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ing for practice prior to a real-time engagement. A promising point of simulation-based training (SBT) techniques is their accessibility. Training does not have to be an expensive endeavor. Organizations simply have to allow leaders a space in which they can practice these techniques and learn about these competencies.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.411 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "management"] | 415 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560225 | [
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am coaching is an approach, and not the approach. Different team developmental interventions (TDIs, see [ 20 ]) can also be helpful, depending on the issue that an organization is facing. Team coaching can be both a formal training intervention and a process intervention where an individual simply chooses to engage in ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.874 | ["management", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560299 | [
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a leader is not dealing with an intact team, a leadership intervention might fit best. All-in-all, team coaching is a best fit for a leader that leads a compact team with a specific goal, and the evaluation of needs is necessary prior to any intervention. 9. Limitations The competencies put forward by this review assum... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict"] | 453 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560351 | [
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coaching sphere as a leader-behavioral approach. This is a strong limitation of the research put forward—but given the lack of empirical evidence in the team coaching sphere, we believe it was necessary to keep moving forward. Given that many internal team coaches do not undergo formal training, putting together a list... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.84 | ["management", "leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 448 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560398 | [
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need to exhibit to call themselves team coaches. However, a much-needed pathway for future research given the assumption of this paper is to develop a scale that evaluates these behaviors in internal team coaches to attest to their existence. Moreover, such a study should measure these competencies in team coaches and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.864 | ["management", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560452 | [
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her and lead to an improvement in team performance, and for this, empirical research with control groups is necessary. By doing so, research can attest to the existence of these competencies empirically. Another important limitation of this review is the generalizability of our findings. Given that these competencies w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.848 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560503 | [
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omprehensive list of strategies for motivating one’s team, managing interpersonal processes within it, and fostering team knowledge and learning. Acknowledgments Thank you to our reviewers for helping us make this manuscript better. Moreover, thank you to our undergraduate research assistants, Athena Gabriella Dontas a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.682 | ["management", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560556 | [
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60452/s1 ; We have provided a summary table that summarizes each paper’s main ideas corresponding to this manuscript, alongside the theme they represent. Table S1: Papers included in the review. behavsci-14-00452-s001.zip (258.6KB, zip) Author Contributions All authors contributed to the development, writing, and revie... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.84 | ["war_conflict"] | 485 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560605 | [
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est The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Funding Statement This work was supported by the Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (UT Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA), which is funded by the National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Award UL1 TR003167 from the National Center for ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560651 | [
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s of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences or the National Institutes of Health. Rice University and University of Texas Health Sciences Center Houston are partners in this grant. Footnotes Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.85 | ["education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.560705 | [
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Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., Shamseer L., Tetzlaff J.M., Aki E.A., Brennan S.E., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200866/ | How to Make an Internal Team Coach: An Integration of Research - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.6 | [] | 168 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.561358 | [
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Sendjaya et al., 2008 ), and the servant leadership survey (SLS; Van Dierendonck and Nuijten, 2011 ), which implemented all of these procedures (see Table 1 ). Servant leadership research is currently entering its third phase, in which the focus has shifted toward the development of the theoretical model. Table 1. Thre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 461 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.800288 | [
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f of the respondents rated the item as necessary. If the number of respondents is 10, a minimum CVR of 0.62 is required to satisfy the five percent level (Lawshe, 1975 ). Factor Analysis and Construct Validity Testing (Phase 3) The sample for Phase 3 was assembled by online survey panelists from a survey company in Jap... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.848 | ["education", "resume", "governance"] | 427 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.800523 | [
