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rical value of; express numerically perceive * 1. To become aware of directly through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing 2. To achieve understanding of; apprehend get info * No explicit definition available decide * 1. To settle conclusively all contention or uncertainty about 2. To influence or determine t... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.726 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 504 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.874232 | [
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ge of 3. To give authoritative instructions to 4. To cause to move toward a goal; aim 5. To show or indicate the way for 6. To cause to move in or follow a straight 7. To indicate the intended recipient on (a letter, for example) 8. To address or adapt (remarks, for example) to a specific person, audience, or purpose 9... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.73 | ["philosophy", "communication", "war_conflict"] | 486 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.874395 | [
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k b. To supervise the performance of intercede 1. To plead on another's behalf 2. To act as mediator in a dispute aviate To operate an aircraft; fly communicate 1. a. To convey information about; make known; impart b. To reveal clearly; manifest 2. To spread to others; transmit correct 1. a. To remove the errors or mis... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.33 | 0.734 | ["philosophy", "communication"] | 504 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.874523 | [
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meet a required standard or condition manage * 1. To direct or control the use of; handle 2. a. To exert control over b. To make submissive to one's authority, discipline, or persuasion 3. To direct the affairs or interests of 4. To succeed in accomplishing or achieving, especially with difficulty; contrive or arrange ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.712 | ["crisis", "salary", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 492 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.874660 | [
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. To begin and carry through to completion; do 2. To take action in accordance with the requirements of; fulfill 3. a. To enact (a feat or role) before an audience b. To give a public presentation of; present accomplish 1. To succeed in doing; bring to pass 2. To reach the end of; complete observe 1. To be or become aw... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.726 | ["communication", "war_conflict"] | 489 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.874779 | [
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entific observation 4. To say casually; remark 5. To adhere to or abide by move 1. To change in position from one point to another 2. To progress in sequence; go forward 3. To follow a specified course 4. To progress toward a particular state or condition 5. To start off; depart 6. To change posture or position; stir 7... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.317 | 0.736 | ["war_conflict"] | 488 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.874915 | [
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ergy 9. To initiate an action; act 9 carry out 1. To put into practice or effect 2. To follow or obey 3. To bring to a conclusion; accomplish concentrate 1. a. To converge toward or meet in a common center b. To increase by degree; gather 2. To direct one's thoughts or attention see 1. To perceive with the eye 2. a. To... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.365 | 0.75 | ["war_conflict"] | 500 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875056 | [
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stand; comprehend 5. To consider to be; regard 6. To believe possible; imagine 7. To foresee 8. To know through firsthand experience; undergo 9. To give rise to or be characterized by 10. To find out; ascertain take emergency action No explicit definition available point 1. To direct or aim 2. To bring (something) to n... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.353 | 0.72 | ["crisis"] | 501 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875195 | [
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ut into practical effect; carry out navigate * 1. To plan, record, and control the course and position of (a ship or an aircraft) 2. To follow a planned course on, across, or through generate 1. a. To bring into being; give rise to b. To produce as a result of a chemical or physical process 1 Many respondents listed di... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.876 | [] | 495 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875290 | [
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ing the aircraft, it was counted as one response. TABLE 4 Verbs describing “tactical behavior” along with their corresponding response counts. The starred (*) verbs were cited by SMEs in both the tactical and the strategic verbs. The second column (# of responses ) lists the number of times SME listed the verb as an ex... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.878 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875388 | [
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ioned or alluded to in other tactical verb definitions. The fourth column (# of references in def.s for strategic verbs ) lists the number of times this verb was mentioned or alluded to in the strategic verb definitions (Table 1). Verb # of responses # of references in def.s for other tactical verbs # of references in ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.832 | ["strategy", "decision_making"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875507 | [
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perceive * 1 1 3 get info * 1 0 1 decide * 1 0 2 direct * 1 5 6 intercede 1 0 0 aviate 1 0 0 10 communicate 1 0 0 correct 1 0 0 manage * 1 1 2 compensate 1 0 0 perform 1 2 1 accomplish 1 2 1 observe 1 0 0 move 1 3 1 carry out 1 1 0 concentrate 1 0 1 see 1 0 0 take emergency action 1 0 0 point 1 0 1 assess 1 0 0 impleme... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.483 | 0.694 | ["communication", "strategy", "decision_making", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 478 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875602 | [
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ant by tactical and strategic in a few sentences. Excerpts from these comments that the author found particularly interesting are given below. The entire set of responses can be found in Appendix B Strategic “… thinking ahead of the airplane, mission & flight planning, setting long term goals and plans for accomplishin... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.84 | ["strategy", "education", "philosophy"] | 481 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875696 | [
