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The wild population of the Critically Endangered Philippine crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis has just received a very welcome boost. Fifty crocodiles have been released into Dicatian Lake, Isabela Province on Luzon Island. Biologists fitted ten of the crocodiles with radio transmitters, so their movements can be monitored by the Mabuwaya Foundation, an NGO devoted to saving the crocodile, and the Philippines’ Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The groups hope to gather information from the transmitters that will be helpful in future reintroductions of the crocodile. Dicatian Lake was chosen as a reintroduction site since it rests within the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, one of the Philippines most important parks. While, the lake shore is uninhabited, nearby communities are supportive of the reintroduction and are working to develop a community-based ecotourism project with the Mabuwaya Foundation. Considered the world’s most endangered crocodile, the Philippine crocodile is endemic to the nation of islands. Hunting, habitat loss, and destructive fishing practices, such as employing dynamite, have nearly wiped out the species. Today it is estimated that 100 mature individuals survive in the wild. The Mabuwaya Foundation—which is a shortened form of ‘long live the crocodile’ in Filipano—has worked with the provincial government of Isabela, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Isabela State University and local communities. The initiative is largely supported by The Conservation Leadership Programme (CLP) News footage of release of the Philippine crocodiles, most of the report is in Filipano: (08/11/2009) A newly discovered carnivorous plant in the central Philippines is large enough to catch a rat, according to a story by the BBC. Nepenthes attenboroughii, named after naturalist and broadcast David Attenborough, is a member of the pitcher plant family, so-called because it is shaped like a large pitcher. The plant preys on insects and animals that fall into its gaping maw. (06/08/2009) Malaysian oil palm developers are looking to establish a a 100,000-hectare palm oil plantation and extraction facility on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines, reports Business Mirror, a Philippine business publication. (05/04/2009) Endangered Species International (ESI) conducted ongoing monitoring at markets known to sell pets and wild animals in Manila, Philippines, to monitor the status of the trade of one of the most endangered turtle in the world: the Philippine forest turtle Siebenrockiella (Panayenemys) leytensis,. The critically endangered Philippine forest turtle is endemic to the Philippines, occurring only on one major island, Palawan, and its small satellite island, Dumaran.
Spotlight on poverty Created by the American Federation of Teachers and TES Connect, Share My Lesson offers an online network filled with education resources and lesson plans written for teachers, by teachers. This month, NYSUT United spotlights a lesson about poverty — part of a series of social justice lesson plans developed by NYSUT in conjunction with the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice & Human Rights. The lesson plan highlights the work of human rights defender Muhammad Yunus. Combating poverty through investments Lesson grade level: 6-8 After completing this lesson, students will be able to: - describe "poverty" and its long-reaching effects; - identify factors contributing to the cycle of poverty; - understand banks' traditional "3C's" approach — credit reputation, capacity and collateral — to lending money; - explain Muhammad Yunus' approach to lending, or microcredit, which extends very small loan amounts to impoverished borrowers; and - analyze the benefits of microcredit as well as the challenges it faces. The lesson features three small-group activities and accompanying resource materials and includes a vocabulary list and homework assignment. It meets New York state learning standards in social studies and English language arts as well as several Common Core Learning Standards. For the full lesson, visit www.sharemylesson.com/ResourceDetail.aspx?storyCode=50006442. A trio of science magazines Children's science magazine publisher Cobblestone & Cricket and the National Science Teachers Association offer a free, digital trial subscription for elementary science teachers. Titles include Click (grades K-2 nature and science), Ask (grades 3-5 science), Odyssey (grades 5-9 cutting-edge science), and Muse (grades 5-9 science and critical thinking). Register by Nov. 15 (enter code USF59) at www.cricketmag.com/NSTA-Try3Free. One place for special needs Started by a mom of two children with special needs, One Place for Special Needs is an online information network and social community. The site offers resources, articles and other information helpful to parents, teachers and School-Related Professionals. Topics include a complete guide to special needs toilet training, a listing of apps for students with special needs and much more. Visit www.oneplaceforspecialneeds.com. Take a veteran to school The History Channel offers several free resources, including study guides, lesson plans and daily "this day in history" updates. For Veterans Day, the network also offers Take a Veteran to School Day wristbands. Quantities are limited to 30 per school. For more information, visit http://classroom.history.com/america-dvd/event/take-vet-form. The "Freebies" column offers free opportunities for educators and their students. We do not screen for subtle or not-so-subtle plugs.
- A new study finds promising conservation value in forest corridors along rivers in Sumatra’s plantation-dominated landscape. - But government regulations require areas of forest that border rivers — called “riparian” forests – be left standing to safeguard water quality for downstream communities. - In the first study of its kind conducted in the tropics, researchers set camera traps in riparian forests through tree plantations near Tesso Nilo National Park. They found a significant mammal presence, including tapirs, tigers, bears, pangolins, and elephants. - The researchers say their findings indicate Sumatra’s forest remnants could help keep wildlife populations afloat in areas with lots of habitat loss. However, they caution that these corridors are threatened by lax regulation enforcement, and can only work in tandem with larger forested areas. Amidst Sumatra’s vast tracts of pulpwood plantations, thin slivers of remaining native forest can serve as corridors for large mammals, researchers say. The new study, published last month in Tropical Conservation Science, suggests that maintaining a network of riparian forests – habitat that hugs the banks of rivers and streams – can render pulp and paper plantations more wildlife-friendly. “More and better riparian corridors can definitely improve wildlife use in plantation areas,” William Laurance, a study co-author and Distinguished Research Professor at James Cook University, said in an email to Mongabay. “I was surprised at how common some species, such as tigers and elephants, appeared to be in these corridors, at least based on signs like their footprints and dung.” Other rare species, including the endangered Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus) and critically endangered Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica), were also shown to use thin strips of forest embedded in an otherwise inhospitable landscape. “[This research] shows that, with some provisions, we can maintain connectivity across productive landscapes, which is important for many ecological processes,” Robert Nasi, a Research Program Director at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), said in an email to Mongabay. Nasi was not affiliated with the study. Pulpwood plantations are spreading across Indonesia at a remarkable pace, the study states. If national targets are met, land under pulpwood production – now nearly five million hectares – will triple by 2030 and cover an area larger than the state of New York. According to the study, pulpwood plantations – which are predominantly comprised of acacia and eucalyptus trees – often supplant large swaths of native forest. In Sumatra alone, one of Indonesia’s largest islands, pulp and paper plantations replaced an estimated 1.2 million hectares of forest between 2000 and 2010. But even in plantation landscapes, some native habitat remains, the researchers say. That’s largely due to Indonesia’s national policy. By law, pulpwood plantation owners are required to retain native habitat along rivers – called “riparian forests” – when the landscape is converted, the study states. The law was intended to protect downstream communities by shielding waterways from sedimentation and plantation runoff, such as pesticides, the researchers say. But riparian forests may provide other benefits, as well. In landscapes dominated by industrial plantations – which cover about 13 percent of Indonesia’s land area – research suggests that riparian forests can function as corridors that connect disparate chunks of native habitat. Corridors are especially important for animals that range widely and depend on forest cover to travel, like clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) and other vulnerable species, research shows. But prior to this study, research on riparian corridors had been restricted to temperate regions. Scientists didn’t know if animals in tropical Asia – especially large mammals – could use riparian forests to traverse through production landscapes, the researchers say. “There was quite a bit of literature in temperate climates, but in the tropics there just wasn’t much at all,” lead author Betsy Yaap, a doctoral student at James Cook University, told Mongabay. In the summer of 2011, she and her team set out to change that. The researchers traveled to an industrial acacia plantation in Riau, Sumatra, where they set up a series of camera traps within remaining native habitat – slivers of riparian forest. Like home security cameras, camera traps are triggered by movement; when an animal walks by, the camera snaps a photo and “traps” the species in a digital catalog. Distributing traps systematically across a landscape for a set period of time provides ecologists with a relatively simple tool to measure the abundance and diversity of mammals. The team distributed traps within a few different types of riparian corridors. They laid some in corridors surrounded by a barren landscape – where acacia had been recently harvested – and set up others in corridors bordered by fields of mature acacia. The researchers also placed camera traps at varying distances to a large block of native forest: Tesso Nilo National Park. Then they waited. Over a period of several months, the traps caught a total of 19 species of large mammals in the riparian corridors – about half of what you might expect in a native Sumatran forest, the researchers write. But according to Yaap, that’s a lot. “I was impressed and delighted with how many species we detected in the plantation, especially ones of conservation importance,” Yaap said. The cameras even detected mammals in corridors surrounded by barren land, the study states. These include four species listed as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) – the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), Malay tapir, and Sunda pangolin – and all but one species that tigers pray upon. According to the study, this suggests that vulnerable and important species may be able to travel through an inhospitable landscape using a network of riparian corridors. As the researchers expected, the greatest number of species, including the charismatic and critically endangered Sumatran tiger (Panther tigris sumatrae), were detected in the riparian forests closest to Tesso Nilo National Park. The researchers also searched for patterns in their data that might reveal how variables like corridor width and distance to the national park influence where species are most likely to be spotted. This analysis was especially revealing for the Malay tapir, which was shown to favor wider remnants where greater forest cover is available. The results have implications for corridor design, the researchers say. “Corridor design in landscapes with this species should focus on creating wider corridors and access to additional forest habitat to accommodate their needs,” the study states. The “ideal width” of a corridor has been a matter of debate for some time, researchers say. In fact, there are large, ongoing projects to study it. Undoubtedly, how wide a strip of forest must be to serve as a corridor will vary species to species, the researchers say. But for large mammals in Sumatra, Yaap’s team has an answer of sorts: 100 to 200 meters. “Our corridors of remnant native riparian forest mostly ranged from 100 to 200 meters in width,” the paper states. “We believe this is a reasonable minimum width…to serve as movement corridors for large mammals in Sumatra.” At face value, this is good news for wildlife in Indonesia, Laurance says. Regulations in Indonesia require that pulpwood plantations maintain riparian forests that spread 50 to 100 meters on either side of the river, which matches up with the range that the researchers deem “reasonable.” But it’s not that simple, the researchers say. Regulations for riparian forests – while holding great potential for wildlife conservation – may not offer reliable protection. According to Laurance, “The law is not being consistently applied or enforced and, as a result, the width and continuity of riparian corridors is highly variable among different plantations…” Laurance also emphasized that even where riparian corridors are intact and well-connected they, alone, are insufficient to support long-term wildlife conservation. Large tracts of forest, absent of hunters, will always be required. “Having riparian areas is far better than having no native forest at all,” Laurance said. “Though at the end of the day, most of these species are going to need large, intact landscapes with little or no hunting in order to survive in the long term.” In other words, corridors need to lead somewhere. In Sumatra, that “somewhere” may already be at risk. Data from the University of Maryland visualized on the forest monitoring platform Global Forest Watch reveals that Tesso Nilo National Park has lost around 65 percent of its tree cover over the last decade – largely due to illegal oil palm development and forest fires. The destruction of the park, much of which occurred after this study took place, may impact if and how wildlife use riparian forests, the researchers say. And that’s a topic for future research. “Good follow-up research would be to go back to the same site, now that years have passed, and see if these remnants are still actively being used by these species,” Yaap wrote in an email to Mongabay. “[We don’t know] if they are even present in the landscape anymore.” Hansen, M. C., P. V. Potapov, R. Moore, M. Hancher, S. A. Turubanova, A. Tyukavina, D. Thau, S. V. Stehman, S. J. Goetz, T. R. Loveland, A. Kommareddy, A. Egorov, L. Chini, C. O. Justice, and J. R. G. Townshend. 2013. “High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change.” Science 342 (15 November): 850–53. Data available on-line from:http://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science-2013-global-forest. Accessed through Global Forest Watch on January 20, 2017. www.globalforestwatch.org IUCN and UNEP-WCMC (2016), The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) [On-line], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net. Accessed through Global Forest Watch in January 2017. www.globalforestwatch.org Margono, B.A., P.V. Potapov, S. Turubanova, F. Stolle, and M.C. Hansen. “Indonesia primary forest.” Accessed through Global Forest Watch on January 20, 2017. www.globalforestwatch.org Yaap, B., Magrach, A., Clements, G. R., McClure, C. J., Paoli, G. D., & Laurance, W. F. (2016). Large Mammal Use of Linear Remnant Forests in an Industrial Pulpwood Plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. Tropical Conservation Science, 9(4), 1940082916683523. Editors note: William Laurance is a member of Mongabay’s advisory board. In that role he has no influence over content or editorial decisions.