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97 −0.46 −0.96 My head coach proactively listens to the athletes' opinions (A3) 0.67 0.00 −0.03 0.18 0.08 0.07 4.60 2.01 −0.46 −1.00 Shared vision (α = 0.92) My head coach shares the athletes' goals (SV1) 0.15 0.91 −0.04 0.00 0.01 −0.11 4.86 1.99 −0.70 −0.70 My head coach understands the goals of the team (SV2) 0.04 0.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.606 | 0.736 | ["strategy", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.800609 | [
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0.68 0.11 0.07 −0.07 0.17 4.95 1.93 −0.77 −0.53 Empowerment (α = 0.92) My head coach is aware of what limits the athletes' growth (E1) 0.12 0.02 0.82 0.03 0.01 −0.10 4.39 1.97 −0.37 −1.05 My head coach helps athletes realize their full potential (E2) 0.02 −0.02 0.81 −0.01 0.08 0.06 4.60 1.90 −0.50 −0.83 My head coach b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.609 | 0.736 | ["war_conflict"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.800766 | [
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his/her private time helping the athletes practice (D1) −0.12 0.25 0.01 0.78 −0.05 −0.01 4.76 1.93 −0.52 −0.85 My head coach puts the athletes' needs and interests ahead of his/her own (D2) 0.20 −0.08 −0.04 0.77 0.06 0.05 4.52 1.86 −0.39 −0.86 My head coach supports the athletes no matter what situation they are in (D3... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.73 | [] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.800838 | [
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e coach's own character and influencing athletes. Acceptance and empowerment correspond to people-orientation, which is related to the development of human resources. This concept focuses on how a leader relates to others and their commitment to developing them (Page and Wong, 2000 ). Van Dierendonck and Nuijten ( 2011... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 416 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.800900 | [
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ch leads to high levels of relationship building. The core of servant leadership is its transformational influence on followers, which includes empowering them (Sendjaya et al., 2008 ). That is, a coach who implements servant leadership will warmly accept their athletes and create an environment conductive to communica... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "communication", "strategy", "motivation", "networking"] | 499 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.800975 | [
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winning second is related to process-orientation. Task-orientation focuses on leadership tasks and skills that are necessary for success. According to Page and Wong ( 2000 ), a servant leader engages the entire team in the process of creating a shared vision, encouraging each individual to apply their unique talents to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "strategy", "management", "agents"] | 453 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801030 | [
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Front Sports Act Living . 2022 May 18;4:871495. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.871495 Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation Shohei Takamatsu Shohei Takamatsu 1 Faculty of Education, Kobe Shinwa Women's University, Kobe, Japan Find articles by Shohei Takamatsu 1, * Author information Article notes Copyr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.614 | 0.838 | ["education", "leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "diplomacy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801080 | [
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ermo, Italy Reviewed by: Alliance Kubayi, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Jerónimo García-Fernández, Sevilla University, Spain ✉ *Correspondence: Shohei Takamatsu takamatsu@kobe-shinwa.ac.jp This article was submitted to Movement Science and Sport Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Sports... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.545 | 0.816 | ["education", "networking", "diplomacy"] | 431 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801132 | [
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Collection date 2022. Copyright © 2022 Takamatsu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the origi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.848 | ["innovation"] | 498 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801185 | [
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permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9169236 PMID: 35677359 Abstract This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale for measuring coaching servant leadership in different contexts (Japan and the United States). First, potential items were collected in Japan using both... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "education"] | 507 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801242 | [
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wn via content validity assessment by 10 experts. Next, quantitative studies were conducted to validate the scale's construct validity, among 936 high school athletes from Japan. Finally, the scale's applicability to the US context was demonstrated, among 278 university athletes in the US. The analyses resulted in a si... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "education", "strategy"] | 503 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801293 | [
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dedication; (5) humility; and (6) winning second. In conclusion, this study developed a coaching servant leadership scale by applying both deductive and inductive approaches and deemed it applicable not only in Japan but also in the US. It is anticipated that future studies will examine the impact of coaching servant l... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.66 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "education"] | 418 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801374 | [
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plied in practice for the development of coaches. Keywords: servant leader, leadership, coach, scale development, athlete first, sport, high school, university Introduction Fifty years have passed since Greenleaf ( 1970 ) introduced the servant leadership concept. Servant leadership is a leadership approach that promot... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.559 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "education"] | 471 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801439 | [
