question stringlengths 501 2.93k | options dict | answer stringclasses 3
values | answer_idx stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
To determine if temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has an effect on perioperative and postoperative thyroid function. Prospective study comparing thyroid function during and after hypothermic and normothermic CPB. Cardiac surgical unit at a university-affiliated hospital. Twelve patients scheduled to under... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To ascertain the perspectives of Trainee Ophthalmologist Diplomats (TOD) on the Ophthalmic Diploma Training (ODT) in West Africa with a view to improving the programme. A survey of set 2005 TOD on ODT was carried out in Ghana, 2006. The trainees included 10 (83.35%) males and two (16.7%) females whose ages ranged betwe... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To observe if medical providers alter their prescribing patterns of three relatively expensive categories of medications provided as samples by manufacturers (focus medications) when they receive additional education from pharmacists concerning the appropriate use of lower cost alternatives (counter samples) that are m... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Family medicine has aspired to train residents and conduct research in settings that closely resemble community practice. The purpose of this study was to compare the patient characteristics of the ambulatory teaching centers of a consortium of seven community-based university-affiliated family practice residency progr... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The range of injury severity that can be seen within the category of type II supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHFs) raises the question whether some could be treated nonoperatively. However, the clinical difficulty in using this approach lies in determining which type II SCHFs can be managed successfully without a sur... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Rising health care costs and the need to consolidate expertise in tertiary services have led to the centralisation of services. In the UK, the result has been that many rural maternity units have become midwife-led. A key consideration is that midwives have the skills to competently and confidently provide maternity se... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Desmopressin releases tissue-type plasminogen activator, which augments cardiopulmonary bypass--associated hyperfibrinolysis, causing excessive bleeding. Combined use of desmopressin with prior administration of the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid may decrease fibrinolytic activity and might improve postoperative... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
We examined whether invasive lung-specimen collection-to-treatment times for intensive care unit patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) differ with to the work shift during which specimens were collected. We compared weekday day shifts and off-hours (from 6:30 p.m. to 8:29 a.m. the next day for n... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
A retrospective analysis of a contemporary series of patients with pituitary apoplexy was performed to ascertain whether the histopathological features influence the clinical presentation or the outcome. A retrospective analysis was performed in 59 patients treated for pituitary apoplexy at the University of Virginia H... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The Pathway represents a longitudinal program for medical students, consisting of both domestic and international experiences with poor populations. A previous study reported no significant attitudinal changes toward the medically indigent between Pathway and non-Pathway students. The purpose of this study was to inves... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the pharmacokinetics of s.c. anti-TNF agents on the grade of US-detected synovitis in RA patients. Fifty RA patients were prospectively recruited from the Biologic Therapy Unit of our hospital. Inclusion criteria were being in treatment with s.c. anti-TNF agents... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Studies on coronary risk factors in men and women are mainly based on mortality data and few compare results of both sexes with consistent study design and diagnostic criteria. This study assesses the major risk factors for coronary events in men and women from the Reykjavik Study. Within a prospective, population-base... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The data analysis was conducted to describe the rate of unsuccessful copper T380A intrauterine device (IUD) insertions among women using the IUD for emergency contraception (EC) at community family planning clinics in Utah. These data were obtained from a prospective observational trial of women choosing the copper T38... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
There is heterogeneity in how pediatric voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is performed. Some institutions, including our own, obtain a radiographic scout image prior to contrast agent instillation. To demonstrate that the radiographic scout image does not augment VCUG interpretation or contribute management-changing in... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Although body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is classified in DSM-III-R as a nonpsychotic somatoform disorder, controversy exists as to whether BDD can present with psychotic features. If it can, this raises the possibility that its DSM-III-R psychotic counterpart-delusional disorder, somatic type--may not be a separate dis... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events. We evaluated heart dimensions in hypertensive patients with MetS. The study included 75 hypertensive patients (34 males, 41 females; mean age 51+/-9 years) without coronary artery disease. Patients were evaluated in two groups depend... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