Informal settlements in the Western Cape Census 2011 revealed that there are more than 300 000 households are living in informal dwellings in the Western Cape. Of these households, approximately 35% live in informal backyard dwellings and 65% in informal settlements. Around 74% of the informal dwellings are located in the City of Cape Town and 10% in the Cape Winelands District. More than 95% of these households have an income below R6 400 a month and a head of household aged between 18 and 59. In terms of affordability, using 2011 income and expenditure data, it is likely that more than 230 000 households spend less than R400 a month on their dwelling(s). What is BLC? The Better Living Challenge (BLC) is designed to surface local innovative solutions to pressing or persistent socioeconomic challenges, through stimulating innovative products, services and systems that can catalyse change and bring about better living. The BLC 1 was designed around a competition model. It ran from 2014 to 2016, and focused on creating innovative and sustainable home improvement products. The current BLC 2 uses a cooperative challenge model, and runs from 2016 to 2019. It explores ways of supporting incremental upgrades of homes within informal settlements. The BLC is a project of the Craft and Design Institute (CDI) and is funded by the Western Cape Department of Human Settlements (DoHS) and the Western Cape Department of Economic Development and Tourism (DEDAT). It was launched under the Western Cape Government’s 110% Green programme, and consists of a series of challenges. Innovation using design-led processes and thinking methodologies is a key part of how the CDI helps people develop solutions. It’s a user-driven approach – focusing on problem-solving and solution finding for systemic change – and the CDI is pioneering it locally to the benefit of communities through the BLC. The BLC concept is embedded in a framework aimed at learning while testing solutions to solve real-world problems. This practical approach includes the development of methodologies and processes which are replicable and scalable. Western Cape Design Strategy The BLC ties in with the Western Cape Design Strategy, which aims to facilitate the use of design processes and tools to stimulate increased competitiveness and efficiencies for socio-economic development in our economy. In 2012, DEDAT collaborated with the CDI and other key role-players to develop a Western Cape Design Strategy to unlock innovation in the province. The CDI has been tasked with driving the implementation of the strategy with a wide range of stakeholders. A first for South Africa, the Western Cape Design Strategy broadly aims to achieve four things: The BLC is one of the key projects of the CDI and it is part of the Western Cape Design Strategy. The aim of the Design Strategy is to unlock innovation through design-led processes and thinking, and the BLC as a flagship project highlights how good design can improve lives.
ZFO means “Protective Functional Clothing”, in this decoding is hidden and the main purpose of workwear – defend an employee from any production hazards. In our review we will tell you more about the main features of the use of special clothing, its varieties and intricacies of the choice of certain models depending on production conditions. Zfo was originally designed to protect employees production and construction professions, the labor responsibilities of which are associated with the danger of health and livelihoods. Specialovka will protect workers from the dangerous impact of external adverse external factors, which is why when it is sewing to order or buying it is necessary to ensure that Products exactly complied with the following basic requirements. - Free cut – overalls, trousers and jackets should not limit movements, an employee, fulfilling his labor duties, should not feel discomfort. - Functionality – protective type overalls can be additionally supplied with straps, carbines, overhead or built-in pockets to enhance ergonomics. - Good physical characteristics – ZFO should be easily overwhelmed, having dirt-repellent properties and do not mock in the rain. - Thermal conductivity – When working in winter, the fabric should protect a person from heat loss, and in the summer it should absorb and remove all excess moisture, keeping a full air exchange. - Wear resistance – any workwear should be sewn from durable materials that will protect the employee from small injuries and mechanical damage. - Unlike everyday, overalls are sewn so that one identical suit can wear two people of different components, so they are usually visually “Overseas”. The main categories of ZFO include such. - Overalls, jackets and pants – They can be used both indoors and on the street. Winter models are produced from insulated materials, as well as options from lightweight tissues. - Spets-shoes – the most important element of the working specialovka, is used to protect the employee from mechanical damage, electric shock, reduced or elevated temperatures, protects legs from dirt. - Gloves and mittens – Most of the works related to physical labor are performed by hand. It is for them the greatest loads, so they additionally need to be protected. Usually, several varieties of gloves are used to protect hands – they can be chemically resistant, waterproof, dielectric, as well as insulated. - Hats – This category includes baseball caps, hats, caps, as well as helmets. In the summer, they protect their heads from heat and overheating, and in winter – from snow and frost. If the risk of mechanical damage, as it happens on construction sites, also use strong helmets instead of conventional hats. - As elements of additional protection protrud Respirators, masks, shields, glasses, headphones and gas masks. Pay attention to the fact that no clothing can provide 100% protection, whatever high quality and practical. Wearing ZFO does not exempt the employee from the obligation to observe the safety standards. Overview of species and classes of protecting overalls Several species and classes of protection of overalls depending on the type of threats. - Teplova – implies protection against elevated temperatures, such a ZFO is especially relevant for welders and metallurgists. Usually in this area are used overalls from fire-resistant materials that cover the whole body of the employee. - Chemical – Used in contact with acids, alkaline solutions, oils, gasoline and other aggressive substances that can cause burns and tissue damage. Usually used in some industries, as well as in laboratories. Such clothing is made from chemical resistant materials and use additional equipment in the form of glasses, respirators and gloves. - Electric – When working with any equipment on the electric arc, the risk of defeating employee to the current is always preserved. In order to protect yourself from injury, the special equipment is sewn, which does not spend the current. Usually such protective clothing involves special gloves, bots or galoishes. - Physical – In any production, such hazardous factors as items with sharp edges flying at the chips and other phenomena at rates are not excluded. They are caused by bruises, scratches and cuts. In such conditions, various types of overalls are used – usually costumes and overalls of particularly durable fabrics, as well as additional means in the form of glasses and masks. - Biological – With such a type of threats, workers of laboratories and medical institutions are commonly faced. Correctly selected equipment can minimize the likelihood of infection with hazardous diseases. Overalls may be like this: - Signal. Such ammunition uses DPS officers, as well as representatives of road services. The main element of such overalls are reflective bands, due to which maximum visibility is ensured in the dark. - From mechanical influences. To refer to this category of specialists, the marking of ZMI is used, which means “protection against mechanical damage”. Clothing of this type protects the skin of the employee from punctures and cuts, and head – from hitting heavy objects. As a rule, includes overalls of particularly dense tissue and hard hat. - From slipping. When choosing clothing against sliding, special attention should be paid to the special boss, in particular, its sole. In order to provide an employee of the maximum adhesion with wet, polluted or iced surfaces. Own oil-resistant and frost-resistant materials are used. The outer part of the sole is usually protected by deep treads, and sometimes even spikes. - From elevated temperatures. Such clothes sew from materials with elevated fire resistance and strength parameters. Material must withstand the ignition for 40 seconds. Additionally, such clothes are supplied with gloves. - From reduced temperatures. Overalls used in frosts are designed to protect the body of an employee from frostbite, so here a set of a warmed jacket or a raincoat, pants, overalls and mandatory mittens are used. - From radioactive and x-ray radiation. ZFO, designed to confront X-ray and radioactive irradiation, necessarily includes overalls, gloves, as well as special shoes. Overalls are usually performed from vapor and air-permeable tissue, in pockets are plates-liners made of metals absorbing radioactive radiation. The absorption coefficient must correspond in its power parameters a dose of the resulting radiation. Such clothes ensures maximum radiation protection, including ionizing radiation in high radiation places. - From electric current, electrostatic charges and fields, electrical and electromagnetic fields. An indispensable condition for admission to the execution of works on the electric arge is wearing special clothing that protects against electric shock. Such an ammunition includes shoes with rubberized soles, as well as heat-resistant mittens from dielectric material. - From non-toxic dust. This clothing is designed to protect against the most common types of pollution – dust, oil and water. The form is performed from filter cotton, easily disgraced materials. - From toxic substances. Costumes protecting from industrial poisons suggest overalls, sewn from air and vapor-permeable material, as well as a helmet with observation glass. It provides a distributor serving clean air under the clothes. - From water and non-toxic solutions. Waterproof clothing is needed by workers to fulfill their employment duties during the rain. Such clothes are made of hydrostructory materials, and in order to observe the maximum tightness of the seams, they are covered with a nylon. - From solutions of acids. Such workwear is designed to protect the employee from aggressive acid, it is mandatory for any employees of enterprises engaged in the manufacture of household chemicals, fertilizers and medicines. Usually clothes are used with additional protective equipment: shoes, aprons, glasses and gloves. - From alkalis. Special suits protecting alkali can be disposable or reusable – it depends on the class of protection. For example, to 1 class include disposable models, they are sewed from nonwovens, they have low weight and at the same time sufficiently high strength in order to withstand the actions of weakly concentrated alkaline solutions in which the share of the caustic substance does not exceed 20%. Workwear 2 is used to work with more aggressive environments. - From organic solvents. When choosing overalls to protect against organic solvents, all the same rules are valid that apply to ZFOs from acids and alkalis. Additionally, a respirator or gas mask can be used here. - From oil, petroleum products, oils and fats. Oil-absorbing clothing protects the skin of workers from oils, gasoline, oil, aromatic hydrocarbons and some types of solvents. It is usually sewing from high density materials from linen or blended fibers. - From general production pollution. For the manufacture of general overalls, cotton or wool fabrics are used, synthetic fibers are allowed. - From harmful biological factors. Such clothes implies the protection of all parts of the body, namely, includes jumpsuit, footwear, mittens, mask, as well as a system involving the purification of inhaled air – respirator or gas mask. - From static loads. To protect the body from static loads, exclusively cotton or wool clothing is used, the use of shine cloth and asbestos tissues is allowed. Typically, the canvas are reflective, for this, their surface is treated with the finest layer of aluminum. In accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation and established in our country with standards, Individual protection funds must be issued to the following categories of workers: - Brigadiers and masters who are committed to the brigadier; - Any construction and manufacturing workers whose duties are somehow related to the risk of damage to. If the employee at the enterprise combines several specialties at once or performs various functions, it is equipped with individual protective facilities provided for each of these professions. We draw attention to the fact that any ZFO has its own operational period, it begins to count down since their actual issuance. The duration of this period is established by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the current sectoral norms and depends on the type of work performed. On the time of socks, overalls are also included. Storage period of winter clothes in warm time. CFOs are subject to mandatory certification, the period of action of the certificate is 3 years, and for this period, overalls may be subject to additional verification. In what cases is prohibited to use? It is strictly forbidden to use overalls, which has all signs of physical wear or mechanical damage. Not allowed to wear written off. It is prohibited to carry overalls at hour ago. The employee cannot start fulfilling its duties if the WFO marking is designed to protect against the danger of those groups that do not correspond to the actual. For example, clothing protecting from mechanical damage cannot be used when working with radiation, electrical appliances or chemical solutions. Protective Review View in the following video.