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(Liden et al., 2015 ). According to Rieke et al. ( 2008 ), the leader is traditionally at the top of the “pyramid,” with followers are expected to follow their directions; however, a servant leader inverts the pyramid and places themselves at the bottom of the hierarchy. In a servant leadership environment, followers a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 505 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801493 | [
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scales to measure servant leadership: Eva et al. ( 2019 ), for example, reviewed 16 such measurement scales and clarified the antecedents, moderators, mediators, and outcomes of servant leadership by reviewing empirical studies on servant leadership. Many studies have focused on the business management field. The sport... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801555 | [
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hat many schools belonging to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) have been punished for violations. Moreover, values have changed with the growth in the number of working millennials (i.e., those born between 1983 and 1994), and positive psychology, including the concept of wellbeing, has increased in ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.844 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801616 | [
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vant leadership—an other-centered approach that prioritizes followers' needs, growth, and well-being—is considered to play a vital role. Hammermeister et al. ( 2008 ) examined the applicability of the revised servant leadership profile (Wong, 2004 ) in the sport domain. Although many similarities between business and s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.46 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801668 | [
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leadership of coaches may be similar to the coaching philosophy of “athlete first, winning second”). Consequently, sport researchers have used instruments from different fields, and few studies have examined the specific effects of coaches' servant leadership (Hammermeister et al., 2008 ). Hammermeister et al. ( 2008 )... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 494 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801720 | [
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potential factors in coaching servant leadership. In developing a scale to measure coaches' servant leadership, the causal relationships between various concepts may be more specifically examined and compared according to culture and personal demographics. By clarifying the factors that constitute coaches' servant lead... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 424 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801770 | [
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perspective in mind can be extended in practice. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale for measuring coaching servant leadership. First, leadership concepts that are similar to servant leadership (i.e., transformational leadership and authentic leadership) and servant leadership were reviewe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.472 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 510 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801947 | [
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is most frequently compared to servant leadership (Sullivan, 2019 ). According to Parris and Peachey ( 2012 ), Downton ( 1973 ) first mentioned transformational leadership, and Burns ( 1978 ) drew a distinction between transformational and transactional leadership in a political context. Bass ( 1985 ) then conceptualiz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.801997 | [
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ubstantial results and enhance their leadership capacity in the process (Bass and Riggio, 2006 ). Transformational leaders help followers develop by responding to their needs, empowering them, and aligning them with their goals and the goals of the organizations (Bass and Riggio, 2006 ). Bass's model (i.e., the Multifa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802046 | [
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vation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. While Bass's model has primarily been used to evaluate transformational leadership (Van Knippenberg and Sitkin, 2013 ), it has been revised to MLQ-5X (Bass and Avolio, 1995 ), which comprises five factors: Idealized influence (attributed); idealized in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.802 | ["leadership", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 426 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802106 | [
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al stimulation; and individualized consideration. The MLQ has also been used in the sport domain since the 1990s (Doherty and Danylchuk, 1996 ) and has been applied in many studies (Charbonneau et al., 2001 ; Rowold, 2006 ; Lee et al., 2013 ; Price and Weiss, 2013 ; Kao et al., 2019 ). In addition to the MLQ, the Diffe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 467 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802152 | [
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n the sport domain. This is because Callow et al. ( 2009 ) modified the DTLI for the sport context and found that it is composed of seven factors: individual consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, fostering acceptance of group goals and teamwork, high performance expectations, appropriate ro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.866 | ["motivation", "management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802229 | [
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al., 2011 ; Smith et al., 2013 ; Vella et al., 2013 ; Cronin et al., 2015 ). Although the idealized influence and intellectual stimulation aspects of transformational leadership are similar to those of servant leadership (Liden et al., 2008 ), the differences between transformational leadership and servant leadership h... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.704 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "ethics"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802293 | [
