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51cqpk | how come whenever you get knocked out, you can't remember a few seconds before it actually happened? | Like, I could understand forgetting the second that the impact happened, but how come you forget like 4 or 5 seconds before it happened? The impact didn't happen then, so why does your brain forget those seconds? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/51cqpk/eli5_how_come_whenever_you_get_knocked_out_you/ | {
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"When memories are formed in your brain they are first formed as part of your short term memory (or working memory) before being \"transfered\" to your long term memory.\n\nIF you receive a blow that knocks you out it can (like the situation you are thinking of) interrupt the transfer of these memories to your long term memory so you forget what happened. \n\nLike if you unplugged your computer before it had finished saving your game. "
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bdf8cx | difference between phishing and social engineering | Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bdf8cx/eli5_difference_between_phishing_and_social/ | {
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"Phishing is creating a replica of a website, mail service, social network or anything that looks just like the original and has similar domain, like facebo0k or instagran, so people enter their account details because of negligence.\n\nSocial engineering is retrieving information from a person by any means possible. Remember banks or steam that sends you a message \"Never tell this code to anyone\". If you find yourself in the situation where you willingly gave out information to the third party, you've been social engineered.",
"Phishing is a subset of social engineering. Social engineering is any kind of attack where you trick people into doing something that isn't in their best interest or what they thought they were doing, rather than defeating technical prevention measures. Phishing is presenting someone with a legitimate-looking request for information, like a website that looks like a familiar login screen, and hoping they provide some kind of sensitive information."
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1tpxo1 | if visible light and fm radio are the same particle (photons), why does light stop at walls while fm radio goes through them? | I understand that FM Radio and other frequencies DO stop at walls, but It seems that it takes much more wall to stop FM Radio than light. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tpxo1/eli5_if_visible_light_and_fm_radio_are_the_same/ | {
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"The walls reflect the light but not radio waves due to their respective wavelengths. ",
"Radio waves are lower-energy photons due to their longer wavelength (longer wavelength implies lower-energy due to Planck's law). These lower-enery photons do not carry enough energy to let electrons in the wall reach a higher energy state, so they pass through. Visible light has enough energy to excite an electron in the wall, so it is absorbed."
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2c55s2 | if corporations are just groups of people working toward a common goal, and corporations pay taxes-why is it so bad if the law treats corporations like people? | This is a serious question with no political bias-please refrain from things like "corporations are disgusting greedy businesses-not human beings!" I don't know enough about it to have an opinion so I'm just trying to understand since it doesn't seem particularly immoral to me, since it's just a group of people-it's not like a business has a mind of its own outside the owners/CEOs or whatever. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c55s2/eli5_if_corporations_are_just_groups_of_people/ | {
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"What happens to a person if they kill a person?\n\nCan you do that same thing to a corporation if they kill a person?",
"I think the problem stems from the fact that the individual people who make up the corporation *already* have the rights *and* responsibilities/consequences of being people. The corporation as an entity can't face the consequences that the individual people can (jail time, etc) and the people are shielded from consequences of the corporation.\n\nFor instance, if an individual person steals your money, they go to jail. If a corporation does it the personal assets of the people involved are protected. So in essence corporations get the rights of people, without the consequences. But there is a shit ton of grey area not yet tested or tried. The next few decades will be interesting in terms of rulings on what exactly the limitations really are.",
"The first thing to understand is that there is no law saying corporations are people. It is a legal precedent established when a court ruling decided that corporations should be treated like people for the purposes of the law. Following this precedent gives corporations many capabilities they need in order to function such as owning land and entering into contracts with people.\n\nThe perceived problem is that if you follow this precedent you also give the corporation capabilities and legal protections that may not be desirable. Most notable is first amendment protection. Should a corporation have a right to free speech (ie in the form of political donations)? Money in politics is arguably one of the countries biggest problems being the root of so many other problems. The purpose of the government is to benefit the people. When corporations donate money to influence politics, their goal is to get politicians to do things that benefit them. The problem is that things that benefit corporations are things that harm real people. Since the purpose of the government is to help real people is it acceptable for corporations to influence that government?\n\nAnother issue is 14th amendment rights. Should corporations be entitled to equal protection before the law? This means we cannot write laws that discriminate between types of corporations. In some cases though this might be beneficial to help us better regulate the economy.",
"That isn't what the doctrine of \"corporate personality\" means. Corporations are not natural persons. They are legal persons. This is a [legal fiction](_URL_0_), i.e., an assumption that everyone knows to not be strictly, literally correct but which is assumed anyway for the sake of convenience and/or consistency. \n\nWhy have we adopted the legal fiction of corporate personality? Because otherwise it becomes an *enormous* pain in the ass, to the point of being practically impossible, to conduct business on a large scale. \n\nSpecifically, the legal fiction of corporate personality means that corporate entities can own property, enter into contracts, and sue/be sued in their own name rather than in the name of the shareholders. This is really important, because otherwise if you wanted to sue, say, General Motors, you'd actually have to sue *each and every person that holds stock in General Motors*. This would result in a lawsuit with *thousands* of defendants, each of whom might well need their own lawyer. The lawsuit would be *impossible* to conduct.\n\nSame goes for contracts and property ownership. If an officer of the corporation can sign on behalf of the corporation, corporate contracts and deeds are simple. But if the corporation can't enter into contracts or own property in its own name, *every shareholder* has to sign. Again, impossible. \n\nThat, right there, is all that the legal system means when it says that \"corporations are persons\". They are treated as if they were individuals, not because we believe anything in particular about business, or even because we think that business entities are real, metaphysical things, but because it turns out that you can't have a modern economy otherwise.\n\nNone of that is controversial. It's been true since business entities were first created 1500 years ago.\n\nThe controversial part is when we start to talk about the extension of civil rights to business entities. But again, remember, corporations are not thought to be things-in-themselves. They're legal fictions, and the entire legal system knows it (even if progressive activists don't). They are thought to be convenient ways of permitting groups of people to act in concert to accomplish goals that would be impossible for individuals acting alone.\n\nSo the real question is: what happens to the civil rights of individuals when they decide to act in concert using a business entity? Unless the entity is also deemed to have civil rights in some sense--again, a fiction--then the individuals *surrender their rights* as soon as they form an entity. Meaning that the government can impose censorship on the *New York Times*, seize corporate property without legal process or compensation, search corporate servers without warrants, and generally just disregard civil rights generally. That *can't* be the right result. \n\nSome people argue that since corporations often come with a \"liability shield\" which protects shareholders from personal liability for corporate actions, the flip side of the coin is the surrender of certain legal rights. The problem is that the people who make that argument don't have any legitimate way of distinguishing the rights that they *want* corporations to have (usually freedom of speech/press, protection from unreasonable search/seizure, etc.) from rights that they *don't* want corporations to have (usually the ability to make campaign contributions and exercise religion). Distinguishing based on the content of the rights in question doesn't really cut it either. That's just a policy argument based on political preferences about relative degrees of power in society, and we don't make decisions about the availability of rights on that basis. There needs to be a *legal* distinction as to why business entities should have certain rights but not others. \n\nFor instance, corporations do *not* really have the protection against self-incrimination, because corporations cannot actually testify for themselves. They can only testify--or do anything for that matter--through agents. Now a corporate *officer* might refuse to testify if his testimony would incriminate *him*. That's his right as a natural person. But even natural persons can't refuse to testify on the basis that it would incriminate *someone else*, and that's what a corporate officer's testimony would basically be. So the Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination doesn't really apply to corporations because corporations, not being capable of taking any action except through agents, doesn't really make sense.\n\nBut all of that just serves to show that saying that the law \"treats corporations like people\" isn't really a good way of putting it. Corporate personality is a legal fiction with precise technical meaning, and the legal system has never thought that legal persons and natural persons are the *same*, even if it treats them similarly in many contexts.",
"A corporation is different from just any \"group of people\". Each member of the corporation, whether they are shareholders or employees, does not have an equal say in what the corporation does. Rather, your say is entirely proportional to how much you own.\n\nImagine if in the US, the number of votes you had was proportional to how much land you owned, and if you didn't own any land, you didn't get to vote. The wealthy would basically own the government. \n\nIt's not as bad as that yet, but campaign funds can make or break a candidate's chances of winning. So if the CEO, or the board of directors of a company decides to fund a candidate (most likely without explicitly asking any of their shareholders or employees), that would give that candidate a huge advantage.",
"\"Corporations have neither bodies to be punished, nor souls to be condemned; they therefore do as they like.\" - [Baron Edward Thurlow](_URL_0_)\n\nTranslation: Corporations can't be punished like people can, so it's very important they they not be accorded the same rights as a natural person. "
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1aem03 | does all the money in the world have a physical counterpart (notes and coins)? | My friend said 80% of money in the world doesn't have a physical counterpart. If so? How did that money come into the system? Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1aem03/eli5_does_all_the_money_in_the_world_have_a/ | {
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"I'm not an expert on this, but I believe this is no longer the case today. ",
"here's a video that explains how the bank creates money\n_URL_0_",
"No, not all money has a physical counterpart. The problem is deciding what you count as 'money', and this debate is expounded on in your introductory money and banking economics class.\n\n[This article](_URL_0_) gives the basics. See also [this Wikipedia article](_URL_1_)\n\nTo summarize: money is anything we use as a means of representing work or value being exchanged between people. It typically has three characteristics: it is a unit of account, meaning it can show the relative value between two objects or between an object's past and current value; it is a store of value, meaning the money doesn't lose (most of) its inherent value over periods of time; and it is a medium of exchange, meaning people accept the money as a means of trading goods or services.\n\nBecause of the 'store of value' characteristic, things like savings accounts can be considered money, depending on what definition you use. The Federal Reserve has several categories depending on how broadly you define money, known as M1, M2, and M3, plus other lesser used categories.\n\nMost visibly, your debit card is actually a charge on your savings account, which is not physically stored at the bank in cash but instead is recorded electronically. Thus, stores accept debit card charges despite it having nothing to do with cash. Similarly, credit cards also have no cash behind them, and are in fact loans from the credit card company to you each month, and yet most stores also accept this as a form of payment.",
"Bitcoins are an entire currency that has no physical counterpart."
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop"
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6jvmzi | why have animals still not figured out that roads are dangerous for them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6jvmzi/eli5_why_have_animals_still_not_figured_out_that/ | {
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"every time they learn, they are dead.\n\nthough to be fair, they have adapted pretty well. their basic instincts to avoid wide open spaces and large moving objects still work for roads and cars. \n\nbut mistakes happen.",
"Actually, some have. You can see dogs who know to look before crossing the road, as well as other animals. Buzzards have learned to associate them with a buffet, because they know they can get a meal there. However, they'll usually fly away as soon as they see a car (although the greedy ones find themselves lying on the road).\n\nDeer and other animals still get hit a lot, of course, but based on their populations, and the fact they have to get from point A to point B, not many of them are hit, so they are aware to be somewhat cautious. ",
"Busy roads have only been around for a blink of an eye. It generally takes much longer than that to evolve behaviours to deal with new threats.\n\nAdditionally, another thing to consider is that perhaps simply not enough animals are killed by roads to change their behaviour. If a squirrel has a (just coming up with random numbers) 1 in 20 chance of dying from a car, and a 5 in 20 chance of dying from a fox, there will be a much higher pressure on 'fox behaviour' than 'car behaviour'. And sometimes, the kind of behaviour that helps them deal with other predators is what gets them killed on roads. ",
"To be fair..\n\nRoads are not dangerous, cars are.\n\nSome animals are aware of the danger.\n\nI live rurally, I drive a quiet country road every day to get to work. I have seen moose, deer, birds, and so forth, on the road.\n\nAdmittedly prairie chickens are dumb about the road. Honestly I don't know how they survive. They just stand there. \n\nBut if you look at other animals most do make a dash when it comes to crossing the road - they just are not able to perceive that they are not fast enough to outrun the faster car.\n\nStudies in kids show that kids (human kids) cannot really judge if a road is safe to cross or not until they are 9. Most cannot gauge the speed of the car. I imagine other animals have a worse time because in nature they don't encounter predators that travel at 100km per hour!\n\nDeer do get confused by the headlights - oncoming headlights must really be confusing to them :( how could they know it is a risk?\n\nBut I must say that in the day they do see cars and know there is a risk. They know that cars stay on the road. They panic and run across the road, typically the first deer will make it, it is the second deer that is nearly always the one that gets hit - that second deer doesnt have time to think, it just wants to follow it's friend.\n\nI do note that crows understand the risk. I have seen them run onto the road in front of me and run off again safely."
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1lqafm | how (or why) the u.s. government can pick what state laws it wants to allow and not? | For example, The DoJ will sue Texas over it's voter ID laws, even though Texas passed it, and then grant immunity to colorado for legalize pot, even though it is still federally illegal. I'm not as much concerned about the issues themselves, just the methods the Federals use for deciding which particular laws they will allow.
Thanks be to any help! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lqafm/eli5_how_or_why_the_us_government_can_pick_what/ | {
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"They aren't exactly disallowing or allowing laws.\n\nIn the case of Colorado they simply decided not to sue, which is at the discretion of the AG, similar to how if there will be a criminal trial is usually at the discretion of the DA.\n\nSimilarly the AG decided to sue Texas, and is arguing before a court that the law is unconstitutional. The law remains in effect until the court rules otherwise. Technically, any private citizen could try a similar lawsuit if they could argue they are affected by it.",
"Supremacy Clause:\n\n_URL_0_"
]
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308wh6 | how do car engines reduce rpm's so fast when the accelerator is released? | I've personally seen my car drop from ~6-8k RPM down to 2k RPM within 1-2 seconds
What in the engine can make it slow down so fast? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/308wh6/eli5_how_do_car_engines_reduce_rpms_so_fast_when/ | {
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"Friction on all moving parts, resistance from the compression in each cylinder which is now being performed with a drastic reduction of fuel for combustion, and the fact that you are driving an automatic which (essentially) disengages to prevent feedback from the wheels from continuing to turn your engine.\n\nIf you let off the gas with a stick shift, the drive wheels would still be locked to your output shaft and the rotation of the wheels would continue to spin the crankshaft, unless you shifted into neutral or pushed the clutch, and the RPMs would fall verrrry gradually."
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all0qz | if frozen foods are vacuum sealed and placed in an environment to where bacteria cannot grow, why are there experation dates and how do the producers choose them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/all0qz/elif_if_frozen_foods_are_vacuum_sealed_and_placed/ | {
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"Expiration dates are based on the packaging, and on the food degrading over time. \n\nFor packaging, the food will be safe as long as the packaging holds, and plastic does degrade over time. Rubber or plastic can lose its elasticity, and you can have situations where the seal on the cap of a soda bottle decays and lets bacteria in. The expiration dates are NOT arbitrary, but rather established by doing [seal and package testing](_URL_0_). I can tell you that the FDA is very strict with expiration dating, and labeling things \"wrong\" or without supporting evidence can make them force a recall.\n\nFor food degrading, vacuum-sealing, cooking, adding preservatives, etc., preserves the food and keeps oxygen and bacteria out. But food is still organic material, so you still have a lot of organic components in there that CAN decay. Just like with packaging, the expiration date is established from tests, either real-time aging, or [accelerated aging](_URL_1_). These tests take time, and in a lot of cases the FDA will not let you sell or market the item unless these are done first."
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"http://www.bemis.com/healthcare-packaging/outsourcing-testing/package-seal-integrity",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_aging"
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duvlx2 | . when birds come to my feeders, do they know the seed is from me? are they aware that they are being cared for? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/duvlx2/eli5_when_birds_come_to_my_feeders_do_they_know/ | {
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"some birds are smart enough to make the connection if they regularly see you fill it. they'll become more comfortable around you and may let you approach them. there's a number of cases of crows befriending humans, and doves do it all the time but that's less impressive since they're not actually wild",
"Definitely yes. Some bird will. We had a bird feeder and when we forgot to fill it the bird would sit at our deck and scream. One time it entered our house and screamed. We then filled the feeder and it ate right away.\n \nFor example crows are very intelligent.",
"Most birds are not smart enough to figure that out. In general, the smaller the bird, the dumber they are.\n\nCorvids such as crows, however, are smart enough to recognize different people, develop preferences between them, and tell their friends you're a good human worth befriending.",
"Also, will the birds I feed worship me and recognize me as their master? Will they do my bidding, and assist me in my reign of terror?"
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854cy0 | where is the earth (or anything, really) located at a given moment? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/854cy0/eli5_where_is_the_earth_or_anything_really/ | {
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"The question doesn't make sense until you say what your point of reference is. That is a fundamental aspect of Newtonian (and later Relativistic) physics: your position and motion are defined by a reference point.\n\nOnce you pick a reference point, you can then ask: \"If I remain stationary relative to that reference point, and the Earth continues moving, can I determine where the Earth will be relative to me after a given time?\"\n\nAnd the answer is: yes. We just factor in all of the appropriate motions (Earth around the Sun, Solar System around the center of Galaxy, Galaxy around the 'Great Attractor', etc.)",
"To add to drafterman's answer, the reason you have to choose your 'reference point' is because the universe doesn't _have_ a 'reference point' naturally, there is no center or core or zero point to reality. \n\nOne of the basic concepts behind Einstein's theories of Relativity (in fact the 'relative' bit in the title) is that there is no natural reference point, and everything is relative to something else. "
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5amn6h | what are the effects of blood being considerably less viscous that average? | Can you see it visibly, in movement or colour?
Can you see it with a microscope?
(asking for a fantasy story i'm writing, so it doesn't matter if it actually doesn't naturally happen in the real word) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5amn6h/eli5_what_are_the_effects_of_blood_being/ | {
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"viscous blood moves more slowly. blood is made up of your RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. they all float in plasma. basically, the more water you drink, your blood volume goes up and it becomes less viscous. that's why you urinate a lot as your glomerular filtration rate increases to bring down the blood pressure and volume to normal (homeostatic mechanism)."
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3t6qj5 | why is there so much light pollution in this specific area of russia? | So i was looking at [this map](_URL_1_) that shows which areas in the world have the most light pollution when i discovered [this large area in Russia](_URL_0_) with a ton of light pollution. What causes this? There aren't any large cities nearby so i find it quite weird. Is it just a problem with the website or are the Russians doing something weird there? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t6qj5/eli5why_is_there_so_much_light_pollution_in_this/ | {
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"text": [
"No cities nearby? The map's interactive, just zoom in. You find the cities of Sergut, Nizhnevartosk, Raduhzny, Noyabrsk, Kogalym, etc, etc all underneath."
]
} | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/S50wI2i.png",
"https://djlorenz.github.io/astronomy/lp2006/overlay/dark.html"
] | [
[]
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8xwduo | feeling extra emotional is a common symptom of pms. how is it that hormones like estrogen and progesterone cause emotional imbalance? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8xwduo/elif_feeling_extra_emotional_is_a_common_symptom/ | {
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"Everything is controlled by hormones and chemicals, it's like communication within your body.\n\nSo when they change the message to the brain is changed. What was mildly frustrating is now infuriating, or you experience something happy but the message is to feel sadness.\n\nIt's crazy how much these things can change your approach and decisions.\n\nSource : Someone who had thyroid cancer pre puberty and has had the pleasure of experiencing over twenty years of chemical and hormone balance theatrics."
]
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4ajnij | how do cameras stay stable while the cameraman walks? | I know this is done with a gimbal, but how does it actually work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ajnij/eli5_how_do_cameras_stay_stable_while_the/ | {
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"The camera is on a shock absorbed arm with a gimbal that isolates it from the movement of the cameraman's body. You can see the famous brand of camera isolation devices in operation in [this video](_URL_0_). The shock absorbing arm transfers the kinetic energy into heat, while the gimbal keeps the angle the same because the camera remains balanced on the arm). \n\nMuch less expensive options use only a gimbal joint (to hold the angle constant) while the operators arm becomes the shock absorber which it can do somewhat, but not very well. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UjWsy7oGqs"
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6tnzay | why when we get something small in our eye does blinking in quick succession stop the discomfort? where does the foreign body go? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6tnzay/eli5_why_when_we_get_something_small_in_our_eye/ | {
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"text": [
"The debris adheres to the eyelid and is then carried to the corner of your eye near your tear ducts so that tears can wash it away."