Skin - What Is It? The skin is the body's outer covering. It protects us against heat and light, injury, and infection. In fact, the skin is an essential part of our body's defense against infection from microbes in our environment. The skin also regulates body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. Weighing about 6 pounds, the skin is the body's largest organ. It is made up of two main layers; the outer epidermis and the inner dermis. The epidermis (outer layer of the skin) is mostly made up of flat, scale-like cells called squamous cells. Under the squamous cells are round cells called basal cells. The deepest part of the epidermis also contains melanocytes. These cells produce melanin, which gives the skin its color. The dermis (inner layer of skin) contains blood and lymph vessels, hair follicles, and glands. These glands produce sweat, which helps regulate body temperature, and sebum, an oily substance that helps keep the skin from drying out. Sweat and sebum reach the skin's surface through tiny openings called pores. Last Editorial Review: 4/15/2002 - Allergic Skin Disorders - Bacterial Skin Diseases - Bites and Infestations - Diseases of Pigment - Fungal Skin Diseases - Medical Anatomy and Illustrations - Noncancerous, Precancerous & Cancerous Tumors - Oral Health Conditions - Papules, Scales, Plaques and Eruptions - Scalp, Hair and Nails - Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) - Vascular, Lymphatic and Systemic Conditions - Viral Skin Diseases - Additional Skin Conditions
posted by bobpursley . I will be happy to critique your thinking. can u use one of them and show me how to solve it and i'll do the rest? like i don't know how to do these and i need to know how. assume that Q varied directly as x and inversely as y. 1) if x is tripled and y is doubled, what happens to Q? 2) if x is halved and y is doubled, what happens to Q? 3) if x is doubled and y is halved, what happens to Q? 4) in the formula F=m times pi times l squared over p, m and pi remain constant, l is halved, and p is doubled. how does F change? Take number two. Q varies directly as x and inversely as y. That means Q= k x/y where k is some constant. If x is halved, and y is doubled.. reducing x by one half means q is reduced by one half. But y is doubled, which means x is halved again (q=k x/y) So Q goes down to 1/4 or 1/2 *1/2 of the original. Lets do it the math way now. Let Qo be the value of kx/y Q' is the new value. Q' = k (1/2 x)/2y = 1/4 k x/y=1/4 Qo so that means the last one, Q is didided by 4? i don't understand how Q changes can u explain
The 2018 Farm Bill builds upon other agricultural laws and programs that cover the farm sector, but what made this bill extra-special is its effects on the cannabis industry. It legalized industrial hemp and gave us access to CBD and other cannabinoids. Although the bill contains many restrictions on hemp cultivation, it’s still a big step forward. WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF THE FARM BILL? The first farm bill was enacted in 1933. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was primarily created to support and protect the farmers during the Great Depression. The first farm bill made sure the farmers received a fair price for their products as well as government assistance. In the almost nine decades that followed, there have been 18 farm bills in all. The bill gets updated every five years. The most recent one is the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 or most commonly known as the 2018 Farm Bill. It was signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 20, 2018. The provisions found in the 2018 Farm Bill will end in 2023, after which a new one will be deliberated and based on any new challenges the agricultural sector is facing at that time. Whatever the changes may be, the primary goal is always to protect the farmers, consumers, and the country’s natural resources. WHAT IS THE 2018 FARM BILL? The primary goals of the 2018 Farm Bill are to : - Provide support and financial assistance to the country’s farmers as well as ranchers - Strengthen farm support programs - Provide better protection and insurance against crop loss, lower yield, or natural disasters - Give low-income families access to healthy foods - Protect the nation’s natural resources WHAT DOES IT COVER? The Farm Bill includes the following: - Title 1, Commodities, helps farmers grow non-perishable crops such as rice and corn by providing assistance when revenues decline or during natural disasters. This also covers tree fruit producers and livestock. - Title 2, Conservation, gives agricultural producers assistance when it comes to natural resource conservation efforts. - Title 3, Trade, strengthens and supports the export programs. This includes assisting with international food aid programs. - Title 4, Nutrition, provides food and nutrition assistance to low-income households through several programs. - Title 5, Credit, offers financial assistance to farmers through direct loans to help with their farming operations. - Title 6, Rural Development, supports the economic growth of rural businesses and community development programs. Support includes grants and loans as well as telecommunications (including broadband) and infrastructure. - Title 7, Research, Extension, and Related Matters, covers research on food and agriculture that will help farmers and ranchers become more innovative and productive. - Title 8, Forestry, further protects the public as well as private forest lands and resources. - Title 9, Energy, encourages and supports the use and research of renewable energy in the cultivation, production, and processing of crops. - Title 10, Horticulture, provides help and assistance to specialty crops farmers (nursery products, fruits, tree nuts, vegetables, and hemp) through funding and research. - Title 11, Crop Insurance, provides subsidies and policies that protect farmers from losses in yield and crop and whole-farm revenue. - Title 12, Miscellaneous, covers programs and assistance for beginning farmers and ranchers, especially when it comes to the health and disease preparedness of poultry and livestock. HOW DOES THE 2018 FARM BILL DIFFER FROM THE 2014 FARM BILL? The passage of the 2014 Farm Bill already gave the hemp industry a boost. It allowed state agriculture departments and higher institutions of learning to grow hemp legally, as long as it complies with state laws. The 2014 Farm Bill also set the THC limit of industrial hemp at 0.3% on a dry weight basis. However, under the 2014 Farm Bill, all varieties of cannabis (including hemp) were still classified as Schedule I controlled substances. The 2018 Farm Bill, on the other hand, removed the restrictions on industrial hemp, finally legalized it, and removed it from the list of Schedule I controlled substances. The THC limit set for industrial hemp remained the same at 0.3% or lower. Hemp containing more than the legal THC limit is considered marijuana and is illegal under federal laws. WHAT IS HEMP AS PER THE 2018 FARM BILL? Industrial hemp, per federal laws, is defined as any cannabis plant that contains a THC level of no more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis. The 2018 Farm Bill allows us to grow industrial hemp and use all its parts in products. We can legally use the hemp flowers, leaves, stalks, and seeds, along with any derivatives, extracts, and cannabinoids. If the cannabis plant contains a THC level of more than 0.3%, it’s considered marijuana and federally illegal. Even if the state legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use, it’s still a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law and must never cross state borders. WHAT DOES THE 2018 FARM BILL MEAN FOR THE CANNABIS INDUSTRY? Hemp legalization may only be a small part of this important bill, but it’s changing the whole agricultural industry. Hemp is a versatile crop and offers many opportunities to farmers who grow them. It’s also drought resistant, offers bigger yields, and needs minimal maintenance. Many industries use it — from the insulation and construction industries to the paper and fabric industries. Out of all these industries, it’s the cannabis industry that welcomes these changes the most. The 2018 Farm Bill means a huge step forward for the cannabis industry, but it also comes with restrictions. Before discussing the restrictions imposed on industrial hemp, let’s first talk about how the cannabis industry benefits from this bill. The bill allows us to cultivate hemp not just for research studies and pilot programs but for the use of the general population as well. Now, we’re allowed to buy and possess hemp-derived products without any legal ramifications or age and possession limits unless the state imposes them. This means you don’t need to obtain any prescription or recommendation from your doctor to buy hemp-derived CBD. The 2018 Farm Bill also allows us to transport hemp-derived products (even CBD) across state borders for commercial or personal use. This means you can drive or fly with it. The bill protects hemp research, including studies on the many benefits, potentials, opportunities, and products made from industrial hemp. 5. CROP PROTECTION Similar to other crops, the bill also protects hemp farmers from crop losses. WHAT IS RESTRICTED UNDER THE 2018 FARM BILL? Does this mean we’re free to use hemp in any way we want? Well, hemp legalization also came with a lot of restrictions. 1. THC AMOUNTS As mentioned earlier, only cannabis plants containing less than 0.3% THC may be considered industrial hemp. If you get caught cultivating, selling, buying, using, and possessing hemp-derived products containing more than 0.3% THC, the 2018 Farm Bill doesn’t protect you from the law. 2. GROWING HEMP Not all people are allowed to cultivate industrial hemp. It may already be legal, but this doesn’t mean that you can plant them like you would your vegetables and herbs. Cultivating industrial hemp and producing hemp-derived products are tightly regulated by both federal and state laws. If you want to cultivate hemp, you have to apply for licenses and stay compliant with the laws to keep your license. Violations are punishable by law, and repeat offenses may qualify as felonies. DOES THE 2018 FARM BILL LEGALIZE CBD? It depends, so to better understand the legality of CBD, you have to look at CBD’s two sources. Hemp and marijuana fall under the cannabis plant family. Both produce cannabinoids. These include not just CBD but other cannabinoids like CBN, CBG THC, and others. However, by law, hemp can’t have more than 0.3% THC, which is why hemp isn’t intoxicating; anything above this THC limit is considered marijuana and thus illegal. CBD, regardless of where it’s sourced from, has the same chemical structure. Because of the legality of its source, though, CBD from hemp is legal, while CBD from marijuana isn’t. Marijuana-derived CBD is only legal in states that have legalized marijuana — either for medical or recreational purposes (or both). State laws vary and can change, so make sure you know your local laws. FINAL THOUGHTS — WHAT IS THE 2018 FARM BILL? The first farm bill was enacted in 1933 to combat the effects of the Great Depression and to protect the farmers. Every five years, the bill gets updated to reflect the current challenges faced by our farmers. The latest update occurred in December 2018 when President Trump signed the 2018 Farm Bill, also known as the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018. While the 2018 Farm Bill strengthens the laws and programs that support our farmers, ranchers, low-income families, and the environment, it has become more notable and memorable for its legalization of industrial hemp. This opened up and boosted one of the most popular niches in the health industry right now: cannabinoids. Nobody knows what will happen in 2023 when the farm bill gets updated again, but there’s hope that we may see more progressive cannabis reforms in the future.
In 15:11-31, Luke recorded Jesus telling a parable about a man who had two sons. Before the story was over, each of the sons referred to himself as a slave to his father. The father considered each one an heir, though, and proved it by giving them his possessions. Nothing meant as much to him as his sons did. Show us how to grasp what You want to teach us about Your love, Your possessions, and our relationships with You, Father.
This Week in Civil Rights History, Aug. 25-Aug. 31 This Week in Civil Rights History, Aug. 25-31: August 25, 1924: Sam Bowers Jr. was born in New Orleans, La. His grandfather, Eaton Bowers, had been a Mississippi congressman, but the younger Bowers chose a different path, heading the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi. It was the most violent white supremacist group of the 1960s, responsible for at least 10 killings. August 25, 1964: The Democratic National Convention's credentials committee seated the all-white regular Democrats from Mississippi. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party rejected the offer of two at-large seats with civil rights leader Fannie Lou Hamer explaining, "We didn't come all this way for no two seats, 'cause all of us is tired." All but three of the regular Mississippi Democrats walked out of the convention. August 25, 1967: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover issued directives in the counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO) to spy on, gather information and discredit those associated with the civil rights movement, including Martin Luther King Jr. The COINTELPRO operations infiltrated black nationalist groups, anti-war groups and others. Under Hoover's orders, agents were to "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize" the activities of these groups and members. August 26, 1839: The Amistad ("Friendship"), a Spanish slave ship seized by the 54 Africans who had been carried as cargo on board, landed on Long Island, N.Y. At the time, the transportation of slaves from Africa to the U.S. was illegal so the ship owners lied and said the Africans had been born in Cuba. In 1841, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the Africans freed, saying they had been illegally transported and held as slaves. August 27, 1962: Congress submitted the 24th Amendment to the Constitution (abolishing poll taxes in federal elections) to the states for ratification. Southern states had adopted the poll tax as a means to keep African Americans from voting. In less than a year and a half, the amendment was ratified. August 28, 1955: Emmett Louis Till, a 14-year-old African American on vacation from Chicago, was abducted by two white men who beat him, shot him and dumped his body in the Tallahatchie River. His brutal killing helped to inspire the modern civil rights movement. August 28, 1963: About 250,000 gathered for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream Speech" from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, calling for racial harmony. August 29, 1920: Jazz's greatest saxophonist Charlie "Bird" Parker was born in Kansas City, Kansas. His complex, improvisational style helped to redefine jazz. August 29, 1961: Bob Moses, leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), pursued a voter registration drive in Amite County, Miss. Of 5,000 eligible Negro voters in the county, just one was registered to vote. Moses was attacked and beaten this day outside the registrar's office while trying to sign up two voters. His three white assailants were acquitted. August 29, 1958: R&B and pop singer Michael Jackson, who helped break down racial barriers in music, was born in Gary, Ind. He began performing with his brothers in the Jackson Five and as a solo artist released the best-selling album of all time (Thriller). He died tragically in 2009. August 30, 1800: The attempt by Gabriel Prosser, an enslaved blacksmith, to lead a slave rebellion in Richmond, Va., was suppressed. In 2007, then-Gov. Tim Kane gave Prosser and his followers informal pardons. August 30, 1861: Invoking martial law, General John C. Frémont declared free the slaves of disloyal owners in Missouri. President Lincoln asked that he modify his order so as not to exceed congressional laws respecting emancipation. August 30, 1983: Guion S. Bluford Jr. became the first African American in space, four years after beginning his astronaut training. Before retiring, he returned to space several more times. August 31, 1936: School teacher Marva Collins was born in Monroeville, Ala. In 1961, she opened the Westside Preparatory School in innercity Chicago, welcoming students that others labeled "unteachable." Many of her students went on to graduate from Ivy League schools. In 1981, CBS aired a made-for-TV movie about her life.
