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3dzmmm
why does wikipedia cost so much to maintain if most of the people work for free editing the pages?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dzmmm/eli5_why_does_wikipedia_cost_so_much_to_maintain/
{ "a_id": [ "cta41sm", "cta437q", "cta4osm" ], "score": [ 9, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "The Wikimedia Foundation, the parent organization of Wikipedia, employs a lot of people to maintain the site and the hosting. That isn't free.", "The traffic Wikipedia endures on a daily basis is w...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [] ]
2n374l
why do certain grapes make your mouth dry when you bite into them?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2n374l/eli5_why_do_certain_grapes_make_your_mouth_dry/
{ "a_id": [ "cm9vt65", "cm9vwex" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Because they have [tannin](_URL_1_) in them. Tannin is an [astringent](_URL_0_) compound, which means it binds to certain proteins in your mouth and tends to shrink and constrict body tissue.", "They have a lot of tannin...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringent", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin" ], [] ]
ezcbpa
what goes into a whiteboard paint that makes it finish like a dry erase board and not a normal paint?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ezcbpa/eli5_what_goes_into_a_whiteboard_paint_that_makes/
{ "a_id": [ "fgmv6n3" ], "score": [ 10 ], "text": [ "Dry/wet erase markers are basically just an ink that dries into something that doesn't stick well to a surface - dry erase forms a film, wet erase is water soluble. \n\nThis works on any surface, in theory - you could use dry erase on rough wood...
[]
[]
[ [] ]
3vtiit
government encouraging marriage
[deleted]
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vtiit/eli5government_encouraging_marriage/
{ "a_id": [ "cxqicky" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "It's not so much marriage that they're encouraging as being a stay-at-home spouse. There's only really a tax benefit if one person is making most of the money. If the two people make even close to the same amount of money, they pay less in taxes ...
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[ [] ]
3l3qvw
why are music apps like spotify so much more ad intensive on phones than their computer counter parts?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l3qvw/eli5_why_are_music_apps_like_spotify_so_much_more/
{ "a_id": [ "cv30s3g", "cv367bm" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "It's rather simple really. Consider a billboard on the side of a road. If the road is a highway with many cars driving past, the billboard will be much more effective than a billboard next to a small farm road. The internet ...
[]
[]
[ [], [] ]
4ovv0g
why are there so many more 'simple' medical procedures available for humans than there are for animals?
I am not sure if the answer is more about lack of willingness or lack of resources... I mean stuff like; Say a person was hit by a car and had some internal organ damage. For a human that requires bed rest and maybe some minor surgery. For a cat/dog, it requires euthenasia, why? In the same vein, if a person becomes ...
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ovv0g/eli5_why_are_there_so_many_more_simple_medical/
{ "a_id": [ "d4fxta8", "d4fydgg", "d4g01ng", "d4g1q65" ], "score": [ 2, 11, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Most animals don't have insurance. There are procedures for a lot of stuff, but not everybody can or wants to pay $5,000 when a cat & dog can be replaced for nothing.", "Mos...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
1hj6xf
what is the difference between fat, saturated fat and trans fat? and what is the sudden big deal about trans fat?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hj6xf/eli5what_is_the_difference_between_fat_saturated/
{ "a_id": [ "cav4yi4", "cav552v" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Fats are a type of carbon-chain that your body uses for energy. Carbon atoms are able to form up to four bonds with other atoms.\n\nSo a saturated fat is where the carbon chain is entirely single-bonded. The 'saturated' part...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://mypcos.info/1/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Sat-Unsat-Fat.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Oleic-acid-3D-vdW.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Elaidic-acid-3D-vdW.png" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat#Saturated_and_unsaturated_fats", ...
5ebo93
How does human saliva composition differ from that of cats and dogs?
I understand there are certain factors, such as overall health or whether or not an animal has ingested something rancid, which impact results. I would like to know the cleanest (no pun intended) science which compares the overall saliva composition of humans, cats, and dogs. Specifically, I am most interested in the d...
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5ebo93/how_does_human_saliva_composition_differ_from/
{ "a_id": [ "dabh5ri" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "saliva is for:\n\n* keep the mucosa wet\n* lubricate food with water (or it may be too dry)\n* dissolve taste vector molecules inside food (very important because it's like a fast chemical analysis on the food and may help to decide if that thing...
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[ [] ]
2d01d2
How would 17th century sailing companies, navies, and pirates deal with men who fell overboard?
We got into a discussion at work about falling overboard a sailing vessel and being left behind. We were curious about the following question: How would 17th century sailing companies, navies, and pirates deal with men who fell overboard? Would there be any attempt to save a man who fell overboard? Did different gro...
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2d01d2/how_would_17th_century_sailing_companies_navies/
{ "a_id": [ "cjkqdi7", "cjku1q6" ], "score": [ 8, 12 ], "text": [ "My friend /u/RMission wrote an article on this subject, in particular how people back then would be revived from drowning: \n \n[Resuscutation of Drowning Victims at Sea](_URL_0_). \n \nIt will inform yo...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://www.piratesurgeon.com/pages/surgeon_pages/drowning1.html" ], [ "http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10712/10712-h/10712-h.htm" ] ]
8yfcor
How can I identify who the people buried at the grave site I found on my families texas red river ranch are?
This question has a couple parts (1)So basically my family owns a ranch on the red river and we found 3 (expensive looking for the time) grave stones dated from the 1880s-1890s buried on a nice hill overlooking where the river bank use to be. They were all under 35 2 females one child. How can I find out who these peop...
AskHistorians
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8yfcor/how_can_i_identify_who_the_people_buried_at_the/
{ "a_id": [ "e2brrli" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Texas counties will typically have a Tax Assessor-Collector and a County Clerk. The Clerk keeps records of birth and death, amongst others. Their records may well have been co-located and both lost in the same fire, but you never know. If by \"t...
[]
[]
[ [] ]
1uyn5v
what sound properties do different musical instruments have different from each other?
This has always baffled me and I never got a real answer for it. Light waves have a frequency and an amplitude. The frequency determines the colour and the amplitude determines the brightness (I'm only taking the visible spectrum into account). That's understandable enough. Sound waves also have a frequency and an ampl...
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1uyn5v/eli5_what_sound_properties_do_different_musical/
{ "a_id": [ "cemy7u5" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "This has a lot to do with overtones and resonance. \n\nResonance is pretty self-explanatory: how well something (in the case an instrument) resonates throughout a room or building due to the sound waves bouncing and amplifying for a short period ...
[]
[]
[ [] ]
1rdpsh
does heat affect the energy absorbed by a solar panel?
I've been trying to better understand solar panels for a science fair project and my project is based around temperatures affect on them. I've received conflicting answers in my research and couldn't find a similar thread in ELI5.
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rdpsh/eli5_does_heat_affect_the_energy_absorbed_by_a/
{ "a_id": [ "cdm7yku", "cdm8e79" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "[Wiki section](_URL_0_)\n\nSo your run of the mill solar panel works because the electrons in the silicon are separated into two layers. There is a bottom layer of electrons with the silicon itself (the valence band), a laye...
[]
[]
[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_solar_cells#Cell_temperature", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-V_Curve_T.png" ], [ "http://regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys03/bresist/", "http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2668", "http://www.reuk.co.uk/Effect-of-Temperature-on-Sol...
46ywe0
why do most countries use the same calendar?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46ywe0/eli5_why_do_most_countries_use_the_same_calendar/
{ "a_id": [ "d08vahu", "d08vbo8", "d08vh4y", "d091qge", "d0938e9", "d093x49", "d093yfw" ], "score": [ 3, 39, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3 ], "text": [ "Europe and North America, which use a calendar based on the Christian calendar, export a lot of goods around the ...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
13anho
Is dandruff really related to your water and how hard/soft it is?