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development, and influence distinctions—and identified the differences between transformational leadership and servant leadership. Specifically, they emphasized the difference between the moral disadvantage of transformational leaders' focus on organizational goals and the moral advantage of servant leaders' focus on t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802345 | [
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llectual stimulation that ensue when leaders neglect their followers' moral development. In brief, transformational leaders are motivated by organizational development, while servant leaders are motivated by their followers' growth. Regarding these differences, Van Dierendonck et al. ( 2014 ) empirically verified that ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "motivation", "philosophy", "ethics"] | 464 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802393 | [
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l needs while transformational leadership is not. Authentic Leadership The conceptualization of authentic leadership by Luthans and Avolio ( 2003 ) and the detailed description of the components by Avolio and Gardner ( 2005 ) have been instrumental in the development of authentic leadership. Further refinements by Walu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.414 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802448 | [
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hat draws upon and promotes both positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate, to foster greater self-awareness, an internalized moral perspective, balanced processing of information, and relational transparency on the part of leaders working with followers, fostering positive self-development (p. 9... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "ethics", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802502 | [
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nsparency, internalized moral perspective, and balanced processing. Neider and Schriesheim ( 2011 ) supported the ALQ's construct validity and developed the authentic leadership inventory (ALI) based on Walumbwa's et al. ( 2008 ) theoretical framework and construct definitions. While few studies have examined authentic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "management", "ethics"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802556 | [
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m engagement (McDowell et al., 2018 ) and on athletes' autonomy, trust in their coach, enrollment, and commitment (Bandura and Kavussanu, 2018 ). Kim et al. ( 2017 ) applied ALI to examine the effect of head coaches' authentic leadership on assistant coaches' psychological capital, job satisfaction, and life satisfacti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.636 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "ethics", "career", "llm"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802605 | [
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ent of followers' personal growth as commonalities between the two. While both leadership styles positively impact followers, servant leaders are more strongly motivated to serve others (Sullivan, 2019 ). Authentic leaders are interested in self-awareness and self-coordination, while servant leaders focus on the intere... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.451 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "motivation", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 446 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802660 | [
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consistent with the nature of servant leadership. Authentic leaders may feel a strong sense of responsibility for developing their organizations rather than focusing on their followers' needs and development (Robinson et al., 2018 ). Servant Leadership The servant leadership approach consists of multiple dimensions (e.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.678 | ["leadership", "ethics", "faith_spirituality", "philosophy"] | 449 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802709 | [
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ers to grow (Sendjaya, 2016 ; Eva et al., 2019 ). Greenleaf ( 2007 ) stated, “The servant-leader is servant first. It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead” (p. 83). Servant leaders perceive the success not only of the organization bu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.698 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "ethics"] | 426 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802764 | [
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ility (Greenleaf, 2002 ). According to Eva et al. ( 2019 ), the existing research on servant leadership can be categorized into three phases. The first phase is the development of the concept by Greenleaf ( 1970 ) and Spears ( 1998 ). For example, Spears ( 1998 ) identified 10 characteristics of servant leadership: lis... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "rhetoric"] | 471 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802816 | [
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to the growth of people, and building community. The second phase focuses on scale development and examines the relationship between servant leadership and other constructs. More scales have been developed for servant leadership scales than for other leadership styles (Laub, 1999 ; Page and Wong, 2000 ; Ehrhart, 2004 ;... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.425 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 450 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802866 | [
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rendonck and Nuijten, 2011 ). However, Eva et al. ( 2019 ) reviewed existing servant leadership scales in terms of Hinkin's ( 1995 ) scale development procedures (i.e., item generation, content adequacy assessment, questionnaire administration, factor analysis, internal consistency assessment, construct validity, and r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.844 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802912 | [
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of factors and items Factors Sample Liden et al. ( 2008 ) Global servant leadership scale (SL-7) 7 factors (28 items) Emotional healing Creating value for the community Conceptual skills Empowering Helping subordinates grow and succeed Putting subordinates first Behaving ethically Two samples • University students • Co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.802968 | [