Franco Dino Rasetti, 100, a Nuclear Pioneer By WOLFGANG SAXON Published: December 25, 2001 Dr. Franco Dino Rasetti, who worked with the Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi and the select team of Italian scientists that discovered one of the key processes in nuclear reactions, died on Dec. 5 at a retirement home in Belgium. He was 100. The discovery, made in a laboratory at the University of Rome, proved pivotal for the Manhattan Project and the postwar development of nuclear energy. The Fermi group patented the process in Italy in 1934 and in the United States in 1940, and Dr. Rasetti was the last surviving patent holder. Fermi, a central figure in the Manhattan Project, had invited Dr. Rasetti to join that quest for an atomic bomb, but Dr. Rasetti refused on moral grounds. He told his colleagues that he objected to using nuclear research for warfare. Dr. Rasetti specialized in molecular spectroscopy and neutron-induced reactions. But he was also known as an expert on a large class of fossilized arthropods like crustaceans, known as trilobites, and on the wildflowers of the Alps. After he retired from Johns Hopkins University, where he was a professor for more than 20 years, Dr. Rasetti donated the trilobite fossils he had amassed to the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Aihud Pevsner, a physics professor at Johns Hopkins, said: ''People who found they could not identify trilobites all over the world would mail them to him. Every morning he would get a shoe box full of them, and every afternoon he'd have them all identified and ready to mail back.'' Dr. Rasetti was born in Castiglione del Lago, Italy. He was studying engineering at the University of Pisa when an encounter with Fermi led him to change his mind. He received his doctorate in physics at Pisa in 1923, and Fermi recruited him for the University of Rome. There, Dr. Rasetti found evidence that scientific theories of the composition of atomic nuclei were incomplete. He used spectroscopy to buttress his finding, and his experiments were an element in the successful creation of a nuclear reaction. Most of the Fermi team left the Rome laboratory in 1939 because of Mussolini's policies. Dr. Rasetti, who had been a visiting professor at Columbia University in 1936, went to Laval University in Quebec, where he remained until he joined the Hopkins faculty in 1947. He retired as a professor emeritus in 1970. He also wrote ''Elements of Nuclear Physics'' (1936), ''Middle Cambrian Stratigraphy and Faunas of the Canadian Rocky Mountains'' (1951), ''The Flowers of the Alps'' (1980) and many articles on physics, geology and paleontology. Dr. Rasetti is survived by his wife of 52 years, Marie Madeleine. Photo: Franco Dino Rasetti (Rowland Scherman/Johns Hopkins Magazine)
The Lisu of China ~ From Nests Above the Abyss by Isobel Kuhn Population and Location The Lisu are one of the 55 minority people groups of mainland China. In 2005 there were 729,000 Lisu in China. Most of the Lisu live in Yunnan province. The majority live in concentrated communities in Bijang, Fugong, Gongshan and Lushui counties of the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture in northwestern Yunnan Province. The rest are scattered in other counties in Yunnan Province and in the Xichang and Yanbian counties in Sichuan Province. Significant numbers of Lisu have migrated southward out of China during the last century. Today, Lisu are also found in Myanmar and in North Thailand. Linguistically, the Lisu belong to the Yi branch of the Han-Tibetan family. There are two scripts in use and the Chinese Deptartment of Minorities publishes literature in both. The oldest and most widely used one is the Fraser script developed about 1920 by J.O. Fraser of the China Inland Mission and the Karen evangelist Ba Taw. Fraser`s published grammar of 1922 details the sript which was finalized in the American Baptist compound in Bhamo, Burma. It could be described as an extended Roman alphabet of 50 symbols. The second script was developed by the Chinese government and is based on pinyin. Today the Lisu in Nujiang Prefecture have their own language, but Lisu elsewhere speak the local language. The Lisu people inhabit mountainous areas that are largely covered with dense forests. Agriculture and animal husbandry are their main economic activities. Crops grown include maize, rice, wheat, buckwheat, sorghum and beans, but farming is becoming more and more difficult because of erosion. Many Lisu are expert hunters. In the past, the Lisu people worshiped many gods, nature and a multitude of other things. Religious professionals made a living by fortune-telling and offering sacrifices to ghosts. During religious activities, animals were slaughtered and a large sum of money spent. In the early 20th century Christianity was introduced to the Lisu in the Dehong and Nujiang regions by western missionaries (both Protestant and Catholic). Estimates reveal that today more than half of the Lisu people in the Nujiang Autonomous Prefecture are Christians. Small pockets of Christian communities are scattered in different counties. Recent reports say that there are at least 300,000 Lisu Christians in China meeting in over 1,300 places. Shortage of pastoral workers poses a problem to the Lisu churches. Today, only 32 ordained preachers are serving in the Nujiang Prefecture. Another 300 lay preachers serve on a volunteer basis, but only 41 of them have received formal training. This small pastoral force takes care of 505 churches in the whole prefecture. Pray that God will open up ways and means for more Lisu ministers to attend formal theological training. There is a Lisu Bible translation along with a few songbooks. The difference between Christians and non-Christians in Lisu culture is stark. Pray that the Lisu Christians will reach their neighbors for Christ. Lisu of Thailand Population and Location According to 1997 population figures published by the Tribal Research Institute of Chiang Mai, there are 30,940 Lisu living in 151 villages in North Thailand. They live to the north and west of Chiang Mai. The Lisu originated from China, at the headwaters of the Salween River, and started to settle in Thailand around 1920. Linguistically, the Lisu belong to the Lolo branch of the Tibeto-Burman family. There are two scripts in use and the Chinese Department of Minorities publishes literature in both. The oldest and most widely used one is the Fraser script developed about 1920 by J.O. Fraser of the China Inland Mission and by the Karen evangelist Ba Taw. Fraser`s published grammar of 1922 details the script which was finalized in the American Baptist compound in Bhamo, Burma. It could be described as an extended Roman alphabet of 50 symbols. The second script was developed by the Chinese government and is based on pinyin. The Lisu grow rice and vegetables for subsistence and opium for sale. Rice is grown at lower altitudes and the opium poppy at over 5,000 feet. Villages are located so that the inhabitants can maintain some independence from the Thai authorities. At the same time, these villages are relatively close to the market so that the Lisu can trade. Most Lisu live close to water because they believe water has a special power. Within each Lisu house is an ancestral altar. And in each village, there is a “village guardian spirit shrine” which is located above the village, in a roofed pavilion which women are forbidden to enter. The Lisu also worship Wu Sa (the creator spirit), and a multitude of spirits of the forest, ancestors, trees, the sun, moon and everyday objects. Coupled with this, the Lisu fear possession by weretigers (phi pheu) and vampires (phu seu). The first Lisu converts recorded were in Burma around 1908 through the work among the Kachin by the American Baptist Mission. Christianity was introduced to the Lisu living in southwest China by CIM/OMF missionaries such as J.O. Fraser and John and Isobel Kuhn in the early 20th century. In 1950, when missionaries were forced to leave China and the vibrant, growing Lisu churches, they went to Thailand eager to reach the Lisu people there. But they found a very different response. Dialect differences were great, but spiritual differences were greater. Thailand’s Lisu showed little interest in God’s Word. Pioneering work among the Lisu continued for many years before the Lisu in Elephant Village showed interest. Then, three families decided to believe and they moved to Huay Khrai (Rice Fields). At Easter 1970 they became the first Thailand Lisu to be baptized. At present, OMF is no longer directly involved in church planting or church work among the Lisu in Thailand. It is however, a major supplier of Lisu Christian literature including Bibles, Sunday School material, commentaries and hymn books to the Lisu of Thailand and Myanmar. Translation of the entire Bible into Lisu was completed in 1968.
Testing your knowledge with quizzes is an established method and teachers are increasingly looking for ways to provide this for their students outside the classroom. There are a growing number of online tools that offer the means to do this and I’m going to focus on Quizlet because I think it can offer some genuine teaching benefit for the following reasons: It is free to use – you can sign up and use the majority of the features for free. There is a Teacher paid-for version (£3/mo) which offers progress tracking, creation of specific classes, and others but all the core features for learners are there. Use existing quizzes – search for and use thousands of existing quizzes. You don’t need to create anything if you don’t want to! Or you can take a copy and adapt an existing quiz to tailor it to your needs. A range of learning modes – it offers learners a variety of approaches to help learn and test themselves – selecting multiple choice answer, typing out answers, listening to answers, playing competitive quiz games which add a motivational factor. High quality images – there are a wide range of high quality medical images that can be utilised for free. This makes it possible to ask more detailed questions and you don’t have to worry about getting your own legal images. The paid-for version allows you to upload your own images. Effective repetition and feedback – the system has the ability to repeat the questions that students get wrong, often asking the questions in varying ways. It also gives effective feedback on performance, giving a helpful overview of what they are getting right and what they need to focus on. Students can create quizzes to learn – Recently, some Year 2 undergraduate students came to me saying how useful they were finding it and would the medical school be able to utilise it more formally in the course with BSMS content. While we may not do this yet, it was interesting to hear that these students felt they were benefiting from creating quizzes themselves for their peers to use; this was helping them learn effectively. There aren’t many I don’t think. As with any new tool, you need to have a play to find out how it works but I think it is relatively easy to find an existing quiz or create your own. It is designed to support the learning of facts and knowledge – it is not claiming to be operating at higher domains of evaluating or synthesis; it is a tool to help learn a lot of terminology and information. It’s not officially supported by either University so, as with any third-party tool, it comes with the usual caveat that you will need to explore under your own steam and the Universities can’t make any guarantees of its availability. But that shouldn’t stop you. Why not have a go with Quizlet and see if you can use it for your students? Drop a comment below or email me if you want to know more.
\|SCN News, Number 14 - Meeting the Nutrition Challenge (UNSSCN, 1997, 60 p.)\| World Food Summit World leaders from 186 participating countries assembled in Rome in November 1996 for the World Food Summit, which was aimed at renewing global commitment to the fight against hunger and malnutrition, and achieving lasting food security for all. The FAO called the Summit in response to widespread undernutrition and growing concern about the capacity of agriculture to meet future food needs. With more than 800 million people throughout the world unable to meet their basic nutritional needs, the Rome Declaration on World Food Security reaffirmed the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger. It pledged commitment to achieving food security for all and to eradicating hunger in all countries with an immediate view to reducing the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015. The Declaration sets out seven commitments: · Laying the groundwork for development a peaceful, stable and enabling political, social and economic environment, based on full and equal participation of women and men is the essential foundation for food security and poverty eradication. · Reduce poverty and facilitate access to food: poverty is a major cause of food insecurity and sustainable progress in poverty eradication is critical to improve access to food. · Adapt development policies: sustainable agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development are essential for adequate and reliable food supplies. The problems of pests, drought and desertification need to be combatted. · Facilitate trade: trade is a key element in food security - food, agricultural and overall trade policies must be conducive to fostering food security for all through a fair and market-orientated world trade system. · Improve forecasting and respond to food security: natural disasters and man-made emergencies give rise to transitory and emergency food requirements. Such emergencies must be prevented or prepared for. · Encourage investment public and private investment is required to foster human resources, sustainable food agriculture, fisheries and forestry systems, and rural development. · Implement, monitor and follow up the Plan of Action. The FAO World Food Summit Web Site offers all the major Summit documents, including Part One of the 'Report of the World Food Summit'. The site includes news bulletins, information for NGOs, and transcripts of some of the speeches. The texts of the Rome Declaration on World Food Security and the World Food Summit Plan of Action are also available at this site. The web site can be found at: http://faowfs0a.fao.org/wfs/homepage.htm Source: FAO WFS Web site; the Rome Declaration on World Food Security and the World Food Summit Plan of Action SCN Statement on the World Food Summit At the 23rd Session of the Sub-Committee on Nutrition which took place from 24 February - 1 March 1996, in Accra, Ghana, the following consensus statement was issued to reflect the SCN's support for the World Food Summit initiative. The Summit took place in Rome the following November. Malnutrition robs a country of its best minds and bodies and the lives of children. In the two decades since the World Food Conference of 1974, the questions of how much food the world grows and how that food is distributed have rightly remained at the centre of international debate and concern. However, emphasis on large- and small-scale food production must be linked to access to food and its utilization by households and communities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of undernutrition increased between 1990 and 1995 and nutritional improvement in most other developing areas of the world is slowing down or stagnating. The gravity of malnutrition cannot be overemphasized. Malnutrition reduces intelligence, educability, disease resistance, productivity and activity. Furthermore, it is passed along to the next generation if the pregnant woman is malnourished. Reducing or preventing malnutrition offers widespread, tangible benefits for individuals and countries. The SCN strongly supports the World Food Summit which will be organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) at its Rome headquarters in November 1996. It welcomes the attention and focus the Summit will bring to the problems of hunger and malnutrition, and sustainable strategies to address them, particularly in view of current and projected world population growth, concerns about the environment, and problems of global, national and household food security. We urge all participating member governments, international organizations, bilateral and non-governmental organizations, to review all background documents to assure adequate attention is paid to malnutrition and to assure the widest possible participation in the preparation for, deliberations at, and follow-up to the World Food Summit. Agricultural development will have the greatest impact on reducing malnutrition if it is coupled with efforts to improve family income, the health environment, and nutrition behaviours. Agricultural production must be linked to household food security, improved education, and appropriate care practices. To assure a sustainable and sufficient world food supply, it is necessary to keep under review investments in agricultural