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— concern about future states and situations vs. current states and situations.” “Primary distinguishing factor: focus on near term vs. far term goals & tasks — not sure what the magic number is for time, but probably in the neighborhood of <5 minutes (maybe as low as <2 minutes) is tactical. Secondary distinguishing f... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.596 | 0.86 | ["strategy"] | 510 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875796 | [
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thods, and (lower) actions required to accomplish this mission; this can include strategies for contingencies. strategic FPM (Flight Path Management) includes route planning, identifying contingency conditions and methods for coping with them....” “Strategic behavior in the cockpit is planning for flight tasks/maneuver... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.844 | ["strategy", "management"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.875894 | [
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ht tasks maneuvers.” "Actions or plans related to long-term goals" “Strategic requirements, tasks and behaviors relate to situation awareness — the integrated understanding and correlation of the myriad of variables that affect vehicle flight path and systems management. Strategic issues focus on the rationale for pres... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.846 | ["strategy", "management", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876002 | [
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s should be taken later on — long range planning, reviewing approach, missed approach, and landing procedures, planning contingencies or what-ifs, etc.” “Planning the future state of the vehicle. This would include navigation (where am I going) and guidance (how do I get there).” “Strategic behavior on the flight deck ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.862 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876095 | [
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ich render existing plans unworkable or undesirable.” “… much strategic behavior takes place before entering the cockpit. It probably begins with learning the time and destination of the flight. This initiates a cognitive review that includes study of the airports, routes, probable weather and special procedures. The s... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.828 | ["strategy", "education"] | 456 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876193 | [
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ther, airplane condition and crew considerations. Once airborne, strategic and tactical considerations are often inseparable.” “… strategy is what you do when there's nothing to do (e.g., prepare for approach/landing during cruise, preflight brief, flight plan, etc.)” “Strategic behaviors on the flight deck are any par... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.856 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876281 | [
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anning in advance for all or long (> 20 minutes) portions of the trip — taking into account anticipated conditions — and setting nav/com/fms for those planned intentions.” Tactical “... relates to immediate tasks, setting and accomplishing short-term goals, performing and responding quickly without time for knowledge-b... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.545 | 0.846 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876376 | [
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ng in "real time."” “tactical behavior includes all immediate activity in response to external stimuli and required as a means of accomplishing pre-established goals pertaining to a strategy.” “… flight tasks/maneuvers currently in progress or ones in the immediate future. Tactical behavior is reactionary.” “… associat... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.397 | 0.842 | ["strategy"] | 453 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876474 | [
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ectly affect the flight path or critical systems. Tactical requirements are often immediate, and emphasize what it is that needs to be done, rather than the rationale for doing it.” “Tactical behaviors are near-term or current action — means to fly (aviate) the airplane. Keep it right-side up. To navigate — what action... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.387 | 0.866 | [] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876561 | [
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ior is the identification of a circumstance/situation/condition with near-term implications and the implementation of a trained/pre-established response to rapidly mitigate the situation.” “Controlling the current state of the vehicle. This would include navigation (where am I) and guidance (where should I be and how d... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.393 | 0.84 | [] | 483 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876641 | [
-0.05847683548927307,
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0.06870964914560318,
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with the primary flight controller and throttles. It includes use of autopilot, changes to the airplane configuration, and communications with ATC.” “… tactics are what you do when you have to do something (e.g., climb, descend, avoid hitting an aircraft, report in, respond to ATC)” “... describing current activities” ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.385 | 0.854 | ["communication"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876731 | [
0.008378542959690094,
0.015738705173134804,
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0.022270211949944496,
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on the flight deck means reacting to unexpected events, revising plans over short time periods (less than 20 minutes), involves actually controlling the plane, to carry out those revised plans.” Summary Each verb descriptor was scored in the following manner to produce its discriminative value. For each verb the score ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.344 | 0.876 | [] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876814 | [
0.007862810976803303,
0.03373869135975838,
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0.021072696894407272,
0.04437577724456787,
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0.006045... | ||
