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Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Business Professionals Download Whitepaper Abstract This whitepaper examines the principles of time management, its significance for professionals, and provides actionable strategies to boost productivity. The discourse draws from academic literature to establish a robust fram... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.497 | 0.834 | ["management", "career"] | 510 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.527259 | [
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sources that is universally available yet finite. Business professionals often find themselves juggling multiple responsibilities, making efficient time management a necessary skill. The ability to manage time effectively can lead to improved productivity, reduced stress, and enhanced job satisfaction (Macan, 1994). Th... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.492 | 0.834 | ["career", "management"] | 488 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.527739 | [
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t can be implemented in professional settings. 1. The Importance of Time Management 1.1. Productivity Enhancement Effective time management allows professionals to allocate their time towards activities that contribute to their goals. According to a study by Britton and Tesser (1991), individuals who practised good tim... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.454 | 0.698 | ["management", "career", "leadership", "war_conflict", "education"] | 508 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.527857 | [
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nt is a leading cause of stress in the workplace. A study conducted by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE, 2019) found that time pressure significantly contributes to work-related stress. By managing time more effectively, professionals can create a better work-life balance and reduce workplace anxiety. 1.3. Improved... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.449 | 0.846 | ["management", "decision_making", "leadership", "career", "education"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.527985 | [
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e sufficient time to evaluate options, gather necessary information, and consider outcomes, leading to more informed decisions (Macan, 1994). 2. Key Principles of Time Management 2.1. Goal Setting Setting clear, achievable goals is the cornerstone of effective time management. SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, R... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.459 | 0.668 | ["management", "philosophy", "leadership", "decision_making"] | 441 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528116 | [
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ectives and tracking progress (Doran, 1981). 2.2. Prioritisation Understanding the difference between urgent and important tasks is crucial. The Eisenhower Matrix, developed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, categorises tasks into four quadrants (Eisenhower, 1954): Urgent and Important Important but Not Urgent Urgent ... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.474 | 0.67 | ["career"] | 451 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528243 | [
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oritise tasks and allocate time effectively. 2.3. Planning Effective planning involves creating daily, weekly, and monthly schedules that outline tasks and deadlines. Tools like calendars, planners, and digital apps can aid in meticulous scheduling (Lakein, 1973). 2.4. Delegation Delegating tasks can free up valuable t... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.419 | 0.682 | ["strategy", "management", "career"] | 489 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528331 | [
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mpleted efficiently (Kirkman & Rosen, 1999). 2.5. Reflection and Adaptation Regular reflection on time management practices enables professionals to identify what works and what doesn’t. Adapting strategies based on personal experiences leads to continuous improvement (Schunk, 2003). 3. Actionable Tips for Business Pro... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.596 | 0.686 | ["career", "management"] | 503 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528435 | [
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ursts of 25 minutes followed by a 5-minute break. This method enhances focus and reduces mental fatigue (Cirillo, 2006). 3.2. Utilise Technology Wisely Personal productivity apps such as Trello, Asana, and Todoist help track tasks and deadlines while keeping projects organised. However, it’s essential to avoid over-rel... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.474 | 0.69 | [] | 503 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528514 | [
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ting clear work-life boundaries prevents burnout. This includes defining specific work hours and communicating availability to colleagues, ensuring that personal time is respected (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). 3.4. Review and Adjust Workflows Conduct regular reviews of workflows to identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies. Implem... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.559 | 0.658 | ["agents", "philosophy"] | 424 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528598 | [
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ts to enhance effectiveness (Griffin, 2019). 3.5. Cultivate Mindfulness Practising mindfulness techniques can enhance focus and reduce stress. Techniques such as mindfulness meditation encourage present-moment awareness, improving attention and productivity (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). 4. Conclusion Effective time management is... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.452 | 0.658 | ["management", "decision_making", "career", "war_conflict"] | 442 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528700 | [
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vity, reduce stress, and improve decision-making. By implementing key principles such as goal setting, prioritisation, planning, delegation, and reflection, individuals can significantly improve their time management skills. Actionable tips, such as the Pomodoro Technique, leveraging technology wisely, setting boundari... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.519 | 0.804 | ["management", "strategy", "decision_making", "agents"] | 435 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528786 | [