]
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4dzh3t | what is encryption and what would happen if it were to be banned? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dzh3t/eli5_what_is_encryption_and_what_would_happen_if/ | {
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"Encrypting something basically means you make it unreadable by anyone who can't decrypt it - which usually means anyone who doesn't have permission. \n\nThis can obviously apply to anything from books to radio transmissions to web browsing, but when people talk about \"banning\" it they usually mean in the context of electronic communication. \n\nBanning encryption *completely* would make any electronic communication innately insecure. It would mean anyone who intercepts the data could read it. This means your credit card when you shop online. This means Amazon communicating with a credit card company to verify your credit card purchase. This means banks talking to other banks, companies talking to other companies, government agencies. *Everything* online would be completely vulnerable to anyone who can read it. ",
"In simple terms, encryption basically takes plain text (`like this`) and converts it into text that looks like random garbage (`xcvleoid`). \n\nThere is a mathematical process (algorithm) by which this occurs, but only someone who knows the correct *key* and algorithm can decrypt the garbage text and restore the original plain text.\n\nThis is a very simplified overview, the actual mathematics that goes into encryption is incredibly interesting but also incredibly complex. It's made even more complex by the addition of asymmetric (aka 'public key') cryptography where the key that encrypts the text is different to the key that decrypts/restores the text.\n\nEncryption is used all over the internet (including on reddit) to prevent other people from spying on your activity/communications. \n\nWhen you visit a site like reddit, your Internet Service Provider (any anyone else sitting between you and reddit) can only see that you are accessing reddit, but no one except you and reddit can see what you're doing on reddit (e.g. what subreddits and threads you visit, what messages you send, etc.).\n\nIf there was no encryption, then anyone on your local network or between your computer and reddit could potentially see all your activity on this website.\n\nPerhaps you don't consider this to be that much of a risk, but consider that your password would also be exposed to others if there was no encryption (and perhaps you use that password for other services). Now consider what would happen if your online banking service wasn't encrypted—it would be an absolute disaster.\n\nThe way encryption algorithms are designed, there is no intentional weakness or 'backdoor' that lets someone (like a government) bypass the encryption. Most of the algorithms we have today are specifically designed so that no one can decrypt anything without the correct key and the key is virtually impossible to crack through brute force.\n\nSo, ultimately if encryption were banned or weaknesses were intentionally added to encryption then all you personal data and communications would be at significant risk of being stolen and intercepted by hackers.",
"Encryption is like building a wall around your house. It keeps people from getting in and looking at your stuff. The only people who can look at your stuff are people that you have given the password to get through the gate. Anyone else is SOL. \n\nThe argument over banning/backdooring encryption is pretty simple. The problem is that \"bad guys^tm \" can have walls too. When the police want to get evidence to send them to jail with, they cannot because they don't know the password, and only the dumbest of baddies would give the policeman their password. The government wants to make sure that the police can get the information they need to protect us, so they want to make sure there is ALWAYS a way for the police to get past a wall. So, in terms of this example, think of it like the government passing a law that every wall have a second, policeman only door with it's own special password. That way, when a policeman needs to check out a baddie, he doesn't need the baddie's password, he just needs to go around to the policeman only door and use the policeman only password.\n\nON THE OTHER HAND, walls are super important. They are what keep sneaky thieves from looting your house of whatever they want. If you have a wall, all your stuff is safe from the thieves unless one of them gets your password. The problem is, once there's a policeman-only door in every wall, there is a huge incentive for thieves to just figure out that password so they can get into any house they want. And once one thief figures out the police-only password they'll tell all the other thieves and everyone's walls will be worthless. And no matter how you cut it, putting an extra door in a wall makes it less secure. Now you need to put guards on twice as many entrances!\n\nSo the argument on the police side is that they need to be able to gather evidence on bad guys. The argument on the other side is that if we start weakening EVERYONE's walls so the police can catch one or two more guys, we'll all be a lot worse off when the thieves (who vastly outnumber the people the police are hoping to catch) take advantage of the crippled walls and steal more stuff."
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5sq5fw | how is 12% of population in some countries hiv positive? | According to the CDC, the risk of HIV transmission from unprotected vaginal sex is 0.08% per exposure. [CDC source](_URL_0_)
So if my math is correct, if a HIV+ guy were to go around and have unprotected sex 1000 times, he is likely to infect only two of his partners? I must be completely misunderstanding the CDC data, or people in some parts of the world are having a lot more sex than I assumed. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5sq5fw/eli5_how_is_12_of_population_in_some_countries/ | {
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"Vaginal sex is only one of the ways HIV is transmitted. Look at the other ways. In particular, look at anal sex. There are tribes in Africa where the ritual to become a man involves receiving anal sex from the men of the tribe. There are also tribes where women are considered unclean when they're menstruating and are banished to sleep in pathetic huts away from everyone else...alone...in the dark...with no doors or locks. Their genitals might be unclean, but that doesn't stop some of the men. There are beliefs in parts of Africa that sex with a virgin will cure your AIDS, so not only are boys and girls getting raped, they're getting raped *deliberately* by someone who knows they have AIDS.\n\nThe reason HIV transmission is higher during anal sex is that even with all the proper lube and prep, anal sex usually creates small tears in the intestines that bleed just the smallest bit. Blood carries HIV far better than semen. For that reason, violent sex of any kind is more dangerous because there's more chance of tearing and bleeding, which increases your risk of exposure. There's no way to sugar coat this - there's a lot of raping going on.\n\nHIV can also be transmitted [during pregnancy, or even through breast milk](_URL_0_). And through drug use, which is probably happening a lot in places where HIV is rampant.",
"Well there are a few things that contribute to high rates of HIV.\n\n1) In countries with lower average wages condoms and other forms of protection are relatively more expensive. As such the rate of unprotected sex is significantly higher.\n\n2) You don't die quickly from HIV. In fact HIV is a relatively slow process in which your immune system eventually shuts down. Even then you won't die until you catch some infection or disease that your body can't fight off. It takes on average 10 years for someone to go from HIV contraction to AIDS. After AIDS develops 1-3 years still remain depending on the level of treatment experienced.\n\n3) Transmission is not a zero sum game. When a partner is infected the original host does not become HIV negative. Thus people who are HIV positive can infect other people, who go on to infect other people and so on. Even though your chance of infection stays relatively small per exposure, overall number of infections grow rapidly.",
"HIV is transmitted easiest when infected cells enter the bloodstream. The possibility for vaginal sex is low because the vagina is built to withstand the trauma of sex, and doesn't tear easily. Your colon, however, is not so resilient, so anal sex carries a much higher risk. Additionally, rape can cause trauma and tears and increase the risk of transmission versus consensual sex. And then there's needles, which carries such a high risk of infection, you can almost count on contracting HIV if you share needles with infected persons. \n\nPoint is, there's many ways to transmit, and one person can unknowingly transmit to several partners before anyone is the wiser. In some countries, safe sex isn't a concept either, so there's just naturally a higher risk. "
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42easj | why do re-posts do so well on reddit, despite every user complaining about them? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/42easj/eli5_why_do_reposts_do_so_well_on_reddit_despite/ | {
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"There's two types of people, those that complain and those that do not. \n\nThe former is not the majority. Plenty of people don't care about reposts, including people that never saw it before",
"Because the bad posts don't get reposted, and there are so many casual Redditors that it's \"new to them\". And then there are the truly evil people who know they're reposts, have seen them themselves just a yesterday, and upvote them anyway. They are always Chaotic on the Alignment System."
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4657ku | how do some sites could use images/gifs/content from another sites without getting the permission first? | I don't really understand how these attribution / copyright use work. If I run a website, could I use any material from other sites as long as I provide the attribution? Do I still need to contact the owner first if I do that? Thank you | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4657ku/eli5_how_do_some_sites_could_use/ | {
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"It depends on the type of usage rights. Broadly speaking, most content is good to use with clear and conspicuous attribution to the author. Often, asking permission isn't necessary.\n\nIf someone is upset that you used their image, it is very difficult for any court to take them seriously unless they formally send you a Cease and Desist request. Courts generally want you to settle this stuff outside, so it's really hard -especially for small content creators - to ever bring a case to litigation.\n\nAs a web developer, there is a really great search filter in Google images search that lets you filter only images that are explicitly labeled for commercial reuse. Very handy.\n\nIf you ever receive a takedown notice for an image you've used, it's usually good to comply without trouble.",
"You should ask for permission and they will probably tell you to host it yourself.\n\nThey way that people use them without permission is referrencing the same file from their code, some websites have protection against this thing(Because it consumes resources)\n\nIf you see \"Creative commons\" or something like that in the image, its safe to use(they might ask you to provide attribution though)",
"Those sites are probably technically breaking the copyrights of the content creators. You can't just Google up images and then put them on your website and remain on the right side of copyright law. Just because some people do it and get away with it doesn't mean you will.\n\nNo, just providing attribution does not get you on the right side of copyright law, either. You actually do have to secure permission (and possibly pay license fees) in order to be 100% legal. It's possible that some content you will want to use would be released under a permissive license like Creative Commons, but that's up to the creator of the content and there's no blanket permission to use whatever you want.\n\nYes, people do this all the time. No, they're probably not legal in a technical sense. No, they probably will never get caught. Even if they are caught, the most likely thing that will happen is that they will just stop using that content and replace it with something else. Yes, you could probably also get away with it for a little blog that only your parents and your friends read. When your blog gets listed on reddit or something, and thereby comes to the attention of the content creators whose work you are using, you will almost certainly be in a world of shit."
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8yeeso | how does a siamese twin decide who controls a body part? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8yeeso/eli5_how_does_a_siamese_twin_decide_who_controls/ | {
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"The don’t “decide”. Generally one controls one half and the other controls the other half. It depends on where they’re attached and what systems are blended between them. "
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37y2v7 | why are psychiatric/mental wards painted white? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37y2v7/eli5_why_are_psychiatricmental_wards_painted_white/ | {
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"There is no medical reason for a Psychiatric ward to be painted white, and they are often decorated with wallpaper or more natural colors to give a more friendly atmosphere.\n\nThe only reason to paint a psych ward white is because it's a cheap color of paint, or as movie shorthand for \"hospital\".\n\ntl;dr: They aren't.",
"Different colours have different connotations. White is often viewed as a pure and calming colour so it may be used due to that"
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3hq251 | why is it okay for musicians to perform the works of other musicians (cover songs) but not okay for stand-up comedians to use the jokes of other comedians? | Possible answer: When musicians do covers, they don't try to pass it off as their own work. Everyone knows who the original composer is. When a comedian uses someone else's material, it is assumed they are trying to pass it off as their own.
Okay fine, so why not have a "Carlin tribute" or "Richard Pryor night" or "Robin Williams Resurrected" or something where comedians try to impersonate those guys and do their material? Everyone will know the comedians on stage aren't trying to steal jokes, they're just doing "covers". | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hq251/eli5_why_is_it_okay_for_musicians_to_perform_the/ | {
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"I don't think it's just about credit, though that probably plays a big role.\n\nI think it's at least partially about differences in what is involved in stand-up vs. a song. When musicians perform a song, their voice/instrumentals is one of the key aspects of the performance, which makes the cover unique. But for comedians there's not really anything to add (usually), if that makes sense. Outside of impressions, I'm not laughing at their voice, just their words and timing, both of which were taken wholesale from the original. And that feels a lot more like theft.",
"Spain here. From time to time some comedians do 'covers' of deceased comedians' shows, specially those who were very popular after Franco's death (for those interested, I am talking about shows covering Eugenio or Gila's works)",
"Audience expectation has a lot to do with it. \n\nIn any music performance, there are many different skills that may be used at once to produce what you listen to - vocal training, playing instruments, deciding which instruments to use in what combinations, composing tunes, writing lyrics, etc. There are so many different skills being used, that to an observer it is reasonable that someone might choose to focus on and develop only some of those skills (or even just one). \nAccepting that specialization, it becomes reasonable that the artist may collaborate with others to produce the piece. While there are certainly (amazing, admirable) people who use all these different skills and produce their own music, we as an audience also accept that there are some people who are talented writers/composers, but are maybe not the best performers (or interested in performing) or vice versa. Also in music, it is common for there to be more than one performer in a specific piece - as in a band or an orchestra. \n\nSo, if the audience is already used to the idea of multiple people being involved in the process, it is not a big stretch to see more people in the process, doing a cover. So we find the practice acceptable. Music is often a collaborative effort. \n\nIn the realm of stand-up comedy, expectations are different. Stand-up is frequently a single person performing, this presentation has colored our expectations. There are many skills involved in stand-up just as in music, but we expect them to be performed by a single person. Often stand-up comedians hone a particular delivery style or character, and we come to associate that performer with that presentation. They become a personality. While in music, the performer has their own persona apart from the music, comedians are often associated only with their performance - that is what we are absorbing. Using what we see as a whole person is different than using a piece of music. This makes it less acceptable for someone else to perform their material. \n\nI think also, stand-ups present their stories/experiences and thoughts as though they are really from their own life. There is an element of truth or honesty expected in stand-up. Musicians often do this as well, but usually in a more general, often less specific way. A comedian might tell a story about a particular flight they took, where a flight attendant said *this* and *this funny thing* happened to them. That same person as a musician might write a piece of music which references that flight, or that flight attendant or that funny thing, but it is usually not an explicit retelling of that exact scenario (particularly if it is music without lyrics). \n\nHearing someone else tell a story, verbatim, which you know is someone else's story feels fake, false or wrong, because we expect them to be telling the truth. ",
"There is often a financial reason: The music industry is already set up to pay both the songwriter and the artist: when that is the same person/group, they get all the money; when it's two different people/groups, they each get their own portion.\n\nComedy has usually assumed that the person who is doing the work and the person who made the work is the same, and so doesn't have the same arrangement. As such, there is nothing in place for the original creator to get paid for someone else performing their work.",
"Jokes aren't nearly as funny the second or third time you hear them, while a good song can be listened to many times, maybe even hundreds over the course of your life and it can still bring enjoyment each time."
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fjwyi8 | if "value" and the economy are essentially man-made, why can't the world just sort of... hit pause to avoid global economic crisis? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fjwyi8/eli5_if_value_and_the_economy_are_essentially/ | {
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"It only works if everybody agrees. \n\nThe problem is that everyone wants as much as they can get, and they don't see it as fair to stop competing.",
"Ive thought about this very thing myself and the problem is, everything, most countries, private companies are all intertwined and getting everyone to agree on this would never happen. It's just like when people wanted everyone to stop driving for a day to battle oil consumption or whatever it was. Like no one did it. So the short answer is, no, because people are are greedy and free to be greedy.",
"Value and the economy are, as you stated, man-made. The aspect I think you have overlooked is that they are based on agreements. For example, if I purchase a 10-year Treasury at 1%, that constitutes an agreement. If we hit a “reset” button and all countries agreed to zero out their debt, it would be a violation of that agreement. Fair enough, but what if you had invested your life savings (we’ll assume $500,000), with the expectation (based upon a legal agreement) that you would receive back all of that capital, plus a little more? \n\nAnd then the whole world decided to hit the button. Your entire life savings would be gone. Now imagine that, writ large. There is a ton of U.S. debt that is owned by the fund that administers military retirements, teachers’ retirements, municipalities, etc. Imagine all of those people now bereft of any ability to provide for themselves. Perhaps you think, “That’s okay, Bernie will set things up so that the government will provide for everyone”. \n\nThe U.S. is already in debt to the tune of $23,000,000,000,000. Give or take a few ducats. To take care of everyone, cradle to grave, would be an expenditure that most people cannot comprehend. I know I can’t. The U.S. would default and enter a depression unlike any the world has seen. We’re talking Revelation 18 here. \n\nThat’s why we can’t hit pause. All economies would break. \n\nOn the other hand, black marketeers have always been my heroes. If it ever comes to the scenario about which you inquire, I’ll have what you need, but you’re going to need to pay me with gold, silver, or weapons.\n\nSource: I have a B.B.A. in Economics and am a combat vet Marine",
"I never studied economics either. I study biology, but there is a useful corollary called and ESS (evolutionarily stable system). An ESS is system that is stable because it is not easily disrupted by 'defectors', individuals whose behavior doesn't align with the system. Infinite generosity is not an ESS because a single individual who chooses to be greedy will disrupt the whole system by preying on those who follow the rulse. Often, infinite greed is also not an ESS because a few moderately generous individuals may be able to work together in times of scarcity and perform better than greedy solo actors. The true ESS is usually somewhere in between, where most individuals are sometimes greedy and sometimes benevolent, and the mostly-greedy individuals are balanced out on average by the mostly-benevolent individuals.\n\nWhat you describe is possible in theory over a short period of time, but it is not evolutionarily stable because if we all 'agree' that when a crisis is over we will just reset, there are enough people who will benefit from defecting from that agreement and later advocating against it that the policy will never be followed.",
" > Can't we all just kind of agree to just kind of... Reset some numbers or something?\n\nThat would seriously damage confidence in the market. Would you invest money, time, and labor in a system when there's a possibility it could all just get \"reset\" someday against your wishes?\n\nIt's the same reason we can't just excuse all debt; if we did, no one would ever lend anyone anything ever again.",
"I am not an economist, but I think I've taken enough econ classes to at least be able to take a stab at answering this.\n\nYou are sort of correct that the value of a given good or service is man-made in the sense that the actual number you assign to the price of that good/service is arbitrary. This is, very roughly, speaking why 1 USD = 0.9 euro = 107 yen, because different countries have wound up assigning a different arbitrary amount to the thing that people in the states call $1. However, independent of the number amount of money that it costs to buy a good, there is the \"real\" value of the good, which is how much labour, raw resources, time, etc, went into making that good. Even if we all decide an apple is worth $0.50, if no one is producing apples (as might be the case if all orchards are shut down to prevent coronavirus from spreading) there will be no apples to go around, and therefore a shortage of apples. It makes no difference that we've decided that the price is lower, there just aren't enough apples being produced to go around. If this happens with a lot of goods at the same time, it can cause a sort of feedback loop that makes things worse. Business can't afford to make the products they want to due to shortages, so they lay people off. The laid off workers can't afford to buy anything, so there's less demand for products, meaning less business, meaning more companies aren't viable, meaning more layoffs, etc.\n\nOf course there's a lot more to it than this simple explanation. This is not the only reason a recession can occur, and recessions can start/persist due to psychological reasons that have nothing to do with economic shocks like coronavirus. But I think this is fundamentally the reason why we can't just fudge some number and agree not to have a recession after prolonged lockdown conditions. If no one is producing the goods that we need, then we won't have the goods that we need, and not being able to afford the goods we previously could is, by definition, an economic downturn.",
"Money is an abstract concept, but it is tied to things that are absolutely real. When you monkey around with money in the way you are thinking its a bit like a carpet with a wrinkle in it. You can push the wrinkle about, but you cannot get rid of it. Someone is always going to be left short. \n\nThink about it this way. If you and your friends all agreed to do chores for each other, and the chores you had to do were recorded on slips of paper, what's to stop a slip from getting destroyed or new slips made? Nothing right? Except that destroying a slip means a chore doesn't get done, and creating a slip means a chore gets done twice. There are real world consequences to those slips of paper with bits of writing on them.",
"Value is man derived not man made. Men don’t sit down and pick it. It’s not like making a car where someone or something constructs it. \n\nIt’s like other abstract concepts. If men didn’t exist nouns, music, houses etc wouldn’t exist. These objects are begat by intelligence and abstraction. They are predicated on cognition. Without men they don’t exist. \n\nBut men can’t just decide to change those concepts. Even if we redefine the word “house” there is still an object that is a house originally was. we’d just call it something different or it wouldn’t have a token to describe it. Even if we burnt down every house men would have the concept of walls and doors and windows etc. We can’t really decide as a society to make “houses” the same things as trash cans or card board boxes. Each of these abstractions have meaning because society shares an agreement on that meaning but there isn’t some cabal directing it or controlling it. \n\nValue works the same way. Without intelligence to assign value it doesn’t have mean and doesn’t exist. But no one person decides economic value, it’s an amalgamation of economic forces.\n\nIf you want to learn more on this google token-type. \n\nMen make the token of value. The type of value is an economic force we don’t control. We can say whatever we want about value, it doesn’t necessarily change the type it symbolizes.",
"The simplest answer is because we cannot hit pause on our consumption of items that have \"value\", e.g. food, rent, public transport or petrol for your car, etc.\n\nBusinesses need to continue to pay rent and salaries, people need to continue to eat, etc. And because the global economy is dependent on everyone continuing to transact with each other at an expected or ever-increasing rate, hitting pause is the exact thing that will cause a global economic crisis.",
"I assume you mean stock value. Well, stock value is essential determined by the value of all future cash flows. So the market, according to conventional wisdom, is adjusting stock values relative to their respected cash flow. So you can't really pause the market - this would also create a liquidity crisis as that value cannot easily be converted into money.",
"TIME has value. Hitting pause would be wasting time and in essence wasting value. Imagine you’re ready to retire and this hits after the markets have been on the up and up.",
"well, we sort of do. Stock markets get closed when they fall too much, to avoid panic melting down the economy. You have probably heard about it recently, in relation to the corona virus.\n\nHowever, stopping a fall in the economy entirely by just ignoring it won't really be feasible. First off people won't buy the same stuff at the same price as they used to, so the underlying economy is bound to change. Would you pay me more than you had to? or buy stuff from me you dont want or need?\n\nNow we could close down markets entirely, until some given point in the future, but companies still have to pay wages to their workers, and other expenditures. They will have to borrow money, which in our modern economy essentially is money printing. This will increase the amount of money available in the market, but goods aren't being produced, services aren't provieded (or the goods and services people want to buy isnt being produced or provided), so despite everyone having the same amount of money as before, the amount of stuff (or the value) they can buy for said money has decreased. This is called inflation, and is essentially the same.",
"Technically the government can do it. Unfortunately, it makes the government poorer. While that may not sound a problem by itself, it usually leads to depreciation of the currency. When a currency depreciates, inflation rises. Inflation makes everything expensive and ends up eating your savings one way or another.",