I am wondering because 1. I've always heard this growing up and 2. Now that we live in a new home that is one a well and barely get any hard water deposits, my entire family has been having problems with dandruff and am wondering if some of those filtered shower heads might do the trick or not.
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/13anho/is_dandruff_really_related_to_your_water_and_how/
{ "a_id": [ "c72b2h5" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Well there are lots of causes for dandruff actually.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nNow this only lists medical reasons for dandruff, but we can already see it is a complex problem.\n\nWe know hard water is caused by a high amount of minerals dissolved into the w...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dandruff/DS00456/DSECTION=causes", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water" ] ]
usy6b
What causes that sound my laptop makes when I am loading something?
I never really thought about it until right now, when I booted up Minecraft. I thought it was all wires and chips inside my computer. The only noise that would make sense is the fan, but I'm not talking about fan noise. I'm talking about the unique sound that kinda sounds like bugs squirming around or something.
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/usy6b/what_causes_that_sound_my_laptop_makes_when_i_am/
{ "a_id": [ "c4y97qa", "c4y9ojc" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "It's most likely the hard disk drive you're referring to. It contains a metallic disc that rotates very quickly, and a magnetic head retrieves and writes data to it. They contain a small motor to drive the disc and the proce...
[]
[]
[ [], [] ]
fabqp7
what does 'dry' mean in alcohol
I've never understood what dry gin (Gordon's), dry vermouth, or extra dry beer (Toohey's) etc means.. Seems very counter-intuitive to me.
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fabqp7/eli5_what_does_dry_mean_in_alcohol/
{ "a_id": [ "fj6pjlf", "fiwzqmt", "fix4rig", "fix749j", "fixak39", "fixbno2", "fixbo5m", "fixge8t", "fixitnw", "fixqdz2", "fixyiqt", "fiy1zz0", "fiy2txj", "fiy5eia", "fiyxipw", "fiz1bav", "fiz3rk9", "fizeetw", "fizlsr6" ], "score": [ ...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=709617" ], [ "https://www.moet.com/en-us/moet-imperial", "https://www.coca-colaproductfacts.com/en/products/coca-cola/cherry/2-liter/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
2wsusd
How did currency work in the Soviet economy if it was a command economy?
I am aware of Gosplan (the Soviet economics bureau) but I am curious how currency factored into the system, and how the Soviets dealt with problems of inflation, commodities/currency exchanges (I am aware they had price controls) and banking.
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2wsusd/how_did_currency_work_in_the_soviet_economy_if_it/
{ "a_id": [ "cou7a68" ], "score": [ 11 ], "text": [ "Under a price fixing system you didn't have to deal with inflation you don't want because you (the government) set the price, thus by definition you didn't have inflation (outside of the black market anyway) if you don't increase prices. Instead...
[]
[]
[ [] ]
2gu59s
With Scotland's rejection of independence is there any other British territory/colony that did the same in history?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2gu59s/with_scotlands_rejection_of_independence_is_there/
{ "a_id": [ "ckmozl7", "ckmt23w", "ckmy64u" ], "score": [ 12, 7, 2 ], "text": [ "Newfoundland was offered the opportunity to become a dominion with the Statute of Westminster 1931. This would have given it free self-rule in its domestic matters, basically just leaving it allied and...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [] ]
6hxaha
How many times can a piece of plastic be recycled?
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6hxaha/how_many_times_can_a_piece_of_plastic_be_recycled/
{ "a_id": [ "dj22i8e" ], "score": [ 11 ], "text": [ "This is highly dependent on how you want to recycle the plastic and the plastic material itself.\n\nA thermoset plastic is a non-reversible process, so it can't be used as re-grind in an injection molding process, whereas a thermoplastic may be ...
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[]
[ [] ]
3xsy3o
when igniting a flammable substance from a gas canister, why doesn't the flame travel inwards towards the source and blow up the gas canister
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xsy3o/eli5_when_igniting_a_flammable_substance_from_a/
{ "a_id": [ "cy7jgqg", "cy7l0gh", "cy7pw0k" ], "score": [ 28, 10, 5 ], "text": [ "you need oxygen/fuel at a minimum ratio to combust. There is little or no oxygen in the gas canister.", "Because the gas canister is pushing the gas out and away, there is also no oxygen inside ...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [ "https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.violation_detail?id=107607863&citation_id=02067", "www.aidic.it/lp2013/webpapers/213reza.pdf" ] ]
bvw2zq
Was there a sort of international court dialect used between European monarchs in medieval times, or were there just a lot of translators
AskHistorians
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/bvw2zq/was_there_a_sort_of_international_court_dialect/
{ "a_id": [ "epwoeni" ], "score": [ 29 ], "text": [ "Okay, there were a couple of different things going on here. In the first place, we need to remember that monolingual inhabitants of monolingual nation-states is a comparatively recent notion. Medieval Europe was a giant quilt of different compe...
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[ [] ]
76xnq6
- are speed bumps designed to damage your car if you go over them too fast?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/76xnq6/eli5_are_speed_bumps_designed_to_damage_your_car/
{ "a_id": [ "dohg0jy", "dohhg7j", "dohjk6w", "dohkgef", "dohm2n7", "dohm33g", "dohm5g4", "dohmmyb", "dohnqpt" ], "score": [ 87, 19, 13, 106, 4, 6, 2, 2, 20 ], "text": [ "Some are, yes. We have the normal speed bumps but there is a who...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
2ofah9
the purpose of the recent orion flight and what it means for both future space exploration as well as nasa itself?
I have been very into the whole Orion launch, but then I saw the flight path which was just a single orbit around the planet; don't we have satellites that do that everyday? Did we not make this feat years ago? I must be missing something here, please enlighten me!
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ofah9/eli5_the_purpose_of_the_recent_orion_flight_and/
{ "a_id": [ "cmmntp1" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It was to first test out if the Orion was safe for human Flight. If something went wrong with the capsule, they could use the data to avoid astronauts being killed.\n\nAs far as the future is concerned, this can really mean anything. NASA is curr...
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[]
[ [] ]
3i7bpg
Any good sources on the illegal smuggling of slaves into the US in the 19th Century?
I'm staying on a group of islands off the Georgia coast that claim the last shipment of smuggled slaves arrived in 1865. It has piqued my interest about slave smuggling. Who was involved? How profitable was the trade? What happened to those who were caught?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3i7bpg/any_good_sources_on_the_illegal_smuggling_of/
{ "a_id": [ "cueen7t" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "You could look into the De Wolfe family, of Rhode Island. Slavers, congressmen, financiers of the Episcopal church in RI.\n\nThe New York Times just came out with an article on Rhode Island's role in the illegal slave trade:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThere i...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/24/us/rhode-island-church-taking-unusual-step-to-illuminate-its-slavery-role.html?emc=edit_th_20150824&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=65658439", "http://www.tracesofthetrade.org/" ] ]
tjtmh
Is it true heavier people require more alcohol to get drunk.
Example: If you lose a lot of weight would you get drunk quicker? Or is it mainly just a person to person thing?
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/tjtmh/is_it_true_heavier_people_require_more_alcohol_to/
{ "a_id": [ "c4n873q", "c4n9d0l", "c4ncbb3" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It has to do with body weight, stomach content, gender and genetics. reducing your body weight could have an effect, but it would be easier to just start drinking on an empty stomach if you were trying ...
[]
[]
[ [], [ "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7780299" ], [] ]
9xn1ks
The new kilogram definition seems complex. Why not define it in terms of the mass of a proton?
