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d ethical leadership, aligning with investigations [ 20 ]. The main goal of this study was to analyze how leader integrity indirectly affects ethical leadership behavior via moral identification. The study results indicate a correlation between moral identification and a leader’s ethical behavior. This result is incons... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.838 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education", "networking"] | 461 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.312950 | [
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ship between moral identity and ethical behavior. However, it is essential to note that Gerpott and his colleagues [ 94 ] focused on a different aspect of ethical behavior, an adherence to rules and regulations. In contrast, the current study specifically examined moral identification. Therefore, these contrasting find... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "education"] | 444 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313117 | [
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not be solely attributed to moral identity alone. Further research is needed to explore the complex relationship between leader integrity, moral identification, and ethical leadership behavior. Our study reveals a finding regarding how self-regulation affects the link between moral identification and ethical leadership... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.836 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "education"] | 477 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313244 | [
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a more pronounced moderating effect [ 19 , 20 ]. This finding suggests that self-regulation plays a smaller role in moderating the relationship between moral identification and ethical leadership behavior than previous studies. It is vital for future research to explore further the factors that may influence this relat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.451 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313364 | [
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his difference, such as unique organizational or cultural aspects, within our study’s context [ 95 ]. Furthermore, it is worth noting that variations in sample characteristics, measuring instruments, or statistical techniques could potentially account for the observed difference [ 96 ]. We acknowledge the importance of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.838 | ["education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313489 | [
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ial variations in sample characteristics, measuring instruments, or statistical techniques. Additionally, considering the possible influence of external factors, such as socioeconomic status or geographical location, could provide further insights into the observed differences. These results are in accordance with the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.84 | [] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313601 | [
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ctive norms, and attitudes affect intents and behaviors. Within our research, leader integrity is vital in influencing attitudes and subjective norms connected with ethical leadership. Moral identification, functioning as a mediator, includes the attitudes and norms that subsequently impact ethical leadership behavior.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 431 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313723 | [
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ncept of perceived behavioral control in the TPB. This study suggests that persons with higher levels of self-regulation are more capable of effectively translating their moral identification into actions correlated with ethical leadership. Furthermore, individuals with strong self-regulation skills are more likely to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 437 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313794 | [
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us reinforcing their ethical leadership behavior. Additionally, research has shown that leaders who exhibit ethical behavior gain the trust and respect of their followers and create a positive organizational culture that promotes ethical decision making at all levels. Understanding how leader integrity affects a person... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.629 | 0.85 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313869 | [
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ed in their self-concept, significantly affecting their intentions and behavior [ 65 , 99 ]. The relationship strengthens through self-regulation, improving individuals’ capacity to align their actions with their moral identification and reinforcing their perceived behavioral control [ 98 , 100 ]. This alignment betwee... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.814 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking"] | 411 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.313946 | [
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n can also increase followers’ trust and loyalty. Furthermore, research has shown that individuals strongly identifying with their moral values are more likely to engage in ethical decision making and exhibit prosocial behavior. In conclusion, our study shows the complex relationships among leader integrity, moral iden... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.836 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.314019 | [
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ect of self-regulation, they emphasize the significance of considering contextual and methodological aspects. The relationship between our results and the TPB enhances our comprehension of the fundamental processes that link leader integrity and ethical leadership behavior. These findings suggest that leader integrity ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 467 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.314092 | [
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t be this relationship’s mediators or moderators. Understanding these findings’ contextual and methodological aspects can help organizations develop effective strategies for promoting ethical leadership within their ranks. 6. Implications for Practice This research highlights the importance of sustaining leader integri... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.658 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 497 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.314170 | [
