question stringlengths 501 2.93k | options dict | answer stringclasses 3
values | answer_idx stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
To investigate the effect of fenofibrate on sleep apnoea indices. Proof-of-concept study comprising a placebo run-in period (1 week, 5 weeks if fibrate washout was required) and a 4-week randomized, double-blind treatment period. Thirty-four subjects (mean age 55 years, body mass index 34 kg/m 2 , fasting triglycerides... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To illustrate how maternal mortality audit identifies different causes of and contributing factors to maternal deaths in different settings in low- and high-income countries and how this can lead to local solutions in reducing maternal deaths. Descriptive study of maternal mortality from different settings and review o... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Blood stream infection (BSI) and the subsequent development of sepsis are among the most common infection complications occurring in severe burn patients. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the burn wound flora and BSI pathogens. Documentation of all bacterial and fungal wound and blood isolat... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The gap between evidence-based treatments and routine care has been well established. Findings from the Sequenced Treatments Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) emphasized the importance of measurement-based care for the treatment of depression as a key ingredient for achieving response and remission; yet measu... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) on topographical distribution patterns of lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer was unknown. Patients with FIGO stage IB1-IIB who underwent radical surgery with or without NACT were enrolled (3527 patients). A matched-case comparison design was used to compare the effect... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To study the relationship between lunar position and the day of delivery; to investigate the synodic distribution of spontaneous deliveries, especially in relation to the presence of a full moon. Retrospective analysis of 1248 spontaneous full-term deliveries in three-year period (36 lunar months), setted at Department... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Each patient received a smartphone with an insulin dose advisor (IDA) and with (G3 group) or without (G2 group) the telemonitoring/teleconsultation function. Patients were classified as "high users" if the proportion of "informed" meals using the IDA exceeded 67% (median) and as "low users" if not. Also analyzed was th... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Patients transported by helicopter often require advanced airway management. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the in-flight environment of air medical transport in a BO-105 helicopter impairs the ability of flight nurses to perform oral endotracheal intubation. The study was conducted in an MBB... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Digital tomosynthesis (DT) is a new X-ray-based imaging technique that allows image enhancement with minimal increase in radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare DT with noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) and to evaluate its potential role for the follow-up of patients with nephrolithiasis in a ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Longitudinal cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa are urgently needed to understand cardiovascular disease development. We, therefore, explored health behaviours and conventional risk factors of African individuals with optimal blood pressure (BP) (≤ 120/80 mm Hg), and their 5-year prediction for the development of hyp... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To report an uncommon association of prostate and lung cancer. The characteristics of both tumors, their association with tumors in other sites and the time of presentation are analyzed. Both tumors were in the advanced stages. Metastatic carcinoma of the prostate was discarded due to the form of presentation.
Using t... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) with intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a common treatment in couples with unexplained non-conception. Induction of multifollicular growth is considered to improve pregnancy outcome, but it contains an increased risk of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. In ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Ascitis and undernutrition are frequent complications of cirrhosis, however ascitis volume and anthropometric assessment are not routinely documented or considered in prognostic evaluation. In a homogeneous cohort followed during two years these variables were scrutinized, aiming to ascertain relevance for longterm out... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Since insulin therapy might have an atherogenic effect, we studied the relationship between cumulative insulin dose and atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes. We have focused on patients with type 1 diabetes instead of type 2 diabetes to minimise the effect of insulin resistance as a potential confounder. An observational... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Refusal of patients to participate in intervention programs is an important problem in clinical trials but, in general, researchers devote relatively little attention to it. In this article, a comparison is made between patients who, after having been invited, agreed to participate in a self-management intervention (pa... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The present study investigated factors that explain when and why different groups of teammates are more likely to request and accept backup from one another when needed in an environment characterized by extreme time pressure and severe consequences of error: commercial air traffic control (ATC). Transactive memory the... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