The kilogram is being redefined. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) The new definition is in terms of the Planck constant and seems complex (or at least not very elegant.) Why isn't the kilogram defined as something simpler like the mass of X number of protons?
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/9xn1ks/the_new_kilogram_definition_seems_complex_why_not/
{ "a_id": [ "e9tiy54", "e9tm8b5", "e9u6r66", "e9udlze", "e9vf5c3" ], "score": [ 188, 34, 26, 19, 2 ], "text": [ "It is not possible to precisely collect X protons under conditions that it could be used for a standard of mass. You could try for example saying that a ...
[]
[ "https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/11/14/18072368/kilogram-kibble-redefine-weight-science" ]
[ [ "https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/kilogram-silicon-spheres-and-international-avogadro-project" ], [ "https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/kilogram-silicon-spheres-and-international-avogadro-project" ], [], [], [] ]
1fu0tc
How do millipedes walk?
As I was leaving work today, I became fascinated watching a millipede climb on some rocks. It looked like its legs were moving in a wave-like pattern with a set frequency. Was this just my imagination, or do millipedes actually move their legs in such a manner? If they are able to coordinate such an elegant way of movi...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1fu0tc/how_do_millipedes_walk/
{ "a_id": [ "cadvaqe", "cadw8xq", "cadwtdp", "cae0lxj" ], "score": [ 18, 3, 4, 27 ], "text": [ "A quick google search (\"Millipede locomotion\") gave me [this hefty mathematical paper](_URL_1_) but otherwise as far as I remember each pair of legs moves one after another in ...
[]
[]
[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46a_AA5-Ick&wadsworth=1", "http://files.thaiday.com/news/science/Walking_With_A_Millipede.pdf" ], [], [ "http://imgur.com/N4n5yOQ" ], [ "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016622369801340X", "http://biorob.epfl.ch/salamandra", "...
1dgnwp
How did this mountain ridge form? pic inside
_URL_0_ This is a picture of a mountain ridge near San Alberto, Mexico a seen from the ISS. How does a formation like this happen? What causes the range to split? or to appear to split?
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1dgnwp/how_did_this_mountain_ridge_form_pic_inside/
{ "a_id": [ "c9q6tb9", "c9qa60j" ], "score": [ 147, 13 ], "text": [ "What you have there is an anticline structure - Imagine a fold in the rocks running NE-SW. MAybe 5-10 degrees dip on either side, but with the NW corner dipping down toward the NW, and the SE Corner dipping SE. These kind...
[]
[ "http://imgur.com/drZDIXj" ]
[ [ "http://app.visiblegeology.com/model.html#ahFzfnZpc2libGUtZ2VvbG9neXINCxIFTW9kZWwYieo9DA", "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x5O8ZlnFR0Y/UVoAm9Iu8SI/AAAAAAAABfY/s0fNNdQ1PVc/s1600/ZagrosAnticlines.jpg", "http://flatrock.org.nz/static/frontpage/large_zagros_anticline_.jpg" ], [] ]
b7xi4m
why dont oasis in deserts get filled by nearby sand over time
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b7xi4m/eli5_why_dont_oasis_in_deserts_get_filled_by/
{ "a_id": [ "ejuvd42" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "An Oasis gets its water from underground aquifers. So the water would just push any sand away. Also the presence of plant life around it helps keep the terrain stable, reducing the amount of stuff that'd disrupt things." ] }
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[ [] ]
3le4xg
what dictates a wonder of the world?
I'm a bit confused as to why there are only 14, 7 from ancient and modern world, and why they chose those 7 for each specifically. For the longest time I thought stonehenge was a wonder, but it wasn't, as well as the easter island heads, those things were full of 'wonder' as people couldn't figure them out. But they ar...
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3le4xg/eli5_what_dictates_a_wonder_of_the_world/
{ "a_id": [ "cv5kbit" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "There is no particular standard, only tradition. The Greeks made lists of amazing things from around the Mediterranean world familiar to them. Most of these lists made 7 choices because the number was (and often still is) considered lucky; counti...
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[ [] ]
73rsfz
inflation & deflation
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/73rsfz/eli5_inflation_deflation/
{ "a_id": [ "dnslo7y" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Inflation & Deflation aren't about currency rate, they are about price level in a country. Despite the reason inflation makes some products more expensive, or you can buy lesser with money you have. You can't increase salaries at the same time ...
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[ [] ]
8dfsez
how do snails not lose all of their body mass as slime left on the floor while travelling?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8dfsez/eli5_how_do_snails_not_lose_all_of_their_body/
{ "a_id": [ "dxmqw86", "dxms06p" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Imagine it like sweating. You can sweat and sweat, liquid comes out of you, but your body mass stays more or less the same.", "They do lose some. But just like you can continue to make snot and saliva, pee and poop, they...
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[]
[ [], [] ]
5xbbj4
What were Aztec shield fringes made of?
A very niche question, I know, but I remember there being some Mesoamerican specialists here - hopefully some familiar with material culture. I would like to know what is known or theorised about the materials used for the fringe depicted as hanging from the bottom edge of Aztec shields, like [these examples from the C...
AskHistorians
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5xbbj4/what_were_aztec_shield_fringes_made_of/
{ "a_id": [ "degu0tb" ], "score": [ 15 ], "text": [ "You are correct that fringes are made out of feathers. In section \"Defensive Weapons\" in Ross Hassig's book *Aztec Warfare* (1988: 85-88), he covers the topic of shields. While Hassig describes different construction material and methods for s...
[]
[ "http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8081/MediaManager/srvr?mediafile=/Size4/ODLodl-1-NA/1020/bodl_Arch.Selden.A.1_roll113D_frame28.jpg&userid=1&username=insight&resolution=4&servertype=JVA&cid=1&iid=ODLodl&vcid=NA&usergroup=ARTstor&profileid=4" ]
[ [ "http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/images-5/543_16_2.jpg" ] ]
16l1s3
Did creatures such as terrestrial hermit crabs make it onto land before the ancestors of modern reptiles and mammals?
I don't really have anything else to add except thank you for your input in advance.
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/16l1s3/did_creatures_such_as_terrestrial_hermit_crabs/
{ "a_id": [ "c7x4plt" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "There were terrestrial arthropods before there were terrestrial vertebrates. Terrestrial scorpions and millipedes predate early terrestrial bony fish. See the Wikipedia article on the [devonian](_URL_0_) for a brief discussion of these early terr...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian" ] ]
1jew59
why was there a theory that nothing can go faster then light?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jew59/why_was_there_a_theory_that_nothing_can_go_faster/
{ "a_id": [ "cbdz5i0", "cbdzimt", "cbe0rn6", "cbe5ldp" ], "score": [ 5, 11, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "Your wording is odd. You ask \"why was there\" is if it's not a current theory. As far as we know, it still holds true. As to why, see the other commenter.", "The relativit...
[]
[]
[ [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/user/minutephysics/videos", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lR4tJr7sMPM", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnMIhxWRGNw" ], [], [] ]
90dv3t
why aren't news stations (local, national, international) required to cite sources?
All (or most, I skimmed) of these responses seem reasonable and logical. I know it would be difficult if not impossible to do so without imposing on freedom of speech, but it just seems there must be some way to be able to verify information and a simple, truthful, immutable way which cannot be manipulated or corrupte...
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/90dv3t/eli5_why_arent_news_stations_local_national/
{ "a_id": [ "e2po5hu", "e2pobgk", "e2pocnm", "e2pox2p", "e2pp5wx", "e2pqt6q", "e2pt09y", "e2puqvb", "e2pv5xe" ], "score": [ 25, 2, 12, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "One reason that news reporters (be they text or video) are not requi...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
gcg9k
What do sunglasses protect the eyes from?
