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b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 4 GPRS Subscription and Charging Aspects | 4.1 Charging aspects The exact charging aspect are operator specific, however the following aspects may need to be considered: There are two main methods of charging reflecting two broad types of application. Those applications that are offered to a set of subscribers independent of how many subscribers actually use the service at any point in time, and those applications whose subscribers are charged per service request. - Subscription fees. Subscribers pay a regular fee for a fixed period in which no extra costs are accrued for service requests. - Subscription and traffic fees. This is the traditional telephony pricing structure. In contrast to traditional telephony traffic fees, traffic fees in GPRS may include the volume1 of data, the type of service request (e.g. X.25 facilities) and the QoS etc. It should be possible to tariff GPRS use in the same manner as public packet switched data networks. Reverse charging should be provided as an option. 1 Techniques to measure data volumes to be studied should include simple byte/packet counting and advanced statistical sampling of data traffic. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 16 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 5 GPRS Security Aspects | The use of radio communications for transmission to/from subscribers in mobile networks makes them particulrly sensitive to: 1. Misuse of their resources by unauthorised persons using manipulated mobile stations. 2. Eavesdropping on the information being exchanged on the radio path. Therefore, to protect the system in the two cases mentioned above, the following security features are provided for GPRS: - MS authentication; i.e. the confirmation by the land-based part of the system that the subscriber identity, transferred by the MS within the identifcation procedure on the radio path, is the one claimed. The purpose of this authentication is to protect the network against unauthorised use. It also enables the protection of GPRS subscribers by denying intruders the ability to impersonate authorised users. - Access Control; i.e. the network can support restrictions on access by or to different GPRS subscribers, such as restrictions by location, screening lists and so on. - User Identity Confidentiality; i.e. the property that the user identity on the radio link is not made available or disclosed to unauthorised individuals, entities or processes. The purpose is to provide privacy of identities of the subscriber´s who are using GPRS radio resources. It allows for the improvement of other security features, e.g. User Information Confidentiality, and also provides for the protection against tracing the location of a mobile subscriber by listening to the signalling exchanges on the radio path. - User Information Confidentiality; i.e. the property that the user information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorised individuals, entities or processes. The purpose is to provide for confidentiality of user data, i.e. protection of the message part pertaining to layers 3 and above, that passes over the radio path. This is FFS. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 6 Interworking Requirements | 6.1 Service Interworking This is subject for further study which should include GPRS's interworking with "Supplementary Services (e.g. CUG)". |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 6.2 Network Interworking | |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 6.2.1 Interworking with other data networks and other PLMN´s | Interworking between a PLMN and data networks is determined by the network operator. Interworking with the following types of data networks shall be defined: - X.25 PSPDN - Internet / OSInet - Other GPRS PLMN´s, directly or via a transit network - and other networks (eg Frame relay, ATM, etc) for which there are currently no clear requirements GPRS shall support the features and facilities that are normally provided by each of the above fixed networks. The MS is expected to interwork with the X.25 network using standardised X.3, X.28 and X.29 mechanisms for asynchronous access and X.25 mechanisms for synchronous access. NOTE: Where X.75 is used for interworking between X.25 networks, it is not envisaged that there will be any additional implications for GPRS. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 6.2.2 GPRS Numbering Plan | It is required that GPRS Terminating Equipment addresses conform to the numbering plan already defined for GSM, perhaps through the use of "Calling/Called Party Sub-addresses". This is already compatible with CCITT Recommendation X.121, suitable for Circuit Switched Packet Data Network / Packet Switched Packet Data Network interworking. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 17 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 6.2.3 Addressing/Routing Requirements | |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 6.2.3.1 Point to Point Network Layer Services | A GPRS subscriber shall have a network layer address (temporary and/or permanent association) that conforms to the standard addressing scheme of the respective network layer service used, e.g.: - X.121 address (X.25) - IP Version 4 address for Internet CLNS. This may include the "extended IP address" of the emerging IP Version 6. - ISO CLNP NSAP (Network Service Access Point) for ISO CLNS. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 6.2.3.2 Point to Multipoint Services | Routing Information for Multipoint services may be a combination of geographical and MS/DTE identifier. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 6.3 Interworking for subscriber roaming | Interworking between different GPRS PLMNs is required in order to support subscriber roaming. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 7 O & M Aspects | The ability to manage the GPRS system is required. Typically management of: - Subscriptions - Radio resources - Multicast groups - Broadcast groups should be provided. Other aspects may also be required. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 18 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 Annex A: Change Record ed = editorial change only, st = change to standard NOTE: The referenced TDoc´s are the original source, but the resulting approved change does not always correspond to the original TDoc since any modifications agreed to during a meeting are not always documented other than in the requirements document itself. Version Issued by Description Distributed to 1.0 SMG1/4 Joint Mtg Vienna TDoc SMG4-299rev1 SMG2/3 2.0 SMG1 - Changes as result of report from SMG2/3 joint mtg (TDoc SMG1-54/94). - Success rate requirements added (§3.3.3) as a result of TDoc SMG1-60/94. 3.0 TG-GPRS - Changes as agreed at TG-GPRS-#1/94 to §2 (WD Definitions) and to §3.2.3, Ref. TDoc 21/94. 4.0 TG-GPRS - Changes as agreed at TG-GPRS-#2/94 - §3.2.5 and §3.2.6 Ref. TDoc 28r1/94. - §3.1, §3.3, §3.4 Ref. TDoc 39/94 - §3.2.3.1 Ref TDoc 37r1/94 0.5.0 TG-GPRS -#3/94 Changes as agreed at TG-GPRS-#3/94 e- §1 clarification of scope. e- §3: Title = Service Req´s, Ref TDoc 50/95 e- §3.1: Text reworded, no change to meaning, Ref TDoc 71/94 r-§3.2.1: BS/TS support, OSI-model, Ref TDoc 71/94. e-§3.2.2: First paragraph moved to 3.2.1 and modified, Ref TDoc 71/94 e-§3.2.3.1: slight rewording, no change to meaning, Ref TDoc 50/94. r-§3.2.7: battery saving, Ref TDoc 54/94. e-§3.2.8: clarification of resource allocation, Ref TDoc 54/94. e-§3.2.10.1: slight improvement of text, Ref TDoc 50/94. e-§3.2.10.2: text moved to 3.2.10.1, Ref TDoc 50/94. e-§3.3: add bs capabilities table without values as guideline, Ref TDoc 66/94. r-§3.3.1: table 3 may be extended, Ref TDoc 50/94. e-§3.4: optional implementation phases, Ref TDoc 72/94. 1.0.0 TG-GPRS -#4/94 Changes as agreed at TG-GPRS-#4/94: s-§3.2.2, Ref TDoc 108/94 s-§3.3, Ref TDoc 91/94 e-§"Interworking Requirements", Ref TDoc 81/94. e-§"Addressing Requirements" added, Ref TDoc 80/94. SMG SMG 1 1.1.0 TG-GPRS -#5/94 Helsinki Nov.94 TDocs discussed: 78, 121, 128, 131, 136, 144, 145, and 147 Changes as agreed at TG-GPRS-#5/94: st-§"Multiple, parallel GPRS sessions", Ref TDoc 128/94 st-§3.1, Ref TDoc 131-k st-§3.2.3.1, Ref TDoc 144/94 st-§3.2.3 - §3.2.3.5, Ref TDoc 147 st-§3.2.8, Ref TDoc 131-c st-§3.2.9, Ref TDoc 131-d ed-§3.2.9.3.1, Ref Tdoc 147 st-§3.2.9.3.2, §3.2.9.3.4, Ref Tdoc 147 st-§3.2.10.1, §3.2.10.2, Ref Tdoc 147 st-§3.3, §"QoS when Interworking", Ref TDoc 121 st-§3.3.1, §3.3.2, Ref Tdoc 147 ed-§3.3.2.2, Ref Tdoc 147 st-§3.4, Ref Tdoc 78 ed-§4, Ref Tdoc 147 st-§5, §"Subscriber Profiles", Ref TDoc 131-e st-§6.6, Ref Tdoc 147 st-§7.2,§"Interworking Profiles", Ref TDoc 131-e st-§7.2.4.1, Ref TDoc 131-e st-§7.2.4.2, Ref Tdoc 147 st-§7.3, Ref Tdoc 145 st-§8, Ref Tdoc 147 TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 19 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 History Document history V6.0.0 April 1998 Publication ISBN 2-7437-2101-4 Dépôt légal : Avril 1998 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 1 Scope | The present document identifies ringing signals used by various network operators on analogue interfaces of Public Switched Telephone Networks both for delivery of normal calls and also distinctive ringing signals used to support supplementary services. The present document deals with the time, cadence and waveform characteristics of the ringing signals uses in different countries. The present document is useful to terminal equipment intended for analogue connection to the public switched telephone networks and could be used as a complement of information to TBR 21 [1], subclause 4.5. This is a study that aims to compliment the information included in ETS 300 001 [2], subclause 1.7.9 considering the present development of European Telecommunications. The present document is applicable to the analogue interface of the Public Switched Telephone Network. |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • For a non-specific reference, subsequent revisions do apply. • A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] TBR 21: "Terminal Equipment (TE); Attachment requirements for pan-European approval for connection to the analogue Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs) of TE (excluding TE supporting the voice telephony service) in which network addressing, if provided, is by means of Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) signalling". [2] ETS 300 001 Edition 4: "Attachments to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); General technical requirements for equipment connected to an analogue subscriber interface in the PSTN". |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following definitions apply: normal ringing: the ringing pattern sent by a network to indicate normal delivery of an incoming call to the TE. distinctive ringing: special ringing patterns sent by the network to convey information to the TE about the called number, the calling number or the status of an automatic call request. multiple subscriber number: a supplementary service which provides the called NTP with a distinctive ringing signal for each directory number associated with that NTP. Call Completion Busy Subscriber: a supplementary service where if a call attempt fails due to the called party being busy, the network monitors the called party until it is available and then alerts the original caller. Call Completion No Reply: a supplementary service where if a call attempt fails due to the called party not answering, the network monitors the called party until it is available and then alerts the original caller. ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 6 selective alerting: a supplementary service where a list of numbers is associated with a particular ringing cadence thereby giving the called party an indication of who the caller is. centrex out of group call: TEs on a centrex service alert using different ringing signals to indicate if the call has been originated from within or outside the centrex group. |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: CCBS Call Completion Busy Subscriber CCNR Call Completion No Reply Hz Hertz ms milli second MSN Multiple Subscriber Numbering. NTP Network Termination Point TE Terminal Equipment |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4 Technical characteristics | |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.1 Normal ringing | In the case of normal call delivery the ringing signals given in table 1 are used. Table 1: Normal ringing Country Frequency [Hz] Waveform Cadence [ms] Network Operator Austria 40 - 55 Not reported 1 000 ± 200 on 5 000 ± 1 000 off Austria Telekom Belgium 23 - 27 Not reported 1 000 on 3 000 off Cyprus 23,5 - 26,5 Not reported 1 500 on 3 000 off Czech Republic 22 - 55 Not reported 1 000 ± 100 on 4 000 ± 400 off Czech Republic 25 Sine 1 000 ± 100 on 4 000 ± 400 off DATTEL a.s. Czech Republic 25 Sine 300 on 300 off 1 000 off (Non Repeating) DATTEL a.s. Denmark 25 Sine 750± 150 on 7 500± 1 500 off Tele Denmark Finland 22 - 28 Not reported 1 000 on 4 000 off Finnet Group Finland 25 Sine 1 000 ± 100 on 4 000 - 5 000 off Finnet Group France 48 - 52 Not reported 1 500 ± 150 on 3 500 ± 350 off France Telecom Germany 23 - 28 Sine First Ringing Pulse 250 - 6 500 on, followed by 3 500 - 5 500 off 790 - 1 100 on Deutsche Telekom Greece 16 - 50 Not reported 1 000 on 4 000 off Hungary 25 Not reported 1 250 on 3 750 off Iceland 22 - 28 Not reported 1 200 on 4 700 off ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 7 Country Frequency [Hz] Waveform Cadence [ms] Network Operator Ireland 25 Sine 400 on 200 off 400 on 2 000 off Telecom Eireann Italy 23 - 25 Not reported 1 000 ± 100 on 4 000 ± 100 off Telecom Italia Luxembourg 25 Not reported 1 000 ± 100 on 4 000 ± 400 off or 1 000 ± 100 on 5 000 ± 500 off Netherlands 23 - 27 Not reported 1 000 ± 250 on 4 000 ± 500 off Norway 23 - 27 Sine or Square 800 - 1 100 on 2 800 - 4 700 off Telenor Portugal 15 - 30 Not Reported 1 000 ± 200 on 5 000 ± 1 000 off Slovakia 25 - 27 Not Reported 1 000 on 4 000 off Spain 20 - 30 Not Reported 1 500 on 3 000 off Telefonica Sweden 23 - 27 Sine 1 000 ± 100 on 5 000 ± 500 off Telia Switzerland 22 - 27 Sine 1 000 ± 200 on 4 000 + 200, - 500 off Swisscom UK 25 Not Reported 400 on 200 off 400 on 2 000 off British Telecom UK 25 Not Reported 400 on 200 off 400 on 2 000 off Cable & Wireless UK 25 Sine 1 500 on 500 off 500 on 500 off 500 on 2 500 off or 1 500 on 500 off 1 500 on 2 500 off Atlantic Telecom NOTE 1: All cadences are repeated unless otherwise stated. NOTE 2: Some networks have an initial single ringing burst which is different from the cadences given above. Taking the figures in table 1 the normal ringing cadences can be divided as described in the following sub-clauses. ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 8 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.1.1 Single long burst of ringing followed by single long pause | The ringing on time may be between 750 ms and 1 750 ms and the pause time between 3 000 ms and 6 000 ms. 750 ms on, 6 000 ms off 1 750 ms on, 3 000 ms off 750 ms on, 3 000 ms off 1 750 ms on, 6 000 ms off Figure 1 Figure 1 shows 4 cadences all of which would need to be detected by a terminal in order to support normal ringing signals in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Greece, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.1.2 Single long burst of ringing followed by single very long pause | Denmark uses a ringing cadence which also consists of 1 long ringing burst followed by a long pause but cannot be covered in figure 1 as the OFF time is significantly longer. The cadences shown in figure 2 would need to be detected in order to support normal ringing signals in Denmark. 600 ms on, 9 000 ms off 900 ms on, 9 000 ms off 600 ms on, 6 000 ms off 900 ms on, 6 000 ms off Figure 2 ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 9 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.1.3 Two short bursts followed by single short pause | Another possible signal is to have two short ringing bursts of 400 ms interrupted by 200 ms followed by a 2 000 ms pause. 400 ms on, 200 ms off, 400 ms on, 2 000 ms off Figure 3 Figure 3 shows the cadence which would need to be detected in order to support normal ringing in Ireland and the UK. |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.1.4 Other ringing signals used for normal call delivery. | In the UK there are some network operators who use different normal ringing cadences to the traditional one described in figure 3. Atlantic Telecom use two ringing cadences, one ringing cadence for residential customers and one for business customers. They are represented in figure 4. 1 500 ms on, 500 ms off, 500 ms on, 500 ms off, 500 ms on, 2 500 ms off ( Residential) 1 500 ms on, 500 ms off, 1 500 ms on, 2 500 ms off (Business) Figure 4 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.2 Initial ringing pulse | The initial ringing pulses in an alerting signal are different in many cases from the steady state cadence which follows, this may be due to the call set-up method of the network switch or to ring pulse alerting which is used on many networks in calling line identification presentation. These initial ringing pulses are not considered in further detail in this report because their characteristics cannot be very well defined and it was considered not to influence primarily the TE design. The existence of these non-cyclic signals should be considered. |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3 Distinctive ringing signals | Distinctive ringing signals used to provide supplementary services are described in table 2. In some cases these ringing patterns are not intended to activate ring detectors in terminals with automatic answer function. Some of the supplementary services which would use distinctive ringing are multiple subscriber number, call completion busy subscriber and selective alerting. ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 10 Table 2: Distinctive ringing Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Belgium 23,75 - 26,75 Not reported Not reported 1 000 ± 100 on 1 000 ± 100 off Czech Republic 25 Centrex No answer 400 on 200 off 400 on 3 000 off DATTEL a.s. Czech Republic 25 CCBS Answer 400 on 200 off 400 on 200 off 400 on 2 400 off DATTEL a.s. Czech Republic 25 Not reported Answer 1 000 on 1 000 off DATTEL a.s. Denmark 25 Not reported Not reported 300 ± 30 on 1 200 ± 120 off Tele Denmark Denmark 25 Not reported Not reported 500 on 700 off Tele Denmark Finland 25 MSN No Answer 300 on 4 000 off Finnet Group Finland 25 MSN No Answer 300 on 300 off 300 on 4 000 off Finnet Group Finland 25 MSN No Answer 300 on 300 off 300 on 300 off 300 on 4 000 off Finnet Group Finland 25 CCBS No Answer 300 on 300 off 2 000 - 5 000 on 4 000 off Finnet Group France 48 - 52 Not reported No Answer 750 on 1 500 off France Telecom France 48 - 52 CCBS No Answer 2 000 on 1 000 off France Telecom Italy 24 - 26 CCBS Not reported 400 ± 50 on 200 ± 50 off 400 ± 50 on 200 ± 50 off 800 ± 100 on 4 000 ± 100 off Telecom Italia Norway 23 - 27 CCBS No Answer 300 ± 30 on 300 ± 30 off Telenor Norway 23 - 27 CCBS No Answer 200 ± 20 on 200 ± 20 off 400 ± 40 on 200 ± 20 off Telenor Norway 23 - 27 Centrex Answer 200± 20 on 200 ± 20 off 400 ± 40 on 4 200 ± 420 off Telenor Norway 23 - 27 Centrex Answer 300 ± 30 on 400 ± 40 ms off 300 ± 30 on 4 000 ± 400 off Telenor Switzerland 22 - 28 Centrex Answer 330 ± 40 on 330 ± 40 off 330 ± 40 on 4 000 ± 400 off Swisscom ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 11 Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Switzerland 22 - 28 CCBS No Answer 400 ± 40 on 400 ± 40 off 400 ± 40 on 400 ± 40 off 400 ± 40 on 3 000 ± 400 off Swisscom Switzerland 22 - 28 Alarm ring No Answer Continuous Swisscom Sweden 23 - 27 CCBS No Answer 300 ± 30 on 400 ± 40 off repeated for 30 seconds Telia Sweden 23 - 27 Centrex Answer 330 ± 33 on 330 ± 33 off 330 ± 33 on 5 000 ± 500 off Telia UK 20 - 26 MSN Not reported 1 000 on 2 000 off British Telecom UK 20 - 26 CCBS Not reported 250 on 250 off 250 on 250 off 250 on 1 750 off British Telecom UK 20 - 26 Not allocated Not reported 400 on 800 off British Telecom UK 20 - 26 Not allocated Not reported 2 000 on 4 000 off British Telecom UK 25 MSN Not reported 1 500 on 4 500 off Atlantic Telecom UK 25 MSN Not reported 1 500 on 500 off 500 on 3 500 off Atlantic Telecom UK 25 MSN Not reported 1 500 on 500 off 500 on 500 off 1 000 on 2 000 off Atlantic Telecom UK 25 MSN Not reported 1 000 on 500 off 1 000 on 3 500 off Atlantic Telecom UK 25 MSN Not reported 500 on 500 off 500 on 500 off 1 000 on 3 000 off Atlantic Telecom UK 25 MSN Not reported 500 on 500 off 1 000 on 500 off 500 on 3 000 off Atlantic Telecom UK 25 Centrex Answer 1 000 on 2 000 off Cable & Wireless NOTE 1: All cadences are repeated unless otherwise stated. NOTE 2: Some networks have an initial single ringing burst which is different from the cadences given above. ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 12 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.1 Analysis of distinctive ringing cadences | From table 2 it can be seen that a number of network operators are using similar ringing cadences for different purposes. In order to classify these cadences it is necessary to assign values for the duration of long and short ringing pulses and pauses. It is recognized that the ratio of ring pulse time to pause time is an extra factor which is also important in the case of human perception of alerting patterns. Table 3: Timing Period Minimum Duration (ms) Maximum Duration (ms) Short Ring Pulse 180 550 Short Pause 180 1 200 Long Ring Pulse 750 2 000 Long Pause 1 500 5 000 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.2 Ringing cadence types used by more than one operator | Taking the figures in table 3, many of the distinctive ringing signals in table 2 can be classified as in tables 4 to 10. |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.2.1 Long ring pulse, long pause | Table 4: Long ring pulse, long pause Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator France 48 - 52 Not reported No Answer 750 on 1 500 off France Telecom UK 25 Not reported Not reported 1 500 on 4 500 off Atlantic Telecom UK 20 - 26 MSN Not reported 1 000 on 2 000 off British Telecom UK 20 - 26 Not Allocated Not reported 2 000 on 4 000 off British Telecom UK 25 Centrex Answer 1 000 on 2 000 off Cable & Wireless This cadence type is in the timing range for the cadences used for normal ringing in the case of most continental European countries. In the case of France the normal ringing cadence has a nominal value of 1 500 ms on, 3 500 ms off. ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 13 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.2.2 Short ring pulse, short pause, short ring pulse, long pause | Table 5: Short ring pulse, short pause, short ring pulse, long pause Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Czech Republic 25 Centrex No answer 400 on 200 off 400 on 3 000 off DATTEL a.s. Finland 25 MSN No Answer 300 on 300 off 300 on 4 000 off Finnet Group Norway 23 - 27 Centrex Answer 200± 20 on 200 ± 20 off 400 ± 40 on 4 200 ± 420 off Telenor Norway 23 - 27 Centrex Answer 300 ± 30 on 400 ± 40 ms off 300 ± 30 on 4 000 ± 400 off Telenor Switzerland 22 - 28 Centrex Answer 330 ± 40 on 330 ± 40 off 330 ± 40 on 4 000 ± 400 off Swisscom Sweden 23 - 27 Centrex Answer 330 ± 33 on 330 ± 33 off 330 ± 33 on 5 000 ± 500 off Telia These cadences are similar to the normal ringing cadence used in Ireland and in the UK apart from the long pause which is longer here. |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.2.3 Long ring pulse, short pause | Table 6: Long ring pulse, short pause Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Belgium 23,75 - 26,75 Not reported Not reported 1 000 ± 100 on 1 000 ± 100 off Czech Republic 25 Not reported Answer 1 000 on 1 000 off DATTEL a.s. France 48 - 52 CCBS No Answer 2 000 on 1 000 off France Telecom ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 14 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.2.4 Short ring pulse, short pause | Table 7: Short ring pulse, short pause Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Denmark 25 Not reported Not reported 500 ± 50 on 700 ± 70 off Tele Denmark Denmark 25 Not reported Not reported 300 ± 30 on 1 200 ± 120 off Tele Denmark Norway 23 - 27 CCBS No Answer 300 ± 30 on 300 ± 30 off Telenor Norway 23 - 27 CCBS No Answer 200 ± 20 on 200 ± 20 off 400 ± 40 on 200 ± 20 off Telenor Sweden 23 - 27 CCBS No Answer 300 ± 30 on 400 ± 40 off repeated for 30 seconds Telia UK 20 - 26 Not Allocated Not reported 400 on 800 off British Telecom |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.2.5 Short ring pulse, short pause, long ring pulse, long pause | Table 8: Short ring pulse, short pause, long ring pulse, long pause Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Finland 25 CCBS No Answer 300 on 300 off 2 000 - 5 000 on 4 000 off Finnet Group UK 25 Not reported Not reported 500 on 500 off 1 500 on 2 500 off Atlantic Telecom ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 15 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.2.6 Three short ring pulses followed by a long pause | Table 9: Three short ring pulses followed by a long pause Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Czech Republic 25 CCBS Answer 400 on 200 off 400 on 200 off 400 on 2 400 off DATTEL a.s. Finland 25 MSN No Answer 300 on 300 off 300 on 300 off 300 on 4 000 off Finnet Group Switzerland 22 - 28 CCBS No Answer 400 ± 40 on 400 ± 40 off 400 ± 40 on 400 ± 40 off 400 ± 40 on 3 000 ± 400 off Swisscom UK 20 - 26 CCBS Not reported 250 on 250 off 250 on 250 off 250 on 1 750 off British Telecom |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.2.7 Two short ring pulses, short pause, followed by long ring pulse, long pause | Table 10: Two short ring pulses, short pause, followed by long ring pulse, long pause Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Italy 24 - 26 CCBS Not reported 400 ± 50 on 200 ± 50 off 400 ± 50 on 200 ± 50 off 800 ± 100 on 4 000 ± 100 off Telecom Italia UK 25 MSN Not reported 500 on 500 off 500 on 500 off 1 000 on 3 000 off Atlantic Telecom ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 16 |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 4.3.3 Ringing signals not used by more than one operator | The following ringing signals could not be accommodated in tables 4 to 10 using the timing criteria given in table 3. They are used by the network operators in the countries indicated in table 11. Table 11: Ringing signals not used by more than one operator Country Frequency [Hz] Purpose Automatic Answer Terminals Cadence [ms] Network Operator Switzerland 22 - 28 Alarm ring No Answer Continuous Swisscom Finland 25 MSN No Answer 300 on 4 000 off Finnet Group UK 25 MSN Not reported 1 500 on 500 off 500 on 500 off 1 000 on 2 000 off Atlantic Telecom UK 25 MSN Not reported 1 000 on 500 off 1 000 on 3 500 off Atlantic Telecom UK 25 MSN Not reported 500 on 500 off 1 000 on 500 off 500 on 3 000 off Atlantic Telecom |