"I'll assume you mean the stock market when you talk about value and the economy. The stock market is a \"business profit betting\"-platform. Right now lots of people all over the world are panicking because they placed bets that businesses wouldn't just profit, but profit a certain amount.\n\nThe fear of the virus is absolutely killing certain businesses and quarantines and lockdowns are hurting many of the others as well. Some businesses are profiting a lot from this, but in general the fear, panic and uncertainty is causing people to abandon their bets of profits and some even make bets that businesses will lose money.\n\nNow the problem is that the stock market isn't just a totally separate platform - like horse betting - instead it's deeply tied to the businesses that we all depend on every single day in an interconnected system, and practically everyone's money has been placed on some of these bets. You can't mess with it without messing with everything else, and it's impossible to anticipate the consequences.\n\nExcept we know that the stock market and the economy it's tied to are the result of the free market which automatically adjusts, adapts and \"heals\" itself which means that the market is, or has, already done what it can - anything you try will probably make it worse.\n\nYou may however argue that the stock market is an exaggeration and people are worrying more than they should (which is almost certainly true), but such are the people who make up our societies so you can't really get around that anyway, you'll just shift it somewhere else and make it even worse than it already is.\n\nThe truth is that the virus is \"just\" a really bad flu and while that will have serious consequences for some, in general we'll recover just fine and forget about it. Ironically, rather than this virus teaching us to prepare for the next one which might actually be really bad - I think it's more likely we'll \"learn\" that it wasn't as bad as we thought so we can probably prepare less.",
"You're touching on abstract anarchist theories. P.J Prodhun asked the same question and designed the whole philosophy of anarchism around the idea that we don't really need money.\n\nTo answer your question, there's nothing preventing what you are suggesting. Except doing so would cause a breakdown of all market forces as we know them. Money and the markets are just very complex zero-sum games. But \"pausing\" that game would mean nothing within the game would function. \n\nIt would be like a game of monopoly, where the banker suddenly says that the bank would close down for three spins around the board. There is nothing stopping this scenario, except it violates the nature of the designed system, and therefore the system would collapse . In this case, the monopoly game would be very boring as no one could purchase property or mortgage or do anything but barter with the other players. \n\nThat's basically what would happen in reality as well, but on a much grander scale.",
" > Can't we all just\n\nAny economic proposal that starts with these words can be safely dismissed. All it takes is for one country to ignore the agreement for it all to fall apart. And there would be incredible incentive to do so.\n\nEven if you could force compliance through military action, you can't \"pause\" the consumption of food, hospitals, pharmacies, police, utilities, etc. If you tried only \"pausing\" part of the economy, once you map out the chain of dependencies, you'd quickly realize how linked these are to every other industry.",
"Economic crisis means that goods and services are not being produced and distributed to the right people and places. We can't just all pretend that they are any more than we can pretend that the sun didn't come up in the morning. These are actual things that aren't at the right spot on the planet at the right time in the right amounts. We're making too much of one thing and not enough of another. Supply chains have broken down. So on and so forth.",
"At this point, the economy is no longer a machine, it's a complex system. The system as a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. A car is a machine, if you take a part out, the car doesn't work. Since the economy is a complex system, every element of the system influences the development and trajectory of the system, so if you remove any part, the system is drastically changed. Even if you hit \"pause\" on the system, when you hit play again it'll be different than it was when you paused it. The economy is surprisingly fragile, often just teetering on the edge of stability and while it's generally resilient to perturbations and change something like Covid-19 can come along and easily push it off the cliff, especially as the perturbations against it increase in the lead up (trade wars, tax cuts for the rich, etc.) the resiliency of the system will decrease and it won't take much to push it off.",
"Unfortunately not, precisely for the reason you correctly pointed out...\"value\" is effectively man-made, which inherently makes it incredibly subjective. \n\nThe abstract of the 'economy' is that it's just the aggregate of one party entering into an agreement with another party...repeated over and over again, at all different sizes and places and times, for lots of different things. \n\nThat is to say, one side has to agree to provide the other side with something, at a price that's agreeable to both...otherwise the transaction won't occur (assuming there's no force or manipulation involved).\n\nYou can see this everywhere...someone buying a piece of fruit at a farmer's market or grocery store, someone taking an Uber, someone buying a home, etc. \n\nThese people are effectively saying...I value the thing the other person has (fruit, ride, house) as much, or more, than the thing I have (the agreed upon amount of money). Conversely, the other person is saying...I value the thing you have (the agreed upon amount of money), more than I value the thing that I have (fruit, ride, house).\n\nThat scenario above plays out in the stock market (which many people think of when they hear the word 'economy'), but instead of buying a piece of fruit, a ride, or a house, investors are buying a share of a company...which is a sliver of ownership. That sliver of ownership effectively entitles you to a sliver of the company's profits, both now and in the future, should you still own that share. \n\nIn reality, most companies choose to take most, or all, of the profits they make and reinvest them back into the company so that the company can continue to grow. In this scenario, which is most cases, instead of taking your sliver of this year's profit, you are agreeing to let the company use that money in the hopes that future profits will be even bigger, which should result in your sliver of ownership being worth more than it would've been before.\n\nIf that sliver of ownership is in a company that's publicly traded on the stock market, you have the ability to sell your sliver to someone else, or potentially buy a new sliver from another owner. The price at which either of those transactions occur will likely depend on whether or not you feel that sliver of ownership will be worth more, or less, in the future.\n\nThe share price of a publicly traded stock reflects the price at which each party was willing to exchange what they had with the other party. Fundamentally that means that one party wanted to own a share, while the other party wanted to get rid of a share.\n\nIf the world was to hypothetically hit 'pause', then you'd have two unhappy people because neither would get what they wanted.\n\nWhat we're seeing a lot of now...which is often described as 'destroying value'...are investors fleeing the market. Individually these investors all have different concerns depending on who they are and what their age is and what level of risk they are willing to take, but the primary reason for the fleeing is uncertainty. That uncertainty is largely driven by the belief that Covid-19 is going to result in less revenue and less profits for lots and lots of companies around the world. \n\nWithout getting into the details, the fundamental value of a company is calculated by adding together all of the company's future cash flow, adjusted for inflation. If a business gets temporarily shut down, or customers stop coming in for some time, then the value that the current investors already assumed was going to be created this year will diminish, which means the share price will likely go down. \n\nIf you're a young investor, you can generally afford to take a loss now because you have many years to make that back up. And history says timing the market can be dangerous...because the market is very unpredictable in the near term, but exceptionally predictable over time...so you could just stay invested in the market and ride it out. \n\nIf you're an older investor, however, you have far fewer years to make up what you might potentially lose. As such, you'd likely take your money out (sell your stocks), even though it means you would miss out when the market goes back up at some point in the future (which is what the stock market has always done, on average, over time).",
"My ma always told me that the markets are driven by fear. Her degree is in journalism but she does a lot of complicated financial writing.\n\nBasically what you’re asking for would require absolutely everyone across the world to agree not to panic and also trust that things would continue on after the pandemic, exactly the way they did before. Which are both longshots at best. So people start to hedge their bets. Which creates a downturn. Which people see and think it’s a sign of things to come.\n\nIt becomes a cascading effect snowballing across entire market and totally unrelated sectors. At the end of the day people are the market, not things. If people don’t have confidence in a global outlook, the market reflects that and ends up becoming an egg that created the chicken.\n\nIt’s really fuckin silly. However it’s also an evolutionary response to some degree. Shit starts going south, people start getting nervous.",
"The easiest, simplest way to think about economics is one of my favorite lines from MiB (and one of the most quoted): \"a person is smart. People are dumb, panicky animals and you know it.\"\n\nIf we, as a unified species, could decide \"you know what, let's not panic this year\" it would be as simple as that. Goods could be bartered, services could be traded, and we wouldn't have these cascading crashes. \n\nBut we, as a species, are panicky idiots. Panic causes more panic and people are afraid to spend their money. Lenders are afraid to lend. Governments invest trillions just to keep money flowing. The panic causes imbalance, and the imbalance causes failures, and it takes us a long time to get our shit together. \n\nSo remember: no economic theory or outlook can trump the simple fact of people being dumb, panicky animals.",
"We can't, because people are stupid. Stupid as in non rational actors. Specially en masse.\n\nLook at the stock market - I think it's fair to say a stock price is an assessment of the value of a company by a mass of people. How the fuck, then, can a company like carnival drop 60% in value in a month? They still have the billion dollar ships, they ain't going anywhere. They will still be profitable and successful in 10 or 20 years. People will still love to take cruises. The fact that they will be much less successful short term should have very little bearing on the overall company worth, that should take into account their potential well into the future, possibly forever. They are objectively not worth less than half what they were a few weeks ago due to some virus that will definitely go away eventually. It's like saying your collection of summer hats is now worth half what it was because it started raining. That's insane. The rain will stop and they are worth what they are worth. What they are worth to you in the short term has very little bearing on their overall worth.\n\nYet, people are stupid. People panic. And people will never agree to any reset.\n\nBasically we can't hit pause because people won't agree to hit pause. That's the only reason we can't do any single thing (that doesn't break the laws of physics): people don't want or can't all agree to it. Simple as that.\n\nWorldwide communism? Get all people to agree to it, and it works.\n\nErase all debt? Get all people to agree to it, and it works.\n\nAn orgy with everyone on earth? Get all people to agree to it, and it works.\n\nPaedophilia not only being accepted but expected and enforced? Get all people to agree to it, and it works.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAnything you want you can get if everyone agrees to it.\n\nBut here's the catch - there's absolutely NOTHING in the world that everyone will ever agree to. EVER. Arguably the best human to ever live was crucified, ffs.",
"As long as people do not suddenly \"pause\" to need stuff, the economy is running for the better or worst. Problem is, we all need to eat at the very least.\n\nEconomy is a side consequence of the humans needs and the overal peaceful share of ressources, not because we decided to build a fun convoluted thing someday.",
"You can't hit pause on living. You need food, shelter, electricity, heating oil, propane, clean water, a working toilet, clothing, recreation and so on. Economics is fundamentally about dividing limited resources including labor.",
"pause no. Calculated stimulus in several forms happens. which is like free money to keep things going that they balance out later. Bailouts are essentially this kinda thing. Lowering interest lending rates of fed., injecting money into the market... Imho this should include micro loans for businesses and individuals, but so far the way we do it does not include the little guys accept in theory.",
"Great question, you should totally take an economics class, you’ll love it! \n > You’re not wrong, the Federal Reserve Board (FED) exists for exactly this reason, to “pause” the economy. \n > But the economy is made up of lots of people who may not all agree with what the FED thinks those people should be doing (spending) and so the FED has to convince those people to spend more by a series of levers that make spending seem more attractive than saving.\n > Once more people are spending more stuff can be made, fueling economic PRODUCTIVITY which is a measure of the TANGIBLE amount of goods and services created.\n > You may have also heard the terms SUPPLY and DEMAND thrown around a lot, it’s for good reason, for one, it helps us distinguish between economic problems that are as you say “man-made” and those which are caused by a decrease in economic productivity. The first of these we call a DEMAND-SIDE RECESSION, people are worried and spending less, the drop in demand causes supply to fall to meet demand. The second we call a SUPPLY-SIDE RECESSION, something has fundamentally damaged the ability of the economy to produce goods and services, causing unemployment and reduced spending.\n > The FED has tools to gin-up consumer confidence and get people spending money, but there’s no way to manipulate the economy to fix a supply-side recession, other than to address the fundamental issue causing supply to be lower. In our case Coronavirus.\n > As an example, the hardest hit regions in China and Italy are both Auto manufacturing hubs. Due to Coronavirus people can’t go to work and the things they would have created are counted against the economies productivity. Worse than that, there’s a whole domino effect as parts become unavailable manufacturing slows down around the globe where other plants are relying on the parts built in those Chinese and Italian plants.\n > What you’ve hit on with your question is the distinction between economic measurements that are “man-made” and those which measure the TANGIBLE, how much stuff did we produce. The first of these we call the NOMINAL VALUE and measure it in money, the second we call REAL VALUE its units are barrels of oil, bushels of corn, and meals prepared and served.\n\n\nDoing my best on two semesters of introductory economics here. Reddit please let me know if anything is incorrect or misleading.",
"What would be the effect of freezing all mortgages, rent, utility bills, car payments and all non-essential jobs. No income for anyone except essential functions to survive. Free food for everyone as well. Would this work to allow 95% of ppl to stay home?",
" > I'm a bit of an abstract thinker and have trouble grasping it from a big picture presepctive\n\nHow do you reconcile these two statements?",
"money is the answer to the underlying issue of scarcity of goods and services.\n\nSince goods and services have a limited supply, we estimate their price with money, which describes the intersection between supply/demand.\n\nIf all goods and services were infinite in supply, it is possible that money wouldn’t exist at all.\n\nI hope this helped!",
"There's better answers from others on this thread, but the simplest way I can think of it is... Someone has to lose. You need to eat, pay rent, or whatever. To do those things, you have to either pay (which means you need to be working, or your employer has to pay you to not work), or the provider of that good/service has to give it to you for free and pay their employees to provide it. That's in the \"real\" economy.\n\nNow the share market is different, and that gets \"paused\" all the time. They have automatic suspension trading when the losses get too big in any single session, and that's been activated a couple of times. To achieve this would be disruptive, but I suppose the stock exchange or government may be able to shut the whole thing down for an extended period.",
"We can. The US paused the stock market after a big dip a couple of times recently and closed it after 9/11. France is pausing all rents and utilities bills. Italy is pausing mortgage payments. Jeremy Corbyn, Labour leader in the UK, is asking for the same. \n\nSo we can do it. It's just that in the US our government is so corrupt that they can't even pass paid sick leave. Capitalism will be the death of thousands and many wont even know why.",
"A lot of good answers here, but there’s one point I’m not seeing - money is how we organize ourselves.\n\nThere’s no one who sits down and says “John makes bread. Today John should make 150 loaves, and Sally should get 1, and Fred shouldn’t get any, and Jane should get three because she has a family.”\n\nJohn makes 150 loaves because he thinks that’s how many he’ll sell. He figures that out through trial and error himself because he wants the money from selling as much bread as he can, and doesn’t want to lose the money from making bread no one would buy.\n\nFred doesn’t buy bread because he bought tacos instead - he likes them better. Sally does like bread so she chose bread over buying something else. Neither Fred nor Sally have to tell this to John, but he ends up with the relevant information anyways because *the money “tells” him*.\n\nNow obviously this is an extremely simplified example, but it is the way it basically works, just a lot more and bigger. Without money people can’t figure out what to make, because - in a sense - it’s what tells them what people in aggregate want and should be allowed to have.\n\nAnd as the economic machine gets bigger and more complex the issue of planning gets much, much harder. Fortunately money doesn’t care how big or complex the economy is. Unlike a central planner, it can scale. This is (in part) why our economy is able to be so big and complex. \n\nPeople who have tried other systems based on other planners have not been able to plan well enough, react fast enough when things change, or incentivize people enough to get to this economic level.\n\nNow, that’s not to say that the money system is perfect or even particularly good at this role. Money doesn’t “know” anything and money doesn’t have morals. As a result the outcomes are often not “fair”. We make to regulations to try and make the results better, but those aren’t perfect either.\n\nIt’s just that this is the system that seems to work the best so far, and we know that because in times and places where we use it the economy end up making way more stuff, and way more of the stuff each person wants, than in any other organization system we’ve tried.",
"fundamentally: you can't pause the value people actually place on things. if beanie baby trading were banned 20 years ago and legalized today, would you be willing to pay 2000 prices?",
"I think about this often, especially lately with Inequalities growing the way they are.\n\nIt would be great if everyhing didn't have a price these crisis times. Everyone would still keep their jobs, lives, routines, but, everything would be essentially free, at every level of the production chain, even down to extracting raw materials from Earth. But for something like this to succeed people would need to be decent and play ball and that's completely impossible.",
"The simplest answer is to look at the crazy buffoons foaming at the mouth and grabbing toilet paper off shelves.\n\nYou can't just say \"Ok, food, water, rent, gas are going to be free for the next month because we've made all the expenses go away for Tesco and your landlord too\" because you imagine people going to the shop and \"buying\" what they would normally do? No, they would strip the shelves bare and visit every shop they could like the fat, greedy people they are.\n\nPlus, if no one was having to pay for things then no one would feel any need to go to work. So the shelves would soon empty because there'd be no work force to supply and stock them. It would be significantly worse scenario than the strain that will be put on the workforce by people getting corvid-19 and self isolating because you've basically said \"Just go to Tesco, grab shit off the shelves and sit at home for 4 weeks - you won't have to pay rent or gas or electric either\"\n\nEven if you say \"Ok, but we stipulate that people still have to work to get the free food and rent\" - well, now you've put the people who get ill in the same \"I'm fucked if I don't work because I can't afford rent\" boat they were in. i.e this is the same as paying people who go to work money.\n\nThe thing that controls our access to resources is law and order and money. Without them you would have complete anarchy and chaos and we've seen you can still get chaos. Civilisation is the thinnest veneer over human behaviour. Don't be fooled by it.\n\nAnd most of our economy relies on things that aren't necessities too, i.e it's the shit we buy for our hobbies and interests. If we give that stuff away for free we'd destroy the economy for decades after. Imagine if I could just walk into the local bike shop and take a few bikes or new golf clubs etc. Firstly the shopkeeper and his suppliers are going to lose out because you've told him he has no rent and food to pay for, but the value of the goods he has isn't just a months rent and food, it could be millions of pounds of stock.\n\nSecondly, I'm certainly not going to buy golf clubs when you switch the economy back on, and there'd be so many \"Golf clubs brand new never used\" on ebay afterwards no one would buy them from the store. He'd go out of business.\n\nAlternatively if you just stop the sale and purchase of these expensive luxury items entirely you've got a lot of people who you are giving free food and rent to but they are adding nothing to this cash-free economy, i.e unlike the landlord and supermarket (who are providing shelter and food) the guy whose business sells golf clubs is taking food and shelter but providing nothing because he can't work because you've made buying and selling things other than necessities obsolete.\n\nAnd when you switch the economy back on, well I've got no money have I? I was ok for a month not having to pay rent or food or electricity but I'm not going to go and buy golf clubs because I wasn't paid any money. So the economy is still fucked when you hit play again. All you've done is delay the golf club seller from sacking his workforce \"Sorry guys, business is shit\" and possibly going bankrupt.",
"People constantly make bets about the future. Today's value is based upon what we believe tomorrow will look like. Somebody who set up a restaurant a few months so did so expecting to get more business than they will get. The Chefs got trained believing there would be sufficient jobs for them. The rent they pay is based upon the expectation that they will be receiving a wage. The landlord may have trouble making mortgage repayments. Banks will have trouble getting the money they lent out and will not be able to lend much.\n\n\"value\" and the economy are not really man made - these aren't systems designed by engineers.\n\nSuddenly the future looks worse than what we were expecting. That's a real change in value which can't be reverted without changing the outlook back."
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3dr83e | what is the difference in credit card apr and interest rates | When applying for a credit card, it might say no apr but does that mean if I made a purchase and paid it off immediately I would be charged anything other than the initial purchase? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dr83e/eli5_what_is_the_difference_in_credit_card_apr/ | {
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"If you paid immediately, you wouldn't be charged any additional beyond your actual purchase. If you carried a balance on that card for a whole, like months and months you'd start seeing those interest charges kick in. \n\nWhen used responsibly credit cards can be a great financial tool for building your credit and earning some rewards for purchases you make anyway. ",
"Pay off any charges to the card prior to the payment due date at the end of billing statement and you'll always avoid any interest charges. ",
"To answer your first question, APR includes interest plus fees - it's usually only going to be noticeably different when you get a ton of many - for example, take out a mortgage for $100000 at 5% and the bank might have a $2000 fee, so if that's spread over the mortgage you might pay 5.1% or something.\n\nWhen a credit card says no APR, they mean for the specified length of time you pay no interest. Don't fall for this. Make sure it's paid off every month or you'll forget, they're just hoping people will rack up $100s of dollars in debt before the period ends."
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4a9n32 | how does the itunes visualizer work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4a9n32/eli5how_does_the_itunes_visualizer_work/ | {
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"It uses simple algorithms which use the various frequency level outputs of the playing music as the inputs. These algorithms are then plotted in real time in 2D/3D space. \n\nExplained:\nOk, so you can break any sound down into a spectrum of different frequency outputs. These are referred to as \"bands\", and they're broken down into slices of the range of human hearing (~20-20,000 Hz). \n\nYour car stereo probably has \"dual-band\" audio, where you can adjust the bass (~200-2,000 Hz) and treble (2,000-16,000 Hz). \n\nHowever, if you open your iTunes equalizer you'll probably see 16 or so bands you can modify. These give you finer control over how your music sounds. \n\nWhat the visualizer does is take the output of your music at these frequently bands and input their values into equations which, when displayed, produce the shapes and colors you see. \n\nLet's say we wanted to create a sine-wave visualizer for your dual-band car stereo. We'll use an equation of the form f(x) = Wsin(t), where W is the amplitude of the wave, and t is the current time. We'll also have the color of the wave be represented simply as a color on the visible spectrum. Let's have W controlled by the treble level, the color by the bass level, and time is just the radio millisecond timer. \n\nGraphing this function with these inputs will give you a very simple example of how music is converted to visuals. As the treble increases, the amplitude of the wave will increase and vice versa. As the bass deepens, the wave will shift to a red color, and to blue as the bass softens. \n\nAdd some more frequency bands, facets to the algorithm such as twisting, rotation, oscillation, convolution, and extend it into the 3rd dimension and you now have a fully featured visualizer. "
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705t5c | why are children drawn to bright colours and things with bright colours (e.g. toys, magazines) while adults tend to favor/buy things with more neutral tones? | For example, children's rooms tend to have brightly colored drawers, toys etc. Whereas an adults room would (for the most part) have more neutral tones like brown, grey, black, white. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/705t5c/eli5_why_are_children_drawn_to_bright_colours_and/ | {
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"I think it's a cultural thing more than anything. We tend to make everything fun and happy and bright and exciting for children (think of how your voice changes when you talk to a child). By the time you're an adult, well, all of that is just little kid stuff.\n\nAlso, it can be used to simply teach children the colors. Once you get older you can appreciate more neutral and different colors, but you gotta start somewhere.",
"I think it's a cultural thing more than anything. We tend to make everything fun and happy and bright and exciting for children (think of how your voice changes when you talk to a child). By the time you're an adult, well, all of that is just little kid stuff.\n\nAlso, it can be used to simply teach children the colors. Once you get older you can appreciate more neutral and different colors, but you gotta start somewhere."
