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4.4 TDMA frame number validation - downlink
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4.4.1 Threat
This threat applies to TMO only. The attacker sets a fake base station, manipulates the RF environment and captures the MS, and adjusts the values of the frame numbering system as described in clause 4.3.1 above. The attacker then generates the shortest possible downlink message that will provoke a Basic Link Acknowled...
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4.4.2 Countermeasure
ETSI EN 300 392-7 or ETSI TS 100 392-7 [i.1], clause 6.3.2.0a specifies that the MS should only treat the frame numbering received from the BS as valid following an authentication of the SwMI or following a mutual authentication.
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4.5 Entropy of TEA1
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4.5.1 Threat
This threat applies to TMO and DMO. The TEA1 algorithm has a key reduction step which reduces the effective keylength of the key to 32 bits. An overview is provided in ETSI TS 101 053-1 [i.6], clause 8. This was done to allow export of equipment containing TEA1 in some situations. This means that an attacker can mount ...
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4.5.2 Countermeasure
An alternative air interface encryption algorithm can be deployed instead of TEA1. TEA2, TEA3 or TEA4 from TEA set A may be deployed with either the TAA1 or TAA2 authentication and key management algorithm set, or TEA5, TEA6 or TEA7 from TEA set B may be deployed with the TAA2 authentication and key management algorith...
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4.6 Identity Encryption
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4.6.1 Threat
This threat applies to TMO only, and where an algorithm from TEA set A is in use. ETSI ETSI TR 104 291 V1.1.1 (2026-04) 10 If an attacker can capture several clear identities and the equivalent encrypted identities, it is possible to compute an intermediate encryption key that is used in the identity encryption process...
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4.6.2 Countermeasure
The attacker needs to capture a number of authentication transactions that take place in clear (without encryption) to determine a clear and encrypted identity pair for the MS. Encrypted registrations and encrypted authentication transactions (using the previous Derived Cipher Key that was established for the MS) can m...
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4.7 Message injection
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4.7.1 Threat
This threat applies to TMO only. If a key or a keystream can be recovered using the threat mechanisms outlined in clauses 4.3 and 4.4, or if the recipient accepts clear (encryption Class 1) messages as well as encrypted messages, a fake message can be composed and sent on the uplink to the real SwMI, or on the downlink...
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4.7.2 Countermeasure
An MS and SwMI can be configured to only accept encrypted messages sent outside a registration and authentication procedure. An MS with the behaviour described in clause 4.3.2 (explicit IV validation, as specified in ETSI EN 300 392-7 or ETSI TS 100 392-7 [i.1], clause 6.3.2.0a) above will not be susceptible to the key...
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4.8 Reuse of CCK between algorithms
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4.8.1 Threat
This threat applies to TMO only where more than one encryption algorithm from TEA set A is in use on a SwMI, for example during transition from the use of one algorithm to use of another and where service is provided to all users of both algorithms on the same base stations. If a SwMI supports multiple air interface en...
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4.8.2 Countermeasure
Multiple air interface encryption algorithms should only be present for as short a time as possible on a SwMI, for example during transition from one algorithm to another. Users should be aware of the issue and manage the risks. ETSI ETSI TR 104 291 V1.1.1 (2026-04) 11 Individually addressed transmissions are encrypted...
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4.9 End-to-end encryption
The details of end-to-end encryption mechanisms are outside the scope of the TETRA security standards, which make provision for end-to-end encryption, but do not specify the mechanisms that can be employed. ETSI ETSI TR 104 291 V1.1.1 (2026-04) 12 History Version Date Status V1.1.1 April 2026 Publication
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1 Scope
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2 References
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2.1 Normative references
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2.2 Informative references
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3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
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3.1 Definitions
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3.2 Symbols
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3.3 Abbreviations
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4 Overview of the security architecture
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5 Security features
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5.1 Network access security
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5.1.1 User identity confidentiality
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5.1.2 Entity authentication
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5.1.3 Confidentiality
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5.1.4 Data integrity
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5.1.5 Mobile equipment identification
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5.2 Network domain security
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5.2.1 Entity authentication
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5.2.2 Data confidentiality
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5.2.3 Data integrity
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5.2.4 Fraud information gathering system
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5.3 User domain security
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5.3.1 User-to-USIM authentication
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5.3.2 USIM-Terminal Link
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5.4 Application security
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5.4.1 Secure messaging between the USIM and the network
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5.4.2 Network-wide user traffic confidentiality
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5.4.3 Access to user profile data
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5.4.4 IP security
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5.5 Security visibility and configurability
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5.5.1 Visibility
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5.5.2 Configurability
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6 Network access security mechanisms
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6.1 Identification by temporary identities
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6.1.1 General
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6.1.2 TMUI reallocation procedure
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6.1.3 Unacknowledged allocation of a temporary identity
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6.1.4 Location update
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6.2 Identification by a permanent identity
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6.3 Authentication and key agreement
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6.3.1 General
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6.3.2 Distribution of authentication data from HE to SN
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6.3.3 Authentication and key agreement
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6.3.4 Distribution of IMSI and temporary authentication data within one serving network domain
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6.3.5 Re-synchronisation procedure
.................................................................................................................... 27 6.3.6 Reporting authentication failures from the SGSN/VLR to the HLR.......................................................... 27
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6.3.7 Length of sequence numbers
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6.4 Local authentication and connection establishment
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6.4.1 Cipher key and integrity key setting
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6.4.2 Ciphering and integrity mode negotiation
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6.4.3 Cipher key and integrity key lifetime
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6.4.4 Cipher key and integrity key identification
................................................................................................ 29 ETSI ETSI TS 133 102 V3.4.0 (2000-03) 4 3G TS 33.102 version 3.4.0 Release 1999
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6.4.5 Security mode set-up procedure
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6.4.6 Signalling procedures in the case of an unsuccessful integrity check
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6.4.7 Signalling procedure for periodic local authentication
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6.5 Access link data integrity
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6.5.1 General
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6.5.2 Layer of integrity protection
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6.5.3 Data integrity protection method
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6.5.4 Input parameters to the integrity algorithm
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6.5.4.1 COUNT-I
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6.5.4.2 IK
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6.5.4.3 FRESH
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6.5.4.4 DIRECTION
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6.5.4.5 MESSAGE
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6.5.5 Integrity key selection
................................................................................................................................ 35 6.5.6 UIA identification ..................................................................................................................................... 35
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6.6 Access link data confidentiality
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6.6.1 General
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6.6.2 Layer of ciphering
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6.6.3 Ciphering method
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6.6.4 Input parameters to the cipher algorithm
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6.6.4.1 COUNT-C
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6.6.4.2 CK
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6.6.4.3 BEARER
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6.6.4.4 DIRECTION
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6.6.4.5 LENGTH
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6.6.5 Cipher key selection
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6.6.6 UEA identification
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6.7 Network-wide encryption
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6.7.1 Introduction
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6.7.2 Ciphering method
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6.7.3 Key management
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6.7.3.1 General case
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6.7.3.2 Outline scheme for intra-serving network case
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6.7.3.3 Variant on the outline scheme
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