A list of telephone numbers of UK hospitals with a radiology department was obtained from the Royal College of Radiologists. One hundred hospitals were then randomly selected for inclusion in the survey. An 18-item questionnaire was successfully administered to consultant radiologists from 84 departments. Sixty-one per... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Hepatitis G virus can cause chronic infection in man but the role of this agent in chronic liver disease is poorly understood. Little is known about the relation of another newly discovered agent, the TT virus, with chronic liver disease.AIM: To investigate the rate of infection with hepatitis G virus and TT virus in p... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Enlargement of the ascending aorta is often combined with valvular, coronary, or other cardiac diseases. Reduction aortoplasty can be an optional therapy; however, indications regarding the diameter of aorta, the history of dilatation (poststenosis, bicuspid aortic valve), or the intraoperative management (wall excisio... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To evaluate the usefulness of half-dose contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography for depicting the abdominal aorta and its major branches. A total of 72 consecutive patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups that underwent MR angiography after receiving different concentrations (original or dilu... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To assess the results of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing's disease over a period of 18 years, and to determine if there are factors which will predict the outcome. Sixty-nine sequential patients treated surgically by a single surgeon in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1980 and 1997 were identifie... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The aim of this study was to analyze the properties of the immune cell microenvironment of regional lymph nodes (LNs) positive for lung cancer. Twenty-four patients operated on for stages T1 and T2 of the NSCLC, were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood and LN tissue were obtained from different lymph node sites and... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To investigate the ability of a bedside swallowing assessment to reliably exclude aspiration following acute stroke. Consecutive patients admitted within 24 h of stroke onset to two hospitals. A prospective study. Where possible, all patients had their ability to swallow assessed on the day of admission by both a docto... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The aim of this study was to prospectively compare the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the preoperative locoregional staging of gastric cancer. This study had Institutional Review Board approval, and informed co... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Studies have linked ethnic differences in depression rates with neighbourhood ethnic density although results have not been conclusive. We looked at this using a novel approach analysing whole population data covering just over one million GP patients in four London boroughs. Using a dataset of GP records for all patie... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The authors examined equivalence of wandering and physically nonaggressive agitation (PNA) as concepts. A cross-sectional correlational design was used. Participants were recruited from 22 nursing homes and 6 assisted living facilities in two states. Ambulatory residents meeting DSM-IV criteria for dementia (N = 181) w... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The 'law of spatiotemporal concentrations of events' introduced major preventative shifts in policing communities. 'Hotspots' are at the forefront of these developments yet somewhat understudied in emergency medicine. Furthermore, little is known about interagency 'data-crossover', despite some developments through the... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Ambulatory 24-h dual-channel pharyngeal and oesophageal pH monitoring is the standard test for measuring gastro-oesophageal and gastropharyngeal reflux. Artefacts caused by the intake of food may result in falsely positive gastropharyngeal reflux, which necessitates a manual review of 24-h pH data. The purpose of the s... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
To estimate changes in uterine myoma volume during pregnancy. Review of departmental electronic perinatal database and medical records. Canadian Task Force Classification II-3. Obstetrical ultrasound unit in an academic tertiary care center. One hundred-seven patients diagnosed with uterine myomas during pregnancy and ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has become the gold standard treatment for small (less than 6 cm) adrenal masses. However, the role of LA for large-volume (more than 6 cm) masses has not been well defined. Our aim was to evaluate, retrospectively, the outcome of LA for adrenal lesions larger than 7 cm. 18 consecutive l... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
We sought to develop a more reliable structured implicit chart review instrument for use in assessing the quality of care for chronic disease and to examine if ratings are more reliable for conditions in which the evidence base for practice is more developed. We conducted a reliability study in a cohort with patient re... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The robust relationship between socioeconomic factors and health suggests that social and economic policies might substantially affect health, while other evidence suggests that medical care, the main focus of current health policy, may not be the primary determinant of population health. Income support policies are on... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The aim of this study was to determine if educating residents about the potential effects of radiation exposure from computed tomographic (CT) imaging alters ordering patterns. This study also explored whether referring physicians are interested in radiation education and was an initial effort to address their CT order... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To report three cases illustrating that it is not unusual for a primary eyelid tumour to metastasise to the parotid gland and vice versa. Two patients with malignant parotid tumours underwent radical parotidectomy and presented subsequently with eyelid lesions. Biopsy showed that both eyelid lesions were histologically... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
