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learning experience, learning at their own pace and ensuring motivation to continue learning. Reflective practice can improve problem-solving skills and address challenges, allowing coach developers to devise individual strategies to meet the needs of each learner. The implication of focussing on par | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.639 | 0.784 | ["education", "communication", "motivation", "crisis"] | 301 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.720608 | [
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Behav Sci (Basel) . 2023 Nov 13;13(11):924. doi: 10.3390/bs13110924 Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity Christine Nash Christine Nash 1 Applied Coaching Science Research Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 8AQ, UK; mike.ashford@ed.ac.uk (M.A.); loel.collins@ed.ac.uk (L.C.) Find articles by Ch... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.677 | 0.682 | ["education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.720731 | [
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mike.ashford@ed.ac.uk (M.A.); loel.collins@ed.ac.uk (L.C.) 2 Grey Matters Performance Ltd., Stratford upon Avon CV37 9TQ, UK Find articles by Michael Ashford 1, 2 , Loel Collins Loel Collins 1 Applied Coaching Science Research Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 8AQ, UK; mike.ashford@ed.ac.uk (M.A.); loel.col... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.692 | ["philosophy", "resume", "education"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.720827 | [
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ady Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Applied Coaching Science Research Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 8AQ, UK; mike.ashford@ed.ac.uk (M.A.); loel.collins@ed.ac.uk (L.C.) 2 Grey Matters Performance Ltd., Stratford upon Avon CV37 9TQ, UK * Correspondence: C.Nash@ed.ac.uk... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.692 | ["philosophy", "resume", "education"] | 507 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.720931 | [
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y the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC10668957 PMID: 37998671 Abstract In this position paper, we start by identi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.844 | ["innovation"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.720995 | [
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uding with key points and suggesting resolutions for the issues. Our intention is to propose the progression of appropriate practices and approaches for the professional development and preparation of coaches. In coach development, a lack of clarity exists at both organisational and individual levels, particularly arou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.836 | ["career"] | 473 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721058 | [
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to progress the profession of coach development. We also suggest that many individuals currently involved in coach development do not possess the requisite knowledge to move the field forward. Our aspirations for coach development include recognising the need for expertise and what it looks like in practice. Coaching a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.838 | ["decision_making", "crisis", "career", "war_conflict", "education"] | 495 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721118 | [
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cision-making strategies necessary to solve them. This necessitates a bespoke, problem-based approach to learning. Keywords: critical thinking, epistemology, knowledge, metacognition, reflection 1. The Nature of Coaching Coaching is complex and dynamic, often carried out in ill-structured and continually changing envir... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.646 | 0.812 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 422 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721148 | [
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eds of developing coaches is equally challenging. The education of coaches has been extensively researched and reported over the last 20 years; however, the more all-encompassing role of the coach developer is a more recent extension to the coaching literature [ 1 , 2 ]. This addition to the coaching field requires gre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.84 | ["education"] | 444 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721177 | [
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evelopment with individuals and organizations. 2. Organizational Views The Chartered Institute for Management of Sport and Physical Activity (CIMSPA) defines coach developers as ‘expert support practitioners who plan for, implement, and sustain strategies and interventions in support of skilled performance in sport coa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.531 | 0.846 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721206 | [
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h Development Academy (ECDA) aims to “help to standardize the training of coaches and allow European values to be common and replicated in all EU countries” [ 4 ]. Similarly, the global organisation responsible for coaching, the International Council for Coaching Excellence (ICCE), considers that ‘Coach developers are ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.661 | 0.856 | ["education", "ethics", "crisis"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721235 | [
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ng and improving their knowledge and skills to provide positive and effective sport experiences for all participants’ [ 5 ] (p. 8). These varied definitions, plus other national and multinational organisational classifications, fail to provide a clear picture of coach development and the role of coach developers. Impor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.66 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 474 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721263 | [
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d to move the field of coach development forward. Without conceptual clarity (cf., [ 6 , 7 ]), there is clearly potential for misunderstanding when considering the role and function of a coach developer, especially when designing and delivering coach development programmes, systems or strategies for coach learning. Thi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict", "career", "education"] | 473 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721295 | [
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forward in an effective and professional manner. Much debate surrounds the current status of coaching, coach development and whether they are considered professions [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. We are not suggesting that the practice of many coaches and coach developers is not professional, but more of an indictment against the lac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.679 | 0.86 | ["career", "war_conflict"] | 476 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721323 | [