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their subordinates through moral identification. Organizations must focus on measures that foster moral identification among their personnel, including facilitating a robust ethical culture and values. The moderating influence of self-regulation on the correlation between moral identification and ethical leadership sho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.445 | 0.822 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.314254 | [
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and customize their leadership development initiatives to accommodate these differences. Organizations should emphasize developing ethical decision-making abilities, promoting the capacity to assess complex scenarios and make ethically appropriate decisions. Organizations may promote ethical behavior and improve the ca... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.828 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 508 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.314334 | [
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e ethical, resilient, and efficient organization. Organizations exhibit their dedication to ethical values and guarantee that their workers have the necessary tools and kn | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.748 | ["ethics"] | 171 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.314412 | [
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Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You Nov 9 Written By Amy Vetter Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You We all have good days and bad days. It can be hard to be transparent with ourselves or others about what we are going through during those bad days for fear of judgment. On... | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.414 | 0.878 | ["decision_making"] | 470 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.523424 | [
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th the people around us about how we are feeling. Create an atmosphere of openness and transparency, both personally and professionally, and allow the people around you to give their ideas and feedback on how you can operate going forward. Openness breeds empathy and understanding on both sides and is vital for any str... | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.442 | 0.882 | ["networking", "career", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.523754 | [
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d in front of others that I would clam up when asked for my opinion about something. If I was not 100% sure of my answer, it would show how little I knew, and people would think less of me. The truth is that everyone feels this way sometimes, but they usually don't let their fear stop them from asking questions or shar... | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.514 | 0.88 | ["philosophy"] | 489 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.523938 | [
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confidence and willingness to learn from others. You'll also find that people will often be willing to help out when they see an opportunity for growth in one another (and maybe even themselves). Be honest about how much time and energy you have to give. If someone comes to you with a great but intensive idea and asks ... | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.389 | 0.866 | [] | 440 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.524081 | [
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f you don't have time or resources for something. It's better for everyone if you can be upfront about your limitations than if you try and do something beyond your capabilities or interest level only. You'll likely end up frustrated by its failure later down the road (and maybe even resentful of the person who made th... | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.494 | 0.852 | [] | 413 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.524192 | [
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irm believer in asking for help when you need it. Being open and honest with those around you doesn't mean you have to tell them everything happening in your life at any given time. But when something difficult comes up, like a stressful situation or a bout of depression, it's important that you're able to ask for help... | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.337 | 0.882 | ["crisis"] | 501 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.524316 | [
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different people at various stages in our lives. Getting caught up in the idea of "keeping it together" and being a "strong" independent adult is easy. That's especially true when we're feeling low, which can make us feel like opening up will mean feeling weak or having less control over our lives. But here's the kicke... | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.377 | 0.884 | [] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.524428 | [
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s about how you're feeling This is easier said than done, to be sure. But the more you can work towards this, the better the relationships in your life will likely be. Plus, many people around you probably have had bad days, too. There's no point in suffering alone in silence. After all, we're all human, and we all mak... | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.412 | 0.88 | ["networking", "leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.524553 | [
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High Performers Apart Next Next How to Stop Rushing and Start Designing the Future You Want | https://www.amyvetter.com/blog/2022/10/26/be-open-honest-and-transparent-with-the-people-around-you-63ly2 | Be Open, Honest, and Transparent With The People Around You | amyvetter.com | unknown | false | 0.55 | 0.732 | ["philosophy"] | 91 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.524707 | [
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2 3EB Cambridge, UK Find articles by Alexandra L J Freeman 5 , Theresa Marteau Theresa Marteau 6 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK Find articles by Theresa Marteau 6 , Sander van der Linden Sander van der Linden 7 Winton Centre for Risk and Evid... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.487 | 0.718 | ["education", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.737571 | [