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tical pathways to managing time more effectively. In a world where time is a precious commodity, mastering time management can lead to both personal and professional success. References Britton, Bruce K., and Tesser, Abraham. (1991). Effects of Time-Management Practices on College Grades. Journal of Educational Psychol... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.613 | 0.686 | ["management", "career", "education"] | 503 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528877 | [
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Less Time. Random House. Doran, George T. (1981). There’s a S.M.A.R.T. Way to Write Management’s Goals and Objectives. Management Review, 70(11), 35–36. Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1954). Eisenhower Matrix. [Concept]. Griffin, R. W. (2019). Management. Cengage Learning. Health and Safety Executive (HSE). (2019). Stress at W... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.575 | 0.688 | ["management", "education"] | 501 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.528962 | [
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nd Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. Delta. Kirkman, Barbara L., and Rosen, Brynn. (1999). Beyond Self-Management: A Model of Team Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(3), 365–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00025-7 Lakein, Alan. (1973). How to Get Control of Your Time and Your Life. New American L... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.585 | 0.684 | ["leadership", "management"] | 509 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.529050 | [
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0.1037/0021-9010.79.3.381 Schunk, Dale H. (2003). Self-Efficacy for Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP2802_3 Sharma, N. (2019). Time Management in Business: How Technology is Changing the Game. [Print Source]. Related posts Whi... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.579 | 0.562 | ["management", "education", "leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.529149 | [
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e Coaching Blueprint for Managers Whitepapers Executive Coaching Playbook for Emerging Leaders Whitepapers Practical Conflict Resolution Strategies for Healthy Workplaces Whitepapers Resolving Workplace Conflict: Practical Strategies for Leaders Enquire Now Learn about the 7 Psychological Levers , or high performing le... | https://richard-reid.com/time-management-guide-for-business-professionals/ | Time Management: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals | richard-reid.com | unknown | false | 0.562 | 0.802 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "management", "philosophy"] | 383 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.529231 | [
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Time managment Facebook Pinterest Description Business manager at his work desk, time management concept. Premium vectors by Shutterstock Ad Get 15% off at Shutterstock! Use code: FSVG15 at checkout! Download AI,EPS License Public Domain You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purpose... | https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Time-managment/92495.html | Time managment | Public domain vectors | publicdomainvectors.org | unknown | false | 0.588 | 0.852 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.753336 | [
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s Tags time office work man people manager organization clock schedule Related searches free clipart time clock clock clip art time clipart time clock free vector time clock animated time clock clip art old man time clip art free free adventure time vector free free coffee time vector daylight savings time clip art adv... | https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Time-managment/92495.html | Time managment | Public domain vectors | publicdomainvectors.org | unknown | false | 0.479 | 0.714 | ["management"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:51.753581 | [
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Trends Cogn Sci . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 13. Published in final edited form as: Trends Cogn Sci. 2017 Apr 25;21(6):449–461. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.010 Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention Nicholas E Myers Nicholas E Myers 1 Oxford Centre for Hum... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.706 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.093029 | [
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tokes 1 Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Find articles by Mark G Stokes 1 , Anna C Nobre Anna C Nobre 1 Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Find articles by Anna C Nobre 1 Author info... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.572 | 0.708 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.093427 | [
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iversity of Oxford ✉ correspondence to: kia.nobre@ohba.ox.ac.uk or nicholas.myers@ohba.ox.ac.uk Issue date 2017 Jun 1. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC7220802 EMSID: EMS86397 PMID: 28454719 The publisher's version of this article is available at Trends Cogn Sci Abstract Working memory (WM) capacity limits give attention... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.692 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.093613 | [
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epresentations within WM as the importance of individual items changes. Retrospective prioritization has been proposed to result from a focus of internal attention highlighting one of several representations. We suggest an updated model, in which prioritization acts in multiple steps: first orienting towards and select... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.657 | 0.82 | ["communication", "war_conflict"] | 424 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.093784 | [
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al state in the service of upcoming task demands. Reconfiguration sets up an optimized perception-action mapping, obviating the need for sustained attention. This view is consistent with recent literature, makes testable predictions, and links WM with task-switching and action preparation. Keywords: Working Memory, Att... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.649 | 0.846 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.093958 | [