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arifying the role for the coach developer [ 11 ]. Professionalism, in this case, is an attitude or approach which we believe is essential for the wider field of coaching to adopt in order to progress. This approach has been adopted over a period of time within the medical field [ 12 , 13 ]. We accept that coach develop... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.86 | ["career"] | 475 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721350 | [
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there are numerous examples of inconsistency. 3. The Need for Consistency UK Sport is a proponent of bespoke coach development within the high-performance area [ 14 ]; nevertheless, this message does not appear to be actioned across sports within the four countries of the UK. However, the Nordic countries present a mor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.858 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721379 | [
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and, recognised as an essential element of growing their sport system, and subsequently receives attention and funding [ 15 ]. Similarly, Norway has a very well-defined and regulated coach development process, leading to the success of their Olympiatoppen and Trenerløftet, high-performance-coach development and talente... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.633 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "governance", "philosophy"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721405 | [
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of the Australian Sport Commission [ 17 ] at the community coach level as well as in high-performance. These instances exemplify the differences in approaches and degrees of support for coach development offered globally [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Therefore, it is important to clarify the differences between education, developm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.559 | 0.86 | ["education", "resume", "philosophy"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721431 | [
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t of that coach’s development—different settings requiring different approaches. Like effective coaching, effective coach development is a matter of ‘it depends’, but the key is in what it depends on [ 2 ]. For clarity, coach education describes formal, classroom-based experiences in which participants follow a prescri... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.854 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721457 | [
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red, cynically, by some to be a money-making endeavour [ 21 ]. Equally, instruction can be likened to a set of specific guidelines on how to complete a task, enabling the completion of the task by following the directions but not requiring an understanding of why the task needs to be completed or which approach is used... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.659 | 0.864 | ["education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721482 | [
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allowing for an individualised, nuanced approach agreed upon between the coach and coach developer. Coach development, therefore, includes formal, non-formal and informal learning opportunities which are again determined by the needs of the coach and the context of their development. Coach development is a longer-term ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.83 | ["philosophy", "networking", "education"] | 442 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721507 | [
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er and is designed to change as practice evolves. Key attributes associated with coach development such as expertise, judgment, challenge, coaching, mentoring, scaffolding, reflection, exploration and articulation differentiate coach development from other approaches. Attempts have been made to parameterise the role of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.818 | ["communication", "decision_making", "crisis", "rhetoric"] | 434 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721533 | [
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-driven capture of the coach development process. Whilst we appreciate the intent behind this process, we would argue that this mechanistic approach can be too limiting to truly meet coaches where they are. 4. Aspirations to Expertise There does appear to be a confusion of terms, with education, training and developmen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.86 | ["education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721559 | [
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pment of expertise, accepting that there are constraints to adopting this approach so, at present, it may be aspirational. This expertise approach requires an understanding of the conception of both knowledge and learning, as highlighted by Collins, Abraham and Collins [ 11 ], but we are still not able to define an exp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.645 | 0.866 | ["education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721583 | [
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coaches are at in their learning journey—a comprehension of the situation in which the development is taking place. Put simply, meeting the coach where they are. For example, consider the approaches needed to work with coaches who want black and white ‘facts’ (similar to the instruction mentioned earlier) as opposed to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.838 | ["education"] | 433 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721608 | [
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he various options that actual practice presents. Within education, Entwistle and Peterson [ 23 ] refer to dualistic, multiplistic and relativistic conceptions of knowledge as existing on a continuum. Dualism, as espoused by Perry [ 24 ], is considered to be the most basic form of assumption that someone may propose an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.866 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721633 | [
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vely within the complex dynamic of coaching practice with this perspective; however we have had experience of that type of approach. Multiplism is the next stage of development and applies to those who may question or feel uncertain about decisions that they make. Multiplicity by its definition suggests there are many ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.85 | ["decision_making"] | 465 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721657 | [
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s, who are not the only ones with answers [ 25 ]. The final category, relativism, is what we want coaches to reach when they have learned to think critically despite challenges [ 26 ]. Here, coaches will have learned to analyse different sources, reason, logic and evidence, recognising that practices and perceptions sh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.864 | ["crisis", "philosophy"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721681 | [
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ore skilled at recognising, accepting and dealing with uncertainties and, as a result, are more likely to deepen their thinking and progress their practice. Coach developers, therefore, need an understanding of how to facilitate deep thinking in themselves and their coaches, challenging assumptions, encouraging problem... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.606 | 0.826 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 442 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721706 | [