development affecting supply. It is also imperative to increase the production and consumption of legumes, fruits, and vegetables to address micronutrient malnutrition. However, these necessary steps are not enough. We believe that increased investments in these areas must be matched with programmes of action on nutrition to achieve the goals set by the 1992 International Conference on Nutrition. It is clear that continued supportive action at the global level is needed. Since the World Food Conference and the International Conference on Nutrition, we have learned much about what works to address malnutrition. It is now clear that a variety of approaches can work within the resource constraints of developing countries. What is common in these approaches is that they involve the family and the community in finding the appropriate solutions to the nutrition problem. Neither financial resources nor technology are binding constraints. What is required is political commitment and a sound strategy in each country. The world is not trapped in irreversible downward trends. Many countries have shown how to improve the nutritional status of their people, especially the most vulnerable. If clear action is taken seriously and soon, improvements in nutrition will become evident - with positive results for today's society and for future generations. Accra, 1 March 1996 Regular Deworming of School-Age Children: Study Shows Promising Results A new study has indicated that a low-cost deworming strategy in school-aged children can significantly reduce the amount of blood loss caused by intestinal worms. According to WHO estimates, around 1,400 million people worldwide are currently infected with one or more of three intestinal helminths - roundworm, whipworm, or hookworm. Infection with any of these can cause health problems, but hookworm is particularly debilitating, attaching itself to the intestinal wall, and causing iron deficiency anaemia by blood loss. Amongst the most vulnerable to adverse effects are an estimated 400 million infected school-age children, whose normal growth, nutritional status, and learning ability are all threatened. The study - carried out by a collaborative team with members from Johns Hopkins University, USA, the World Health Organization, and the Ministry of Health of Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania - involved 3,600 primary school children in 12 schools on Pemba Island, one of the two main islands of Zanzibar. Researchers estimated that treatment with mebendazole - given three times yearly - saved the loss of almost a quarter of a litre of blood per child annually at a cost of about 15 cents - a fraction of the cost of other drugs currently used for deworming. Dr Lorenzo Savioli, a WHO expert in parasitology put the findings into context: these results are a milestone, because they conclusively demonstrate that regular deworming is an effective, cheap and sustainable tool to control debility among children in endemic countries... the challenge now is to utilise this tool and integrate it with other health interventions, especially micronutrient supplements, to improve the health of children. More information can be obtained from Dr Lorenzo Savioli, Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Parasites, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Tel: 41-22-7912664, Fax: 41-22-7914869. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Gujarat's Improved Mid-Day Meal Programme for 3 Million Primary Schoolers from 1994 A report on the pre-post impact evaluation of the improved mid-day meal programme, Gujarat. By Tara Gopaldas & Sunder Gujral, 1996 By the year 2000 the Government of India will universalize primary education, and approximately 200 million undernourished and underprivileged schoolers (6-15 years) will get free mid-day meals. The Western state of Gujarat, acknowledged to be one of the most pragmatic in the country, has been the first to realise the vital link between Education and Educability, and since 1994, nearly 3 million schoolers in its Mid-Day-Meal Programme (MDMP) have been receiving a simple additional school health package of deworming + iron + vitamin A. This report provides an evaluation of the improved mid-day meal programme, based on the operational research conducted by Professor Tara Gopaldas and her group at Maharaja Sayajirao University at Baroda. The school health package consists of a six-monthly dose (400 mg) of albendazole and vitamin A (200,000 IU) and one tablet daily of ferrous sulphate providing 60 mg of elemental iron for 85 days per term for 2 terms a year. On an average, 72% of schoolers participated in the Health Package Programme. To evaluate the effects of the package, two rounds of surveys - one at baseline and one 6-9 months after implementation of the Health Package Programme by the Government of Gujarat - were carried out on approximately 6,000 children in 3 selected districts by Tara Consultancy Services. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in schoolers significantly reduced from 40% to 32% in response to the health inputs. These findings are supported by the stool examination conducted on a sub-group of schoolers where the prevalence was 71% in those who had not received the health inputs, compared to 40% in those who had. The mean haemoglobin levels of schoolers significantly improved in response to the health inputs from 10.6g to 11.8g/dl. Consequently, the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) reduced from the Baseline survey to the Resurvey (84% to 53%). A significantly smaller proportion of schoolers were affected with diarrhoea/dysentery/upper respiratory tract infections at the Resurvey as compared to the Baseline Survey. Vitamin A deficiency ocular signs decreased from 48% to 22%. These reductions were recorded in younger (6-10 years) as well as older (11-15 years) age schoolers. Growth improved markedly, and so did the weight-for-age and height-for-age curves of the schoolers. More schoolers were nutritionally in the normal category by the Body Mass Index at the Resurvey. About 70% schoolers perceived that they felt physically more fit than before (more active/energetic; could study and play well etc.) after taking the health inputs. This simple and cost effective intervention was achieved for about 34 US cents per schooler per annum. It can well be adopted by the entire developing world. For further information please contact: Professor Tara Gopaldas, Director, Tara Consultancy Services, Saraswathi, 124/B, Varthur Rd., Nagavara Palya, Bangalore 560093, KA, India. Phone 91 (80) 5282999 Fax: 91 (80) 5285914 Breastmilk's Unique Protective Qualities It is well known that infants who are formula fed contract more infections than those who are breastfed, and the use of contaminated water in feeds has commonly been thought to be responsible for this. But even when fed sterile formula, infants suffer from more meningitis and infection of the gut, ear, respiratory tract, and urinary tract than their breastfed counterparts. Why is this? The answer may lie in the intricate and unique make-up of human breastmilk - according to an article in Scientific American scientists have discovered a range of components which actively offer protection to newborns from disease in a variety of ways. Antibodies Amongst the antibodies found in breastmilk, one known as IgA, or more specifically secretory IgA, is found in the largest quantities. Secretory IgA is present in abundance in the gut and respiratory system of adults where it binds to pathogens and denies them access to the body's tissues. Infants are unable to make secretory IgA on their own, often until several weeks or even months after birth, and thus rely on the antibody being passed on through breastmilk. Furthermore, the antibodies in breastmilk are formed in direct response to pathogens ingested by the mother. The result is a highly specific collection of antibodies which can protect an infant against those disease-causing agents he is most likely to encounter. Immune Cells White blood cells (or leukocytes) are abundant in human breastmilk and have the ability to fight infection themselves, and to activate other defence mechanisms. Protective Molecules Amongst the other components of breastmilk thought to offer protection are: · Oligosaccharides - these simple chains of sugars can prevent bacteria from entering cells by providing binding sites similar to those on cell walls; · Mucins- have similar properties to oligosaccharides; · Lactoferrin - a protein which can bind to two atoms of iron making it unavailable to pathogenic bacteria; · B12 binding protein - deprives microorganisms of vitamin B12: · Bifidus factor - promotes growth of the harmless bacterium Lactobacillus bifidus, which helps to crowd out more dangerous bacteria; · Free Fatty Adds - these can damage the membranes of enveloped viruses such as chicken pox; · Interferon - displays strong antiviral activity; and · Fibronectin - this has the ability to make some phagocytes (a cell which engulfs particles such as invading microorganisms) more aggressive. Something in breastmilk also appears to bring about faster maturation of an infant's immune system - for example, breastfed babies produce more antibodies when immunized. And something, as yet unidentified, seems to stimulate infants' production of secretory IgA, lactoferrin, and lysozyme, all of which are found in larger amounts in the urine of breastfed babies than formula fed babies (breastfed babies cannot absorb these molecules from human milk into their gut). Perhaps this explains the findings of recent studies that demonstrate that the breastfed infant has a lower risk of acquiring urinary tract infections. Source: Newman, J. (1995) How Breast Milk Protects Newborns. Scientific American, December 1995, 58-61 Poverty Assessment in Kenya The results of a poverty assessment in Kenya, published by the Population and Human Resources Division, Eastern Africa Department of the World Bank, have revealed no improvement during the decade 1982 - 1992 in the proportion of the rural population below the poverty line - the figure remains at around 50%. It also showed that in 1992, the proportion of the urban population below the poverty line was around 30%. According to an article on the findings, the rural poor are predominantly subsistence farmers and families whose income comes mainly from the informal sector, whilst the urban poor are either unemployed or in the informal sector. Children from poor families have less schooling, are more likely to be malnourished, less likely to be immunized, and face higher chances of dying in infancy and childhood. From 1982-1992, Kenya did achieve improvements in some of its social indicators. However, a lack of sustained per capita income growth together with unequal distribution of education and health care benefits are amongst the factors singled out as responsible for the increase in numbers of poor in the country. These factors are targeted in the strategy for improvement suggested in the report. The report concludes that broad-based economic growth and the provision of basic social services to the poor are two mutually reinforcing strategies that could assure rapid and sustainable progress for the people of Kenya. One without the other is insufficient and inadequate progress in one constrains the other. To obtain a copy at the report Kenya Poverty Assessment Report No. 13152-KE published in 1995 by the Population and Human Resources Division, Eastern Africa Department, Africa Region, World Bank, Washington, D.C. please contact: Ms Yordanos Seium, Room J10-204, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Phone: (202) 473-4099 Source: World Bank (1996) Assessing Poverty in Kenya. Findings: Africa Region, No. 55, 1-3 Thrasher Research Fund. Request for proposals on food-based approaches to preventing micronutrient malnutrition Food-based approaches offer sustainable solutions to problems of malnutrition, and include all activities affecting human nutrition and health, which are associated with the production, acquisition, preservation and utilization of food. To exploit the potential for food-based systems, the Thrasher Research Fund are inviting submission of research proposals in the following areas: · Increasing the effectiveness of foods and/or diets as sources of key micronutrients · Increasing the supply of micronutrient-rich foods and increasing the micronutrient densities of foods · Developing effective information, education and communication methods to promote food-based micronutrient interventions. · Developing programs and policies that influence the choices of consumers and producers to increase the supply and consumption of micronutrient-rich foods. · Evaluating existing or planned food-based micronutrient interventions to assess their impact in terms of acceptance, effectiveness, efficiency, utilization and sustainability. The review committee will evaluate proposals based on several criteria: effect on health; practical application; innovation; purpose and aims; project site; replicability; funding considerations; and participatory approach. Proposals will be accepted until 31 December 1998, or until all designated funds are committed. Support will be limited to three levels of funding: up to US$10,000; US$10,000-25,000; and US$25,000-$50,000. For full details of policies, guidelines and application procedure, please contact Food-based Approaches, Thrasher Research Fund, 50E, North Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150, USA. Fax: 801 240 1964 Phone: 801 240 4753 World Alliance on Breastfeeding Action (WABA) The World Alliance on Breastfeeding Action (WABA) held its first Global Forum in Bangkok 2-6 December 1996. It brought together about 380 people from 85 countries, representing a multitude of disciplines as well as organizations. WABA has existed for five years, but the present Forum was the first occasion for its supporters and users to meet in body. The Forum was ambitiously entitled Children's Health, Children's Rights: Action for the 21st Century, concentrating for action for the next century. There were 82 working groups in the course of the four days of meeting, formulating a series of recommendations and actions for the future. The Forum for the first time addressed the issue of breast milk as a human right for babies, with all its legal and moral implications. A working group was established to work out how to utilise existing tools, such as the Convention of the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women. The reporting obligations and the requirements for observance that these Conventions entail for the states that have signed them can also have implications for work to protect and promote breastfeeding. The Forum was important as a manifestation of the strength and liveliness of WABA, and the goodwill and willingness to work together that exist among the various voluntary organizations working in this field, in spite of differences in origin and agenda apart from breastfeeding which united them all. WABA thus has demonstrated its ability to serve as a unifying force, which can only bode well for the health of tomorrow's children. For more information contact: WABA, P.O. Box 1200, 10850 Penang, Malaysia. Telephone 60-4-6584816, Fax: 60-4-6572655, Email: email@example.com Source: Elisabet Helsing, Co-Chair, WABA Zvitambo: Zimbabwe Vitamin A for mothers and babies project Zvitambo is a Shona word which literally means precious or very valuable. It is frequently exclaimed when visiting a newborn baby who is particularly robust and healthy. It is also the acronym for a project about to be launched, Zimbabwe Vitamin A for Mothers and Babies. This study aims to determine whether oral administration of vitamin A to mothers and infants immediately after childbirth will reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission during lactation, sexually transmitted HIV infection in women during the post-partum year, and infant mortality. The study will be carried out in Harare, Zimbabwe where mild vitamin A deficiency is apparent, 30% of pregnant women are HIV sere-positive and 6% of women who are seronegative at delivery become infected during the post partum year. This is a collaborative project between the University of Zimbabwe and the Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, with the main trial due to start in October 1997. The project is funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Breast feeding policy in HIV endemic countries is becoming a very difficult and emotional issue. Maternal-to-child transmission accounts for over 90% of paediatric HIV infections worldwide, and among breast feeding populations, some one-quarter to one-third of HIV infected infants acquired the infection while breast feeding. The reality of this risk presents a great dilemma for many African countries where a substantial proportion of lactating women are HIV infected but alternative infant feeding choices risk the 6 million infant lives saved each year by breast