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his review is the neural basis and behavioral consequence of prioritizing information maintained in visual short-term, ‘working’ memory (WM). By working memory in this context we refer to the ability to store and manipulate recently acquired information for a period of seconds, independently of continuous sensory stimu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.86 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.094172 | [
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ll domains of cognitive neuroscience (such as fluid intelligence, perceptual decision-making, or model-based learning, see e.g., [ 3 – 5 ]). The severe limits on how much can be encoded in working memory – conceived as a small number of quantized representations [ 6 – 8 ] or as a limited pool of mnemonic resources [ 9 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.409 | 0.852 | ["communication", "decision_making", "education", "philosophy"] | 420 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.094330 | [
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is too much information to be considered at once. As a consequence of this bottleneck, attention is of central importance to working memory [ 10 – 15 ]: Those who cannot select the most important information and keep out irrelevant distraction unnecessarily clutter their working memory store [ 16 , 17 ]. Early studies ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.642 | 0.844 | ["philosophy"] | 444 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.094485 | [
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prioritizing a subset of items during encoding). Later, studies revealed that focusing on the relevant pieces of information even after they have already been encoded also improves memory [ 18 – 20 ]. Such retrospective cueing cannot influence basic sensory processing of the memory items, or their encoding, but rather ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.603 | 0.866 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.094637 | [
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, 22 ], as well as healthy ageing [ 23 , 24 ], severely affect working memory capacity, making it imperative that we better understand how prioritization within WM can help us make the most of a preciously limited cognitive resource. This review focuses on new empirical and theoretical advances that shed light on the r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.66 | 0.868 | [] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.094770 | [
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tentional selection and task preparation play critical roles in prioritizing information in working memory to guide optimal performance. We begin by drawing parallels with the better-understood mechanisms of selective attention for perception. We then build on this model with the aim of explaining more fully how priori... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.656 | 0.85 | ["philosophy", "salary"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.094957 | [
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by attentional selection of individual items, behavioral benefits also arise in large part because of preparation of the right behavioral policy (for instance, by setting up appropriate contingencies between upcoming stimuli and behavior). Our proposal can account for a number of otherwise odd findings in the behaviora... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.832 | ["salary", "philosophy"] | 445 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.095125 | [
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preparation in prioritizing information in mind. Furthermore, our model makes predictions about the possible neural basis of the architecture of WM. Attention in Perception and Working Memory WM is famously burdened with severe capacity limits. As in many other domains of cognition that contain a bottleneck [ 25 , 26 ]... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.842 | ["philosophy"] | 443 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.095279 | [
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are to make the best use of our limited resource. In the domain of perception, the term ‘selective attention’ is invoked to describe such preferential biases towards behaviorally relevant stimuli. In extending this literature, attention has been shown to be influential for selecting information for encoding into WM [ 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.866 | ["philosophy", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.095428 | [
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ow the biased competition principle [ 31 ]: Gains in processing [e.g., 32 – 34 ] for an attended location or feature are achieved by biasing neurons’ receptive fields in their favor, at the expense of unattended locations or features. Without question, attention prior to or during encoding has high utility to behavior.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.862 | ["philosophy"] | 488 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.095580 | [
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information that has already been encoded in WM. For example, you may be looking around your apartment for your car keys and your phone simultaneously, holding templates of both in working memory as you scan your surroundings. Suddenly the phone starts ringing, so you prioritize finding the phone first to get to it in ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.874 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.095739 | [
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] of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought’ [ 35 ] (p. 403-404). The ability flexibly to manipulate WM contents is also a hallmark of classic definitions of WM [ 1 ]. As with selective prioritization before and during encoding, prioritizing important items in WM during the re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.607 | 0.872 | ["llm"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.095893 | [
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ed by presenting a cue during the retention interval that directs focus to one of the items already held in mind. Cues can refresh a previously presented item [ 36 , 37 ], bring a subset of items currently in WM into the focus of attention (see Glossary ) for immediate recall [ 38 ], or retroactively indicate that one ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.619 | 0.898 | [] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.096024 | [
