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cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.4.3 Transit times stability | The transit time of a message within a given branch of a network is not necessarily constant: a stationary satellite is never absolutely stable for example and oscillates on the contrary within a cube of about 75 km3 over a period of one month. The time duration of the satellite link therefore varies by ±250 µs, which is much higher than the tolerance. The network time synchronization mechanism consequently needs to be tolerant with regards to the transit time instability. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.4.4 Possible candidates for absolute time reference | In an SFN network, each modulator is fed from the multiplexer through a distribution network, which introduces a time delay that varies from one transmitting site to the other. Consequently, no time reference can be given to the transmitters from the multiplexer. There is a need for an external absolute time provider, able to offer to each site a time value with an accuracy better than 1 µs. GPS seems to be an excellent candidate for that purpose. Suitable GPS receivers provide both a frequency reference (10 MHz) and a phase reference of absolute time. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.4.5 Remote control of distributed transmitters | The DVB-T (see EN 300 744 [i.5]) standard allows for more than one hundred different configurations of the modulator: in a SFN environment, it might become difficult, given these conditions, to ensure that all the parallel encoders are coherently configured. The simplest way to cope with this problem seems to remotely control (e.g. using ad-hoc data embedded in some MPEG packets) these encoders from the unique MUX site. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.5 The mega-frame solution | |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.5.1 Why a mega-frame is necessary | Whatever DVB-T mode, a DVB-T frame is always made of 68 OFDM symbols. With the 8k mode, 68 symbols always carry an integer number of Reed-Solomon encoded MPEG-2 packets, whatever the chosen constellation or inner code rate. Unfortunately, this is no more the case with the 2k mode, hence the superframe concept: a superframe is a set of 4 successive frames (whatever the FFT size) so that the above condition becomes true within a superframe for both 2k-mode and 8k-mode. However, in defining the MPEG-2 TS that will feed the parallel channel encoders of an SFN, we still need to define the extra concept of a mega-frame to guarantee that the PRBS generators that are in charge of energy dispersal within each channel encoder, are all reset in the same time synchronized and deterministic way. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 43 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.5.2 The Mega-frame solution | Figure 12 shows a block diagram of a complete SFN system. MPEG-2 remultiplexer SFN adapter MPEG-2 TS TX Network adapter Distribution Network RX Network adapter RX Network adapter GPS (see note) 10 MHz 1 pps DVB-T modulator SYNC system GPS (see note) 10 MHz 1 pps DVB-T modulator SYNC system GPS (see note) 10 MHz 1 pps MPEG-2 TS MPEG-2 TS NOTE: Could be any common available frequency reference. Figure 12: DVB-T primary distribution with SFN adaptation The SFN functionality is an extension to the DVB system. The blocks associated with SFN functionality are the grey boxes in figure 12. These blocks could be implemented either as separate equipment or integrated in the multiplexer and/or the DVB-T modulator. SFN system blocks: MPEG-2 re-multiplexer The MPEG-2 re-multiplexer re-multiplexes the programmes from various input channels, updates the SI and provides an MPEG-2 TS which, after SFN adaptation, is transmitted via the DVB-T modulators in the SFN. SFN adapter The SFN adapter forms a mega-frame, consisting of n TS-packets corresponding to 8 DVB-T frames in the 8k mode or 32 frames in the 2k mode, and inserts a Mega-frame Initialization Packet (MIP) with a dedicated PID value. Inserted anywhere within a mega-frame of index M, the MIP of that mega-frame, MIPM, allows to uniquely identify the starting point (i.e. the first packet) of the mega-frame M + 1. This is accomplished by using a pointer carried by the MIPM itself to indicate its position with regards to the start of the mega-frame M + 1. The time difference between the latest pulse of the "one-pulse-per-second" reference, derived e.g. from GPS, that precedes the start of the mega-frame M + 1 and the actual start (i.e. first bit of first packet) of this mega-frame M + 1 is copied into the MIPM. This parameter is called Synchronization Time Stamp (STS). The time duration of a mega-frame is independent of the duration Tu, constellation and code rate of the DVB-T signal. Four different time durations exist depending on the chosen guard interval proportion: • 0,502656 s (Δ/Tu = 1/32); • 0,517888 s (Δ/Tu = 1/16); • 0,548352 s (Δ/Tu = 1/8); • 0,609280 s (Δ/Tu = 1/4). ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 44 The output of the SFN adapter have to be fully DVB/MPEG-2 TS compliant. TX/RX network adapter The network adapters have to provide a transparent link for the MPEG-2 TS from the central to the local units. The maximum network delay (caused by the different paths of the transmission network) the SYNC system can handle is 1 s. SYNC system The SYNC system will provide a propagation time compensation by comparing the inserted STS with the local time reference and calculate the extra delay needed for SFN synchronization. DVB-T modulator The modulator should provide a fixed delay from the input to the air interface. The information inserted in the MIP could be used for the direct control of the modulator modes or control of other transmitter parameters. The modulator clocks at the different sites have to be synchronized. Since in a SFN all transmitted signals have to be identical, the MPEG-2 TS inputs to the various DVB-T modulators have also to be bit identical. GPS GPS is one among many possible time references but it is the only one available globally. GPS receivers are available which provide both a 10 MHz frequency reference and a 1 pulse per second (1 pps) time reference. The 1 pps time reference, used in SFN synchronization, is divided into 100 ns steps of the 10 MHz clock. The 10 MHz system clock is assumed to be available at all nodes in the network. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.5.3 Mega-frame definition | The output of the SFN adapter have to be a valid MPEG-2 Transport Stream, where the individual packets are organized in groups, which constitute a mega-frame. Each mega-frame consists of n packets, where n is an integer number which depends on the number of RS-packets per superframe in the DVB-T mode that will be used for DVB-T emission of the MPEG-2 TS (see EN 300 744 [i.5], clause 4.7: "Number of RS-packets per OFDM superframe"). In the 8k mode n is (the number of RS-packets per superframe) × 2. In the 2 k mode n is (the number of RS-packets per superframe) × 8. Each mega-frame contains exactly one Mega-frame Initialization Packet. The actual position may vary in an arbitrary way from mega-frame to mega-frame. The pointer value in the MIP is used to indicate the start of the following mega-frame. In figure 13 the overall structure of the mega-frame, including the positioning of the MIP, is given. First Packet MIP Last Packet MFP #0 MFP #1 ….. MFP #p ….. MFP #n-1 MFP #0 Pointer = (n-1) - p The pointer indicates the location of the first packet of the next mega-frame. Mega-frame Figure 13: Overall mega-frame structure The start of a mega-frame in the DVB-T signal is defined to coincide with the beginning of a DVB-T superframe and the start of an inverted sync byte, being part of transport multiplex adaptation. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 45 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.5.4 MIP format | The MIP is an MPEG-2 compliant 188 byte TS packet, organized as shown in table 1 of TS 101 191 [i.13]. Although it is carried in mega-frame of index M, the MIP always refers to the following mega-frame M + 1, except for the tps-mip field, that refers to mega-frame M + 2. Some of the TPS data, although already included in the SI tables, will be inserted by the MUX in the tps-mip field of the MIP of index M, in order to simplify the (necessarily identical) remote programming of all the distributed channel encoders, in terms of FFT size, constellation, code rates and guard interval proportion. Within the MIP it is also possible to include configuration data for individual transmitters with regard to deliberate time offset (relative to what is determined by "STS" + "Maximum delay"), deliberate frequency offset (relative to the centre frequency of the UHF channel) and ERP. It is also possible to define private data. All this data can be addressed to individual transmitters so that each transmitter in the network uses a unique configuration. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.5.5 A possible implementation | To provide an absolute time reference on the MUX site and on all the different transmitting sites, the following mechanism can be used. Each site will host a 24-bit counter, that will be incremented by the GPS 10 MHz reference clock and reset on every second of the universal absolute time by the GPS pulse marker. To sign the emission date of the following mega-frame M + 1, the MUX will copy into the 3-byte synchronization_time_stamp field of the MIP packet contained in the mega-frame of index M the value that will be reached by its own counter when it will emit the first bit of the first packet of the mega-frame M + 1. An offset value, entered by the human operator of the distribution network, is then inserted by the MUX in the 3-byte field maximum_delay. This "offset" field have to be greater than the maximum delay spread introduced by the network and is expressed as a certain number of 100 ns long (1/10 MHz) periods. Due to its a priori knowledge of the PID of the MIP, each channel encoder will extract the MIP from each mega-frame M of the incoming MPEG-TS, add both time fields synchronization_time_stamp + maximum_delay (modulo 1s) and wait for its local counter to reach the resulting value before emitting the associated following mega-frame M + 1. The instant for "emitting the associated following mega-frame" have to be understood as the instant at which the first sample of the guard interval of the COFDM symbol that carries the first packet of the mega-frame just leaves the transmitting antenna. It is up to each channel encoder to take into account the transit delay brought by the digital and analogue processes through the channel encoder itself and then through the power amplification stages. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.6 Hierarchical modes particularities | |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.6.1 Multiple channels network adapters | Network adapters have been developed that offer more than one single MPEG stream input. Such devices are particularly well suited in an hierarchical context (figure 14). See clause 7.1.3 for further information. MPEG-TS1 MPEG-TS2 network adaptors (transmitter) network adaptors (receiver) MPEG-TS2 MPEG-TS1 Figure 14: Distribution of 2 MPEG transport streams ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 46 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 8.6.2 HP/LP time synchronization | In an SFN with hierarchy, the relative alignment of HP and LP streams have to be the same at all modulators, in order to make them emit identical signals. HP and LP streams may originate at different locations, and so it is likely that HP and LP SFN adapters may not emit suitably synchronized streams. A deterministic method of aligning the two streams is therefore required. It is undesirable to align the mega-frame starts of the HP and LP streams, as this may involve large delays and result in a significant offset to the time_of_emission of one of the streams. The minimum requirement for alignment is that a sync byte of one stream (the slave stream) is coincident with the sync byte at the mega-frame start of the other stream (the master stream). Subsequently, only mega-frame information from the master stream may be used. This will ensure proper operation of various synchronized processes within the modulator. The required alignment is illustrated in figure 14a. The HP stream is designated as the master and the LP as the slave. The alignment reference point is the mega-frame start (MFS) of the HP stream. The LP stream is delayed with respect to the HP, to ensure an MPEG-TS packet start is aligned to the reference point. The amount of this delay is less than one complete MPEG-TS packet. A method by which this can be achieved is shown in figure 14a. The same end result may be achieved by other techniques, which may be more appropriate to particular implementations. tMFSHP tMFSLP 1pps tMFSHP - tMFSLP HP LP MFS MFS 47 ...... 47 ...... 47 ...... 47 ...... 47 ...... 47 ...... Packet n 47 ...... 47 ...... 47 ...... 47 ...... Reference point Packet 0 Aligned to here NOTE tMFSHP = STSHP + maximum_delayHP; tMFSLP = STSLP + maximum_delayLP; PLP = number of bytes in one LP stream mega-frame; dMF = duration of mega-frame. Figure 14a The packet n (counting from the LP mega-frame start) is aligned to the HP mega-frame start, where n is given by: n = [(tMFSHP - tMFSLP) × PLP/dMF] n have to be rounded down to the nearest integer, i.e. 2,7 would become 2; -2,3 would become -3. This expression caters for the slave MFS either lagging or leading the master MFS. The time is in 100 ns units. Table 2a gives values for PLP and table 2b gives values for dMF. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 47 Table 2a: Number of transport packets per OFDM mega-frame for all combinations of code rate and modulation forms applicable to hierarchical modes QPSK 16-QAM 1/2 2 016 4 032 2/3 2 688 5 376 3/4 3 024 6 048 5/6 3 360 6 720 7/8 3 528 7 056 Table 2b: Duration of mega-frame in 100 ns units for all guard intervals and channel bandwidths 8 MHz 7 MHz 6 MHz 1/32 5 026 560,00 5 744 640,00 6 702 080,00 1/16 5 178 880,00 5 918 720,00 6 905 173,33 1/8 5 483 520,00 6 266 880,00 7 311 360,00 1/4 6 092 800,00 6 963 200,00 8 123 733,33 EXAMPLE: A system has the following parameters: 8 MHz bandwidth; 8 K mode; 1/8 Guard interval; HP: QPSK, FEC rate 1/2; LP: 16-QAM, FEC rate 2/3. At the modulators, the network delay is equalized, and the values of STS and maximum_delay of both HP and LP streams are recorded following a 1pps pulse. In the HP stream, STS + maximum_delay is found to be 12 983 (100 ns units) and in the LP stream, the value is 3 645 399. The duration of the mega-frame, dMF, in this mode is 5 483 520, and the number of TS packets in the LP stream, PLP, is 5 376. Therefore, the calculation of the packet offset yields: (12 983 - 3 645 399 ) × 5 376 / 5 483 520 = -3 561,19 To give the packet index from the LP mega-frame start, this number is rounded down, so the packet 3 562 before the LP mega-frame start is aligned with the mega-frame start of the HP stream. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9 Network planning | Work towards the establishing of planning parameters has been going on for some time in EBU. This work has involved a long-standing co-operation with the digital Terrestrial Television broadcasting (dTTb) project and a more recent one with the project Validate. Clause 9 of the present document is taken from relevant parts of the EBU planning document BPN 005 [i.14] and CEPT Multilateral Coordination Agreement [i.15]. For the convenience of the reader the tables from EBU document BPN 005 [i.14] have been copied to the present document. Assumptions on receiver noise figures and implementation margin are those assumed in the EBU document BPN 005 [i.14]. The tables are based on a noise figure of 7 dB. A figure for implementation margin (3 dB) is considered by the ACTS project DVB Integrated Receiver Decoder (ACTS project AC 108) (DVBIRD) to be valid. This figure has to be added to the C/N values in figure 4 to achieve the C/N values used in the following tables. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 48 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.1 Coverage definitions for fixed and portable reception | |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.1.1 Introduction | It is necessary to have definitions for the coverage of a terrestrial TV transmitting station or a group of such stations. Such definitions may be based primarily on technical criteria but need to be readily usable for non-technical purposes. The above is true for analogue TV transmissions as well as for digital ones. However, the case of analogue stations is relatively easy to deal with as the line defining any edge of a coverage area is rather "soft" and it is not necessary to be too precise about where the line actually lies in any given area; indeed in many cases it is not really possible to be precise. Digital TV service coverage is characterized by a very rapid transition from near perfect reception to no reception at all and it thus becomes much more critical to be able to define which areas are going to be covered and which are not. However, because of the very rapid transition described above, there is a cost penalty if the coverage target within a small area (e.g. 100 m × 100 m) is set too high. This occurs because it is necessary either to increase the transmitter powers or to provide a larger number of transmitters in order to guarantee coverage to the last few percent of the worst-served small areas. It should be borne in mind that in a given situation it may be possible to improve reception: • by finding a better position for the antenna; • by using a (more) directional antenna with a higher gain; • by using a low-noise antenna amplifier (in the case of fixed antenna reception). |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.1.2 Fixed antenna reception | Fixed antenna reception is defined as: • reception where a directional receiving antenna mounted at roof level is used. In calculating the equivalent field strength required for fixed antenna reception, a receiving antenna height of 10 m above ground level is considered to be representative. In the case of fixed antenna reception it is assumed that near-optimal reception conditions (for the relevant RF channels) are found when the antenna is installed. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.1.3 Portable antenna reception | Portable antenna reception is defined as: • Class A (outdoor) being reception where a portable receiver with an attached or built-in antenna is used: - outdoors at no less than 1,5 m above ground level. • Class B (ground floor indoor) being reception where a portable receiver with an attached or built-in antenna is used: - indoors at no less than 1,5 m above floor level in rooms; - on the ground floor; - with a window in an external wall. Portable antenna reception will, in practice, take place under a great variety of conditions (outdoor, indoor, ground floor, first floor, upper floors). It could even be envisaged that a portable receiver is moved while being viewed. It is to be expected that there will be significant variation of reception conditions for indoor portable reception, depending to some extent, on the floor-level at which reception is required. However, there will also be considerable variation of building penetration loss from one building to another and also considerable variation from one part of a room to another. Some estimates of the probable signal level requirements for different floor-levels are given in clause 9.2. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 49 In both classes, A and B, it is assumed that the portable receiver is not moved during reception and large objects near the receiver are also not moved. It is also assumed that extreme cases, such as reception in completely shielded rooms, are disregarded. It is to be expected that portable coverage is mainly aimed at urban areas. In many countries most people living in urban areas live in apartment buildings. The second category, class B, is therefore probably the more common case of portable reception. It is to be expected that reception will be less difficult in rooms higher than the ground floor. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.1.4 Coverage area | In defining the coverage area for each reception condition, a three level approach is taken: Receiving location: • the smallest unit is a receiving location with dimensions of about 0,5 m × 0,5 m. In the case of portable antenna reception, it is assumed that optimal receiving conditions will be found by moving the antenna within 0,5 m in any direction. In the case of fixed antenna reception, it is assumed that near-optimal reception conditions are found when the antenna is installed; • such a location is regarded as covered if the required carrier-to-noise and carrier-to-interference values are achieved for 99 % of the time. Small area coverage: • the second level is a "small area" (typically 100 m × 100 m); • in this small area the percentage of covered location is indicated; • the coverage of a small area is classified as: - "Good", if at least 95 % of receiving locations within it are covered; - "Acceptable", if at least 70 % of locations within it are covered. Coverage area: • the third level is the coverage area; • the coverage area of a transmitter, or a group of transmitters, is made up of the sum of the individual small areas in which a given class of coverage is achieved. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.1.5 Examples of practical usage | In the case where simplified definitions of transmitter coverage are required, a phrase such as "area within which good fixed antenna reception is expected" is equivalent to: • coverage area for a transmitter; • at least 95 % of receiving locations within every included small area are covered: • fixed antenna reception. In the same way "an area within which acceptable class B portable antenna reception, is expected" is equivalent to: • coverage area for a transmitter; • at least 70 % of indoor ground floor receiving locations within every included small area are covered; • portable antenna reception. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 50 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2 Minimum field strength considerations | |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.1 Minimum receiver signal input levels | To illustrate how the C/N ratio influences the minimum signal input level to the receiver, the latter has been calculated for five representative C/N ratios in the range 2 dB to 26 dB. For other values simple linear interpolation can be applied. The receiver noise figure has been chosen as 7 dB for all the frequency bands I to V and thus the minimum receiver input signal level is independent of the transmitter frequency. If other noise figures are used in practice, the minimum receiver input signal level will change correspondingly by the same amount. The minimum receiver input signal levels calculated here are used in clause 9.2.2 to derive the minimum power flux densities and corresponding minimum median equivalent field strength values for various frequency bands. Definitions: B: Receiver noise bandwidth (Hz) F: Receiver noise figure (dB) Pn: Receiver noise input power (dBW) C/N: RF signal to noise ratio required by the system (dB) Ps min: Minimum receiver signal input power (dBW) Zi: Receiver input impedance (75 Ω) Us min: Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage into Zi (dBμV) Constants: k: Boltzmann's constant = 1,38 × 10-23 Ws/K T0: absolute Temperature = 290 K Formulae used: Pn= F + 10 log (k × T0 × B) Ps min= Pn + C/N Us min= Ps min + 120 + 10 log (Zi) Table 3: Minimum equivalent input signal level to receiver Frequency Band I, III, IV, V Equivalent noise band width B (Hz) 7,6 × 106 7,6 × 106 7,6 × 106 7,6 × 106 7,6 × 106 Receiver noise figure F (dB) 7 7 7 7 7 Receiver noise input power Pn (dBW) -128,2 -128,2 -128,2 -128,2 -128,2 RF signal/noise ratio C/N (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 NOTE: Table 3 provides a derivation of minimum required signal levels. Clauses 9.2.2.2 and 9.2.2.3 provide information on the minimum median values of signal levels required in practical situations. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 51 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2 Signals levels for planning | |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2.1 General | In clause 9.2.1 the minimum signal levels to overcome noise are given as the minimum receiver input power and the corresponding minimum equivalent receiver input voltage. No account is taken of any propagation effects. However, it is necessary to take account of these effects when considering TV reception in a practical environment. In defining coverage it is indicated that due to the very rapid transition from near perfect to no reception at all, it is necessary that the minimum required signal level is achieved at a high percentage of locations. These percentages have been set at 95 for "good" and 70 for "acceptable" reception. The minimum median power flux densities are calculated for: a) three different receiving conditions: 1) fixed antenna reception; 2) portable outdoor reception; 3) portable indoor reception at ground floor. b) four frequencies representing Band I, Band III, Band IV and Band V: 1) 65 MHz; 2) 200 MHz; 3) 500 MHz; 4) 800 MHz. c) five representative C/N ratios in the range 2 dB to 26 dB in steps of 6 dB. Representative C/N values are used for these examples. Results for any chosen system variant may be obtained by interpolation between relevant representative values. All minimum median equivalent field strength values presented in this clause are for coverage by a single transmitter only, not for Single Frequency Networks (SFN). To calculate the minimum median power flux density or equivalent field strength needed to ensure that the minimum values of signal level can be achieved at the required percentage of locations, the following formulae are used: φmin = Ps min - Aa + Lf (in tables 5 to 8); φmin = Ps min - Aa (in tables 10 to 17); Emin = φmin + 120 + 10 log (120π) = φmin + 145,8; φmed = φmin + Pmmn + Cl (in tables 5 to 8); φmed = φmin + Pmmn + Cl + L h (in tables 10 to 13); φmed = φmin + Pmmn + Cl + L h + Lb (in tables 14 to 17); Emed = φmed + 120 + 10 log (120π) = φmed + 145,8; C/N: RF signal to noise ratio required by the system (dB); φmin: Minimum power flux density at receiving place (dBW/m2); Emin: Equivalent minimum field strength at receiving place (dBμV/m); Lf: Feeder loss (dB); ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 52 Lh: Height loss (10 m a.g.l. to 1,5 m. a.g.l.) (dB); Lb: Building penetration loss (dB); Pmmn: Allowance for man made noise (dB); Cl: Location correction factor (dB); φmed: Minimum median power flux density, planning value (dBW/m2); Emed: Minimum median equivalent field strength, planning value (dBμV/m). For calculating the location correction factor Cl a log-normal distribution of the received signal is assumed. NOTE: The present document deviation only relates to location statistics and the inherent inaccuracies of the propagation prediction method are not taken into account. The location correction factor will need to be re-assessed as more information becomes available. The location correction factor can be calculated by the formula: Cl = μ × σ where: μ is the distribution factor, being 0,52 for 70 % and 1,64 for 95 %; σ is the standard deviation taken as 5,5 dB for outdoor reception. See clause 9.2.2.2 for σ values appropriate for indoor reception. While the matters dealt with in this clause are generally applicable, additional special considerations are needed in the case of SFNs where there is more than one wanted signal contribution. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2.2 Fixed antenna reception | |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2.2.1 Antenna directivity and gain | The antenna diagrams (directivity) to be used for DVB-T planning are given in ITU-R Recommendation BT.419 [i.16]. The antenna gains used in the derivation of the minimum median wanted signal levels given in table 4. Table 4: Antenna gain used in the derivation of the minimum median wanted signal levels 65 MHz 200 MHz 500 MHz 800 MHz 3 dB 7 dB 10 dB 12 dB These values are considered as realistic minimum values. Within any frequency band, the variation of antenna gain with frequency may be taken into account by the addition of a correction term: Corr = 10 log (FA/FR) where: FA is the actual frequency being considered; FR is the relevant reference frequency quoted above. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 53 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2.2.2 Minimum median power flux density and equivalent field strength | The tables below give the minimum median power flux density and the equivalent minimum median field strength for 70 % and 95 % of location probability in Band I, III, IV and V. These values are related to the minimum power flux density and minimum equivalent field strength at the receiving location. For Bands I and III an allowance for man-made noise has been included. Table 5: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band I for 70 % and 95 % location probability Receiving condition: Fixed antenna, Band I Frequency f (MHz) 65 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -110,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Feeder loss Lf (dB) 1 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) 3 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) 7,4 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -132,7 -126,7 -120,7 -114,7 -108,7 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 13 19 25 31 37 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 6 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 2,9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -123,8 -117,8 -111,8 -105,8 -99,8 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 22 28 34 40 46 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -117,7 -111,7 -105,7 -99,7 -93,7 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 28 34 40 46 52 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 54 Table 6: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band III for 70 % and 95 % location probability Receiving condition: Fixed antenna, Band III Frequency f (MHz) 200 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Feeder loss Lf (dB) 2 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) 7 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) 1,7 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -125,9 -119,9 -113,9 -107,9 -101,9 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 20 26 32 38 44 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 1 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 2,9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -122 -116 -110 -104 -98 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 24 30 36 42 48 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -117,9 -111,9 -105,9 -99,9 -93,9 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 30 36 42 48 54 Table 7: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band IV for 70 % and 95 % location probability Receiving condition: Fixed antenna, Band IV Frequency f (MHz) 500 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Feeder loss Lf (dB) 3 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) 10 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) -3,3 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -119,9 -113,9 -107,9 -101,9 -95,9 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 26 32 38 44 50 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 0 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 2,9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -117 -111 -105 -99 -93 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 29 35 41 47 53 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -110,9 -104,9 -98,9 -92,9 -86,9 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 35 41 47 53 59 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 55 Table 8: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band V for 70 % and 95 % location probability Receiving condition: Fixed antenna, Band V Frequency f (MHz) 800 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Feeder loss Lf (dB) 5 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) 12 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) -5,4 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -115,9 -109,9 -103,9 -97,9 -91,9 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 30 36 42 48 54 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 0 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 2,9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -113 -107 -101 -95 -89 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 33 39 45 51 57 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -106,9 -100,9 -94,9 -88,9 -82,9 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 39 45 51 57 63 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2.3 Portable antenna reception | |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2.3.1 General | In general, most coverage studies concerning digital terrestrial TV have been aimed towards fixed reception using roof-level directional receiving antennas. However the possibility of outdoor or indoor reception on a portable receiver with an in-built or set-top receiving antenna might offer substantial additional user benefits. Portable reception will take place under a great variety of conditions e.g. outdoor, indoor, ground-floor or higher-floors and with simple antennas. The conditions for portable reception differ from fixed reception in the: • absence of receiving antenna gain and directivity; • reduced feeder loss; • generally lower reception height; • building penetration loss in the case of indoor reception. Portable antenna reception has been defined (see clause 9.1.3) for class A (outdoor) and class B (indoor ground floor) cases. As for fixed reception, "good" and "acceptable" coverages are defined as 95 % and 70 % covered locations. The variation factors will be calculated in a similar way to that indicated in clause 9.2.2.1. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 56 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2.3.2 Criteria for portable reception of digital TV | (i) Signal level variations (i.1) General Field strength variations can be divided into macro-scale and micro-scale variations. The macro-scale variations relate to areas with linear dimensions of 10 m to 100 m or more and are mainly caused by shadowing and multi-path reflections from distant objects. The micro-scale variations relate to areas with dimensions in the order of a wavelength and are mainly caused by multi-path reflections from nearby objects. As it may be assumed that for portable reception the position of the antenna can be optimized within the order of a wavelength, micro-scale variations will not be too significant for planning purposes. Another way to overcome these variations is the possibility of a receiver using antenna diversity. Macro-scale variations of the field strength are very important for coverage assessment. In general, a high target percentage for coverage would be required to compensate for the rapid failure rate of digital TV signals. (i.2) Micro-scale variations Measurements carried out in The Netherlands showed that the standard deviation of the micro-scale field strength distribution is about 3 dB. This value has been confirmed by measurements in the United Kingdom. The location variation for micro-scale variations is therefore. Table 8a Coverage target Location variation > 95 % 5 dB > 70 % 1,5 dB (i.3) Macro-scale variations at outdoor locations ITU-R Recommendation P.370 [i.17] gives a standard deviation for wide band signals of 5,5 dB. This value is used here for determining the location variation at outdoor locations. This location variation for macro-scale variations is therefore. Table 8b Coverage target Location variation > 95 % 9 dB > 70 % 2,9 dB (i.4) Signal level prediction The signal level prediction method to be used will be based on ITU-R Recommendation P.370 [i.17], bearing in mind that this method shows differences between predicted and measured values, as do all prediction methods. An allowance may need to be made for this inherent source of inaccuracy and the overall signal level strength prediction process should take account of this element in addition to the variation of field strength with location. (i.5) Macro-scale variations at indoor locations The variation factor at indoor locations is the combined result of the outdoor variation and the variation factor due to building attenuation. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 57 (j) Height loss For portable reception, the antenna height of 10 m above ground level generally used for planning purposes is not realistic and a correction factor needs to be introduced based on a receiving antenna near ground floor level. For this reason a receiving antenna height of 1,5 m above ground level (outdoor) or above floor level (indoor) has been assumed. The propagation prediction method of ITU-Recommendation P.370 [i.17] uses a receiving height of 10 m. To correct the predicted values for a receiving height of 1,5 m above ground level a factor called "height loss" has been introduced. Measurements in The Netherlands at UHF showed a height loss of 12 dB. For VHF, ITU-R Recommendation BS.1203-1 [i.18] gives a value of 10 dB. (k) Building penetration loss (k.1) General Portable TV reception will take place at outdoor and indoor locations. The field strength at indoor locations will be attenuated significantly by an amount depending on the materials and the construction of the house. A large spread of building penetration losses is to be expected. (k.2) Measurements at VHF Results of measurements carried out at VHF in the United Kingdom to investigate in-house reception of Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) have been reported in ITU-R Recommendation BS.1203-1 [i.18]. The results indicate a median value of building penetration loss of 8 dB with a standard deviation of 3 dB. (k.3) Measurements at UHF Measurements have been carried out in The Netherlands using a transmitted COFDM signal with a bandwidth of 8 MHz and containing 512 carriers. The measurements were made as samples with a receiver bandwidth of 12 kHz covering the channel in a series of steps. The signal level was measured as a function of micro-scale variations at indoor and outdoor locations. It is expected that the value V10 %, which represents the received narrow band signal power exceeded at 10 % of the locations, is most closely related to the wideband received signal level. Therefore, the values of V10 % for indoor, outdoor and 10 m reference measurement sites seem the most well-suited for calculation of loss and gain figures. It appears that the median value M(V10 %(outdoor)/V10 %(indoor)), which might be a good measure for building penetration loss, is in the order of 6 dB. The standard deviation is estimated to be about 6 dB. Further measurements carried out in The Netherlands using a transmitted noise signal of 7 MHz and receiver bandwidth of 7 MHz show a median building penetration loss of about 9 dB. However these measurements were done at a limited number of locations. The number of concrete houses was relatively high. This might be the reason for the somewhat higher median value. The influence of people walking around the receiving antenna has also been estimated. The signal level variations (10 % and 90 % value) ranged from +2,6 dB to -2,6 dB. These variations are relatively small and it does not seem necessary to take them into account for planning purposes. A number of other measurements have also been carried out in The Netherlands to determine: • influence of a wet wall; • time variation of the received signal in a period of 11 days over a short path. It appeared that neither of these two conditions has a significant influence on the received signal. Recent measurements carried out in the United Kingdom show combined building penetration and height losses for ground floor rooms between 19 dB and 34 dB with an average value of 29 dB. In upstairs rooms, losses between 16 dB and 29 dB with an average value of 22 dB were found. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 58 (k.4) Building penetration loss values for planning purposes Until more consistent values become available the building penetration loss for planning purposes is taken as in table 9: Table 9 Band Median value Standard deviation VHF 8 dB 3 dB UHF 7 dB 6 dB (k.5) Location distribution indoors The variation factor at indoor locations is the combined result of the outdoor variation and the variation factor due to building attenuation. These distributions are expected to be uncorrelated. The standard deviation of the indoor field strength distribution can therefore be calculated by taking the root of the sum of the squares of the individual standard deviations. At VHF, where the macro-scale standard deviations are 5,5 dB and 3 dB respectively, the combined value is 6,3 dB. At UHF, where the macro-scale standard deviations are 5,5 dB and 6,2 dB respectively, the combined value is 8,3 dB. The location variation for macro-scale variations at indoor locations is therefore at VHF: Table 9a Coverage target Location variation > 95 % 10 dB > 70 % 3 dB and at UHF: Table 9b Coverage target Location variation > 95 % 14 dB > 70 % 4 dB The overall field strength prediction process has to take account of both the location variation and the difference between predicted and measured values. (l) Portable receiving antenna properties (l.1) General A roof-level antenna as used with fixed reception can be expected to have a gain of about 10 dB to 12 dB at UHF. For a portable receiver the antenna will most probably be of either the built-in type of very short length and in the extreme case having -20 dB gain or at best will be a set-top orientable antenna with a few dB gain (at UHF). For planning purposes it has been assumed that the antenna of a portable receiver is omnidirectional and that the gain is 0 dB for a UHF antenna and -2,2 dB for a VHF antenna. A portable receiver can be assumed to have 0 dB feeder loss. For reference, it may be noted that a roof-level antenna will be connected to a receiver by means of a feeder cable. This is likely to have a loss of 3 dB to 5 dB at UHF. Such values may seem high when the relatively short feeder lengths are considered, but some allowance has to be included for feeder ageing effects (for example, corrosion of the copper screening). (l.2) Measurements of indoor antennas Measurements have been carried out in The Netherlands to investigate directivity of set-top antennas in practical circumstances. One "rabbit-ear" and two five element Yagi antennas of moderate quality have been selected. The results showed that gain and directivity depend very much on frequency and location. The gain varied from about -15 dB to +3 dB for the Yagi antennas and from about -10 dB to -4 dB for the "rabbit ear" antenna. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 59 For directivity measurements the antennas were placed in a room close to a wall to represent practical conditions. The radiation patterns changed considerably with the frequency. In practical conditions the antenna should therefore be directed to obtain the highest signal rather than in the direction of the transmitter (assuming that this is even known). Figure 15: Examples of indoor antenna patterns Examples of antenna patterns for two antenna types at an indoor location close to a wall, measured in The Netherlands, are shown in figure 15. Measurements by the British Broadcasting Corporation (UK) (BBC) of two commercially available indoor antennas showed a better performance. The antennas had a gain of 5 dB to 6 dB throughout Band IV and V. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 60 (l.3) Measurements of depolarization Measurements carried out in The Netherlands, using test transmissions with a vertically polarized digital TV signal, showed a depolarization of the signal at the receiving site and in particular for indoor reception. The results showed that indoors the depolarization angle ranges from 20° to 48° at macro-scale. At micro-scale level the standard deviation of the depolarization angle ranges from 3° to 16°. (m) Receiver properties Planning studies for portable reception are based on a receiver able to handle signals of a broadband nature and the carrier to noise ratio requirement of a system will be moderate and may be as low as 2 dB in the case of a particularly rugged system. However, multi-channel services may need to be received by receivers having simple antennas. In practice, the possibilities for portable reception of signals with high bit-rates and requiring a C/N of 20 dB to 26 dB will be very restricted due to the high signal level requirements. For these studies it has been assumed that a portable receiver and a receiver for fixed reception have same receiver noise figure, that is 7 dB. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.2.2.3.3 Minimum median power flux density and equivalent field strength | The tables below give the minimum median power flux density and the minimum median equivalent field strength for location probabilities of 70 % and 95 % in Band I, III, IV and V. Table 10: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band I for 70 % and 95 % location probability, portable outdoor reception. Receiving condition: portable outdoor (Class A), Band I Frequency f (MHz) 65 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) -2,2 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) 2,2 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin dBW/m2) -128,5 -122,5 -116,5 -110,5 -104,5 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin dBμV/m) 17 23 29 35 41 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 6 Height loss Lh (dB) 10 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 2,9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -109,6 -103,6 -97,6 -91,6 -85,6 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 36 42 48 54 60 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -103,6 -97,5 -91,5 -89,5 -79,5 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 42 48 54 60 66 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 61 Table 11: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band III for 70 % and 95 % location probability, portable outdoor reception. Receiving condition: portable outdoor (Class A), Band III Frequency f (MHz) 200 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) -2,2 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) -7,5 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -118,7 -112,7 -106,7 -100,7 -94,7 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 27 33 39 45 51 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 1 Height loss Lh (dB) 10 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 2,9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -104,8 -98,8 -92,8 -86,8 -80,8 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 41 47 53 59 65 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -98,7 -92,7 -86,7 -80,7 -74,7 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 47 53 59 65 71 Table 12: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band IV for 70 % and 95 % location probability, portable outdoor reception. Receiving condition: portable outdoor (Class A), Band IV Frequency f (MHz) 500 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) 0 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) -13,3 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -112,9 -106,9 -100,9 -94,9 -88,9 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 33 39 45 51 57 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 0 Height loss Lh (dB) 12 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Clc (dB) 2,9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -98 -92 -86 -80 -74 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 