In this study, an expert panel assessed causality of adverse reports by using the WHO global introspection (GI) method. The same reports were independently assessed using 15 published algorithms. The causality assessment level 'possible' was considered the lower limit for a report to be considered to be drug related. F... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
That alcohol consumption is strongly influenced by the drinking behavior of social company has been demonstrated in observational research. However, not everyone is equally vulnerable to other people's drinking, and it is important to unravel which factors underlie these individual differences. This study focuses on th... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Recent studies have demonstrated that statins have pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory effects and atrial fibrillation (AF) preventive effects. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of preoperative statin therapy in preventing AF after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). 221 patients u... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine whether the use of empiric chest radiography (CXR) is of significant value in detecting clinically unsuspected acute chest syndrome (ACS) in febrile patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Patients with SCD presenting to the emergency department and hematology clinic with temperature greater than or equal... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The primary physis is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. Similarly, epiphysial growth relies on endochondral ossification from the circumferential secondary physeal [corrected]. injury can result in disruption of normal ossification. The cause of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) remains elusive. We hypot... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
A growing body of research emphasizes the importance of contextual factors on health outcomes. Using postcode sector data for Scotland (UK), this study tests the hypothesis of spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between area-level deprivation and mortality to determine if contextual differences in the West vs. th... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Schools can play an important role in the prevention of obesity, e.g. by providing an environment that stimulates healthy eating habits and by developing a food policy to provide such an environment. The effectiveness of a school food policy is affected by the content of the policy, its implementation and its support b... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The atopy patch test (APT), namely the patch test with aeroallergens, is regarded as specific for patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), but small numbers of positive APT were reported in the past also in atopic subjects without dermatitis and in healthy persons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to the... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Arterial catheters are routinely used to sample blood for clotting studies in most cardiothoracic intensive care units. The clotting profile in surgical bleeding after cardiac surgery influences further management. Aspiration and discard of a certain amount of blood from the line, prior to sampling, are assumed to clea... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at different loci have been associated with breast cancer susceptibility, accounting for around 10% of the familial component. Recent studies have found direct associations between specific SNPs and breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Our aim was to determine wheth... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
In this study we investigated whether the association between measures of fetal growth restriction and intellectual performance was mediated by socioeconomic or familial factors. This was a population-based cohort study of 357,768 Swedish males born as singletons without congenital malformations between 1973 and 1981. ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Outcome feedback is the process of learning patient outcomes after their care within the emergency department. We conducted a national survey of Canadian Royal College emergency medicine (EM) residents and program directors to determine the extent to which active outcome feedback and follow-up occurred. We also compare... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
To compare two treatment strategies in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome: early surfactant administration (within one hour of birth) versus late surfactant administration, in a geographically defined population. The primary outcome was chronic lung disease (CLD) and mortality before/at 36... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
It was the aim of the present study to elaborate criteria for the assessment of rapid hemodynamic progression of valvar aortic stenosis. These criteria are of special importance when cardiac surgery is indicated for other reasons but the established criteria for aortic valve replacement are not yet fulfilled. Such aspe... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Prospective multicenter longitudinal cohort study. To validate the prognostic value of the acute phase sacral sparing measurements with regard to chronic phase-independent ambulation in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). European Multicenter Study of Human Spinal Cord Injury (EM-SCI). In 432 patients, ac... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Most older drivers continue to drive as they age. To maintain safe and independent transport, mobility is important for all individuals, but especially for older drivers. The objective of this study was to investigate whether automatic transmission, compared with manual transmission, may improve the driving behavior of... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To understand which genes are really involved in the implantation process, we planned to study the gene basal expression profile during the window of implantation (WOI) of patients who became pregnant in a subsequent ICSI cycle. Women attending their first ICSI cycle at ANDROS Day Surgery for severe male factor inferti... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