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ation Authentic self Covenantal relationship Responsible morality Transcendental spirituality Transforming influence One sample • Graduate students Van Dierendonck and Nuijten ( 2011 ) Servant leadership survey (SLS) 8 factors (30 items) Empowerment Accountability Standing back Humility Authenticity Courage Forgiveness... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.566 | 0.688 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "war_conflict", "faith_spirituality"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803027 | [
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sample from diverse occupations • Participants of the open online survey • Participants of the open online survey • Employees at gas stations • Online panelists Open in a new tab Hammermeister et al. ( 2008 ) surveyed collegiate athletes and developed the revised servant leadership profile for sport (RSLP-S), which con... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.614 | 0.852 | ["leadership"] | 494 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803089 | [
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es' servant leadership revealed that Rieke et al. ( 2008 ); Vidic and Burton ( 2011 ); Gillham et al. ( 2015 ), and Wang et al. ( 2021 ) all applied the RSLP-S. However, in the absence of studies that have followed procedures from item collection to scale development in the sport context, sport researchers have used va... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.878 | ["leadership"] | 491 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803138 | [
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hrhart's ( 2004 ) single-factor scale. Lee et al. ( 2018 ) used Barbuto and Wheeler's ( 2006 ) scale, and Burton et al. ( 2017 ) used Van Dierendonck and Nuijten's ( 2011 ) scale. Since no robust measurement scales are currently in place in the sport domain, servant leadership research in the sport domain is considered... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.43 | 0.886 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803192 | [
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(Dahlin and Schroeder, 2021 ; Robinson et al., 2021 ; Vinson and Parker, 2021 ) and employees of sport organizations (Megheirkouni, 2020 ; Svensson et al., 2021 ; Swanson et al., 2022 ) has also accumulated. One of the major issues in servant leadership research is the lack of a definition (Eva et al., 2019 ). Since Gr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.708 | ["leadership"] | 455 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803245 | [
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that align with their claims (Eva et al., 2019 ). Therefore, no consensus has been reached regarding the definition of servant leadership (Burton and Peachey, 2013 ). Eva et al. ( 2019 ) define servant leadership as “an (1) other-oriented approach to leadership (2) manifested through one-on-one prioritizing of follower... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.438 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803318 | [
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the larger community (p.114).” This definition reflects the three characteristics that constitute servant leadership (i.e., motive, mode, and mindset). First, servant leaders are externally rather than internally motivated (Eva et al., 2019 ). Second, the servant leader mode reflects the perception that each follower i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.599 | 0.704 | ["leadership", "motivation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803373 | [
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urces within the organization (Eva et al., 2019 ). Furthermore, servant leaders invest in the growth and wellbeing of others for the common good (Page and Wong, 2000 ) while promoting their followers' growth (Greenleaf, 2002 ), and providing services (Sendjaya, 2016 ). In the sport context (particularly, youth and coll... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "management"] | 428 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803435 | [
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is considered to be the team's goal and purpose. Thus, in this study, coaching servant leadership is defined as an athlete-first approach to leadership that prioritizes athletes' needs and interests and serves them for a common goal of the team by investing in their growth and wellbeing. While various scales have been ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803490 | [
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ant leadership based on a literature review: empowering and developing people, humility, authenticity, interpersonal acceptance, providing direction, and stewardship. Modifying the words to suit the sport context, each characteristic may be defined as follows (Van Dierendonck, 2011 ): Empowering and developing people: ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.808 | ["leadership", "motivation", "war_conflict"] | 412 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803546 | [
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s, respecting them, and encouraging their growth. Humility: the ability to put one's achievements and talents in an appropriate perspective and willingness to learn from others. It also demonstrates to athletes through words and actions that meeting their needs is a priority. Authenticity: expressing oneself in line wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict"] | 506 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803598 | [
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letes and demonstration of warmth and compassion. Providing direction: possessing knowledge of the sport and coaching protocol and providing athletes with appropriate direction; creating new methods and approaches to old problems. Stewardship: willingness to take responsibility and serve the team and athletes on behalf... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.584 | 0.818 | ["war_conflict", "management", "education"] | 417 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803649 | [