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ials rather than a ‘gut feeling’ or just opinion. However, we would suggest that the ‘gut feeling’ improves over time if appropriate levels of deep thinking have taken place (cf., [ 28 ]). A well-informed coach development workforce would be of significant benefit to organisations wishing to develop highly skilled, mot... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.838 | ["motivation", "education", "philosophy"] | 448 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721730 | [
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uations and provide the best experience possible. In order to develop expert coaches, coach developers themselves must aspire to be expert coach developers, displaying the following characteristics: ⮚ Expertise is domain-specific and developed over time. Therefore, coach developers must have extensive and carefully cra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.568 | 0.84 | ["education"] | 494 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721754 | [
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are able to structure knowledge for easy access. Coach developers must ‘sift and sort’ their vast knowledge into an organisational structure that enables retrieval with little attentional effort. ⮚ Experts develop routines for simple tasks to free up working memory. Coach developers need to ‘chunk’ information into sma... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.826 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 422 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721778 | [
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⮚ Experts recognise patterns faster than novices. Coach developers must to recognise key features of emerging situations based on previous experience and solutions, mostly using schemas. ⮚ Experts take deeper meaning from cues. Expert coach developers need to notice key features and meaningful patterns of information t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.84 | ["philosophy"] | 465 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721799 | [
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tegories based on the features of their solution. Experts categorize problems based on deep meaning and an understanding of the area and tend to work backwards from a solution perspective [ 28 ]. We argue that aspiring to expertise is different to just being a good coach developer. Currently, these characteristics do n... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.65 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict"] | 428 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721819 | [
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t of coach developers, as presented in Figure 1 . Many coach developers follow a simple continuum, moving from player to coach to coach developer in a hierarchical, linear progression. Figure 1. Open in a new tab Typical coach developer pathway. While this pathway may work for many, especially in heavily structured sys... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.848 | ["education"] | 458 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721841 | [
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—they are related but different at the same time. The false assumptions of a good athlete becoming a good coach have long been acknowledged, although it does still occur [ 29 , 30 ]. Using the same logic, we suggest that being a good coach does not equate to being a good coach developer. Whether by accident or design, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.471 | 0.85 | ["education"] | 416 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721862 | [
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ot facilitate the transition from one to another. At the heart of the challenge is the incongruity between coaching development, coaching practice and the organisational constraints imposed by sporting organisations that muddies the waters. We also believe that there is an urgent need for an expanded range of developme... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.671 | 0.838 | ["crisis"] | 435 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721893 | [
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where they are at—there is no one-size-fits all. At the heart of this argument are two fundamental questions—what is good coaching, and what is good coach development? However, before these questions can be answered, we need to establish clarity. The clarity of what constitutes the role of a coach developer needs to li... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.483 | 0.852 | ["crisis", "rhetoric"] | 484 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721937 | [
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, achieving role clarity is inherently difficult. Frequently, the coach developer sits on a metaphorical see-saw between the strategic focus of a sport or system and their wider socio-political goals, balanced with the operational focus of an individual coach’s day-to-day practice [ 11 , 31 ]. This incorporates wider s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "strategy", "management", "crisis"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.721974 | [
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wider interdisciplinary team that supports coaches and athletes, all of which contribute to how a coaching ‘system’ may operate [ 32 ]. Thus, the coach developer is required to operate at two levels. There is the top-down level, which captures the big-picture focus of a system, the system’s philosophy, goals and direct... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.862 | ["management", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722014 | [
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d actions of each individual they interact with, a personal-epistemological system, or the individual coach’s position. Unfortunately, simplified conceptions of naïve coaching ‘philosophies’ are littered amongst coach development experiences, which causes a lack of coherence between these top-down and bottom-up interac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.842 | [] | 502 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722047 | [
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f a coach, a coach developer and an organisation. Perry [ 35 ] suggested that awareness of epistemology is fundamental to learning as it supports individuals in understanding how we think, perceive, value and learn about knowledge [ 23 ]. Interestingly, by way of some practical examples, research has rarely explored th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.838 | ["education", "strategy", "war_conflict"] | 447 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722073 | [
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ective strategy for improving coaching knowledge. For instance, the strategy established by the Rugby Football Union is, from the bottom up, made up of a collection of individual rugby coaches and the coach development workforce available to them. Furthermore, limited thought is given to the consideration of an appropr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.852 | ["strategy", "education", "ethics"] | 510 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722098 | [
