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c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.2.11 Unstructured Supplementary Service Data | The Unstructured Supplementary Service Data is not impacted by BICN. ETSI ETSI TS 103 066 V1.1.2 (2012-04) 20 |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.2.12 Explicit Call Transfer Supplementary Service | The Explicit Call Transfer supplementary service needs additional requirements in BICN, as described in [3]: - Explicit Call Transfer (ECT) (see clause 13.12). |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.2.13 Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber Supplementary Service | The Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber supplementary service needs additional requirements in BICN, as described in [3]: - Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber (CCBS) (see clause 13.13). |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.2.14 Follow Me Service description | The Completion of Follow Me service is not impacted by BICN. |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.3 Railway Specific Services and applications | The list of the following railway specific services and applications is taken from [4]. |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.3.1 Confirmation of High Priority Call | The confirmation of high priority call service is not impacted by BICN. |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.3.2 Functional Addressing | The functional addressing service is not impacted by BICN. |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.3.3 Location Dependent Addressing | The location dependent addressing is not impacted by BICN. |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.3.4 Presentation of Functional Numbers to Called and Calling Parties | The presentation of functional numbers to called and calling parties is not impacted by BICN. |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.3.5 Railway Emergency Call | The railway emergency call is not impacted by BICN. |
c582e3a62db5ce42eea2d481e5a4a675 | 103 066 | 7.3.6 Railway Specific Applications | The railway specific applications (see clause 1.4.1.1 of [4]) are not impacted by BICN. ETSI ETSI TS 103 066 V1.1.2 (2012-04) 21 Annex A (informative): Bibliography ETSI EN 301 515: "Global System for Mobile communication (GSM); Requirements for GSM operation on railways". ETSI TS 102 281: "Railways Telecommunications ... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 1 Scope | The scope of the present document is to define the Radio Programming Interface (RPI) for mobile device reconfiguration. The work is based on the Use Cases defined in ETSI TR 102 944 [i.1], on the system requirements defined in ETSI EN 302 969 [1] and on the radio reconfiguration related architecture for mobile devices ... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 2 References | |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 2.1 Normative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which a... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 2.2 Informative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks i... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Abstract Processing Element (APE): abstracts computational resource that executes any computations downloaded from Radio Library NOTE: APE is connected with input and output DOs. APE is reactive. Any computations are started if all inp... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AOT Ahead-Of-Time APE Abstract Processing Element ASF Abstract Switch Fabric BE Back End CC Configcodes Counter CSL Communication Services Layer CU Control Unit DO Data Object eRVM Elementary RVM eSFB Elementary SFB FB Functional Block FBRI FB... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 4 Introduction | A reconfigurable MD is capable of running multiple radios simultaneously and of changing the set of radios by loading new Radio Application Package (RAP). All Radio Applications (RAs) are called Unified Radio Applications (URAs) when they exhibit a common behaviour from the reconfigurable MD's point of view [i.2]. In o... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 5 System Requirement Mapping | The Radio Programming Interface and its related components described in the present document shall support the system requirements shown in table 5.1 referring to clause 6 of ETSI EN 302 969 [1]. This is achieved by introducing the entities/components/units given in the 1st column of table 5.1. ETSI ETSI TS 103 146-4 V... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6 Radio Virtual Machine specification | |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.1 Concept of RVM | As introduced in ETSI EN 303 095 [i.2], the Radio Virtual Machine (RVM) is an Abstract Machine which is capable of executing Configcodes and it is independent of the hardware. The implementation of a RVM is target Radio Computer specific and it shall have access to the Back-end Compiler (on the platform itself or exter... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.2 Elementary RVM (eRVM) | This clause describes the eRVM which shall consist of components of Basic Operations, Program memory, Control Unit (CU), Abstract Switch Fabric (ASF) as well as APEs and DOs, of which the definitions are as follows. eRVM shall not contain another eRVM or RVM. • Basic Operations shall include operators either provided: ... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.3 RVM Hierarchy | Figure 6.6 illustrates RVM hierarchy which shall consist of APEs, DOs, Basic Operations, Program memory, CU, ASF and eRVMs/RVMs. Note that RVM might contain another eRVM(s)/RVM(s). Each eRVM/RVM in this case functions like an APE. Similarly to the case of figure 6.2, the CU in figure 6.6 connects the DO(s) to the corre... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.4 Data types | |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.4.1 Types and Values | The only data types for DOs shall be tokens which have some size in bits. The DOs structure is recognized by initialized APE. NOTE: As one example, full DOs can be treated an allocation of bits in memory. |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.4.2 Run-Time Data | There shall be the following Run-Time Data types: 1) CC (Configcodes Counter) register : positive 32-bit integer. 2) Constant DOs: dynamic allocation of bits existing only during task execution and initialized by some external agent. In short, this DO is related to externally provided data. 3) Intermediate DOs: dynamic... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.5 Arithmetic | Arithmetic is not fixed but defined by operations from Basic Operations. |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.6 Exceptions | There shall be 2 types of exceptions: • Generated by DOs, see table 6.1. Table 6.1: DO Exceptions Value Semantic 00 No exception 01 Operation with size > DO size 10 Conflicting writes 11 Conflicting read-erase operations • Generated by APEs/(e)RVMs, see table 6.2. Table 6.2 : APE/(e)RVM Exceptions Exception Semantic 00... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.7 Control, Synchronization and Execution | Control shall be data-driven only. Execution shall be done by APE in case that • All input DOs are configured and full in case of terminal operations; • All input DOs are configured and some of them are full in case of nonterminal operations; • APE is configured; • APE is connected with configured DOs. After APE has be... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.8 Operations with Memory | In the applied model, memory is considered be flat and infinite. Its implementation is out the scope of the present document. Any RVM shall have access to the memory. DOs shall be allocated in the memory during their configuration. The memory shall allow multiple parallel read write operations. Conflicting operations s... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 6.9 RVM run-time environment | The RVM Runtime Environment (RVM RE), e.g. software based, allows to run RAs which might be Configcodes or executable codes: 1) In case of CConfigcode execution, the RVM RE comprises a RVM interpreter. 2) In case of executable codes, binary platform-specific codes are created which are executed on the target platform. ... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 7 Configcodes for RVM | |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 7.0 Introduction | This clause explains how the Configcodes are generated as a result of front-end compilation of the software Intermediate Representation (SWIR) during the design time of RA code distribution. The Configcodes are typically generated in either binary or eXtensible Markup Langugage (XML) depending on vendor's choice. |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 7.1 Configcodes generation | This clause explains how the Configcodes are generated in either binary or XML format, which is referred to as a RVM Input file in the present document. Figure 7.1 illustrates the processing steps of generating the Configcodes from corresponding SWIR. Processing of Configcodes generation shown in figure 7.1 starts from... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 7.2 Binary format for Configcodes | In this clause, the format of binary Configcodes is presented. Each task shall include one or several Configcodes. Each of them shall consist of Control Configcode, DO Configcode, APE Configcode, ASF Configcode and optionally Next Configcode Address Offset (NCAO). The field NCAO shall be augmented if NAF = 1. The binar... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 7.3 XML schema for Configcodes | In this clause, the XML schema for Configcodes is presented. Each task includes one or several Configcodes. ETSI ETSI TS 103 146-4 V1.1.1 (2017-01) 24 Task configcode DOconfig APEconfig DO Virtual ASF Port APE Complex Switch IF FOR WHILE Port Port Port Port Port Port Figure 7.8: XML elements consisting of Configcodes F... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 8 Radio Library | |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 8.0 Introduction | The Radio Library shall include the entire set of SFBs [i.2]. The Radio Library is categorized into two kinds as follows: • Reference Radio Library shall provide normative definition of each SFB. • Native Radio Library shall provide platform-specific description of each SFB which represents the target platform hardware... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 8.1 Reference Radio Library | The Reference Radio Library shall include the information regarding each operator downloaded from the Basic Operations of RVM introduced in clause 6 in the case of front-end compilation. The operator corresponds to each SFB defined in ETSI EN 303 095 [i.2]. The Reference Radio Library shall include normative definition... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 8.2 Native Radio Library | The Native Radio Library shall include information on how each SFB in the Reference Radio Library is implemented in a target hardware platform. The information shall explicitly specify the implementation of each SFB in the Reference Radio Library using dedicated hardware accelerators and/or programmable devices provide... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 9 Loading, Linking and Initialization | RVM shall be instantiated for execution of platform-specific Configcodes obtained from the back-end compiler. The instantiation consists of three steps (following back-end compilation creating platform-specific ConfigCodes for RVM (note: in a different set-up, back-end compilation may create binary code, then no RVM pr... |