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1wlgi8 | what do i need to know to follow the super bowl? | So I've never really followed football much, but this year I'm going to a Super Bowl party at my boss's house, and I want to be able to sound reasonably intelligent and hold my own in a football conversation. I know most of how the game is played, the positions, etc, but I know next to nothing about either the Broncos or the Seahawks. Who are the major important players on either team? What has each team's season been like and who is expected to win this year? Stuff like that. I appreciate the help! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wlgi8/eli5_what_do_i_need_to_know_to_follow_the_super/ | {
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"Denver is number one team out of the AFC, Seattle is the top out of the NFC. These two teams own the two best records in football this year. Denver boasts the number one offense (single season records galore) while Seattle boasts the number one defense. Peyton Manning, QB for Denver will be the biggest name in the game. Seattle will have Ryan Willson at QB and Marshawn Lynch at RB. Line is currently Den-2 (Denver is favored to win by 2) TL; DR just bitch about the fact they're playing outdoors in New York, and everyone will believe you're an avid NFL fan. Hope you enjoy the game. \n"
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1aghf5 | how rocks grow around objects | I have no idea as to how a rock would grow. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1aghf5/eli5_how_rocks_grow_around_objects/ | {
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"No clue really, but if you mean like fossils, then its made by dust and dirt falling on top of a bone then sitting there and being covered by more dirt. the weight and pressure of the dirt on top of it presses it hard enough to turn it into stone. I'm not sure if this helped or not but I thought its better then not saying anything I guess.",
"Water erodes rock in one place, the microscopic particles get stuck on something or the water evaporates, leaving the particles behind. Since they're so small, they fit together."
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d15x5b | why does it seem like architecture was at its peak when civilization was the least advanced and has gotten worse and worse ever since? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d15x5b/eli5_why_does_it_seem_like_architecture_was_at/ | {
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"There's a whole lot about the question that's just wrong.\n\nWhat is the \"peak\" of architecture? What do you mean by civilization at its \"least advanced\"?\n\nArchitecture in 2019 is technically far ahead from anything that was being designed even 20 years ago. Advances in computer aided design and materials science have allowed for things that were impossible a few decades ago.",
"There's this thing when you look at any structures from a long time ago you are only seeing they ones that were good enough to last this long in the first place. All the junk is long gone years ago and we get a biased look at what is left and then we think that everything was as good as the stuff remaining today.\n\nSimple answer is it wasn't. Only the best of the best has lasted until today."
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3ypswj | why are there common dreams? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ypswj/eli5_why_are_there_common_dreams/ | {
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"Many dreams are due to combining remembered sensations with the sensations (or lack of sensation) you are experiencing in bed.\n\nWhen you are dreaming, so don't feel the feedback from the real world, beyond what your brain imagines. When when you jump, you don't automatically feel the force of gravity pulling you back down, leading to floating/flying dreams.\n\nOther dreams have similar explanations. Difficulty running or opening your eyes is because you retain some awareness of your real body. Similar, public nakedness can be attributed to an awareness you are not wearing much while sleeping.\n\nSo you are correct in assuming dreams are more than just random imagery, but there is little evidence they have any sort of deep symbolic meaning. They are just a result of how we are wired.\n"
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79i3fs | the observer effect. | How does observing a subatomic particle such as an electron change its behaviour? What sort of mechanism causes this to happen? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/79i3fs/eli5_the_observer_effect/ | {
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"Observing a particle essentially means measuring it. In order to measure it, you'll have to interact with it in some way. This interaction also affects the particle that you're observing, which changes its behaviour.",
"If a tree falls in the forest, but no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?",
"I know this is ELI5, and the already suggested answer (that the only way you can observe something is to interact with it) is a great analogy that can help you visualise a particular reason this might happen, but the truth is actually more fundamental than that.\n\nNow I'm probably not the best person to try to explain this, but I'll give it a go. When you say \"change its behaviour\" it sounds like you are presupposing that it has some specific behaviour before being observed, but that's not really the case: everything is uncertain.\n\nIt might be more accurate to say that before the observation the particle had a range of potential behaviours that might be observed, each with some probability. Lets say you're shooting an electron through a pair of slits towards a distant wall: the position that the electron will hit the wall comes down to chance, though some places are more likely than others.\n\nIf we don't observe which slit the electron goes through then by the time the electron hits the wall there are a wide range of possibilities for where it could hit.\n\nIf we set up the experiment so we know which slit the electron went through then the range of places it can hit is different because the observation limits where it can go from there.\n\nIn my mind I'm imagining a police chase where the cops lose sight of a criminal and so the range of places he might have run to expands over time: a circle increasing in size. After a few minutes that circle might cover several city blocks. \n\nBut then someone sights the criminal and suddenly that circle contracts to that spot! But after losing sight the circle then starts to expand again with a new centre. Observing the criminal didn't change his behaviour (well, it might have if he knew he'd been observed, but that's another story), but it does limit the range of places he could be observed going forward.\n\nNow this analogy is still a simplification, because subatomic particles interfere with themselves in non-intuitive ways so limiting what they can do lie this has complicated effects, but hopefully it at least gives you a different way of thinking about it."
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1t00up | i understand how much you are supposed to tip in the usa, but how exactly do the transactions happen? | Examples:
Restaurant, bill is $25, so you want to tip say $5 and you hand over $40....do you say "just give me $10 back thanks"?
Same price for a taxi ride?
Also, say someone takes your bags up to your room, or similar service. Is it awkward to just give them money? As an Australian, this seems patronizing, and I want to avoid that. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1t00up/eli5_i_understand_how_much_you_are_supposed_to/ | {
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"At a restaurant you generally leave the money with the bill and then you can walk out, so you want exact change as often as possible. If you don't have it you can specify 'just give a $10 back' or whatever, or can get all your change then leave your tip on the table and clear out. For cabs it's generally just a case of asking for what change you want back. Bellhops? Yeah, just hand them something. \n\nIf you're paying by credit most places will have room on the bill for a tip amount to be entered before charging or the machine will ask for a tip to be applied. ",
"If you pay the server/driver cash that will have change (whether at the cash register or paying the server), you will get the full change back, nothing will be kept for the tip. If it's a restaurant, you then can leave the tip on the table afterwards, where it will be collected after you leave. This way you do not have to reveal in front of the server how much are you tipping. If it's a taxi, you can immediately hand over the tip after receiving the change, with a polite \"Here you go.\" (In this case you clearly cannot hide how much you are tipping.)\n\nIf you have an exact amount of cash that will cover the bill and tip, you can just leave it on the table with the check. The server will know that it includes the tip. If it's a taxi, you can hand it over and say \"keep the change\".\n\nFor a porter, yes, you just discreetly hand the person a dollar or two just before they leave your room.",
"In addition to the correct information about tipping already given, here's a simple breakdown of 'appropriate' tips in the US:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nTo address your last concern, tipping (appropriately) is never seen as patronizing to those working for tips. Consider it as being expected as a part of their compensation package; just as it is never patronizing to get your paycheck, a tip is just an extension of that for the service industry in the US.\n\nI am aware that coming from a non-gratuity service standard to one like America's, which is so gratuity based, can be a little off-putting, but it's just a standard part of how our service industry works.\n\nPlus, especially if you're staying somewhere that is familiar with foreign visitors (like a large international hub such as NY or Washington DC), they're usually going to be comfortable answering questions about appropriate tipping, and also be more forgiving of any unintentional faux pas.\n\nSpeaking as a former waitress, I never cared *how* someone tipped me - whether it was saying \"Just bring back $10\" or leaving extra cash on the table when they left or handing it to me directly or just writing it on the credit card receipt. Money is money.\n\nAlso, the standard tip, while 'expected', is also used as a baseline, and is not a hard requirement. 15% is standard for good service in a restaurant, but if your server was absolutely terrible, you're within your right to leave less - including nothing - but if it's that bad, I would recommend talking to a manager. And you can always, *always* leave more for truly outstanding service.",
" > Restaurant, bill is $25, so you want to tip say $5 and you hand over $40....do you say \"just give me $10 back thanks\"?\n\nYou usually let them bring back the change, and decide what to leave, but your way is fine, too. And pretty much the same for a taxi.\n\n > Is it awkward to just give them money?\n\nFor me, maybe, but never for them.\n\n > Australian, this seems patronizing, and I want to avoid that.\n\nYeah, that is important. When I was in Australia, I tipped for drinks like I was in the US. The waitress took it as \"interest\" in her, and apparently that amount represented a rather insulting level of interest. Needless to say, I got some terrible service until my friends set me straight.\n"
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8tj3au | wins above replacement (war) | Mike Trout? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8tj3au/eli5_wins_above_replacement_war/ | {
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"WAR is an attempt to create one stat to summarise all the other stats and generate a stat that sums up their total value to the team.\n\nThe idea is that you combine all the relevant stats for that position to generate a number for exactly how many more games that team would win if they had that player playing for them vs if they have a \"replacement level\" player playing for them.\n\nA \"replacement level\" player is basically the floor. It's the bottom end of the stats - it's the kind of stats that lead to you getting dropped and replaced with someone from the minor leagues. It's actually quite easy to get a rough figure for (although getting an exact figure is a little more complicated) because that's exactly what happens: if you are playing at replacement level you tend to get replaced, so replacement level = the level of players who are getting dropped.\n\nHere's [the innards](_URL_0_)"
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4lfdwu | do the waves from electronics actually affect us in any way at all? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4lfdwu/eli5_do_the_waves_from_electronics_actually/ | {
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"Only ionizing radiation affects us, but our electronics don't send out that type of radiation. Well unless it's specifically designed to like xray machines. Phones don't hurt.",
"There’s no need to run in fear from the Wi-Fi router lurking in the corner or wear a tin-foil hat every time you use Google. Let’s put this one to bed: Wi-Fi isn’t going to cause you any harm.\n\nThere are scores of scaremongering articles on the internet warning people of the hidden dangers of Wi-Fi; that the radiation emitted from routers has caused people headaches and insomnia, and is potent enough to kill plants. However, you’ll find none of these articles have any credible scientific evidence. Most are shamelessly jumping on the bandwagon and speculating over health risks in order to peddle anti-radiation products. There are several hard facts to prove that Wi-Fi is harmless, so let us put your worries to rest.\n\nThe short answer to whether Wi-Fi is dangerous: no, it isn't. The explanation as to why is simple, but a bit longer.\n\nThere are two kinds of radiation: ionising and non-ionising. Ionising radiation is the kind we (and comic-book writers) know all about. Nuclear reactors and X-rays produce ionising radiation and have the energy to penetrate our cells and change DNA composition – something that causes cancer.\n\nBut non-ionising radiation doesn’t. The likes of Wi-Fi, radar and Bluetooth are all forms of non-ionising radiation; there’s even non-ionising radiation being beamed onto us from cosmic rays on a constant basis, but these don’t cause us to sprout extra limbs or panic every time we leave the house. The truth is that the sun has far more radiation than a Wi-Fi router, yet we don’t run for cover every time we step out of the shadows.\n\nNon-ionising radiation can harm you: as Cancer Research points out, ultraviolet light from the sun or sunbeds can, with overexposure, cause skin cancer. But Wi-Fi is in a totally different level; it’s like comparing the power of a sports car to that of a Tonka toy.\n\nThe fact that Wi-Fi signals operate on the same frequency as a microwave (2.4GHz) doesn’t help alleviate concern. Sure, microwaves have had their fair share of scientific scrutiny – all of which has yet to prove there is a link between use and cancer. But despite being on the same frequency, a Wi-Fi signal is around 100,000 times less intense than that of a microwave, scattering its signals in all directions over longer distances. The signal strength of Wi-Fi diminishes from the source very quickly. It follows the inverse-square law: so the further you are from the router, the less powerful its signal.",
"WiFi devices and cell phones do emit electromagnetic radiation, but it is \"non-ionising radiation\" and at very low power levels. TV and radio signals, microwaves and even light itself are all examples of non-ionising radiation. Ionising radiation is the dangerous stuff - gamma rays, x-rays etc - it carries enough energy to strip electrons from atoms (you may recall that an atom which does not have an equal number of protons and electrons is called an ion.) It follows that non-ionising radiation does NOT have sufficient energy to do this.\n\nYou walk around all day in a literal soup of non-ionising radiation from a myriad of sources. Usually you are a long way from the source, and as the power of the field reduces by the square of the distance from the source, the field strength is tiny anyway. You hardly ever encounter a source of ionising radiation, and usually when you do you have made a choice to do so - eg; by going for an x-ray of some part of your body. \n\nSome people are affected by a psychological condition known as electromagnetic hypersensitivity, whereby they believe so strongly that a nearby WiFi router (for example) is causing their illness that they exhibit real, physical symptoms. But for the most part, the rest of us live in this radiation soup with no adverse effects.\n\nIt is true that the WHO lists RF electromagnetic fields as a class 2B agent which are \"possibly\" carcinogenic to humans. (Class 2A is \"probably\" carcinogenic, and class 1 definitely is.) Yes, there is a small amount of inconclusive evidence which weakly links some types of RF electromagnetic fields to some types of cancer. (Other 2B agents on the WHO website; coffee and traditional Asian pickled vegetables!)\n\nHowever, lets put things in perspective...\n\nDriving an extra 30 minutes to go to a less \"sharky\" beach may seem like a smart idea, but it actually puts you in greater peril. Driving a car is - statistically speaking - incredibly dangerous, but nobody ever weighs that up in their decision making. Likewise, you may think you're playing it safe switching off your router and cell phone before you go to bed, but you haven't read through the list of class 1 agents yet, have you? Outdoor air pollution, processed meats, alcoholic beverages, solar radiation...",
"You are bathing in electromagnetic radiation all day. Just avoid x-rays and gamma rays. Your phone/wi-fi don't make those. ",
"When it comes to electronics lets simplify things by saying there are 2 types of radiation. Non ionizing radiation which does not damage cells, and ionizing radiation which does damage cells and DNA. \n\nYour cellphone, headphones, television, stereo, blender, coffee maker, even your microwave oven, are not ionizing radiation and do not damage your DNA. Although a microwave can cook your cells, it doesn't blast their DNA strands in the way that ionizing radiation does. \n\nNow take something like an xray machine, which uses a higher energy form of electromagnetic radiation, and those are powerful enough to damage the DNA, RNA, and other parts of your cell, like invisible bullets riddling your body with holes. \n\nSo in summary, unless you need a lead jacket to operate it, it's probably not going to hurt or affect you in any dangerous way. \n\nBy the way, don't feel bad about your mom not understanding it. I worked in telecomm for 10 years and one of the radio engineers I worked with used to put paper towels over his lunch in the microwave because he thought it protected his food from 'radiation'. He was a radio engineer.......... O.o ",
"ELI5: Most electronics emit waves called non-ionizing radiation waves. Non-ionizing waves are not strong enough to damage any form of human cells, so no. \n\nA little more in depth of non-ionizing radiation waves: \n\nWhile it's true that non-ionizing radiation waves can't damage cells, you may be asking yourself what does, or how they do it? Ionizing radiation waves emit enough radiation energy to fully remove an electron from an atom. This is what can cause nerve cells to be damaged. Non-ionizing radiation waves don't have the energy to do this. Thus, they can't damage your body in any way.",
"Yes! For example, our computer monitors emit electromagnetic waves between 400 and 800 nm that have been observed to have an effect on human behavior."
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7mxka1 | why is most food acidic rather than alkaline? | Is it just that alkaline things don't taste nice so we don't eat them? Are three loads of foods that are alkaline? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7mxka1/eli5_why_is_most_food_acidic_rather_than_alkaline/ | {
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"I'm not an expert but there are at least a couple reasons: \n\n1) Alkaline stuff tends to taste really bitter, rather than sour (acidic) and people tend not to like that\n\n2) Alkalinity (at least on the scale of alkalinity where you'd have something not harmful to eat) is not generally as good at stopping harmful bacteria from growing as acidity. \n\nAgain, not an expert, might be wrong. ",
"Living things in general are more resistant to acids than alkali's, for a variety of reasons. Not only does this mean that alkali foods are more dangerous to eat, relatively speaking, but it also means that alkali foods are less common in the first place. Since food is for the most part made of things that used to be alive, and alkali's are more dangerous than acids to living things, living things are more prone to using acids than alkali's for all sorts of purposes. Both of these reasons mean that there are simply less edible alkaline foods than there are acidic foods."
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eonq1g | how does forces work | Specifically, when 2 bones collide into one another. I just saw a vid of mma fighters kicking each other, but why is it that only one of their bone breaks from impact? Is the force repelled if it is not transferred? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eonq1g/eli5_how_does_forces_work/ | {
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"An action has an equal an opposite reaction. The force of the kick makes contact. The point of contact applies an equal force to both people. However, how that force is distributed is what makes the difference. For the poor soul who's leg breaks, a large portion of that force was applied against the bone at an angle which focused it on a relatively small region, enough to break the bonds which hold the bone together. The force of the impact on the other fighter was the same, but the force may have hit a thicker area of bone or at least at an angle which resulted in the force being spread out across a larger area of bone with no one point absorbing sufficient force to cause it to break.",
"The same *amount* of force is applied to both of them, but that doesn't mean that it's applied in the same ways. For example, the force can be concentrated in one spot for one of them, but spread out over a larger area on the other. \n\nAdditionally, just because the amount of force is the same on both of them, that doesn't mean it affects them the same way. What if one of them simply has stronger bones than the other? What if one has a denser layer of muscle protecting his bones while the other has less? Applying the exact same amount of force to a tissue and to a car will have very different results.",
"Pressure (force over area) has more importance in breaking something.\n\nFor example, if you have a wooden board and kick it with the base of your feet, you probably won't dent it since the force is spread out over a large area. Take the same force and hit the board with a hammer and it may dent because the force is concentrated in a smaller area. Now put a nail on the board and hit it with the hammer. This has the most pressure since all the force is in the tip of the nail. This will cause the nail to break through the board.\n\nThe pressure of a kick depends on how the kick lands. If you hit with your foot, the pressure is lower since it's a wider area. If it's with your shin, the pressure can be very high. If you hit shin on shin, there's a possibility of bones breaking since it's high pressure hitting a stiff, breakable part. Bones are not uniform so pressures at different angles can cause it to break more easily than other angles."
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6hlj3a | how is it possible that someone can be rationally thinking about why they should not be scared/nervous, but still feel it in their body? | Should the rational thoughts not calm the body down? Why and how does the body do this? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6hlj3a/eli5_how_is_it_possible_that_someone_can_be/ | {
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"It stems from the fact that our emotions are much more core to our being. They are autonomous responses that have been present in our evolutionary history for much much longer than conscious thought - hence why they are at the centre of our brain. The human brain is constructed much like an onion, with older evolutionary components at the centre (which we have in common with other mammals/ vertabrates). Complex, conscious thought comes from our large expansion at the front/ top of our brain compared to other mammals.\n\nFear is an emotional reaction, which is processed in the [Amygdala](_URL_0_). ([Image](_URL_1_)) As such, we cannot override this autonomous reaction to certain stimuli very easily. Often it means the secretion of adrenaline around the body, kicking us into overdrive. This adrenaline cannot be taken back, so once fight or flight has kicked in you can't just instantly override it with positive thoughts.\n\nAs for the why - Fear is essentially our brain putting us into \"high alert\" mode. Any small movements or sounds will trigger automated responses. These responses are extremely fast - so fast that we literally don't even think before doing them. This is referred to as the fight or flight response. [Here's an example](_URL_2_) of someone punching out after having their fight response triggered. The guy didn't even realise he'd thrown a punch until the other dude was already unconscious."
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3o6xat | i have somewhat of an understanding of the electoral college is in the united states presidential election. what does my individual vote contribute to in order to make this fair? | I am specifically asking how much power does my individual vote have. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3o6xat/eli5i_have_somewhat_of_an_understanding_of_the/ | {
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"It depends on where you live. In some states, your vote is statistically tens of times more meaningful than the same singular vote of someone else in another state (such as voting in Iowa versus voting in Oklahoma).\n\nOther than that, it basically just affects footnotes in historical data. If a Republican won Texas or a Democrat won Massachusetts with a huge majority, then that surprises no one. If they win with 50.00001%, then that signals to everyone that the tides are changing and is foretelling of future changes. It encourages everyone to vote even more, because they can see the change on the horizon.\n\nSo, even though I think the electoral college is unfair, your vote still matters. It just doesn't matter in the sense that it can actually change the election you're voting in.",
"The individual votes in your state determine how your state's electoral college votes are cast. You can argue that your individual vote has no effect if you vote for a losing candidate or for a winning candidate who would have won without your support. But the same is true of everyone else in your state, so you have as much power as anyone else in your state. It would also be true of a simple national vote for president, it's unavoidable when you're electing one person for one job so the result has to be winner-takes-all.\n\nAs far as the effect of your vote is concerned, the main difference between the electoral college and a simple national vote is that individual votes in smaller states carry more power than votes in larger states, because smaller states have more electoral college votes than their population would suggest they \"deserve\"."
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4t9q2g | how does deep tissue (or soft tissue) massage help with the healing process? it seems like it would just aggravate the area more. | I am currently in receiving PT for plantars fasciitis, and most of my time involves the therapist just digging right into the most painful area, which really does seem to be helping... but why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4t9q2g/eli5_how_does_deep_tissue_or_soft_tissue_massage/ | {
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"Massage helps to cause the blood and the lymph to circulate. Remember that blood is pumped by the heart through the arteries, but not through the capillaries or the veins. A lot of the blood circulation in the body, and all of the lymphatic circulation, is driven by valves acting in concert with various muscular contractions everywhere in the body. Lactic acid will build up in muscles if the circulation is not sufficient.\n\nSometimes muscles remain tense when they should be relaxed, and massage can also help with that. ",
"As it was explained to me:\n\nOur muscles are made up of bundles of cells. They are long and skinny like the hairs on your head. Wrapped around each muscle cell is an organelle called a sarcoplasmic recticulum. \n\nOne of the things the sarcoplasmic recticulum does is to control calcium flow within the cell. So when there is an electrical signal from the brain for the muscle cell to contract the sarcoplasmic recticulum exudes calcium from its membrane and that calcium mixes with a protein in the cell called myosin. That starts a chain reaction, and then the muscle cell (fiber) contracts.\n\nThen when there is an electrical signal from the brain for the muscle cell to relax or lengthen the sarcoplasmic recticulum reabsorbs the calcium separating it from the myosin, and the muscle fiber relaxes.\n\nNow about stress. \nStress is a big issue (emotional tension, repetitive movements, a blow from an accident, sudden movement, or whatever) that can cause the sarcoplasmic recticulum to rupture or break. And when it breaks, the calcium just leaks out and mixes with the myosin thats present in the area so whatever muscle fibers run through that mixture contract. And that's your knot- an area of contracted muscle fibers within a relaxed muscle.\n\nAnyway, when you find a knot (trigger point, sore spot or whatever you wanna call it) when you press on it you are pushing that calcium myosin mixture out of the area back into the venous system. Then the muscle fibers can open up and lengthen. \nThe cellular damage is still there but now the fresh blood can get in and repair the damage (broken sarcoplasmic recticulum). \nThat's why trigger points tend to linger until they get stretched out or pressed out- the capillary flow is cut off."