ber of times the verb was cited in the opposing category either directly or indirectly minus 1 if the verb was directly cited. The formula for computing the score follows. Discriminative Value Score = (# of responses) + (# of references in def.s for other same category verbs) – (# of references in def.s for strategic v... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.862 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 471 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.876918 | [
0.0160109493881464,
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0.0017448903527110815,
0.021673506125807762,
0.10869487375020981,
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0.06265664... | ||
strong discriminators between the two behaviors. If a verb was cited many times by the SMEs, that would indicate that it was very descirptive of that category. Similarly, if the verb was cited in the other definitions of verb descriptors it should be even more descriptive. The more descriptive a verb is, the greater th... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.275 | 0.874 | [] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877011 | [
-0.039802663028240204,
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0.005003110971301794,
0.02950890175998211,
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0.028638595715165138,
0.03... | ||
uld imply that it was not a good discriminator and it decreased the discrimination value score. Finally, if a verb was cited in both tactical and strategic, an additional point was subtracted because that meant that it had less discriminative value. If a verb was cited often in both, then the net result would be closer... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.364 | 0.87 | ["strategy"] | 481 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877099 | [
-0.021990826353430748,
0.0034153549931943417,
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0.0038078047800809145,
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Table 6 shows the scores for the tactical verbs. 1 This is not to say that the verb does not describe the behavior. It simply states that it is common in both behaviors and therefore does not discriminate between the two. 13 TABLE 5 Strategic verb discriminative value scores. Verbs Score Plan 20 Think 7 Arrange, Formul... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.864 | ["strategy", "decision_making", "economy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877194 | [
0.053049977868795395,
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0.01231047511100769,
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cide, Elaborate, Establish, Evaluate, Get Ready, Inquire, Integrate, Map, Modify, Monitor, Optimize, Plot, Proceduralize, Rationalize, Rehearse, Schedule, Think Ahead, Understand 1 Know, Execute, Perceive 0 Get info, Navigate, Manage -1 React, Direct -2 TABLE 6 Tactical verb discriminative value scores. Verbs Score Act... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.553 | 0.694 | ["communication", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877285 | [
0.016951337456703186,
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0.0037497729063034058,
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0.06033290922641754,
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0.0710... | ||
erate, Implement, Intercede, Observe, See, Take Emergency Action 1 Evaluate, Concentrate, Point 0 Get info, Direct, Manage, Navigate -1 Perceive, Decide -2 The following verbs received a score of 0 or less and can therefore should not be considered as discriminators between tactical and strategic behaviors: Get Informa... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.666 | ["strategy", "decision_making", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 412 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877379 | [
0.07317961007356644,
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0.006361186970025301,
0.03419971466064453,
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0.08496140... | ||
eive, Understand, Direct, Concentrate, and Point. Close scrutiny of the sentence descriptions provided by the SMEs reveal other aspects not implicated in the verb descriptors. One of the aspects is time. Many of the SMEs viewed time as a discriminator with tactical being short-term and strategic being long-term. The ti... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.832 | ["strategy"] | 429 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877464 | [
0.06569579988718033,
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0.024239132180809975,
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0.0831897035241127,
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0.030658695... | ||
and strategic ranged from 2 to 20 minutes ahead. Another distinction was the type of processing that is occurring, namely skill-based, rule-based, or knowledge-based. Skill and rule were primarily tactical and knowledge-based was primarily strategic. Goal aggregation or abstraction was also used to distinguish between ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.842 | ["strategy", "education"] | 475 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877560 | [
0.07432150095701218,
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0.07800989... | ||
oals is much broader than that of tactical goals. In military terms, tactical goals are concerned with winning the battle while strategic goals are concerned with winning the war. Similarly the scope or breadth of information also appeared to discriminate with strategic information having a broader scope in terms of ty... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict", "strategy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877654 | [
0.0776638612151146,
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0.0677715316414833,
0.017172966... | ||
on the flight deck – both physically or mentally. That is, strategic behavior was that behavior that could occur outside the flight deck or when there was “nothing” required to be done on the flight deck. Tactical behavior requires the pilot to be mentally and physically present on the flight deck. One quote is worth r... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.868 | ["strategy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877752 | [
0.09572877734899521,
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ctical considerations are often inseparable.” 14 Discussion The verb descriptors seem to point toward the difference between planning and carrying out those plans. Tactical verbs are more action-oriented verbs that change the state of the world after they have been accomplished. Strategic verbs are more prescriptive in... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.601 | 0.862 | ["strategy", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877857 | [
0.030281148850917816,
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0.070... | ||