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nted before WM encoding, see [ 19 ], or a postcue presented together with the probe). Glossary. Focus of Attention : specialized state within working memory. As opposed to items that are merely maintained, the single item in the focus of attention [ 20 ] is selected and elevated to a separate representational state so ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.462 | 0.862 | ["communication"] | 494 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.096176 | [
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h greater accuracy than other WM representations. Internal Attention : goal-directed selection of information that is not currently presented in the environment, such as long- or short-term memory or goals. Internal attention is thought to draw on the same selection mechanism that is deployed to attend to information a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.852 | ["philosophy", "communication", "networking"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.096335 | [
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he state of a memory network through short-term changes in its pattern of connections. After reconfiguration, persistent spiking is no longer necessary because the memory is stored in a latent state, for example in temporarily changed synaptic weights. Output Gating : Some computational models of WM emphasize the impor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.834 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 442 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.096498 | [
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n are allowed into the limited-capacity WM store. Similarly, more recent computational models propose a second gate determining which of the items that are stored in WM are permitted to drive behavior, or ‘output’. ‘Output-gating’ an item could correspond to moving it into the focus of attention, although the exact rel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.864 | ["networking"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.096648 | [
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bset of all items already held in memory is most relevant to behavior, for example because it is most likely to be probed. Task Switching : Switching tasks (rule-guided respondes to a limited set of stimuli) incurs costs in terms of slower reaction times and increased error rates. Switch costs occur because of the sudd... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.856 | ["networking"] | 469 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.096805 | [
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e reduces but does not eliminate switching costs. At first blush, the benefit of retrocueing seems paradoxical: memory is seemingly improved out of thin air. After all, the relevant information has already been stored in the brain, so how could providing an orienting cue possibly improve the strength of this informatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.582 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 497 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.096964 | [
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in WM have not yielded a conclusive explanation. Most proposals draw parallels between the effects of retrocueing and selective attention to external stimuli [ 9 , 13 – 15 , 39 ]. The same cognitive and neural mechanisms (selective attention) are deployed in each case, with the main difference being the substrate on wh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.864 | ["salary"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.097403 | [
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epend on a sustained bias of selective attention toward cued locations or features during a memory delay. Overlap Between External and Internal Attention At a basic level, the behavioral effects of retrocues indeed seem to be similar to the effects of external attention. Responses when probing cued items are faster and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.88 | ["crisis", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.097599 | [
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ty costs are not consistent across studies, as discussed in the next section). When cue validity is manipulated, more reliable cues lead to a larger benefit [ 46 – 48 ]. At the neural level, similar top-down attention networks are engaged for internal and external attention shifts (such as the frontal eye fields and th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.866 | ["networking"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.097749 | [
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n the hemisphere contralateral to where the cued item was presented, appear also to be roughly comparable between external attention [ 60 ] and retrocueing [ 59 , 61 – 64 ]. In parallel, retrocues seem to reduce load-dependent signals, such as the contralateral delay activity [ 65 – 67 ], as if they allowed the removal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.858 | [] | 453 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.097888 | [
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filtering of distractors during encoding [ 16 ]. In tandem with the top-down control signals, activity is also modulated in sensory brain regions corresponding to the cued location or feature [ 57 , 68 – 73 ], which likely contribute to WM representations or their manipulation through sensory recruitment [ 74 – 79 ]. F... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.864 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 477 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.098042 | [
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area (fusiform gyrus) increases [ 68 , 80 , 81 ]. This has been interpreted as increased processing of, or focused attention towards, the cued category. In many cases, this increase may, however, also reflect anticipation of a probe stimulus from that category at the end of the delay [ 57 ]. Open Questions for the Inte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.854 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 478 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.098196 | [
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ion to one object entails withdrawal from others. Selective attention is, to some extent, a zero-sum operation. By contrast, selecting an internal representation need not have this same constraint. Arguably the successful encoding and maintenance of individual items within working memory already entails a high degree o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.438 | 0.842 | ["communication"] | 506 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.098348 | [