We tested the hypothesis that the treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) would be improved under the care of laparoscopic specialists. The records of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for AC from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 1998 were reviewed retrospectively. Of 170 patients, 48 were cared for by three... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Children referred with symptomatic gallstones complicating HS between April 1999 and April 2009 were prospectively identified and reviewed retrospectively. During this period, the policy was to undertake concomitant splenectomy only if indicated for haematological reasons and not simply because of planned cholecystecto... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential use of a 3-phase bone scintigraphy method to determine the level of amputation on treatment cost, morbidity and mortality, reamputation rates, and the duration of hospitalization in diabetic foot. Thirty patients who were admitted to our clinic between September 2008 an... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Older adults (OA) with advanced cancer (AC) undergoing phase I clinical trials (PICT) have poor prognosis. There are no studies which describe symptoms experienced by OA. Retrospective chart review of PICT participants>60 years. OA were compared by age (>65 vs 60-65) and by number of symptoms (>3 vs ≤3). N = 56. Mean a... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To assess pain-related attentional biases among individuals with episodic migraine. Prior studies have examined whether chronic pain patients selectively attend to pain-related stimuli in the environment, but these studies have produced largely mixed findings and focused primarily on patients with chronic musculoskelet... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The aetiology of osteochondritis dissecans is still unclear. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to analyse whether vitamin D insufficiency, or deficiency, might be a contributing etiological factor in the development of an OCD lesion. The serum level of vitamin D3 in 23 consecutive patients (12 male and 11 fem... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
This was a study to compare the results of mitral valve (MV) repair and MV replacement for the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation (MR) in advanced dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy (DCM). One-hundred and thirty-two patients with severe functional MR and systolic dysfunction (mean ejection fraction 0.32 ± 0.... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Our hypothesis is that the adoption of Department of Health (DH) guidance has led to an improvement in outcome in gynaecological cancer survival. In 1999 the DH in England introduced the Improving Outcomes in Gynaecological Cancer guidance, advising case management by multidisciplinary teams with surgical concentration... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
There is controversy surrounding the optimal management of the testicular remnant associated with the vanishing testes syndrome. Some urologists advocate the need for surgical exploration, whereas others believe this is unnecessary. These differing opinions are based on the variable reports of viable germ cell elements... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Longitudinally following patients requires a full-time employee (FTE)-dependent data inflow infrastructure. There are efforts to capture patient-reported outcomes (PROs) by the use of non-FTE-dependent methodologies. In this study, we set out to assess the reliability of PRO data captured via FTE-dependent compared wit... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (EPSCC) are rare tumors where therapy remains poorly defined. We sought to determine the impact of surgical extirpation and radiation therapy for outcomes of EPSCC. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for patients with EPSCC which were further... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Cutaneous melanoma in nonwhite persons has a manifestation and a prognosis that are different than those of cutaneous melanoma in white persons. Case series. Tertiary care university-affiliated community medical center located in a multiethnic state in which white persons are a minority of the population. Consecutive s... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
To study whether nontriploid partial hydatidiform moles truly exist. We conducted a reevaluation of pathology and ploidy in 19 putative nontriploid partial hydatidiform moles using standardized histologic diagnostic criteria and repeat flow cytometric testing by the Hedley technique. On review of the 19 moles, 53% (10/... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Mediastinal lymph node dissection is an essential component of lung cancer surgery; however, choosing mediastinal lymph nodes stations to be dissected is subjective. We carried out this research to investigate the need for dissection of station 9 lymph nodes during lung cancer surgery. Patients with primary lung cancer... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