k” is second behind “Plan” in strategic behavior. One way of describing the difference is that strategic behavior is thinking about doing it and tactical is actually doing it. Along those lines, the definitions for the strategic verbs use the term “mind” nine times and the term “mental” two times, whereas “mind” is not... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.876 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.877948 | [
0.06082679331302643,
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0.014089... | ||
rategic behavior occurs more in the mind than in the actual world. This was expressed in one of the comments that stated that strategic behavior could occur outside of the flight deck, whereas tactical behavior must occur in the aircraft. Therefore, one possible way of describing the difference between tactical and str... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.86 | ["strategy"] | 510 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878039 | [
0.08671128004789352,
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(i.e., planning, prognosticating, and preparing). Tactical behavior means being immersed in the here-and-now of the situation and limited to the information currently available. Strategic behavior allows the pilot to rise above (ahead of and out of) the situation and look at the big picture, look ahead and behind, and ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.86 | ["strategy", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878140 | [
0.06674478203058243,
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y and the FMS represent strategic devices in that they present a “God’s eye view” or “Plan view” that can interact with and describe situations far from the aircraft’s current position (e.g., planning a landing at the destination shortly after take off, or planning an alternate that will likely never be taken.) Resourc... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.86 | ["strategy", "philosophy", "faith_spirituality"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878238 | [
0.13079984486103058,
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ed in strategic behavior (e.g., looking at the big picture) usually requires a decrease in detail. Likewise, the human must have spare resources to rise above the tactical in order to think strategically. If the tactical environment is a high-workload one or greatly time-pressured, the pilot may not have the resources ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.832 | ["strategy"] | 426 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878341 | [
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c behavior is optional, but tactical is required. At each moment, you must do something (even if that something is nothing.) You do not have to think about it. This interpretation brings to the fore the need for a dynamic balance between tactical and strategic behavior. If a pilot is too immersed in a particular proble... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.704 | ["strategy"] | 444 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878434 | [
0.04362622648477554,
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of the big picture (e.g., terrain or fuel state). Likewise, if the pilot is overly concerned with future and broad consequences and information, he may overlook some critical tactical detail (e.g., gear position). Counterintuitive Results There were two surprises from this analysis – two verbs that were expected to be ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.572 | 0.864 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878521 | [
0.09330625087022781,
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hat it was not a good discriminator between tactical and strategic. The definition for Navigate provides some insight. It describes navigating as both planning a route and then following that route or course. For example, I can navigate around rocks and rapids when white water rafting or I can navigate a route on chart... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.84 | ["strategy"] | 423 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878615 | [
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0... | ||
cute was expected to be associated with Tactical. The definition for Execute is loaded with action verbs such as do, perform, and carry out. Yet it was mentioned once — only in the Strategic verbs! Perhaps this is due to the usage of the word; for example, you may hear that someone may execute a strategy, but you don’t... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.894 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878718 | [
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in the FMS to the guidance system in the aircraft. Here, Execute represents a bridge from strategic to tactical. 15 Confusion Arising from Tactical and Strategic Returning now to the flight deck, we can take a preliminary look at the distinction of the FMS CDU as a strategic device and the inceptors and MCP as tactical... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.88 | ["strategy"] | 490 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878816 | [
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ptors and MCP can be used to carry out that plan. However, closer inspection shows that the FMS is not used exclusively for planning. It is used for moving the aircraft in that a plan in the FMS can be directly coupled to the autopilot and therefore result in movement in the aircraft. The pilot can make changes in the ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.894 | ["strategy"] | 509 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.878901 | [
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larly, the MCP can be used in a strategic manner. The altitude indicator is often used as a limit on the aircraft’s altitude rather than a control. For example: The aircraft can be planned to eventually ascend to 30,000 feet based on commands from the FMS. The pilot can dial in 25,000 feet while the aircraft is at 10,0... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.345 | 0.876 | ["strategy"] | 483 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879000 | [
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00 feet, this action would never have any effect. It will only come into play later in the flight when the FMS drives the aircraft to ascend to 30,000. Rather than ascending to 30,000 feet, it would level off at 25,000 feet. It is often the case that situations like these cause the pilot to wonder what the aircraft is ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.33 | 0.87 | ["management"] | 465 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879093 | [