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tive to what can occur during the encoding phase. Therefore, while selective biasing may still be in operation, the nature of the substrate is such that its consequences may be very different. In principle, at least, they could still be selected later, at low or no cost. From a functional perspective, it would be desir... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.415 | 0.86 | ["philosophy"] | 466 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.098503 | [
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te them once they are very unlikely to be useful. Therefore, while the biased-competition principle is a good starting point for proposing a mechanism of internally guided attention, its most basic component – selection via biased competition – may operate in crucially different ways on external vs. internal informatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.844 | ["philosophy"] | 461 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.098693 | [
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efore [ 13 ]: ‘Attention is not unitary’ (p. 76). We welcome such a careful differentiation between attention to perception and attention to working memory. We further propose that while both perception and working memory have limited capacity, the nature of the limit may differ considerably between the two. In percept... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.85 | ["philosophy", "communication", "crisis"] | 502 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.098854 | [
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ting these from competing sources of stimulation. In WM, the challenge is to select and use appropriate items to guide behavior. Nominally, selection of one piece of information from among several in WM must occur in order to prioritize it (via a retrocue, for example). We propose, however, that this process differs at... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.848 | ["communication", "crisis", "economy", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 474 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.099006 | [
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e proposed mechanism follows in the next section. Prioritizing Information in Working Memory We propose that instead of invoking ‘internal attention,’ the prioritization of WM contents is better described as the attentional selection and, importantly, the reformatting of one out of several currently held memories to gu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.858 | ["philosophy", "innovation", "war_conflict", "social_justice"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.099186 | [
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working memory, the first step is to orient toward and select the cued item in the WM store. Orienting and selection can be thought of as the targeting of those neurons (for example, in visual cortex) that are tuned to the location where the cued item was encountered and to the stimulus dimensions that are relevant to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict"] | 428 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.099345 | [
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ease in color-sensitive visual areas such as V4). This allows for the effective grouping of all features belonging to the cued object [ 82 ], which in turn may reduce noise in the neural population representing it ([ 39 ], see also Box 2 ), potentially leading to increases in the precision of recalling cued items (e.g.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.432 | 0.884 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.099501 | [
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f attention for perception, and could explain the activation of canonical attention-control circuits after a retrocue, as summarized above. Critically, prioritization in WM allows for the immediate selection of memoranda. Selection of the cued representation can be thought of as an increased activation of the neurons c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.854 | ["communication"] | 482 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.099652 | [
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item in its latent state (see Box 1 and [ 73 ]). Importantly, selection acts on one out of several objects in memory that have already been individuated and stored separately. This selection step therefore differs between prioritization in WM and in perception: In WM, the relevant information is already stored and can ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.436 | 0.862 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.099804 | [
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tion requires the identification of cued objects and their associated features among all perceptual input. While orienting and selection can be clearly delineated from one another in WM, for succinctness we will use ‘selection’ instead of ‘orienting and selection’ throughout the rest of this article. Box 2. Working Mem... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.83 | [] | 442 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.099961 | [
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arallels between internal and external attention. Much like selective attention towards perceptual representations is thought to bias competitive processing in favor of one representation over another, internal attention is argued to bias processing towards one mnemonic representation over others in a shared memory sto... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.838 | ["communication", "war_conflict"] | 433 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.100144 | [
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on of the cued item or the behavior guided by it. An influential review [ 13 ] argues that attention shares common principles across the substrates it acts on. What is shared are the purpose of attention (overcoming limited capacity via selection), and its consequence (modulation of the selected information). The core ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.62 | 0.86 | ["philosophy"] | 475 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.100301 | [