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n epistemological position within coach learning. If we consider how these ideas apply to a real-world context such as a Talent Development Pathway (TDP), they may have a guiding philosophy which might include (i) the maximization of the potential of those within their system, (ii) a progression of at least three athle... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.7 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 467 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722123 | [
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ience for all involved regardless of the outcome. However, this TDP also forms part of a wider governing body and agency that prescribes goals, medal expectations and progression expectations per year. Therefore, it is not surprising that the coach developer, when supporting coaches in meeting these expectations whilst... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.836 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 471 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722145 | [
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ence a melting pot of epistemological confusion . In essence, coach developers are often faced with a conundrum of either meeting organisational demands or a coach’s development needs. Epistemological confusion relates closely to Argyris and Schön’s [ 36 ] idea of espoused theories , which are the values, beliefs, prop... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.84 | ["ethics"] | 455 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722167 | [
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ies in use —those actually displayed in practice. Recently, research was conducted to explore these ideas from a top-down view (cf., [ 37 ]) and a bottom-up view [ 38 ] within both practical and applied settings. Hall et al. [ 37 ] investigated the alignment between academy football coaches’ individual beliefs and the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.84 | ["philosophy"] | 448 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722189 | [
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orted players’ development throughout the system. Through systematic observations and interviews, these authors highlighted that a substantial gap existed between the academies’ espoused philosophy and the interactions in use within coaching sessions. Hall et al. [ 37 ] also suggested that ‘philosophy’ was used as a bu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.82 | ["philosophy", "interview"] | 425 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722210 | [
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h limited adherence to how coaches should behave. Similar findings were unearthed by Ashford and colleagues [ 38 ] at an individual coach level with the theories espoused by academy rugby union coaches and what they intended to do, extracted from semi-structured interview data, versus the theories in use, demonstrated ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.848 | ["interview", "education"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722231 | [
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ological conceptions of coaching practice, driven through top down expectation, which rarely played out in the realities of their coaching. However, these findings from team sports differ from those of Mees et al. [ 39 ], who demonstrated that the attraction for outdoor instructors working within organisations was the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.606 | 0.85 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 490 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722252 | [
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own, it is the environment that plays a key role. Close parallels can be made between Argyris and Schön’s work [ 36 ] and that of Collins and colleagues in exploring the epistemological chain (EC) [ 40 , 41 ]). Collins et al. [ 41 ] (p. 227) described the EC as a “consistent, logical relationship between philosophy, mo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.43 | 0.882 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722273 | [
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on that many sports and systems adopt within coach learning and development, it means that we are no longer referring to a chain but complex, interconnected epistemological pathways that converge on one another at moments in time. For example, when a coach developer first interacts with a group of Olympic athletic coac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.846 | ["education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722294 | [
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ical positions, supported through coach development, education and instruction, are seldom identified in the sporting world [ 42 ]. In fact, the state of play would suggest quite the opposite. By way of example, sports which hang their hat on a single approach, “game based” or “implicit vs. explicit” approaches towards... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.868 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 507 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722322 | [
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d lack of value for a particular approach [ 39 ]. We strongly suggest that these two top-down positions represent the naïve conception of a philosophy expressed by Hall et al. [ 37 ], and it is unlikely that coaches are upholding these epistemological beliefs at the coalface, practicing from a sophisticated epistemolog... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.858 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722348 | [
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icated and naïve assumption by a coach developer, or coach, that anything other than game-based practice is obsolete as a coaching method [ 43 ]. Rather than hanging our hats on a particular approach to coach development, it seems logical to explore and investigate the coherence, integration and understanding of episte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.868 | [] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722371 | [
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will that be coherent with those it is aimed at supporting? We feel it is important to add a caveat here that a wider, evidence-informed diet of content, under the umbrella of a pragmatic view that ‘everything works somewhere, nothing works everywhere’ [ 45 ] (p. 63), is also a sound place to start. For example, a coac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.86 | ["philosophy"] | 443 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722399 | [
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n from video and audio footage of their coaching. This video could present a tendency to intervene too much and offer ‘white noise’ to the athlete, much of which is unable to be used. Whilst this method of building self-awareness for a coach may be useful in this context, it may be confronting and overly disruptive for... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.844 | ["war_conflict"] | 419 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722426 | [