0aada0d3530f52f615ec1e40532bd4ac | 103 146-4 | 10 Compiling for RVM (Front-End Compilation) | This paragraph describes the front-end part of the compilation process related to the transformation of input source code into platform independent RVM Configcodes. There are two alternatives to obtain Configcodes: 1) RadioApp code (e.g. in C, C++, Java, etc.) is used as an input. Following parallelization (SWIR is obt... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 1 Scope | The present document provides information on general arrangements for radiated measurements from 30 MHz to 100 GHz, and guidance on the use of radiation test sites. The present document captures the state of the art regarding radiated measurement techniques, their capabilities and associated arrangements. Whilst it rem... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which ar... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] CISPR 16-1-1: "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus". [2] CISPR 16-1-4: " Specification for r... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] ETSI TS 103 051: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Expanded measurement uncertainty for the measurement of radiated ele... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: antenna: that part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves antenna factor: quantity relating the strength of the field in which the antenna is immersed to the output voltage... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: β 2π/λ (radians/m) γ incidence angle with ground plane (°) λ wavelength (m) φH phase angle of reflection coefficient (°) η 120π Ohms - the intrinsic impedance of free space (Ω) μ permeability (H/m) AFR antenna factor of the receive antenna (dB/m) AF... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: dB decibel emf electromotive force ERP Effective Radiated Power EUT Equipment Under Test FAR Fully Anechoic Rooms FSL Free Space Loss IF Intermediate Frequency LO Local Oscillator m meter Mu Measurement uncertainty NSA Normalized Site Attenuat... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.1 Substitution method | The substitution method can be used even without proven suitability of the test site since the errors of the test site at certain frequencies are constant and become compensated by the substitution. Accuracy of the substitution predominantly depends on the accuracy of the RF source's indicator and the exact gain specif... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.1.1 Principle of the substitution measurement method | When assessing the radiated power with the substitution method the peak power is evaluated. Due to a vast compensation of the failure impacts of the "comparison test site" the Measurement uncertainty (Mu) can be significantly reduced. Disadvantage of this method is that it causes increased time expenditure when a lot o... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.2 Pre-Substitution method | The pre-substitution method is a simplified procedure which cannot replace substitution. It is only feasible when it is proven that the test site is suitable for the particular test frequency range in the 30 MHz to 100 GHz range. The corresponding verification can be effected with the NSA or SVSWR procedure. This verif... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.3 Field strength measurement | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.3.1 Principle of the field strength measurement (CISPR 16) | The measurement is effected at the field strength measuring antenna in a defined distance to the EUT (e.g. in 3 m or 10 m). During field strength assessment several uncertainties are added which result from the qualification of normalized site attenuation of the test site within the +4 dB limit, the conversion from fie... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.4.1 Method of measurement | A test site according to the requirements of clause A.1 shall be selected. The requirements of clauses A.2 and A.3 shall be regarded. Step 1 Signal generator A shall be placed in the location of the turntable in correspondence with the EUT's antenna polarization where possible. The EUT shall be placed in location of th... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.5 Antenna pattern measurement | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.5.1 Definition | The antenna pattern is defined as the antenna radiating efficiency in all directions relative to the antenna bore sight. |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 4.5.2 Method of measurements | The measurements can be made on any test site described in clause 5 using the set-up in figure 8 whereas it shall be regarded that when performing the measurement on an OATS or in a Semi-Anechoic room with conductive Ground Plane, the floor shall be covered with radio absorbing material. Figure 8: Test set-up for measu... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5 Test sites and general arrangements | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.1 Open Area Test Site (OATS) | An Open Area Test Site comprises a turntable at one end and an antenna mast of variable height at the other set above a ground plane which, in the ideal case, is perfectly conducting and of infinite extent. In practice, whilst good conductivity can be achieved, the ground plane size has to be limited. A typical Open Ar... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.2 Other test sites | The test sites described below are equipped with absorbers for attenuation of reflexions. These absorbers' efficiency is subject to a lower and an upper cut-off frequency. For the use at higher frequencies suitability of these test sites has to be verified with regard to attenuation of reflexions, resonances in connect... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.2.1 Test sites with radio absorbing material | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.2.1.1 Semi-Anechoic Rooms with a conductive Ground Plane | A Semi-Anechoic Room with a conductive Ground Plane is an enclosure, usually shielded, whose internal walls and ceiling are covered with radio absorbing material, normally of the pyramidal urethane foam type. The floor, which is metallic, is not covered and forms the ground plane. The room usually contains an antenna m... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.2.1.2 Fully Anechoic Rooms (FAR) | A Fully Anechoic Room is an enclosure whose internal walls, floor and ceiling are covered with radio absorbing material, normally of the pyramidal urethane foam type. It is normally shielded against local ambient. The room contains an antenna support at one end and a turntable at the other. A typical Anechoic Room is s... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.2.3 Reflecting test sites | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.2.3.1 Electromagnetic reverberation chambers (RVC) | This test site is rather not useful for radiated measurements since this site averages in an undefined way which means that it is unsuitable for mean value measurements. Peak value measurements and measurements of fast chirps are not feasible due to retention periods in the chamber which leads to rounding. Since there ... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.3 Antennas | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.3.1 Test antenna | A test antenna is always used in radiated test methods. In emission tests (i.e. effective radiated power, radiated spurious emissions) the test antenna is used to detect the field from the EUT in one stage of the measurement and from the substitution antenna in the other stage. For tests of receiver parameter of EUTs w... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.3.2 Substitution antenna | The substitution antenna is used to replace the EUT for tests in which transmitting parameters (i.e. effective radiated power, radiated spurious emissions) are being measured. In this case the antenna acts as a reference radiator to transmit a known radiated power. The substitution antenna is also used to measure a cer... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 5.3.3 Signalling antenna | In certain cases the EUT requires some signalling in order to provide its operating or test modes which can be effected by a corresponding signalling antenna. It shall be ensured that this antenna has no coupling effects against the test or substitution antenna. |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites | This clause details procedures, test equipment arrangements and verification that should be carried out before any of the radiated test are undertaken. These schemes are common to all types of test sites described in clause 5. |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.1 Verification | No test should be carried out on a test site which does not possess a valid certificate of verification. The verification procedures for the different types of test sites described in clause 5 (i.e. anechoic chamber, anechoic chamber with a ground plane and Open Area Test Site) are given in the relevant parts of TR 102... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.2 Preparation | The cables for both ends of the test site should be routed horizontally away from the testing area for a minimum of 2 m (unless, in the case both types of anechoic chamber, a back wall is reached) and then allowed to drop vertically and out through either the ground plane or screen (as appropriate) to the test equipmen... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.3 Power supplies (to the EUT) | All tests should be performed using power supplies wherever possible, including tests on EUT designed for battery-only use. In all cases, power leads should be connected to the EUT's supply terminals (and monitored with a digital voltmeter) but the battery should remain present, electrically isolated from the rest of t... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.4 Settings | Settings will vary with the type of equipment being used and the EUT. Please ensure that you have fully researched the EUT and fully understand its parameters including bandwidth frequency and power. 6.5 Range length except for field strength test sites as per CISPR 16 • It shall be ensured that the measurements are ba... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.6 Coupling of steering, modulation and demodulation signals | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.6.1 Temporary connections and electrical lines | When using temporary connectors or lines for measurements in the radiated field it has to be regarded that the presence of such galvanic leads in the radiated field may cause a disturbance of that field and may lead to false test results. These disturbances can be minimized by using suitable coupling methods, offering ... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.6.2 Data Signals | Isolation can be provided by the use of optical, ultra sonic or infra red means. Field disturbance can be minimized by using a suitable fibre optic connection. Ultra sonic or infra red radiated connections require suitable measures for the minimization of ambient noise. |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.6.3 Speech and analogue signals | Where an audio output socket is not available an acoustic coupler should be used. When using the acoustic coupler, care should be exercised that possible ambient noise does not influence the test result. |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.6.3.1 Acoustic coupler description | The acoustic coupler comprises a plastic funnel, an acoustic pipe and a microphone with a suitable amplifier. The materials used to fabricate the funnel and pipe should be of low conductivity and of low relative dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5). • The acoustic pipe should be long enough to reach from the EUT to... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.7 Calibration | All tests (results) shall be conducted in a reproducible and traceable manner including corresponding measurement uncertainty. Therefore it is compulsory to calibrate test sites. Calibration of a test site including all single instruments should be conducted according to the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in me... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.8 Standard test position | The standard position in all test sites for equipment which is not intended to be worn on a person, including hand-held equipment, shall be on a non conducting support with an εr as close as possible to one, height 1,5 m, capable of rotating about a vertical axis through the equipment. The standard position of the equi... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.9 Test fixtures | Basic instructions and requirements for the use of test fixtures can be found in the TR 102 273 [5]. |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.9.1 Introduction | Test fixtures are tools that allow the measurement of certain radio parameters of a EUT whilst it is subjected to extremes of either voltage or temperature or both. They only allow relative measurements to be carried out since its coupling mechanism to the EUT is extremely complex, making it virtually impossible to cal... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.9.4 Validation of the test-fixture in the climatic facility | This test is only needed if test fixture measurements are performed under extreme temperature conditions. The method described in the present clause is only an example for validation of a test fixture. It is also possible to use other methods under good engineering practice that lead to a retraceable result. In any cas... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.9.6 Mode of use | The test fixture may be used to facilitate some of the transmitter and receiver measurements in the case of equipment having an integral antenna. It is used particularly for the measurement of the radiated carrier power and usable sensitivity expressed as a field strength under extreme conditions. The measurements unde... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.9.7 Performance limitations | The coupling mechanism between the EUT and the test fixture is extremely complex since the two are placed physically and electrically very close together. This complexity makes any attempt at theoretically modelling a test fixture's performance not only very difficult but also time consuming and costly. In practice, th... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.10 RF cables | Radio equipment with external antenna connectors, antennas, measuring equipment connectors and other RF connectors are usually standardized with transfer impedances of 50 Ω (asymmetrical). When using RF cables it has to be ensured that these cables have a low loss. Compliance with the impedance level in the frequency r... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.11 RF waveguides | Wired signal transmission in the millimetre range is preferably realized by means of waveguides because they offer low attenuation and high reproducibility. Unlike coaxial cables, the frequency range in which waveguides can be used is limited also towards lower frequencies (highpass filter characteristics). Wave propag... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.12 External harmonic mixers | |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.12.1 Introduction | Measuring receivers (test receivers or spectrum analyzers) with coaxial input are commercially available up to 26,5 GHz to 67 GHz. The frequency range is extended from 26,5 / 67 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond by means of external harmonic mixers. Harmonic mixers are used because the fundamental mixing commonly employed i... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.12.2 Signal identification | A setup with Harmonic mixers without pre-selection displays always a pair of signals with a spacing of 2 x fIF, as there is no image suppression. For a modulated signal with a bandwidth of > 2 x fIF both, wanted and image response overlap and cannot be separated any more. Depending on the width of the analyzed frequenc... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.12.3 Conversion loss data and measurement uncertainty | Calibrated conversion loss data for harmonic mixers are given for a dedicated number of harmonic, IF frequency and LO power. They cannot be used for a different number of harmonic. It is equally essential that the LO level at the harmonic mixer matches the LO level for which the conversion loss data have been derived. ... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.12.4 Preamplifier | Preamplifiers shall have asymmetric inputs and outputs with an impedance of 50 Ω. Preamplifier shall be sufficiently calibrated with regard to frequency response, amplification factor, linearity and compression. Should this not be obtainable, the amplification factor shall be determined at a certain frequency with a ce... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.12.5 Wave Guide Attenuators | Due to the fact that external harmonic mixers can only be fed with low RF power it may be necessary to attenuate input powers in defined manner using wave guide attenuators. These attenuators should be calibrated and suitable to handle corresponding powers. |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.12.6 Measurement hints | To obtain accurate and reproducible results, the following points should be observed: • A low-loss cable with a flat frequency response should be used for feeding the LO signal to the mixer. The conversion loss of the mixer is normally specified for a defined LO level. It is therefore important to maintain this level a... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 6.13 Measuring receiver | The term "measuring receiver" refers to a frequency-selective voltmeter or a spectrum analyser. An RMS detector is used if not defined otherwise for a specific measurement. The measurement bandwidth of the measuring receiver shall, where possible, be according to CISPR 16 [1], [2] and [3]. In order to obtain the requir... |
cde2a64ceb4f5b51b52030478fd00c1e | 103 052 | 7 Measurement uncertainty |
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