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Bavel Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Department of Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB Cambridge, UK 2 Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, CB3 0WA Cambridge, UK 3 Depar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.692 | ["education", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.737869 | [
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d Evidence Communication, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, CB3 0WA Cambridge, UK 5 Department of Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB Cambridge, UK 6 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, CB1 8RN Cambridge,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.844 | ["education", "communication"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.738006 | [
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PNAS Nexus . 2022 Dec 7;1(5):pgac280. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac280 Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public trust in evidence John R Kerr John R Kerr 1 Department of Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB Cambridge, UK 2 Winton Centre for Ris... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.858 | ["education", "communication"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.738199 | [
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R Schneider Claudia R Schneider 3 Department of Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB Cambridge, UK 4 Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, CB3 0WA Cambridge, UK Find articles by Claudia R Schneider 3, 4 , Alex... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.708 | ["education", "communication"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.738374 | [
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ence should be addressed: Email: john.kerr@otago.ac.nz Roles Jay Van Bavel : Editor Received 2022 Apr 27; Accepted 2022 Dec 4; Collection date 2022 Nov. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.336 | 0.696 | ["innovation", "communication", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.738506 | [
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d reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9802351 PMID: 36712327 This article has been corrected. See PNAS Nexus. 2024 Jan 30;3(1):pgad476 . Abstract Does clear and transparent communication of risks, benefits, and uncertainties increase or undermine publ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.848 | ["communication", "decision_making", "salary", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.738633 | [
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ditional persuasive style to align instead with recent “evidence communication” principles, aiming to inform decision-making: communicating a balance of risks and benefits, disclosing uncertainties and evidence quality, and prebunking misperceptions. In two pre-registered experiments, UK participants read either a pers... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.826 | ["communication", "education", "philosophy", "decision_making", "salary"] | 492 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.738798 | [
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ines (Study 1) or nuclear power plants (Study 2). We find that balanced messages are either perceived as trustworthy as persuasive messages (Study 1), or more so (Study 2). However, we note a moderating role of prior beliefs such that balanced messages were consistently perceived as more trustworthy among those with ne... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.858 | ["education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.738939 | [
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r power plants voiced significantly stronger support for nuclear power than those who had read the balanced message, despite rating the information as less trustworthy. There was no difference in vaccination intentions between groups reading the different vaccine messages. Keywords: evidence communication, transparency... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.368 | 0.834 | ["communication", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.739077 | [
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ating evidence to facilitate decision-making, as opposed to trying to persuade the reader. However, some research suggests that the recommendations—such as acknowledging both risks and benefits or disclosing uncertainties—could have a negative impact on the perceived trustworthiness of the message and the messenger. Ac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.842 | ["decision_making", "salary"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.739207 | [
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he latter were not perceived as less trustworthy. In fact, for participants holding neutral or negative opinions about the message topic, such communications were perceived as more trustworthy. Taking a balanced, transparent approach to communicating evidence, therefore, does not undermine trustworthiness. The notion t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.387 | 0.85 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.739334 | [
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s” and persuading them to act or think in a specific way is surprising, if not antithetical, to many professional communicators ( 1 , 2 ). After all, authorities often seek to shift behavior through persuasive messages and “nudges”; governments usually aim to justify and garner public support for their policies; many s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.368 | 0.862 | ["ethics", "career", "governance", "family", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.739470 | [
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strong practical, ethical, and legal reasons in which communicators, particularly experts, should explicitly not be aiming to change their audience’s behavior or opinion. Instead, their aim must be to provide balanced, clear, and understandable evidence to their audience, allowing them to weigh up the pros and cons and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.702 | ["philosophy", "decision_making", "ethics"] | 500 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.739614 | [