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system, I believe that it is a major contributor. It would be interesting to design a flight management system that was based on the distinction of tactical and strategic that has been described here. That is, one set of controls and displays for actually moving the aircraft and another set of controls and displays for... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.874 | ["strategy", "management"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879188 | [
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aft, but changes in the plan would not actually move the aircraft. Conclusion Seventeen subject matter experts provided opinions on the definitions of tactical and strategic within the aviation domain. These experts provided five verbs and a sentence describing both tactical and strategic behavior. The verbs most often... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.826 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 442 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879280 | [
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Formulate, Intend, Devise, Anticipate, and Order. The verbs most often mentioned exclusively for tactical behavior were Act, Fly, Respond, Do, Avoid, Control, React, and Move. Just as interesting were the verbs that were common to both tactical and strategic were Get Information, Navigate, Know, Execute, Manage, Percei... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.838 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 461 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879374 | [
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either a tactical sense or in a strategic sense. The responses seem to point toward the difference between planning (strategic) and carrying out those plans (tactical). Tactical verbs are more action-oriented verbs that change the state of the world after they have been accomplished. Strategic verbs are more prescripti... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.595 | 0.84 | ["strategy", "war_conflict"] | 429 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879471 | [
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er a procedure or program for changing the world. The pilot is in a tactical mode when actually moving the aircraft and in a strategic mode when thinking about moving it (i.e., planning, prognosticating, and preparing). The results of this study represent a first step toward designing a flight deck that better matches ... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.609 | 0.866 | ["strategy", "education", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879566 | [
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us pilot communities (e.g., airline pilots, general aviation pilots). 16 Acronym List ATC Air Traffic Control CDU Cockpit Display Unit (or Control and Display Unit) FMS Flight Management System MCP Mode Control Panel NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration PFD Primary Flight Display SME Subject Matter Expert... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.682 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 449 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879648 | [
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on and prioritization of flight deck information. Paper presented at the 7th Annual International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH. Merriam. (1976). Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merrian Company. 17 Appendix A: Subject Matter Expert Backgrounds SME 1 Aviation Hum... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.533 | 0.7 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879716 | [
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ASA SME 4 Flight Deck Design Researcher for US Airframe manufacturer SME 5 Flight Deck Design Researcher for US Airframe manufacturer SME 6 Flight Deck Design Researcher for US Airframe manufacturer Former Test Pilot for US Airframe manufacturer SME 7 Flight Deck Design Researcher for NASA Private Pilot and Flight Inst... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.679 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879784 | [
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earcher for NASA Private Pilot Former Military Pilot SME 11 Flight Deck Design Researcher for US Airframe manufacturer SME 12 Flight Deck Design Researcher for NASA Private Pilot 18 SME 13 Former Airline Captain Former Military Pilot SME 14 Flight Deck Design Researcher for US Airframe manufacturer SME 15 Aviation Huma... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.714 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879860 | [
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ASA 19 Appendix B: SME Complete Comments SME 1 TACTICAL Relates to immediate tasks, setting and accomplishing short-term goals, performing and responding quickly without time for knowledge-based reasoning, high workload situations in which pilot attention and workload is focused on accomplishing items with near-in dead... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.692 | ["philosophy", "strategy", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879925 | [
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mplishing goals, knowledge-based reasoning about issues/plans/problems, contingency planning, anticipating future events — concern about future states and situations vs current states and situations. Primary distinguishing factor: focus on near term vs far term goals & tasks — not sure what the magic number is for time... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.85 | ["strategy", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.879999 | [
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f tasks requiring immediate attention SME 2 TACTICAL Tactical behavior includes all immediate activity in response to external stimuli and required as a means of accomplishing pre-established goals pertaining to a strategy. Tactical Flight Path Management means active aircraft maneuvering for immediate response. Tactic... | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.816 | ["communication", "strategy", "management"] | 423 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.880073 | [
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ediately relevant or responding to another agent. STRATEGIC Strategic behavior derives from the mission and serves to identify the methods, and (lower) actions required to accomplish this mission; this can include strate | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040191538/downloads/20040191538.pdf | November 2004 NASA/TM-2004-213024 Definitions of Tactical and Strategic: | ntrs.nasa.gov | public_domain | false | 0.613 | 0.764 | ["strategy"] | 220 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:45.880141 | [