With the days getting longer on the northern hemisphere I see more and more people with sunglasses again. I wonder if there is an actual medical aspect to wearing them, apart from avoiding the "too bright" feeling. * UV radiation comes to mind first. Does it damage the retina, the lens or the liquid? At what point is ...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/gcg9k/what_do_sunglasses_protect_the_eyes_from/
{ "a_id": [ "c1mjp7t" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ " > UV radiation comes to mind first.\n\n[WHO - Effect of UV on Eyes](_URL_0_)\n\nTL;DR: UV is bad for your eyes. \n\n > * Do all glass lenses fully absorb UV? What about plastics?\n\nNo and no.\n\n[Sunglasses/protection (wikipedia)](_URL_1_)\...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://www.who.int/uv/faq/uvhealtfac/en/index3.html", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglasses#Protection" ] ]
3wz3ja
how are sentences by judges that are aimed at making an example out guilty parties not a violation of "equal justice under law", and therefore unconstitutional?
Edit: out of*
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3wz3ja/eli5_how_are_sentences_by_judges_that_are_aimed/
{ "a_id": [ "cy01moi" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Each type of crime has a valid minimum and maximum sentence. As long as the judge stays within these guidelines, it is 100% legal." ] }
[]
[]
[ [] ]
3nh72n
why don't tv shows/movies show real websites like google and facebook? why use fake websites that look like them?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nh72n/eli5_why_dont_tv_showsmovies_show_real_websites/
{ "a_id": [ "cvo0n6h" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Because you gotta call them, ask for permission, sometimes they ask for a certain fee, have their PR people see if their product is being used in good faith, all that paperwork and time just isn't worth the trouble. You can literally have a mock ...
[]
[]
[ [] ]
5lcm18
why do old games running on new hardware still have technical issues?
I am playing some mega man games on my Xbox One and experience slowdown when there are a lot of enemies on screen. but the Xbox One is significantly more powerful than the NES, so why is there still slowdown on this hardware?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5lcm18/eli5_why_do_old_games_running_on_new_hardware/
{ "a_id": [ "dbuo48e", "dbusfve", "dbuzdbi", "dbv3t13" ], "score": [ 13, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The XBox is emulating NES hardware and running the emulation at a set speed. If it ran it at as fast as possible, then it would be several times faster than the original NES game ...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
1ws0oi
Does an eagle see things that are say, 2 feet away in microscopic detail, blurry (like looking through binoculars) or simply as we would see them?
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1ws0oi/does_an_eagle_see_things_that_are_say_2_feet_away/
{ "a_id": [ "cf519vq" ], "score": [ 94 ], "text": [ "They can actually change the focal length of their eyes by deforming them with muscles. That said, the optics of a microscope and a telescope are very different. If they had their eyes in \"far away mode\", everything would be blurry, like looki...
[]
[]
[ [] ]
esbsy7
when a court tries to discover whether someone is guilty or innocent, does their lawyer know the truth?
[deleted]
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/esbsy7/eli5_when_a_court_tries_to_discover_whether/
{ "a_id": [ "ff8xlla", "ff8y8lr", "ff8yrqg", "ff9046w", "ff90evm", "ff94n1l" ], "score": [ 13, 10, 44, 2, 6, 3 ], "text": [ "Sometimes they know sometimes they don't. \n\nAttorney client privledge is a common law understanding in the US that your lawyer cann...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
8yiwo3
is a fat muffin top at your belly caused because humans wear clothes around their waistline?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8yiwo3/eli5_is_a_fat_muffin_top_at_your_belly_caused/
{ "a_id": [ "e2b7l2g", "e2b7v9a" ], "score": [ 4, 6 ], "text": [ "Really good question! I am by no means an expert but it is my understanding that every person stores fat on their bod differently, however fat naturally collects around the waistline, modern clothes or not. Wearing tight jea...
[]
[]
[ [], [] ]
h4ws4
Why aren't archaea human pathogens?
I'm an undergraduate microbiology student, but I am still pretty mystified by archaea. I realize archaea weren't discovered until relatively recently, but why aren't they more important from a human perspective? Do you think they will eventually be seen as important as bacteria? What's the freakin' deal with archaea?!
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/h4ws4/why_arent_archaea_human_pathogens/
{ "a_id": [ "c1slndr", "c1smegd", "c1so0ee", "c1sosoi", "c1sougs" ], "score": [ 80, 4, 7, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "That is an EXCELLENT question, and unfortunately there is not a very good answer yet. It's not fully known, but there are some ideas.\n\nIt has been proposed...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [ "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395942/?tool=pmcentrez" ], [], [] ]
1demj6
How long does a lobster live?
I read that they can live more than 100 years I find this hard to believe.
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1demj6/how_long_does_a_lobster_live/
{ "a_id": [ "c9pozis", "c9pr2pc" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "they can, however their normal lifespan is around 15 years\n_URL_0_", "It's hypothesized that they have the biological capacity to live somewhat indefinitely, barring bodily damage, predation, or disease. This is due to ...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/4213315/George-the-140-year-old-lobster-to-be-released-by-New-York-restaurant.html" ], [ "http://dx.doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1297.096", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase", "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S053...
2faazm
our defense system in the united states if nuclear missiles were to be launched at us by another country
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2faazm/eli5_our_defense_system_in_the_united_states_if/
{ "a_id": [ "ck7btlv", "ck7e9im", "ck7htta" ], "score": [ 7, 3, 5 ], "text": [ "Honestly? Not super great.\n\nWe have some [missile intercept systems](_URL_0_) but mostly the US relies on its ability to say \"If you don't terminate your missile right now... we'll fucking destroy y...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" ], [], [] ]
2ba4nl
Is there an upper limit of rotation for a pulsar? Also, is that upper limit uniform across all objects?
I just watched the videos posted in [this comment,](_URL_0_) and it got me thinking about something that hadn't crossed my mind before. Is there a limit to how fast something can spin, or does it just work on the same priciple as movement through space? I figured I'd mention pulsars as they were the inspiration, but I...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2ba4nl/is_there_an_upper_limit_of_rotation_for_a_pulsar/
{ "a_id": [ "cj3dzuk", "cj3ehbs", "cj3k7r1" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ " > Is there a limit to how fast something can spin, or does it just work on the same priciple as movement through space?\n\nIf you are talking about the relativistic limit, this is [Ehrenfest's paradox...
[]
[ "http://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/2b8th3/ever_wonder_what_space_sounds_like_its_terrifying/cj317fb" ]
[ [ "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00708527#page-1" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_J1748-2446ad" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zippe-type_centrifuge" ] ]
3wewk9
why do storm troopers wear armor if it doesn't actually protect them from anything? it also apparently interferes with their ability to shoot accurately.
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3wewk9/eli5_why_do_storm_troopers_wear_armor_if_it/
{ "a_id": [ "cxvmzrs", "cxvn4bj", "cxvn753" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Psychological edge. A phalanx of faceless, white-clad, cold, armored soldiers advancing will make you shit yourself. It's a powerful image.", "There are several theories as to their accuracy, they a...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [] ]
jdjul
Is the water ice present in the solar system the same as ice on earth, just much colder, or is it in a different phase?
I suppose I should specify I'm asking about the ice on the surface of icy bodies, or rather ice that isn't buried and under pressure. So, for example, is the ice on the surface of Europa or Enceladus the same as the water ice on Earth? What about cometary ice, is that the same? I've read a few times about "ice as har...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/jdjul/is_the_water_ice_present_in_the_solar_system_the/
{ "a_id": [ "c2b7ywt", "c2bc6xa", "c2b7ywt", "c2bc6xa" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 2, 5 ], "text": [ " > I've read a few times about \"ice as hard as rock\" \n\nJust to get you started:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIce can have many different crystal structures depending on T / P. Not sure how m...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice#Phases" ], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice#Phases" ], [] ]
21op7j
Why is the DNA replication process imperfect?