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e opinion and interpretation of the communicator. One of the most obvious examples of this is in individual medical decision-making, where there is often a legal requirement that a patient be fully informed of potential treatments and their risks and benefits ( 3 ). However, although not always explicitly recognized, t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.832 | ["communication", "decision_making", "salary", "philosophy"] | 435 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.739751 | [
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parent, kind of communication should be required. At the policy level, civil servants are expected to provide clear and balanced outlines of the costs and benefits of different policy options within government. This responsibility is often extended to external experts, as seen in the “honest broker” archetype of scienc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.852 | ["communication", "decision_making", "salary", "governance", "philosophy"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.739881 | [
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patory decision-making with communities, e.g., on local environmental issues ( 5 ), and is crucial for effective referenda ( 6 ). Even when there is no statutory obligation to provide transparent and unbiased evidence, doing so is often defined as an honest signal of trustworthiness ( 7 ). While trusting is an act on t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.381 | 0.872 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.740035 | [
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should be aligned but they are not necessarily so, as people can trust the untrustworthy and distrust the trustworthy. Honest cues of trustworthiness are, therefore, necessary to help people assess how to trust and weigh evidence in their decision-making ( 8 ). The two aims—either to persuade the audience that the opin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.412 | 0.87 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.740293 | [
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to weigh it up for themselves—are very different and might often be in conflict with each other ( 9 ). A message designed to be maximally persuasive and entice readers toward one opinion will naturally minimize or even exclude evidence that does not support that opinion, or uncertainties that might undermine confidence... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.864 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy", "decision_making"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.740479 | [
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ng the information are of secondary importance compared with their understanding of, and trust in, the evidence presented. To further empirical research on this issue, a recent article ( 10 ) outlined the contrasting aims of “informing” vs “persuading” and how messages designed to do the former might theoretically be c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.836 | ["philosophy", "communication"] | 445 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.740627 | [
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ommunication, as summarized in Table 1 . Table 1. Overview of “five rules for evidence communication” from Blastland et al. Recommendation Description Inform, not persuade An overarching recommendation to communicate with the aim of informing the decision-maker’s choice, rather than pushing them towards a given option.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.339 | 0.838 | ["decision_making", "communication", "philosophy", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 473 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.740765 | [
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n options while acknowledging weight of evidence. Disclose uncertainties Clearly describe uncertainties around the evidence presented. State evidence quality Provide information about the quality of the evidence drawn upon. Inoculate against misinformation Identify and pre-empt circulating misinformation or mispercepti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.834 | ["philosophy", "communication", "ethics", "career"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.740913 | [
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, professional experience, as well as research across the fields of psychology, risk analysis, political science, and communication. The role of the cues of trustworthiness encapsulated within the recommendations is to help the audience know how much trust they can put in the facts contained within the communication, a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.7 | ["communication", "decision_making", "career", "philosophy"] | 482 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.741044 | [
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science and evidence more generally ( 11 , 12 ). However, these cues of trustworthiness have not been empirically tested, as an ensemble, to see whether they achieve their aims. This study sets out to test them. In order to do so, it is important to first understand how to measure what we would consider success in this... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.858 | ["education"] | 457 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.741165 | [
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in various, often overlapping, ways ( 13 , 14 ). For example, some scholars frame credibility as consisting of two components: expertise (ability to make accurate assertions) and trustworthiness (willingness to communicate accurate assertions) ( 15 ). Others define trustworthiness as an overarching construct consisting... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.398 | 0.846 | ["communication", "ethics", "education"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.741336 | [
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expertise and competence, as well as benevolence and integrity. While the communication of uncertainties, evidence quality, and pre-emptive corrections may be desirable from a purely theoretical perspective—as it makes the communication more trustworthy—it is unclear to what extent these elements actually act as cues o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.401 | 0.838 | ["communication", "ethics"] | 472 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.741460 | [