feeding. Making the issue even more difficult is that most African women do not know and many do not want to know whether they are infected with HIV or not. Therefore, breast feeding policy must weigh up the risks and benefits for populations as a whole. The health and survival of the infants born to HIV uninfected women in these populations may be jeopardized when breast feeding promotion is eroded in attempt to reduce risk among exposed infants. An intervention which reduces the infectiousness of the breast milk of HIV infected women and can be feasibly applied to all post-partum women is needed. Emerging data demonstrating that vitamin A deficiency among HIV infected women is associated with higher concentrations of HIV in their breast milk and higher rates of HIV transmission to their infants suggest that vitamin A supplementation of mothers in the immediate post-partum period may reduce the risk of HIV transmission during lactation. This intervention has already been shown to benefit woman and their breastfed infants who are not infected with HIV by improving their vitamin A status. Providing vitamin A to uninfected post-partum women may also improve the integrity of their vaginal epithelium and strengthen their immune system, reducing their risk of acquiring the infection from sexual partners during the post-partum year, a period when women appear to be at particularly high risk of becoming infected. Furthermore, in one study, providing vitamin A to infants soon after delivery substantially reduced early infant mortality. Vitamin A supplementation of both mothers and their newborn infants in the immediate post-partum period, when the majority of women come in contact with some member of the health care system, would be inexpensive, readily linked with an existing health care system, and may have multiple benefits for HIV infected and uninfected mothers and infants. Source: Dr Jean Humphrey, Zvitambo Project, 18 Van Praagh, Harare, Zimbabwe. Fax: 263-4-708-413 NGO Nutrition Association - a new initiative As an initiative of the 'Action Contre la Faim' Scientific Advisory Committee, its Chairman, Professor Mike Golden of the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics at Aberdeen University has recently established an NGO Nutrition Association. The Association has started as an E-Mail discussion group for those who co-ordinate, manage or advise nutrition programmes in developing countries and for those nutritionists who are working in relative isolation. The idea behind the Association is that participants can share problems and opinions, particularly those originating from the field, with a wide range of interested people who have experience and expertise in a whole variety of topics related to such programmes. New initiatives can be discussed before they are implemented. The results of trying new approaches can be disseminated. Even issues such as the ethics of various nutritional interventions can be aired. Important information from the literature can also be brought to the group's attention. An Association page is currently being constructed on the World Wide Web which will serve as a location for messages that are consensus statements or conclusions from the Association's deliberations. Currently, members of the Association are mainly drawn from both UN and non-governmental organisations and also from a wide range of academics doing research in both rich and poor countries, many of whom have not had the opportunity to interact with humanitarian organisations. Although optimistic about the usefulness of the Association, Golden observes that the group will only be as good as those who actively contribute to it. Those who plan, co-ordinate, evaluate, manage or advise nutrition programmes are encouraged to join by sending a message to firstname.lastname@example.org which includes their position and address. Source: Professor Michael Golden, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB9 2ZD, Scotland. Email: email@example.com Vitamin A: Fifth Business Fifth business - definition. Those roles which, being neither those of Hero nor Heroine, Confidante nor Villain, but which were nonetheless essential to bring about the Recognition or the denouement, were called the Fifth Business in drama and opera companies organized according to the old style. In the context of control of vitamin A deficiency, there are plenty of examples of Fifth Business - meaning public nutrition actions without whose successful conclusion programme targets will not be reached on time or, worse, cannot be reached at all. But here I intend to focus on just one of them, surveys. Consider surveys of different types - baseline, on-going, for evaluation. Without good baseline data it is impossible to know the size and characteristics of the vitamin A problem, and therefore impossible to come up with appropriate solutions. Without follow-up and evaluation surveys it is difficult to track progress. So for vitamin A public nutrition programs, surveys are certainly Fifth Business. Yet, as we get uncomfortably close to the year 2000 and its goal of virtual elimination of vitamin A deficiency, many countries (especially for example in Sub-Saharan Africa but also in the Newly Independent States of Eastern Europe and South East Asia) have hardly begun even to establish representative, reliable and countrywide baseline data. Meanwhile other countries with large, longer-term programmes (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Viet Nam) are asking questions about cost-effectiveness of different interventions and current vitamin A status. The reality is that good survey data is in short supply, whether it be recent or historical. The WHO/Micronutrient Deficiency Information System (MDIS) documentation of vitamin A assessments, despite its intended comprehensiveness and ambition, is more like a patchwork quilt of scattered information at different points in time than a complete global mapping. Furthermore, one cannot fail to be impressed (or more likely depressed) by the increasing number of incomplete, non-reported and simply mis-handled surveys. Is it that our ability to computerize, and superficially juggle, large data sets now exceeds our ability to predict results demanded of the analysis? Sometimes one has the feeling that the ability to deal with more data, in more complexity, has become the drive or principle for designing some studies; rather than the need to ask practical programmatic questions. Is juggling a large amount of data somehow more fascinating intellectually than creating an interface of critical information linking inputs with likely outputs, that can be used to promote actions for change and improvement, with a realistic amount of resources? EPI-INFO 6, for example, has certainly transformed data handling, but it should not replace the most lucid and clear-headed thought about what data should be handled. Is this evident to readers of SCN News? Probably. But even if so, the point is certainly not understood by plenty of others; and applied during study design by few. The evidence? Within the past 12 months alone, I have come across examples of uncompleted or only partially reported surveys in Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria and Senegal. The cost? Not far short of $900,000 if the figures presented me are to be trusted. Difficult to believe? Agreed. But probably not far from the truth. And that is without discounting the hours of lost labour by planners, survey teams and most numerous of all mothers with their children (an estimated 20,000 of them). Definitely not a pretty picture of efficiency. One that, if disseminated, could even provoke awkward questions from donors who have to foot the bill. And, as significantly, a total of wasted surveys which could most likely be considerably added to, without much effort, by readers of SCN News. So much for the problematic. But if Fifth Business is essential, what about solutions? WHO in 1995 updated 'Vitamin A deficiency and its consequences: a field guide to their detection and control' by Professor Sommer. This work is the gold standard for anybody working with vitamin A surveys. Indeed it is one of those rare publications that, along with a few others, has combined to create a radically new approach to micronutrient deficiency in general. This said, it contains so much detail that the inexperienced survey planner could be tempted to go for the seemingly 'safer' option of more, rather than the practically 'surer' option of less. Is there an alternative? Well, how about a far shorter document (maximum ten pages) that trims the issues down to a few essentials - and approaches them with the heavy-handed clarity of a cookbook. Not a counter publication, but a different and complementary publication, aimed at small and beautiful, deliberately directive and limited. This trimmed down version would answer only the questions that really need answers; not the uncontrolled range of others that 'would be interesting to know'. The essential ingredients, for example, could be just three-fold: night blindness, distribution of serum retinol in the population and frequency of consumption of vitamin A-rich foods for mothers and preschool-age children - not much more than that. The built-in objective would be to provide a final report within at most three months of completion of fieldwork. It would also contain a range of maximum acceptable costs for different geographical and socio-economic situations. Coincidentally (or perhaps not) it was the Canadian novelist, Robertson Davies, who awakened the world's interest in Fifth Business, in the opening section of the Deptford Trilogy. Would it not be especially appropriate, therefore, for the Micronutrient Initiative of Canada to take up the challenge of Fifth Business as it relates to vitamin A surveys? Or would one of the UN organizations, or NGOs, agree to focus on simplifying vitamin A surveys; an unfortunately neglected, yet fundamental, issue if the year 2000 goal is to be shown to be achievable? Source: Nicholas Cohen, Focus Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia 27 Avenue Voltaire, 01210 Ferney-Voltaire, France Tel: 33-4-5040 5263, Fax: 33-4-5040 9643 World Federation of Public Health Associations 8th International Congress - Health in Transition: Opportunities and Challenges 12-16 October 1997, Arusha, Tanzania The World Federation of Public Health Associations announces its 8th International Congress to be held in Arusha, Tanzania, 12-16 October 1997. The meeting will be hosted by the Tanzanian Public Health Association. Join health practitioners, policy makers, administrators, development workers, researchers, and many others from governments, academia, international organizations, and the NGO community for this exciting event. WFPHA is a non-governmental organization composed of national public health associations from 48 countries around the world. WFPHA Congresses are held every three years and are co-sponsored by WHO and UNICEF. Participation is open to all. For further information and abstract forms contact: WFPHA Secretariat, c/o APHA, 1015 15th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005, USA. Fax: (202) 789 5681 Collaborate, Communicate, and Celebrate Society for Nutrition Education Meeting 1997 The society for Nutrition Education's 30th Annual Meeting will take place from 22-26 July in Montreal, Quebec, and will take the theme of Building bridges... Through Collaboration, Communication and Celebration. The meeting will provide a forum for exchanging ideas and information on how to improve and strengthen nutrition education practice and provide an environment for developing professional skills. Meeting sessions will include invited presentations. Other oral and poster presentations will be reviewed and selected from submitted abstracts. The Society for Nutrition Education is a professional association of 2,300 nutrition educators in the US, Canada, Mexico and several countries outside North America. The society promotes the nutritional well-being of people through improved education, research and public policy. For information please contact: Society for Nutrition Education, 2001 Killebrew Drive, Ste, 340, Minneapolis, MN 55425-1882, USA. Phone: 612 854 6721 Fax: 612 854 7869 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org. For information on membership, call 612 854 9697 Online Primary Health Care Database The Appropriate Health Resources and Technology Action Group (AHRTAG), based in London, UK, is making available on the INTERNET a unique searchable bibliographic database focusing on primary health care and disability issues in the developing countries. The database contains descriptions of over 15,000 materials held in AHRTAG's resource centre, including articles, books, manuals, reports, as well as unpublished materials on a wide range of issues including adolescent health, evaluation, health education, HIV and AIDS, planning and management, programme implementation, structural adjustment, training, urban health, and nutrition. For further information please contact: Margaret Elson, Information Systems Officer, AHRTAG, Farringdon Point, 29-35 Farringdon Road, London EC1M 3JB, UK. Phone: (44 171) 242 0606 Fax: (44 171) 242 0041 Email: email@example.com Source: AHRTAG Information Sheet, January 1996 International Postgraduate Courses, Cuba The Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene (INHA) of Havana, Cuba, in its role of WHO Collaborating Centre, holds every year a Program of International Postgraduate Courses mainly for Spanish-speaking specialists all around the world. In 1997, INHA will be holding the following International Postgraduate Courses: 1. Fats in Human Diet: Effects on Health October 13-17, 1997 Coordinator Dr Alejandrina Cabrera, PhD. Fee US$330* US$210** 2. Systems Design and Data Analysis in Nutritional Surveillance October 20-24, 1997 Coordinator: Lic. Pedro Monterrey, PhD. Fee: US$365* US$275** 3. Food and Nutritional Surveillance October 27-31, 1997 Coordinator: Prof. John Gay, MD, PhD Fee: US$300* US$210** 4. Computer Programs Applied to Dietary Assessment for Food and Nutrition Surveillance November 3-21, 1997 Coordinator: Lic. Armando Rodriguez, MSc. Fee: US$1,050* for three modules (US$350/module) or: US$750** for three modules (US$250/module) 5. Food Security November 24-28 1997 Coordinator: Dr Santa Jimenez, MD, PhD. Fee: US$300* 6. Epidemiology and Nutrition December 1-12, 1997 Coordinator Dr Carmen Porrata, MD, PhD Fee: US$750* US$525** * Price includes registration fees, printed materials, lodging and meals in the Guest's House of the Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. Teaching activities take place in the same location with the exception of field activities. ** Price includes only registration fees and printed materials. For further information please contact: Professor Mirta Hermelo, MD, PhD, Head, Department of Postgraduate Education, Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. Calzada de Infanta 1158, La Habana 10300, Cuba. Phone: (53-7) 78 5919/78 1835/78 1479 Fax: (53-7) 33 8313/33 3375 Source: Professor Manuel Amador, Deputy Director, INHA, 21 August 1996 Food Fortification to End Micronutrient Malnutrition: State-of-the-Art 2 August 1997, Montreal, Canada This one day symposium will present state-of-the-art fortification technologies for a variety of food vehicles. Experts from research institutions, the food industry and non-governmental organisations will review past achievements, provide analysis of the current situation and highlight opportunities for the future. The programme will focus on the state-of-the-art for fortification of five groups of food vehicles generally considered most appropriate for the elimination of micronutrient malnutrition including cereals and grains, fats and oils, dairy products, salt, sugar and condiments. Food Fortification to End Micronutrient Malnutrition: State-of-the-Art, is an official satellite meeting to the 16th International Union of Nutritional Sciences Congress. To register please contact Alison Greig, Micronutrient Initiative, 250 Albert Street, Ottawa, Canada KIG 3HP. Fax: 613 236 9579 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org. There is no registration fee. For further information, please phone 613 236 6163 ext. 2203 Short Course on Participatory and Rapid Appraisals for the Health Sector 7-20 September 1997, Keele University The Centre for Health Planning and Management at Keele University is offering a short course on 'Participatory and Rapid Appraisals for the Health Sector' from 7-20 September 1997. The objective of the course is to familiarize participants with tools and techniques to provide timely and appropriate information as well as facilitate participation of local people in the planning process. The course will introduce a wide range of participatory and rapid methods for assessments and evaluations. There will be considerable group work with course facilitators in applying the methods and skills which are taught, and the course will