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e appropriate for meeting coaches where they are. To endeavour to understand the epistemological position, voids and degree of coherence throughout a system, a deeper understanding of the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental [ 46 ] factors may serve to exemplify the true levels of coheren... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.822 | [] | 413 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722452 | [
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, coaching and the practitioner workforce [ 47 ]. It is important to consider how this applies practically to real-world settings, for instance, a sporting organisation may choose to conduct a research project auditing the coherence and integration of the workforce’s epistemological position from top-down and bottom-up... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.85 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722476 | [
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and behaviours of the workforce, with coach developers as a central mechanism; (2) a consideration of the amount of funding allocated to coach development, how that funding is distributed between formal, non-formal and informal learning experiences and their perceived impact; (3) an exploration of social interactions w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.648 | 0.696 | ["philosophy", "education", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722497 | [
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h developers; (4) how technology, resources and materials are used to support coach development and their impact; (5) from a legal standpoint, the ethical practices of those within, across and between the workforce; and (6) how together, these five aforementioned factors amalgamate to form an environment, and the possi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.828 | ["ethics", "philosophy"] | 436 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722524 | [
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and voids and their wider impact on behaviour. 6. The Challenges for the Coach Developer The challenge for the coach developer is in facilitating the development of adaptable coaches—those that can be agile in response to novel demands that are routinely encountered. Indeed, the only aspect of coaching that is routine ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.86 | ["crisis", "philosophy"] | 481 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722552 | [
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daptable, skilled and agile thinkers [ 48 , 49 ]. With this in mind, investigations of coach thinking and decision making have shown that decision making and critical reasoning guide practice and have much to do with how learning experiences unfold for the coach [ 43 , 50 ]. Consequently, coach development can be chall... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.852 | ["decision_making", "education", "philosophy"] | 437 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722582 | [
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single way that a coach may learn that technique. Multiple development decisions need to be navigated; therefore, coach development is complex and undoubtedly non-linear. Logically, then, coach development cannot, and indeed should not, be scripted or proffer a prescribed set of routines or a single solution or approac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.83 | ["decision_making"] | 475 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722607 | [
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, technological, legal and environmental demands. This is dependent on the coach developer making a series of nested decisions about their educational practices and making choices about a particular course of action to facilitate development within the demands of those constraints (cf., [ 51 ]). Furthermore, the coach ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.854 | ["decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722631 | [
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ce, linking to our characteristics of expertise presented earlier [ 31 , 52 ]. For example, if we consider a coach developer within an elite team sport context, for them to first recognize and second provide feedback on the limited speed and representativeness of skill attempts within a small-sided game, they must poss... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.836 | ["management", "education"] | 419 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722657 | [
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game speed actually looks, sounds and feels like! From this perspective, coach development is dynamic, demanding and problematic—it must be responsive to the situational demands of a given context and the coach within it. The effective coach developer embraces this complexity and requires constant innovation, flexibili... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.834 | ["innovation"] | 482 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722710 | [
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ss is an adaptable and creatively thinking coach. However, as we have stated, coach development cannot be just a top-down process; even at the initial levels of coach development, the experiences of trainee coaches are a crucial aspect of a given coach’s development. Indeed, we argue that neophyte coaches may actually ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.862 | ["innovation", "education"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722744 | [
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assistant’ provides a context for their learning. Such approaches have inherent complexities; single visions of coaching and learning only serve to mask inherent complexities and make simplistic what should only be made as simple as possible but no simpler. Oversimplification is an unfortunately common pitfall for the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.84 | ["education", "strategy", "war_conflict"] | 457 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.722772 | [
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h it is unclear if this is by design or accident. Certainly, there comes a point in simplified systems that a coach must make the leap from procedure, or process, to adaptability. Such a leap highlights the epistemological void cited earlier but can hinder coach development. Consider two practical and regularly applied... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.451 | 0.868 | ["education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723177 | [
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uration as the actual course, and the reality is that they are shown what and how to deliver the programme rather than why. Or consider another situation in which a coach developer is able to deliver coach education to the level they are qualified at, passing on just what they know from their own training and how it ma... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.88 | ["education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723230 | [
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ivery of an identical programme that may be little more than indoctrination into the ‘systems way’. Quality is simply measured using the degree to which the coach developer matches the model presented and their ability to replicate or mimic rather than apply and adapt, illustrating the desired and sought-after adaptabi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.616 | 0.828 | [] | 418 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723275 | [