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Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2022 Jul 15;19(14):8617. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19148617 Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System Claudia Huebner Claudia Huebner 1 Department of General Business Administration and Health Care Management, University of Greifswald... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.834 | ["management", "strategy", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.082566 | [
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of General Business Administration and Health Care Management, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; claudia.huebner@uni-greifswald.de Find articles by Steffen Flessa 1, * Editors: Paul B Tchounwou 1 , Anna Lewandowska 1 , Justyna Berniak-Woźny 1 Author information Article notes Copyright and License inf... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.826 | ["management", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.082909 | [
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udia.huebner@uni-greifswald.de * Correspondence: steffen.flessa@uni-greifswald.de Roles Paul B Tchounwou : Academic Editor Anna Lewandowska : Academic Editor Justyna Berniak-Woźny : Academic Editor Received 2022 May 13; Accepted 2022 Jul 13; Collection date 2022 Jul. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzer... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.676 | ["innovation"] | 489 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.083059 | [
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( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9324431 PMID: 35886468 Abstract Strategic management is becoming increasingly important for sustainable management in healthcare. The reasons for this can be seen in the increasing complexity, dynamics and uncertainty of the system’s regim... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.616 | 0.83 | ["strategy", "management", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 479 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.083220 | [
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e is the aim of the present analytical framework. The starting point is the definition of the term strategic management itself, followed by a reflection on the requirements resulting from the changes in the political, social and economic value systems of our post-industrial society. In this context, Dynaxity Zone III i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.846 | ["strategy", "management", "crisis"] | 482 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.083378 | [
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of strategic management as important parameters. For a practical illustration, we demonstrate two selected applications (German hospital financing systems and development process of implants) and how the implementation of strategic management in the health care system shows success. Keywords: strategic management, dyna... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.832 | ["strategy", "management", "resume"] | 509 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.083521 | [
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ly used in the practice and theory of healthcare. However, the terms are not as simple as they might seem, and in reality, many managers are still micromanaging without a strategic perspective. Consequently, it is worthwhile to unfold the meaning of the terms and to analyse their relevance in healthcare. The term “stra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.834 | ["strategy", "management", "leadership", "war_conflict"] | 421 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.083652 | [
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ategos) meaning “general” or “leader of an army”. Thus, the original meaning of strategy is the theory or study of warfare and everything a good leader of an army should know. Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831) developed in his famous book “ Vom Kriege ” ( About War) the first (European) theory of strategy distinguishing ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.876 | ["war_conflict", "strategy", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.083781 | [
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ter term goes far beyond that and tries to utilize different instruments for the final objective of winning the war. This not only includes battles but also withdrawals, alliances, negotiations and circumventions. V. Clausewitz was a Prussian officer serving the Russian Czar during the Russian Campaign (1812–1813). He ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict", "strategy", "negotiation", "networking", "diplomacy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.083923 | [
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5–1813) was to withdraw and even avoid battles—an approach of warfare that was unusual at that time and even made some to accuse him as coward. His credo “We must win the war—not the battle” strongly influences the strategic thinking of v. Clausewitz in his later years as the director of the Prussian “Kriegsakademie” (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.872 | ["war_conflict", "strategy", "management"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.084059 | [
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t are widely applied in management today such that “ Vom Kriege ” is mandatory reading in many business schools until today. These dimensions are as follows [ 2 , 3 ]: Long-term: Strategy always focusses on the long-term consequences of actions. The manager—as the commander-in-chief—should pay more attention to the fin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.854 | ["strategy", "management", "leadership", "salary", "education"] | 489 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.084191 | [
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lways covers and affects the entire organization. There is no “middle-management strategy”. Complexity: As the strategy covers the entire organization and long-term consequences, many different elements and dimensions are involved, i.e., strategy has to deal with a high degree of complexity. Uncertainty: The long-term ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.676 | ["strategy", "management"] | 461 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.084326 | [
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rucial for strategy and require more explanation. “Complexity” stems from Latin “cum plectrum“, meaning connected, interwoven or interdependent. Thus, a system is not complex because it consists of many similar elements, but because the elements are different and have a high number of relations between them. These rela... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.852 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.084470 | [