focus on an intensive interaction for participative learning which will include activities outside the classroom. Further information, including course fees and an application form, can be obtained from the Course Administrator, Ms Brenda Corbishley, Centre for Health Planning and Management, Darwin Building, Keele University, Keele, Staffs, ST5 5BG, UK. Phone: +44 1782 583192 Fax: +44 1782 711737 The 15th Leeds Course in Clinical Nutrition 2-5 September 1997, Leeds The Department of Medicine at St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, and the School of Continuing Education at the University of Leeds, are offering a course in clinical nutrition to be held at the University Hospital. Daily sessions will focus on: · Nutrition, Surgery and Gastroenterology · Clinical States Associated with Nutritional Problems · Nutrition in Minority Groups · Nutritional Treatment A number of guest lectures will also be included in the programme. The Leeds Course in Clinical Nutrition is approved for a total of 16 hours C.M.E. by the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons and also has PGEA approval (17 hours A/B). Further information, including course fees and an application form, can be obtained from the Course Secretary - Clinical Nutrition, School of Continuing Education - CVE, Continuing Education Building, Springfield Mount, Leeds LS2 9NG, UK. Phone: +44 113 233 3233 Fax: +44 113 233 3240 Positions Available, World Bank, Washington D.C. Senior Nutrition Adviser The World Bank is currently seeking a (Senior) Nutrition Adviser to the Health, Nutrition & Population (HNP) Board at its Headquarters in Washington, D.C. As the World Bank's most senior adviser for nutrition, the selected candidate will (a) provide leadership in developing and overseeing nutrition strategy for the Bank; (b) guide quality assurance work on nutrition lending at the Bank; (c) lead the consultative process with borrowers, donors, NGOs, and academics during the different stages of preparation of the Bank's nutrition policies. The selected candidate will be a dynamic individual with the highest professional qualifications and an internationally recognized authority in the nutrition sector, with demonstrated outstanding managerial and communication skills and excellent analytical ability. He/she will have practical experience working on nutrition for an extended period in a developing country situation. Women and candidates of diverse nationalities are strongly encouraged to apply. The World Bank offers an internationally competitive compensation package, including expatriate benefits. Candidates should fax their resumes within two weeks of the publication date to: Recruitment Unit, Attention: NUTR-Adv.-SCN, World Bank, Room MC4-137, Washington, D.C., Fax 202 477-4744. Source: World Bank 6/3/97 (Senior) Food & Nutrition Policy Advisor The Bank seeks an outstanding candidate of international stature as its (Senior) Food & Nutrition Policy Advisor to: (a) link the Bank's food & nutrition policy issues, practices and research with state-of-the-art knowledge and policies of other international organizations, bilateral donors, and non-governmental organizations; (b) coordinate the work of the Bank's various units involved in food & nutrition policy; and (c) implement its Rural Action Plan and Hunger Strategy. The nature of the work requires a dynamic individual with excellent analytical ability, outstanding communications skills and demonstrated management capacity. The selected candidate will be an internationally recognized authority in international food consumption policy and human nutrition, with the highest professional and academic qualifications (PhD in Economics/Agricultural Economics preferred). He/she will have a minimum of 15 years of varied field and institutional experience in areas relevant to the impact of agricultural policy and development on food consumption and nutrition. Proficiency in English is essential; proficiency in French, Spanish or Portuguese will be a significant advantage. Women are strongly encouraged to apply. The World Bank offers an internationally competitive compensation package, including expatriate benefits. Candidates should send their resumes by August 15 to: The World Bank Recruitment Unit, Ref: FDAD-SCN, Rm. 0-4-140, Washington, DC 20433, USA. Fax: (202) 522-2148. Source: World Bank 13.6.97 Save the Children Fund (UK) Household Food Economy Analysis When people are uprooted from their homes and are deprived of their livelihoods as in refugee situations, access to food is often impeded leading to heightened food insecurity among the population. One way to help alleviate this insecurity is the provision of food aid. In addition, it has long been acknowledged that refugees develop alternative ways to ensure they have access to food. However, in the past, it has been difficult to quantify the methods and extent to which refugees are able to meet their needs. This new method for assessing needs of populations facing acute food insecurity, regardless of the reason, is based upon a deeper understanding of the various options people employ to secure access to food. The method explores in a systematic fashion other food and income sources people rely upon, and the degree to which these can be expanded in times of crisis. Thus, in times of food scarcity, it is possible to analyse what options people have to support themselves and to quantify the size of any food deficit that they may face. Food aid might be one way to tackle the problem of food scarcity, but it is not the only solution. This approach focuses on interventions that will support local initiatives. The novelty of this approach is the attempt to quantify factors such as relative wealth, sources of income, sources of food, and patterns of expenditure in refugee situations. Assessments have been carried out in a number of places, including Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Nepal, with the result being a more complete information on how refugees cope and therefore how we can most effectively fill the gap. They will hopefully lead to better and more effective use of food aid, that will support and not undermine local practices. Source: Household Food Economy Analysis What Is It? by Save the Children Fund (UK) Field Exchange - the Emergency Nutrition Network quarterly newsletter The Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN), has recently started publication of a quarterly newsletter, Field Exchange, which will be devoted primarily to publishing field level articles and current research and evaluation findings relevant to the emergency food and nutrition sector. The target audiences of Field Exchange are food and nutrition workers involved in emergencies, and those researching this area. The ENN focuses on food and nutrition aspects of emergencies and is a result of a shared commitment to improve knowledge, stimulate learning, and provide vital support to food and nutrition workers involved in emergencies. The Network aims to improve emergency food and nutrition programme effectiveness by: · providing a forum for the exchange of field level experiences; · strengthening humanitarian agency institutional memory; · keeping field staff up to date with current research and evaluation findings; · helping to identify subjects in the emergency food and nutrition sector which need more research. The newsletter will be central to these activities by reporting and exchanging field level experiences. The first issue of Field Exchange was published in May 1997 and is available upon request from: Fiona O'Reilly, ENN Coordinator, c/o Department of Community Health and General Practice, 199 Pearse Street, Trinity College, Dublin 2 Ireland, Email: email@example.com WFP and UNHCR have signed a new Memorandum of Understanding. According to the cover letter important new elements include provisions for: better assessment of the numbers and needs of beneficiaries, clearer role for WFP in final distribution of food, the need to monitor the food pipeline closely, share timely information and take early joint action on shortfalls in deliveries. Nutrition is prominent in the objective of this Memorandum. We read that: through... timely provision of the right quantity of the right food and related non-food inputs, WFP and UNHCR seek to ensure the restoration and maintenance of a sound nutritional status through a food basket that meets the assessed requirements, is nutritionally balanced and is culturally acceptable.... Further, the Memorandum emphasizes promotion of... self-reliance... through... programmes to develop food production or... self employment. This is aimed at facilitating a shift from food distribution towards development activities. What exactly are assessed requirements? Requirements established by FAO/WHO are to provide the basis for the calculation of food needs, while a set of agreed nutritional guidelines are to be used as well. These guidelines will be released shortly by the two agencies. Numbers of beneficiaries, modalities of assistance, composition of the food basket and ration size are to be determined jointly. However, UNHCR is responsible for determining the nutritional status of refugees and for the implementation of selective feeding programmes as may be found necessary in addition to the agreed general ration. Interestingly, UNHCR is responsible for mobilizing local fresh foods, spices, tea and dried and therapeutic milk. WFP is responsible for mobilizing other commodities, whether for general or selective feeding: cereals, oils, pulses, blended foods, salt (no reference to iodization), sugar and biscuits. WFP will ensure the provision of blended foods or other fortified commodities to prevent or correct micronutrient malnutrition. Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations: An Inter-agency Field Manual (UNHCR, 1995) Following from the primary objective of the Inter-Agency Symposium on Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations (Geneva, June 1995) to introduce reproductive health activities in all refugee situations, experts and experience field staff have collaborated to produce this Field Manual. The Manual is intended to inform field managers and operational agencies of the issues related to reproductive health affecting women, adolescents and men in refugee situations, and to serve as a tool to help implement, monitor and evaluate reproductive health-related interventions. The purposes of the Field Manual are: · to focus attention on and familiarize field staff with an aspect of refugee rights and welfare which has been too often widely overlooked; · to offer guidance to field staff in introducing and implementing reproductive health services in refugee situations; · to foster coordination between potential partners. The Manual describes the components of a comprehensive reproductive health service. Helpful tools for project implementation and a list of further reading are provided, and appendices contain essential documents on information, education, communication and legal considerations. A version of this Manual is also available in French. The authors invite users to field test the Manual, so that all comments and input may be used in the preparation of a revised Manual. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Programme and Technical Support Section, UNHCR Headquarters, Case postale 2500, CH-1211 Geneva 2 Depot 2, Switzerland. Fax: +41 22 739 7371 Inter-Agency Workshop on Selective Feeding Programmes 18-20 February 1997, hosted by CONCERN, Dublin This workshop was one of a number of follow-up actions being taken by the Inter-agency Food and Nutrition Group following earlier workshops held in Addis Ababa and Geneva. Among the follow-up actions identified at the Addis workshop (October 95) was the proposal to develop a typology of the design and objectives of selective feeding programmes currently implemented in emergency situations. A subsequent meeting held in Geneva (May 96) decided to hold a workshop which would focus exclusively upon unresolved issues related to selective feeding programmes in emergency situations. Funding for the workshop was provided by the Department of Foreign Affairs, Ireland. The primary purpose of the Dublin workshop was to focus on areas of controversy with a view to reaching consensus amongst the workshop participants and making some headway on issues such as the development of a comprehensive typology for selective feeding programmes. Clarification of terminology, the rationale behind supplementary feeding programmes, a conceptual framework for design, programme objectives and suitable indicators were discussed. In addition, the issue of closure and problems of assimilation of selective feeding programmes into local health structures was discussed. Workshop participants were able to share and update technical information between agencies and to clarify priorities for further field research, including issues such as the use of z-scores for admission criteria, the requirements of appropriate foods for use in supplementary and therapeutic feeding programmes and criteria for the assessment of adult malnutrition. The workshop report is available from CONCERN, Camden Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. Fax: 353-1-4754647, Email: firstname.lastname@example.org ACC/SCN Reports on the Nutrition Situation of Refugees and Displaced People The Reports on the Nutrition Situation of Refugees and Displaced People are published every three months under the AC/SCN's Refugee Nutrition Information System (RNIS). The system was started on the recommendation of the SCN's Working Group on Nutrition of Refugees and Displaced People, by the SCN in February 1993. Updates on rapidly changing situations, and where new information is available, are published on an as needed basis, depending on the current situation. The Updates are, where feasible, transmitted by Email. Information is obtained from a wide range of collaborating agencies, both UN and NGO. The overall picture gives contact and information which separate reports cannot provide by themselves. The information available is mainly about nutrition, health, and survival in refugee and displaced populations. To obtain more information, or to be put on the mailing list to obtain the reports and electronic mail updates, please contact: Ms Jane Wallace, ACC/SCN, c/o World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Tel: 41-22-791 04 56, Fax: 41-22-798 88 91, Email: email@example.com
Cankers may be either bacterial or fungal. It is the fungal form that affects apples and pears. Fungal spores enter via pruning cuts, wounds or cracks in the bark. Canker can be very destructive if left untreated. FUNGAL CANKER DAMAGE: Areas of bark can split, hollow and discolour or crack in concentric rings. The infected area can swell and will have little or poor growth around the affected area. Fungal growths may appear, which can be creamy/white in the Spring and Summer, Red in Autumn/Winter and whole branches may die back. TREATMENT: Prune out all infected wood and destroy this. BACTERIAL CANKER (also known as Bacterial leaf spot) This is a serious disease that needs swift action to prevent it spreading and ultimately killing the tree. The bacteria usually enters in the Autumn via cracks in the bark, wounds or pruning cuts but it can also attack new shoots and leaves in the Spring. Young trees are most at risk, especially if the weather is damp or windy. Bacterial canker can affect any stone fruit. DAMAGE: Bacterial canker causes small dark spots in leaves that turn into round holes. The leaves will subsequently turn yellow, wither and die. Buds do not open, branches dies back and affected areas of bark may become sunken and/or ooze orange resin or gum. TREATMENT: Prune out and destroy all infected wood, taking out whole branches if necessary. Disinfect all tools used. HOW ARE DISEASES SPREAD? Most fungal infections are carried by spores being blown, from one plant to another by the wind, or transmitted in water splashes. Bacterial infections are spread in the same way although insects can also carry them. Viruses are transmitted by sap-feeding insects, especially aphids. PREVENTING DISEASE Plants are most at risk when they have just been pruned or are damaged. It is imperative to prune at the correct time of the year – Winter season (when the tree is dormant (lost all of it’s leaves)) for fruits with a pip; apples, pears and quinces. Growing season (July/August even if fruit is on the tree) for stone fruits; apricots, cherries, gages, nectarines, peaches and plums. Do not overcrowd trees Make sure they are planted with sufficient space between. Free-standing trees should not be planted near fences/walls/buildings etc. Weed, water and feed your trees The healthier your tree is the more resistant to infection and disease it will be. Disinfect tools Before and after use, especially when pruning. Dispose of infected matter Clear all windfalls, pruning and any infected/diseased leaves. Burn or remove from site rather than composting.