A secondary analysis of one-hundred-sixty-seven patients referred for treatment of cancer-related pain was conducted. Pain intensity at admission was recorded and patients were divided in three categories of pain intensity: mild, moderate and severe. Patients were offered a treatment with opioid dose titration, accordi... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Cytokeratin 7/20 staining has been reported to be helpful in diagnosing Barrett's oesophagus and gastric intestinal metaplasia. However, this is still a matter of some controversy. To determine the diagnostic usefulness of cytokeratin 7/20 immunostaining for short-segment Barrett's oesophagus in Korea. In patients with... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Men appear to benefit more from being married than women with respect to mortality in middle age. However, there is some uncertainty about gender differences in mortality risks in older individuals, widowed, divorced and single individuals and about the impact of living arrangements. Longitudinal data with 1990 census ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Epidemiological data show significant associations of vitamin D deficiency and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D may prevent autoimmunity by stimulating naturally occurring regulatory T cells. To elucidate whether vitamin D supplementation increases Tregs frequency (%Tregs) within circulating CD4+ T cells. We performed an... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Kell haemolytic disease in pregnancies has been suggested to be associated with decreased fetal platelet counts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of fetal thrombocytopenia in pregnancies complicated by Kell alloimmunization. In this retrospective cohort study, fetal platelet... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The identification of the most suspect enhancing part of a lesion is regarded as a major diagnostic criterion in dynamic magnetic resonance mammography. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) software allows the semi-automatic analysis of the kinetic characteristics of complete enhancing lesions, providing additional informati... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To date, no prospective comparative study of the diagnostic value of STIR versus T1-weighted (T1w) sequences at both 1.5 T and 3 T has been performed with special focus on the detectability of bone metastases. 212 oncological patients had a whole-body MRI at 1.5 T and/or at 3 T. The standard protocol comprised STIR and... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
There is increasing concern amongst educators that the provision of recorded lectures may reduce student attendance of live lectures. We therefore sought to determine if the provision of prerecorded lecture video podcasts (VODcasts) to first-year Graduate Entry to Medicine (GEM) students, affected attendance at 21 Phys... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
It has been suggested that increasing obesity levels in young women lead to intrauterine environments that, in turn, stimulate increased obesity among their offspring, generating an intergenerational acceleration of obesity levels. If this mechanism is important, the association of maternal body mass index (BMI) with o... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The aim of the study was to evaluate, if elderly persons are sufficiently protected against infectious diseases by vaccination. 300 elderly (>60 years) and 300 young (<35 years) persons from five Austrian cities were recruited according to the criteria of a field study. Antibody concentrations against tetanus, diphther... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Peripheral venous thrombophlebitis (PVT) is a common complication of intravenous cannulation, occurring in about 30% of patients. We evaluated the effect of elective re-siting of intravenous cannulae every 48 hours on the incidence and severity of PVT in patients receiving intravenous fluids/drugs. We randomized 42 pat... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Neuromedin U (NmU) is a neuropeptide with anorexigenic activity. Two receptor subtypes (NmUR1 and NmUR2) confer the effects of NmU on target cells. We have recently demonstrated that NmU reduces insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. Aim of our current study is to investigate the role of somatostatin at med... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine the ability of early sonogram to predict the presentation of twin A at birth. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on all twin pregnancies evaluated at our Fetal Evaluation Unit from 2007 to 2009. Sonogram records were reviewed for the presentation of twin A at seven gestational age intervals and inp... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Women's vulnerability for a first lifetime-onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) during midlife is substantial. It is unclear whether risk factors differ for first lifetime-onset and recurrent MDD. Identifying these risk factors can provide more focused depression screening and earlier intervention. This study aims ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To evaluate the effects of insulin 30/70 twice daily or bedtime isophane (NPH) insulin plus continued sulfonylurea and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care. Open-label, randomized trial. Persons younger than 76 years with type 2 diabetes whose disease had not been controlled with oral hypoglycemic... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
In the prehospital setting, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals rely on providing positive pressure ventilation with a bag-valve-mask (BVM). Multiple emergency medicine and critical care studies have shown that lung-protective ventilation protocols reduce morbidity and mortality. Our primary objective was to... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine the rate of early infection for totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) placed without antibiotic prophylaxis. A list of patients who underwent TIVAD placement in 2009 was obtained from the patient archiving and communication system (PACS). This list was cross-referenced to all patients who unde... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
There is no standard protocol for the evaluation of antiseptics used for skin and mucous membranes in the presence of interfering substances. Our objective was to suggest trial conditions adapted from the NF EN 13727 standard, for the evaluation of antiseptics used in gynecology and dermatology. Three antiseptic soluti... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of patients who were referred to specialist care after reporting gynecological cancer alarm symptoms to their general practitioner. We sought to investigate whether contact with specialist care was associated with lifestyle factors or socioeconomic status. Nationwid... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Current guidelines for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in women recommend empiric therapy with antibiotics for which local resistance rates do not exceed 10-20%. We hypothesized that resistance rates of Escherichia coli to fluoroquinolones may have surpassed this level in older women in the... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
