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measured compared to transformational leadership. Therefore, the adoption of transactional leadership behaviors in leadership roles may be less effective in increasing employee satisfaction and motivation unless complemented with the adoption of transformational leadership behaviors. As for passive-avoidant leadership,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.806 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "motivation"] | 430 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.318987 | [
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ive effects on employee performance and attitude. Because of these results, Latin American organizations will be able to figure out what behaviors or skills managers should look for and work on. They will focus on active behaviors that are linked to transactional styles, like setting clear goals, and transformational s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.832 | ["motivation", "philosophy", "management", "governance"] | 457 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319056 | [
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n lead to more motivated and satisfied employees. However, it’s important to keep in mind that context is crucial in defining the best leadership style. To sum up, this study effectively connects theoretical concepts to practical applications, offering a robust framework that enhances our understanding of leadership ef... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "education", "motivation", "resume", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319198 | [
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n, it’s important to consider its limitations when generalizing the results to different contexts than where it was conducted. It would be important to extend the research to different cultural contexts to observe how the full-range model manifests and its impact in other cultures, helping multinational companies creat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.844 | ["leadership"] | 494 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319294 | [
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exts to verify if the results remain significant. Additionally, given the significant gender-based samples, it could be analyzed to see if this control variable has any relevant effect on the three leadership styles Given the increased concern for being green or sustainable ( Abolnasser et al., 2023 ; Abdou et al., 202... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.618 | 0.874 | ["leadership", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319365 | [
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hip works in Latin America by looking at concepts that are different from transactional, transformational, and passive-avoidant leadership. These include authentic leadership, servant leadership, adaptive leadership, ethical leadership, and more. Data availability statement The raw data supporting the conclusions of th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319505 | [
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s involving humans because survey directed at companies who reviewed the instrument before dissemination. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Author contributions FG-L: ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.352 | 0.814 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict", "education"] | 446 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319562 | [
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ing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. JS-M: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. SA-A: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & edit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.796 | ["philosophy", "strategy", "war_conflict"] | 478 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319614 | [
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ing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Funding Statement The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319664 | [
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the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Supplementary material The Sup... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.682 | [] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319723 | [
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ry-material Data_Sheet_1.docx (1MB, docx) References Abolnasser M. S. A., Abdou A. H., Hassan T. H., Salem A. E. (2023). Transformational leadership, employee engagement, job satisfaction, and psychological well-being among hotel employees after the height of the COVID-19 pandemic: a serial mediation model. Int. J. Env... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.592 | 0.71 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 510 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319775 | [
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Al Abdulathim M. A., Hussni Hasan N. R., Salah M. H. A., Ali H. S. A. M., Kamel N. J. (2023). From green inclusive leadership to green organizational citizenship: exploring the mediating role of green work engagement and green organizational identification in the hotel industry context. Sustainability 15:14979. doi: 10... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.602 | 0.706 | ["leadership", "management", "economy", "education"] | 504 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319829 | [
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middle management nurses. Leadersh. Health Serv. 36, 153–163. doi: 10.1108/LHS-05-2022-0058 [ DOI ] [ Google Scholar ] Alhuzaim M. O., Elmoussa O., Pilotti M. A. E. (2022). Changing with the times: report on school leadership in a society in transition. Educ. Sci. 12:597. doi: 10.3390/educsci12090597 [ DOI ] [ Google S... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319887 | [
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ip theory using the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Leadersh. Q. 14, 261–295. doi: 10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00030-4 [ DOI ] [ Google Scholar ] Avolio B. J., Bass B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. in Manual and sampler set. (3rd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden Inc. [ Google Scholar ] Aymerich N.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.652 | 0.696 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 507 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.319943 | [
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aining programme within the Catalan police force. Policing 15, 2391–2406. doi: 10.1093/police/paab048 [ DOI ] [ Google Scholar ] Bajcar B., Babiak J. (2022). Transformational an | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11307206/ | Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.602 | ["philosophy"] | 177 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.320052 | [
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lectual stimulation and individual consideration. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Their search for intellectual stimulation leads them, over the course of years, to flounder through almost every branch of knowledge. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia ... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.518 | 0.844 | ["education"] | 470 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.523893 | [