The optimal age at which to perform orchiopexy for cryptorchidism has long been debated. The aim of this study was to determine if age at orchiopexy affected testicular atrophy. A retrospective review of patients undergoing orchiopexy from 2000 to 2010 was conducted. An individual testis, rather than patient, was used ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The potential effects of binge drinking during pregnancy on child motor function have only been assessed in a few, small studies. We aimed to examine the effects of binge alcohol consumption during early pregnancy, including number of binge episodes and timing of binge drinking, on child motor function at age 5. We per... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Specialty pharmaceuticals have evolved beyond their status as niche drugs designed to treat rare conditions and are now poised to become the standard of care in a wide variety of common chronic illnesses. Due in part to the cost of these therapies, payers are increasingly demanding evidence of their value. Determining ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The aim of this prospective, randomized study was to compare the hemodynamic performance of the Medtronic Mosaic and Edwards Perimount bioprostheses in the aortic position, and to evaluate prosthesis-specific differences in valve sizing and valve-size labeling. Between August 2000 and September 2002, 139 patients under... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Misty mesentery appearance is commonly reported in daily practice, usually as a secondary finding of various pathological entities, but sometimes it is encountered as an isolated finding that cannot be attributed to any other disease entity. We aimed to assess the prevalence of cases with incidentally detected idiopath... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the leading cause of fatality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zeolite mineral (QuikClot - Advanced Clotting Sponge [QC-ACS]) on blood loss and physiological variables in a swine extremity arterial injury model. Sixteen swine were used. Oblique groin incision was created a... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Do endometrial polyps from pre- and post-menopausal women have similar immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR) and markers of cellular proliferation/apoptosis (Ki67 and Bcl-2). Prospective cohort study. Non-parametric statistical analysis was used. Polyps recruited from women att... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Several prospective randomized trials have proved carotid endarterectomy to be safe and effective for both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients younger than 80 years of age. Recently, carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been approved for use in selected high-risk patients. It has been proposed that being an octogenarian... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Concussions are commonly diagnosed in pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate compliance with ED discharge instructions for concussion management. A prospective cohort study was conducted from November 2011 to November 2012 in a pediatric ED at... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Updated guidelines for the screening and management of cervical cancer in the United States recommend starting Papanicolaou (Pap) testing at age 21 and screening less frequently with less aggressive management for abnormalities. We sought to examine updated Pap test screening guidelines and how they may affect the dete... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Elevation of cardiac troponin (cTn) is considered specific for myocardial damage. Elevated cTn and echocardiogrpahic documentation of wall motion abnormalities (WMAs) that were recorded after extreme physical effort raise the question whether dobutamine stress echo (DSE), can also induce elevation of troponin. we prosp... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To evaluate the effectiveness of the role of a discharge coordinator whose sole responsibility was to plan and coordinate the discharge of patients from medical wards. An intervention study in which the quality of discharge planning was assessed before and after the introduction of a discharge coordinator. Patients wer... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The United States Food and Drug Administration implemented federal regulations governing mammography under the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) of 1992. During 1995, its first year in implementation, we examined the impact of the MQSA on the quality of mammography in North Carolina. All mammography facilities w... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Group B Streptococci (GBS) asymptomatically colonize the vaginal or rectal areas of about 20% of pregnant women (4-40%). About 50% of infants to mothers with GBS colonization also become colonized at rectal, umbilical or oral sites. GBS is a leading bacterial cause of neonatal illness and death. The present prevalence ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Recently, there has been increasing interest in the role of "treatment as prevention" (TasP). Some of the questions regarding TasP strategies arise from the perceived difficulties in achieving and maintaining viral load (VL) suppression over time and the risk of emergence of viral resistance that could compromise futur... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To describe clinical characteristics of oral mucoceles/ranulas, with a focus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related salivary gland diseases. A descriptive and clinical study, with review of patient data. We reviewed 113 referred cases of oral mucocele. The following anatomical sites were identified: lip, tongue,... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine whether betamethasone (BM) reduces the cochlear toxicity of otic gentamicin (GM) if given together. Controlled animal study. Thirty-four mice were assigned at random to receive intratympanic injections of either 0.1 % BM (11 mice), 0.3% GM (13 mice), or a combination of both (GM/BM) with benzalkonium chlor... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone that exists in multiple forms. Immunoassays commonly used in clinical laboratories measure intact hCG, total beta hCG (intact hCG + hCG free beta-subunit), and/or hCG free beta-subunit. Measurement of serum concentrations of hCG is useful for co... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To examine the relationship between exposure to pro-smoking messages in media and susceptibility to smoking adoption among middle school students. The hypothesis that parental restriction of R-rated movie viewing is associated with lower adolescent smoking susceptibility was tested. A sample of 1687 6th-, 7th-, and 8th... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To examine the effect of a weekend hospitalization on the timing and incidence of intensive cardiac procedures, and on subsequent expenditures, mortality and readmission rates for Medicare patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The primary data are longitudinal, administrative claims for 922,074 ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
This study investigated associations between the performance of dental students in each of the three components of the selection procedure [academic average, Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test (UMAT) and structured interview], socio-demographic characteristics and their academic success in an und... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To investigate whether the presence of hippocampal atrophy (HCA) on MRI in Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads to a more rapid decline in cognitive function. To investigate whether cognitively unimpaired controls and depressed subjects with HCA are at higher risk than those without HCA of developing dementia. A prospective ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
This study examines whether having a regular clinician for preventive care is associated with quality of care for young children, as measured by interpersonal quality ratings and content of anticipatory guidance. The National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH), a nationally representative parent survey of health ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
An effective advance care planning programme involves an organizational wide commitment and preparedness for health service reform to embed advance care planning into routine practice. Internationally, such programmes have been implemented predominantly in aged and acute care with more recent work in primary care. A mu... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The CLASS Act, which was part of the Affordable Care Act of 2010, established a voluntary personal assistance services (PAS) insurance program. However, concerns about enrollment and adverse selection led to repeal of the CLASS Act in 2013. To estimate the number of middle-aged adults interested in purchasing PAS insur... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Current guidelines recommend total thyroidectomy for nearly all children with well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC). These guidelines, however, derive from older data accrued prior to current high-resolution imaging. We speculate that there is a subpopulation of children who may be adequately treated with lobectomy... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level correlates with the clinical prognosis in patients with kidney, penile and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PC). We prospectively evaluated the preoperative CRP level as a predictive marker for an advanced tumor stage or high-grade cancer in patients with clinica... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The objectives were to identify prognostic factors for the survival of children with cerebellar astrocytoma, and to evaluate the reproducibility and prognostic value of histological sub-classification and grading. Children aged 0-14 years treated in Denmark for a cerebellar astrocytoma in the period 1960-1984 were incl... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
We compared left ventricular regional wall motion, the global left ventricular ejection fraction, and the New York Heart Association functional class pre- and postoperatively. Endomyocardial fibrosis is characterized by fibrous tissue deposition in the endomyocardium of the apex and/or inflow tract of one or both ventr... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To determine the effect of occupational exposure in a nuclear power plant in Griefswald, Germany on male and female fecundity. The frequency of men and women exposed to ionizing radiation through work in a nuclear power plant among 270 infertile couples was retrospectively compared to a control fertile population using... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
If long-term use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as bridges to transplantation is successful, the issue of permanent device implantation in lieu of transplantation could be addressed through the creation of appropriately designed trials. Our medium-term experience with both pneumatically and electrically pow... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To test if secular growth acceleration occurs during fetal life. ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test have been used for the biometric characteristics comparison of nowadays fetal population with those three decades ago and to test the hypothesis about the existence of secular growth acceleration during fetal l... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
This study evaluated the outcomes and complications of the surgical treatment of condylar fractures by the retromandibular transparotid approach. The authors hypothesized that such an approach would be safe and reliable for the treatment of most condylar fractures. A retrospective evaluation of patients who underwent s... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The present study aims to evaluate benefit of adding surgery to chemoradiotherapy alone in management of carcinoma esophagus. We retrospectively analyzed 45 eligible patients of squamous cell esophageal carcinoma which were enrolled from February 2008 to April 2009. All patients were treated with chemoradiotherapy (50.... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) aims to control nerve-sparing total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer in order to improve patients' functional outcome. This study was designed to compare the urogenital and anorectal functional outcome of TME with and without IONM of innervation to the bladder and the in... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The objectives of this study were to investigate longitudinal predictors of fear of recurrence in survivors of head and neck cancer (HNC) using Leventhal's Common Sense Model (CSM) as a framework. The research questions were as follows: (a) to what extent do HNC patients report fear of cancer recurrence? (b) To what ex... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