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du07s3 | ”what is data cube?” | Hi,everyone.
4 years ago last time it was asked here and the thread still has only one response, which did not help me as it was about image storing.
For example,what people mean when they speak about OLAP dat cube which is used in SSAS
Thanks in advance | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/du07s3/eli5what_is_data_cube/ | {
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"_URL_0_\n\nThere are a lot more than 1 results when I search data cube. What did you search?",
"Let's start by visualizing a Rubik's Cube. We've got three literal dimensions we can navigate on this toy: up & down, left & right, and back & forth. Let's assume that the business data we are reporting on also has three axes of navigation we are interested in: Sales org, Finance org, and Revenue date. So mix those two ideas -- up & down goes with Sales org, left & right go with Finance org, and back and forth go with Revenue date. This is only a visualization to imagine how we might navigate the data in our reports.\n\nOne key point is that we aren't always interested in all the possible combinations of dimensions or axes. If I'm a Sales employee, I can most often ignore the Finance org options. So in my day to day reporting, the \"Rubik's Cube\" gets squashed to up & down and left & right. This is exactly like a PivotTable where we only pull in the Sales org and Revenue date options to get to a simple cross tab. We have \"sliced\" the dimensional view down to our current needs. We often talk about OLAP reporting as \"slicing and dicing\" the data, and that's what our Sale employee sub-cube represents. Another classic \"cut\" of the data is when we filter the Revenue time dimension, say to last year and year to date only. 99% of the time, IT are the only ones who care about the full history across the full combinations of dimensions, and we want to make it easy for the users to get to the specific answers they need to answer day after day.\n\nAnother key thing to consider is that we can organize our dimensions into hierarchical levels. One business might have a Sales org that goes from country, down to state, and down to city. If I'm head of national Sales, I'm thinking primarily in terms of my country and how it is performing. I may dip down to the state level if I see problems or opportunities that I want follow up on, but at the end of the day, I'm on the hook for the country's results. This is another example of \"cutting\" the data. Our visual Rubik's cube model starts to break down a bit here, but try to imagine the \"up & down\" for Sale org has its own \"in & out\" for this dimension's hierarchy.\n\nNow let's really break the visual cube! We also want to support Marketing, right? So we have another dimension to work into the cube: call it Market org. It's also hierarchical; we just don't care how right now. We can't visually represent Market org along with the other three dimensions we've covered. In our mind, we might \"go inside the Rubik's cube\" for this added complexity, or we could even imagine many duplicate cubes extending next to each other in a grid out into space. At this point, the visualization really loses importance, just as long as we understand that we can slice and dice arbitrarily many dimensions our of our final \"multidimensional\" cube, just like we can with our initial, simple one.\n\nThere's another really important point to cover: preaggregrations. Remember the national Sales lead who first thing every morning wants to pull up her country's latest totals? Since that's bound to be a common activity across all the business functions that our dimensions support, we pre-calculate top-level (and several lower-level) results so the run-time results are turned around very quickly. These are stored in the database OLAP cube. Of course, the database has all the lower level data for when a business admin needs to deep dive down to the lowest levels. And depending on the database technology, we may even store these results and even the lowest data in server memory, for even faster response. The only limits to preaggregrations and data are cube processing time and hardware expenses.\n\nI haven't touched on metrics, so let's just say that in the lowest \"Rubik's cube intersection\" of whatever slice and dice we did, all our base metric values are stored (so 27 sets of metric values for our very initial Rubik's cube). We can then extend our base metrics with formulas, or calculated measures, which allow us to have results that span those intersections; for example, we probably want to have a \"year to date % last year to date\" result to save the business from calculating that themselves ever time.\n\nLet me know if that helps, or if you have any other questions or thoughts."
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6pc1f4 | plea bargaining in court cases and why is it allowed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6pc1f4/eli5_plea_bargaining_in_court_cases_and_why_is_it/ | {
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"You plea bargain *before* a case goes to trial.\n\nYou agree to admit guilt in exchange for lessened charges or (potentially) reduced sentencing.\n\nAny time a case goes to court, it's expensive, time consuming and there's a chance that the defendant might get a 'not guilty'. Plea bargaining gets things over with. From a purely pragmatic point of view, it frees up DA's resources to prosecute serious crimes & guarantees a conviction. If you view that that justice system is supposed to rehabilitate people, admitting guilt is an important first step. If you want to be cynical, it's a tool that the DA can use to force poor people without the resources for a proper defense into convictions.",
"Why shouldn't it be allowed?\n\nWithout plea bargains the US court system would grind to a halt. 95% of cases are plea bargained, and it is already common to wait more than a year for a trial. Without the plea bargain the court system would need to be massively expanded.",
"Let's say you were charged with murder. There could be a few reasons why you might plea bargain to a lesser charge:\n\n1) Uncertainty of Evidence - \nThe DA/Crown prosecutor and the police are going to spend a huge amount of time and resources putting together a case against you. Sometimes the cases are pretty strong, and sometimes they are less so. You never know what people are going to say on the stand, and the standard of proof is very high (beyond a reasonable doubt). For that reason, the DA/Crown might agree to plea bargain you down to a lesser charge like manslaughter if they believe there is a slim chance of convicting you for murder. \n\n2) Elements of an Offence - \nSome offences, like murder, have different requirements in law - or boxes that need to be ticked off. To prove murder, the DA/Crown prosecutor would have to prove that you commit the act (actus reus) and that you actually wanted to commit the murder (mens rea). An example would be if you got into a bar fight and you killed your opponent. Did you mean to kill him? Was it an accidental part of the fight? It can be very difficult to prove what your state of mind was. For that reason, the DA/Crown might agree to plea bargain you down to manslaughter because they weren't confident they could convince the judge/jury of the mental element - that you intended the death. \n\n3) Real Life Consequences - \nSometimes, the DA/Crown may be more lenient on you if you are going to suffer some real-life consequences. Let's say in the fight mentioned above that you got both your legs cut off, and now you're going to deported to a third-world country because you were an immigrant and not yet a full citizen. When deciding how to manage your case, the DA/Crown might decide that you have already paid some of the price for your offence. \n\n4) Overloaded Government - \nA short while ago, the Canadian Supeme Court issued a decision called \"Jordan\", which says (very generally) that it is not just for accused people to wait too long to be prosecuted. Now, many courts are struggling to keep up with new boundaries put in place by this Supreme Court decision. In fact, the news recently featured a controversial memo (the Prosecution Service Practice Protocol”) that was released by the Crown prosecutor (our DA) in Alberta, which gave all of the lawyers working for the Crown guidelines about which cases to prioritize and when to take a plea bargain. "
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9vhm8i | what changed in our social interaction / dating / relationships that we now need books, podcasts, videos in order to succeed versus 50 years ago? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9vhm8i/eli5_what_changed_in_our_social_interaction/ | {
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"I dont think its about needing it, but more like because we have it. Thanks to mass media and the ability to access any information in just a few minutes, people have begun to learn many more skills much faster and efficiently than before. Before a farmer would teach his children to farm. Otherwise someone with no experience would try it. Now somebody with no experience or background can learn to farm thanks to podcasts books ect. The availability of information has allowed for people to be much more skilled and quicker learns as compared to previous gens. ",
"Sooo.\n\nAs far as stuff like MeToo goes.\n\nWomen have been getting assaulted since we'll before our generation, they only started being heard recently.\n\nAs far as the rest, there are books on relationships, courtship etc going well back into the middle ages that we know of.",
"First, 50 years ago people weren't allow to get divorced as easily. Marriages were just as horrible as they are now, but you didn't have a choice you had to stick it out.\n\nAnd a hundred years before that the idea of marrying someone because you loved them was considered stupid. People got married for business and political reasons. Your father and their father wanted to go into business together, so you two kids were forced to marry to make sure your fathers didn't cheat each other.\n\nNext, don't confuse the availability with information with the necessity of it. People have always craved information, it is what has driven society to where it is. Today there are thousands of books, videos, and classes on how to raise and care for children. But not because people these days can't figure it out like ancient humans 100,000 years ago did. Its because people want to know if they are doing it right and always have wanted to know. But now the information is available, EASILY obtained, and there are people out there creating it. 100,000 years ago they didn't know how to write. 10,000 years ago they were carving it in stone, 1000 years ago they were writing it by hand on paper, 100 years ago they had printing presses and type writers. But today we have computers that can access billions of books and type millions of pages. We don't NEED the information, but we have it so not use it.\n\nFinally things like MeToo, RedPill, and PUA are not indications that people don't know how to interact with each other. MeToo is about women speaking up about things that have been happening for centuries. RedPill and PUA is a very small subset of people who are negatively reacting to shifts in culture. The sexual revolution of the 60s and 70s made America much less puritan and the Civil Rights movement has worked to make women an equal part of society, but some people can't let go of the past and always think it was better. When in reality it was much worse. Don't know what MGTOW, but I am sure it is just some tiny yet vocal community that has weird idea based on a misconception on how life works."
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ysgfn | circlejerk | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ysgfn/eli5_circlejerk/ | {
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"/r/circlejerk is where people go to make fun of stuff on reddit, how redditors act, et cetera. Cats, Ron Paul, atheism, \"so brave,\" and all that.\n\nA circlejerk in real life can mean a couple things. One is where everybody has the same idea and are all in agreement with each other. The other is when a bunch of guys get together and spank the monkey.",
"You know how you can't tickle yourself? But it is a lot of fun to be tickled. Imagine you ask your friend to tickle you. He will say that's not fair: you're getting fun but he's not. So imagine you ask a third person to tickle him. No you're both having fun but now the third person isn't. So imagine you start to tickle him - now you three form a circle where everybody is getting the fun of being tickled.\n\nThat's a circle-jerk.\n\nBut it's very pointless. You're not going to achieve anything good aside from your own satisfaction. And anybody looking in isn't going to get anything out of it at all.\n\nPeople use the word \"circle-jerk\" metaphorically to describe anytime a bunch of people are talking about a certain word or game or movie or something in a way that doesn't achieve anything useful. It's not critical, it's not insightful, it doesn't do anything for someone outside. It just makes the people talking feel good."
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1pqdyi | why do some japanese and korean pop songs work in seemingly random english phrases? | For example: Gangnam Style, or the FMA: Brotherhood theme song for part 3 ("borderline", "poker face"). Is it just anglicization, or is there some other reason this is done? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pqdyi/eli5_why_do_some_japanese_and_korean_pop_songs/ | {
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"Just as people in the west like Asian characters for tattoos, Asians like English words and phrases as part of their songs even if they're not completely sense-making.",
"In my experience, it's just a fun way to spice up the lyrics. They have their own words for most of that stuff (though they use 'poker face' in normal conversation too), it's just cool to sing some of it in English. Just like how people think it's cool to put foreign words in English music.",
"Speaking for the Japanese side of things, it's part of their culture to use random English phrases in every day usage. It helps that Japanese children are all required to take English classes from a young age.",
"I've realised it in a lot of the naruto openings",
"It's just for shits and giggles.",
"In Denmark we have a quite popular pop/rock band who tend to mix in some english words and phrases in their nonsense lyrics.\r\n\r\nNephew - En wannabe darth vader\r\n_URL_0_\r\n\r\nThe same song performed in english:\r\n_URL_1_"
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1jd6da | why i can't just stop eating to lose weight. | I consume energy during the day, and I wouldn't have any intake of energy, right? I just don't get it. BTW, this isn't actually something that I plan on doing, it's just that I'm wondering how these processes work. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jd6da/eli5_why_i_cant_just_stop_eating_to_lose_weight/ | {
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"Your body needs other substances from food to survive besides calories, such as vitamins and minerals. If you stop eating, you can't properly regulate your body processes. Also, if you go long enough without eating, your body will believe you are starving to death and begin burning muscle rather than fat.\n\nYou can keep on a low-calorie diet without starving yourself.",
"It would most certainly work. Without food your blood sugar would start to fall. Your body will attempt to maintain this by breaking down more and more complex energy storage. Glycogen, fatty acids fat so you would loose weight. Eventually these run low and your body will turn to other sources including muscle.\n\nBut also you'd loose a lot of vital salts and begin to run low on vitamins etc. Very quickly the body can't maintain it's normal processes effectively for example without body fat you would be more vunrable to cold, the immune system will also suffer. Your brain would also suffer as it's sole source of energy is glucose (it can't directly use fat etc.) it needs glucose to be made by the liver and this can be slow.\n\nThe biggest problems are the salts in your bodies, especially potassium, as this begins to run low conduction within your heart fails and this can lead to arrhythmia or even cardiac arrest.\n\nAnother problem is insulin which reduces blood sugar usually if you are starving you will have very low/no insulin as there is no need. A side effect of insulin is it forces salts into your cells. If you starve then suddenly eat glucose( sugar ) floods your blood your pancreas produces insulin to compensate this drives blood salts even lower! This is re-feeding syndrome and it's why the most dangerous part of David Blane's starvation attempt was actually when he was being fed at the end!",
"Well technically the fastest way to lose weight is to simply just stop eating, however as others have said your body also needs vitamins and minerals etc to function properly many of which can only be found in food. \n\nHowever I heard of this study where an obese man was given all the appropriate vitamins and minerals he would need but was given no food. He was fine as far as I know but I wouldn't recommend anyone actually try this, he was under constant medical supervision."
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al1i5o | why do puddles of spilt drinks (whether wet or alr dried up) attract ants? can they physically pick up the water or sugar molecules? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/al1i5o/eli5_why_do_puddles_of_spilt_drinks_whether_wet/ | {
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"They drink it.\n\nLater on, if need be, they can vomit it back up to feed the rest of their colony."
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8j6pba | why is tickling essentially torture? you would think something that doesn't "hurt" and makes us laugh would be a good thing. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8j6pba/eli5_why_is_tickling_essentially_torture_you/ | {
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"Disclaimer: not an expert, just going with my best guess 'cause i think this is a fun question. When you are tickled it feels like a sensory overload, and you lose your control over your body. Even necessary things like breathing will become a challenge because of the stress the body is under. I can also imagine your heartrate rising. So I'm remembering being tickled really relentlessly, and after awhile I wanted to do everything to make it stop just to cath my breath and slow my heartrate and relax my muscles. Could be very effective to get information out of someone, I suppose. \n\nI hope someone responds with a real answer ",
"The laughter from being tickled is not because of happiness or amusement. It is a reflex response to a sensory overload and if it expressed itself as crying or shrieking in pain we wouldn't think it was harmless fun. We associate laughter with fun and happiness so we think tickling is \"nice\" even though experience tells us it is unpleasant.\n\nThe main thought going through your head when being tickled is that you really want this sensation to STOP. It does hurt. We just react to that particular type of hurt by laughing which sends really mixed messages. ",
"Zones which are most ticklish (armpit, bottom of feet, waist, neck) are also the areas most susceptible to predator attacks. Tickling probably evolved to train children through play. Grandad torturing kids through tickling is torture, but it’s also training them to survive animal attacks. Not 100% sure, but there was an article while back arguing that the context of the stimulus determines whether we experience tickling or not. So Grandad attack will be fairly similar to predator attack, as both are trying to attack the vulnerable (ticklish) areas.",
"We learned this from massage school. When you are ticklish, it is actually a sign of defense. Your body is trying to protect itself. And fun fact, some people feel tickled more than pain, which is a sign of holding. So they react to defense with being tickled instead of pain. In reality, pain and ticklish sensations are actually 2 sides of the same coin",
"It's an evolved method of teaching children how to defend themselves.\n\nYour most vulnerable areas are the most ticklish. Tickling play trains in children the reflexes necessary to protect these areas. The \"torture\" encourages the child to defend the areas being tickled (training reflexes). The laughter encourages the adult to maintain the attack (continuing the training exercise)."
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18ad06 | why does meat turn grey as it gets closer to expiration? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/18ad06/eli5_why_does_meat_turn_grey_as_it_gets_closer_to/ | {
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" > Beef stored in the refrigerator for more than 5 days will start to turn brown due to chemical changes in the myoglobin.[Protein that causes redness in meat] This doesn’t necessarily mean it has gone bad, though with this length of unfrozen storage, it may have. Best to use your nose to tell for sure, not your eyes.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\nI recall reading that it's really only in the US that there's a focus on meat having to be red. Once exposed to air, meat turns brown (or when vacuum sealed it's basically purple). I might be stupid though.",
"The meat that changes colour the most is red meat from happy barnyard animals like cows. In order to have the energy to frolick happily in fields of sunshine and rainbows, the cows muscles are full of a molecule called myoglobin. \n\nThis molecule helps the cow turn all the yummy grass it eats into energy and meat. The molecule does this by holding on to oxygen after it's been breathed in and moving it around in the body of the cow. \n\nWhen the cow has decided it doesn't need some of it's meat, it takes it to the farmer so he can sell them at the market. When Mommy gets the meat from the market it's bright red because each molecule is holding oxygen straight from the air.\n\nWhen left in the air for a long time, all the myoglobin molecules become oxidized - they get too much oxygen and turn a yucky colour. \n\n.\n\n\n[More info.](_URL_0_)"
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5jllu9 | the feeling of death after chugging water. | To elaborate, sometimes while drinking something quickly it feels as if air gets trapped under what I am drinking. Usually followed by a feeling of knowing this is the end. Hopefully I am not the only person who sucks at drinking and I can get an explanation! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jllu9/eli5_the_feeling_of_death_after_chugging_water/ | {
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"That is exactly what's happening. You are chugging the drink, so you swallow a large amount of air while drinking. The air wants to escape the easiest way (basically, for you to burp), so it tries to come back up. However, you may still be drinking, so more liquid is blocking it.",
"It is possible to \"drown\" yourself by drinking too much water. Drinking extreme amounts of water can cause the balance of salt, sodium in your body to fall, dropping too low making it hard to function. It's called hyponatremia or water intoxication. \n\nAs far as swallowing air goes it's far less dangerous. People swallow a little air whether when it's eating speaking or drinking. Excessive amounts of air can cause discomfort but you'll probably either belch or if it continues now being absorbed ends up in the gastrointestinal tract. Either way slow down on the water intake and it'll be more comfortable. "
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7xl0k9 | how do auto re-finance companies make money? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7xl0k9/eli5how_do_auto_refinance_companies_make_money/ | {
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"Imagine you have an outstanding balance of $10,000 on an auto loan, and have a 5% interest rate with 5 years to pay. For simplicity's sake let's say this is your first payment. Your monthly payment will be $189, and when all is said and done you will end up paying a total of $11323 to pay off the loan if you pay the minimum payment every month, on time.\n\nBut, let's say you go with an auto refinance company.\n\nThey pay $10,000, the current balance on your loan. The loan is paid off and they now own the car, and they lend to you. They don't owe $11323 because interest accumulates over time - if you suddenly won a bunch of money, you'd be able to pay off the loan at $10,000 as well.\n\nSo, they just paid $10,000 in order to be able to make money off the interest of the loan themselves. If they offer you a 4% loan instead, you'll pay $11,050 over the life of the loan (assuming it's still a 5 year term) and they just made $1050 they otherwise wouldn't have made.\n\n\nAlso, a lot of these companies end up extending the term of the loan, which means your monthly payment goes down but you also end up paying more in interest over the long haul."
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65rrns | how is contamination avoided if you use the same implements to place raw food as for pulling it off the heat? | If you put bacon into a pan with a pair of tongs (or chicken on a grill, etc.), how does using that same pair of tongs throughout the cooking process not introduce the possibility of contaminating the food with uncooked microbes when you remove it from the heat? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/65rrns/eli5_how_is_contamination_avoided_if_you_use_the/ | {
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"If the tongs get heated up, then the bacteria on the tongs cook out too. Metal heats up very easily, more easily than meat because water in meat moderates its temperature. Metal tongs don't have water to moderate temperature.\n\nIf the tongs don't heat up, then you do get a risk of contamination, but much lower than eating plain raw meat. This is because there are fewer parasites on the outside than on the inside because there's more meat not exposed to the outside than there is meat exposed to the outside."
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p1qhq | why does eating snow kill you eventually | I've heard many times that if you're trapped somewhere in the mountains (for whatever reason) you must not "drink" the snow-water because it will kill you. Why is that? We can drink rain water, so why not snow-water?
Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p1qhq/eli5_why_does_eating_snow_kill_you_eventually/ | {
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"hypothermia would be the only reason.\n\nyoure better off melting it with an external heat source.",
"Layers of clothing/skin/fat protects your core from cooling too much. By ingesting snow, you are putting cold things in a place that needs to be warm.",
"It's not the snow it's how cold it is. When you eat enough of something that's frozen eventually it will lower your internal temperature and you get hypothermia and die. ",
"For winter camping (in northern Michigan) we used to melt snow water. If you had something to boil it with, all the better ('yellow snow' bacteria and other nasties) but otherwise, we put it in a plastic (not metal) container and kept it as warm as we could without freezing ourselves. (Sitting on the containers is a good way to do it.) Also, if you build a snow cave properly (or igloo) the hard-packed snow works as a remarkable insulator.",
"You ARE supposed to drink snow-water *(edit:) when there isn't any other water available*, it's a great source of water in an emergency. But you're never supposed to eat snow unless it has melted first.\n\nEating snow makes it much easier to die of hypothermia.\n\nIt doesn't matter if you're in a good shelter, because the snow freezes you from the inside. When you are stuck in any place cold enough that you risk freezing to death, it is dangerous to eat or drink very cold things.\n\nIt is safe to let the snow melt first, and then drink it.\n\nEdit: You should only eat snow as a last resort. Snow has more bacteria in it than some other kinds of water. It also has a bit of whatever was in the air when the snow fell, which could include pollution. Snow that has been on the ground a long time can be considered comparable to an especially clean pool of stagnant water.",
"you received some terrible survival advice. ",
"It's cold. \n\nPeople who go climbing in the mountains usually don't even take water with them. Instead, they take some metal flasks/cups/pots and a burner. They melt the snow and then use it for cooking and drinking, as it's very pure and tasty. The snow itself is not poisonous or anything. It's just that it is cold.",
"Because it lowers your body temp and makes it easier to die of hypothermia. Mostly this is an issue if you are staying in one place and don't have a good source of heat. It is okay to eat the snow for your water source(especially if you are on the move where your body temp won't be as much of an issue) you just need to watch your temp.",
"When in a survival situation you are supposed to drink water from snow, but if you melt the snow in your mouth, you not only risk hypothermia by lowering your body temperature, but you also waste extra energy to melt the water. \n\nWhen there is no external heat source (fire, automobile engine, etc) available it is safest to melt the snow by putting it in a water bottle, canteen, container etc, and using residual body heat to melt it. A container should be put between layers of your clothing so as not to drain you directly of heat, but to capture heat as it is naturally escaping. Whenever you are in a sub-freezing camping/survival situation the importance of keeping water on your body is stressed. Sleep with your water, keep it in your clothes, or keep it near a fire.",
"Fun fact: The Sami people (who spends much time out in the wilderness) add salt to their coffee when they make it from medlted snow. The reason? Melted snow is pretty much distilled water and without some salt in it the coffe tastes like shit.\n",
"Is it unsafe to eat just-fallen snow if you're in an urban/suburban environment? I ask because my college friends do it often for kicks - are they risking their health?",
"If you melt it first its fine. Snow however or even just Ice Water has negative calories and will lower your body temp lickedy split. IE it costs calories to consume cold water and in a cold environment it costs even more. \n\nHowever the exception here is if you have solid supply of food than yes you can eat snow in limited quantities. By basically having a energy source of food you can afford to use your body to melt ice. ",
"Eating snow will lower your body temp, accelerating hypothermia... But drinking snow melted in a bottle is fine. ",
"Frank Zappa - Don't Eat That Yellow Snow \n\n\n_URL_0_",
"You will die if you do anything.",
"Eating snow will lower your core temperature hastening the possibility of death from hypothermia.\n\nNot drinking any fluids will hasten the possibility of death from dehydration and causing your organs to shut down.\n\nDrinking water rendered from melted snow will keep you hydrated without lowering your core temperature. I cannot imagine how it could kill you."
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45jyod | why do we get "addicted" to speed when driving fast? | I have noticed sometimes when i travel that, after a while driving in highways, let's say, at a medium speed of 120km/h or 140km/h, when we have to reduce speed in "slower" roads, it's hard to mantain lower speeds, as it feels like we're going too slow. If I'm not consciously keeping an eye on our speed, i often find myself driving at highway speeds. Why does this happen? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45jyod/eli5_why_do_we_get_addicted_to_speed_when_driving/ | {
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"When you're cruisin' down the highway, stuff is flying past at a constant speed. You don't have to worry about much aside from a random deer or person jumping out in front of you at the last possible second. But that almost never happens.\n\nAcceleration feels good, but that's over now. You are now acclimated to driving 120 km/h.\n\nOh look! Now you're coming up to a town/city and need to slow down. \n\nStuff is now moving by slower. Slow enough that you have to start paying attention more to your surroundings. Paying attention requires mental effort, neck muscle movement, and a constant readiness to put your foot on the brake.\n\nIn this way, \"highway speeds\" are simply \"low mental effort\" speeds. While slower speeds require a lot more mental effort. \n\nYou aren't \"addicted\" per se, you just enjoy the lack of effort and relative lack of mental obstacles of the highway."
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94ra0w | why is some ice different | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/94ra0w/eli5why_is_some_ice_different/ | {
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"It is based off of how clean the water is. Normally tap water does have particles that are not super dangerous for us but when frozen you'll be able to see them. Freeze distilled water and it should be clear.",
"Ice looks different due to impurities in the water. If water is boiled first to purify it, it should come out crystal clear as ice. If there’s ANYTHING else in that water besides H2O molecules, it can become hazy when frozen."
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2nt41p | why is coca-cola from mexico supposed to taste better than that from the us? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nt41p/eli5_why_is_cocacola_from_mexico_supposed_to/ | {
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"Corn syrup is used as the most cost effective sweetener in the USA. Sugar is cheaper in mexico, so their Coke is made with that instead, which some folks are saying is better than the heavily processed corn syrup here.",
"Not only the coca cola, but all the Pepsi and coca cola soda products are cane sugar. You can get the \"mexicolas\" at COSTCO in SoCal.",
"I know the main difference is the sugar instead of corn syrup, but cokes form Mexico are always in glass bottles (at least whenever I find them here in Texas), and glass holds in carbonation a lot better than plastic, so they are quite a bit fresher too.",
"According to Wikipedia...\n\n > In taste tests, tasters have noted that the Mexican Coke has \"a more complex flavor with an ineffable spicy and herbal note\", and that it contained something \"that darkly hinted at root beer or old-fashioned sarsaparilla candies\". Some have suggested that the flavor resembles that of the kola nut.\n\nAnd...\n\n > ...a scientific analysis of Mexican Coke found no sucrose (standard sugar) in its sample of Mexican Coke, but instead found fructose and glucose at similar levels (5.4 and 5.0 respectively).[3] This indicates that sucrose was added originally and then broke down into fructose and glucose. \n\nIn my own personal experience, corn syrup has a different flavor and texture than dissolved sucrose. This is true of any two sweeteners, whether natural or artificial. Stevia extract has a different flavor from aspartame which is different from sucralose, etc."
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2g7h22 | how do reality tv contestants afford to be on a show and still pay bills at home? | I assume some people on the shows do not have financial responsibilities..but how do people on shows like The Real World, Face/Off, Big Brother afford to leave their real lives for the show? Do they quit their jobs? Does the tv network pay their rent for the time they're away? Does anyone know? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g7h22/eli5how_do_reality_tv_contestants_afford_to_be_on/ | {
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"They pay you, not a whole lot but it's an official source of income. You have to fill out a W9 form prior.",
"Those shows are not filming everyday like you might think. My family had one season on TV. The film crew would come into town for a weekend and they would give a very strict itinerary for the events. Many events and different places for each day they were in town. My family would have to bring a completely different outfit to each time slot in the day to give the illusion that the show films over many days. \n\n\nOh and they would take pictures of every single item in everyones complete attire for each time slot. They would then give you pictures and tell you what outfit to bring to film those \"behind the scenes\" one on one interviews. I forget what they call them, but you know the little clips that look like you are talking about what just happened minutes ago? Those take place at completely seperate dates and are mostly scripted.\n\n",
"Apparently all the teams on the Amazing Race are paid for their time away from their jobs.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Some shows that are more competition style where you go home when you're eliminated, Pay on a per deim or daily basis based on how long you're there. Other shows where you're sequestered for a set amount of time, whether you're eliminated or win it all, pay a set amount for the entirety of your sequester. ",
"Big Brother houseguests are paid a several thousand dollar stipend if they make it to jury. ",
"They pay you and it can be actually pretty good money, considering what you're doing. My friend was on Real World, and for him it opened up to a career from that *fame*. But yeah he had to quit his job in order to go do that for 3 months or so. ",
"I'm copying my comment to a main thread reply because I believe it's relevant enough. This is a direct copy+paste, so I apologize for out-of-context problems with it.\n\nI know, for example, the girls on Teen Mom 2 make something in the range of $60k/year for filming.\n_URL_0_\nI believe most shows pay contestants for each episode they appear on. Jersey Shore was making millions per episode, but that was a fringe case. Normally it's quite a bit less than that, but still something.\nFor something more competition-style, like Ru Paul's Drag Race, they get paid per episode as well. In fact, here's a Reddit about it.\n_URL_1_\n\nEdit: My fiancee corrected me and says the Jersey Shore cast \"only\" made $800k per episode. Big Bang Theory is apparently the highest-paid tv cast of any sort in history at just over $1mil/episode. ",
"Big Brother house guests make $1,000 per week they stay in the house. They also win prize money sometimes ($5,000 - $10,000) during competitions as bonuses.",
"I know some people who work for Big Brother but not the US one. Contestants will get paid for the time they are in that show as long as they are not evicted. Contestants signs a clause/agreement not to say publicly about it(not sure) as well as some things they can't say publicly about how the show really works.",
"I was on a competition reality show. I lasted 6 weeks. The amount of money that we got paid depended on the number of episodes that we completed. We were provided a stipend at first ($150) that covered 3 meals while we waited for production to start. After that we were paid $500 for the first episode and $250 for each subsequent episode that we were in. We worked 15 hour days; 2 days on and then a half day of interviews, then repeat. It took roughly 2 days and over 30 hours to make one episode. You leave your real life behind; pay all of your bills before you go, etc. The competition was what I do for my real job, so I did not quit, but instead had an employee watch my shop. The network does not pay for rent or living expenses. Some of the other people on the show, including myself took a huge cut in income to be on the show. In the end the amount that I made during the show ($3000+/-) I could make in 3-4 days. This is pretty standard for a competition show. That being said, they paid for and provided everything while I was competing. And no, I can't tell you which one because I am still under contract not to talk about it.",
"My sister-in-law and her husband won a $500,000 house on My Rona Home. \n\nHe took a 2 month leave from work for filming.\n\nIn the short-term they took a hit, but ultimately they made out like bandits.\n\n \n\n",
"In my country they don't.\nA reality contestant recently featured in another reality program about spending too much money. She of course got money for, well, not having any money."
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5s142d | why does the suffix "ship" exist and where does it come from? | Words like sportsmanship, dealership, championship. Whats up with the "ship" at the end of words? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5s142d/eli5_why_does_the_suffix_ship_exist_and_where/ | {
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"Middle English, Old English -scipe; akin to shape; cognate with dialectal Frisian, dialectal Dutch schip\n\na native English suffix of nouns denoting condition, character, office, skill, etc.:\nclerkship; friendship; statesmanship.\n\n\n_URL_0_"
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70c2f9 | the science behind the effect of caffeinated coffee on the body. | Would someone kindly explain to me the effect drinking coffee has on oneself? If I were to drink it all with breakfast, would the caffeine effect me in the same way as if I were to drink it over the course of a few hours?
Edit: Grammar | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/70c2f9/eli5_the_science_behind_the_effect_of_caffeinated/ | {
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"From my basic knowledge, caffeine makes you veins widen and your blood flow more thoroughly ",
"Caffeine fits into the same receptors in your brain as adenosine, the neurotransmitter that makes you feel tired, thus keeping you from feeling tired.\n\nEdit: looked up and added the name of the neurotransmitter"
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7vaydi | how do they line up the commercials during the super bowl with the actual game? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7vaydi/eli5_how_do_they_line_up_the_commercials_during/ | {
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"Quietly never mentioned: The advertisers EXPECT the teams to have time outs, etc. timed so the commercials can be run.\n\nIn fact, I think they've got it in writing.",
"There are different pricing based on when during the game the ad runs, so it depends on what advertiser is willing to pay. For example, first quarter ads are more costly than 4th quarter, because of risk that if game is blowout people turn out and don’t watch."
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8agold | why are antioxidants pseudoscience? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8agold/eli5_why_are_antioxidants_pseudoscience/ | {
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"A lot of this is pseudo science created by marketing to sell to people that don't know better.\n\nAntioxidants are things proven by science and do exist. Much like vitamins do exist and are known to exists under tests using scientific methods.\n\nClaims such as \"adding vitamins to children's breakfast cereal makes them 25% more aware\" is complete bullshit. People are mistakenly calling the use of antioxidants by marketing pseudoscience, which it is.\n\nSaying drinking red wine will make you live longer may have empirical scientific evidence somewhere, but it's largely been ignored and some tabloid (The Daily Mail) will likely twist the actual science into their bullshit partisan view.\n\nCharlie Brookers screenwipe covered a lot of the nonsense you see.\n\nTL;DR - they exist, are things and if you say otherwise you deserved to be fired into the sun.",
"They’re... they’re not. Who told you that? They were lying or wrong. Their use might be overblown in the popular health sphere but what isn’t? Blueberries aren’t magical superfoods but they’re still good for you. ",
"It's a regular problem in medicine and physiology.\n\nIt begins with: We have a compound that does a thing in laboratory conditions. We have reason to believe that the thing it does is beneficial if it would happen in the human body.\n\nThe problem is that there are no studies that conclusively prove that:\na) the compound actually does its thing in the body, which may not happen, either because it's not absorbed into the body, delivered to where it can act, or something else prevents it from acting.\nAnd b) that it has a notable beneficial effect even if it does work.\n\n\nAntioxidants work by preventing extremely minute amounts of damage over extreme (in clinical trial terms) time periods, meaning that observing their efficacy in an organized study is difficult. Thus most studies as to their benefits in humans have been done by examining populations that naturally acquire large amounts of antioxidants and compare them to populations that don't. But in these kinds of studies the is *a lot* of stuff that can lead the differences in the groups, meaning that it is pretty much impossible to conclusively say that it is antioxidants specifically that lead to beneficial effects.\n\ntl;dr: Antioxidants are pseudoscience in the sense that \"The idea is good, but it's never been proven to work in a scientifically rigorous experiment\"."
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1m80ow | why is it that after playing video games for a while that one gets a massive headache and why they might also feel dizzy, naseous, and have a loss of appetite? | Pretty self explainatory. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m80ow/eli5_why_is_it_that_after_playing_video_games_for/ | {
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"Some people can get motion sickness from certain games, especially if they play for a long time. I personally have never had this problem, but everyone is different. I can play games for hours with no issues whereas some people can barely even play for a few minutes."
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2gfkm3 | despite the extensive history of tattooing why are only japanese and american styles the most prevalent? | Please correct me if I am wrong. I just noticed that often when thinking about tattoos there's only these two styles that come to mind. Maybe it is just me | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gfkm3/eli5_despite_the_extensive_history_of_tattooing/ | {
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"Celtic and tribal tattoos are also still fairly fashionable."
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45mbj4 | how do non-stick pans work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45mbj4/eli5_how_do_nonstick_pans_work/ | {
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"There's a material called teflon. It's a kind of carbon-fluorine plastic and- there's really no better way to put this- it's really slippery. It doesn't form the kind of temporary bonds with other materials that cause friction. Non-stick pans are lined with it (getting it to stick to the metal part of the pan is actually a very tricky manufacturing problem), so food doesn't stick to them."
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f8fdin | why are hdds still used more commonly for servers instead of ssds? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f8fdin/eli5_why_are_hdds_still_used_more_commonly_for/ | {
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"SSDs getting cheaper, but still much more expensive than HDDs for the storage capacity. For your own computer, it may not be a big deal to spend $100 instead of $50 for storage, but when you're spending a million dollars on storage for a server farm, it matters a lot. The advantages of SSDs also don't matter as much for servers.",
"It's probably got to do with price and reliability. HDDs are a mature technology whereas SSDs are still pretty new and have a finite lifespan based on a number of writes. Servers have high traffic in general, so an SSD would wear out faster and fail. Servers don't like discs that fail.",
"It's mainly density and price. \n\nYou can get a 12TB hdd for the same price of a 2TB ssd. \n\nAnd you can only fit like 48 drives on a single host without it being impractical. \n\nSo you'll also have a lot of extra costs buying hosts as well.\n\nAnd then with more hosts means more space and wasted electricity.\n\nSo it's not just the capacity/price issue."
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o7fqd | exorcisms. | So I understand the faith-based explanation behind exorcisms - how it's a religious exercise to 'excise' any demons from a person's body. But speaking logically, *what is an exorcism*? Why does the person inflicted with the condition act so erratically? Is it all down to real Devil influence and nothing else? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/o7fqd/eli5_exorcisms/ | {
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"Placebo effect combined with they do what is expected / mental disease(seizures) / the stories are greatly exaggerated (When was the last time you actually saw a live exorcism?).",
"Those who believe it is a legitimate condition (possession of a demon) would say the \"real devil\" is the cause of those actions.\n\nThose who don't feel that way think that those considered to be possessed either suffer from psychological conditions, and/or as pinky said, a type of placebo effect."
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7nkalh | how the bowl audio capture things on football sidelines work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7nkalh/eli5_how_the_bowl_audio_capture_things_on/ | {
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"The bowl is a *parabolic reflector,* much like a satellite dish but for sound waves.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt concentrates a large amount of sound, by reflecting it all toward a microphone protruding in the middle."
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4d69b6 | how humans became the dominant/most intelligent species when it takes so long to master actions that are instinctive to other mammals (walking, swimming, hunting etc) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4d69b6/eli5_how_humans_became_the_dominantmost/ | {
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" This is a great example of how evolution involves trade-offs. Individual young humans are clearly not very capable. If you let a baby be born and then leave it alone, it will just die. However, with our enormous brains and our powerful social skills, we are able to develop as part of a society and then become much much more competent than other animals. \n\nSince it is nearly always possible for a human to grow up as part of a group, our inability to take care of things on our own without the group at a young age is not a serious evolutionary problem for us. ",
"because how long an infant takes to develop useful skills has nothing to do with the effectiveness of a species. gazelles don't care about the 1 year old crawling around, they absolutely care about the 2 meter tall adult (or more likely adults, plural) with the spear hunting it down.",
"Why is a complicated chip like the Intel x88/86 so popular when other dedicated-purpose chips perform certain tasks innately and with relative efficiency?\n\nIt is because the x88/86 chip is highly flexible and programmable - you can make it do such a wide variety of tasks. It is a little slower than a dedicated chip, to be sure, and requires special programming - but then it can perform all manner of tasks other chips cannot.\n\nHumans are like a general-purpose CPU. By itself it cannot do much. It requires a BIOS to boot (think breathing like a baby) - but everything else has to be instructed to it, much like a human needs to be taught.\n\nOne advantage we have of being \"programmable\", as a species, is that we can adapt - communicate in a variety of ways, hunt if necessary, kill if necessary, relax if necessary, be passive if necessary. Socialise, entertain. That makes our species stronger as we can each fulfil different tasks in a society as needs be.\n\nLearning is our strength - even if we are not the fastest or best at particular tasks in the animal kingdom.",
"We have a huge brain. Childbirth is difficult in humans because we are born with large skulls. A trade off is that we are born very undeveloped even if it took nine months we are born barely able to survive if we have a mother with a support group around her.\n\nMost of our behavior is learned. Social evolution has been occurring in our species in the last million years. It has been occurring much faster than genetic evolution occurs.",
"As others have said, it is true that our mental abilities offer us a considerable advantage. We can prepare, strategize, allocate resources, communicate, etc. in ways other animals cannot. \n\nBut our physical bodies aren't too shabby themselves. With hands and opposable thumbs, we can craft weapons to confer any physical advantage we choose. We don't have claws? It's OK, we can make spears and and swords to compensate. Don't have a ranged attack? We can throw stones or use a bow and arrow. We operate these weapons with more precise control than any other animal can.\n\nBeing fully bipedal, we have greater balance and dexterity than other animals. What we lose in brute size and robustness, we gain in flexibility. \n\nWe are actually the best endurance hunters on the planet, able to stalk prey for hours until they collapse from exhaustion. \n\nCombine a fairly capable body with extraordinary mental capacities and you have a species that can dominate every other on the planet. ",
"Walking is instinctive though lol?\n\n\nLift a baby upright over a surface and they will 'try to walk:",
"Cooking meat means that we need to spend less time digesting, chewing and eating.\n\nMeaning that we have more energy to spend in caring for young. \n\nSome evolutionary anthropologists believe that cooked food was a major cause of the physiological changes other people here have discussed ",
"The *range* and *diversity* of our skill-set is something that makes us different to other species. Whilst it may appear to take us a lng time to develop some skills that, to others, appear innate, we are learning how to do thousands of different things.\n\nit takes a human around four years from birth to learn a complex language ( in the right environment, even two different languages) and then apply that knowledge to a written form. Our ability to communicate need is in line with others but then the more complex skills are speedy in relation to other species that communicate with each other.\n\nDon't forget also that some basic skills that we need immediately are picked up so quickly they seem innate (e.g. suckling on a breast).",
"Just having a fleeting gander at Reddit but I want to recommend the book \"Sapiens\". It's a book about how Sapiens became dominant and what makes us special. It won a couple of awards and is comprehensive, clear and entertaining!",
"We've got some pretty fantastic adaptations. Our lack of heavy fur allows us to regulate our body temperatures beautifully, which makes us the best persistence hunters out there. We can't run as fast as a gazelle, but we can keep going *much longer* than they can. That means that if you're a good tracker you can just keep following the thing like Jason Voorhees until it's too exhausted to get away. For a fur-covered animal to lose heat when there's no water handy it needs to pant. It *can't* pant at top speed, and as it exerts itself it's going to heat up. Humans, on the other hand, are capable of losing heat from their entire body incredibly efficiently. Not only do we have a lot more exposed skin, but when we get hot we sweat and become even *more* efficient at cooling off. This means we can take down larger animals much more easily than animals that have to take their prey by surprise. More meat for more people, maybe even enough to save some for later.\n \nStanding and walking upright is crazily useful, even though it's not so great structurally. The spine is like a string from which the rest of the body generally hangs, but we've turned it into a pillar. This gives us all kinds of trouble later in life, but it also makes reaching things easier and allows us to see much further. Big brains, strong sociability, and opposable thumbs all come together to make us *fantastic* tool users. We live a pretty long time too, even when our average life span was a fraction of what it is now, it was a lot longer than most animals. And with all that we're also actually big enough to be considered megafauna. *Most* of the animal life on Earth isn't really any threat to us. \n \nHindsight is 20/20 and all, but given our pretty great set of attributes by the time we're anywhere near homo sapiens, I'd say we were kind of a shoe-in for technological advancement as long as nothing wiped us out first. ",
"Prior to any real technological discovery, we're very adaptive and resourceful. Like other mammals that seem to flourish in a multitude of environments, we're omnivorous. And what makes us both great hunters and survivors is our ability to run great distances because we're able to breathe both through our noses and mouths at both rest and activity. A dog can pant, but only at rest. There are few others that can match our stamina.",
"Isn't that why baby humans are so useless. We need to most of our development out of the womb to learn all the cool stuff we can do.",
"I know strange right. We actually \"evolved\" to be less likely to survive in nature. Interesting isn't it!",
"It is important to note that smaller animals experience time differently than we do too so while it takes them two weeks to walk it could have been like months to a year."