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ly, sending and receiving several letters a week. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. For intellectual stimulation , he increasingly looked outside his daily work. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The term is ... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.499 | 0.848 | [] | 451 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524007 | [
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intellectual stimulation collocation in English meanings of intellectual and stimulation These words are often used together. Click on the links below to explore the meanings. Or, see other collocations with stimulation . intellectual adjective uk Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio / ˌɪn.t ə lˈek.tʃu.əl / us Your... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.481 | 0.688 | [] | 453 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524054 | [
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ty to think and understand things, especially ... See more at intellectual stimulation noun [U] uk Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio / ˌstɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃ ə n / us Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio / ˌstɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃ ə n / an action or thing that causes someone or something to become more active or enthusiastic,... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.496 | 0.86 | ["education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524105 | [
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rsity Press) Examples of intellectual stimulation These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Clearly there is no lack of intellectual stimulation . From the ... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.381 | 0.856 | ["negotiation", "education"] | 492 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524172 | [
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een compromised due to the behavior of the child. From the Cambridge English Corpus This thought-provoking collection is rich not only in insight and information but also in intellectual stimulation . From the Cambridge English Corpus These, as well as seed symposia and meetings, were fun, provided intellectual stimula... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.378 | 0.856 | ["negotiation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524232 | [
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types of intellectual stimulation , such as stimulation through toys and games, academic behavior, and the variety of stimulation. From the Cambridge English Corpus For a disquieting view of the vacuous rhetoric all too readily found in the corners of the globe represented by the contributors, this book provides intell... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.328 | 0.856 | ["rhetoric"] | 482 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524280 | [
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ad a life of declining intellectual stimulation . From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Language learning also provides enjoyment and intellectual stimulation , and encourages positive attitudes to other cultures and... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.489 | 0.84 | ["governance", "philosophy", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524328 | [
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nt Licence v3.0 That gives them a greater breadth of curriculum and intellectual stimulation and enables each child to reach his or her full potential. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Those in the experiment fo... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.511 | 0.84 | ["governance", "education", "philosophy"] | 470 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524377 | [
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ive ability for two years at ages three and four. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 He drew little comfort from the younger ones, as they did not provide him with the same intellectual stimulation as the older si... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.519 | 0.838 | ["governance", "philosophy"] | 420 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524435 | [
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pedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The enjoyment and intellectual stimulation that these dinners provided is evidenced by the numerous references to them in diaries and letters. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Jobs should also provide intellectual... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.368 | 0.858 | ["innovation", "career"] | 507 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524484 | [
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pedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The school's stated purpose is to provide academically inclined students an opportunity to grow in an environment of intellectual stimulation . From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The leader transforms and motivates ... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.583 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "motivation", "education", "philosophy"] | 458 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524532 | [
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autiful and/or provide intellectual stimulation . From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge Universit... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.489 | 0.87 | ["education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524594 | [
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with stimulation Word of the Day belly laugh UK Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio /ˈbel.i ˌlɑːf/ US Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio /ˈbel.i ˌlæf/ a loud, uncontrolled laugh About this Blog Applauding or heckling? (What audiences do) April 08, 2026 Read More New Words French Sunday April 13, 2026 More ne... | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.481 | 0.856 | [] | 505 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524639 | [
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ulation Other collocations with stimulation | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/example/english/intellectual-stimulation | INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION collocation | meaning and examples ... | dictionary.cambridge.org | unknown | false | 0.493 | 0.56 | [] | 43 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.524688 | [
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w the pace of Alzheimer’s pathology accumulation? Intriguingly, positron emission tomography (PET) amyloid imaging suggests education and cognitive activity may affect the dynamics of amyloid-β in the brain. Those with more education show less PET amyloid binding than those with less education at the same age ( Yasuno ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.85 | ["education"] | 459 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.734788 | [