Until recently I've always taken for granted the fact that in explanations of the DNA replication process the mechanisms leading to mutations are imperfect. But now I'm curious as to why this is. Any explanation or direction on the matter is greatly appreciated.
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/21op7j/why_is_the_dna_replication_process_imperfect/
{ "a_id": [ "cgf2ydh" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Because of the complexity of the protein engines at work. All told, there are a considerable number of steps necessary to correctly replicate DNA, and the process is different for the leading and lagging strands. However, I think on average the...
[]
[]
[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0" ] ]
abs03p
how did we find out that there are 365.25 days in a year?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/abs03p/eli5_how_did_we_find_out_that_there_are_36525/
{ "a_id": [ "ed2jro1", "ed2kekm" ], "score": [ 10, 7 ], "text": [ "Observation, and knowing when the sun should be where through relative position.\n\nWhen you chart the sun’s course every day of the year a pattern emerges (Note the position and degree of the light at the exact same time e...
[]
[]
[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial" ] ]
49howb
3 days underwater.
I saw an old post about a rather old story involving a Cook from a ship that survived 3 days underwater. the ship was "AHT Jascon 4," the man was named Harrison Odjegba Okene. Given the limited space, confined area, and amount of time how did he not run out of breathable air or die of C02 poisoning. " inert gas asphyxi...
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49howb/eli5_3_days_underwater/
{ "a_id": [ "d0rvp1n", "d0rvtt5" ], "score": [ 9, 3 ], "text": [ "In short, they haven't come up with a good answer yet.\n\nThe key problem more than anything is hypothermia. He was trapped in freezing water, and found naked and alert. After three days in freezing water you'd expect someon...
[]
[]
[ [], [ "http://www.livescience.com/41688-how-to-survive-underwater-for-3-days.html" ] ]
567vf3
Why are there bubbles in prince Rupert's drops?
physics -I am a glass artist and engineering student. I have recently been practicing prince Rupert's drops (and failing hard (I only have a one foot tall turkey fryer to quench drops (makes it hard to avoid sides and bottom with drop))). I could not help but to notice bubbles inside the drop when I knew 100% that ther...
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/567vf3/why_are_there_bubbles_in_prince_ruperts_drops/
{ "a_id": [ "d8h62lu" ], "score": [ 11 ], "text": [ "First off, you really don't need a turkey fryer oil quench make PRD. The whole point of the drops is that they are skin stress resistant, and should hold up to a fast quench. Most people make them in a tub of lukewarm water.\n\nThe bubbles ar...
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[]
[ [] ]
1jln5o
why does fruit taste different after its dried?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jln5o/eli5_why_does_fruit_taste_different_after_its/
{ "a_id": [ "cbfwijp" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "the flavor is concentrated since there is less water, it would be like making a cup of coffee with just a little bit of water so you had a thick mud... it would taste different." ] }
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[]
[ [] ]
d3ivv2
exactly how are manual eye exams conducted (without modern digital equipment) and how can a doctor measure your eyesight through looking at your eye?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d3ivv2/eli5_exactly_how_are_manual_eye_exams_conducted/
{ "a_id": [ "f03354t", "f033ktw" ], "score": [ 3, 10 ], "text": [ "What do you mean measure your eyesight? As in determine your visual acuity?", "Before the fancy digital eye scanner... They had you look through lens and ask if it was better or worse...." ] }
[]
[]
[ [], [] ]
3b9rxy
Why was the USSR so interested in space flight? What started the USSR space program? Was NASA created only as an answer to Sputnik, or was it already in the works before hand?
What was the inspiration to shoot things and people into space? Was it just the next logical step from missiles? Was it purely a militarized application or inspiration at first?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3b9rxy/why_was_the_ussr_so_interested_in_space_flight/
{ "a_id": [ "cskbp0p" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The sputnik programme was introduced by Koroliov (previously doing rocketry) due to fears his team would \"lose the priority\" if the USA launched an artificial sattelite first (as they were planning to do for the international geophysical year)....
[]
[]
[ [ "http://www.cosmoport.com/spacecraft/spacecraft-9.html", "cosmoport.com" ] ]
3x0k6h
when and why did we switch from saying liberal/conservative to progressive/regressive in us politics?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3x0k6h/eli5_when_and_why_did_we_switch_from_saying/
{ "a_id": [ "cy0ftbi", "cy0fw54", "cy0gdaz" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "Political terms change over time, and often have many different meanings.\n\nHistorically, a \"liberal\" was someone who believed strongly in republicanism and democracy. The \"conservatives\" in Englan...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [] ]
1whqv4
Epigenetics, Methyl Groups, and Expression
Just kind of had my mind blown, and thought to ask askscience if I am getting it, or am confused, about the power that epigenetic (gestation/environmental/social) factors have in phenotypic expression. The work described in the below video articulates the mechanism for this process, and got me to where I can envision...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1whqv4/epigenetics_methyl_groups_and_expression/
{ "a_id": [ "cf23wa0" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "I watched some of the video, but it was too long to finish, so please ask more questions if I've missed anything. \n\nI wouldn't say that a \"nature/nurture debate\" really exists anymore. It's now more like a \"nature-nurture interaction explora...
[]
[ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYMmwa2oWyQ&feature=youtube_gdata_player" ]
[ [] ]
2fjpa2
sunk costs
Could it be explained with an example as well?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fjpa2/eli5sunk_costs/
{ "a_id": [ "ck9uwtw", "cka0t0p", "cka36dw" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "A sunk cost is a past cost that is not recoverable and specifically should not influence future decisions. For example if a company spends money on a consultant then that money would be sunk. Also mo...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [] ]
5kx7l3
why do some people silently mouth the words you're speaking along with you as you talk to them?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5kx7l3/eli5_why_do_some_people_silently_mouth_the_words/
{ "a_id": [ "dbr9bji", "dbr9ye2", "dbrh3ze" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Probably improves understanding. At least you know they're paying attention to what you're saying.\n\nSome people have a hard time focusing, their minds wander.", "Its a form of face mirroring. As s...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [] ]
1pxoww
What is the latest known instance of serfdom in Western Europe?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1pxoww/what_is_the_latest_known_instance_of_serfdom_in/
{ "a_id": [ "cd74s41" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Define Western Europe." ] }
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[]
[ [] ]
8u7qc3
why does everything computerised need regular software updates now opposed to older models? e.g. my xbox one needs to update monthly(ish) while my xbox original never did (or could).
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8u7qc3/eli5_why_does_everything_computerised_need/
{ "a_id": [ "e1d8qnm", "e1d93p3", "e1d98qv" ], "score": [ 9, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Security is taken more seriously than it used to, particularly on consoles that are now much more online than they used to be (online multiplayer was a much newer thing for consoles during the xbox clas...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [] ]
18na44
What will happen when Pope Benedict when he dies, since he will not be Pope at the time?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/18na44/what_will_happen_when_pope_benedict_when_he_dies/
{ "a_id": [ "c8g9rg8" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The way you've phrased the question, it's about current events/the future, which isn't appropriate for this subreddit. I'll have to delete this one, but you could resubmit with something like \"What happened to Popes who didn't die in office?\"" ...