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in isolation, which suggests that they might be. For example, a robust body of research in psychology and communication studies indicates that all things being equal, people perceive balanced, “two-sided” messages as more trustworthy than one-sided messages ( 16–20 ). The majority of studies show that communication of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.848 | ["communication"] | 470 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.741608 | [
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orthiness of a message or its source ( 21 , 22 ). However, some studies report that acknowledgment of large uncertainty intervals or unquantified uncertainties (e.g., simply stating that there is “some uncertainty”) can reduce trust in the presumed source of a message ( 21 , 23 , 24 ). Beyond statistical uncertainty, c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.842 | ["resume"] | 436 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.741738 | [
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ions or quality of the evidence available ( 25 ). Again, there are mixed results in the literature regarding the impact of this information on perceptions of trustworthiness. Empirical evidence suggests that messages which label claims as based on “low-quality” research are rated as less trustworthy than those which re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.862 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.741864 | [
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thy evidence communication could, theoretically, end up alienating those at either end of the attitude spectrum on a given issue. We investigate this possibility by examining how prior beliefs about message topics moderate the influence of message content on perceptions of trustworthiness and psychological reactance. I... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.838 | ["communication"] | 472 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.741999 | [
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scientists in news or online reports can increase ( 28 , 29 ) or have no effect on perceptions of credibility or trustworthiness ( 30 , 31 ). There are numerous studies examining the efficacy of fact-checks, prebunking, and debunking in countering misinformation and misperceptions, that is, they investigate the impact ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.335 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.742183 | [
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the inclusion or exclusion of information aiming to correct or prebunk misinformation affects perceived trustworthiness of a message in and of itself. In the current study, we aim to test whether messages that are produced according to principles of transparent evidence communication ( 10 ) are indeed perceived as more... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "communication", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.742338 | [
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ten in a persuasive style against the same messages edited to align with the transparent evidence communication principles ( 10 ) in two randomized, controlled trials. We also set out to examine potential psychological reasons for any differences between the perceptions of the different messages. Previous research has ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.86 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "communication", "decision_making", "crisis"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.742484 | [
0.0735849142074585,
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d with less anger and negative cognitions, in line with psychological reactance theory ( 35 , 36 ). Reactance, broadly defined, is a state of negative motivational arousal in response to threats to freedom. Where someone perceives a message as attempting to persuade them and limiting their freedom to choose, they may e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.858 | ["social_justice", "motivation", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.742613 | [
0.007973144762217999,
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the opposite attitudes or behaviors intended by the communicator, as means to restore a sense of freedom ( 37 ). In the current studies, we examine these emotional and cognitive facets of reactance alongside perceptions of trustworthiness. To examine messaging effects in a realistic and real-world relevant context, we ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.351 | 0.858 | ["social_justice"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.742762 | [
0.029674990102648735,
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would hold strong views about these issues, which may affect their perceptions and allow us to investigate potential reactance effects caused by prior beliefs. People tend to ascribe more trustworthiness to information and sources that agree with their own views ( 38–41 ). It is possible that conflict with prior views ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.36 | 0.86 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.742902 | [
-0.011261764913797379,
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present a message written in a persuasive style. We then revised these in accordance with Blastland et al.’s ( 10 ) recommendations to produce a second version of each for comparison in two randomized, controlled studies. For simplicity, we refer to these two versions as the “Persuasive” and “Balanced” messages, respec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.858 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.743030 | [
0.03775063157081604,
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ormation about uncertainties, evidence quality, and potential misunderstandings, as per Blastland et al.’s recommendations. The process of editing to produce the balanced, evidence communication messages involved the authors collectively making judgments on what information to include to create a message that aligned w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.83 | ["philosophy", "communication", "decision_making"] | 489 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.743161 | [
-0.018519548699259758,
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the Persuasive and Balanced versions comparable. This approach does not allow us to isolate the effects of any one recommendation (e.g., disclosing uncertainty alone). Instead, our aim is to examine the net effect of the recommendations as a whole. Participants in the experiments were randomized to read one of the mess... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.86 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.743307 | [