48 54 60 66 72 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Clc (dB) 9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -91,9 -85,9 -79,9 -73,9 -67,9 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 54 60 66 72 78 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 62 Table 13: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band V for 70 % and 95 % location probability, portable outdoor reception. Receiving condition: portable outdoor (Class A), Band V Frequency f (MHz) 800 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) 0 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) -17,4 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -108,8 -102,8 -96,8 -90,8 -84,8 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 37 43 49 55 61 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 0 Height loss Lh (dB) 12 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 2,9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) 93,9 -87,9 -81,9 -75,9 -69,9 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 52 58 64 70 76 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 9 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -87,8 -81,8 -75,8 -69 -63,8 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 58 64 70 76 82 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 63 Table 14: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band I for 70 % and 95 % location probability, portable indoor reception at ground floor. Receiving condition: portable indoor ground floor (Class B), Band I Frequency f (MHz) 65 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) -2,2 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) 2,2 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin dBW/m2) -128,4 -122,4 -116,4 -110,4 -104,4 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin dBμV/m) 17 23 29 35 41 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 6 Height loss Lh (dB) 10 Building penetration loss Lb (dB) 8 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 3 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -101,4 -95,4 -89,4 -83,4 -77,4 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 44 50 56 62 68 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 10 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -94,4 -88,4 -82,4 -76,4 -70,4 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 51 57 63 69 75 NOTE: Minimum median equivalent field strength values at 10 m a.g.l. for 50 % of time and 50 % of locations are expected to be: - -5 dB lower than the values shown if reception is required in rooms at the first floor; - -10 dB lower than the values shown if reception is required in rooms higher than the first floor. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 64 Table 15: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band III for 70 % and 95 % location probability, portable indoor reception at ground floor. Receiving condition: portable indoor ground floor (Class B), Band III Frequency f (MHz) 200 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) -2,2 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) -7,5 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -118,7 -112,7 -106,7 -100,7 -94,7 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 27 33 39 45 51 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 1 Height loss Lh (dB) 10 Building penetration loss Lb (dB) 8 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 3 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -96,7 -90,7 -84,7 -78,7 -72,7 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 49 55 61 67 73 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 10 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -89,7 -83,7 -77,7 -71,7 -65,7 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 56 62 68 74 80 NOTE: Minimum median equivalent field strength values at 10 m a.g.l. for 50 % of time and 50 % of locations are expected to be: - 5 dB lower than the values shown if reception is required in rooms at the first floor; - 10 dB lower than the values shown if reception is required in rooms higher than the first floor. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 65 Table 16: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band IV for 70 % and 95 % location probability, portable indoor reception at ground floor. Receiving condition: portable indoor ground floor (Class B), Band IV Frequency f (MHz) 500 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) 0 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) -13,3 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -112,9 -106,9 -100,9 -94,9 -88,9 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 33 39 45 51 57 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 0 Height loss Lh (dB) 12 Building penetration loss Lb (dB) 7 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 4 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -89,9 -83,9 -77,9 -71,9 -65,9 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 56 62 68 74 80 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 14 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -79,9 -73,9 -67,9 -61,9 -55,9 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 66 72 78 84 90 NOTE: Minimum median equivalent field strength values at 10 m a.g.l. for 50 % of time and 50 % of locations are expected to be: - 6 dB lower than the values shown if reception is required in rooms at the first floor; - 12 dB lower than the values shown if reception is required in rooms higher than the first floor. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 66 Table 17: Minimum median power flux density and equivalent minimum median field strength in Band V for 70 % and 95 % location probability, portable indoor reception at ground floor. Receiving condition: portable indoor ground floor (Class B), Band V Frequency f (MHz) 800 Minimum C/N required by system (dB) 2 8 14 20 26 Minimum receiver signal input power Ps min (dBW) -126,2 -120,2 -114,2 -108,2 -102,2 Minimum equivalent receiver input voltage, 75 Ω Us min (dBμV) 13 19 25 31 37 Antenna gain relative to half wave dipole Ga (dB) 0 Effective antenna aperture Aa (dBm2) -17,4 Minimum power flux density at receiving place φmin (dBW/m2) -108,8 -102,8 -96,8 -90,8 -84,8 Minimum equivalent field strength at receiving place Emin (dBμV/m) 37 43 49 55 61 Allowance for man made noise Pmmn (dB) 0 Height loss Lh (dB) 12 Building penetration loss Lb (dB) 7 Location probability: 70 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 4 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -85,8 -79,8 -73,8 -67,8 -61,8 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 60 66 72 78 84 Location probability: 95 % Location correction factor Cl (dB) 14 Minimum median power flux density at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations φmed (dBW/m2) -75,8 -69,8 -63,8 -57,8 -51,8 Minimum median equivalent field strength at 10 m a.g.l. 50 % of time and 50 % of locations Emed (dBμV/m) 70 76 82 88 94 NOTE: Minimum median equivalent field strength values at 10 m a.g.l. for 50 % of time and 50 % of locations are expected to be: - 6 dB lower than the values shown if reception is required in rooms at the first floor; - 12 dB lower than the values shown if reception is required in rooms higher than the first floor. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3 Aspects of sharing with existing services | Frequency planning for the introduction of a new broadcasting service is based on two main parameters of the transmission system; the required Carrier to Noise ratio (C/N) and the Protection Ratios (PR) needed to achieve a given quality target for the delivered signal (e.g. video and audio). Since the system is being designed for terrestrial digital TV services primarily to operate within the existing UHF (see note) spectrum allocation for analogue transmissions, it is required that the system provides sufficient protection against high levels of Co-Channel Interference (CCI) and Adjacent-Channel Interference (ACI) emanating from existing PAL/SECAM services. Any modified system intended to operate in the existing VHF spectrum allocations for television would also need to achieve similar protection. NOTE: I.e. 8 MHz channel spacing. An adaptation of the specification for 7 MHz channels can be achieved by scaling down all system parameters by multiplying the system clock rate by a factor of 7/8. The frame structure and the rules for coding, mapping and interleaving are kept, only the data capacity of the system is reduced by a factor of 7/8 due to the reduction of signal bandwidth. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 67 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1 Protection ratios | The reference power for protection ratio evaluation is: • for DVB-T, the average signal power (heating) of the COFDM signal measured in the system bandwidth; • for analogue television, generally, the rms power of the vision signal at the sync peak, but in the case of SECAM L, the peak white level. The protection ratios relevant to a given interference are evaluated without noise or other interference, at the relevant quality target, and are expressed in dB. For a wanted DVB-T signal the required protection ratios are preferably measured for a BER of 2 × 10-4 after Viterbi decoding, corresponding to a BER of < 1 × 10-11 at the input of the MPEG-2 demultiplexer, and to approximately one uncorrected error per hour. In case of digital signals as wanted signal, all protection ratio values relate to both tropospheric and continuous interference. For analogue television wanted signals, tropospheric interference is determined for quality grade 3 and continuous interference for quality grade 4. For adjacent channel and overlapping channel cases the protection ratio values are related to an out-of-channel spectrum attenuation of 40 dB. This 40 dB figure is only used for protection ratio measurements and is not recommended for real DVB-T transmitters. The ITU reference document is ITU-R Recommendation BT.1368-4 [i.19] which defines the ITU modes, M1, M2 and M3. NOTE: The values given here are taken from CEPT, Chester 1997 Multilateral Coordination Agreement [i.15]. They are based on tests with experimental receivers; tests with prototype domestic tuners intended for DVB-T indicate that better protection ratios may be achieved in practice. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.1 DVB-T interfered with by DVB-T | Table 18 gives co-channel Protection Ratios (rounded to the nearest integer), obtained by measurements or by the extrapolation method given in table 18. Table 18: Co-channel protection ratios (dB) for DVB-T interfered with by DVB-T ITU-Mode Modulation Code rate PR (see note 1) Gaussian PR (see note 2) Rice PR (see note 2) Rayleigh QPSK 1/2 5 7 8 M1 16-QAM 1/2 13 14 16-QAM 3/4 14 16 20 M2 64-QAM 1/2 18 19 M3 64-QAM 2/3 19 20 22 NOTE 1: Measurement result, IF loop, 2k mode. NOTE 2: Extrapolated result. Protection ratios for the various modes and for the various channel types (i.e. Gaussian, Ricean, or Raleigh) can be derived by the required C/N given in table A.1 of EN 300 744 [i.5], increased by a system implementation loss Δ1 of 3 dB. For fixed and portable reception, the figures relevant to the Ricean and Rayleigh channels respectively should be adopted. For adjacent and image channel interference a protection ratio of -40 dB is assumed to be an appropriate value due to lack of data. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 68 For overlapping channels, in the absence of measurement information, the protection ratio should be extrapolated from the co-channel ratio figure as follows: • PR = PR(CCI) + 10 log10 (BO/BW); • PR(CCI) is the co-channel ratio; • BO is the bandwidth (in MHz) in which the two DVB-T signals are overlapping; • BW is the bandwidth (in MHz) of the wanted signal; • PR = -40 dB should be used when the above formula gives PR < -40 dB. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.2 DVB-T interfered with by analogue television | The protection ratios for wanted DVB-T apply to both continuous and tropospheric interference. In all tables the so-called non-controlled frequency conditions are used. Introducing precisely controlled frequency offsets between the analogue and digital signals, significant lower co-channel required signal to interference ratios have been measured. With precisely controlled frequency position lower protection values can be reached. Further studies of using controlled offset for DVB-T are necessary. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.2.1 Co-channel protection ratios | According to the available measurements the same protection ratio values are applicable for 2k and 8k modes. Table 19: Co-channel protection ratios (dB) for DVB-T 7 and 8 MHz interfered with by analogue TV and CW (non-controlled frequency condition) Protection Ratio Constellation QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM Code rate 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 ITU-Mode M1 M2 M3 CW and PAL/SECAM with teletext and sound carriers -12 -8 -5 2 6 -8 -4 0 9 16 -3 4 10 17 24 The PAL/SECAM figures are valid for all sound carrier modes used in Europe, these are: • MONO FM with a single sound carrier at -10 dB referred to the vision carrier; • DUAL FM and FM + NICAM with two sound carriers at -13 dB and -20 dB level; • AM + NICAM with two sound carriers at respectively -10 dB and -27 dB. The values contained in table 19 represent the present knowledge of behaviour of the DVB-T systems and are derived from a limited number of measurements mainly with 2k systems. There is a general confidence that the final results will not differ by more than 3 dB. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 69 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.2.2 Lower adjacent channel (n - 1) | Table 20: Protection ratios (dB) for DVB-T interfered with by analogue TV in the lower adjacent channel (n - 1) Wanted signal Interfering signal System BW Mode PAL B PAL G, B1 PAL I PAL D, K SECAM L SECAM D, K M1 -43 DVB-T 8 MHz M2 -38 M3 -34 M1 -43 DVB-T 7 MHz M2 -40 M3 -37 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.2.3 Upper adjacent channel (n + 1) | Table 21: Protection ratios (dB) for DVB-T interfered with by analogue TV in the upper adjacent channel (n + 1) Wanted signal Interfering signal System BW Mode PAL B PAL B1, G PAL I PAL D, K SECAM L SECAM D, K M1 -46 DVB-T 8 MHz M2 -40 M3 -38 M1 -43 DVB-T 7 MHz M2 -38 M3 -36 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.2.4 Image channel | Table 22: Protection ratios (dB) for DVB-T interfered with by analogue TV in the image channel Wanted signal Interfering signal System BW Mode PAL B PAL G,B1 PAL I PAL D,K SECAM L SECAM D,K M1 -58 DVB-T 8 MHz M2 -50 M3 -46 NOTE: The protection ratios in this table will depend on the intermediate frequency of the receiver. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.2.5 Overlapping channels | NOTE: Protection ratio values for the overlapping channel cases are provisional and will need to be confirmed within the ITU-R. The frequency difference ΔF is the vision carrier frequency of the analogue television signal minus the centre frequency of the DVB-T signal. Table 23: Protection ratios (dB) for DVB-T 8 MHz interfered with by overlapping PAL B DVB-T 8 MHz (ITU-M3, 64-QAM rate 2/3) ΔF (MHz) -9,75 -9,25 -8,75 -8,25 -6,75 -3,95 -3,75 -2,75 -0,75 2,25 3,25 4,75 5,25 PR -37 -14 -8 -4 -2 1 4 4 4 2 -1 -29 -36 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 70 Table 24: Protection ratios (dB) for DVB-T 7 MHz interfered with by overlapping PAL B1, D DVB-T 7 MHz (ITU-M3, 64-QAM rate 2/3) ΔF (MHz) for B1 -9,25 -8,75 -8,25 -7,75 -6,25 -3,45 -3,25 -2,25 -1,25 -1,75 2,75 4,25 4,75 ΔF (MHz) for D -10,25 -9,75 -9,25 -8,75 -7,25 -3,45 -3,25 -2,25 -1,25 -1,75 2,75 4,25 4,75 PR -37 -14 -8 -4 -2 1 4 4 4 2 -1 -29 -36 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.3 Analogue TV interfered with by DVB-T | The values of protection ratio quoted apply to interference produced by a single source. In this clause the protection ratios for a wanted analogue signal interfered with by an unwanted digital signal apply only to the interference to the vision and colour signals, i.e. excluding sound signals. The tropospheric interference corresponds to impairment grade 3, that is, acceptable for a small percentage of the time, between 1 % and 10 %. The continuous interference corresponds to an impairment grade 4, that is, acceptable for 50 % of time. The protection ratio measurements for wanted analogue television signals should be made using the method given in the annex of ITU-R Recommendation BT.1368-4 [i.19]. For the co-channel case, the digital interference from a DVB-T signal has a similar effect to Gaussian noise of equal power in the receiver bandwidth. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.3.1 Co-channel protection ratios | Table 25: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue vision signal interfered with by DVB-T 8 MHz Wanted analogue system Tropospheric interference Continuous interference PAL B, B1, G, D, K 34 40 PAL I 37 41 SECAM L 37 42 SECAM D,K 35 41 NOTE: These figures are taken from ITU-R Recommendation BT.1368-4 [i.19] and may be updated as a result of further measurements. Table 26: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue vision signal interfered with by DVB-T 7 MHz Wanted analogue system Tropospheric interference Continuous interference PAL B 35 41 NOTE: These figures are taken from ITU-R Recommendation BT.1368-4 [i.19] and may be updated as a result of further measurements. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.3.2 Lower adjacent channel (n - 1) | Table 27: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue vision signal interfered with by lower adjacent channel DVB-T 8 MHz Wanted analogue system Tropospheric interference Continuous interference PAL B1, G, D, K -7 -4 PAL I -8 -4 SECAM L -9 -7 SECAM D,K -5 -1 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 71 Table 28: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue vision signal interfered with by lower adjacent channel DVB-T 7 MHz Wanted analogue system Tropospheric interference Continuous interference PAL B -11 -4 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.3.3 Upper adjacent channel (n + 1) | Table 29: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue vision signal interfered with by upper adjacent channel DVB-T 8 MHz Wanted analogue system Tropospheric interference Continuous interference PAL B1, G -9 -7 PAL I -10 -6 SECAM L -1 -1 SECAM D, K -8 -5 PAL D, K Table 30: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue vision signal interfered with by upper adjacent channel DVB-T 7 MHz Wanted analogue system Tropospheric interference Continuous interference PAL B -5 -3 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.3.4 Image channel | Table 31: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue vision signal interfered with by image channel DVB-T 8 MHz Wanted analogue system Unwanted DVB-T channel Tropospheric interference Continuous interference PAL B1, G n + 9 -19 -15 PAL I n + 9 SECAM L n - 9 -25 -22 SECAM D, K n + 8 -16 -11 SECAM D, K n + 9 -16 -11 PAL D, K n + 8 PAL D, K n + 9 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 72 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.3.5 Overlapping channels | NOTE: Protection ratio values for the overlapping channel cases are provisional and will need to be confirmed within the ITU-R. Table 32: Protection ratios (dB) for a PAL B1, D vision signal interfered with by overlapping channel DVB-T 7 MHz Frequency Difference (MHz) between DVB-T and PAL signals Tropospheric interference Continuous interference Centre frequency of DVB-T signal minus the vision carrier frequency of the analogue television signal -7,75 -13 -8 -4,75 channel n - 1 -10 -4 -4,25 -4 2 -3,75 14 21 -3,25 25 32 -2,75 31 37 -1,75 34 41 -0,75 35 41 2,25 co-channel n 35 41 4,25 35 41 5,25 32 38 7,25 25 34 7,75 20 29 8,25 6 13 8,75 -5 -2 9,25 channel n + 1 -7 -4 12,25 -9 -3 Table 33: Protection ratios (dB) for a PAL B vision signal interfered with by overlapping channel DVB-T 8 MHz Frequency difference (MHz) between DVB-T and PAL signals Tropospheric interference Continuous interference Centre frequency of DVB-T signal minus the vision carrier frequency of the analogue television signal -7,25 -11 -6 -5,25 -10 -1 -3,75 13 20 -3,25 24 31 -2,75 30 36 -2,25 33 40 -1,25 34 40 -0,25 34 40 2,75 co-channel n 34 40 4,75 34 40 5,75 33 39 7,75 27 35 8,25 24 33 8,75 19 28 9,25 5 12 10,75 -5 -3 12,75 -7 -2 NOTE: This table is derived from table 32, relating to an unwanted DVB-T 7 MHz interferer. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 73 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.4 Sound signals associated with analogue television, interfered with by DVB-T | In this clause, all values quoted refer to the level of the wanted sound carrier. The reference signal-to-noise ratios (S/N, peak-to-peak weighted) for analogue sound signals are: • 40 dB for tropospheric interference (approximates to impairment grade 3); • 48 dB for continuous interference (approximates to impairment grade 2. The reference bit-error rates for NICAM digital sound signals are: • 1 × 10-4 for tropospheric interference (approximates to impairment grade 3); • 1 × 10-5 for continuous interference (approximates to impairment grade 4). In the case of a two-sound-carrier transmission, each of the two-sound signals have to be considered separately. Table 34: Protection ratios (dB) for a sound signal associated with analogue television, interfered with by DVB-T Protection ratio in dB Interfering signal Wanted sound signal DVB-T 7 MHz DVB-T 8 MHz FM Tropospheric 6 5 Continuous 16 15 AM Tropospheric Continuous NICAM Tropospheric System B, B1, G Continuous NICAM Tropospheric System L Continuous NICAM Tropospheric System I Continuous NOTE: 0 kHz frequency separation between the wanted sound carrier and the centre frequency of the DVB-T signal. Table 35: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue television FM sound signal interfered with by DVB-T 8 MHz DVB-T 8 MHz (The frequency difference ΔF is the centre frequency of DVB-T signal minus the centre frequency of FM sound signal in MHz) Frequency difference ΔF -5 (see note) -4,2 (see note) -4 -3,5 0 3,5 4 4,2 4,5 Tropospheric interference -1 -1 4 5 5 4 2 -18 -33 Continuous interference 8 8 13 15 15 14 11 -12 -28 NOTE: The required higher protection at lower frequencies is caused by intercarrier distortions of the vision carrier. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 74 Table 36: Protection ratios (dB) for an analogue television FM sound signal interfered with by DVB-T 7 MHz DVB-T 7 MHz (the frequency difference ΔF is the centre frequency of DVB-T signal minus the centre frequency of FM sound signal in MHz) Frequency difference ΔF -5 (see note) -3,7 (see note) -3,5 -3 0 3 3,5 3,7 > 4 Tropospheric interference 0 0 5 6 6 5 3 -17 < -32 Continuous interference 9 9 14 16 16 15 12 -11 < -27 NOTE: The required higher protection at lower frequencies is caused by intercarrier distortions of the vision carrier. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.5 DVB-T interfered with by T-DAB | Table 37: Protection ratios (dB) for a DVB-T 8 MHz interfered with by T-DAB DVB-T 8 MHz (ITU Mode M3, 64-QAM, 2/3 code rate) ΔF = centre frequency of T-DAB minus centre frequency of DVB-T ΔF (MHz) -5 -4,2 -4 -3 0 3 4 4,2 5 PR -30 -6 -5 28 29 28 -5 -6 -30 Table 38: Protection ratios (dB) for a DVB-T 7 MHz interfered with by T-DAB DVB-T 7 MHz (ITU Mode M3, 64-QAM, 2/3 code rate) ΔF = centre frequency of T-DAB minus centre frequency of DVB-T ΔF (MHz) -4,5 -3,7 -3,5 -2,5 0 2,5 3,5 3,7 4,5 PR -30 -6 -5 28 29 28 -5 -6 -30 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.1.6 T-DAB interfered with by DVB-T | Table 39: Protection ratios (dB) for T-DAB interfered with by DVB-T 8 MHz DVB-T 8 MHz (ITU Mode M3, 64-QAM, 2/3 code rate) ΔF = centre frequency of DVB-T minus centre frequency of T-DAB Δf (MHz) -5 -4,2 -4 -3 0 3 4 4,2 5 PR -50 -1 0 1 1 1 0 -1 -50 Table 40: Protection ratios (dB) for T-DAB interfered with by DVB-T 7 MHz DVB-T 7 MHz (ITU Mode M3, 64-QAM, 2/3 code rate) ΔF = centre frequency of DVB-T minus centre frequency of T-DAB ΔF (MHz) -4,5 -3,7 -3,5 -2,5 0 2,5 3,5 3,7 4,5 PR -49 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 -49 ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 75 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.2 Procedures for the protection of analogue TV services | This clause is applicable to both assignment and allotment planning for digital TV. In either case, before a channel is chosen for a digital TV service, it is necessary to establish the size of the analogue coverage area for each station and channel in use (or planned and fully co-ordinated). To calculate the coverage area of an analogue TV station, two elements are necessary: • the parameters particular to an individual transmitting station (co-ordinates, height of the antenna, radiated power, etc.) which are used to calculate the wanted signal; • the system parameters such as the minimum wanted field strength and the protection ratios which are used to calculate the individual nuisance fields. With the appropriate method of combination of these individual nuisance fields, the usable field strength can be calculated. It is the usable field strengths calculated for different test points at the edge of the coverage area which are used to decide if a new transmitter can be accepted without any further calculation. In practice, the maximum increase of the usable field strength caused by the new transmitter is calculated and the new transmission is accepted if this increase is below an agreed value. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.2.1 Establishment of the size of analogue TV coverage areas | Because a certain amount of iteration is involved, the analogue coverage areas are determined in three stages and reference should be made to figures 16 and 17 for clarification of the following texts. Calculation of noise limited coverage area (minimum wanted field strength) In the first stage, using ITU-R Recommendation P.370 [i.17], the noise-limited service area is found, which is the area that could be served if there were no interference. It may be approximated on the basis of 36 radii, at 10° intervals, starting at true north. Where known, the HRP of the transmitting antenna and individual values of height above mean terrain should be taken into account. Identification of interferes In the second stage, the impact of co-channel and adjacent-channel interference from other analogue transmitters is calculated for each wanted station. First, the sub-set of possible interferes is established. This consists of the stations which can produce a nuisance field which is no more than 12 dB below the minimum (usable) field-strength at worst-case locations. This corresponds to an interference increase of 0,5 dB (power sum method) but adds a small safety margin because the identification of the, so-called, worst-case locations is subject to a certain degree of approximation. Calculation of interference limited coverage area The nuisance field-strength from each of the interfering stations in this sub-set is calculated at each of the 36 points around the periphery of the service area of the wanted station. (That is, at the service radius on each of the 36 bearings described above). These calculations include the relevant protection ratio values and the value of any receiving antenna discrimination. The power sum of these nuisance field-strengths is found for each of the 36 points. These power sums represent the total interference at each of the 36 points. If the power sum at a point is less than the minimum wanted field strength, no further calculation is required and the coverage radius is that of 1 above. If the power sum at a point is greater than the minimum wanted field strength, it is then necessary to find the new radius at which the field-strength from the wanted station equals the sum of the nuisance fields. Because, in general, the coverage radius thus calculated will not equal the service radius on the same bearing and thus the nuisance field-strengths will change, the process of the previous clause is repeated to obtain a close approximation to the required coverage radius on each of 36 bearings. The process described above is repeated for each transmitter on a given channel and is also repeated for all UHF channels. NOTE: A given analogue station will normally have different coverage areas on different channels and this can be important when considering the relative coverage of digital and analogue services. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 76 Figure 16: Calculation of test points for the analogue interference limited coverage Figure 17: Calculation of digital TV coverage |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.2.2 Protection on national boundaries | In some cases, for example where there are no existing or planned analogue services to be protected, it may be desirable to establish a set of test points, for the purpose of calculation of potential interference, along the boundary of a country. Agreements will need to be reached on the criteria needed for the establishment of such test points and the ways in which they may be used. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 77 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.3 Protection of other services | A number of sharing situations exist and these vary from one country to another, both in terms of the "other service" involved and its status in radio regulatory terms. The calculation process will need to consider both assignments and allotments as the basis for digital TV planning. A calculation should be made at each of the calculation test points used in the definition of the other service. This calculation should take into account: • the signal level to be protected at each of the test points; • receiving antenna discrimination (polarization and directivity), where relevant; • the protection ratio for the frequency difference between the other service and the interfering signals; • the signal level from the interfering transmitter. From the above information, the protection margin (at each test-point) may be calculated for the other service. These margins may be used to provide guidance during any necessary co-ordination discussions. The calculation of the interfering signal level is dependent upon the other service being considered. ITU-R Recommendation P.370 [i.17] may be used for terrestrial other services, taking into account the relevant % of time for which protection is needed. However, the relevant ITU-R Recommendation should be used to calculate the interfering field strength for aeronautical (or satellite) services. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.3.4 Protection of previously co-ordinated digital TV services | In the context of a planning conference, the coverage area to be protected should be taken to be the area within the set of boundary test-points used in the definition of the assignment. The target for protection should be 99 % time and 95 % of locations either for fixed antenna or portable reception (although the protection and coverage criteria for portable reception may need to be reviewed). A comparison between the size of a digital station coverage area and the area defined by the requirement may be used to provide guidance during any co-ordination process at planning conference or during bi-lateral or multi-lateral co-ordination meetings. It is recommended that this is carried out in a similar way to the protection of analogue services, that is by the calculation of a "reference coverage area" as defined by a set of test points. In an international co-ordination process the impact of a new transmission on this coverage area can be evaluated and a decision can be made on the possibility to accept this new transmission. Whilst it may be possible to plan for a number of digital system variants , which could change from day to day or even during the day, it is recommended that only one system variant should be used for co-ordination in order to avoid unnecessary complications. It may be necessary for a planning conference to decide on the digital system variant for which planning is undertaken in order to provide for equality of opportunity for all countries participating in the conference. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 78 |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.4 Required C/N values assuming an ideal transmission chain | 9.4.1 Introduction Annex A of the DVB-T standard [i.5] provides the C/N values for DVB-T signals delivered with an ideal transmission chain and using three channel profiles: Gaussian (AWGN), Ricean (F1) and Rayleigh (P1). These three channel profiles are defined in annex B of the DVB-T standard [i.5]. Further simulation work showed that the C/N values provided in DVB-T standard [i.5] up to and including its version 1.5.1 included some inaccuracies; especially as the simulated C/N values did not include the effect of pilot boosting, which, in principle, requires an additional 0,3 dB. The updated C/N values have been consolidated from computer simulations performed by different laboratories using independently developed simulation chains. Simulations were carried out using floating point accuracy (or equivalent), with "enough" depth in the Viterbi decoder and it is estimated that the C/N values in [i.5] henceforth are provided with a confidence of ±0,1 dB which corresponds to inaccuracies resulting from limited simulation lengths and rounding errors. Additionally, the simulation work included two experimental simplified channel profiles using only 6 paths: 6-path Rice (F6) and 6-path Rayleigh (P6) and the results from these are reported in clause 9.4.3. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.4.2 Using Gaussian (AWGN), Ricean (F1) and Rayleigh (P1) channels | The C/N values of DVB-T in the Gaussian (AWGN), Ricean (F1) and Rayleigh (P1) channel profiles given in this clause result from consolidation of computer simulations performed by different laboratories using independently developed simulation chains. Simulations were carried out using floating point accuracy (or equivalent) and with "enough" depth in the Viterbi decoder. The 8K mode in 8 MHz bandwidth was used for all simulations and the noise bandwidth was therefore always 7,608 MHz. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 79 Table 41: Required C/N for non-hierarchical transmission to achieve a BER = 2 × 10-4 after the Viterbi decoder Required C/N (dB) for BER = 2 × 10-4 after Viterbi QEF after Reed-Solomon (see note 2) Bit rate (Mbit/s) (see note 3) Constel- lation Code rate Gaussian channel (AWGN) Ricean channel (F1) Rayleigh channel (P1) Δ/ΤU = 1/4 Δ/ΤU = 1/8 Δ/ΤU = 1/16 Δ/ΤU = 1/32 QPSK 1/2 3,5 4,1 5,9 4,98 5,53 5,85 6,03 QPSK 2/3 5,3 6,1 9,6 6,64 7,37 7,81 8,04 QPSK 3/4 6,3 7,2 12,4 7,46 8,29 8,78 9,05 QPSK 5/6 7,3 8,5 15,6 8,29 9,22 9,76 10,05 QPSK 7/8 7,9 9,2 17,5 8,71 9,68 10,25 10,56 16-QAM 1/2 9,3 9,8 11,8 9,95 11,06 11,71 12,06 16-QAM 2/3 11,4 12,1 15,3 13,27 14,75 15,61 16,09 16-QAM 3/4 12,6 13,4 18,1 14,93 16,59 17,56 18,10 16-QAM 5/6 13,8 14,8 21,3 16,59 18,43 19,52 20,11 16-QAM 7/8 14,4 15,7 23,6 17,42 19,35 20,49 21,11 64-QAM 1/2 13,8 14,3 16,4 14,93 16,59 17,56 18,10 64-QAM 2/3 16,7 17,3 20,3 19,91 22,12 23,42 24,13 64-QAM 3/4 18,2 18,9 23,0 22,39 24,88 26,35 27,14 64-QAM 5/6 19,4 20,4 26,2 24,88 27,65 29,27 30,16 64-QAM 7/8 20,2 21,3 28,6 26,13 29,03 30,74 31,67 NOTE 1: Figures in italics are approximate values. NOTE 2: Quasi Error Free (QEF) means less than one uncorrected error event per hour, corresponding to BER = 10-11 at the input of the MPEG-2 demultiplexer. NOTE 3: Net bit rates are given after the Reed-Solomon decoder. Bitrate vs Robustness for Non-Hierarchical transmissions [Bitrate related to Constellation, Coding Rate , Guard Interval] and [C/N in AWGN, Rice, Rayleigh channels] 5,9 dB 9,6 dB 12,4 dB 15,6 dB 17,5 dB 11,8 dB 15,3 dB 18,1 dB 21,3 dB 23,6 dB 16,4 dB 20,3 dB 23,0 dB 26,2 dB 28,6 dB 0 Mbps 6 Mbps 12 Mbps 18 Mbps 24 Mbps 30 Mbps 36 Mbps 42 Mbps 48 Mbps 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 Coding Rate Transmitted Bitrate 0 dB 6 dB 12 dB 18 dB 24 dB 30 dB Required C/N 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 AWGN RICE (F1) 20-pathes RAYLEIGH (P1) 20-pathes QPSK 16QAM 64QAM DVB-H STF Sept 2006 Figure 18: Bit rate versus robustness for non-hierarchical DVB-T transmissions ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 80 Table 42: Required C/N for hierarchical transmission using 16-QAM constellations to achieve a BER = 2 × 10-4 after Viterbi decoder Required C/N (dB) for BER = 2 × 10-4 after Viterbi QEF after Reed-Solomon (see note 2) Bit rate (Mbit/s) (see note 3) Constel- lation Code rate α Gaussian channel (AWGN) Ricean channel (F1) Rayleigh channel (P1) Δ/ΤU = 1/4 Δ/ΤU = 1/8 Δ/ΤU = 1/16 Δ/ΤU = 1/32 1/2 5,1 5,6 7,7 4,98 5,53 5,85 6,03 QPSK 2/3 7,3 8,0 11,4 6,64 7,37 7,81 8,04 3/4 8,6 9,5 14,2 7,46 8,29 8,78 9,05 in 2 + 1/2 13,5 14,1 15,9 4,98 5,53 5,85 6,03 non- 2/3 15,3 16,1 19,5 6,64 7,37 7,81 8,04 uniform 3/4 16,3 17,2 22,4 7,46 8,29 8,78 9,05 16-QAM 5/6 17,3 18,5 25,5 8,29 9,22 9,76 10,05 7/8 17,9 19,2 28,2 8,71 9,68 10,25 10,56 1/2 4,1 4,6 6,6 4,98 5,53 5,85 6,03 QPSK 2/3 6,0 6,8 10,3 6,64 7,37 7,81 8,04 3/4 7,1 8,1 13,1 7,46 8,29 8,78 9,05 in 4 + 1/2 17,7 18,2 20,1 4,98 5,53 5,85 6,03 non- 2/3 19,4 20,2 23,6 6,64 7,37 7,81 8,04 uniform 3/4 20,4 21,4 26,5 7,46 8,29 8,78 9,05 16-QAM 5/6 21,4 22,6 29,7 8,29 9,22 9,76 10,05 7/8 22,0 23,4 32,3 8,71 9,68 10,25 10,56 NOTE 1: Figures in italics are approximate values. NOTE 2: Quasi Error Free (QEF) means less than one uncorrected error event per hour, corresponding to BER = 10-11 at the input of the MPEG-2 demultiplexer. NOTE 3: Net bit rates are given after the Reed-Solomon decoder. Bitrate vs Robustness for 16QAM-Hierarchical transmissions [Bitrate related to Constellation, Coding Rate , Guard Interval] and [C/N in AWGN, Rice, Rayleigh channels] 7,7 dB 11,4 dB 14,2 dB 15,9 dB 19,5 dB 22,4 dB 25,5 dB 28,2 dB 6,6 dB 10,3 dB 13,1 dB 20,1 dB 23,6 dB 26,5 dB 29,7 dB 32,3 dB 0 Mbps 6 Mbps 12 Mbps 18 Mbps 24 Mbps 30 Mbps 36 Mbps 42 Mbps 48 Mbps 1/2 2/3 3/4 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 3/4 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 Coding Rate Transmitted Bitrate 0 dB 6 dB 12 dB 18 dB 24 dB 30 dB 36 dB Required C/N 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 AWGN RICE (F1) 20-pathes RAYLEIGH (P1) 20-pathes QPSK in 16QAM non uniform α = 2 QPSK in 16QAM non uniform α = 4 DVB-H STF Sept 2006 HP LP HP LP Figure 19: Bit rate versus robustness for 16-QAM hierarchical DVB-T transmissions ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 81 Table 43: Required C/N for hierarchical transmission using 64-QAM constellation to achieve a BER = 2 x 10-4 after Viterbi decoder Required C/N (dB) for BER = 2 x 10-4 after Viterbi QEF after Reed-Solomon (see note 2) Bit rate (Mbit/s) (see note 3) Constel- lation Code rate α Gaussian channel (AWGN) Ricean channel (F1) Rayleigh channel (P1) Δ/ΤU = 1/4 Δ/ΤU = 1/8 Δ/ΤU = 1/16 Δ/ΤU = 1/32 1/2 8,5 9,1 11,8 4,98 5,53 5,85 6,03 QPSK 2/3 12,5 13,1 16,4 6,64 7,37 7,81 8,04 3/4 15,0 15,6 19,3 7,46 8,29 8,78 9,05 in 1 + 1/2 15,5 16,0 18,1 9,95 11,06 11,71 12,06 uniform 2/3 17,6 18,3 21,6 13,27 14,75 15,61 16,09 64-QAM 3/4 18,8 19,7 24,4 14,93 16,59 17,56 18,10 5/6 20,0 21,1 27,6 16,59 18,43 19,52 20,11 7/8 20,7 21,9 29,7 17,42 19,35 20,49 21,11 1/2 6,5 7,1 9,4 4,98 5,53 5,85 6,03 QPSK 2/3 9,3 10,1 13,5 6,64 7,37 7,81 8,04 3/4 11,1 11,9 16,3 7,46 8,29 8,78 9,05 in 2 + 1/2 17,1 17,6 19,6 9,95 11,06 11,71 12,06 non- 2/3 19,2 19,9 23,1 13,27 14,75 15,61 16,09 uniform 3/4 20,4 21,2 25,9 14,93 16,59 17,56 18,10 64-QAM 5/6 21,6 22,6 29,1 16,59 18,43 19,52 20,11 7/8 22,2 23,4 31,2 17,42 19,35 20,49 21,11 NOTE 1: Figures in italics are approximate values. NOTE 2: Quasi Error Free (QEF) means less than one uncorrected error event per hour, corresponding to BER = 10-11 at the input of the MPEG-2 demultiplexer. NOTE 3: Net bit rates are given after the Reed-Solomon decoder. NOTE 4: Results for QPSK in non-uniform 64-QAM with α = 4 are not included due to the poor performance of the 64-QAM signal. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 82 Bitrate vs Robustness for 64QAM-Hierarchical transmissions [Bitrate related to Constellation, Coding Rate , Guard Interval] and [C/N in AWGN, Rice, Rayleigh channels] 11,8 dB 16,4 dB 19,3 dB 18,1 dB 21,6 dB 24,4 dB 27,6 dB 29,7 dB 9,4 dB 13,5 dB 16,3 dB 19,6 dB 23,1 dB 25,9 dB 29,1 dB 31,2 dB 0 Mbps 6 Mbps 12 Mbps 18 Mbps 24 Mbps 30 Mbps 36 Mbps 42 Mbps 48 Mbps 1/2 2/3 3/4 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 3/4 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 Coding Rate Transmitted Bitrate 0 dB 6 dB 12 dB 18 dB 24 dB 30 dB 36 dB Required C/N 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 AWGN RICE (F1) 20-pathes RAYLEIGH (P1) 20-pathes QPSK in 64QAM non uniform α = 1 QPSK in 64QAM non uniform α = 2 DVB-H STF Sept 2006 HP LP HP LP Figure 20: Bit rate versus robustness for 64-QAM hierarchical DVB-T transmissions |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.4.3 Using Rice (F6) and Rayleigh (P6) simplified channel profiles | The simulation work included the evaluation of two additional channel profiles using only 6 paths: 6-path Ricean (F6) and 6-path Rayleigh (P6). In both laboratory conditions and in computer simulations, channel profiles are generally implemented in the time domain. The rationale behind the F6 and P6 profile studies was to find channels easy to implement; which could provide performance figures as close as possible to the "full-length profiles" F1 and P1; and therefore allow easier comparison with theoretical results. The definition and simulation results for F6 and P6 are given in the following clauses. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.4.3.1 Definition of Ricean (F6) and Rayleigh (P6) channel profiles | In the 6-tap simplified channel models, the delay values have been selected to be an integer number of DVB-T complex baseband samples. |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.4.3.1.1 Definition of the 6-path Rice (F6) channel profile | Delays have been defined as integer multiples of 7/64 μs and starting point is zero. This corresponds to an 8 MHz channel in [i.5]. Tap amplitudes have been defined in dB at accuracy of 0,1 dB. The absolute values are approximate conversions of those. The phases have been defined in degrees with 1 degree accuracy. The radian values are approximate conversions of those. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 83 Table 44: Rice (F6) channel profile time-domain definition Tap number Sample number Delay t (μs) Amplitude r Phase q (rad) Level (dB) Phase (deg) 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 4 0,4375 0,23174 0,64577 -12.7 37 3 6 0,65625 0,0881 2,54818 -21.1 146 4 18 1,96875 0,15849 -0,27925 -16.0 -16 5 26 2,84375 0,08511 -2,05949 -21.4 -118 6 30 3,28125 0,08222 3,01942 -21.7 173 The frequency domain transfer functions are given in figure 21. It should be noted that both impulse responses have been normalized to have the first tap amplitude equal to 1. The total power of the randomly chosen other taps is 10 dB below the main tap power providing a Rician factor K = 10 dB. Comparison of amplitudes of the channel models is for fixed reception. In figure 21, the solid red curve labelled H(f), is the Ricean (F1) channel defined in the DVB-T standard [i.5] and the blue dotted one is the 6-tap approximation H2(f), with Ricean factor K = 10 dB and denoted Ricean (F6) channel profile in the present document. 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 10 5 0 5 DVB-T/H channel, Rice frequency (MHz) 20 log H f( ) ( ) ⋅ 20 log H2 f( ) ( ) ⋅ f . Figure 21: Rice (F6) channel profile frequency-domain response |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.4.3.1.2 Definition of the 6-path Rayleigh (P6) channel profile | Delays have been defined as integer multiples of 7/64 μs and starting point is zero. This corresponds to an 8 MHz channel in [i.5]. Tap amplitudes have been defined in dB with an accuracy of 0,1 dB. The absolute values are approximate conversions of those. The phases have been defined in degrees with 1 degree accuracy. The radian values are approximate conversions of these. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 84 Table 45: Rayleigh (P6) channel profile time-domain definition Tap number Sample number Delay t (μs) Amplitude r Phase q (rad) Level (dB) Phase (deg) 1 0 0 0,45186 1,43117 -6.9 82 2 4 0,43750 0,81283 -2,37365 -1.8 -136 3 6 0,65625 1 0 0 0 4 17 1,85938 0,74131 -2,30383 -2.6 -132 5 25 2,73438 0,58210 1,91986 -4.7 110 6 29 3,17188 0,35892 0,90757 -8.9 52 The frequency domain transfer function is shown in figure 22. It should be noted that both impulse responses have been normalized to give equal power gain in figure 22. The power of the impulse responses has been normalized to 1 (which is not the case in table 45). In figure 22, the solid red curve labelled H(f), is the Rayleigh (P1) channel defined in the DVB-T standard [i.5] and the blue dotted one is the 6-tap approximation H2(f) denoted Rayleigh (P6) channel profile in the present document. 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 DVB-T channel, Rayleigh frequency (MHz) 20 log H f( ) ( ) ⋅ 20 log H2 f( ) ( ) ⋅ f . Figure 22: Rayleigh (P6) channel profile frequency-domain response |
cae8b5bfbb508d547ab0ec09c6aba240 | 101 190 | 9.4.3.2 Simulation Results using Ricean (F6) and Rayleigh (P6) channel profiles | The C/N values of DVB-T in the simplified Ricean (F6) and Rayleigh (P6) channel profiles given in this clause result from consolidation of computer simulations performed by different laboratories using independently developed simulation chains. Simulations were carried out using floating point accuracy (or equivalent) and with "enough" depth in the Viterbi decoder. The 8K mode in 8 MHz bandwidth was used for all simulations and the noise bandwidth was therefore always 7,608 MHz. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 85 As can be seen the F1 and F6 results are very close, which suggests that the F6 profile is a good approximation of F1. It can be also seen that there are significant differences between the P1 and P6 profiles. The P6 profile should therefore not be used to get "approximate" values of the P1 profile. NOTE: It should be noted that the demapper used for the P6 simulations ("distance to decision border") is different - and on average slightly less efficient - from that used for the AWGN, F1, P1 and F6 channel profiles ("distance to closest constellation point"). This may result in minor C/N differences in required C/N for some configurations simulated over P6 compared to the other demapper. Table 46: Estimated C/N for non-hierarchical transmission using simplified Rice (F6) and Rayleigh (P6) channel profiles Required C/N (dB) for BER = 2 x 10-4 after Viterbi QEF after Reed-Solomon (see note 2) Bit rate (Mbit/s) (see note 3) Constel- lation Code rate Gaussian channel (AWGN) Simplified Ricean channel (F6) Simplified Rayleigh channel (P6) Δ/ΤU = 1/4 Δ/ΤU = 1/8 Δ/ΤU = 1/16 Δ/ΤU = 1/32 QPSK 1/2 3,5 4,0 5,9 4,98 5,53 5,85 6,03 QPSK 2/3 5,3 6,0 9,9 6,64 7,37 7,81 8,04 QPSK 3/4 6,3 7,2 13,6 7,46 8,29 8,78 9,05 QPSK 5/6 7,3 8,5 17,6 8,29 9,22 9,76 10,05 QPSK 7/8 7,9 9,2 20,6 8,71 9,68 10,25 10,56 16-QAM 1/2 9,3 9,8 11,9 9,95 11,06 11,71 12,06 16-QAM 2/3 11,4 12,0 15,8 13,27 14,75 15,61 16,09 16-QAM 3/4 12,6 13,4 19,4 14,93 16,59 17,56 18,10 16-QAM 5/6 13,8 14,8 24,2 16,59 18,43 19,52 20,11 16-QAM 7/8 14,4 15,7 26,9 17,42 19,35 20,49 21,11 64-QAM 1/2 13,8 14,2 16,7 14,93 16,59 17,56 18,10 64-QAM 2/3 16,7 17,3 20,9 19,91 22,12 23,42 24,13 64-QAM 3/4 18,2 18,9 24,4 22,39 24,88 26,35 27,14 64-QAM 5/6 19,4 20,3 28,6 24,88 27,65 29,27 30,16 64-QAM 7/8 20,2 21,3 31,8 26,13 29,03 30,74 31,67 NOTE 1: Figures in italics are approximate values. NOTE 2: Quasi Error Free (QEF) means less than one uncorrected error event per hour, corresponding to BER = 10-11 at the input of the MPEG-2 demultiplexer. NOTE 3: Net bit rates are given after the Reed-Solomon decoder. ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 86 Bitrate vs Robustness for Non-Hierarchical transmissions [Bitrate related to Constellation, Coding Rate , Guard Interval] and [C/N in AWGN, Rice, Rayleigh channels] 5,9 dB 9,9 dB 13,6 dB 17,6 dB 20,6 dB 11,9 dB 15,8 dB 19,4 dB 24,2 dB 26,9 dB 16,7 dB 20,9 dB 24,4 dB 28,6 dB 31,8 dB 0 Mbps 6 Mbps 12 Mbps 18 Mbps 24 Mbps 30 Mbps 36 Mbps 42 Mbps 48 Mbps 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 Coding Rate Transmitted Bitrate 0 dB 6 dB 12 dB 18 dB 24 dB 30 dB 36 dB Required C/N 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 AWGN RICE (F6) 6-pathes RAYLEIGH (P6) 6-pathes QPSK 16QAM 64QAM DVB-H STF Sept 2006 Figure 23: Bit rate versus robustness for non-hierarchical DVB-T transmissions estimated with simplified Rice (F6) and Rayleigh (P6) channel profiles ETSI ETSI TR 101 190 V1.3.2 (2011-05) 87 History Document history V1.1.1 December 1997 Publication V1.2.1 November 2004 Publication V1.3.1 October 2008 Publication V1.3.2 May 2011 Publication |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 1 Scope | The purpose of this document is to specify the requirements of GPRS, which shall form the basis for further development work on this subject. This requirements specification is to be used a reference document for the standardisation process and also for the "compliance to requirements check" to ensure compliance of the developed standards with the specified requirements or to enable the documentation of the approved deviations and also the reasons for deviation. It is neither intended nor necessary to update this document to reflect the actual status of the standardisation work, since the standardisation process - especially the stage 2 work - may be influenced by implementation and/or technical aspects, which may not be true requirements but rather be, for example, a "temporary aspect or constraint". Additional requirements or refinements to this specification are of course allowed. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 2 Definitions | Terms are defined in the TG-GPRS document WD Definitions. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3 Requirements Of GPRS | |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.1 Primary Requirements | The primary requirements to be met by GPRS are as follows. - To enable new and existing applications to be attracted onto GSM. To achieve this the enhancement of GSM's functional and QoS parameters are vital goals. Applications which could be attracted because packet mode data transmission is provided through GPRS can be classified into horizontal and vertical markets. Requests for enhancements of the functional and performance capabilities of GSM have been received from the following markets: Horizontal: Wireless Personal Computers Mobile Offices Electronic Funds Transfer from Point of Sale (EFTPOS) Vertical: Road Transport Informatics Union International de Chemin de Fer (UIC) Field Service Businesses Fleet Management Remote Telematics Commodity/Supply Logistics - GPRS shall support both connectionless and connection oriented services. - To offer a flexible service at low cost to the user. In order to make the service as cost effective as possible, the impact upon existing investments in GSM architectural entities, their supporting protocols and deployment costs must be kept to a minimum. - To use scarce network resources as efficiently as possible. - To support early introduction of GPRS services, without compromise to eventual capacity and performance, through a phased programme of definition and implementation. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2 GPRS Classification | GPRS shall provide packet mode transfer for applications that exhibit the following data traffic patterns. - Frequent transmission of small volumes. - Infrequent transmissions of small or medium volumes. The PLMN Operator who offers GPRS shall be responsible for transferring data between the service access points at the fixed side and at the mobile side. The flow of data shall be possible in three scenarios. - Packets sent from a mobile access point to a fixed network access point. - Packets sent from a fixed network access point to a mobile access point. - Packets sent from a mobile access point to a mobile access point via the GSM PLMN infrastructure. This does not exclude an implementation in which MO-MT packets are transferred using the previous two modes. GPRS shall be distinguished from existing services in two ways. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 7 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 Firstly, it is required to efficiently use network resources for packet mode applications. Secondly, new mechanisms are required in order to provide highly standardised, feature-rich services, in which the selection of the QoS parameters can be made by the Service Requesters. GPRS shall not prevent the user's operation of existing GSM services. GPRS shall not be used as a basis for packetised speech. GPRS shall not be used as a basis for services that duplicate, in terms of performance and cost requirements, existing GSM services. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.1 GPRS Access Points | GPRS shall support bearer service access points. Teleservice access points are FFS. GPRS shall be compatible with the OSI model. It is assumed, for the purpose of this document, that a bearer serviece corresponds to layers 1 to 3 of the OSI model and that a teleservice corresponds to layers 4 to 7 of the OSI model (ref. GSM 02.01). Figure 1 is taken from (GSM 02.01/Figure 1). TE GSM PLMN Possible Transit Network Terminating Network TE Bearer services Teleservices TE: Terminal equipment Figure 1: GPRS Access Points |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.2 Types Of Service Request | Three types of service request are required - Broadcast: A point-to-multipoint message sent to "all service subscribers" within an area defined by the Service Requester. It is envisaged that subscription and authentication for this service is limited and strictly controlled. There is no requirement for providing end-to-end acknowledgement for broadcast service requests. - Multicast: A point-to-multipoint message sent to "an identified subset of all service subscribers" within an area defined by the Service Requester. There is a requirement to be able to provide end-to-end acknowledgement for multicast service requests. - Singlecast: A point-to-point message sent to "a unique subscriber". The communication characteristics of the various applications to be supported by single cast service request can be divided into the following groups: Non-dialogue The transfer of a data packet between the Service Requester and the Service Receiver in which every data packet is independent of the preceding and succeeding one. Dialogue There exists a logical relationship between Service Requester and Service Receiver that lasts for a duration of time ranging from seconds to hours. It is required to provide means for offering attractive services, in terms of costs, functionality and performance, to this broad suite of applications. An invocation of the three types of service request by a Service Requester is possible from the fixed and mobile access points (see "GPRS Access Points"). Table 1 presents the relationship between service requests and the Service Requester/Receiver. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 8 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 Service Requester/ Receiver From Fixed AP To Mobile AP Broadcast Multicast Types Of Service Request (Point-to-point) Singlecast From Mobile AP To Fixed AP Not Applicable Not Applicable Supported From Mobile AP To Mobile AP Supported Supported Supported Table 1. Relationship Of Service Request and Service Requester/Receiver AP: Access Point |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.3 Multiple, parallel GPRS sessions | It shall be possible for a subscriber to set-up multiple GPRS PTP-Dialogue sessions and maintain these over prolonged periods (~ hours) for background type applications. PTP-NonDialogue, PTM-Multicast and/or PTM-Broadcast communications shall be possible during such background multiple GPRS PTP-Dialogue sessions. In the case of X.25 the concept of switched virtual circuits must be maintained between the GPRS environment and the X.25 fixed network. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.4 Simultaneous Use Of Service | A number of subscription classes are required to grade the relationship between the subscriber and the subscriber's simultaneous use of services. The following subscriber classes are proposed: Subscriber Class A: Full simultaneous use, maximum throughput (>=9.6kbit/s), no degredation of circuit switched services. [ Subscriber Class B: Simultaneous use with reduced data-throughput and/or degraded circuit switched services. ] Note: This subscriber class shall be deleted unless commercial justification is provided! Subscriber Class C: Non-simultaneous use of service. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.4.1 Definition Of Simultaneous Use Of Service | NOTE: This definition of simultaneous use of service applies only to subscriber class A and B. It shall be possible to place/receive circuit-switched calls (speech or data) during (i.e. in parallel with) transmission/reception of GPRS data. It shall be possible to transmit/receive GPRS data during (i.e. in parallel with) circuit-switched calls (speech or data). It shall be possible to transmit/receive an SMS-MO/MT message during the use of any GPRS, even if there is a speech or data call already running in parallel. The SMS message transmission over the air interface and/or GPRS service may be delayed and/or throughput reduced for this to be effected. It shall be possible to receive an SMS-CB message during the use of any GPRS, providing a speech or data call is not running in parallel. The SMS message transmission over the air interface and/or GPRS service may be delayed and/or throughput reduced for this to be effected. It shall be possible to monitor GSM Common Control Channel Signalling during any GPRS communication. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.4.2 Requirement | Simultaneous use is required for ptp and ptm service types. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.4.3 Degradation with Subscriber Class B | [ In the case of simultaneous use, a degredation of the specified GPRS maximum data throughput capacity may be acceptable for an MS with a single transceiver [logical channel]. . ] [ In the case of simultaneous use, a degredation of the circuit switched services may be acceptable for an MS with a single transceiver [logical channel]. . ] TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 9 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 NOTE: Subscriber class B shall be deleted unless commercial justification is provided! |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.4.3 Service Types, Subscription Classes And Simultaneous Use | When a subscriber is busy executing a circuit-switched bearer or teleservice and a GPRS service request arrives (i.e. ptp-D, ptp-ND and ptm), GPRS will respond according to the subscriber's subscription class in the following way. Called Subscriber Circuit Switched Busy Subscriber Class A Subscriber. Class B Subscriber Class C ptp-ND request Accepted Accepted with degredation of QoS Rejected ptp-D request Accepted Accepted with degredation of QoS Rejected ptm request Accepted Accepted with degredation of QoS Rejected (data lost) Where, the above terms are defined in the following way. Accepted: The service request is fully executed to the service QoS requirements. Accepted with degredation of QoS: The service request is fully executed to the service QoS requirements except that the maximum throughput may be reduced. Rejected: When a service request is received (also from an external network) and cannot be fully executed within the interworking requirements, the service request shall be rejected in a manner conformant with the interworking network. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.5 Capacity Required | In response to customer-driven capacity requirements and in order to be compatible with dedicated packet-switched data networks, it is required that the upper limit of the data transfer capacity that GPRS provides to a service request is at least that of a FR TCH. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.6 Channel Independence Of GPRS | It is required that the packet multiplexing mechanisms developed for GPRS are independent of a given channel type. It shall be possible to operate GPRS over low and high capacity channels. These may be existing and/or future channels whose capacities are as yet unspecified (e.g. two time-slots or an entire 200kHz carrier). |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.7 GPRS Allocation Flexibility Within A PLMN | The radio resources offered to GPRS shall be configurable by the PLMN operator, by O + M or other means, without interruption to the service . A PLMN operator may allocate radio resources on a region-to-region basis and/or over time. Resources can then be allocated according to network aspects and application related requirements. The GPRS MS shall be able to adapt, through a process of self regulation, to the configured radio resources as part of the normal operation of GPRS. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.8 Technical Realization of MS Access. | The technical realization should provide for the routing of packets between the MS and a new element of the PLMN (possibly a new IWF). The use of diverse types of channel should be considered, including signalling channels, to provide a range of service levels. The technical realization of the GPRS radio part shall support battery saving. However, battery saving may not be compatible to the high performance requirement on delay presented in the section "Maximum Service Delay" |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.9 GPRS Communication Resource Utilisation | It shall be possible to respond to local data traffic conditions adaptively. GPRS shall include the functionality to increase or decrease the amount of radio resources allocated to GPRS on a dynamic basis. The criteria used to decide on dynamic changes of the GPRS part of the radio resource should not be specified. Thus, only the necessary procedure, including radio protocol and timers, needed to perform the change of radio resource shall be specified within the ETSI specifications. Within GPRS the dynamic allocation of the radio resource for bursty or lengthy file transfer applications shall be such that it can be controlled by the network operator. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 10 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.10 Application Data Transfer Requirements | GPRS shall fulfil the following high level requirements: - GPRS should be compatible with existing data networks and applications. It should be possible to use existing applications (including applications using ´X.25 Fast Select´) over GPRS with little or no change. - GPRS should comply with industry standard interfaces and protocols for data communications. - GPRS should minimise the impact on the end systems. - GPRS should provide the ability to maintain a connection oriented virtual circuit upon change of cell within a PLMN but not when transiting from one PLMN to another PLMN. The support of roaming between PLMN´s is required. - Any established SVC must be torn down on failed handover, IMSI detach or loss of coverage. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.10.1 Format Of Message User Data | The user data is to be transmitted as an octet string between GPRS's access points, and is not interpreted by the GSM PLMN. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.10.2 Types Of Application Messages To Be Supported | In order to utilise network resources as effectively as possible, an application should only use the capacity that it requires. There is no typical message size for all applications. A limitation of the maximum message length is not foreseen. For guidance, the following two general types of application message that the service is required to support are described. Structured Data Message Lengths Measuring, "form filling", "Point of sale" applications typically transmit small amounts of highly structured data, e.g., defined field service codes or reference numbers. Very little free text is used. These applications transmit very short messages between 30 and 60 bytes in length. Unstructured Data Message Lengths These applications typically send larger amounts of "free text", or diagrams, ranging from 140 bytes to 450 bytes, and occasionally beyond, depending upon the application. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.10.3 Point-to-Multipoint Routing Support | For point-to-multipoint service requests which are executed on the basis of "where" a subscriber is, rather than "who" a subscriber is, the following two "identities" are necessary. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.10.3.1 Geographical Area Identity | A Geographical Area Identity is required to support "Geographical Routing". |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.11 Service Control Requirements | |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.11.1 Control Requirements Common To Down/Uplink Services | GPRS requires the following control. - It shall be possible to validate a service request against the Service User´s subscription profile. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.11.2 Downlink Control Requirements | The Service Requester of a GPRS service in the downlink direction requires, - The Service Receiver of a point-to-multipoint service request must be able to filter out packets at a network level, through use of the Packet Identities, which are of no interest either because they are for a service for which no subscription is held, or the packet belongs to a sub-group within the offered application service which is of no interest. It is required that the MS-Application resources shall not be utilized for this function. - As an option scheduling of point-to-multipoint packets within the GPRS network may be required. This includes controllable transmission repetition rates, the deactivation of obsolete packets and the notification of adverse network conditions if necessary. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.2.12 Uplink Control Requirements | The Service Requester of a GPRS service in the uplink direction requires, TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 11 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 - Robust radio channel access mechanisms which allow the allocation of resources in a fair way taking into account possible priorities and which are able to cope with overload situations. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3 Initial Quality Of Service (QoS) | There is not one single optimal QoS profile for all applications, only an optimal QoS profile per application. Therefore, in order that PLMN Operators may offer flexible, customised service packages that accurately meet the QoS requirements of an application, it is required that GPRS parameterise central QoS variables where feasible. This Requirements document concentrates upon the Initial Requirements for GPRS. See Section "Phased Definition and Implementation" for more details on the phases of GPRS. The following service delay classes (SD-Class), [this is FFS], are introduced: - SD-Class 1: Predictive service - expedited - SD-Class 2: Predictive service - regular - SD-Class 3: Best effort service - expedited - SD-Class 4: Best effort service - regular - SD-Class 5: Best effort service - unspecified delay A predictive service is characterized by "soft" service delay boundaries with a only a small variability in the delay requirements allowed. A best effort service is characterized by a minimal guarantee on the service delay thus allowing a large actual variation. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.1 QoS when Interworking | The purpose of this section is to define the QoS requirements placed on the GPRS bearer service when interworking with external packet data networks and protocols. The GPRS QoS values refer to the GPRS bearer service between service access points. For clarity and information only, typical expected end-to-end values (i.e. including external network values) are included where available TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 12 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.1.1 X.25 QoS Requirements | Table: GPRS and End-to-End Capabilities Function Attributes Required GPRS - QoS capabilities End - to - end QoS capabilities Speed NC Esablishment Mean Delay 95% delay Fail Probability tbd tbd tbd tbd < 1 secondh tbd NC Release Mean Delay 95% delay Fail Probabiity tbd tbd tbd tbd < 1 second I tbd User data Peak bit ratea >=9.6 kbps, 98% busy hour. throughput Mean bit rateb >=9.6 kbps, 98% busy hour. Transfer delay (T)c Mean delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd T = RA + RT + NT 95% delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd 0.5 seconds Radio channel Mean delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd access delay (RA) 95% delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd Radio channel transit delay (RT)d (ms) tbd Network transit Mean delay (ms) tbd (ref.X.135) delay (NT) 95% delay (ms) tbd (ref.X.135) Accuracy Residual error Lost data probability tbd (ref.X.135) rates Corrupt data probabilitye compatible with X.25 layer 3 Duplicate data probability compatible with X.25 layer 3 Out of sequence probability compatible with X.25 layer 3 Dependability QoS negotiation failure ratef tbd QoS non-compliance rateg tbd Service availability tbd (ref X.137) Mean time between service outages (hours) tbd (ref.X.137) Mean service outage duration (hours) tbd (ref.X.137) NC Resilience Disconnect Probability tbd tbd Reset Probability tbd tbd NOTE: QOS parameters derived from ISO8348:1993 - NC Protection, NC Priority, and Maximum acceptable cost - omitted as not relevant. a. Peak bit rate: the maximum bit rate offered to the user [for a given period (tbd)] for the transfer of data. b. Mean bit rate: the average bit rate to the user. c. Transfer delay: the sum of radio channel access delay (RA), the radio channel transit delay (RT) and the network transit delay (NT). All delay values assume a user data length of 128 octets. d. Radio channel transit delay: assumes a maximum user data transfer rate of [tbd] for a full rate dhannel. e. Corrupt data probability: the probability that data will be delivered to the user with an undetected error. f. QoS negotiation failure rate: the probability that the user requested QoS will be denied. g. QoS non-compliance rate: the probability that the network will fail to provide the agreed QoS to the user. h. NC Establishment ( Call set-up): time to establish a connection-oriented call between an MS and a host in the external X.25 network. i. NC Release ( Call tear down): time to disconnect a connection-oriented call between the MS and a host in the external X.25 network. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 13 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.1.2 CLNS QoS Requirements | Table: GPRS and End-to-End Capabilities Function Attributes Required GPRS - QoS capabilities End - to - end QoS capabilities Speed Transfer delay (T)c Mean delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd tbd T = RA + RT + NT 95% delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd tbd Radio channel Mean delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd tbd access delay (RA) 95% delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd tbd Radio channel transit delay (RT)d (ms) tbd tbd Network transit Mean delay (ms) tbd tbd delay (NT) 95% delay (ms) tbd tbd Accuracy Residual error Lost data probability tbd tbd rates Corrupt data probabilitye tbd tbd Duplicate data probability tbd tbd Dependability QoS negotiation failure ratef tbd tbd QoS non-compliance rateg tbd tbd Service availability tbd tbd Mean time between service outages (hours) tbd tbd Mean service outage duration (hours) tbd tbd NOTE: QOS parameters derived from ISO 8348:1993 - Protection, Priority, Cost Determinants - omitted as not relevant. a. Peak bit rate: the maximum bit rate offered to the user [for a given period (tbd)] for the transfer of data. b. Mean bit rate: the average bit rate to the user. c. Transfer delay: the sum of radio channel access delay (RA), the radio channel transit delay (RT) and the network transit delay (NT). All delay values assume a user data length of 128 octets. d. Radio channel transit delay: assumes a maximum user data transfer rate of [tbd] for a full rate dhannel. e. Corrupt data probability: the probability that data will be delivered to the user with an undetected error. f. QoS negotiation failure rate: the probability that the user requested QoS will be denied. g. QoS non-compliance rate: the probability that the network will fail to provide the agreed QoS to the user. h. NC Establishment ( Call set-up): time to establish a connection-oriented call between an MS and a host in the external X.25 network. i. NC Release ( Call tear down): time to disconnect a connection-oriented call between the MS and a host in the external X.25 network. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.1.3 IP QoS Requirements | Table: GPRS and End-to-End Capabilities Function Attributes Required GPRS - QoS capabilities End - to - end QoS capabilities Speed Transfer delay (T)c Mean delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd tbd T = RA + RT + NT 95% delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd tbd Radio channel Mean delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd tbd access delay (RA) 95% delay (ms) SD-Class 1 - 5: tbd tbd Radio channel transit delay (RT)d (ms) tbd tbd Network transit Mean delay (ms) tbd tbd delay (NT) 95% delay (ms) tbd tbd Throughput Peak bit ratea tbd tbd Mean bit rateb tbd tbd Accuracy Residual error Lost data probability tbd tbd rates Corrupt data probabilitye tbd tbd Duplicate data probability tbd tbd Dependability QoS negotiation failure ratef tbd tbd QoS non-compliance rateg tbd tbd Service availability tbd tbd Mean time between service outages (hours) tbd tbd Mean service outage duration (hours) tbd tbd NOTE: QOS parameter derived from RFC 791- Precedence - omitted as not relevant. a. Peak bit rate: the maximum bit rate offered to the user [for a given period (tbd)] for the transfer of data. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 14 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 b. Mean bit rate: the average bit rate to the user. c. Transfer delay: the sum of radio channel access delay (RA), the radio channel transit delay (RT) and the network transit delay (NT). All delay values assume a user data length of 128 octets. d. Radio channel transit delay: assumes a maximum user data transfer rate of [tbd] for a full rate dhannel. e. Corrupt data probability: the probability that data will be delivered to the user with an undetected error. f. QoS negotiation failure rate: the probability that the user requested QoS will be denied. g. QoS non-compliance rate: the probability that the network will fail to provide the agreed QoS to the user. h. NC Establishment ( Call set-up): time to establish a connection-oriented call between an MS and a host in the external X.25 network. i. NC Release ( Call tear down): time to disconnect a connection-oriented call between the MS and a host in the external X.25 network. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.2 Maximum Service Delay | The maximum service delay of a packet routed through a single GSM PLMN without use of a transit network, between the GPRS access point, that the application can tolerate. This figure is the absolute value the application sees, and is the sum of transmission delays (including call set-up, if applicable) across the radio path, between network entities and interworking overheads. It is a requirement that the service delay for GPRS is competitive with existing data networks, both proprietary and standardized. Table 3 presents the required service delay figures as indicated by a preliminary study of potential applications. Additional levels of performance and/ or parameters may be added if necessary. For the purpose of this comparison the service delay is referred to the delay between GPRS access points for a message length of 500 Bytes. Note that the Service Delay is reduced for messages of shorter length. Origin Of Message/ Destination From Fixed Side To Mobile Side From Mobile Side To Fixed Side From Mobile Side To Mobile Side Broadcast Multicast Types Of Service Request (Point-to-point) Singlecast H: <=1s Not Applicable Not Applicable Table 3. QoS Service Delays Key H: High Performance Requirements L: Low Performance Requirements L: <=300s R=95% R=95% R=95% R=95% R=95% R=95% R=95% R: The reliability of a service request preforming within delay limit. Note: the figures indicate maximum delay/minimum QoS requirements. H: <=1s H: <=1s H: <=1s H: <=2s H: <=2s H: <=2s L: <=300s L: <=300s L: <=300s L: <=300s L: <=300s L: <=300s |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.3 Protection (Security Management) | Security mechanisms are required by the PLMN operator in order to guard against fraud, and by the user in order to preserve privacy across the radio path. These mechanisms should provide a flexibility which reflects the variety of security profiles found in potential applications, some of which require low or no security, and some of which require very strict security. For point-to-point packets, the security mechanisms available for existing tele-services and bearer services should be used if possible. For point-to-multipoint packets, encryption is not required. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.3.1 Requirement: Network Protection | Subscriber Validation to guard against unauthorised service usage. TR 101 186 V6.0.0 (1998-04) 15 GSM 01.60 version 6.0.0 |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.3.2 Requirement: User Protection | Both user identity and user data shall be protected as follows: Service Protection PTP Yes PTM-Multicast No PTM-Broadcast No |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.4 Success Rate of Point-to-Multipoint Service | The success rate of point-to-multipoint services defines the probility of a message being received if the MS is within the geographical area and the radio coverage is adequate. |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.5 Residual Error Rates | The acceptable probability of a packet being lost, incorrectly delivered, or duplicated. GPRS residual error rates must be comparable to those of existing dedicated packet networks, both proprietary and standardized. The residual error rates are applicable to all types of service (i.e. point to point and point to multi-point including broadcast). The required maximum residual error/minimum QoS figures below are those indicated by a preliminary study of potential applications. High Performance Requirement: 1 Packet in 10,000 Low Performance Requirement: 1 Packet in 1000 |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.3.6 Priority | Indicates how important a packet is in regard to (a) discarding the packet in the event of problems, and (b) degrading the quality of service, if necessary. GPRS priority requirements must be comparable to those of existing dedicated packet networks, both proprietary and standardized. The required levels of priority below are those indicated by a preliminary study of potential applications. Number of Levels Required: 4 Levels |
b7f768128bc62ad5e5041f910fde346a | 101 186 | 3.4 Phased Implementation | In order to satisfy the otherwise conflicting requirements of early service and high performance plus substantial capacity - e.g. up to one whole carrier dedicated to GPRS - the standard will be may be implemented in phases. It is important that any phased implementation of GPRS shall consider the implications of forward and backward compatibility mechanisms. |
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