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competition in favor of a target object’ (p. 75). Therefore, ‘selecting a memory from competing memories should be viewed as an attentional operation. The cost is that unattended information may be missed.’ An extension of the internal attention account is that prioritizing a WM representation may equate to transformin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "communication"] | 474 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.100458 | [
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t to an output-oriented representation ( Box 1 ). Thus, active versus latent storage corresponds at the neural level with attended versus unattended WM states at the cognitive level. In a recent study [ 73 ], retrocues improved decoding of the cued item in retinotopic visual areas. The authors argued that this finding ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.856 | ["communication", "education"] | 483 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.100614 | [
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improved decoding, as noted elsewhere, [ 136 ]). However, the sluggishness of the fMRI signal may have precluded them from testing whether the reactivation reflects a temporary process. Most importantly, it is unclear how moving from latent to active representation alone could account for improved recall accuracy witho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.846 | ["communication"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.100936 | [
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er influence over a downstream readout population, compared to a competing ensemble encoding an uncued representation (i.e., biased competition, [ 31 ]). Alternatively, activation might suppress activity of competing ensembles via lateral inhibition [ 39 ]. Either way, the increased activity confers a benefit only by v... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.561 | 0.674 | ["communication", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 429 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101049 | [
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s Active Neural States Supporting Working Memory. Our framework predicts two functional states in WM – maintenance of information without a specific action plan, and of a prioritized item in an action-oriented format. We propose that the latter depends on flexible changes in the tuning of an action-oriented network tha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.868 | ["philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101133 | [
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], permitting latent storage without requiring sustained activity [ 127 ]. The latent state change could rely on many physiological mechanisms. What they have in common is that they do not depend on an unbroken chain of sustained spiking. One candidate is short-term synaptic plasticity: the connectivity within a neural... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.832 | ["interview"] | 413 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101200 | [
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subsequent input reflects the WM content [ 128 ]. Alternatively, memory-specific ensembles could emerge by synchronizing to a common oscillatory rhythm [ 125 ]. The concept of latent storage has been applied to maintenance of WM items per se, but latent storage may also be of particular relevance for representing prior... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.599 | 0.86 | ["networking"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101272 | [
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k, possibly through temporary changes in the synaptic weights in PFC. Alternatively, unprioritized items could already be represented in PFC activity, in patterns that do not drive downstream motor regions [ 129 ] until they are prioritized. After reconfiguration, sustained firing is unnecessary, so both prioritized an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.838 | ["philosophy", "communication"] | 478 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101343 | [
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ented in a format that is optimized for behavior. By contrast, unprioritized representations might be stored without immediately influencing behavior [ 130 ]. Latent storage of WM in changed connection weights invokes comparisons to long-term memory (LTM), which may operate along similar lines. Prominent WM theories pr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.412 | 0.868 | ["communication", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101407 | [
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of persistent firing, the specifics of how and for how long synaptic weights are changed may differ considerably between WM and LTM [ 132 , 133 ]. For example, any synaptic weight changes subserving WM must be short-lived to avoid interference from traces of recent WM contents. This is not a constraint for LTM. Further... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.864 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101467 | [
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be, without first needing to recall information from LTM (as proposed by some WM models, e.g. [ 131 ]). Selection in memory appears to be a key element to successful prioritization in WM. Most accounts of retrocueing assume that this selection step is sufficient to account for the full range of experimental data. The e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.846 | ["philosophy"] | 444 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101540 | [
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l benefit additionally accrues in a further step. Following selection, the cued sensory representation can be transformed into a prospective, action-oriented representation, the better to influence behavior. By contrast, this step cannot take place in preparatory attention because the relevant information has not been ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.816 | ["philosophy", "communication"] | 412 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101608 | [
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he current task set to become much more specific. For instance, in a typical visual WM change-detection experiment, the task set on a trial without a retrocue might reflect the following rule: ‘press button A if the probe stimulus matches the WM stimulus that was presented at the same location, and button B otherwise.’... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.858 | ["crisis"] | 434 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101677 | [