f14c4ef662e11947d306b6f1e7e95dab | 101 183 | 5 Conclusions | From the information contained in table 2, it is clear that terminals supporting automatic answer would need flexible user programming to allow the user to configure the terminal to respond correctly to the different ringing signals used in their country. Some network operators expect automatic answer terminals not to respond to any of the distinctive ringing cadences, whereas other operators only expect automatic answer terminals not to respond to the cadence used for CCBS. There are 5 different cadence types used for CCBS in 6 countries. Although many of the distinctive ringing cadences have been classified in tables 4 to 11, in some cases there are cadences in those tables which deviate significantly from others in the same group. ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 17 Bibliography The following material, though not specifically referenced in the body of the present document, gives supporting information. BT SIN 249 Issue 1: "Call arrival indication from particular supplementary services -distinctive ringing", (Issued by British Telecom). EN 301 071-1: "Public switched telephone network (PSTN); protocol over the local loop for display services; Server Display and Script Services (SDSS); Part 1: Phase 0", (Annex C). ETSI TR 101 183 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 18 History Document history V1.1.1 May 1998 Publication ISBN 2-7437-2193-6 Dépôt légal : Mai 1998 |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 1 Scope | The present document presents the technical implementation of certain PSTN services, as well as the necessary changes to the protocol, defined in [1] and [2], supporting these services. The result of the present document will allow the design of a system and pertaining terminals able to transmit, receive and process the information (data) pertaining to a specific service. It will be up to the operators to use or not this information in their PSTN services. For each service, the document proposes a simple service description and how the protocol will support the specific PSTN service. The status (e.g."mandatory") has been mentioned for each information. This status precise which information is/are primordial for the services in consideration. The terminal manufacturers choose which services the terminal is intended to support and the terminal shall correctly interpret messages containing the mandatory parameter types related to those services. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • For a non-specific reference, subsequent revisions do apply. • A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] ETS 300 659-1: "Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Subscriber line protocol over the local loop for display (and related) services; Part 1: On hook data transmission". [2] ETS 300 659-2: "Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Subscriber line protocol over the local loop for display (and related) services; Part 2: Off-hook data transmission". [3] TR 102 088: "Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Subscriber line protocol for Advice of Charge (AoC) display services". [4] TR 102 089: "Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Selection of a Specific Terminal or Terminal Function". [5] Void. [6] ETS 300 179: "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN); Advice Of Charge: charging information during the call (AOC-D) supplementary service; Service description". [7] ETS 300 180: "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN); Advice of Charge: charging information at the end of the call (AOC-E) supplementary service; Service description". [8] ETS 300 648: "Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP) supplementary service; Service description". [9] ETS 300 649: "Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Calling Line Identification Restriction (CLIR) supplementary service; Service description". ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 7 |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AOC-D Advice Of Charge During the call AOC-E Advice Of Charge at the End of the call CCBS Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber CCNR Completion of Calls on No Reply CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation CLIR Calling Line Identification Restriction CNIP Calling Name Identification Presentation CNIR Calling Name Identification Restriction CT Connection Type FSK Frequency Shift Keying LE Local Exchange MSN Multiple Subscriber Number MWI Message Waiting Indication NPI Network Provider Identity NPN Network Provided Number PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network SMS Short Message Service SUB Subaddressing TE Terminal Equipment UPN User Provided Number VPN Virtual Private Network |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4 Service definitions | |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.1 Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP) | The "Calling Line Identification Presentation" (CLIP) supplementary service provides the called party with the possibility of receiving identification of the calling party. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography) and ETS 300 648 [8]. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.2 Calling Line Identification Restriction (CLIR) | The "Calling Line Identification Restriction" (CLIR) supplementary service enables the calling party to prevent presentation of its calling line identity to the called party. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography) and ETS 300 649 [9]. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.3 Calling Name Identification Presentation (CNIP) | The "Calling Name Identification Presentation" (CNIP) supplementary service provides the called party with the possibility to receive name information associated with the calling party (calling party name). For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.4 Calling Name Identification Restriction (CNIR) | The "Calling Name Identification Restriction" (CNIR) supplementary service enables the calling party to prevent presentation of the user's name information to the called party. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography). ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 8 |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.5 Short Message Service (SMS) | The "Short Message Service" provides the possibility to transfer short text messages between a network provider and a subscriber or between two subscribers. NOTE: Documents [1] and [2] only describe the protocol from the network provider to the subscriber. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.6 Advice of Charge, During the call (AOC-D) | The "Advice of Charge": Charging information During the call (AOC-D) supplementary service provides the served user with cumulative charging information during the call. The subscriber will automatically receive the message or on request. NOTE: Information should be restricted not to cause too long interruption in the conversation or any other type of transmission. It should be recommended to send only mandatory information without optional information. For more information see TR 102 088 [3] and ETS 300 179 [6]. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.7 Advice of Charge, End of call (AOC-E) | The "Advice of Charge": Charging information at the End of the call (AOC-E) supplementary service provides the served user with charging information for a call after the call is terminated. For more information see TR 102 088 [3] and ETS 300 180 [7]. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.8 Connection Type (CT) | The "Connection Type" (CT) service enables the calling user with the possibility of sending a Connection Type information to the called user. The network shall deliver the Connection Type information to the called user during call presentation. The CT provides the called user with the possibility of receiving a Connection Type information. NOTE: MSN, CT and SUB information are mutually exclusive. For more information see TR 102 089 [4]. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.9 Multiple Subscriber Number (MSN) | The "Multiple Subscriber Number" (MSN) supplementary service provides the possibility of assigning multiple numbers (not necessarily consecutive) to a single PSTN access. The network shall deliver the MSN information to the called user during call presentation. This enables the selection of one or more terminals attached to the same access. NOTE: MSN, CT and SUB information are mutually exclusive. For more information see TR 102 089 [4]. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.10 Subaddressing (SUB) | The "Subaddressing" (SUB) supplementary service allows the called (served) user to expand his addressing capacity beyond the one given by the PSTN number. Only the served user shall define the significance of a subaddress, enabling the selection of a specific terminal or function. ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 9 Terminals on the same line are able to decide by themselves if and how to react depending on the received SUB information. A subaddress, if inserted by a calling user, shall be delivered unchanged to the called analogue line. The SUB information transmission takes place at the call presentation. NOTE: MSN, CT and SUB information are mutually exclusive. For more information see TR 102 089 [4]. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.11 Call Return | The "Call Return" supplementary service allows the called user to recall the last call received. Information about the last calling party can be received when the user invokes the service. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.12 Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber (CCBS) | The "Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber" (CCBS) supplementary service allows a calling user A (the served user) encountering a busy destination B to have the call completed, when the busy destination B becomes idle without having to make a new call attempt. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.13 Completion of Calls on No Reply (CCNR) | The "Completion of Calls on No Reply" (CCNR) supplementary service allows a calling user A encountering a not- responding destination B to have the call completed when the not-responding destination B answers, without having to make a new call attempt. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.14 Message Waiting Indication (MWI) | The served user is notified by the network about the presence/absence of message(s) waiting in the mailbox. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.15 Alarm Call | The "Alarm Call" supplementary service provides the possibility for a user to cause an alarm call to be made on his line at a time or times specified in advance by him and to receive an appropriate indication. For more information see DTR/NA-020062 (see Bibliography). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.16 User Procedure Notification | The "User Procedure Notification" service enables a user to receive information related to activation/deactivation procedures of supplementary services at the served user's home access. NOTE: In case of activation/deactivation of call forwarding services the parameter type of a forwarded call can be used to precise the kind of call forwarding service. ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 10 |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 4.17 Monitoring Service | The "Monitoring Service" provides the possibility to inform the served user about an incoming call which has been forwarded to a mailbox (e.g. a voice mailbox) and also about the end of such connection. This service enables a terminal to indicate this status and furthermore it can go into a monitoring state. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5 Parameter definitions | |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.1 Date and Time | The purpose of the "Date and Time" parameter is to provide the date and the time to the user. It indicates the point in time when the message has been generated by the LE. 5.2 Calling Line Identity and Reason for Absence of Calling Line Identity The purpose of the "Calling Line Identity" parameter is to identify the origin of a call. The purpose of the "Reason for Absence of Calling Line Identity" parameter is to describe the reason for absence of "Calling Line Identity". The parameters "Calling Line Identity" and "Reason for Absence of Calling Line Identity" are mutually exclusive within a message. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.3 Called Line Identity | The purpose of the "Called Line Identity" parameter is to identify the called party of a call. 5.4 Calling Party Name and Reason for Absence of Calling Party Name The purpose of the "Calling Party Name" parameter is to identify the name of the calling party. The purpose of the "Reason for Absence of Calling Party Name" parameter is to describe the reason for absence of the "Calling Party Name". The parameters "Calling Party Name" and "Reason for Absence of Calling Party Name" are mutually exclusive within a message. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.5 Visual Indicator | The purpose of the "Visual Indicator" parameter is to switch on/off a TE visual indicator (presence/absence of waiting messages in the mailbox system). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.6 Message Identification | The purpose of the "Message Identification" parameter is to provide the current reference of the message in the mailbox system. ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 11 |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.7 Originating Identity | The purpose of the "Originating Identity" parameter is to provide the CLI of the calling party who has left the last message in the mailbox system. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.8 Complementary Calling Line Identity | The purpose of the "Complementary Calling Line Identity" parameter is to transmit the "Network Provided Number" (NPN) when both, a NPN and a "user provided number" (UPN) are available. The UPN is transmitted in the "Calling Line Identity" parameter. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.9 Call Type | The purpose of the "Call Type" parameter is to identify the type of the incoming call and/or the associated service (e.g. Normal Call, External Call, Internal Call, Alarm Call, CCBS or CCNR, Calling Name). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.10 First Called Line Identity | The purpose of "First Called Line Identity" parameter is to identify the first called party in case of forwarded calls. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.11 Network Message System Status | The purpose of "Network Message System Status" parameter is to specify the number of waiting messages in the mailbox system. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.12 Type of Forwarded Call | The purpose of "Type of Forwarded Call" parameter is to identify the type of call forwarding in case of forwarded calls (e.g. Unavailable or unknown type, On busy, On no reply, Unconditional, Deflected call after alerting, Deflected call immediate, On inability to reach mobile subscriber). NOTE: This parameter can also be used within the User Procedure Notification service. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.13 Type of Calling User | The purpose of "Type of Calling User" parameter is to identify the origin of the call (e.g. Origination unknown or unavailable, Voice Call). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.14 Redirecting Number | The purpose of "Redirecting Number" parameter is to identify the last redirecting party in case of a chained forwarded call. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.15 Charge | The purpose of the "Charge" parameter is to provide charge information during a call or at the end of a call or at the end of a session. NOTE: A session means succeeded/simultaneous calls without going in On-Hook state (e.g. call hold and three party). ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 12 |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.16 Additional Charge | The purpose of the "Additional Charge" parameter is to provide the cumulated charging information of all calls which have been made until the end of the last call (last call/session included). As a network provider option, the counter of that cumulated charging information can be set to zero by the network provider or the subscriber or after a specific time period or never at all (overflow when maximum is reached). |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.17 Extra Charge (for further study) | The purpose of the "Extra Charge" parameter is to provide the cumulated charging information of all calls which have not been made directly on an access and have been terminated at the time when the transmission takes place, e.g. call forwarded calls. As a network provider option, the counter of that cumulated charging information can be set to zero by the network provider or the subscriber or after a specific time period or never at all (overflow when maximum is reached). This parameter can be transmitted with other charging information. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.18 Duration of the call | The purpose of the "Duration of the call" parameter is to indicate the chargeable duration of the call. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.19 Network Provider Identity | The purpose of the "Network Provider Identity" parameter is to indicate the current network provider which the terminal is connected to. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.20 Carrier Identity | The purpose of the "Carrier Identity" parameter is to indicate the current network carrier identity. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.21 Selection of Terminal Function | The purpose of the "Selection of Terminal Function" parameter is to provide information to select specific terminal(s) or specific function(s) on the same access. The selection of terminal(s) or function(s) is based on one of the following services: Multiple Subscriber Number, Connection Type, SUBaddressing. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.22 Display Information | The purpose of the "Display information" parameter is to transmit a general text information to the served user. This text can be stored in memory and/or just displayed by the terminal (this indication can be included in the parameter). NOTE: This parameter can be used with all display services. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.23 Service Information | This parameter indicates the network status "active" or "not active" of the relevant service. ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 13 |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 5.24 Extension for Network Operator use | The purpose of the "Extension for Network Operator use" parameter is to qualify, without ambiguity for the TE, the private extension of the standard used by the network provider. |
ddf565c753fc9b814a84bff635f8e21c | 101 292 | 6 Service implementation overview | From the protocol point of view, services are compatible when their information can be transmitted in the same message type. If different compatible services are invoked at the same time, their relevant information should be transmitted in a unique message, because only one message type is allowed per FSK transmission. The following table describes how information shall be used associated with services. ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 14 CLIP/CLIR CNIP/CNIR AOC-D,E (note 1) SMS CCBS/CCNR (note 2) MWI (note 3) MSN, SUB,CT CALL RETURN ALARM CALL USER PROCEDURE NOTIFICATION MONITORING SERVICE DATA TRANSMISSION ON-HOOK STATE A A A A A A A - A A A OFF-HOOK STATE A A A A - A A A A A A MESSAGE TYPE CALL SETUP MESSAGE (80H) A A - - A - A A A - A MESSAGE WAITING INDICATOR (82H) - - - - - A C - - - - ADVICE OF CHARGE (86H) - - A - - - C - - - - SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (89H) - - - A - - C - - A - PARAMETER TYPE DATE AND TIME (01H) O O O O O O O O O O O CALLING LINE IDENTITY (02H) M/ C/ O/ O/ - O/ C/ M/ - - C/ CALLED LINE IDENTITY (03H) O C O - O - C - - - O REASON FOR ABSENCE OF CALLING LINE IDENTITY (04H) M/ C/ O/ O/ - O/ C/ M/ - - C/ 4FH Unavailable M/ C/ O/ O/ - O/ C/ M/ - - C/ 50H Private M/ C/ O/ O/ - O/ C/ M/ - - C/ CALLING PARTY NAME (07H) C/ M/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - C/ REASON FOR ABSENCE OF CALLING PARTY NAME (08H) C/ M/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - C/ 4FH Unavailable C/ M/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - C/ 50H Private C/ M/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - C/ VISUAL INDICATOR (0BH) - - - - - M C - - - - 00H Indicator off - - - - - M/ C/ - - - - FFH Indicator on - - - - - M/ C/ - - - - MESSAGE IDENTIFICATION (0DH) - - - - - O C - - - - ORIGINATING IDENTITY (0EH) - - - - - O C - - - - COMPLEMENTARY CALLING LINE IDENTITY (10H) O C O O - O C O - - O CALLTYPE (11H) O O - - M - C M M - M 01H Normal (voice) Call O/ O/ - - - - C/ - - - - 02H CCBS or CCNR (ringback) - - - - M - C/ - - - - 03H Calling name Delivery - O/ - - - - C/ - - - - 04H Call Return - - - - - - C/ M - - - 05H Alarm Call - - - - - - C/ - M - - 06H Download Function O/ O/ - - - - C/ - - - - 07H Reverse charging Call O/ O/ - - - - C/ - - - - 10H External Call (VPN) O/ O/ - - - - C/ - - - - 11H Internal Call (VPN) O/ O/ - - - - C/ - - - - 50H Monitoring call Off - - - - - - C/ - - - M/ 51H Monitoring call On - - - - - - C/ - - - M/ 81H Message Waiting - - - - - - C/ - - - - ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 15 CLIP/CLIR CNIP/CNIR AOC-D,E (note 1) SMS CCBS/CCNR (note 2) MWI (note 3) MSN, SUB,CT CALL RETURN ALARM CALL USER PROCEDURE NOTIFICATION MONITORING SERVICE FIRST CALLED LINE IDENTITY (12H) O C - - - - C O - - O NETWORK MESSAGE SYSTEM STATUS (13H) - - - - - O C - - - - 00H No messages - - - - - O/ C/ - - - - 01H One or unspecified numbe dir of messages - - - - - O/ C/ - - - - 02H- FFH Number of messages - - - - - O/ C/ - - - - TYPE OF FORWARDED CALL (15H) O C - - - - C O - O O 00H Unavailable or unknown type O/ C/ - - - - C/ O/ - O/ O/ 01H On busy O/ C/ - - - - C/ O/ - O/ O/ 02H On no reply O/ C/ - - - - C/ O/ - O/ O/ 03H Unconditional O/ C/ - - - - C/ O/ - O/ O/ 04H Deflected call after alerting O/ C/ - - - - C/ O/ - O/ O/ 05H Deflected call immediate O/ C/ - - - - C/ O/ - O/ O/ 06H On inability to reach mobile subscriber O/ C/ - - - - C/ O/ - O/ O/ TYPE OF CALLING USER (16H) O O - O - O C O - - O 00H Origin unknown or unavailable O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 01H Voice Call O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 02H Text Call O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 03H VPN O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 04H Mobile phone O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 05H Mobile phone + VPN O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 06H Fax Call O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 07H Video Call O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 08H E-mail Call O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 09H Operator Call O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 0AH Ordinary calling subscriber O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 0BH Calling subscriber with priority O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 0CH Data Call O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 0DH Test Call O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ 0FH Payphone O/ O/ - O/ - O/ C/ O/ - - O/ REDIRECTING NUMBER (1AH) O C - - - - C O - - O CHARGE (20H) - - M - - - C - - - - ADDITIONAL CHARGE (21H) - - O - - - C - - - - EXTRA CHARGE(22H) - - O - - - C - - - - DURATION OF THE CALL (23H) - - O - - - C - - - - NETWORK PROVIDER IDENTITY (30H) O O O O O O O O O O O CARRIER IDENTITY (31H) - - O - O - - - - - - SELECTION OF TERMINAL FUNCTION(40H) C C C C C C M C C C C 01H Connection Type C/ C/ C C/ - - M/ C/ - - C/ 02H MSN C/ C/ C C/ C C M/ C/ C C C/ 03H SUB C/ C/ - C/ - - M/ C/ - - C/ ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 16 CLIP/CLIR CNIP/CNIR AOC-D,E (note 1) SMS CCBS/CCNR (note 2) MWI (note 3) MSN, SUB,CT CALL RETURN ALARM CALL USER PROCEDURE NOTIFICATION MONITORING SERVICE DISPLAY INFORMATION (50H) O O O M O O O O O O O 00H No indication (default) O/ O/ O/ M/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ 01H Display information not to be stored O/ O/ O/ M/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ 02H Display information to be stored O/ O/ O/ M/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ O/ SERVICE INFORMATION (55H) - - - - - - - - - M - 00H Service not active - - - - - - - - - M/ - 01H Service active - - - - - - - - - M/ - EXTENSION FOR NETWORK OPERATOR USE (E0H) O O O O O O O O O O O REMARKS A: Applicable C: When different compatible services are invoked at the same time, their relevant information should be transmitted in a unique message. M:Mandatory - : Not applicable O: Optional /: Either of NOTE 1: The parameter "Calling line ID" shall be used in case of reverse charging. NOTE 2: As a network provider option the called line identity information might also be sent in the "Calling Line Identity" parameter, to ensure the compatibility with some existing terminals. NOTE 3: The LE should use the Message Waiting Indicator message type. The same information can be transmitted to the TE using the Call Setup message. In this context, the mandatory parameter is "Call Type" (parameter type: 11H) coded as "Message waiting call" (81H). This message (Call Setup) can be completed by optional parameters. ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 17 Bibliography The following material, though not specifically referenced in the body of the present document (or not publicly available), gives supporting information. - DTR/NA-020062: "Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); List of information for PSTN use". ETSI ETSI TR 101 292 V1.1.2 (1999-09) 18 History Document history V1.1.1 July 1999 Publication V1.1.2 September 1999 Publication ISBN 2-7437-3511-2 Dépôt légal : Septembre 1999 |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 1 Scope | The scope of the present document is limited to the requirements and architectures for broadband fixed radio access networks, under the name HIPERACCESS. The requirements in the present document address subjects such as applications, traffic volumes and traffic patterns that underlie the projected spectrum requirements; transport requirements, operational requirements and chosen architectures. The architectures address the communications layer models as well as the reference models that identify the key interfaces subject to standardization. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • For a non-specific reference, subsequent revisions do apply. • A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] EN 300 421: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for 11/12 GHz satellite services". [2] EN 300 429: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for cable systems". [3] EN 300 744: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television". [4] EN 300 789: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Terrestrial Flight Telecommunications System (TFTS); Avionic termination radio testing specification". [5] EN 301 199: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Interaction channel for Local Multi-point Distribution Systems (LMDS)". [6] ETR 306: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Access networks for residential customers". [7] ETS 300 019: "Equipment Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment; Part 1: Classification of environmental conditions". [8] ETS 300 636: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) point-to-multipoint digital radio systems in the frequency range 1GHz to 3 GHz". [9] ETS 300 748: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for MVDS at 10 GHz and above". [10] ETS 300 800: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Interaction channel for Cable TV distribution systems (CATV)". [11] I-ETS 300 416: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Availability performance of path elements of international digital paths". [12] I-ETS 300 465: "Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN); Availability and retainability performance for B-ISDN semi-permanent connections". TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 8 [13] ISO 8802.3: "Information technology; Telecommunications and information exchange between systems; Local and metropolitan area networks; Specific requirements; Part 3: Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specification". [14] ISO 8802.5 (FDDI): "Information technology; Telecommunications and information exchange between systems; Local and Metropolitan Area Networks; Specific requirements; Part 5: Token ring access method and physical layer specifications". [15] ITU-R Recommendation F.557-4: "Availability objective for radio-relay systems over a hypothetical reference circuit and a hypothetical reference digital path". [16] ITU-R Recommendation F.697-2: "Error performance and availability objectives for the local- grade portion at each end of an ISDN connection at a bit rate below the primary rate utilizing digital radio-relay systems". [17] ITU-R Recommendation PS 837-1: "Characteristics of precipitation for propagation modelling". [18] ITU-T Recommendation E.800: "Terms and definition related to quality of service and network performance including dependability". [19] ITU-R Recommendation F.695: "Availability objectives for real digital radio-relay links forming part of a high-grade circuit within an integrated services digital network". [20] ITU-T Recommendation F.696-2: "Error performance and availability objectives for hypothetical reference digital sections forming part or all of the medium-grade portion of an ISDN connection at a bit rate below the primary rate utilizing digital radio-relay systems". [21] ITU-T Recommendation F.697-2: "Error performance and availability objectives for the local- grade portion at each end of an ISDN connection at a bit rate below the primary rate utilizing digital radio-relay systems". [22] ITU-T Recommendation G.821: "Error performance of an international digital connection operating at a bit rate below the primary rate and forming part of an integrated services digital network". [23] ITU-T Recommendation. G.827: "Availability parameters and objectives for path elements of international constant bit-rate digital paths at or above the primary rate". [24] ITU-T Recommendation G.902: "Framework Recommendation on functional access networks (AN); Architecture and functions, access types, management and service node aspects". [25] ITU-T Recommendation I.355: "ISDN 64 kbit/s connection type availability performance". [26] ITU-T Recommendation I.357: "B-ISDN semi-permanent connection availability". [27] ITU-T Recommendation I.430: "Basic user-network interface; Layer 1 specification". [28] ITU-T Recommendation I.431: "Primary rate user-network interface; Layer 1 specification". [29] ITU-T Recommendation I.432: "B-ISDN User-Network Interface; Physical layer specification". [30] ITU-T Recommendation M.3010: "Principles for a Telecommunications management network". [31] ITU-T Recommendation Q.2140: "B-ISDN ATM adaptation layer; Service specific coordination function for signalling at the network node interface (SSCF AT NNI)". [32] ITU-T Recommendation Q.2144: "B-ISDN signalling ATM adaptation layer (SAAL); Layer management for the SAAL at the network node interface (NNI)". [33] TR 101 030: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Radio Local Loop (RLL) Co-ordination Group; Survey of ETSI activities and recommendations for the ETSI work programme". [34] TR 101 190: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; Transmission aspects". TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 9 [35] TR 101 274: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Digital Radio Relay Systems (DRRS); Point-to-multipoint DRRS in the access network: Overview of different access techniques." [36] CEPT Recommendation T/R 52-01: "Designation of a harmonised frequency band for multipoint video distribution systems in Europe". [37] DAVIC: "Digital Audio-Video Council (DAVIC) 1.3; Part 8: Lower layer protocols and physical interfaces". [38] ETS 300 393-1: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Trans-European Trunked Radio (TETRA); Packet Data Optimized (PDO); Part 1: General network design". [39] TS 101 113: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description, Stage 1 (GSM 02.60 version 5.2.0)". [40] Council Resolution of 17 January 1995 on the lawful interception of telecommunications; Celex number 496Y1104(01); Official Jounal of the European Union, No. C 329, 4 November 1996, pp 0001 - 0006. [41] Proceedings of the Full Service Access Networks conference, London, 20 June 1996. [42] ETS 300 347-1/A1: "Signalling Protocols and Switching (SPS); V interfaces at the digital Local Exchange (LE); V5.2 interface for the support of Access Network (AN); Part 1: V5.2 interface specification". [43] EN 301 005-1: "V interfaces at the digital Service Node (SN); Interfaces at VB5.1 reference point for the support of broadband or combined narrowband and broadband Access Networks (ANs); Part 1: Interface specification". [44] ATM Forum UNI 3.1 (1994): "User-Network Interface (UNI) specification version 3.1". [45] ATM Forum UNI 4.0 (1996): "ATM User-Network Interface (UNI) signalling specification version 4.0". [46] IEEE 1394 (1996): "Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standard for a high performance serial bus". [47] USB: "Universal Serial Bus specification (USB) version 1". [48] http://www.catv.org/modem/standards |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following definitions apply: cable modem: A device to provide communications services such as packet data transport on a cable TV network designed for broadcast services. cloned: An informal term meaning a network component (for example a mobile handset) which has been programmed to impersonate another similar component legally connected to the network to obtain service or eavesdrop on traffic. downlink: The data direction to an AT from an AP. downstream: The data direction to a user from a core network. statistical multiplexing: A method of time-division multiplexing data packets from multiple users into a shared channel in which randomly arising packets may be queued for varying periods so that the channel utilization may be kept high at the expense of variable transit delays for individual users. uplink: The data direction from an AT to an AP. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 10 upstream: The data direction from a core network to a user. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: 16QAM 16 level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop AINI ATM Inter Network Interface AP Access Point APC Access Point Controller APT Access Point Transceiver ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest AT Access Termination ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATMF ATM Forum BER Bit Error Ratio BRA Basic Rate Access (for ISDN) BRAN Broadband Radio Access Networks CEPT European Post and Telecommunications Consultative Committee DCA Dynamic Channel Assignment DLC Data Link Control DS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access DVB Digital Video Broadcasting EDTV Enhanced Definition TeleVision EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMS Element Management System FDD Frequency-Division Duplexing FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access FEC Forward Error Correction FH-CDMA Frequency Hopping CDMA GMM Global Mobile Multimedia GoS Grade of Service GPM General Protocol Model GRM General Reference Model GPRS General Packet Radio Service HDSL High speed Digital Subscriber Loop HDTV High Definition TeleVision HFR Hybrid Fibre Radio HIPERACCESS HIgh PErformance Radio ACCESS network HIPERLAN HIgh PErformance Radio Local Area Network IP Internet Protocol ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ITU International Telecommunications Union IWF InterWorking Function LAN Local Area Network LDTV Low Definition TeleVision LLC Logical Link Control LMCS Local Multipoint Communication Systems LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution System LOS Line Of Sight MAC Medium Access Control MDUs Multiple Dwelling Units MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Systems MPEG2 Motion Picture Experts Group type 2 MVDS Multipoint Video Distribution System NC Network Computer NVoD Near VoD OA&M Operations Administration and Management OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 11 P-MP Point-to-Multipoint PP Point-to-Point PABX Private Automatic Branch eXchange PC Personal Computer PHY PHYsical (as in physical layer of a protocol) PON Passive Optical Network POTS Plain Old Telephone Service PRA Primary Rate Access (to ISDN) PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PTO Public Telecommunications Operator QoS Quality of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RD-LAP