSAP and IICP test suites: Table 3: SUTs used for validation Manufacturer Product name Version Commsignia in Hungary FNTP, FSAP and IICP 0.5 Imtech in The Netherlands FNTP, FSAP 2.0 |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.3.3 Validation status | |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.3.3.1 FNTP | Table 4 shows the validation status of each test case of the FNTP abstract test suite. Table 4: Testcase validation status (FNTP) TC identifier Verdict Log analysis Validated TC_FNTP_TXP_BP_BV_01 PASS OK Yes TC_FNTP_TXP_BP_BV_02 PASS OK Yes TC_FNTP_TXP_EP_BV_01 PASS OK Yes TC_FNTP_TXP_EP_BI_01 PASS OK Yes TC_FNTP_RXP_B... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.3.3.2 FSAP | Table 5 shows the validation status of each test case of the FNTP abstract test suite. Table 5: Testcase validation status (FSAP) TC identifier Verdict Log analysis Validated TC_FSAP_SP_HR_BV_01 PASS OK Yes TC_FSAP_SP_HR_BV_02 PASS OK Yes TC_FSAP_SP_HR_BV_03 PASS OK Yes TC_FSAP_SP_HR_BV_04 PASS OK Yes TC_FSAP_SP_HR_BV_... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.3.3.3 IICP | In a first step, IICP was implicitly tested with all tests performed on FNTP and FSAP, as IICP is used as transport mechanism between ITS test system and SUT. Table 6 shows the validation status of each test case of the IICP abstract test suite executed explicitly in a second step. Table 6: Testcase validation status (... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.4 Feedback to standardization process | |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.4.1 Base standard issues | Since ETSI published the first version of the test suites, ISO TC204 WG16 performed changes of the ASN.1 modules in ISO 24102 and ISO 29281 (ISO amendment 1 versions). These modified versions of the ASN.1 modules were implemented. Editorial improvements of these new versions of ASN.1 modules were reported by STF455 to ... |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.4.2 Test specification issues | During the validation exercise, a number of issues were raised. Each issue concerning PICS, TP or ATS was fixed during several test session organized in vendors' offices. |
567bd1d7aafa8c6253f90e5b28379e56 | 101 611 | 4.4.3 SUT issues | Issues found in SUT implementations have been signalled directly to the concerned manufacturer, joining detailed explanations and test logs. ETSI ETSI TR 101 611 V1.1.1 (2014-06) 11 History Document history V1.1.1 June 2014 Publication |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 1 Scope | The present document identifies the documents that form Release 1 of Cooperative ITS (C-ITS). |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 2 References | |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 2.1 Normative references | Normative references are not applicable in the present document. |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 2.2 Informative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks i... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations | |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 3.1 Terms | Void. |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 3.2 Symbols | Void. |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: C-ITS Cooperative ITS DCC Decentralized Congestion Control DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communication EFC Electronic Fee Collection EV Electric Vehicle ITS Intelligent Transport Systems OSI Open Systems Interconnection RTTT Road Transport and Tr... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 4 Introduction | For the development of standards which address Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) a release oriented process has been adopted. The present document lists standards, specifications and other deliverables which have been developed to form a consistent set of standards as the basis for Release 1 including s... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5 Content Release 1 | |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5.0 General | The deliverables forming Release 1 are based on a list of features required for deployment of Cooperative ITS. The following standards developed for interoperability in particular related to Mandate M/453 [i.1] address this deployment. |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5.1 General standards | Standards developed for defining base requirements and procedures. Table 1: General standards Standard title Standard number Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Communications Architecture ETSI EN 302 665 V1.1.1 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Security Services and Architecture ETSI TS 102 731 V1.1.1 In... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5.2 Application requirements | Standards developed for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) message sets and applications covering both safety and traffic efficiency applications as well as Value Added Services and other comfort applications. The application and facility layer standards are based on the following general ITS ... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5.3 Facilities | Facility layer standards include general message set standards and application supporting standards primarily for V2V and V2I communications. Table 3: Base standards for facility layer functionalities Standard title Standard number Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5.4 Network and Transport | Standards for the network and transport layer related to protocols such as: • basic transport protocols; • geoNetworking; • IPv6. Table 5: Base standards for the network and transport layer Standard title Standard number Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; GeoNetworking; Part 1: Requirements ... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5.5 Access and media | Standards developed for the access and media layer are based on features such as: • 5,9 GHz spectrum usage; • multichannel operation; • Decentralized Congestion Control (DCC); • coexistence of ITS and EFC (CEN DSRC) services in the 5,8 GHz and 5,9 GHz bands. Table 7: Base standards for the access and media layer Standa... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5.6 Management | Standards developed for management and cross layer issues. Table 9: Standards for management and cross layer issues Standard title Standard number Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); ETSI object identifier tree; ITS domain ETSI TR 102 707 V1.1.1 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Classification and management of ITS... |
6a8a1fb6ae82049b0fd8a3667aa82a3e | 101 607 | 5.7 Security | Standards developed for security and privacy. Table 10: Base standards for security and privacy Standard title Standard number Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Threat, Vulnerability and Risk Analysis (TVRA) ETSI TR 102 893 V1.3.2 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Confidentiality services ETSI... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 1 Scope | The present document describes a system designed to provide broadband DA2G communications, which may require a change of the present frequency designation / utilisation within CEPT or some changes to the present regulatory framework for the proposed band(s) regarding either intended or unwanted emissions. The preferred... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which ar... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] ERC Report 25: "The European table of frequency allocations and utilisations in the frequency range 9 kHz to 3000 GHz". [i.2] ETSI EN 300 328 (V1.8.1)... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Aircraft Station (AS): entity onboard aircraft providing the radio, control and telecommunication functionalities for broadband DA2G communication Direct Air-to-Ground (DA2G): direct radio link between an Aircraft Station (AS) and a Gr... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System AS Aircraft Station ATPC Automatic Transmit Power Control BFWA Broadband Fixed Wireless Access BIPT Belgische Instituut voor de Postdiensten en de Telecommunicatie BT British Teleco... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 4 Comments on the System Reference Document | The statements in clauses 4.1 to 4.3 have been recorded. 4.1 Statement by Cisco Systems Belgium, CSR, Broadcom Corporation, Research in Motion UK Limited, Qualcomm UK Ltd and BIPT WiFi® and Bluetooth® (BT) usage in the 2,4 GHz band has a huge economic and social value. 1 billion WiFi® chipsets and 2 billion BT chipsets... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 4.2 Statement by Bluetooth® SIG | Background on the Bluetooth® SIG (www.bluetooth.org) The Bluetooth® Special Interest Group (SIG) is a not-for-profit trade association serving over 15 000 member companies including the leaders in the telecommunications, computing, consumer electronics, automotive, industrial automation, and network industries. Represe... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 5 Presentation of the system or technology | The described broadband DA2G system is intended to provide broadband connectivity between an aircraft and the ground, to enable provision of services to passengers on board (e.g. e-mail, web browsing, infotainment, etc.). The overall system connectivity also enables the facility to provide non-safety relevant airline i... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 6 Market information | The potential market for air passenger communications was examined when developing a previous System Reference Document Broadband DA2G Communications. This showed that there was an increasing expectation amongst airline passengers to be able to access the internet from their own mobile devices during flight, provided t... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7 Technical information | |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.1 Detailed technical description | The broadband DA2G system is designed to provide bi-directional ground-to-aircraft connectivity as part of an overall broadband communications system which will offer a variety of IP-based applications for the use of passengers as well as airline information (non-safety) data. Figure 1 gives a high-level overview of ho... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.1.1 Airborne equipment | The in-flight entertainment (IFE) distribution system makes use of wireless networking technology to enable passengers to use their personal devices such as laptops during the flight to access the internet, watch videos, communicate via e- mail and take advantage of the multitude of web-based applications which are alr... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.1.2 Ground station equipment | Another important feature of this DA2G system is the simultaneous use of four separate integrated radio transceivers/phased array antenna assemblies at the ground station. Such an arrangement enables each ground station to cover the entire visible air space, from horizon to horizon, at all azimuths. Each integrated ant... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2 Technical parameters and implications on spectrum | |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.1 Status of technical parameters | |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.1.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations | As previously indicated, the system has currently been optimised for operation in the ISM frequency bands around 2,4 GHz and 5,8 GHz. These two bands are included in the list of candidate bands under consideration in CEPT [i.8]. Current allocation of the candidate bands in the ITU Radio Regulations [i.7] is included in... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.1.2 Sharing and compatibility studies already available | At the time of drafting the present document, the sharing and compatibility studies between DA2G links and other systems are in the early stages within the CEPT/ECC Spectrum Engineering Working Group. A number of bands have been identified for initial study, including the 2,4 GHz and 5,8 GHz bands for which this system... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.1.3 Sharing and compatibility issues still to be considered | A number of different sharing scenarios will need to be studied for each of the bands under consideration. This will entail sharing/compatibility between DA2G communications and a range of other services in the same and in adjacent frequency bands. These studies will need to include sharing/compatibility with both air-... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.2 Transmitter parameters | |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.2.1 Transmitter Output Power / Radiated Power | Table 4 Tx- output e.i.r.p. Maximum transmit power (ground station) (dBm) for a single beam, see note 1 25 45 Maximum aircraft station power (dBm), see note 2 28 45 ATPC used? Yes Maximum operational ATPC range (dB) 30 Maximum number of antenna arrays per Ground Station (See clause 7.1.2) 4 Maximum number of beams per ... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.2.2 Antenna Characteristics | Table 5 Ground station peak gain using 4 antenna array (dBi) 20 Ground station peak gain using 8 antenna array (dBi) 23 Aircraft peak gain using 4 antenna array (dBi) 10 Maximum Aircraft peak gain using > 4 antenna array (dBi) 17 NOTE: The Ground Station peak gains given above are for a single antenna array. ETSI ETSI ... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.2.2.1 Antenna masks | The ground station and aircraft antennas can be characterised by the following generalised gain masks, which the proponents have provided for use in compatibility studies with other services and applications. The ground station antenna masks (as represented by Figures 5 and 6) are suitable for single entry ground path ... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.2.2.2 Example radiation patterns | Example radiation patterns are shown in Figures 9 and 10, for the ground station and aircraft station antennas respectively, when operating in the 2,4 GHz band. These are based on the current first-generation product using 4- antenna arrays at the ground station and on the aircraft. At the time of writing (February 201... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.2.3 Operating Frequency | The scope of the present document is restricted to operation within the 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz band and/or the 5 855 MHz to 5 875 MHz band. However, the technology is capable of operating in any frequency band within the range from 790 MHz to 6 GHz. |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.2.4 Bandwidth | The necessary bandwidth (as defined by Articles 1.152 and 1.153 of the ITU Radio Regulations [i.7]) is 20 MHz and the occupied bandwidth complies with Clause 4.3.2.6 of EN 300 328 V1.8.1 [i.2] for operation in the 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz band and falls within the emission mask specified in Clause 4.3.2.2 of EN 302 502... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.2.5 Unwanted emissions | The unwanted emissions, including spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions (as defined by Article 1.146 of the ITU Radio Regulations [i.7]) fall within the limits specified in Clauses 4.3.2.7 and 4.3.2.8 of EN 300 328 V1.8.1 [i.2] for operation in the 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz band. The ground station emissions when... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.3 Receiver parameters | The sensitivity is better than or equal to -87 dBm in a 20 MHz bandwidth on both the ground station and aircraft station receivers. Adjacent channel selectivity is 43,5 dB for the ground station and 27 dB for the aircraft station, as specified in TS 136 104 [i.4] and TS 136 101 [i.5] respectively. Other relevant receiv... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.2.4 Channel access parameters | The operational channel access parameters such as frame duration, resource grouping and allocation in time and frequency, random access procedures, are fully configurable. Typically, the system employs 5 ms frames with 80 % forward/20 % return link (4 ms to ground to air, 1ms air to ground). The frequencies are broken ... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 7.3 Information on relevant standard(s) | See under clause 2.2 Informative references. Broadband DA2G communication systems are to be covered in a Harmonized European Standard under the R&TTE Directive [i.16]. |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 8 Radio spectrum request and justification | The described broadband DA2G communications system is unlikely to require any dedicated spectrum to be made available, since the features of the technology permit co-frequency sharing with other radio applications with the minimum of constraints (e.g. careful siting of ground stations with workable exclusion zones arou... |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 9 Regulations | |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 9.1 Current regulations | In Europe, there are currently no frequency bands which are designated for DA2G use and no specific regulations to facilitate introduction of such services. |
f1a6cb5fc31a1511b01e51cbc7fe3c59 | 101 599 | 9.2 Proposed regulation and justification | It is proposed, after the finalisation of the required sharing and compatibility studies, that an ECC Decision is developed for the designation of spectrum (2 × 10 MHz or 20 MHz) within the frequency bands 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz and/or 5 855 MHz to 5 875 MHz for the Broadband DA2GC system using beamforming antennas a... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 1 Scope | Convential PLT modems (SISO) use only the phase and neutral wire of the mains grid. MIMO PLT utilizes additionally the protective earth wire. The present document is an overview of the prevalence of the third wire in private homes and a description of the measurement setup and equipment used to perform EMI, channel and... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which ar... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] Sartenaer, T. & Delogne, P., "Powerline Cables Modelling for Broadband Communications", ISPLC 2001, pp. 331-337. [i.2] R. Hashmat, P. Pagani, A; Zedda... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 3 Symbols and abbreviations | |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 3.1 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: dB decibel (logarithmic unit) dBm 10 * log10 (P / 1 mW) Hz Hertz L Inductance m meter MHz Mega Hz nF nanoFarads nH nanoHenry R Resistor Ω Ohm Z Impedance |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AC Alternating Current AMN Artificial Mains Network BCA Building & Construction Authority BNC Bayonet Nut Connector BS British Standard BSI British Standards International C "Center point" of the Coupler CEE Conformity certification of Electri... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 3.2.1 Abbreviations Used for Feeding Styles | APN Signal feed mode: Dual wire feed (version C of clause 7.1.4.5) to input P||N E in figure 28 CM Signal feed mode: Common mode, P, N, E terminated to ground EP Signal feed mode: DELTA (differential) between E and P, PN and NE terminated EP-NET Signal feed mode: Differential between E and P, only NE terminated EPNT Si... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 4 Major Project Phases | Table 1 No. Period Topic Event 01 Sept. 2010 Project organization Definition of targets, what and how to measure STF 410 preparatory meeting Stuttgart, Germany 02 Nov 2010 Setup of MIMO PLT measurements (EMI, Channel and Noise) Several STF 410 phone conferences. Drafting of measurement specification 03 Dec. 2010 1st ve... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 5 Motivation | PLT systems available today use only one transmission path between two outlets. It is the differential mode channel between the phase (or live) and neutral contact of the mains. These systems are called SISO (Single Input Single Output) modems. In contrast, MIMO PLT systems make use of the third wire, PE (Protective Ea... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.1 Grounding Systems | In electricity supply systems, a "grounding system" defines the electrical potential of the conductors relative to that of the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of grounding system has implications for the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply. Note that regulations for grounding systems var... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.1.1 TN Networks | In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually at the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer. Figure 2: TN Networks The protective earth (PE) is the conductor ... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.1.2 TT Network | In a TT earthing system, consumer PE connections are provided by a local connection to earth, which is independent from any earth connection at the generator. An advantage of a TT network is that there is no risk of a broken neutral. In locations where power is distributed overhead and TT is used, installation earth co... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.1.3 IT Network | In an IT network, the distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has a high impedance connection which is monitored by an insulation monitoring device. Environments supplied via engine-generators, e.g. laboratory rooms, medical facilities, construction sites, repair workshops, mobile electrical instal... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.1.4 Regulations of Earthing Networks | • According to the United States National Electrical Code and Canadian Electrical Code, the feed from the distribution transformer uses a combined neutral and grounding conductor, but within the structure separate neutral and protective earth conductors are used (TN-C-S). The neutral must be connected to the earth (gro... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.2 Wall Socket Types Used in Various Countries | AC power plugs and sockets are devices for connecting removable, electrically operated consumer devices to a power supply. A plug connects mechanically to a matching socket. Plugs are mostly or completely male, while sockets are mostly or completely female; the plug has protruding prongs or pins that fit into matching ... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.2.1 3 Pin Type Sockets | The types B, H, I, J, K and L use PE third pin (type B accepts type A plugs and types H, J, K and L accept type C). The "Europlug" (type C) will fit type E and F sockets, and the earthed type E/F 2-pin plugs will fit type C (and certain hybrid) sockets, without making earthing contact. Types D, G and M plugs are exclus... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.2.2 Countries in which PE Grounding is Not in Use | According to the available information on the different socket types in use, it can be concluded that PE is most likely not used in the following countries: • Angola • Egypt • Eritrea • Gabon • Georgia • Guinea-Bissau • Mauritania • North Korea • Paraguay • Somalia • Togo ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02) 18 |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.2.3 Countries where PE Type Sockets are Exclusively Used | It can also be concluded that PE should be exclusively used in the following countries which use D, I, G and J type sockets: Australia, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Chad, Cook Islands, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Gibraltar, Grenada, Hong Kong, Ireland, Isle of Man, Kenya, Kiribati, Ku... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.1 European Countries | Table 3 lists the total number of dwellings for several European countries from census data sourced from Housing Statistics in the European Union 2010 [i.5]. Table 3: Number of Private Households (x 1 000) for a few European Countries 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Austria 2 669 2 973 3 276 3 475 3 537 3 567 3 598 ... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.2 United States | The same approach was used to estimate the housing stock in the US, as for Europe. See [i.6] for source information regarding the age of housing stock in the US. Table 6: Age of Housing in U.S. Presence of Protective Earth has been mandatory in the US since 1962, thus it is estimated that the actual percentage of prope... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.3 Canada | The same approach was used to estimate the status in Canada. Source: [i.7]. Table 7: Number and Age of Housing in Canada Tenure and Period of construction # of households % by age Built after 1960 1945 or before 1 661 635 14,3 1946-1960 1 819 730 15,7 PE mandatory after 1960 1961-1970 1 833 290 15,9 15,9 1971-1980 2 46... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.4 More Detailed Information about a few Countries | |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.4.1 Presence of PE Wire in Belgium | Figure 9: Number of dwellings erected over time in some European countries ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02) 22 Figure 10: Number of New Dwellings per 1 000 Inhabitants In Belgium, electrical installations fall under the national regulation of the so called AREI (Algemeen reglement op de Elektrische Installaties)... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.4.2 Presence of PE Wire in France | |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.4.2.1 Historical PE relative standards | This clause presents the main standards related to PE over the past years in France. ETSI ETSI TR 101 562-1 V1.3.1 (2012-02) 23 Table 8: Historical Development of Standards Requesting Earthing in France Year Standard Comments 1935 4th August 1935 decree This decree introduces the fact that, due to possible lack of isol... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.4.2.2 Statistical Data | Now, based on statistical data, we will try to calculate the number of premises equipped with PE wire. 6.3.4.2.2.1 New Housing since 1972 The INSEE (French statistical institute) provides relevant information regarding the number of new residences since 1974 for various countries in Europe. (http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/... |
2e77dfacc095d933b70977e146300d8c | 101 562-1 | 6.3.4.3 Presence of PE Wire in Switzerland | Following information given by Electrosuisse: • Separate wiring of protective earth is mandatory in Switzerland since the 1960's. • It is believed that more than 90 % (likely more than 95 %) of the apartments are wired this way today. |
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