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[ [] ]
34gcky
how can bernie sanders an independent be the democrats presidential nominee?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34gcky/eli5_how_can_bernie_sanders_an_independent_be_the/
{ "a_id": [ "cqueor6" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "He's not. He's seeking to be democratic presidential nominee. ELyou're5: he's hoping democrats will let him be leader of their club. " ] }
[]
[]
[ [] ]
4x2gir
how do screenshots work from a software perspective?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4x2gir/eli5_how_do_screenshots_work_from_a_software/
{ "a_id": [ "d6bv1hx", "d6bwk6q", "d6c22ja" ], "score": [ 13, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "The software just saves the state of all the pixels that the hardware is sending to the display and puts it into a standard image format that other programs can then open. How the software actually get...
[]
[]
[ [], [], [] ]
1mzw5s
Why do boats often leave paths of calm water (wakes) behind them?
I've wondered about this for a long time, but I was out on a pontoon this weekend and thought to ask here. (The answers google provides aren't very enlightening) A boat passed in front of us and left a trail of calm water hundreds of yards long, despite there being a strong breeze (~10-15 mph). The wind rippled the wat...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1mzw5s/why_do_boats_often_leave_paths_of_calm_water/
{ "a_id": [ "ccewduj" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Waves on water surface are dependent on both wind speed and the amount of exposure the water has had to the wind (IIRC this is called 'fetch'). Essentially, even a fairly strong wind needs a pretty good amount of distance acting on the water to k...
[]
[]
[ [] ]
3zze1u
How come when you and a friend get out of a loud venue such as a concert and you can't hear as well your friend and you yell at each other when talking, instead of talking in your normal voice. ?
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3zze1u/how_come_when_you_and_a_friend_get_out_of_a_loud/
{ "a_id": [ "cyqc909", "cyqr0bs" ], "score": [ 12, 3 ], "text": [ "Your ears have a mechanism to [temporarily lower their sensitivity](_URL_0_) in response to loud sounds. In that paper, they showed that if you knock out the gene responsible for this in mice, they exhibit less temporary he...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://www.pnas.org/content/110/18/7494.full" ], [ "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010027783900264", "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140507142804.htm" ] ]
3d2en0
Do we know anything about a planet past Pluto?
I was reading _Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright_ by Isaac Asimov, and he talked about the discovery of Neptune based on its effects on Uranus' orbit. Then he said "Neptune's pull only took care of about 59/60 of the discrepancy that had existed on the orbital calculations of Uranus" and related the history of the discove...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3d2en0/do_we_know_anything_about_a_planet_past_pluto/
{ "a_id": [ "ct1fpjt" ], "score": [ 19 ], "text": [ "Better calculations have removed the disparity. But that's a boring answer. There certainly are more dwarf planets past Pluto in the Kuiper belt. Makemake is of significant size, about 2/3 as big as Pluto. Eris, even farther out, is roughly the ...
[]
[]
[ [ "http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-075", "http://www.lionarray.com/uploads/2/0/8/3/20833448/3399729_orig.png" ] ]
20kh8e
How was Italy governed by the Roman Empire? Was it treated like a province with its own proconsul?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/20kh8e/how_was_italy_governed_by_the_roman_empire_was_it/
{ "a_id": [ "cg485qs", "cg4b4mn" ], "score": [ 41, 2 ], "text": [ "I'm working on this right now, so this won't be a complete answer because I haven't finished my research yet, but I can get things started (and maybe learn something from other contributors!).\n\nFirst thing to ask is what ...
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[ [], [] ]
1jhmmf
why are black holes invisible.
Ok, I've read alot on black holes, how they work, form and how we are detecting them. I pretty much read all there is on them in the Internet. However, one thing is not giving me peace. If a black hole "swallows" light, shouldn't they be visible by exactly that fact? I am aware of the gravitational lensing and stuff, b...
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jhmmf/eli5_why_are_black_holes_invisible/
{ "a_id": [ "cbeqf8c", "cbeqm4m" ], "score": [ 2, 6 ], "text": [ " > If a black hole \"swallows\" light, shouldn't they be visible by exactly that fact?\n\nNo.\n\nThe reason you see objects is because light reflects off them and hits your eyes. If nothing reflects off an object (ie, if it...
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448pmy
In warfare through history, why isn't there a severity of causalities compared to the unit size deployed?
I know war is horrible and many people die, but my question is, often through history in warfare, you have both sides deploy extraordinary large forces, but there is very little contact between those two bodies and the causality size is pretty small compared to the overall size of each side, you also have many inciden...
AskHistorians
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/448pmy/in_warfare_through_history_why_isnt_there_a/
{ "a_id": [ "czoj83g" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "This is a big question, so I can only really answer in generalities. Still, I'll do what I can.\n\n > Or is the \"fight to the death\" mentality not really true.\n\nArmies are big, expensive things, to say nothing of the human cost of combat. T...
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3mzzwp
what causes people to hallucinate when they get a very high fever, and is it the body trying to protect itself in some way?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mzzwp/eli5_what_causes_people_to_hallucinate_when_they/
{ "a_id": [ "cvjmm5p", "cvjug31", "cvjz1ky", "cvk6ym3", "cvkna7z" ], "score": [ 69, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "when you have a high fever, enzymatic action all over your body begins to slow and in the brain, this causes an unbalanced level of certain neurotransmitters...
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[ [], [], [], [], [] ]
bd7ucf
after suffering an injury, why are we told to elevate that part of our body over our heart? doesn't blood help heal the injured area and bring cells that heal it?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bd7ucf/eli5_after_suffering_an_injury_why_are_we_told_to/
{ "a_id": [ "ekwefvm", "ekwgtxx" ], "score": [ 9, 3 ], "text": [ "Depends on how much blood we are talking about. Elevating the injury basically uses gravity to help overcome the blood pressure of that area, decreasing blood loss. I recall the story of a woman who cut her big toe - not a...
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[ [], [] ]
7x6x9s
Alexander the Great founded dozens of cities and towns over his life. How was a town just "founded?"
Who were the first inhabitants? What consideration went into founding it? Where they built on existing towns and cities or just made?
AskHistorians
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7x6x9s/alexander_the_great_founded_dozens_of_cities_and/
{ "a_id": [ "du60qm3", "du7hx2c" ], "score": [ 14, 11 ], "text": [ "Hi, not discouraging other contributors, but meanwhile, check these out\n\n* /u/ikahjalmr in [In ancient times I've heard that historical figures \"built cities\" like Alexander did at Bucephala in honor of his horse. How ...
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[ [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3bzn9c/how_were_cities_founded_by_traveling_armies_in/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6dfnei/in_ancient_times_ive_heard_that_historical/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1i7aqp/who_populated_the_cities_founded_by_al...
gyuzv
Are we made more of microbes than our own cells, or does the smaller size of bacteria mean that by mass, we're larger?
"Eukaryotic cells range in size between 2 and 100 micro meters (=10-6 meters) and are usually much larger than prokaryotic cells which run between 0.5 and 2 micrometers." [source](_URL_0_) At the same time, [The number of bacteria living within the body of the average healthy adult human are estimated to outnumber h...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/gyuzv/are_we_made_more_of_microbes_than_our_own_cells/
{ "a_id": [ "c1raykp", "c1rbn0t", "c1rbo1u" ], "score": [ 3, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "By both mass and volume, we are more people than bacteria.\n\nBacteria are much much smaller. The numbers you give there suggest that human cells are about 50x bigger than bacteria. Cells are three-di...
[]
[ "http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap2.html", "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080603085914.htm" ]
[ [], [ "http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=662200736", "http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=802660112", "http://www.biologyreference.com/Ep-Fl/Eubacteria.html", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29", "http://img.imgur.com/CTz5Dl.jpg" ...
3mw9f8
If we upgraded Hubble with modern tech/optics, how much better would it get?
Or would it just make more sense to start from scratch and throw a new telescope out there?