This study investigated whether the time from emergency room registration to appendectomy (ETA) would affect the incidence of perforation and postoperative complications in patients with acute appendicitis. Patients who underwent an appendectomy at the Ren-Ai branch of Taipei City Hospital between January 2010 and Octo... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Lower limb compartment syndrome has been reported to occur after colorectal, urological, and gynecological procedures during which the patient's lower limbs are elevated for prolonged periods of time. We investigated lower limb perfusion in a group of patients undergoing prolonged pelvic surgery both during and immedia... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency (VDDI) is common in CKD patients and may be associated with abnormal mineral metabolism. It is not clear whether the K/DOQI recommended doses of ergocalciferol are adequate for correction of VDDI and hyperparathyroidism. Retrospective study of 88 patients with CKD Stages 1 - 5 and bas... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
• Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) remains controversial in terms of oncologic outcomes, especially during the initial experience. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of initial experience of robotic cystectomy programs on oncologic outcomes and overall survival. • Utilizing a prospectively mai... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Little is known about how information needs change over time in the early postpartum period or about how these needs might differ given socioeconomic circumstances. This study's aim was to examine women's concerns at the time of hospital discharge and unmet learning needs as self-identified at 4 weeks after discharge. ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The temporal pattern of the biologic mechanism linking red blood cell (RBC) storage duration with clinical outcomes is yet unknown. This study investigates how such a temporal pattern can affect the power of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to detect a relevant clinical outcome mediated by the transfusion of stored R... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Multiple viruses are often detected in children with respiratory infection but the significance of co-infection in pathogenesis, severity and outcome is unclear. To correlate the presence of viral co-infection with clinical phenotype in children admitted with acute respiratory infections (ARI). We collected detailed cl... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
As with some procedures, trauma fellowship training and greater surgeon experience may result in better outcomes following intramedullary nailing (IMN) of diaphyseal femur fractures. However, surgeons with such training and experience may not always be available to all patients. The purpose of this study is to determin... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The role of early revascularization among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock remains controversial. Angioplasty registries, while suggesting a benefit, are subject to selection bias, and clinical trials have been underpowered to detect early benefits. If an invasive strategy is b... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Alcohol-associated cues elicit craving in human addicts but little is known about craving mechanisms. Current animal models focus on relapse and this may confound the effect of environmental cues. OBJECTIVES. To develop a model to study the effects of environmental cues on alcohol consumption in animals not experiencin... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Evaluate the capability of different Computed Tomography scanners to determine urinary stone compositions based on CT attenuation values and to evaluate potential differences between each model. 241 human urinary stones were obtained and their biochemical composition determined. Four different CT scanners (Siemens, Phi... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Some of the disagreements on the perception of dyspnea (PD) during bronchoconstriction in asthma patients could depend on the interrelationships among the following: (1) the influence of baseline airflow obstruction on the patient's ability to detect any further increase in airway resistance; (2) the effect of eosinoph... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine whether the OraQuick® HIV-1/2 Assay (OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA) in sputum is a valid tool for HIV surveillance among TB patients. A cross sectional study was carried out on sputa of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. Sputa were tested for antibodies to HIV using OraQuick® HIV-1/2 As... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a recently described histologic pattern of diffuse pulmonary disease. In children, all cases reported to date have been fatal. In this study, we describe the first nonfatal AFOP in a child and review the literature. A 10-year-old boy developed very severe aplastic anem... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