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3k9ghb | how does thermite work? | I was just watching that episode from breaking bad where Walt and Jesse use thermite to break a lock in order to steal chemicals for their cooking process. What are the chemicals used in the process and what causes them to react in such a way? Why did it seem so easy to make yet so effective? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3k9ghb/eli5_how_does_thermite_work/ | {
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"Thermite is a mixture of a metal and a metal oxide - a common choice is aluminum and iron oxide. When the thermite is ignited, the aluminum is oxidized and the iron oxide is reduced, leaving aluminum oxide and pure (molten) iron. This reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat - lots of heat. The temperature can reach 2500 degrees, enough to melt through most metals."
]
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[]
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5yw8i6 | how do some people sustain injuries, then recover with newfound language abilities? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yw8i6/eli5_how_do_some_people_sustain_injuries_then/ | {
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"They don't. It's obviously impossible, you can't implant knowledge of a language in someone's brain by injuring it. \n\nWhat is possible, though, that people who have suffered brain injury will start speaking language-like gibberish. This is called glossolalia, and is the source of the stories you're talking about, after being mistaken for an actual language. You might believe that your family member is speaking German if you don't speak German yourself and what they're spouting sounds vaguely like it to you, especially if you really don't want to face the fact that they have suffered brain damage and may never actually speak again. ",
"None. It's impossible to recover a skill that you never had to begin with.\n\nThere have been reports of traumatic brain injuries/strokes where the survivor comes out with Foreign Accent Syndrome where the person unintentially has an onset of new accent with their native language.\n\nI have had bilingual patients who have suffered strokes that affected one language while leaving the other one relatively more spared/unaffected.\n\nBut as mentioned above, these are not newfound language skills. If anything, these are a loss of prior level of language skills."
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18t8bg | why there has not been more news coverage on the meteorite in russia? | 1. Over 1200 injured
1. Biggest in 100 years
Sounds like a pretty big deal but no news outlets seem to be covering the story and I don't understand why.
Facts source: _URL_0_
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/18t8bg/eli5_why_there_has_not_been_more_news_coverage_on/ | {
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"I thought there was an awful lot of news coverage, where do you live?",
"There isn't much to say other than fear mongering. ",
"Injuries were just glass shards, it's not like the meteorite wiped out a city centre or anything.\n\nThere was enough coverage, no need to keep milking it. This is not a yet another school shooting from US, after all."
]
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"http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_02_18/Fragments-meteorite-found-in-Lake-Chebarkul/"
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[],
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3eysfx | how did colorado and washington arrive at the 5ng/m limit for thc intoxication while driving, when thc tests are so unreliable. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3eysfx/eli5_how_did_colorado_and_washington_arrive_at/ | {
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"How do they test for it?",
"The tests are reliable, ELISA and either GC or LC/MS/MS chromatography is pretty robust, and even the PD/PK is fairly well known, but the 5 ng/ml limit was more or less pulled by polling data from studies, the studies that tried to equate that number to something like a 0.08g% BAC, hence the THC per se limit, but then it makes it harder when chronic users can have levels much much higher than 5 ng, and they might not be that impaired, especially compared to a novice user. \n\nIf that concerned about it, don't smoke and drive, or wait something like 5-6 hours after toking. "
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4poj2j | how were buildings lifted in the raising of chicago during the 19th century? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4poj2j/eli5_how_were_buildings_lifted_in_the_raising_of/ | {
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"I've jacked up a small cabin before using car jacks. You'd dig a hole near the center, place the jack under a floor joist on a piece of wood so the force can be equally distributed and the jack doesn't get pushed into the dirt. Then you start jacking until the jack lifts that side a few inches off the foundation (this cabin was just sitting on cinder block piers). Slide some wood in the newly created gap on the foundation piers and then slowly release the jack. Repeat on the opposite side of the building and then repeat again on the other side, only moving a few inches on each side at a time so as to not tip the building too far to one side. Similar techniques could be used on a larger building but you'd need a bigger jack and probably wouldn't be able to get away with using 2x6 scraps as your temporary foundation shims.",
"IIRC, they would basically dig out a bit, then install screwjacks to support the building in the area they had dug. then, they would dig out a bit more and repeat. Eventually, the entire building is supported on a sea of screwjacks (including the center). After that they would hire enough workers to man each jack, and they would each jack up their post in unison. \n\nThis was even done to some buildings that encompassed entire blocks, and some hotels would have parties while the buildings were in the process of being lifted. "
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jd1nc | trigonometric functions | Like sin, cos, tan, sec, csc, and cot. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jd1nc/eli5_trigonometric_functions/ | {
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"Khan Academy (link in the sidebar) has a great series of trig videos that really helped me in class. Instead of me stumbling over teaching it, you should listen to him. ",
"Get a piece of paper. Put a point on it. Draw a circle centered at that point. Now, draw a line straight up and down through the center of the circle, and one going side-to-side through the center of the circle. It should look like [this](_URL_6_). We're going to call the distance from the center to the circle \"1\".\n\nGot that?\n\nOk, now put a spot on the circle somewhere. Perhaps like [this](_URL_4_).\n\nNow there are a couple of ways to label that spot.\n\nThe first is to measure how far along the circle you have to travel from the horizontal axis, like [this](_URL_7_).\n\nThe other is to measure how far you have to go to the right and then how far you have to go up, starting at the center, like [this](_URL_0_). Note that if you're *left* of the circle then \"x\" will be negative, and if you're *down* from the center then \"y\" will be negative.\n\nNotice how in one of these methods we only need one number while in the other we need two? This means we should be able to determine the two numbers of the second method from just the one number of the first. We *define* the functions cos(t) and sin(t) to be those relationships (see [here](_URL_2_)). That is, cos(t) tells us how far to the right of the center you are if you go a distance t along the circle, and sin(t) tells you how far above the center you are if you go a distance t along the circle.\n\nNow, once we have those, the others are defined in terms of them:\n\ntan(t) = sin(t)/cos(t),\n\nsec(t) = 1/cos(t)\n\ncsc(t) = 1/sin(t)\n\ncot(t) = cos(t)/sin(t).\n\nObservations:\n\nWhen you take our x and y method of labeling and draw a line from the point to the center, you get a right triangle with hypotenuse 1 (remember that the distance from the center to the circle is 1; see [here](_URL_5_)). According to the Pythagorean theorem, then, we have x^2 + y^2 = 1. Using our definition of sin and cos, this becomes the famous identity cos^2 (t) + sin^2 (t) = 1.\n\nAlso, the number pi is defined to be the number you get when you divide the distance around a circle by the distance across the circle (it turns out to be roughly 3.14159). This means that the distance around our circle is 2\\*pi, the distance half-way around is pi, and the distance a quarter of the way around is pi/2 ([here](_URL_1_)). Now, we can label these points using x and y as well ([here](_URL_3_)). Taking these together along with our definitions of sin and cos, we then find out that sin(0) = 0, cos(0) = 1, sin(pi/2) = 1, cos(pi/2) = 0, sin(pi) = 0, cos(pi) = 1.",
"Khan Academy (link in the sidebar) has a great series of trig videos that really helped me in class. Instead of me stumbling over teaching it, you should listen to him. ",
"Get a piece of paper. Put a point on it. Draw a circle centered at that point. Now, draw a line straight up and down through the center of the circle, and one going side-to-side through the center of the circle. It should look like [this](_URL_6_). We're going to call the distance from the center to the circle \"1\".\n\nGot that?\n\nOk, now put a spot on the circle somewhere. Perhaps like [this](_URL_4_).\n\nNow there are a couple of ways to label that spot.\n\nThe first is to measure how far along the circle you have to travel from the horizontal axis, like [this](_URL_7_).\n\nThe other is to measure how far you have to go to the right and then how far you have to go up, starting at the center, like [this](_URL_0_). Note that if you're *left* of the circle then \"x\" will be negative, and if you're *down* from the center then \"y\" will be negative.\n\nNotice how in one of these methods we only need one number while in the other we need two? This means we should be able to determine the two numbers of the second method from just the one number of the first. We *define* the functions cos(t) and sin(t) to be those relationships (see [here](_URL_2_)). That is, cos(t) tells us how far to the right of the center you are if you go a distance t along the circle, and sin(t) tells you how far above the center you are if you go a distance t along the circle.\n\nNow, once we have those, the others are defined in terms of them:\n\ntan(t) = sin(t)/cos(t),\n\nsec(t) = 1/cos(t)\n\ncsc(t) = 1/sin(t)\n\ncot(t) = cos(t)/sin(t).\n\nObservations:\n\nWhen you take our x and y method of labeling and draw a line from the point to the center, you get a right triangle with hypotenuse 1 (remember that the distance from the center to the circle is 1; see [here](_URL_5_)). According to the Pythagorean theorem, then, we have x^2 + y^2 = 1. Using our definition of sin and cos, this becomes the famous identity cos^2 (t) + sin^2 (t) = 1.\n\nAlso, the number pi is defined to be the number you get when you divide the distance around a circle by the distance across the circle (it turns out to be roughly 3.14159). This means that the distance around our circle is 2\\*pi, the distance half-way around is pi, and the distance a quarter of the way around is pi/2 ([here](_URL_1_)). Now, we can label these points using x and y as well ([here](_URL_3_)). Taking these together along with our definitions of sin and cos, we then find out that sin(0) = 0, cos(0) = 1, sin(pi/2) = 1, cos(pi/2) = 0, sin(pi) = 0, cos(pi) = 1."
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3kw6de | why are mistakes using your, you're, their they're, there etc so common for native english speakers, and so uncommon for non-native english speakers? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kw6de/eli5_why_are_mistakes_using_your_youre_their/ | {
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"I think they just don't care. Text messaging became very instant and less private, and they just don't spend enough time to compose their message, because they want to reply as soon as possible, and then they just get used to it, to write \"as you speak\".\nThe non native English speakers are paying attention to this, because they must, they have learned the language at school, so they can't allow themselves to be lazy, and also they want to use the language properly.\nIf you can do some research on other languages, you will find that, for instance, my native language is Hungarian and there are also typical words the misspell, not exactly because the reason I meant before, but partially.\nBack then, when people used emails or written letters, they had more time to compose the letter.\nBut it's just my opinion, I am not an native English speaker.",
"Simply because native English speakers have learned their language through speech, and generally by example. Non-native English speakers have generally learned English by grammar, and writing, it is therefore easier for these speakers to see the difference between the two forms. "
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3i1580 | what does the parental advisory label do and does it prevent a child from buying cds with that logo? | I don't understand the system and any time I search for an answer on google the results only show pages with a very brief overview of how it came about. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3i1580/eli5_what_does_the_parental_advisory_label_do_and/ | {
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"I think it works like:\n\n* Little Timmy wants to buy CD with the label\n* Mom sees the label\n* \"no son you can't have this\"\n\nOr:\n\n* Little Timmy tries to buy CD with label\n* Clerk sees the label\n* \"sorry little boy you can't have this\"",
"The advisory label is voluntary. There is no law or regulation that requires a retailer to not sell to a minor. It was created as a response to gangster rap from the 90s entering the mainstream. \n\nIn contemporary times, I'm sure high school kids know more bad words than I do. And they probably know how to download whatever they want from sites I've never heard of. \n\n_URL_0_"
]
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3x8tyn | what will happen, in general, if something travelled faster than light? | I'm confused with the whole "nothing can go faster than light" law and "time will become zero if we run at speed of light". I mean what does light have to do with reality and the existence of the physical world?! What will happen if something broke that law? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3x8tyn/eli5_what_will_happen_in_general_if_something/ | {
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"Light itself doesnt have anything to do with it. The speed of light is really just the upper speed limit of the universe. \n\nSpace and time arent separate things the are actually one thing called spacetime. The faster you move through space the slower you move through time as the two speeds together have to add up to the speedlimit (speed of light).\n\nAnything without mass (photons) has to go the speed of light and as such from its perspective it doesnt experience time. Time is 0 for a photon. We as humans just live in a world where relative speeds are pretty slow so we dont notice the time speed change.\n\nAnyway, if something broke that law and went faster than light it might theoretically go backwards in time. Its basically impossible to know for sure though.",
"Massless particles travel at the speed of light. Anything with mass does not. Photons happen to be massless so they have to move at the speed of light. Neutrinos are nearly massless so they can almost reach _c_ but not quite.\n\n\"Breaking\" said law doesn't make sense. Laws of physics by definition can't be broken, otherwise they wouldn't be laws at all.\n\nIf something was to go faster than light, following our math the object would also go backwards in time which would cause problems with causality, that just doesn't make sense.",
" > I mean what does light have to do with reality and the existence of the physical world?!\n\nNothing, really. The universe has a maximum speed that anything can ever travel, and only particles with zero mass can reach that speed (and in fact, can *only* travel that speed). Photons just happen to be one of two known particles that have no mass (the other being gluons that mediate the strong nuclear force), so we tend to use \"the speed of light\" to refer to \"the maximum speed of the universe\".\n\n > What will happen if something broke that law?\n\nThat's an invalid question. Nothing can break that law. If they could, then it wouldn't be a law in the first place.\n\nIf you want to start speculating and say, \"Yeah, I know, it can't be done, but *what if it could*?\", then the answer is: whatever the magic that you used to break the laws of physics says happens, that's what happens. The laws of physics have no opinion as to what happens when you break them, just like the rules of Monopoly don't tell you what to do if someone breaks the rules of the game (if they did, they that would be part of the rules, and thus no one would be breaking the rules in the first place).",
"It's not that nothing can go faster than light. It's that nothing can accelerate from below the speed of light to light speed or faster (or decelerate from above light speed to light speed or below).\n\nBasically there are three classes of particle:\n\n- Those that travel below light speed (most of them)\n- Those that travel at exactly light speed (photons)\n- Those that travel faster than light speed (tachyons); these are theoretical at this point as they've never been detected. If they exist, they would also travel backward in time and arrive at their destination before leaving their departure point.\n\nThe amount of energy needed to bump a particle from one category to another is literally infinite according to general relativity, so unless Einstein was wrong, we'll never break the light speed barrier using any conventional method.\n\nEven acceleration to a significant fraction of lightspeed is so daunting as to be effectively impossible at our current level of technology or using any technology we can foresee development of in the near future. The reasons for that are worth a whole post of their own, but basically boil down to \"thrust requires fuel, fuel has mass, more mass requires more thrust, and the faster you go the more mass you effectively have.\"",
"Things just can't. It's impossible. Attempting to make something go faster causes it to approach but never reach the fabled speed."
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3q42n5 | how do insects have such strong grip? | _URL_0_
The other day while driving I noticed a lady-bug in the truck so I subtly pushed him out the window. After a few minutes of driving 60mph I noticed the little guy hanging on to the side of a truck. Seriously, how does a lady bug manage to hold on to this side of my truck, against 60mph and wind? Pics included in link above. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3q42n5/eli5_how_do_insects_have_such_strong_grip/ | {
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"Because insects have a proportional larger surface area than volume, where volume equates to weight and surface area is proportional to muscles which equates to more strength. Also insects have \"hooks\" in their legs that allows them to stick to rough surfaces."
]
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"http://imgur.com/a/gAs4m"
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24dd8r | dual clutch transmissions and their advantages over manual and automatic. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24dd8r/eli5_dual_clutch_transmissions_and_their/ | {
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"Direct Shift Gearboxes (VW's version of a twin clutch) essentially have one gear operating and another on standby for immediate shifts. This is done by utilizing two clutches. A regular automatic transmission uses a torque converter which is less effective / responsive than a clutch.\n\nObjective Advantage: faster than human shifts.\n\nSubjective Disadvantages: less driver input / less fun.\n\nI drive a manual, but I love the DSG. It is so much more responsive than a tiptronic or any of the older \" manual \" automatics. \n\nEdit: added part about torque converters."
]
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3sr353 | its true that if you answer your phone while you are in a gasoline station you have a probability to start a fire? | And if that's true what cause that? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sr353/eli5_its_true_that_if_you_answer_your_phone_while/ | {
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"Nope, just a myth. Mythbusters tested it, and the officials in charge of such warnings say that cell phones aren't a risk.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Nope. They don't start fires at gas stations, make planes crash, interfere with medical equipment, or cause brain cancer"
]
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"http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters/videos/cell-phone-gas-station-minimyth/"
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5tg46x | what determines egg yoke colour? can you tell it's better for you by the darker orange shade? | Growing up back home, I had a grandma that was always raising her own chickens. I remember having amazing eggs and they were mostly darker orange shade of yolk rather than the pale yellow we mostly find in North America. I also noticed that same darker shade wherever I've traveled in other European countries and always equated it to stricter laws for raising chickens, food regulation etc. I felt like people eat healthier, more "real" or naturally grown food in Europe. This is not based on anything more than speculation and a few documentaries - hence why i am asking the questions.
In North America,... well we all know the state of the food industry, especially poultry farming. I try to buy eggs that have either organic, or no antibiotics, or free range designations but I would say 90% of the time it has still been the yellow yolk, and the cheap eggs being really pale. Occasionally I've had darker shades of yolk and I THINK I can remember correlating it to what was referred to as being a more "natural" product at the time.
Does this theory have any merit? Is it a good way to tell if an egg is more nutritiously packed and safer (less antibiotics, omega 3 vs omega 6, etc) judging by the colour of the yolk? Can someone chime in with a more scientific approach?
EDIT 1: i rarely make grammatical mistakes but realized i meant to write yolk, not yoke (harness for plowing). Thanks for the revealing replies. Turns out hen's diet defines the colour and more intense shades means more leafy greens and bugs (good), yellow means grains, but marigolds supplements can intensify colour which means it's irrelevant to judge by colour alone.
EDIT 2: found another relevant thread that talks about shell colour too: _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5tg46x/eli5_what_determines_egg_yoke_colour_can_you_tell/ | {
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"Turns out that egg yolk color is really just an indicator of the hen's diet! If they eat more yellow-orange carotenoids, or natural pigments, it affects and changes the yolk's color.\n\nIn fact, while artificial color additives are not allowed to be added to chicken feed, naturally pigmented substances like marigold flowers are sometimes added to feed to enhance yolk color.",
"The yolk color does give an indication of the hen's diet - a hen that gets leafy greens and bugs to eat will have an oranger yolk, and grain-fed hen will have a yellow yolk.\n\nYolk color doesn't mean much to the consumer, but an orange yolk generally indicates a hen which lives in a pasture instead of a factory farm environment. As /u/taggedjc says, chicken feed may be supplemented with marigolds as a natural coloring agent - but they're shooting for the stereotypical yellow color, not anything orangey.\n\nHigh-Omega eggs are produced by supplementing the hen's diet with flax seed, it's got no bearing on color."
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2bftnh | how do invisible fences work? | The ones that are installed in homes for dogs to not run away. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bftnh/eli5_how_do_invisible_fences_work/ | {
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"There's a wire that runs underground around your property. Your dog wears a collar that delivers a shock if that wire is crossed. These shocks teach the dog that leaving your property is a very bad thing.",
"The \"fence \" is a wire that the people put around their property.\n\nThere's a gadget on the dog's collar that gives the dog a mild shock when the dog crosses the wire on (or under) the ground.\n\nIt is very imperfect and it's a crummy way to treat a dog, IMO."