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epistemological stance also discussed earlier. 7. Creating the Adaptable and Creatively Thinking Coach Hatano and Inagaki [ 53 ] contrast adaptive and routine expertise, noting that both, for the coach and coach developer, demand the capacity to perform standard tasks and functions without error. They differentiate rou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.848 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 490 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723313 | [
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o manage low variability in that particular task. Like routine, adaptive expertise shares domain-specific and metacognitive skills but differs in a need for innovation driven by context [ 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Adaptive expertise is further characterised by efficiency and innovation in applying knowledge when approaching nove... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.381 | 0.86 | ["innovation", "crisis", "education"] | 505 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723345 | [
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in routine expertise enables adaptability [ 58 ]. More recently, Ward et al. [ 59 ], Mees et al. [ 60 ] and Pulakos et al. [ 61 ] all suggested that adaptability may be the essential ingredient in expertise per se, without which expertise could not happen—‘Conditio Sine Qua Non’ [ 59 ] (p. 35)—suggesting that the routi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.866 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 478 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723380 | [
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he dynamic nature of the performance environment. However, this may also be a simplistic solution as adaptability seems non-linear and more dendritic or network-like, an increasing bandwidth of adaptability in which the more adaptiveness gained, the more can be considered in an exponential manner. Practically, Hutton e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.86 | ["philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723416 | [
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draw on as options in that situation and (3) self-awareness to balance situational demands with individual abilities. These aspects, in turn, require a comprehension of the interaction between those components and an epistemology that acknowledges and values adaptability and new knowledge. Consequently, adaptive perfor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.83 | ["education", "ethics", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 481 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723447 | [
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d coach development are two independent entities. Logically, environments that require adaptation and flexibility should, therefore, require adaptive experts or experts with greater adaptability. Conversely, those environments or tasks that do not require adaptation and flexibility do not require adaptive experts, thus... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.832 | [] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723484 | [
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mic environments; equally, dynamic environments probably require sophisticated epistemological stances, chains and pathways [ 62 ]. Consequently, coach development may be best-suited to a range of approaches that facilitate situated development in which the What of a curriculum is also supported by a comprehension of H... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.858 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723523 | [
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lopers, although, as will become clear, it can be an advantage. 8. Adaptability and Creativity Requires Good-Quality Thinking Explicit to adaptability is the coaches’ ability to select and appraise a range of knowledge sources, make sense of that knowledge when combined with their experiences, and, importantly, conside... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.858 | ["education", "innovation", "resume", "philosophy"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723557 | [
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ential application can be a daunting task—of course, this can be easy if the coach developer themselves is working from a script! However, scripted coach development develops script-driven coaches. This position, if rationally considered, is not surprising given that we know coaches perceive that they learn most about ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.868 | ["resume"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723592 | [
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ceship may be better suited to coach development. Apprenticeship has been influential in teaching and learning throughout history, especially in trades and professions [ 66 ]. Apprenticeship has value in that it is highly situated, frequently in the workplace, under the tutelage of a master and takes place over an exte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.858 | ["education", "career", "economy"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723624 | [
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th the support of coaches in responding to the cognitive challenges they regularly face in practice [ 67 ]. Such cognitive challenges associated with coaching processes, are aspects not typically ‘visible’ that can be developed alongside the practical. Apprenticeships frequently employ four elements in the pursuit of e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.633 | 0.854 | ["crisis", "education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723658 | [
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methods , ways in which the development of expertise can be facilitated (modelling, coaching, scaffolding, articulation, reflection, and exploration, see Table 1 ); (3) sequencing , the ordering of activities to promote development; and (4) sociology , the social characteristics of the learning environment. Table 1. Co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.848 | ["communication", "education", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723696 | [
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lly by an expert, to enable the learner to develop a mental model of the skill. Often includes verbalising the cognitive processes. Coaching Observing the learner and offering challenges, support and feedback Scaffolding Putting supports in place to enable the learner to carry out the task in their ZPD. Scaffolding mus... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.472 | 0.84 | ["crisis"] | 426 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723724 | [
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egative effect on the learner emotionally [ 69 ]. Articulation The learner separates, verbalises and demonstrates their understanding of the component knowledge, reasoning and thinking processes in a domain Reflection Learners compare their own thought processes and problem solving with that of others, in particular, t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.409 | 0.708 | ["education", "communication", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723757 | [