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3mw9f8/if_we_upgraded_hubble_with_modern_techoptics_how/
{ "a_id": [ "cvip1v8", "cvipoev" ], "score": [ 12, 3 ], "text": [ "That is the plan, the James Webb Space Telescope is about six times the size of Hubble and should go up in about three years.", "This may help answer your question:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nMost of the answer(s) you need are in th...
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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope#Servicing_missions_and_new_instruments" ] ]
iovsj
What do wild animals do in inclement weather?
I was driving during a heavy southern thunderstorm and was wondering about this. What do animals do when the wind is blowing and the sky is falling? Is natural shelter and fur good enough, or do they just hang out in rain and hail without a care? There can only be so much cave space, and I imagine it would be rough on ...
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/iovsj/what_do_wild_animals_do_in_inclement_weather/
{ "a_id": [ "c25h3nr", "c25h7zl", "c25i7zd", "c25ixbe" ], "score": [ 21, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Get wet.\n\nFeel miserable.\n\nStart to smell.\n\nPossibly be injured and/or die if they can't find shelter and the storm is really bad, just like you would without your house.", ...
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[ [], [], [], [ "http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=95" ] ]
5kln6a
usa mcdonald's franchise owners, operators or managers: what is the purpose of two drive through ordering points for one drive though window?
Every time I drive through a McDonald's restaurant with multiple drive through ordering boxes, I try to ascertain why this setup provides any advantage to the restaurant. My personal observations: 1) Lines are still just as long as under the old system 2) My order is always verified by the person taking payment as ca...
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5kln6a/eli5_usa_mcdonalds_franchise_owners_operators_or/
{ "a_id": [ "dbosyuw" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Data proves you wrong. Typically the slowest part of the average drive-thru is the ordering process. Customers unsure of what they want, large orders, etc. Years worth of data taken has proven this, that's why they have multiple ordering lanes...
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396zuz
Would taking cooked meat out of the fridge, warming it, and then putting it immediately back in the fridge make it go bad?
My mom has always told me not to do this, but I'm not sure if it's true. If it, what's the reason behind it? I have a bowl of ground meat that I just warmed and I decided I didn't need it now. I'm not sure whether i can just stick it back into the fridge while it's hot or if I should wait!
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/396zuz/would_taking_cooked_meat_out_of_the_fridge/
{ "a_id": [ "cs1cm75" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Meat in your fridge contains pathogenic microorganisms. They divide very slowly (if at all) in the cold fridge, but much more rapidly at room temperature. Air in your kitchen also contains pathogenic microorganisms, some of which would grow rapid...
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qh6m5
By 1571 how secure was Elizabeth I's hold on the throne?
I just need some general points or topics I could cover, or if anyone could point me in the direction of some historiography. Any help is greatly appreciated
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/qh6m5/by_1571_how_secure_was_elizabeth_is_hold_on_the/
{ "a_id": [ "c3xl6ms" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Not a historian, but I'll give this my best shot\n\n* Strong hold on government and country, she still commanded respect of her council and country\n\n* One could argue that her moderate religious settlements, \"pacified\" the extreme catholics (...
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46179m
when you're trying to sleep and you hear something, a flash or some tick in your eye that goes with the sound?
Example: I was trying to fall asleep, feeling pretty comfortable and heard my dog get up off the floor. When I heard that the sound it made a quick light while my eyes were still closed appear. Hopefully this makes sense, thank you!
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46179m/eli5_when_youre_trying_to_sleep_and_you_hear/
{ "a_id": [ "d01ndq4" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Chances are you were transitioning into sleep. During this time, many people are prone to a phenomenon called \"hypnogogia\". This can range anywhere from auditory hallucinations such as hearing voices or phones ringing, to visual hallucinations ...
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[ [ "http://dreamstudies.org/2010/12/10/hypnagogic-dreams-and-imagery/" ] ]
1u79m5
the barn-pole relativity paradox
Say we have someone hold a pole of length L. A farmer has a barn of length (3/4)L with gates on either side. The farmer bets the pole vaulters that he can make the pole fit entirely inside the barn horizontally. He asks the vaulter to run into the barn with speed (sqrt3/2)c, so the pole contracts relativistically to...
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1u79m5/eli5_the_barnpole_relativity_paradox/
{ "a_id": [ "cef6vhn" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Lorentz contraction is always \"real\", but the point is that it's *relative*. The farmer sees the entire pole in the barn, while the runner doesn't (how could he, since for him it's *the barn* that's contacting).\n\nThe resolution of the \"parad...
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72za7r
Do humans have a vestigial tail wagging response? Is it detectable?
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/72za7r/do_humans_have_a_vestigial_tail_wagging_response/
{ "a_id": [ "dnmgxqy", "dnmhamk", "dnmhenh", "dnmi6tj", "dnmi8v6", "dnmkefp", "dnmvprt", "dnn7u92", "dno0dtj" ], "score": [ 219, 10892, 84, 378, 67, 463, 20, 12, 2 ], "text": [ " > A case of a tail in a 2-week-old infant is reported, ...
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[ [ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6373560" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Domesticated_Red_Fox#Genetic_experimentation" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
14qsat
How, when and why was the label "made in [country]" invented? When was it first used and to what purpose?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/14qsat/how_when_and_why_was_the_label_made_in_country/
{ "a_id": [ "c7fk6bs" ], "score": [ 19 ], "text": [ "[Made in Germany](_URL_0_), introduced by the British to mark the inferior quality and plagiarising German goods being imported. Quickly turned out to be a boon to Germany instead of a hindrance as originally intended." ] }
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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_germany" ] ]
6o3dh6
did the musical notes we all know (d,f,g,f-sharp etc.) basically *have* to be or was this just one person's selection that ended up working well?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6o3dh6/eli5_did_the_musical_notes_we_all_know_dfgfsharp/
{ "a_id": [ "dkea81l", "dkeabj0", "dkeh616", "dkeh7e0", "dkf4lc7" ], "score": [ 9, 2, 10, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Look at a violin. It has no frets. Violin players play by ear and get it right. So do Bass and viola players. Look at a guitar. It has frets. Guitars have t...
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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory" ], [], [], [], [] ]
i2u3o
Is it possible to harvest gravity (or, more correctly, gravitational waves)?
[This Post](_URL_0_), gave me the thought that perhaps it's possible to harvest gravitational waves in a similar manner to the way that solar panels are used to harvest sunlight. I imagine that we would need a material that reacts to the gravitational waves (similar to photovoltaic cells). What do you guys think?
askscience
http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/i2u3o/is_it_possible_to_harvest_gravity_or_more/
{ "a_id": [ "c20fjw0", "c20gj9k", "c20gun8" ], "score": [ 9, 8, 2 ], "text": [ "Without reading the article I can assure you that hydroelectric power is a much more efficient way of harvesting gravity.", "The interaction cross section is way, way too low.\n\nActually, let me am...
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[ "http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/hpidb/hey_science_what_would_happen_if_two_black_holes/c1xcpxl" ]
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53s392
Artificial sun by throwing fusion bomb in hydrogen cloud?
Hi i was just thinking about random things and I was wondering if we could create a "artificial" sun by throwing a hydrogen bomb in a hydrogen cloud? Are these clouds dense enough or would the bomb just push it all away? And if it was dense enough it would probably form a sun itself(?) (I know that it's impossible fo...
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/53s392/artificial_sun_by_throwing_fusion_bomb_in/
{ "a_id": [ "d7vr93w", "d7wnbbm" ], "score": [ 20, 2 ], "text": [ "To sustain a fusion reaction, the combination of temperature and pressure need to be sufficiently high. That's why there is fusion in the sun, but not in Jupiter, which, like the sun, consists of largely hydrogen and helium...