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information on each single component exists [ 4 ]. Uncertainty means that the conditions of the environment and system behavior are not known and/or their transitions are subject to certain probabilities [ 5 ]. The longer the distance between the point of planning and the point of action, the higher the degree of uncer... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.339 | 0.862 | ["strategy", "decision_making", "faith_spirituality", "philosophy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.084612 | [
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e consequence of many small decisions and events, which add up and result in chaotic system behavior. Frequently, this kind of uncertainty exists because we have a rational opponent or antagonist. This is the field of strategy seeking to achieve one’s own objectives while expecting countermeasures of the opponent but a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.516 | 0.862 | ["strategy", "decision_making", "networking", "diplomacy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.084743 | [
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n that analyses the complexity and uncertainty of the system and makes decision under the consideration of all potential stakeholders [ 7 ]. For a business unit, we have to distinguish the following: Domaine: What is our business field, i.e., with what products to do want to serve which group of customers with which ne... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.409 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "decision_making"] | 436 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.084872 | [
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itors (quality leaders, price leaders and niche)? Competence: What is our core competence and how can we develop it (resources and potentials)? Alliance: With whom do we want to achieve our goals and how strongly do we cooperate? It was frequently stated that operational management means “to do things right”, while str... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "management", "strategy", "networking", "diplomacy"] | 448 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.084998 | [
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could argue that it is correct but insufficient. Strategic management means “to do the right things right” by focusing on the long-term consequences of our actions in an environment of uncertainty and complexity. While we develop strategies, we do not know all the parameters, we expect new interdependencies to arise an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.854 | ["strategy", "management", "decision_making", "networking", "diplomacy"] | 494 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.085130 | [
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Figure 1 shows the strategic management process. The starting point always involves strategic objectives including the vision and mission of the enterprise. This is the domain of business ethics, i.e., strategic management without ethical reflection on the value and resulting objectives is infeasible. Based on these ob... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.852 | ["strategy", "management", "ethics"] | 506 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.085266 | [
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development of a strategy or a set of strategies. Based on the objectives, the strategic manager selects a strategic program and implements it. In principle, the strategic management process is similar to a general management process, but the time-frame, the degree of uncertainty, the relevance of the decisions and the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.616 | 0.866 | ["strategy", "management", "decision_making"] | 496 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.085393 | [
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c Management Process. Source own, based on [ 7 ]. These days, many healthcare services are more influenced by etatism than many other fields of business administration. The traditional time-horizon of healthcare is the annual budget provided by governments or parastatals (e.g., social health insurances) [ 9 ]. The main... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.335 | 0.854 | ["governance", "management"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.085556 | [
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-term development of potentials are still less focused upon. Even if the first efforts towards a strategic approach have already been made by larger healthcare systems and individual profit-oriented institutions, strategic thinking and management have not yet been sufficiently recognized and implemented in most traditi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.429 | 0.842 | ["strategy", "management", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.085685 | [
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consideration of dynamics, complexity and uncertainty are crucial for the healthcare system. For this purpose, the next two sections discuss the characteristics of healthcare systems in the post-industrial era. Afterwards, we analyse the instruments and personal characteristics required to implement successful strategi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.36 | 0.828 | ["strategy", "management", "crisis", "war_conflict", "education"] | 475 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.085807 | [
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Germany and research and development of implants. The paper closes with some conclusions on how strategic thinking and management can contribute to the health and wellbeing of human beings. 2. Dynaxity There seems to be general agreement that the last decades have witnessed tremendous changes in political, social, econ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.852 | ["strategy", "management", "crisis", "negotiation"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.085946 | [
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ividualisation has frequently been discussed [ 10 ], but their impact on healthcare systems is insufficiently reflected. Rieckmann introduced the term “Dynaxity” as an artificial construct to describe the economy and society of the new millennium with the three characteristics: dynamics, complexity and uncertainty [ 11... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.301 | 0.836 | ["management", "economy"] | 456 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.086076 | [