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ading supports and self-setting of goals Open in a new tab The coach can be engaged in the dynamic region beyond their current ability, their Zone of Proximal Development (the Zone of Proximal Development refers to the difference between what an individual can achieve by themselves with no help versus their achievement... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.714 | [] | 479 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723788 | [
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eloping cognition and practice in context [ 72 ]. However, this development is reliant on the ‘master’ recognising and understanding their own coaching and being able to articulate why, drawing on the evidence, practice and experience and, importantly, their metacognition [ 73 ]. Modelling, coaching and scaffolding are... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.828 | [] | 422 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723819 | [
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nd are typical in any traditional apprenticeship. However, the others, articulation, reflection and exploration, are used with the intention of developing mental models, macrocognitive and metacognitive skills, rather than a focus on physical skills [ 68 ]. These latter three characterise the developmental approach as ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.85 | ["communication", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723851 | [
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may be tacit in nature but are key to enabling the development of adaptability and creativity. The intention here is to make these cognitions visible to the learner via the coach developer articulating their thoughts, role and function—the why. For example, supporting a fencing coach in understanding what good blade wo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.86 | ["crisis", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 503 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723889 | [
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hods to support their understanding is essential. One positive element of scaffolding for cognitive apprenticeships is the functioning within a community of practice in which a shared language and set of mental models representing good coaching and good coach development would exist [ 66 ]. A practical way to manage th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.846 | ["crisis"] | 459 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723918 | [
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sponse to day-to-day cognitive challenges [ 74 ]. Critical thinking skills enable the coach to focus on the most appropriate sources of information, the highest-quality evidence and knowledge to inform their practice. Logically, then, critical thinking is a goal for coach development using this method. However, there i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.451 | 0.836 | ["philosophy", "crisis", "education"] | 449 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723954 | [
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ts coaches in being both analytical and critical. This necessitates a willingness to ‘throw stones at false idols!’ [ 26 ] (p. 129) while also accepting that many of the assumptions made about coach development may not hold—criticality should be effectively applied to the practices of coach and coach developer alike [ ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.87 | ["career", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.723990 | [
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sources that it uses to inform its practices [ 26 , 50 , 77 ]. 9. Creating Coach Developers as Critical Consumers of Coaching Knowledge A critically thinking coach developer must position information and ideas within the larger picture of coaching and the organisation’s epistemology, as highlighted earlier. By being cr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.866 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.724023 | [
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s of a particular approach and identify evidence that supports or contradicts its potential application. Importantly, the critically thinking coach developer can problem solve and adapt to changing circumstances, such as coach needs, and is therefore as pedagogically agile as the coach they develop. This leads coach de... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.587 | 0.85 | ["crisis", "resume"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.724059 | [
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ally consider initial actions, situational assessment, cues and potential errors in response to them (cf., [ 67 , 78 ]). Coaches are already critical, for example, recognising the effectiveness of an intervention based on observed performance is a critical evaluation [ 79 ]. Also consider the coach selecting from vario... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.85 | ["crisis", "philosophy"] | 500 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.724093 | [
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al appraisal before critiquing its effectiveness. Linked to the creativity highlighted earlier is an essential evaluation of any information’s appropriateness based on its intended use and how it has been derived, interpreted and presented. Thus, an essential part of the adaptable, critically thinking coach developer i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.854 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.724119 | [
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ches do not perceive themselves as reflective practitioners, a point Collins and Eastabrook [ 26 ] agree with, highlighting that coaches are more involved in the ‘in-action’ thinking, addressing the problem at hand. This is in contrast to the ‘on-action’ reflection [ 80 ] that academic models often offer [ 81 ] or thos... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.436 | 0.86 | ["communication"] | 495 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.724155 | [
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found it not to have value, so they discount it. However, they recognise the need to be adaptable and flexible, which requires them to integrate critical thinking within the coaching process; therefore, managing this cognitive dissonance is a key challenge for the coach developer as it is desirable in the developmental... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.86 | ["management", "crisis", "innovation"] | 511 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.724193 | [
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es learn about adaptability, creativity and thinking about their coaching in a goal-directed manner. As a consequence, the contents of any developmental curriculum need to be framed to ensure they are understood and in such a way that they can be effectively combined. Frequently, if the contents are limited but interch... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10668957/ | Expertise in Coach Development: The Need for Clarity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.838 | ["innovation"] | 430 | Coaching and Development | topic | 2026-03-26T01:04:15.724238 | [
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