Radio Data-Link Access Protocol (a proprietary packet radio access protocol developed by Motorola) RLL Radio Local Loop RR Radio Relay RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator RT Radio Terminations SAP Service Access Point SDTV Standard Definition TeleVision SDU Service Data Unit SMEs Small-to-Medium sized Enterprises SNI Service Node Interface SoHo Small office Home office STB Set-Top Box STM-1 Synchronous Transmission Multiplex - 1 TCP Transport Control Protocol TDD Time Division Duplex TDM Time Division Multiplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TETRA-PDO Trans European Trunked Radio - Packet Data Optimized UNIs User-Network Interfaces VCI Virtual Channel Indicator VDSL Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Loop VoD Video on Demand VPI Virtual Path Indicator WWW World Wide Web xDSL x (= generic) Digital Subscriber Loop 4 Overview of HIgh PErformance Radio ACCESS network (HIPERACCESS) systems HIPERACCESS systems are means by which mainly residential customers and small-to medium-sized enterprises can gain access to broadband telecommunications and data communications services, delivered to their premises by radio. These systems are intended to be able to compete with and complement other broadband wired access systems including x (=generic) Digital Subscriber Loop (xDSL) and cable modems. In this context "broadband" means "above 2 Mbit/s", and 25 Mbit/s is the competitive benchmark for HIPERACCESS systems. This overview first covers the rationale for developing HIPERACCESS, by reference to alternative service delivery technologies that are expected to be available in the years 2000 to 2005. Then HIPERACCESS systems are introduced, with a working definition, their general characteristics and the general services to be supported. Finally, typical deployment scenarios for HIPERACCESS systems are considered. This discussion is given for background to the requirements of clause 5. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 12 |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.1 The rise of new telecommunications services and providers | The telecommunications service that many people now use in developed economies is about to change. The change may be slow or fast, but will happen for the following reasons: - the likely rise in user demand for high-bandwidth packet-oriented services such as internet access, whose delivery over current low-bandwidth copper loops is adequate today but not optimal. This will lead to a situation where it is predicted that most of the total information communicated in future networks will be "data" rather than "voice"; - the likely rise in demand for stream-oriented services such as video, and mixed data, voice and video services (e.g. internet), that exceed the bandwidth of the conventional "local loop"; - the de-regulation of the telecommunications industry, creating pressure on new operators to innovate in service provision in order to compete with existing, traditional telephone service providers; and - the response of the existing Public Telecommunications Operator (PTO)s to these scenarios. The likely demand put forward in the first two of these points is currently weak but nevertheless present [41]. This is characteristic of a stage in market development where unfamiliar new services are offered and the market is not yet prepared or educated sufficiently to create a wide demand. It is point (c) that is likely to create the pressure - new service providers will promote demand for new services in order to create a business for themselves. In response to these new entrants, existing operators are also likely to develop and compete for these new markets in order to avoid losing their pre-eminent positions. Multi-media applications and computer communications are often bursty in nature. Properly designed broadband systems allocate capacity to specific users "instantly", and given sufficiently large numbers of users take advantage of statistical multiplexing to serve each user adequately with a fraction of the bandwidth needed to handle the peak rate of all users simultaneously. The emergence of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Internet Protocol (IP) networks exemplifies this trend. The equivalent in the wireless domain would be an access system that is ATM or IP compatible and served many users with one or more broadband channels, the capacity of each being allocated on demand rather than on a fixed basis. A typical user will expect to have an instantaneous high bandwidth available delivered by his access mechanism, but only occasionally. For example, he might expect a large document to be delivered very quickly so that he can start reading and digesting its contents. However, the period over which he is looking at the information in local storage means that the average bandwidth required to deliver a good service is low, even though the instantaneous bandwidth required is high. In this example, the average bandwidth required is constrained by the user's ability to read and assimilate information, but the instantaneous bandwidth required is dictated by the user's patience in waiting for complete documents to be delivered. However, even in the new broadband world voice communications will remain essential. Broadband systems will have to support Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) efficiently as well. Because of the continuing importance of narrowband communications, the ETSI Radio Local Loop (RLL) co-ordination group's report (TR 101 030 [33]) concluded that existing, narrowband, circuit-switched radio access system developments need to be continued where the market demand existed, unhindered by any attempt at additional standardization by ETSI. However, it also concluded that the foreseen rise in demand for broadband services would challenge existing narrowband radio local loop systems and proposed that ETSI should create a standard for broadband radio access. This led directly to the formation of the Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) project. Later in the present document the characteristics of several possible services which could be delivered over broadband access networks are reviewed. However there will be many other applications which have not even been envisaged today which will be enabled by a broadband access network. Although it is far from clear which of these applications are destined to emerge as the dominant market drivers, several alternative mechanisms which can deliver broadband services in a service-independent way have been identified. HIPERACCESS Networks complement, and compete with, this portfolio of access mechanisms. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 13 |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2 Competing access mechanisms for the information age | Many mechanisms are now available, or will shortly be, for providing residential access to broadband telecommunications services. It is intended that the technical characteristics of HIPERACCESS systems be set with reference to other access systems which might be used to support broadband services, and which will represent the competition against which HIPERACCESS will have to compete in the years 2000 to 2005. ETR 306 [6] is a useful reference which catalogues access systems suitable for residential customers. Taking account of the systems described in [6], and also including new developments, the following wired access systems address broadband access requirements to some degree: - xDSL over copper pairs; - cable modems over analogue or digital TV distribution systems; - fibre to the building, kerb, cabinet or home; and - electricity cables to the building carrying other services. Some current and proposed wireless access systems also support broad band services or are useful examples: - Point-to-MultiPoint (P-MP) radio relay systems as specified by ETSI TM4; - Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS), Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) and LMCS in the 28 GHz and 40 GHz bands; - satellite systems; and - radio packet access systems. In wireless and wired access systems alike, bandwidth limitations exist in both the infrastructure and the access mechanism. The need to match the access bandwidth statistically to the needs of a population of users is perhaps most critical in the case of an information service provided using radio. However this need not diminish the overall service available compared to that available via alternative access mechanisms provided the system is properly dimensioned. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.1 Wired access systems | |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.1.1 xDSL over copper pairs | There are several Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies, generically known as xDSL. Examples are High speed Digital Subscriber Loop (HDSL) (High-speed DSL), Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL) (Asymmetric DSL) and Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Loop (VDSL), each of which is capable of providing a different data rate transport for high-bandwidth services over copper pairs, most of which can also trade bandwidth against distance. VDSL systems will deliver between 6,5 Mbit/s and 26 Mbit/s of continuous bandwidth to each user on a standard copper pair. However, most systems using HDSL for delivery to the customer would inevitable have a bandwidth bottleneck at a higher level in the network (for example at the local switch). Whilst the original development of HDSL provides a duplex symmetric service (normally at 2 Mbit/s) it does so at the cost of requiring multiple copper pairs (typically three). In most cases three pairs are not available from a switch to a large proportion of (in particular) residential customers' premises. Technologies such as ADSL and VDSL only require a single pair but are designed to provide asymmetric bandwidth, much higher from the switch to the customer than in the other direction. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.1.2 Cable modems | Cable modems are already being used in some parts of the world for providing access to the internet. In this case, the local cable plant and its multiple access protocol is a bandwidth bottleneck, in addition to that of any data communications backbone. Whilst the availability of bandwidth on a cable is not constrained in the same way as is radio spectrum on-air, there are still constraints resulting from the bandwidth of the cables and their distribution amplifiers, and the intermodulation products that occur. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 14 Cable modems allocate one or a few video channels in the downstream direction on a small segment of the system, serving typically up to 200 homes. Users share this using a statistical multiplexing technique, with upstream data being sent in a narrower band upstream contention channel. The users typically have packet-mode access to an downstream data stream of between 2 Mbit/s and nearly 30 Mbit/s depending on the system; and contention access to an upstream bandwidth of perhaps 2 Mbit/s. Cable modems use modulation techniques and modems developed for digital video applications, and so are based on a transmission technology developed for mass-market applications [48]. It is obvious that cable modem systems incorporate a bottleneck, since data to and from users is statistically multiplexed in the dedicated channels serving the single segment. The frequency planning of older cable networks also leads to more serious restrictions in the data communications bandwidth that can be delivered to users. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.1.3 Fibre to the building, kerb, cabinet or home | Today, a Passive Optical Network (PON) is the most common configuration for fibre in the access network. A PON is a tree-type branching structure with a common broadcasting transmitter, and a time-division multiplexed return channel. It thus has some aspects in common with cable systems. Very large splitting ratios (>10k subscribers) are now possible by using optical amplifiers. Optical access technologies, e.g. PONs, are often used to feed other drop technologies such as coax/cable modems, twisted pairs/xDSL-lines, or even wireless systems. These systems are known as fibre to the kerb, cabinet etc. In these cases, an Optical Network Unit (ONU) terminates the optical line, and transfers the signal to some other drop technology for the last 100 m to 5 000 m, typically. An example is the use of Hybrid Fibre Radio (HFR), in which an optical fibre feeder system may be used to feed a number of radio cells. Radio base stations distribute the traffic to the end subscribers. In the simplest case, a PON (e.g. ATM-PON) can be used to feed the radio base stations. In order to reduce complexity and simplify maintenance, special transport feeder systems may carry the radio channels through the optical fibre at radio frequencies. Alternatively, the fibre can be continued to the end user (fibre to the home). Due to the inherent bandwidth of the fibre, and the simple transmission protocols needed, several 100 Mbit/s bi-directional traffic can easily be delivered to the subscriber, if there is a need for it. However the present costs of optical components and the lack of obvious applications for such large bandwidths other than for large businesses militates against such deployments. As mentioned above, this mainly pushes the bottleneck higher up into the system, but the fibre would facilitate e.g. multiple wideband services, multiple operators etc., on the same shared medium. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.1.4 Electricity cables to the building | Since an electricity supply cable enters virtually every building where a telecommunications service might be required, there is a strong motivation to use this cable for communications purposes. Until recently mains communications has been used for limited applications within homes (for example home security, appliance control, baby alarms); or for special control purposes in supply networks (for example controlling street lighting). Large bandwidth and long range transmission has been hampered by the poor quality of the communications path, which has a widely varying characteristic impedance and large noise levels caused by electrical switchgear, switched mode power supplies, and induced signals of various types. More recently new, adaptive modulation methods and advanced error control have been applied to mains communications. This permits transmission over quite large distances, for example from a sub-station to the group of homes it serves, of bandwidths up to 1 Mbit/s with a limited capacity return path. The path remains intermittent (breaks occurring for example because of switchgear-induced splatter) so the communications is more appropriate for packet-mode services such as IP traffic. In summary, mains communications has been developed to the point at which it appears capable of delivering quite a fast internet service to homes (up to 1 Mbit/s maximum burst rate) with a limited capacity reverse channel. It is unclear yet whether isochronous services will be supportable. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 15 |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.2 Radio access systems | |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.2.1 Broadband point-to-multipoint radio relay systems | ETSI sub-technical committee TM4 is concerned with radio-relay systems, and prepares standards for Point-to-Point (PP) and P-MP equipment and antennas. TM4 standards specify the radio-frequency parameters of the equipment in such a way that spectrum management authorities and operators can plan the deployment of systems which will co-exist and provide the required quality of service for the operator combined with the maximum spectrum efficiency. TM4 standards do not define any elements of the protocol above the physical layer and do not enable inter-operability between conforming equipment from different manufacturers. TM4's P-MP standards have so far all been for radio access systems (including RLL) operating at the borderline between narrowband and broadband service. Most of these systems offer ISDN service, varying from basic rate (i.e. 144 kbit/s) to a single primary rate (i.e. 2 Mbit/s), although there are two work items, which are intended to offer higher than a primary rate ISDN access, namely: - a standard for broadband point to multipoint radio system in the 24,25 to 29,5 GHz band, which will offer n x 2 Mbit/s to a customer; - a work item for a flexible broadband P-MP system, however that work item has been suspended in anticipation that the BRAN project will produce such a standard under its HIPERACCESS work item (and hence it is not listed in table 1). Table 1: Standards currently in progress in TM4 Subject of the standard Status P-MP equipment below 1 GHz for rural use Still being drafted in TM4 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) equipment, 1GHz to 3 GHz bands Published; ETS 300 636 [8] Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) equipment, 1 GHz to 3 GHz bands Completed Public Enquiry Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) equipment, 1 GHz to 3 GHz bands Completed Public Enquiry Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) equipment, 1 GHz to 3 GHz bands Approved by TM4 TDMA equipment, 3 GHz to 11 GHz bands Completed Public Enquiry DS-CDMA equipment, 3 GHz to 11 GHz bands Approved by TM4 FDMA equipment, 3 GHz to 11 GHz bands Completed Public Enquiry FH-CDMA equipment, 3 GHz to 11 GHz bands Approved by TM4 Antennas for P-MP equipment in 1 GHz to 3 GHz bands Approved by TM4 Antennas for P-MP equipment in 3 GHz to 11 GHz bands Approved by TM4 Antennas for P-MP equipment in 11 GHz to 60 GHz bands Approved by TM4 Broadband P-MP equipment in the 24,25 GHz to 29 GHz bands; five parts addressing various access methods Some parts approved by TM4, others still being drafted TM4 has also produced an ETSI TR, giving a comparison among different access techniques for point to multipoint radio systems, which compares TDMA, DS-CDMA, and FDMA [35]. 4.2.2.2 Microwave video distribution systems, DAVIC, and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) a) Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Systems (MMDS), LMDS MMDS and LMDS are very similar technologies initially designed for providing wireless distribution of video. In general, programming distributed by these systems comes to the system head-end from satellite or terrestrial feeds. Programme signals are multiplexed and re-broadcast to customer's premises by P-MP microwave links. The use of microwave frequencies makes it necessary for the antenna at the customer premises to be in LOS with the transmitter or a signal repeater. Analogue MMDS systems are widely deployed in the US in the 2,5 GHz band, where the spectrum allocation allows for 33 analogue 6 MHz video channels. The reach is around 40 km, depending on antenna height. LMDS operates in the 28 GHz band with some 10 km LOS reach. These bands are not generally available in Europe for this purpose. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 16 ETS 300 748 [9] specifies a digital broadcast system operating above 10 GHz which e.g. can be used in the 40,5 GHz to 42,5 GHz band. This band has been harmonized within CEPT for this purpose under CEPT Recommendation T/R 52-01 [36]. ETS 300 748 [9] uses the same Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation scheme as specified in EN 300 421 [1] for direct satellite broadcasting, in order to be compatible with the same Set-Top Box (STB) when used with a down-converter for the appropriate frequency band. It is referred to as a MVDS. DVB has also produced an LMDS specification EN 301 199 [5] that entered the public enquiry phase in December 1977. This specification is based on the interactive DVB cable specification ETS 300 800 [10] and uses FDM/TDMA multiple access in the uplink. Different uplink access modes are supported: reserved slots, reserved slots with dynamic reservation, contention slots and ranging slots. An uplink slot comprises a four byte unique word, an ATM cell (53 bytes), six bytes reed-solomon code and a one byte guard band. The uplink channel occupies 2 MHz bandwidth and supports a raw data rate of 3 088 Mbit/s and uses DQPSK modulation with alpha = 0,3. For the downlink, in-band signalling and out-of-band signalling are supported. In-band signalling is preferred, i.e. the signalling is transported in a broadband channel, according to ETS 300 748 [9]. DVB has also produced a digital broadcast MMDS specification EN 300 789 [4], applicable below 10 GHz, which is based on the broadcast specification EN 300 429 [2]. A new ITU-T study group 9 has started studying the physical distribution of MMDS services and possible harmonization with SMATV and cable TV distribution under Q.18/9. A new ITU-T Recommendation is being drafted. b) DAVIC - 'PHYsical (as in physical layer of a protocol) (PHY) on MMDS' , 'PHY on LMDS' DAVIC has also started work on MMDS and LMDS in the context of the DAVIC specification [37]. DAVIC addresses a physical layer interface supporting unidirectional digital transmission over radio frequencies (up to 10 GHz): 'PHY on MMDS'. This physical interface describes the frame structure, channel coding and modulation for the carriage of Motion Picture Experts Group type 2 (MPEG2)-streams. DAVIC 1.1 also addresses a physical layer interface supporting bi-directional digital transmission over millimetric radio waves (above 10 GHz): 'PHY on LMDS'. This interface is a P-MP Time Division Multiplex (TDM)/TDMA with a QPSK and/or 16 level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) modulation. Two frame structures are provided for downlink data transmission, one for MPEG2 transport streams and the other for ATM-cell-transfer. An ATM-cell-transfer frame structure is provided for the uplink data transmission. Medium Access Control (MAC) messages, protocols and tools are also described in this specification in order to establish, maintain and manage the physical layer and the access control. DAVIC does not address a common air interface, or give any indication on frequency bands to be employed because this would be a decision of any country administration. Rather it defines a "Common Intermediate Frequency Interface" specification. The DAVIC LMDS specification can be applied at both the 28 GHz (LMDS) and 40 GHz (MVDS) bands. c) DVB - Terrestrial broadcasting Guidelines for the implementation for DVB terrestrial services will shortly be published as TR 101 190 [34]. A specification for a baseline transmission system for digital terrestrial television broadcasting has been approved by DVB and is published by ETSI as EN 300 744 [3]. This En specifies the channel coding/modulation system intended for digital multi-programme low, standard, enhanced and high definition television (Low Definition TeleVision (LDTV), Standard Definition TeleVision (SDTV), Enhanced Definition TeleVision (EDTV) and High Definition TeleVision (HDTV)) terrestrial services. It identifies the global performance requirements and features of the baseline system, in order to meet the service quality targets. The system is directly compatible with MPEG-2 coded TV signals. It has been designed for 8 MHz channels although an adaptation to 6 MHz and 7 MHz can easily been achieved by scaling down the various parameters, changing the clock frequency. Two modes of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) operation are defined: a "2k mode" and an "8k mode". The "2k mode" is suitable for single transmitter operation and for small Single Frequency Networks (SFNs) with limited transmitter distances. The "8k mode" can be used both for single transmitter operation and large SFN networks. Simulcast based on hierarchical channel coding and modulation is also considered to cover e.g. specific coverage and/or portability issues. QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM are proposed for different code rates (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and 7/8) and guard intervals (1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32) offering a wide range of possible useful bit rates from 4,98 Mbit/s to 31,67 Mbit/s. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 17 |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.2.3 Satellite systems | Geostationary satellite systems already provide analogue broadcast television channels to many residential subscribers, and digital services are now being introduced. Some of the digital downlink channels can be dedicated to a broadband IP service and shared among several subscribers. The users then request content from the Internet via their Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) line and get it at a higher speed via the satellite downlink channel. A next phase will consist to provide the request channel via a satellite uplink (with a bit rate limited to 128 kbit/s). The system architecture would allow the head-end to choose to route a downlink stream either to the PSTN network or to the satellite according to the expected traffic (through the PSTN network for low amounts of data and through the satellite for high amounts) in order to optimize the satellite capacity usage. Versions of the DVB standards have been developed, optimized for satellite transmission. New satellite systems are expected to be launched in few years providing bi-directional bandwidth on demand to business (up to a few megabits per second) and residential users (typically up to 512 kbit/s) almost everywhere in the world. Some of these systems will use a constellation of several tens or hundreds (depending upon the chosen technology) of low earth orbit satellites whereas other systems will rely on several geostationary satellites. The strength of satellite broadband access does not lie in capacity but in its global coverage. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.2.2.4 Radio packet access systems | A number of radio systems have been deployed which specifically provide packet data access. These include mobile data systems such as mobitex and Radio Data-Link Access Protocol (RD-LAP); and the ETSI standard Trans European Trunked RAdio - Packet Data Optimized (ETS 300 393-1 [38]). A new bearer service is also being specified within the GSM family of specifications - General Packet Radio Service (TS 101 113) [39]. These mobile data systems are primarily intended for supporting true mobility and high bit-rate is secondary. With the growth of more flexible and cost effective internet accesses some companies have started to offer proprietary wireless internet access networks. These systems may not be fully compliant with any recognised standard. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.3 HIPERACCESS - market positioning | Reviewing the access technologies described above, a number of conclusions may be drawn. - VDSL and cable modem systems are applicable by operators wishing to upgrade existing wired networks (copper pair or coaxial systems respectively). They are able to support a bit rate of 25 Mbit/s to the user but generally a significantly lower upstream bandwidth. Both technologies would require a new operator to install new physical cable plant at considerable expense. Passive optical networks can be extended direct to the customer and in principle can deliver significantly larger bandwidth, but again requires installing new physical cable plant. Mains communications can be overlaid on existing power wiring but performance is restricted. - The "TM4-type" broadband P-MP technologies are primarily designed for providing radio distribution of n x 2 Mbit/s circuits to businesses, and the needs of low-cost high-volume manufacture for residential and small business applications have not been considered in the design. Many of the actual systems covered by these coexistence standards are explicitly designed to support circuit-mode transmission at some multiple of 64 kbit/s (although some more recent systems are being designed for ATM access). TM4 standards do not specify any radio parameters other than those needed for radio coexistence. - MMDS and LMDS systems are primarily designed for video distribution and assume that the bandwidth requirements will be quite asymmetric between up-stream and down-stream - viewers want to choose from a wide selection of channels but the associated upstream traffic bandwidth is small. More recent developments, particularly in the DAVIC and DVB fora, are generalising the types of information which can be distributed but the asymmetry remains - such systems are at best likely to provide service bandwidths similar to HDSL and cable modems. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 18 - Satellite systems are widely used today to broadcast video and these systems are being updated for digital transmission including distribution of IP with limited bandwidth particularly upstream, based again on the DAVIC type models. There are also developments of two-way satellite access systems focusing on very-wide-area mobility. In general whilst satellite systems can support high peak bandwidth to a single user they are unlikely to be able to compete with wired broadband systems such as VDSL or cable modems for serving high user densities. - There are a wide range of radio standards and systems developed and deployed which specifically provide packet access. These range from traditional "mobile data" systems to newer systems specifically designed for internet access at higher speeds. None of these approach the performance of wired broadband access systems. Against this background, HIPERACCESS is conceived to compete directly with HDSL and cable modems. It will provide a high peak bandwidth to a fixed user; support high bandwidth communications equally to and from the user; and be viable for mass market applications with reasonably high user densities. |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.4 Target network economics | HIPERACCESS networks will be attractive to operators (compared to deploying wired systems) for mainly economic reasons, which include the following: - A radio access system can provide coverage of potential residential and small business customers at relatively low cost. Thus the cost of market entry is reduced compared to a cable network which has to pass each customer to which service is to be offered before any service can be marketed. Alternatively, radio can be deployed to target economically-attractive customers. - For a radio access system, a high proportion of the investment in a mature system can be in the radio terminations on customer premises. This part of the investment is essentially proportional to customer numbers. Thus investment in a radio network can be very incremental. In contrast, the total investment in a cabled network is almost independent of the proportion of "passed" customers taking the service. - Radio networks may be rolled out quickly, allowing the operator to introduce service earlier and therefore to generate a revenue stream more quickly to offset fixed operational costs. - Radio systems are not subject to disturbance by civil works which results in high on-going repair costs for a cabled network. (However there are environmental effects on radio, from new building work and foliage growth for example, which have an analogous, but much smaller, effect). - Radio systems may be used in order to provide service to customers sited in areas which are difficult to serve by other means. It is worth noting that HIPERACCESS networks will be most useful to operators who do not have a wired network which they could upgrade with xDSL or Cable Modems. If such a network exists, then some of its economic characteristics (incremental investment with growth of customer demand) are similar to those of radio access. Thus a reasonable reference point for the target cost for a HIPERACCESS system would be the "cost per home passed" and "incremental connection cost" for these upgrade technologies. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 19 |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.5 Working definition of HIPERACCESS | For the purposes of the present document a HIPERACCESS system is defined with reference to the simplified reference model in figure 1. TE AT TE TE APT APT APC Core Network UNI Air interface SNI Key: TE Terminal Equipment AT Access Termination AP Access Point APT Access Point Transceiver APC Access Point Controller UNI User-Network Interface SNI Service Node Interface IWF Interworking Function AP IWF IWF AT IWF Figure 1: Simplified HIPERACCESS reference model HIPERACCESS is a radio access system which may be deployed to connect User-Network Interfaces (UNIs) located in and physically fixed to customer premises. to a Service Node Interface (SNI) of a broadband core network, characterized as follows: - The target users are residential households, or typical Small-to-Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs). - The radio system will be capable of providing users with a peak one-way (up-link or down-link) information rate of at least 25 Mbit/s at the UNI, accessed using appropriate standardized packet protocols such as ATM or IP. - HIPERACCESS systems must support both symmetric and asymmetric data flows, which may be duplex or simplex. A duplex symmetric flow could be one or several (from for example a Private Automatic Branch eXchange (PABX)) 64 kbit/s circuits carrying telephone calls, or circuit-mode videoconference connections. A simplex symmetric flow could be the download and upload of files. A simplex asymmetric flow could be downloading a Web page or a video sequence. - It is assumed that the system will use multiple access to the radio bandwidth in order to optimize the efficiency with which multiple "bursty" users utilize spectrum. - The radio system must also efficiently support legacy services, specifically POTS and ISDN (possibly over the native ATM or IP network service in a standardized way). - Systems may be deployed by PTOs who provide network services to the public, or private operators who use the network for their own purposes. PTOs require their own licensed spectrum to ensure they can give QoS guarantees. Private operators may deploy the system in licence-exempt bands. - It follows that the HIPERACCESS standard must be capable of operating in a number of designated frequency bands over a wide range, probably from 3 GHz to 60 GHz. The service delivered may be compromised by the amount of bandwidth available at any given operating frequency. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 20 |
0265427df956e32eb1f8284408761815 | 101 177 | 4.6 Multiple access, statistical multiplexing | A HIPERACCESS radio access system creates a pool of bandwidth within a radio coverage area. This bandwidth is shared between all of the subscribed users present. In principle, all of the bandwidth may be used by one user, or shared according to some multiple access scheme amongst all of the users demanding bandwidth. In fact, the uplink and downlink directions for each user may demand bandwidth separately up to their individual or combined limits, if any. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Downlink 1 1 1 1 Uplink 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 Figure 4.2: Outline of statistical multiplexing Figure 4.2 shows an outline of statistical multiplexing in operation. Two radio carriers are represented, a continuous modulated downlink from a single AP and a "bursty" uplink from several AT. The scenario shown includes several types of interaction. 1) The up- and down-link bursts labelled 1 are from a termination involved in a single isochronous 64 kbit/s duplex call. It transmits regular short data bursts on the uplink and receives corresponding short segments (cf. "timeslots") in the downlink. This mode is equivalent to conventional TDM/TDMA. 2) The downlink bursts labelled 2 are a single 2 Mbit/s MPEG encoded video stream. Since this is a simplex service there is no corresponding uplink data. 3) The irregular downlink bursts labelled 3 are World Wide Web (WWW) page data being downloaded to a terminal running a web browser. The uplink bursts labelled 3 would typically be mouse pointer data or Transport Control Protocol (TCP) acknowledgements. 4) The long uplink burst 4 is a long data segment from a web server connected via HIPERACCESS, segmented to allow for the short segments of isochronous data 1. Fundamental to the operation of the scheme is the fact that an application which only needs low average bit-rate nevertheless uses the maximum available bit-rate while it has access to the channel. The higher the channel bit-rate the more efficient statistical multiplexing becomes. Not evident in the scenario is that the different types of data have different priorities. Thus the speech and video information is inherently being used by applications that assume that new data is available continuously and isochronously, and therefore the system must not introduce varying delays. However, the web data is not time critical and can be delayed and if necessary queued either in the AP or AT while the air interface is busy. By these means the air interface mixes the different data streams together and can, if well designed, achieve high utilization and give all the users acceptable quality of service for their applications. It might be inferred from the diagram that frequency-division duplexing (Frequency-Division Duplexing (FDD)) is mandatory. The picture shows the uplink and downlink flows as separate, but they could be duplexed in frequency or time (Time Division Duplex (TDD)). If FDD is used some bandwidth may be "wasted" if the aggregate flow bandwidths uplink and downlink are different; TDD enables a given radio bandwidth to be shared flexibly between uplink and downlink. TR 101 177 V1.1.1 (1998-05) 21 The scenario shown obviously uses time-division to allow data from different users to be multiplexed on the air. However, in a radio system obviously other multiplexing domains may be exploited as well: conventionally frequency, code, and space. However it is obvious that the fundamental possibility of statistical multiplexing arises because of the stochastic nature of at least some of the signals with respect to time and therefore these other multiplexing domains are likely to be ancillary. They should however be considered: for example spread-spectrum multiplexing might be used in the "up" direction to "soften" multiple-access contention, whilst frequency division could be used to decrease co-channel interference between neighbouring service areas. |
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