There is a positive association between chronic inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular disease, but whether there is an association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and carotid atherosclerosis is controversial. We investigated the relationship between high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) levels and carotid intima-media th... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Utilization of the Recovery Knowledge Inventory (RKI) and Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire (RAQ) in southeastern Australia raised questions about the RAQ, including links between attitudes, faith, and culture in supporting the recovery journey. These questions are particularly important when considered in the context o... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Adhesive capsulitis is often difficult to diagnose in its early stage and to differentiate from other common shoulder disorders. The aim of this study was to validate any or all of the 8 clinical identifiers of early-stage primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis established in an earlier Delphi study. This was a cross-s... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Current risk assessment models for surgical site occurrence (SSO) and surgical site infection (SSI) after open ventral hernia repair (VHR) have limited external validation. Our aim was to determine (1) whether existing models stratify patients into groups by risk and (2) which model best predicts the rate of SSO and SS... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Despite evidence against its utility, many surgeons continue to employ prophylactic nasogastric decompression in elective colonic resection. This study aimed to establish whether an easy and practical intervention, mailing out a summary of current evidence to surgeons, can change surgeons practice to bring it more in l... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To analyze the changes in the curve extent, pattern and the fusion level in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients who undergo delayed surgery instead of early surgery. Thirty-five immature AIS patients whose radiographs demonstrated an initial primary curve of more than 40° with a subsequent increase of 10° be... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
This study was designed to determine whether preclerkship performance examinations could accurately identify medical students at risk for failing a senior clinical performance examination (CPE). This study used a retrospective case-control, multiyear design, with contingency table analyses, to examine the performance o... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Patients usually complain about numbness in the nasal tip after microfat injections. The present study evaluated the severity of the numbness in the nasal tip after the procedure. To address the research question, a prospective study of young women was designed and performed at the Beijing Anzhen Hospital. Time was the... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine survival among patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) who underwent a second-look laparotomy (SLL) and those refusing the procedure. Also to analyze factor(s) influencing the survival of the patients. Medical records were reviewed of patients with advanced EOC who were clinically free of disease ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
A new edition of the TNM was recently released that includes modifications for the staging system of kidney cancers. Specifically, T2 cancers were subclassified into T2a and T2b (<or =10 cm vs>10 cm), tumors with renal vein involvement or perinephric fat involvement were classified as T3a cancers, and those with adrena... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The high prevalence of obesity in African American (AA) women may result, in part, from a lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) than non-AA women. If true, AA women should require fewer calories than non-AA women to maintain weight. Our objective was to determine in the setting of a controlled feeding study, if AA women r... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Prior decision-analytic models are based on outdated or suboptimal efficacy, patient preference, and comorbidity data. We estimated life expectancy (LE) and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) associated with available treatments for localized prostate cancer in men aged>/= 65 years, adjusting for Gleason score, pa... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To describe the interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma pharmacokinetics of meropenem in patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). This was a prospective observational pharmacokinetic study. Meropenem (500 mg) was administered every 8 h. CVVHDF was targeted as a 2-3 L/h exchange using a polyacrylonitri... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To compare analgesic management of daily pain for dying nursing home residents enrolled and not enrolled in Medicare hospice. Retrospective, comparative cohort study. Over 800 nursing homes in Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, New York, and South Dakota. A subset of residents with daily pain near the end of life taken from a... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
There are few data concerning emergency double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and its usefulness in the management of severe acute obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate emergency DBE and capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients with overt OGIB, analyzing the feasibility of t... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
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