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rthiness of the information and its (unnamed) source and completing measures of cognitive and affective reactance, that is, how they felt and thought about the message while reading it. In both studies, these outcomes—information trustworthiness, producer trustworthiness, cognitive reactance, and affective reactance—we... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.824 | ["philosophy"] | 460 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.743433 | [
0.08001445978879929,
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omes are reported in the Supplementary Material . Study 1 This study was conducted in April 2021, prior to rollout of the COVID-19 vaccine to the general UK public under 50 years of age. In an online experiment, 2,928 UK adults who reported not yet having received a COVID-19 vaccine were recruited via the panel provide... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.321 | 0.868 | ["education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.743557 | [
0.051547691226005554,
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0.016341470181941986,
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age was adapted from the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) website, encouraging vaccination against COVID-19, and describing the available vaccines simply as safe and effective. The Balanced message was a version of the text edited in line with Blastland et al.’s ( 10 ) recommendations for trustworthy evidence communi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.848 | ["communication"] | 477 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.743680 | [
-0.012699445709586143,
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0.0616496317088604,
0.03686066... | ||
conditions when considering participants with positive prior beliefs regarding COVID-19 vaccines, that is, those believing that COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. However, when considering participants with negative prior beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines, we find that the Balanced message (vs Persuasive) is consi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.397 | 0.832 | [] | 492 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.743787 | [
0.010247038677334785,
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0.033412814140... | ||
Methods” section, full texts shown in Table S2 ). Briefly, this text: framed vaccination as a personal choice; included information on efficacy, side-effect frequency, uncertainties; and anticipated and corrected possible misperceptions. In the Partial condition, participants were presented with a minimally edited vers... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.337 | 0.822 | ["communication", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 454 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.743912 | [
0.04871886968612671,
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0.03523261845... | ||
endations for trustworthy evidence communication. For reasons of brevity, and to simplify comparison with Study 2, which did not include a comparable condition, we report the results for the Partial condition in the Supplementary Material . Before reading the messages, participants completed a measure of prior beliefs ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.854 | ["communication", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.744046 | [
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oring above the midpoint of 4—i.e., generally agreeing that COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective ( M = 5.28, SD = 1.34). Participants’ perceptions of trustworthiness were measured as the average of three items asking them the extent to which they found the information trustworthy, reliable, and accurate ( 21 ) (ran... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.85 | ["philosophy"] | 447 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.744228 | [
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of the information be trustworthy (range 1 to 7). There were no significant differences between the Persuasive and Balanced conditions in terms of how trustworthy participants rated the information ( M Persuasive = 5.28, SD = 1.50; M Balanced = 5.39, SD = 1.35; P = 0 .21, d = 0.08) or its producers ( M Persuasive = 5.1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.738 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.744354 | [
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0.06644784659147263,
-0.0379... | ||
due to the presence of the third condition reported in the supplement, see the “Methods” section). To provide an indication of the strength of evidence for a null effect model given the data, we calculated Bayes factors for pairwise comparisons using the BayesFactor package (using a default Cauchy prior scaled by √2/2)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.352 | 0.872 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.744494 | [
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tantial” or “moderate” evidence in favor of the null model ( 43 ). There were no significant differences between the Persuasive and Balanced conditions in terms of affective reactance (i.e., anger; range 0 to 100; M Persuasive = 17.50, SD = 24.43; M Balanced = 15.47, SD = 21.51; P = 0 .12, d = 0.09, BF 10 = 0.32) or co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.74 | [] | 480 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.744625 | [
0.03995368629693985,
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7, SD = 1.58; P = 0 .70, d = 0.04, BF 10 = 0.07). To examine the possibility that prior beliefs moderated the effect of message condition on perceived trustworthiness and reactance, we fitted a series of OLS regression models including an interaction term. We report significant interactions for all four outcomes, repor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.329 | 0.722 | [] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.744756 | [
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and affective reactance among these participants. That is, they reported less mental counter-arguing and anger in response to the message. Table 2. Study 1 interaction model results. Information trustworthiness Producer trustworthiness Cognitive reactance Affective reactance Message (Persuasive vs Balanced) 0.05 0.06 −... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.336 | 0.7 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.744878 | [