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2le2sm | guy fawkes and the 5th of november | So this guy decided to blow up parliament, gets caught and tortured in response. Why is he glorified and do people even know why they say "remember remember the 5th of November" besides parroting the movie "V for Vendetta" | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2le2sm/eli5_guy_fawkes_and_the_5th_of_november/ | {
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"Well, we set fire to effigies of him so it isn't really glorifying him. It started with anti-Catholics celebrating his failure to install a catholic monarch.\n\nI think most people would recognise:\n\nRemember remember\n\n the 5th of november\n\nthe gun powder treason and plot\n\nI see no reason\n\nwhy the gun powder treason\n\nshould ever be forgot\n\nIt's a poem that gets repeated around this time",
"The Protestant King James I of England and VI of Scotland was an unpopular King among English Catholics. As the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, it was hoped that he would at the very least ease legal restrictions on Catholics during his reign, which he did not to do.\n\nThe Gunpowder Plot was a planned coup in which Catholic conspirators intended to blow up the English Parliament, killing King James and his government, as a prelude to a Catholic uprising in the English midlands and installing Princess Elizabeth as Catholic head of state in Scotland and England.\n\nPeople around London lit bonfires immediately after the event to celebrate the King's survival, and the practice of thanksgiving for the failure of the plot on 5th November was enshrined in law in the Observance of the 5th November Act (1606). In a few decades, 5th November had become the premier English public holiday, continuing on the strength of powerful anti-Catholic sentiment that lasted well into the 19th century. Traditions like burning effigies of Guido Fawkes became popular.\n\nThe Observance of 5th November Act was abolished in 1859 but by then the day had taken on the role of a traditional public holiday without the religious and political overtones. ",
"It's how I remember that today is my wife's birthday. ",
"All of the posts about Guy Fawkes are true. But I feel like 'V for Vendetta' is being under represented. \n\nThe movie doesn't really do the comic justice in my opinion. The story is supposed to be what England would be like in a Nazi-esque modern day, if I remember correctly (I could be wrong). V adopts the guise of Guy Fawkes because they have similar goals: to fight the oppression of their governments. \n\nSo, some take the \"5th of November' poem to be more of a warning to watch for tyrannical governments and to stand against them."
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7528ew | when my gums are sore in a particular area, why does it feel sort of... good... to scrape it or continue to injure it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7528ew/eli5_when_my_gums_are_sore_in_a_particular_area/ | {
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"You get comparable sensation when letting out pus, scratching a scab, etc.\n\nPart of this is because we're trying to disengage an infection from our body. We are trying to forcibly remove it and hope the outside envoirment can deal with it, instead of letting the infection fester between the layers of our skin. Even in the case of injury, we're letting it come into contact with our immune system instead of giving it a safe spot outside of our body's reach.\n\nA sore gum is similar. Infectious organisms build up between our teeth and we're not content to let them just stay there. Don't get the wrong impression, you're still inflicting injury, but there's a small rewarding sensation out of \"cleaning\" such an area.\n\n"
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6q21vo | what determines if gas is expelled out the body as flatulence or a belch? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6q21vo/eli5_what_determines_if_gas_is_expelled_out_the/ | {
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"If the gas is liberated in the stomach, it goes up as a belch. If the gas is liberated once passed the pylorus, it will exit as a fart",
"Not a biologist, but trying to apply common sense here: for a belch, the air would probably mostly enter your stomach alongside your food - think carbonated drinks, or maybe air trapped inside food is released as it starts to break down.\n\nIf it comes out the other end, my guess would be that it was actually created there, due to gut bacteria doing their thing, chemically splitting up the food into its key components so your body can make use of it, and creating some gas as a byproduct.\n\nGiven the amount of control you have over the volume of both types of gas you can expell simply by choosing certain foods, I guess that could be a reasonable explanation."
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7evaza | in extremely cold weathers, why is it that we layer 3-4 and sometimes more pieces of clothing for our upper body, but not do the same for our lower body? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7evaza/eli5_in_extremely_cold_weathers_why_is_it_that_we/ | {
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"i take it you've never heard of long johns?",
"When we get cold our blood focuses on heating our organs and core. The simple answer is that we prioritoze our upper body because that's where all of our vital body parts are.",
"The main reason is because you take care of your vital organs and they will look after You,\n\nIn other words keep your vital organs warm and it will keep the rest of your body warm,\n\nJust as another point I absolutely hate the cold and always wear tracksuit bottoms under my jeans and two pairs of socks for the winter,\n\nIt's also very difficult to put more than one layer of clothes on your bottom half as they normally get stuck at the knee so you need loose fitting jeans to put anything on underneath them.",
"Underwear. Long johns/thermals. Jeans/coveralls. That's 3 layers. Funny story: I bought insulated coveralls for some guys working for us in Alaska. One guy called and said we had to return them. I said \"fuck you, I spent $600 each on these things.\" He replied \"We piss outside, it's -20F. You try and get 2\" of dick through 4\" of insulated coveralls.\" I realized people work and live outside of Texas and returned the coveralls.",
"Canadian here, and I work 12 hour shifts outside: because you're silly.\n\nIn the oil industry we don't do that. We instead layer multiple layers of sweat pants and sweat shirts, t-shirts and cotton pyjama pants as appropriate to regulate our heat well. Your aim is for full coverage of your body so that you feel completely comfortable. If you feel cold at all, you are failing to insulate properly.\n\nInsulating with just a heavy jacket basically is a strategy of sacrificing your extremities and keeping all your blood close to your organs because the rest of you is freezing."
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1sxofc | why is evian water so expensive compared to others. water is water isn't it? | I'm thirsty, not rich. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1sxofc/eli5_why_is_evian_water_so_expensive_compared_to/ | {
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"Spell it backwards, that is where your answer lies.",
"Evian is imported from France - this explains the high cost. It's bottled from a one particular source that is known for its mineral content.\n\nThe cost is understandable and somewhat justified. Why there's any sort of demand... that's just weird to me."
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6ko3j0 | why is it that, when drinking alcohol while sitting down, you may feel more drunk when you stand up? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ko3j0/eli5_why_is_it_that_when_drinking_alcohol_while/ | {
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"Not a doctor, but my thinking has always been that, upon standing, you're increasing movement, which increases blood flow. The increased blood flow also increases the feeling of drunkenness. ",
"Probably because it takes more coordination to stand up than sit down. You are able to notice the drunkenness more because you are asking more of your brain and body. ",
"The main reason is the shift of blood away from the brain. This is caused by many factors. Alcohol causes a shift in blood flow, increasing blood to some areas and decreasing it to others. This was found to be a cause of alcohol related diabetes. Alcohol is also a potent diuretic, which reduces overall blood flow. One of the hallmark symptoms of dehydration is dizziness on standing, which comes from the reduced blood flow to the brain. \n\nI'll try to remember to post sources later when I'm not on mobile. ",
"Student nurse here. Standing up causes your blood pressure to drop. Stand up too quickly and you'll feel light headed. That's why when patients are on anti-hypertension medications, we have to caution them to get up slowly as these types of meds will make you feel even more dizzy if you get up too quickly.\n\nAlcohol has a similar effect. It depresses your system. When you're drunk or are on certain medications, your body can't stabilise your blood pressure fast enough when you try to stand, making you feel even more dizzy than if you were sober.\n\nEdit: There are a couple of doctors here so they're more qualified to answer this question than someone still in school. Alcohol passes through the blood/brain barrier and affects the cerebellum, causing deficits in coordination. Much of the experience I've drawn my conclusions from were from patients who did suffer from orthostatic hypotension and knowing alcohol affects coordination, I thought/think those two things add to feeling dizzy.\n\nI also think that since alcohol affects the body systemically and not just the cerebellum, it may also affect the parts of the brain that plays a role in maintaining blood pressure. Alcohol does have a depressant effect if you drink too much. ",
"In a word, gravity. Standing up allows your blood to move down into your legs effectively lowering the blood pressure in your upper body (and head) which leads to a feeling of light headedness. If already dizzy from inebriation, it will just become more pronounced when you standup. ",
"Alcohol affects the part of your brain (cerebellum) that controls your balance in your core and coordination for walking. Sitting is easier than standing when it comes to coordination. When you stand suddenly you need to start balancing and coordinating more and you will notice you're not as good at it. \n\nI don't believe the small blood pressure changes which will recover in 10-15 seconds account for any meaningful difference. The dizziness of orthostatic hypotension (lightheadedness from your blood pressure briefly dropping on standing) is very different from the decreased coordination of drunkenness. \n\nSource: am a doctor and also have personal experience with both drunkenness and orthostatic hypotension :)"
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2warfr | why do governments sometimes place tax then give compensation | Mainly on products like petrol/oil where they tax to increase the price and then provide compensation. How efficient is this policy in what they're trying to achieve? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2warfr/eli5why_do_governments_sometimes_place_tax_then/ | {
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"If I understand what you're asking - the tax is placed on the consumer, the tax relief is provided to the consumer.\n\nThe tax is used for specific things, which are determined when the tax is levied, and become essentially crowdfunding of important things.\n\nThe tax breaks and subsidies for wildly profitable industries are generally the result of corruption in lobbying.",
"What do you mean by \"provide compensation\", in what way?"
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2sy87d | i just started my first job a year ago. how do i get my tax return? | I literally have no clue what I'm doing. My manager gave me my form or whatever, and I work $8 about 23-26 hours a week for the past year.
Help? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sy87d/eli5_i_just_started_my_first_job_a_year_ago_how/ | {
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"They're required to mail you a W2 form before the end of January. You'll use the info on that to do your return (the IRS 1040EZ form will tell you which boxes to use. Also, keep in mind if you made less than $50,000, you can use _URL_0_ free for your federal return)",
"You can purchase a tax preparation program for your computer. Your tax return is going to be as simple as it gets. The form your employer gave you has information that the computer program will ask for. It will guide you through everything and will send it out for you as well. If you have a bank account, your bank will send you a statement noting your dividend earnings. Most likely, you will get all of your tax money back.\nHopefully this helps you! Good luck!",
"If you have received your W-2 from your employer, then your next step is to file. \n\n* go to [the IRS website](_URL_0_) and request an electronic filing pin. \n\n* choose one of the e-file options. It doesn't matter which you choose (TurboTax, H & R Block, etc.) they're all free for filing your federal taxes. If you want your tax return directly deposited (fastest method) then you will also need your bank account number and routing number.\n\n* to file state taxes, go to your state's department of revenue website. I'm not sure if all states have an electronic filing option - you may have to fill out a form and mail it in.\n\nIf you still feel unsure about doing it yourself, you can go to a local tax preparation company office. H & R Block and Jackson Hewitt are a couple of companies like this. I've never used this method, but I think they take a small percentage of your tax return as payment.\n\nAlternatively, if you have any family members in accounting or finance, they can likely give you a hand in filing your taxes.",
"You don't \"get\" a return, you \"file\" it. Basically you fill out the form and send it to the IRS with any additional money you owe. If you paid too much, the IRS will send you a refund.\n\nYour employer will send you a W2, usually in Jan/Feb, that summarizes how much they paid you and how much tax they withheld. You use this information to fill out your return.\n\nYou can get the forms for free from _URL_0_, or from the library. The form you need is 1040. There are multiple versions - most likely you will use 1040-EZ which is designed for people with simple taxes.\n\nYou can also use _URL_1_ (or other similar services) to file online. There may be fees involved.\n\nThe deadline to file your return is April 15.\n\nYour state may also have an income tax, if so you will also need to file a state tax return.\n\nNote that if you owe a lot, or get a big refund, you may need to file a new W4 with your employer to get them to withhold more (or less) from each check. "
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9ohvq6 | captured weapons in the military. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ohvq6/eli5_captured_weapons_in_the_military/ | {
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"You turn them in for EOD to dispose of. \n\nThere are ways to sneak certain things back but you would have to keep it hidden until you rotate home. Considering there is zero privacy in the military, your chances of getting caught are very high. \n\nPunishment would depend on your command. They could give you a slap on the wrist or formal charges under the UCMJ.",
"In the past, captured weapons were valued war trophies. It was similar to how you would try to capture the enemy's colours (flag) or other type of insignia. If you go to war museums, you will find a lot weapons that were taken from the enemy in battle. Cannons and artillery pieces were also seen as valuable war trophies. I've been to a few military themed parks in Canada (like the Plains of Abraham, Battlefield Park) and there are lot of German artillery pieces on display. The gun usually has a plaque explaining which unit captured the gun during which battle.\n\nTanks, ships, and other larger weapons captured in war would often be used again, but for the opposite side.",
"Looting and taking war trophies has gone away alot as the military got more professional. In ancient times soldiers weren’t paid alot but they could keep whatever they plundered and commanders knew that to keep their troops loyal they needed consistent plunder so the taking of weapons and loot was encouraged. In current military where getting a bigger budget from congress is the goal, looting and trophy taking is highly discouraged. \n\nWhen iraq fell the iraqi’s looted the shit out of it and american commanders weren’t really prepared for that since they weren’t thinking about looting themselves. \n\nThere was far more money to be made having a spotless career and then getting hired as a contractor to rebuild iraq than to get a couple of guns or whatever."
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6rand9 | how do movies not get uploaded online in hd from movie theater employees before their dvd release? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6rand9/eli5_how_do_movies_not_get_uploaded_online_in_hd/ | {
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"The theater will be fined a massive amount of money for allowing a leak, the person leaking it will be fined a massive amount of money for uploading it, and they automatically lose their job. This is a combination of copyright law violation and contracts that you sign when taking the job. So the risk are so extremely high that most will not risk it. \n\nThey also have security features such as login codes to open, proprietary file types that need special programs to play, and the rooms operating the projector system requiring special key access at times. ",
"The movies are shipped to the theaters in special hard drive enclosures that are tamper-proof and force every access to be logged. The film itself is encrypted in a way that's tied to specific projectors.\n\nIt's not like you can just copy a file over - they've thought this shit through thoroughly and any theater that tries to break the security will get sued to hell and back **and** never get another movie again."
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18nkjt | how does internet access on the iss work? | I know previously Astronauts would have to send text to ground control, who would then forward it appropriately (email, facebook, twitter, etc)...but now they're able to "live tweet", etc? In preparation for Commander Hadfield's AMA...how does the internet work up there? Will he truly be able to respond to the questions in real time?
- Totally clueless!
Thanks y'all! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/18nkjt/eli5_how_does_internet_access_on_the_iss_work/ | {
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"They have had direct internet access on the ISS since [January 2010](_URL_0_). Basically they simply route the internet information over the same channels they use for radio communications, a simple analogy would be that your home ADSL or cable internet uses the same channels that your phone or TV connection use.\n\nThe ISS orbits at approximately 400km above the earth, so the radio waves (which travel at the speed of light) will get there and back in less than 3 one-thousandths of a second. That's certainly quick enough for a real-time Q & A session :)",
"At the end of the day, the internet is just a specific protocol for passing around data (TCP/IP, I believe). And they're clearly receiving data, which would be *easily* read by a computer since it's text.\n\nSo, they would likely just set up the system so that if the data starts with something equivalent to \"##THISISINTERNETDATA\" then they (ground control) pass it on as \"internet data\". I have no clue what the technical details would be, but that's likely what they'd do, although probably with some crazy security measures to ensure that nothing affects their systems in-orbit. Also, it's worth noting that they *do* have laptops as part of their personal effects (if they so choose) up there, so they could likely use that, if they had some sort of wifi connection.\n\n***\n\nJust to clarify, the data is sent by radio. That would've helped earlier.\n\n"
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cmjtmg | why do people think it is bad to kill animals for food, when its literally how nearly all living beings on earth get their food (excluding the ones that only eat plants) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cmjtmg/eli5_why_do_people_think_it_is_bad_to_kill/ | {
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"Because as omnivores with outstanding farming capacity, we have the ability to feed ourselves in a more compassionate way.",
"It’s more of a mass killing of animals and the conditions they endure leading up to the slaughter that has become an issue for people.",
"The meat industry is really unethical and toxic for the earth. If done responsibility, hunting animals is not as cruel and doesn’t have as much of an environmental impact. Of course there are some people who just really like animals and prefer not to harm them at all but a lot people don’t have a problem with killing animals for food, they have a problem with how the industry is run. If I’m remembering correctly, about 40% of people said they’d switch to an alternative like the impossible burger if it was as good and nutritious as real meat.",
"because it's 2019 and not necessary anymore as a means of survival to kill animals and humans have a prefrontal cortex portion of the brain which is further evolved than other species, which allows us to have empathy.",
"Because unlike all other animals we have the capacity to just as easily feed ourselves in other ways. Most, if not all, commercial meat is raised under cruel and inhumane conditions. These animals suffer their whole lives and then die for a population that largely doesn’t respect them or their sacrifice. Most vegans don’t actually think that animals shouldn’t consume other animals, they just think that our exploitation of animals far exceeds our needs and that such an industry should not be supported or perpetuated."
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3hbw58 | why do we require sexual stimulation to ejaculate? | It seems for most mammals/others, that a certain amount of tension must be built up in order to release semen. Would it be better to simply be able to orgasm on command for a quick, easy fertilization? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hbw58/eli5why_do_we_require_sexual_stimulation_to/ | {
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"In most animals, most behaviour is the result of stimuli. Hungry+see food=eat food. It's involuntary. This makes things much easier because it doesn't require such a complicated brain.\n\nMaking ejaculation voluntary wouldn't really present any benefits compared to only triggering it when it is sensed that the male genitals are in contact with female genitals.\n",
"We as humans can sometimes take a while to spread the seed, but that's because we no longer have sex as a way to reproduce. Many times we have sex for the fun of it. Most mammals, however, that stimulation is very much the command for quick, easy fertilization. \n\n\nI'll use rabbits as an example, because I used to raise them. It's really quite fast. From first hump to ejaculation take all of 30 seconds to a minute if both the buck and doe are ready, sometimes not even that long."
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car8qk | why people perpetuate cycles of trauma that happened to them as children (tw) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/car8qk/eli5_why_people_perpetuate_cycles_of_trauma_that/ | {
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"For what you are talking about specifically, i think it comes down to that fact that that is the only way they learned how to channel these emotions from their parents. Especially when you are young and you don't know any other coping mechanisms, you can inadvertently learn to use violence as a vice, where others might turn to music or video games or drugs and alcohol. Once you have your personality set and established, it is difficult to change once you are an adult."
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8y3zji | why is moviepass considered unprofitable / unsustainable, while uk theatre chains have been offering this for years? | Is it a population difference? Is it a difference in cinemas in UK vs US?
When I was living in London, you could pay 19 pounds a month (roughly $25/month) and see as many movies as you like, with a tiny bit extra for IMAX and 3D. But otherwise there was no catch, no gimmicks. One month I ended up seeing every movie that was playing in cinemas and got exposed to films that I never would've otherwise seen.
I never heard about UK cinemas having any troubles because of these unlimited memberships ... maybe there was something behind the scenes, but even today, you can get the exact same deal.
Why is MoviePass considered unsustainable and/or why does it seem so hard to have similar memberships in USA or Canada? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8y3zji/eli5_why_is_moviepass_considered_unprofitable/ | {
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"I think you're confusing MoviePass with a subscription service.\n \nWhat you're talking about is that movie theatres offer out discounted tickets and fill their seats, which is to the benefit of both parts involved.\n \nMoviePass is an independent startup company that doesn't own any theatres. So they have a deal with cinemas? Nope, the theatres have their own discount deals and see no reason to have a middleman.\n \nRight, so how does MoviePass get the tickets they're selling? Easy: They buy them at full price!\n \nSo how is this ever supposed to work, you ask? Nobody knows.\n \nWhy did anyone ever think this would be a good idea? Nobody knows.\n \nWhy did anyone ever invest money in this nonsense? Well, in the US, venture capitalism is a bit nuts. A dog walking app just raised 300 million dollars. That's why it's called the land of opportunities.",
"In the US the pass is $9.16 (currently £6.94 in comparison). Most movie tickets cost around $9, sometimes even double that depending on the area, and MoviePass still has to pay that ticket price for every person who comes to see a film. They lowered the membership fee to raise the number of members they have, and that worked, but that also means they're losing more money. [**Here**](_URL_0_) is a video explaining it in more detail. ",
"The UK movie pass is offered directly by the cinema themselves, they only lose *potential* money by letting you see a movie with the subscription instead of someone who bought a ticket, but in return get a regular profit from your subscription plus if you buy food and drink \n\n\nThe American movie pass meanwhile is different because its not offered directly by the cinema, so they have to strike a deal with cinemas and delta with costs and profits and what not. Its a different model "
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[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w876zZZIb10"
],
[]
] | |
7oz00u | how do fruit trees have same fruiting season when they are planted at diff times? | not just like how flowers bloom in spring but fruit trees have very specific months where they bear fruits (usually, ard 3mths?) and how come the same fruit tree has different fruiting seasons depending on the country? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7oz00u/eli5_how_do_fruit_trees_have_same_fruiting_season/ | {
"a_id": [
"dsd9am0",
"dsdfea6"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Many plants base their flower/fruit cycles on temperature our the length of the day rather than the length of time since they were planted.\n\nThrough selective breeding, we generally have multiple varieties that tires at different parts of the season. ",
"Plants.. and many animals too, are ruled mostly by the sun. It's the number of daylight hours that triggers flowering and fruiting. The warming weather has a role to play as well.\n\nThe trees of the same species bloom at the same time to attract certain insects for the purpose of pollination."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
b2mxkc | why don’t they pre-shrink clothing that shrinks in the wash? | So I shrunk my girlfriends woollen jumper in the wash the other day (smooth) and it got me thinking why don’t they just make wool clothes oversized then wash them before they sell them so they’re sold already shrunk? Then they wouldn’t shrink any more next time you wash them...right?? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b2mxkc/eli5_why_dont_they_preshrink_clothing_that/ | {
"a_id": [
"eitu53u",
"eitwcle"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Wool typically doesn't get machine washed... so I think that was your problem. Many garments these days are made of preshrunk fabrics. But if you wash certain items in a manner different from the instructions, you may still shrink it further.",
"Others have already mentioned in general terms why items might not be pre-washed. So I'll just add that natural wool items specifically will continue to shrink every time they are machine washed. The process is called felting and is caused by the fact that wool, like all hair, has scales at the microscopic level. We make use of those scales when turning raw wool into threads and yarn. Every time you mechanically agitate a wool item, the scales slide easily against each other in one direction, but catch in the other. The result is a kind of ratchet effect. \n\nHand washing with something like Woolite acts much like conditioner on your hair does. It smooths those scales down temporarily so they slide past each other better. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
495iz1 | how does image stabilization work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/495iz1/eli5_how_does_image_stabilization_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"d0pokqd"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It picks points in the background that are far away and assumes that they aren't moving, then moves everything else to keep that in the same spot."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
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