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Psychol Sci Public Interest . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 25. Published in final edited form as: Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2020 Aug;21(1):1–5. doi: 10.1177/1529100620941808 How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and the brain throughout life? Mara Mather Mara Mather 1 Leonard Da... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.844 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.734952 | [
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ight and License information 1 Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Department of Psychology, University of Southern California PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC7831356 NIHMSID: NIHMS1662614 PMID: 32772802 The publisher's version of this article is available at Psychol Sci Public Interest See the article " Neostigmine, p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.82 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 426 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735021 | [
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ium. " in Anesthesiology , volume 53 on page 390. The effects of mental stimulation can extend for many years past the initial learning phase. Cognitively stimulating experiences early in life, such as extra years of education or becoming fluent in a second language, are associated with cognitive benefits years later. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.311 | 0.86 | ["education", "salary", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735079 | [
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ot get extra education or regularly switch between languages. Consider, for example, a post-mortem sample of 2372 participants who met neuropathological criteria for an Alzheimer’s diagnosis ( Roe, Xiong, Miller, & Morris, 2007 ). Within this large cohort who suffered from Alzheimer’s disease, there were no significant... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.385 | 0.834 | ["education"] | 466 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735163 | [
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a detectable impact on levels of brain pathology. However, clinical diagnoses before death were associated with education. On average, those who had received a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s had 2–3 years less education than those who had been clinically diagnosed as not having dementia. Thus, actual levels of brain patholog... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.822 | ["education"] | 411 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735218 | [
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ion, whereas late life cognitive functioning was. The concept of ‘cognitive reserve’ was formulated to account for the fascinating phenomenon in which education and stimulating occupations somehow allow the aging brain to cope better even as Alzheimer’s pathology accumulates ( Stern et al., 1994 ). Over the years since... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.872 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735270 | [
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18 ; Jones et al., 2011 ; Medaglia, Pasqualetti, Hamilton, Thompson-Schill, & Bassett, 2017 ; Satz, Cole, Hardy, & Rassovsky, 2011 ; Stern et al., 2019 ; Stern et al., 2018 ). Does education create cognitive reserve or just a higher cognitive peak? In their paper, Lövdén et al. review existing findings to examine how e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.866 | ["education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735336 | [
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nd cognitive function holds up across all adult ages as well as across birth cohorts, cultural contexts, races and genders. They then proceed to address the question of whether this association results from education attainment reflecting peak cognitive ability achieved in the process of that education or from a relati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.844 | ["education", "communication", "networking"] | 471 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735388 | [
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al question for the concept of cognitive reserve. In general, the concept of a reserve is something that is not necessary or influential initially but can play an important role later on. If educational attainment creates reserve capacity, that should be a capacity that is not needed initially but does become useful la... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.852 | ["education"] | 479 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735458 | [
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fferences in the peak cognitive ability achieved. It should change the pattern of cognitive decline seen across adulthood. This altered pattern could take multiple forms. Obviously, cognitive reserve could slow the rate of cognitive decline, as reserve capacity progressively fills in to compensate for loss in function.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.323 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 500 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735511 | [
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ognitive decline and may itself fade in strength. In general, the non-linear nature of cognitive decline ( Verhaeghen & Salthouse, 1997 ) poses a particular challenge for examining the relationship between educational attainment and age-related decline (see Lövdén et al.’s Fig. 4 for an illustration of this). The autho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.85 | ["crisis", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 506 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735575 | [
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entirely accounted for by methodological biases. Longitudinal data across the whole adult life course would be ideal for assessing this issue appropriately, but such studies are lacking. Based on their careful review of the literature that more heavily weights studies that have longitudinal data and use appropriate sta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.846 | ["education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735773 | [
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inconsistent, and that effect size estimates suggest it is at least 10 times smaller than the relationship between educational attainment and level of cognitive function. Thus, Lövdén et al.’s review suggests that ‘cognitive reserve’ is somewhat of a misnomer, as the benefits from education are not kept in reserve but ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.834 | ["education", "networking", "salary", "philosophy"] | 443 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735856 | [
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ve performance achieved before cognitive decline. Rates of decline from one’s peak cognitive ability are similar across levels of education. A paper published after Lövdén et al.’s literature search was completed illustrates their point in a large cohort ( Wilson et al., 2019 ). In this study, over 2000 older adults wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.86 | ["education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.735946 | [
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in the study, but no relationship between education and the rate of cognitive decline. The similar rates of decline across those with different education levels not only suggests that reserve capacity plays a minimal role in rates of cognitive decline, but also contrasts with theoretical predictions that education shou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.429 | 0.834 | ["education", "networking"] | 454 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736001 | [