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d (say it happens to be a green bar, see Fig 2 ). In our framework, the reformatted representation of the cued WM stimulus is now part of the task set. Therefore, the task set has become much more specific, and much simpler: ‘press button A if the probe stimulus is green, and button B otherwise.’ This process can be th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.884 | ["philosophy", "communication", "innovation", "social_justice"] | 474 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101739 | [
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cient than when the task is not cued [ 85 – 88 ]. Therefore, the improved preparation for the task of responding accurately to the probe may, in part, contribute to the observed reaction-time and accuracy benefits. Crucially, once reformatting is complete, it is no longer necessary to sustain selective attention to the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.858 | ["philosophy", "communication", "innovation", "salary", "social_justice"] | 480 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101809 | [
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sequence of prioritization in working memory. A. During encoding, sensory brain areas (in yellow) are recruited and modified to reflect the relevant features of a WM array. In the task illustrated here, sensory brain areas are the most likely substrate of memory maintenance because it requires memory for fine sensory d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.472 | 0.836 | [] | 426 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.101901 | [
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ain areas if WM contents are stored elsewhere. B. A cue indicating that one WM item is of particular relevance (the green oriented bar, in this case) leads to orientation toward, and selection of the relevant representation. This operation recruits the top-down attention network that is also involved in external attent... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.858 | ["networking", "communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.102063 | [
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mprising the anterior insula or frontal operculum and ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC/fO), and possibly pre-supplementary motor area or anterior cingulate cortex (pre-SMA/ACC). D. Finally, the selected representation is now reformatted to bring the network into an optimal state to respond to the recall demands of the probe st... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.836 | ["communication", "innovation", "networking", "social_justice", "philosophy"] | 474 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.102268 | [
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harder to reconcile with the prevailing account. For instance, in apparent contradiction of the sustained attention model, maintaining a constant attentional focus on cued representations is not necessary for retrocues to benefit behavior: After a retrocue has been fully processed, attention can be withdrawn from the c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.836 | ["communication", "war_conflict"] | 437 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.102442 | [
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on [ 44 ] without impacting the retrocue benefit. These findings can be readily explained in our framework since, after prioritization and reformatting are complete, a sustained selective bias is no longer strictly necessary. As we argue, retrocueing benefits arise in large part due to the prospective reformatting of t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.432 | 0.856 | ["innovation", "social_justice", "philosophy", "communication", "salary"] | 493 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.102606 | [
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tored items could be prioritized at minimal cost. This is consistent with the finding that benefits can occur without costs to uncued items under some circumstances [ 18 , 46 – 48 , 92 ]. At least in principle, resource tradeoffs are not a necessity for benefits. Arguably, our framework is also consistent with the intu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.595 | 0.86 | ["salary", "economy"] | 475 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.102765 | [
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time as they become relevant to behavior [ 93 ]. For example, previously uncued items can be subsequently refocused by a second retrocue [ 44 , 45 ] or an internally generated change in expectation [ 94 ]. In each case, the retrocue effectively increases net WM capacity. In contrast to our proposal, a sustained interna... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.86 | ["communication", "economy"] | 499 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.102925 | [
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therefore cannot explain such findings as easily. As mentioned above, invalid trials do seem to create costs in some studies. In our framework, such costs could still occur for a variety of reasons. Firstly, there are scenarios in which the initial selection step could create costs to uncued representations. For exampl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.428 | 0.868 | ["crisis", "communication", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.103109 | [
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ing all resources solely on the cued item by dropping uncued items from memory [ 83 ]. Such a strategy would be less successful when cues have lower validity, where it pays off to maintain uncued items in case of an invalid trial [ 46 – 48 , 95 , 96 ]. Additionally, high-validity cues might be used on a relatively high... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.856 | ["crisis", "strategy", "salary"] | 447 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.103264 | [
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anding Questions ). Box 3. Outstanding Questions. What is the representational format and neural substrate of a prioritized WM item? How does this format relate to the representation of task sets or task rules? What is the relationship between cue validity and the size of the retrocueing effect? Are similar prioritizat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.706 | ["philosophy", "communication", "networking"] | 509 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.103432 | [