0.06576045602560043,
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.69 to 0.78] [−0.71 to −0.61] [−0.69 to −0.59] Message*prior beliefs −0.13*** −0.15*** 0.07* 0.14*** [−0.19 to −0.07] [−0.21 to −0.08] [0.00 to 0.14] [0.07 to 0.21] N 1,957 1,939 1,958 1,929 R 2 (adjusted) 0.545 0.450 0.393 0.336 Open in a new tab Standardized regression coefficients shown with 95% CI in square bracket... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.324 | 0.736 | ["education", "ethics"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.745032 | [
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on message effects in Study 1 (A to D) and Study 2 (E to H). Plots show predicted values (with 95% CI) of information trustworthiness (A, E), producer trustworthiness (B, F), cognitive (C, G), and affective reactance (D, H) in each condition across the spectrum of prior beliefs for study topic (higher values indicate m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.355 | 0.856 | ["education", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 510 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.745160 | [
0.08037079870700836,
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y, reactance (negative effect) among participants with negative prior beliefs. Shaded regions indicate values of prior belief at which the effect of message condition is significant ( P < 0.05), based on Johnson–Neyman intervals. To further investigate these interactions, we calculated Johnson–Neyman intervals to deter... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.842 | ["ethics"] | 460 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.745279 | [
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gnificant ( P < 0.05; shaded regions in Fig. 1 ). The intervals for models predicting information trustworthiness [5.13, 6.63] and producer trustworthiness [5.23, 6.75] represent the range of values at which the effect of message is not significant. An interpretation of this is that at the most extreme positive end of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.708 | ["philosophy", "ethics"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.745409 | [
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ed as slightly more trustworthy than the Balanced message. In our sample, 14.2% of participants fell into this category (additional plots superimposing Johnson–Neyman intervals on the distribution of prior beliefs can be found in Fig. S1). However, as demonstrated in Fig. 1A and B , perceived trustworthiness on both me... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.359 | 0.85 | [] | 494 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.745515 | [
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0.0189... | ||
measure of COVID-19 vaccination intention ( 44 ). Although not a primary outcome, we note no significant main effect of message condition on intentions, nor interaction with prior beliefs. Additionally, the Balanced message was rated by participants as taking slightly more effort to read (it was slightly longer), altho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.362 | 0.822 | [] | 419 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.745632 | [
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nditions in terms of self-reported comprehension. Results for these additional measures included in the experiment are detailed in Tables S4 to S6. A limitation of the design of this study is that we did not measure participants’ impressions of the texts in the context of trustworthy evidence communication recommendati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.838 | ["communication", "education"] | 443 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.745758 | [
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d, open about uncertainty and so on, as intended? We also acknowledge a potential confound in the differing lengths of the Persuasive and Balanced texts. We sought to address these limitations in a second study focusing on a different topic. Study 2 In Study 2, we applied a slightly modified experimental design to the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.872 | ["education", "decision_making", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.745889 | [
0.04177702218294144,
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decision—support for a new plant—as opposed to an individual decision—getting a vaccination. A total of 1,034 UK adults recruited via online panel provider Respondi completed the experiment. Participants first completed a measure of prior beliefs, capturing the extent to which they held a positive view of nuclear power... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.852 | ["decision_making"] | 463 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746025 | [
0.09214223921298981,
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en randomly assigned to read one of two messages. The “Persuasive” message was based on extracts from recent UK Government policy documents, outlining arguments for building a nuclear power plant. The “Balanced” evidence communication message was edited as in Study 1 to present balanced information; detail uncertaintie... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.361 | 0.82 | ["communication", "governance", "education", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 431 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746209 | [
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whilst remaining comparable in readability score. The texts were developed in consultation with subject-matter experts and piloted in a small study (see the “Methods” section). In Study 2, we included a set of items directly asking participants to rate the message they read according to the five principles for trustwor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.458 | 0.86 | ["education", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746357 | [
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ntended to convey trustworthiness were indeed being noticed by the audience. Results are shown in Fig. 2 . For all measures, the Balanced message was rated as more aligned with the recommendations (all P < 0.001, see Table S14 ). This, together with the similar lengths and readability scores, and participants’ similar ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.866 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746468 | [