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or that serves as a normative model for athletes. Based on the above review, this study aimed to develop a coaching servant leadership scale in four phases following Hinkin's ( 1995 ) guidelines. In Phase 1, both deductive and inductive approaches were applied to collect items that potentially constitute coaching serva... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.634 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "governance", "education"] | 435 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803702 | [
0.009807447902858257,
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d using Lawshe's ( 1975 ) content validity ratio. When Phases 1 and 2 were conducted, the items were categorized based on Van Dierendonck's ( 2011 ) classification and definitions. Phase 3 included exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to determine the factor structure of the measurem... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.846 | ["governance"] | 494 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803756 | [
0.08522223681211472,
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iminant validity, and criterion-related validity. In Phase 4, the coaching servant leadership scale was replicated in another country (i.e., the United States) to enhance its generalizability. Methods Item Generation (Phase 1) The inductive ten-statement testing method was applied with reference to Ito and Walker ( 201... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.846 | ["leadership"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803809 | [
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e ten statements to collect leisure-related data. Laub ( 1999 ) asked participants “What do you judge to be the characteristics of a servant leader?” and had them identify ten characteristics. In the present study, the participants were asked, “What characteristics of a coach do you judge to indicate that they are a se... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.858 | ["education", "leadership", "management"] | 500 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803861 | [
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, or sport management at the author's university. The coaches were surveyed by the online survey panelists of a major survey company in Japan. Of the coaches' sample, 80.6% of the respondents were male (female = 19.4%) and their average age was 42.6 years ( SD = 13.1). For the deductive approach, items were collected f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.708 | ["management", "education"] | 448 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803912 | [
0.05379439890384674,
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nck and Nuijten, 2011 ) recommended by Eva et al. ( 2019 ) and the previous study (Hammermeister et al., 2008 ) that have been shown to be applicable to sport. The statements obtained from both approaches were classified based on the six characteristics proposed by Van Dierendonck ( 2011 ). An expert review was conduct... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "education"] | 433 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.803966 | [
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rship and repeated until a consensus was reached. Content Adequacy Assessment (Phase 2) To test the content validity of the items obtained in Phase 1, the content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated using responses from the experts following the method used by Lawshe ( 1975 ) and Grant and Davis ( 1997 ). The panel exp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.836 | ["resume", "governance"] | 416 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804020 | [
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assistant professor, and eight doctoral students. They were explained the definitions of servant leadership and the six characteristics by the author, and rated how well each item represented the characteristics using a four-point scale from 1 (it is not appropriate to measure this characteristic on this item) to 4 (it... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "resume"] | 501 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804074 | [
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school athletic clubs participated in the survey. In the screening prior to the survey, the participants were confirmed as members of their high school athletic clubs, with head coaches who coached them regularly. The mean age of the sample was 16.8 years ( SD = 0.87; 36.4% male and 63.6% female). Sports comprising mor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.355 | 0.896 | ["education"] | 505 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804132 | [
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= 77), baseball ( n = 53), and tennis ( n = 48). The sample was randomly split into two datasets to conduct EFA and CFA. As a general rule when conducting EFA, the sample size required is five to seven times the number of variables to be analyzed (Hair et al., 2010 ; Terwee et al., 2012 ). In this study, considering th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.324 | 0.794 | ["education"] | 471 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804183 | [
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r EFA and the second ( n = 418) was used for CFA. In the EFA, the appropriateness of factor analysis was examined based on two criteria: the Kaiser–Meyer—Olkin sampling statistic (KMO) and Bartlett's test of sphericity (BTS). According to Hair et al. ( 2010 ), the KMO value ranges from 0 to 1 and is close to 1 if each ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.31 | 0.858 | [] | 441 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804233 | [
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value of 0.80 or above is considered meritorious. The BTS shows the statistical significance of significant correlations between several variables in the correlation matrix. EFA was conducted using maximum likelihood estimation with the promax rotation method. For CFA, based on Kline's ( 2016 ) recommendation, the mode... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.308 | 0.856 | [] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804290 | [
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approximation (RMSEA), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), and Akaike information criterion (AIC). According to Hair et al. ( 2010 ), χ 2 / df ratios of 3:1 or less are associated with a better-fitting model; CFI values above 0.90 are associated with a model that fits well; RMSEA values of <0.08 are consider... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.342 | 0.874 | ["ethics", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804528 | [