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relevance for healthcare systems and management. The term Dynaxity describes the dynamics, complexity and uncertainty of a system. Every an open system has a tendency to restore its steady-state-equilibrium and avoid changes because any alteration requires energy and induces uncertainty; i.e., open systems are usually ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.365 | 0.858 | ["management", "family", "philosophy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.086232 | [
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annot be maintained is the system has to react and adjust its structure. Otherwise, homeostasis will lead to the extinction of the system. Economic systems are constantly under the pressure to change as the environment changes frequently. Under the pressure of change, they will only survive if they can expand beyond th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.678 | ["family", "philosophy"] | 422 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.086356 | [
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lly, the system is in a steady-state equilibrium. It fulfils its function in its environment and is able to absorb smaller internal or external perturbations (synchronic systems regime). If the perturbations grow so strongly that they cannot be absorbed any longer within the existing structures, the system begins to fl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.356 | 0.838 | [] | 430 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.086479 | [
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ous that the system will never be the same again. In most cases, the system will find a new equilibrium, which is adjusted relative to the new environment and usually on a higher energy level ( Figure 2 ). Figure 2. Open in a new tab Transformation into a new systems regime. Source own, based on [ 13 ]. Changes in the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.88 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.086620 | [
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icrostructure cannot handle it will the meso structure (entire system) become involved. Moreover, the mesostructure will be passed onto the macrostructure, i.e., the economic or political system, only if it cannot absorb the fluctuations. A stable mesostructure can absorb quite an amount of pressure, but if the necessa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.824 | [] | 424 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.086738 | [
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tructure might become inflexible or even fragile. The development of new structures and functions of systems require a steady flow of energy. Ecological systems are finally based on the flow of energy from the sun, but social systems can utilize the creativity of human beings as the ultimate source of energy to adjust ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.84 | ["innovation"] | 435 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.086858 | [
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d to changes of the environment and survive them. Thus, innovations are the foundation of the survival of open systems, and their evolution is the condition for survival. However, innovations are not only the solution for problems but also the cause of perturbations. In a dynamic economy, an innovation will prosper the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.858 | ["innovation", "crisis", "economy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.086990 | [
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tition usually means “creative destruction” [ 14 ]. One enterprise solves its challenges by an innovation, and others are driven in a crisis by exactly this innovation. They require further creativity and innovation to respond to this crisis and develop another innovation, which will then become the new standards again... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.343 | 0.864 | ["innovation", "crisis"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.087120 | [
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companied by an increase in energy but also an increase in complexity and dynamics. Depending on the degree of complexity and dynamics, different zones of Dynaxity (I-IV) can be derived [ 15 ]. In zone I, the system consists only of a few elements and the number of interdependencies and relations between these elements... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.279 | 0.856 | [] | 461 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.087278 | [
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d at well; i.e., the system can be called static. Consequently, almost all elements, their behaviour and the interdependencies are well-known; there is little uncertainty within the system. Zone I is typical for pre-industrial organisations, but even today, some private practitioners work in zone I with a small number ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.858 | ["crisis"] | 501 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.087406 | [
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to Mintzberg, this is a simple structure [ 16 ]. If complexity and/or dynamics increase, simple structures will be insufficient for survival in an altered environment. Consequently, zone II is an industrial era with big organisations comprising many hierarchical levels. These organisations follow strict rules of the di... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.411 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "strategy", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.087536 | [
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h the different layers of hierarchy takes some time. Thus, these technocracies and bureaucracies [ 16 ] are inadequate if the dynamics or complexity grow even stronger. The post-industrial era is characterised by very high complexity and dynamics leading to high uncertainty. The “dinosaur” organisations with long infor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.368 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "crisis", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.087670 | [
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ber of interrelations, institutional memory and intrinsic motivation of co-workers who are able and willing to sense changes of the environment early, adapt the structure of the network accordingly and develop innovations to keep the original function of the enterprise [ 11 ]. Finally, if dynamics and complexity increa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9324431/ | Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.838 | ["motivation", "innovation", "networking"] | 458 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:46.087796 | [
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... |
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