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essages were similar enough in other respects to provide an adequate test of the effects of the principles of trustworthy evidence communication ( 10 ). Fig. 2. Open in a new tab Cue detection results. Points show the mean responses (with 95% CI) across conditions for items capturing perceptions of the message meeting ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.324 | 0.872 | ["communication"] | 500 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746580 | [
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0 and 100 endpoints of each slider shown on plot. Error bars represent 95% CI. Participants completed the same trustworthiness and reactance measures as in Study 1. Participants who read the Balanced message (vs Persuasive) rated the information as significantly more trustworthy ( M Persuasive = 4.70, SD = 1.33; M Bala... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.353 | 0.732 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746670 | [
-0.010180962271988392,
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ersuasive = 4.35, SD = 1.47; M Balanced = 4.63, SD = 1.31; P < 0.01, d = 0.20, BF 10 = 9.69). This differs from Study 1, where we report no main effect of the message condition on trustworthiness. In agreement with Study 1, we report no significant differences between message conditions in terms of affective reactance ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.656 | ["education", "negotiation"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746773 | [
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3.48, SD = 1.53; M Balanced = 3.41, SD = 1.45; P = 0.41, d = 0.05, BF 10 = 0.10). As in Study 1, we fitted a series of OLS regression models examining the interaction between message condition and prior beliefs in predicting outcomes. Model results for these outcomes are reported in Table 3 and displayed graphically in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.343 | 0.716 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 477 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746866 | [
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formation and producers, and cognitive reactance. Among participants with negative prior beliefs about nuclear power, the Balanced message (vs Persuasive) and its producers were rated as more trustworthy, and the message elicited less cognitive reactance. Unlike Study 1, we did not find a significant interaction betwee... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.516 | 0.824 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 436 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.746973 | [
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ance. Table 3. Study 2 interaction model results. Information trustworthiness Producer trustworthiness Cognitive reactance Affective reactance Message (Persuasive vs Balanced) 0.22*** 0.25*** −0.10 0.07 [0.11 to 0.33] [0.14 to 0.36] [−0.21 to 0.01] [−0.05 to 0.19] Prior beliefs a 0.56*** 0.52*** −0.48*** −0.26*** [0.48... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.704 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.747073 | [
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09] [0.06 to 0.28] [−0.13 to 0.11] N 1,030 1,034 1,033 1,034 R 2 (adjusted) 0.209 0.190 0.162 0.068 Open in a new tab Standardized regression coefficients shown with 95% CI in square brackets. a Higher values indicate more positive beliefs. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Participants also indicated their support for plans... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.335 | 0.724 | ["ethics"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.747173 | [
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ion expressed a significantly higher level of support for a new plant, and this effect was not moderated by prior beliefs. Results for additional measures included in the experiment are detailed in Tables S13 and S15. Discussion Blastland et al.’s “five rules for evidence communication” ( 10 ) provide a broad set of re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.86 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.747263 | [
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these recommendations together, on public perceptions of official messaging. Do people find messages that follow these rules and attempt to be purely informative more trustworthy than typical, persuasively written messages? Do they show less psychological reactance to messages that do not aim to be persuasive? And do t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.854 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.747361 | [
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nformation in a balanced way and acknowledging uncertainties do not substantively undermine the trustworthiness of a message or its source, compared to a more persuasive communication. This is an important finding in light of some concerns about more transparent communication of risk, benefits, and uncertainty ( 24 , 4... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.842 | ["communication", "salary", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 476 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.747457 | [
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ffects, the two studies give conflicting results. In Study 1, using messages about COVID-19 vaccines which were either one-sided and aiming to persuade or more balanced and seeking to inform, we find that on average people consider the information and source of either message to be equally trustworthy. In Study 2, comm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.85 | ["education", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 480 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.747556 | [
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0.035871185... | ||
age more trustworthy than the persuasive version. Thus, we find mixed evidence that messages adopting a balanced evidence communication approach are considered more trustworthy than messages aiming to persuade. To some extent, these differing findings can be reconciled once we take into account how individuals’ pre-exi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9802351/ | Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.844 | ["communication"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.747654 | [
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0.06393090635538101,
0.0396322... |
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