In recent years, biofeedback has become increasingly popular for its proven success in peak performance training - the psychophysiological preparation of athletes for high-stakes sport competitions, such as the Olympic games. The aim of this research was to test whether an 8-week period of exposure to biofeedback train... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Patient data were retrospectively collected from a database for gynaecological cancer procedures carried out between January 2013 and July 2015. All patients who underwent a colorectal resection during cytoreduction were included in the study. The primary outcome was anastomotic leakage in the presence or absence of a ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Two common causes of cervical myelopathy include degenerative stenosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). It has been postulated that patients with OPLL have more complications and worse outcomes than those with degenerative stenosis. The authors sought to compare the surgical results of la... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To determine whether anginal episodes might be related to extremes of hypotension in patients with ischaemic heart disease taking drugs to treat angina and heart failure. Observational study of patients with ischaemic heart disease attending an urban tertiary referral cardiology centre. A selected patient population wa... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Influenza vaccination remains below the federally targeted levels outlined in Healthy People 2020. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, racial and ethnic minorities are less likely to be vaccinated for influenza, despite being at increased risk for influenza-related complications and death. Also, vaccinated minorities are ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
A prerequisite for a hormonal influence on anal continence in women is the presence of hormone receptors in the tissues of the anal canal. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we demonstrated and localized estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR) in tissue sections of the anal canal. Thirty-five specimens of the a... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Pneumothorax following flexible bronchoscopy (FB) with transbronchial biopsy (TBB) occurs in 1 to 6% of cases. Routine chest radiography (CXR) following TBB is therefore requested by most pulmonologists in an attempt to detect complications, particularly pneumothorax. The objective of this study was to determine if rou... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Both medical therapy and laparoscopic antireflux surgery have been shown to improve quality of life in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Although patients with poor symptom control or side effects on medical therapy might be expected to have improved quality of life after surgery, our aim was to determine, for the fir... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Hypertension is one of the important contributing factors linked with both causation and development of kidney disease. It is a multifactorial, polygenic, and complex disorder due to interaction of several risk genes with environmental factors. The present study was aimed to explore genetic polymorphism in ACE-1 gene a... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The aim of this study was to analyse the results of infragenual arterial revascularisation using semiclosed endarterectomy of the superficial femoral artery combined with a short venous bypass in patients with critical leg ischemia and insufficient venous material for a straightforward femorocrural reconstruction. From... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The incidence of colorectal cancer in young patients is increasing. It remains unclear if the disease has unique features in this age group. This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study which included patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer at age ≤40 years in 1997-2013 matched 1:2 by year of diagnosis with c... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The aim of this study was to determine whether postictal psychotic episodes (PIPE) are predictive of the development of interictal psychotic episodes (IPE). This was a retrospective study of 18 consecutive adults with a partial seizure disorder and PIPE (study group) and 36 patients with a partial seizure disorder but ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
We analyzed cytokines levels in patients with epilepsy and new onset seizure and correlated it with various parameters. After obtaining consent, serum samples from 100 patients with epilepsy or new onset seizure were prospectively collected in the immediate post-ictal phase. In 16 patients, a second sample was collecte... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine how often primary care physicians prescribe eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD). During a 2-year period (1998-2000) we analyzed data concerning patients with PUD or NUD seen by 80 Italian primary care physicians uniformly distributed throughout the country. We cl... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Retention treatment is reportedly associated with lower infection control rates than two-stage revision. However, the studies on which this presumption are based depend on comparisons of historical rather than concurrent controls.QUESTIONS/ We (1) asked whether the infection control rates, number of additional procedur... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
To investigate the role of human T-lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection in four patients who developed slowly progressive myelopathy with abnormal MRI lesions in the cervical cord levels. Clinical and neuroradiologic examinations were performed, and the odds that an HTLV-I-infected individual of specified geno... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To study the correlation and agreement between end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)) in ventilated extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in the first week of life. Retrospective chart review of all ELBW (<1,000 g) infants admitted to a level III NICU from January 2003 to December 20... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Physical examination to detect abdominal injuries has been considered unreliable in alcohol-intoxicated trauma patients. Computed tomography (CT) plays the primary role in these abdominal evaluations. We reviewed medical records of all blunt trauma patients admitted to our trauma service from January 1, 1992, to March ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Postoperative CSF fistulas were described in 16 of 198 patients (8%) who underwent spine surgery between 2009 and 2010. The choice of the therapeutic strategy was based on the clinical condition of the patients, taking into account the possibility to maintain the prone position continuously and the risk of morbidity du... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine the effect of the 2008 English public antibiotic campaigns. English and Scottish (acting as controls) adults aged>or = 15 years were questioned face to face about their attitudes to and use of antibiotics, in January 2008 (1888) before and in January 2009 (1830) after the antibiotic campaigns. Among Englis... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Surgical excision of ovarian endometriomas in patients desiring pregnancy has recently been criticized because of the risk of damage to healthy ovarian tissue and consequent reduction of ovarian reserve. A correct diagnosis in cases not scheduled for surgery is therefore mandatory in order to avoid unexpected ovarian c... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Reconstruction of the joint line is crucial in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A routine height of tibial cut to maintain the natural joint line may compromise the preservation of the PCL. Since the PCL footprint is not accessible prior to tibial osteotomy, it seems beneficial to identify a reliable extraarticular anato... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Most staging systems for soft tissue sarcoma are based on histologic malignancy-grade, tumor size and tumor depth. These factors are generally dichotomized, size at 5 cm. We believe it is unlikely that tumor depth per se should influence a tumor's metastatic capability. Therefore we hypothesized that the unfavourable p... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplantation. Because of its substantial toxic effects, narrow therapeutic index, and interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, therapeutic drug monitoring of whole-blood tacrolimus concentrations has been recommended. We investigated the comparability o... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To test the hypothesis that increasing the nerve length within the treatment volume for trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery would improve pain relief. Eighty-seven patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia were randomized to undergo retrogasserian gamma knife radiosurgery (75 Gy maximal dose with 4-mm diameter collimato... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
It remains controversial whether there is a gender difference in survival of patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer. We retrospectively analyzed 2770 patients (1689 men and 1081 women) with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent pulmonary resection between 1995 and 2005 at the National Cancer Center Hospit... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To explore the extent to which parent-adolescent emotional closeness, family conflict, and parental permissiveness moderate the association of puberty and alcohol use in adolescents (aged 10-14). Cross-sectional survey of 7631 adolescents from 231 Australian schools. Measures included pubertal status, recent (30day) al... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The hypothesis of this prospective study is that intrapartum vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS) is an effective predictor of fetal acidosis during labor. Various clinical conditions, such as term versus preterm gestation, first stage versus second stage of labor, and fetal heart rate (FHR) variable decelerations versus la... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
It has recently been shown that non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) may be a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Based on known ethic differences in lipid parameters and cardiovascular risk prediction, we sought to study the predictability of attain... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To evaluate the effect of the 80-hour workweek restrictions on resident education within surgical programs in the New England area. Web-based survey. All Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited surgical residency programs in New England (n = 20). Program directors/coordinators in each su... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
All currently available atypical antipsychotics have, at clinically relevant doses: i) high serotonin (5-HT)2 occupancy; ii) greater 5-HT2 than dopamine (D)2 occupancy; and iii) a higher incidence of extrapyramidal side effects when their D2 occupancy exceeds 80%. A review of pharmacologic and behavioral data suggested... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To investigate the effect of obesity at the start of adolescence on the prevalence, incidence and maintenance of chest wheezing among individuals aged 11-15 years in a birth cohort in a developing country. The seventh follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort occurred in 2004 (individuals aged 10-11 years). Between Ja... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The effect of topical N-acetylcysteine (NAC) application was investigated on the healing of acute experimental tympanic membrane perforations. Twenty guinea pigs were used in this study. Under intraperitoneal ketamine anesthesia, incisional myringotomies were performed in the posterosuperior quadrant of the tympanic me... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
In vivo comparative gap measurements were performed in three different patella positions (reduced, subluxated and everted) using offset-type-force-controlled-spreader-system. Prospectively, 50 knees were operated by total knee arthroplasty using a navigation-assisted gap-balancing technique. The offset-type-force-contr... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
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