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nstruct reliability (CR) is 0.70 or more and average variance extracted (AVE) is 0.50 or more. Discriminant validity was examined by comparing each factor's AVE and the square of the correlation between factors. Of the 936 respondents, 687 proceeded to the next survey; that is, the data for the items on coaching servan... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.836 | ["leadership"] | 433 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804610 | [
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ted validity were obtained from separate surveys. Hinkin ( 1998 ) suggested that criterion-related validity can be confirmed by examining the relationships between new measures and other variables that are theoretically correlated with them. In a review of existing research, Eva et al. ( 2019 ) identified behavioral ou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.69 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804716 | [
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r), and performance outcomes (e.g., team performance) as outcome variables of servant leadership. Team citizenship behavior (Martínez, 2013 ; Martínez and Tindale, 2015 ), team commitment (Kim et al., 2016 ), satisfaction with a head coach (Myers et al., 2011 ), and team efficacy (Bruton et al., 2016 ) were examined wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.714 | ["management", "leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804785 | [
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0.0560494028031826,
0.040456920862197876,
0.01812710426747799,
0.1029721200466156,
0.0557... | ||
tes when they are down;” α = 0.82); team commitment was measured using five items (e.g., “I would be very happy to spend the rest of my school years with this team;” α = 0.79), satisfaction with a head coach was measured using three items (e.g., “How much do you like playing for your coach?;” α = 0.83), and team effica... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.728 | ["management", "philosophy", "education"] | 501 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804899 | [
0.002261602785438299,
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0.05153079703450203,
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0.07826904952526093,
0.005085323... | ||
success in their next competitive performance”). The participants scored all variables except team efficacy on a seven-point Likert scale; team efficacy was rated on a scale between 0 (not at all confident) and 100 (completely confident). The analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 24 and IBM SPSS Amos 24. Re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.87 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.804956 | [
0.07220607995986938,
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0.09663061052560806,
0.0053523... | ||
females) who belonged to an athletic club at a university. They ranged in age from 18 to 25 years (mean = 20.80 ± 1.83 years), and were freshmen ( n = 42, 15.1%), sophomores ( n = 62, 22.3%), juniors ( n = 76, 27.3%), seniors ( n = 93, 33.5%), or fifth-years ( n = 5, 1.8%). Their teams belonged to the National Collegia... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.351 | 0.742 | ["management", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.805015 | [
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0.0016710051568225026,
... | ||
hletic Association (NJCAA) ( n = 27), the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) ( n = 18), and others. They also participated in Division 1 ( n = 87), Division 2 ( n = 135), and Division 3 ( n = 56). Sports that comprised more than 5% of the sample included basketball ( n = 70), soccer ( n = 38), ind... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.89 | ["strategy", "leadership"] | 481 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.807308 | [
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ng 17 items obtained from the results of Phase 3. Since the surveys in Phase 3 were conducted in Japanese, a back-translation procedure was performed before proceeding to Phase 4. First, the author translated the measurement items into English. Second, another researcher in leadership—a native speaker of Japanese who i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.807452 | [
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ssional translator who is a native speaker of Japanese and a native speaker of English, and the linguistic validity was confirmed. Results Item Generation (Phase 1) The items were collected using both a deductive (i.e., literature review) and inductive (i.e., surveys on coaches and university students) approach, and 84... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.596 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "education"] | 422 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.807516 | [
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lapping meanings unrelated to servant leadership. The 98 items obtained were grouped and classified into Van Dierendonck's ( 2011 ) six categories (see Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Open in a new tab Classification of qualitative data based on the six categories proposed by Van Dierendonck ( 2011 ). Each number in parentheses ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "resume"] | 489 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.807567 | [
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0.030317481607198715,
-0.... | ||
culated based on the ratings of 10 panel experts. The criteria were not satisfied by 24 items, which were deleted. The wording of some items was modified, and two items were moved from “providing direction” to the “stewardship” category based on the panel experts' comments. At this point, 74 items were judged to be con... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9169236/ | Coaching Servant Leadership: Scale Development and Validation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict"] | 429 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:12.807627 | [
0.03229547291994095,
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0.06126696988940239,
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0.021112265065312386,
0.0227218... |
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