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conditions such as increased occupational status. What can be done after formal education ends? For researchers (and individuals) interested in how to optimize late-life cognition, the robust association between education attainment and cognitive functioning throughout life is yet another reason among many to push for ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.846 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736062 | [
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stions about best approaches to protect or even enhance late-life cognition after full-time education has ended. While it is clear that education in childhood and early adulthood has lifelong benefits, does education (or similarly mentally stimulating activities) also help later in life? In particular, how can we best ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.852 | ["education", "crisis", "salary"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736117 | [
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g during adulthood have already been tackled in previous Psychological Science in the Public Interest (PSPI) reviews. Hertzog et al. (2008) make the case that the potential for positive plasticity is maintained in older adult cognition. They review studies indicating that older adults’ cognition can be enhanced through... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.846 | [] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736171 | [
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ks) and that a lifestyle that is more intellectually stimulating is associated with better maintenance of cognition. In contrast with this positive outlook, a more recent PSPI review concluded that, in general (across age groups), brain-training programs clearly improve performance on the brain-training tasks themselve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.832 | ["philosophy"] | 450 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736251 | [
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ay cognitive performance ( Simons et al., 2016 ). Why are later life interventions apparently less successful than early life education? Thus, these previous PSPI reviews indicate that, although there is documented potential to intervene to enhance cognition in adulthood, most of the current approaches to enhancing adu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.852 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 495 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736307 | [
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results. This is likely due to multiple reasons. One, of course, is that brain training is simply not as intensive nor as engaging as full-time schooling during childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. Another is that the potential for plasticity may decrease with age ( Kühn & Lindenberger, 2016 ; Power & Schlaggar,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.385 | 0.862 | ["salary", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736362 | [
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n, it also has metabolic costs and the cost-benefit equation may shift in aging. The benefits of education and cognitive activity have been posited to accrue in part due to the involvement of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system ( Robertson, 2014 , 2013 ; see also Clewett et al., 2016 ; Mather, 2020 ; Mather & Har... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.338 | 0.872 | ["education", "motivation", "salary"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736418 | [
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hich serves as the brain’s arousal hub region ( Mather, 2020 ), and which focuses attention and working memory in the moment ( Mather, Clewett, Sakaki, & Harley, 2016 ) while also enhancing the likelihood of synaptic changes ( Inoue et al., 2013 ; Maity, Rah, Sonenberg, Gkogkas, & Nguyen, 2015 ; Palacios-Filardo & Mell... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.874 | [] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736505 | [
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l focus and that is required for synaptic change also has a metabolic cost ( Holroyd, 2016 ; Oyarzabal & Marin-Valencia, 2019 ). Synaptic activity creates amyloid-β as well as other metabolic waste ( Cirrito et al., 2005 ). In younger adults, this metabolic waste is efficiently disposed of, but in aging the brain’s was... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.874 | [] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736610 | [
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enhances waste clearance or it temporarily reduces the level of synaptic activity. Older adults who have poor deep sleep tend to have greater amyloid PET amyloid binding and tau protein aggregates ( Lucey et al., 2019 ; Mander et al., 2015 ) and disrupting sleep increases cerebrospinal levels of amyloid-β and tau ( Ju ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.844 | ["education"] | 424 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736664 | [
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for Alzheimer’s disease ( Vemuri et al., 2016 ). Likewise, those reporting higher lifetime cognitive activity showed diminished PET amyloid binding ( Landau et al., 2012 ; Lyons et al., 2018 ; Wirth, Villeneuve, La Joie, Marks, & Jagust, 2014 ; but see mixed effects by brain region in Arenaza-Urquijo et al., 2017 ; and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.874 | ["networking", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736719 | [
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tween education and levels of amyloid-β ( Farfel et al., 2013 ; Roe et al., 2007 ; Wilson et al., 2019 ), further studies are needed to get a clear and consistent picture of how education affects amyloid-β. One possibility is that the imaging studies reflect something more temporary than the postmortem studies, as a re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.878 | ["education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736776 | [
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ase for cerebrospinal levels of amyloid-β ( Ooms et al., 2014 ). In particular, as in the context of cognitive ability discussed by Lövdén et al., it will be important to see whether the levels PET amyloid binding show a different rate of longitudinal change depending on education or show a consistent relationship with... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.368 | 0.866 | ["education", "networking"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736834 | [
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require less brain activity to get the same cognitive task done, which in turns means that those with higher education produce less metabolic waste during their mental activity, including amyloid-β ( Jagust & Mormino, 2011 ; Karim et al., 2019 ). Conclusions Education is both a life and brain altering process that has ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.376 | 0.838 | ["education"] | 436 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736928 | [