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continuous stream of thoughts passing through WM. How do we extend the concept of flexible prioritization to continuous, temporally extended cognition? How do we switch between an internal and an external focus? Do long-term memory and working memory share selection and prioritization mechanisms? Furthermore, how does ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.83 | [] | 465 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.103576 | [
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ory can induce forgetting of associated memories. Does a similar phenomenon exist in WM? Can we dissociate the short-term representation of task goals or rules from the representation of other kinds of content in WM? Does the neural dissociability of goals and content depend on the task context? WM is sustained by seve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.577 | 0.834 | ["communication"] | 436 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.103735 | [
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itional notion of the attention-guiding template? What other sources of attentional guidance exist, and what can the fractionation of WM tell us about the fractionation of the control of attention? The selection step might also account for effects of retrocueing on the precision of memory in some studies. Memory errors... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.543 | 0.864 | ["communication"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.103893 | [
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g, and errors due to misreporting the feature of an incorrect item [ 97 , 98 ]. The selection step, by strengthening the association between a cued location and the features of the object presented at that location, and by suppressing some of the residual interference from other items stored in WM, could lead to reduct... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.712 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 456 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.104050 | [
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reases in memory precision [ 46 , 59 , 83 , 84 ]. However, the neural basis of this effect is unknown and difficult to fully explain, even within the sustained attention account. Finally, the selection step may also be used to select an ensemble of multiple items from working memory when multi-item cues are used [ 99 ]... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.414 | 0.886 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.104204 | [
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], possibly drawing on the visual system’s representation of working memory contents at multiple, hierarchical organized spatial levels (from features bound to objects to ensembles of objects, [ 82 , 101 , 102 ]). Furthermore, invalidity costs may also arise during the second step of reformatting the cued item. When a ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.858 | ["philosophy", "innovation", "social_justice", "communication", "crisis"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.104374 | [
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errors in probe anticipation and task preparation, instead of or in addition to any memory errors. This seems to fit the general pattern of the data: in single-cue studies, an invalid trial will occur when the incorrect task set is prepared, and therefore generates switch costs or response conflict [ 19 ,e.g., 40 , 62 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.854 | ["crisis", "war_conflict"] | 452 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.105288 | [
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tion to reducing memory accuracy somewhat [ 96 ]. This would be expected when an incorrect probe is expected while uncued items are still partially retained in memory. By contrast, studies employing a second cue in the delay that can redirect prioritization to a previously uncued item tend to find smaller or no costs o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.862 | ["crisis"] | 449 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.105475 | [
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own to incur behavioral costs [ 88 , 106 , 107 ]. In our framework, probing an uncued item amounts to an unanticipated task switch because the response must now be based on different information. Because the task-set representation is necessarily limited (since only one given set of rules should determine actions at an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.836 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 418 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.105637 | [
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ce conflicting behavior), this could incur costs. Therefore, task-switching costs induced by setting up an inappropriate task set, over and above impaired memory alone, may explain performance decreases for uncued items. Importantly, this need not indicate a competition between the memory representations themselves. As... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.836 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 464 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.105798 | [
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ple, when a second cue cancels a prior retrocue). In sum, our framework is consistent with a number of behavioral findings that are difficult to reconcile with a purely attentional account. Our framework, based on representational reformatting, relates to previous proposals [ 19 , 95 ] arguing that retrocues modulate t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.596 | 0.842 | ["communication", "crisis", "innovation", "social_justice", "philosophy"] | 474 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.105961 | [
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er stimuli are deleted to provide more resources. Importantly, our framework makes several testable predictions about the nature of the cueing benefit. First, knowing the form of recall will affect the magnitude of the retrocue benefit because it will allow for more specific task set preparation. Second, several studie... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220802/ | Prioritizing Information during Working Memory: Beyond Sustained Internal Attention - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.445 | 0.87 | ["philosophy"] | 501 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T16:30:52.106109 | [
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0.007295569404959679,
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-0.0203... |
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