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2kvcmq
why is direct democracy not a viable system as opposed to what we have? would it result in massive indecisiveness, if implemented?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kvcmq/eli5_why_is_direct_democracy_not_a_viable_system/
{ "a_id": [ "clp1dkl", "clp1m00", "clp2jr3" ], "score": [ 33, 10, 6 ], "text": [ "Two main problems with direct democracy I can think of off the top of my head:\n\n- stability: the will of the masses tends to change quickly. News report on minor being raped and killed? Let's introd...
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4v5a4o
Why does fission happen randomly?
It seems for a given nucleus either the Coulomb repulsion would overcome the strong force, or the vice versa. From where does probability get involved?
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/4v5a4o/why_does_fission_happen_randomly/
{ "a_id": [ "d5vsfoi" ], "score": [ 14 ], "text": [ "Spontaneous fission is a quantum tunneling process. You have two (or more) \"lobes\" of nuclear matter, bound by a mutually attracting potential. In order for fission to occur, they must tunnel out of their attractive wells. Depending on how str...
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4hy50v
How humans reached islands like Japan during the Paleolithic?
Wikipedia reports the first human presence in Japan during the paleolithic (_URL_0_) - how humans reached it (and other islands) ?
AskHistorians
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4hy50v/how_humans_reached_islands_like_japan_during_the/
{ "a_id": [ "d2tdtgc" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Hi! While pre-history questions are fine here, it would be worth also x-posting this one to /r/AskAnthropology " ] }
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[ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan" ]
[ [] ]
16vy2h
Why did Bowing die out in Europe, but persist in East Asia?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/16vy2h/why_did_bowing_die_out_in_europe_but_persist_in/
{ "a_id": [ "c7zvq3z" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Just for some clarification do you mean archery? Or just making the bows?\n\nEdit: I may have misread that, did you mean bowing as in the gesture? If so I appoligize." ] }
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1mlky7
How was Malta able to withstand the Malta blitz?
From what I have read Malta took an incredible beating from Axis bombers during WW2. For such a small island how was it that the urban areas were not completely leveled? Even more so how did the airfield and port facilities, which would be obvious targets, manage to keep running?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1mlky7/how_was_malta_able_to_withstand_the_malta_blitz/
{ "a_id": [ "ccafxxf" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Largely this was due to bombing being much less accurate than you might think. During WWII the percentage of bombs that hit anywhere near their targets was in the single digits--at least when it came to high level strategic bombing. Tactical bo...
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2s5kg3
Suppose I visited Oregon in 1000BCE and then again in AD1000. (Without asking someone) How could I tell which was which?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2s5kg3/suppose_i_visited_oregon_in_1000bce_and_then/
{ "a_id": [ "cnmjmba", "cnml2jb", "cnn0fh9", "cnncutv" ], "score": [ 23, 247, 5, 14 ], "text": [ "People, remember that this is askHISTORIANS, not askpaleoastronomers or askgeologists or askbotanists. If you do not have the proper historical knowledge to answer this questio...
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[ [], [ "http://www.amazon.com/Archaeology-Native-North-America-Dean/dp/013615686X" ], [], [] ]
3fhurf
how can the us government tack on extra laws to bills?
I was watching the news and I saw a story about Rio Tinto opening a new mine in Arizona but the native Indians were protesting it because the land had cultural value. Back in the 50's President Eisenhower passed a law protecting the grounds but a while back a law was sneaked into a bill about military spending which ...
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fhurf/eli5_how_can_the_us_government_tack_on_extra_laws/
{ "a_id": [ "ctor04t" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "People in the US don't vote on every bill that is to/might become law. It is a Representstive Democracy so they vote for Senators and Congresmen/women who will they represent them. It is these people who then vote on the bills which are put bef...
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70clmz
how does recycling paper work and why does it seem like every recycled paper bag is brown?
I got a present that was in a Whole Foods bag that said "This bag is made from 100% recycled paper and is completely recyclable." How do my old mail and papers and things become this bag and why do all these recycled bags and things tend to be brown?
explainlikeimfive
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/70clmz/eli5_how_does_recycling_paper_work_and_why_does/
{ "a_id": [ "dn28fmd" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Paper is recycled by chopping it up and then cooking the bits in warm water, then mashing them back into sheets and drying it again.\n\nUsually they bleach it, so most recycled paper is white. If they don't bleach it, the natural color is gray or...
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10rre5
why will a whole flock of birds sit in a tree and caw/chirp/exclaim at seemingly nothing?
Saw a big tree just full of black birds the other day - crows, I'd imagine? - and they were all just crowing away. There was nothing around, but I could hear them long before/after I'd walked past the tree. I understand birds making sounds to alert others or otherwise communicate, but what prompts them to all just sit ...
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/10rre5/eli5_why_will_a_whole_flock_of_birds_sit_in_a/
{ "a_id": [ "c6g2jxk", "c6g46qq" ], "score": [ 7, 3 ], "text": [ "Birds do four very basic things: Eat, sleep, shit and fuck. If the birds have eaten and got enough rest there is nothing left for them to do but try to get with the lady birds. Birds hang out in trees and chirp and sing to s...
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8g82yq
What are the horizontal bands of clouds that form during a nuclear detonation, and why do they form at those intervals?
[Here’s a video](_URL_0_) showing the US’ largest ever test detonation, with the cloud rings clearly defined. Thanks!
askscience
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8g82yq/what_are_the_horizontal_bands_of_clouds_that_form/
{ "a_id": [ "dyas7gf" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "It's called a condensation cloud, or a Wilson cloud. It only occurs in humid air. With an explosion of significant size, a shock wave develops which leaves a a low-pressure zone behind it. This leads to large-scale adiabatic cooling. This cooling...
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[ "https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=T2I66dHbSRA&ebc=ANyPxKoNRWu2B7dEUjvQL1puLtN7GkMqKJeGPQ1STUvTZnrk19XW9FH-KDmRTUIoDD0-hmUY6q1w" ]
[ [] ]
39vu16
When did brothels start using red lights as a sign of their presence? Why red?
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/39vu16/when_did_brothels_start_using_red_lights_as_a/
{ "a_id": [ "cs7k8aa" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Ooo!.Ooo! I know! At least, what they claim in *Brass Checks and Red Lights*, a brief study of prostitution in the late West, and some of the background of sportin' houses. They said it originally came from railroad men hanging their red-glassed ...
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13flsq
During the middle ages in Europe, how would soldiers treat and transport their weapons and armor from battle to battle?
For simplicity, I'm defining middle ages as that broad 1000 years between the fall or Rome and the Renaissance. For instance, would spears be strapped on their back for long distance travel, or would they typically carry them in hand? Would knights always be armored when they were not expecting battle? How were si...
AskHistorians
http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/13flsq/during_the_middle_ages_in_europe_how_would/
{ "a_id": [ "c73j8of", "c73jojc", "c73mbw3", "c73o4uw" ], "score": [ 8, 9, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Some shields were equipped with a strap known as a guige used for carrying over the back outside of battle. They're depicted, infrequently, in the Bayeux tapestry, as the Normans t...
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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" ], [], [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Reislaeufer_Luzerner_Schilling.jpg" ] ]
2jtbtu
why are there leaked pictures of almost all new non-released products? how do they get them?
Products like Apple iPhones, gaddets and stuff like that... Companies do this on purpose?
explainlikeimfive
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jtbtu/eli5why_are_there_leaked_pictures_of_almost_all/
{ "a_id": [ "clevf6s", "clevhiw" ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text": [ "1. an insider (employee, someone in the production line / supply-chain line) sells the information to a publisher.\n\n2. the company itself tries to mimic the hype of \"leaks\" by willfully creating the above for the purpose...
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