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gher levels of cognitive ability throughout life. In contrast, postmortem findings show little relationship between levels of Alzheimer’s pathology and education attainment. Lövdén et al.’s review indicates that there is no need to invoke cognitive reserve to explain the discrepancy between brain pathology levels and c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.305 | 0.852 | ["education", "networking"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.736985 | [
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ose with more education are able to forestall diagnoses of Alzheimer’s for longer. Many critical questions remain about the brain mechanisms involved. How exactly does education affect brain function through mechanisms seemingly unrelated to Alzheimer’s pathology? Does education affect the efficiency of cognitive proce... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.83 | ["education"] | 474 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.737038 | [
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y stimulating experiences shift across adulthood? As the techniques to examine brain function and structure in vivo continue to improve hopefully we will gain insight into these processes that in turn will lead to improved targeted interventions that enhance cognition throughout adulthood. References Anthony M, & Lin F... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7831356/ | How do cognitively stimulating activities affect cognition and ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.84 | [] | 496 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.737084 | [
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of social movements is called "meta leadership" (Bass, 1999). Social interaction in groups and organizations is affected by the type and character of leadership found in the group or organization. Leaders in organizations and groups may or may not be officially chosen or appointed. Leadership in groups and organization... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.447 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management"] | 453 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.944318 | [
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expectation, and passive management by exception. Contingent reward refers to leader-follower relationships in which rewards and punishments are tied to performance. Active management by expectation refers to scenarios in which leaders observe, correct, and punish any deviance in subordinate behavior. Passive managemen... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.409 | 0.814 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "networking", "philosophy"] | 411 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.944499 | [
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the specific qualities of leaders and followers. Ultimately, leadership styles within groups and organizations vary significantly as well as influence the morale and morals of their leaders (Jung & Sosik, 2006). Followers. In addition to leadership style, the character and number of followers affect groups and organiza... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.425 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 455 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.944578 | [
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Back Browse Subject Areas Copy URL Copy URL Transformational and Transactional Leadership Transformational and transactional leadership are two prominent styles that influence how leaders interact with their followers and achieve organizational goals. Transactional leadership is characterized by a focus on exchanges be... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.661 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "war_conflict", "motivation"] | 448 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.944697 | [
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tivate followers toward performance expectations. This approach is often viewed as traditional and emphasizes a clear chain of command. In contrast, transformational leadership seeks to inspire and elevate followers by fostering a strong vision, encouraging personal development, and promoting a sense of collective purp... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.553 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "motivation", "strategy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.944813 | [
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help create a more motivated and satisfied workforce. The study of these leadership styles is significant within the sociology of social interaction, as different leadership approaches can greatly affect group dynamics, morale, and organizational effectiveness. Research suggests that transformational leadership often l... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.52 | 0.806 | ["leadership", "motivation", "ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 418 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.944886 | [
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g followers compared to transactional leadership. Furthermore, sociologists explore various leadership theories and measurement tools, such as the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, to assess the effectiveness of these leadership styles. Understanding these concepts can provide valuable insights for those interested... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.45 | 0.824 | ["leadership"] | 463 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.944950 | [
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, Simone I. 1 of 3 Authored By : Flynn, Simone I. Published In : 2024 2 of 3 Published In : 2024 Related Topics : Leadership ; Sociologist ; Laissez-faire ; Organizational Behavior ; Fiedler contingency model ; Situational leadership theory ; Normative Ethics ; Servant leadership Leadership ; Sociologist ; Laissez-fair... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.634 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.945013 | [
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ticle Full Article Transformational and Transactional Leadership Abstract Transformational and transactional leadership, identified in the 1970s, characterize two of the most prominent types of leadership seen in modern groups and organizations. Understanding the roles that transformational and transactional leadership... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.52 | 0.814 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 428 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.945073 | [
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terested in the sociology of social interaction . This article explores the sociology of transformational and transactional leadership in four parts: an overview of the basic principles of transformational and transactional leadership; a review of the main theories of group and organizational leadership; a description ... | https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/transformational-and-transactional-leadership | Transformational and Transactional Leadership | Social Sciences and Humanities | Research Starters | EBSCO Research | ebsco.com | unknown | false | 0.658 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 506 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T10:04:09.945151 | [
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