The United States has two conflicting legal traditions concerning middle names as legal identification. Both traditions are based on the same English common law principle that, in legal matters, a person should be identified by both his or her “christian name” and a surname. However, the traditions disagree on what constitutes a person’s christian name. One tradition follows English precedent in defining christian name as the name given a person at baptism (See English Common Law). In this tradition, all names given at baptism are recognized as parts of the christian name, and a middle name is essential to a person’s legal identification if it is the name by which the person is known. The other tradition holds a uniquely American definition of christian name as only the first of a person’s forenames. In this tradition, the first name is the only forename essential to legal identification, and any middle name is “immaterial surplusage” that can be omitted or even wrongly stated (See The New York Rule). English Precedent: Full Baptismal Name as Legal Identification Many early English courts adhered to a strict requirement that christian names be stated in legal matters exactly as given at baptism, so their rulings often reflected adherence to form rather than determining identity. In Evans v. King (1745), the court ruled that a man could not be sued as “Henry King, otherwise Henry Vaughn King” because “Henry (alone)” and Henry Vaughn were two different christian names and he could not have both. In Arbouin v. Willoughby (1815), the court set aside proceedings against Hans William Willoughby, sued as William Willoughby, on the ground that “the defendant, having two christian names, is sued by only one of them”(1). Courts that insisted on precision in stating the christian name required that all of its parts be stated in full, with none represented by an initial letter. In Ogden v. Barker (1831) the court ruled that “If a defendant, having two christian names [William Archibald], is arrested on process describing him by one christian name at full length and the initial of the other [William A.], it is ground for cancelling the bail bond.” In Nash v. Collier (1847), the court said even a third given name must be stated in full. A declaration identifying the defendant as William Henry W. Collier was faulty because it had given “only a portion of the christian name.” In Kinnersley v. Knott (1849), the court said the defendant’s name had not been sufficiently stated as John M. Knott because the letter M must be “understood as an initial only of the christian name.” During deliberations, one of the judges, perhaps aware of a United States ruling that middle-name initials could be “stricken out or disregarded” (Keane v. Meade, 28 U.S. 1), asked if there were some English ruling that might permit such disregard of the initial M. The court said no (2). English Precedent: One Baptismal Name Sufficient for Legal Identification While some English courts insisted on precision in stating the complete christian name, others ruled that inasmuch as the function of a name is to identify, variance from the exact christian name was immaterial if identity could be established through other means. In these cases, statement of only one of several christian names was considered adequate if it was the name by which the person was known–regardless of its position in the sequence of forenames. One case that used this approach was Pougett v. Tomkyns. In 1753, Parliament had passed a Marriage Act designed to prevent fraudulent marriages, requiring couples intending to marry to either obtain a license or have the priest publish a marriage banns, an official notice of intent to marry, stating each party’s “true christian and surname.” The term true christian and surname was as close as English common law came to requiring a specific form of name in a legal document. In 1812 a Consistory Court, which had jurisdiction over issues involving marriage, ruled that while strict interpretation of the Marriage Act required publication of all names given at baptism, omission of a name by which the person was not known—what the court called a “dormant” name—would not be so great a variance as to invalidate the marriage. The case at hand concerned a young man universally known by his middle name, Peter, who had given only his first name, William, in the banns. The judge found the omission of his middle name a deliberate attempt to conceal identity, which amounted to fraud and rendered the marriage null and void (3). In another case, a man who used only his middle name in business dealings tried to get a suit against him dismissed on the same ground that a similar suit against him had been quashed the previous year—that “the defendant, having two christian names, is sued by only one of them” ( Arbouin v. Willoughby, cited above). This time, however, the plaintiff showed that the defendant, Hans William Willoughby, had purchased goods and received credit as William Willoughby. The judge ruled that after the defendant himself had omitted one of his christian names in transacting business, he could not then ask that the same omission be ground for dismissing action against him arising from those transactions. The court let the middle name stand as adequate statement of his christian name (4). English Precedent: Initials Accepted While courts that required precision in christian names refused to accept an initial as sufficient representation of any of its parts, courts that focused on identity did accept initials. An 1801 court upheld an arrest warrant that identified the party to be arrested as W.G. Coleman, saying that in identifying the man by “the initials only of his christian name,” the warrant had not stated an incorrect name. An 1848 court found that the name I. Shakspeare [sic] Williams sufficiently stated a man’s christian name, specifically accepting the format commonly used today by people who go by a middle name—first-name initial and full second name (5). US Courts and English Precedent Following the English precedent of requiring the full christian name in legal matters, Massachusetts courts held that a middle name was essential to a person’s legal identity and must be stated in full or, later, represented by its initial. For example, early courts held that Thomas Hopkins Perkins could not be indicted as Thomas Perkins, because “the indictment must give the defendant his right christian name,” and that because Charles is a different christian name from Charles Jones, enrollment of Charles Hall in the state militia did not obligate Charles Jones Hall to report for duty. Later courts ruled that “An allegation of sale to George E. Allen is not sustained by proof of a sale to George Allen without any evidence that it is the same person;” that a variance between the name stated in a complaint, Nathan Hoard, and as proved at trial, Nathan S. Hoard, was fatal to the action; and that a bank acted lawfully in paying to Sarah F. Sisson funds she had deposited in the bank, even though it had been served a summons of garnishment against Sarah Sisson. In all of these cases, the courts held that a christian name comprised of one forename was a different christian name from one comprised of two forenames, and the different christian names must designate different persons (6). Other American courts, while not viewing an unused middle name as essential to identification, still insisted that if the middle name or its initial letter was stated, it must be stated correctly. Otherwise, the difference in names must designate different persons. • Holding that “when a plaintiff has two baptismal names and a mistake is made in the second or middle name, it is a misnomer and a fatal error,” Virginia’s Court of Appeals dismissed a judgement awarded to Mary S. Gwatkin in a suit by Mary G. Gwatkin (Ming and Green v. Gwatkin, 6 Rand 551, Va. Rep. 793, 1828). • Ohio’s Supreme Court said the names Horace B. Westerhaven and Horace E. Westerhaven must be considered to designate different persons unless it was shown that one person was known by both names (Price v. State,19 Ohio 423, 1850). • Maine’s Supreme Court held that the name of Henry M. Hawkins in a real estate attachment was such a “misdescription” of Henry F. Hawkins that it rendered an attachment void (Dutton v. Simmons, 65 Me. 583, 1877). • Minnesota’s Supreme Court held that publication of a summons to George H. Leslie did not confer jurisdiction over George W. Leslie (D’Autremont v. Gaylord, 10 Minn. 165, 1908) and that in a question concerning a chain of title, it could not be presumed that William H. Brown, to whom the land was once conveyed, and William B. Brown, who subsequently conveyed the land to another, were one and the same person (Ambs v. Chicago, 44 Minn. 266, 1909). • Colorado’s Court of Appeals held that title conveyed to the plaintiff by A.S. Deleplane was not affected by a judgment based on a summons against A.L. Deleplane (Gibson v. Foster, 135 Pac. Rep. 121, 1913). Although these cases involved persons known by their first names, the courts refused to hold middle names irrelevant. Legal Identity of Middle-Namers In cases involving Middle-Namers, or persons actually known by their middle names, US courts have consistently held the middle name and surname to be appropriate and sufficient legal identification. In what appears to have been the first court ruling to use the term legal name, Judge Charles L. Benedict of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit explained: There appears to be no law against a person’s bearing several given names, nor anything to prevent a person from adopting any one of several given names given him at baptism, as the one by which he will be called and known; and when a person has selected a particular given name as the only given name by which he will be known, I conceive that such given name becomes part of his legal name, and that he is properly described by that name in an indictment, whether it stands first, or second, or third, in the order of his given names. —US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, US v. Winter, 13 Blatchf. 276, Fed. Case. No. 16, 743 (1876) The case before the court asked whether a man could be legally indicted as D. K. Olney Winter—with the initials of his first two forenames, his full third name, and his surname. Relying on the New York rule, counsel for the defense asked that the indictment be quashed on the ground that the defendant had not been identified by his christian name. But Judge Benedict cited John Frederick Archbold’s Pleading and Evidence in Criminal Cases (p. 38), which, he said, made it “quite clear” that all names given at baptism were part of a person’s christian name. He also cited William Oldnall Russell’s Treatise on Felonies and Misdemeanors (2:796), which said, “A person is well described by the name by which he is generally known.” Another authority he could have cited but did not was John Comyn’s 1822 Digest of the Laws of England (3:514), which said: “As to the christian name by which a party shall be indicted, it may be that by which he is known.” Other courts upheld the middle name as the forename essential to legal identification of persons known by their middle name: • When an attorney insisted that a victim must be identified with her first forename rather than the middle name by which she was known, Maine’s Supreme Court said, “The name is for the identification of the person and to distinguish one from another. It would be absurd to require the use of the name not commonly and generally in use in preference to the one commonly and generally used” (State v. Peterson, 70 Me 216 ). • Nebraska’s Supreme Court upheld as a man’s “right name” the second of his three forenames, saying, “The name by which a man always went, which he declares is his name in his dying declaration, and by which his own mother knew him, may be deemed his right name . . .” (Binfield v. State, 15 Neb. 484, 19 N.W. 607 ). • Missouri’s Supreme Court ruled that a man’s middle name, being “the christian name by which he was usually known,” met both a statutory requirement and a Supreme Court rule for statement of a party’s christian name (Steinmann v. Strimple, 29 Mo. App. 485 ). • Maryland’s Supreme Court upheld the legality of a deed made out to H. Oliver Thompson (Hartman v. Thompson, 104 Md. 389 ). • New Jersey’s Supreme Court upheld the legal identity of H. Allen Shaffer as a trustee in bankruptcy proceedings (Shaffer v. Levenson Wrecking Co., 82 N.J. L 61, 81 Atl. 434 ). • Upholding the legality of two mortgages executed by James William McGregor—one signed early in life as William McGregor, using the forename by which he was known, and one signed later in life as J.W. McGregor, using initials according to the business custom then prevalent, Iowa’s Supreme Court said: “A man’s name, for all practical and legal purposes, is the name by which he is known and called in the community where he lives and is best known.” While noting that this identifying name is most often a person’s first name, the judge said “it is not so universally the case that the habitual and common use of the second name may be ignored” (Loser v. Plainfield Savings Bank, 128 N.W. 1101 ). • Pennsylvania’s Supreme Court even ruled that the forename a person used and by which he was known, together with his surname, met a statutory requirement for statement of one’s full name. “A name, therefore, is the title used for the identification of an individual. . . . The full name, therefore, is no more than the whole of such title as it is used by himself and his neighbors for such purpose.” The court said that to require statement of all of a person’s forenames would be to give the Act “not only a very narrow and technical construction, which serves no purpose of the Act, but even one which might tend to defeat its real intent.” Offering as example the name of Grover Cleveland, then between two terms as President of the United States, the court said, “A statement signed ‘Stephen Grover Cleveland’ would not create certainty, but doubt, as to its author” (Laflin v. Steytler, 14 L.R.A. 690, 146 Pa. 434 ). What Is a Legal Name? The decisions cited above demonstrate that a person’s legal name is a matter of fact rather than of law. Although the term might suggest a name sanctioned or prescribed by law, American courts have repeatedly held that it is the name established as a person’s identity. It is the name used by the individual and by those who know him. “There is no such thing as a legal name of an individual,” said the Iowa Supreme Court, “in the sense that he may not lawfully adopt or acquire another and lawfully do business under the substituted appellation”(7). Courts have repeatedly upheld the right of individuals to enter into legal obligations under the name by which he or she has chosen to be known (8). Although such rulings have generally resulted from cases involving assumed names, Oklahoma’s Supreme Court illustrated in Roberts v. Mosier that the principle applies to middle names as well. Like Pennsylvania’s Supreme Court in Laflin v. Steytler, the Oklahoma Court supported its ruling with the example of Grover Cleveland, who used his middle name as his legal name throughout his adult life, signing not only his own legal papers with that name but also state papers as both Governor of New York and President of the United States. According to these rulings, a legal name is the name used by an individual in public as well as private matters, by which he or she is known, and is, therefore, accurate and sufficient identification in legal matters. Like these courts, the US State Department has long recognized that the name a person uses and by which he or she is known is the best name to enter on his or her passport (See, “US State department Policy”). 1. Evans v. King, Willes 554; Arbouin v. Willoughby, 1 Marshall, 477 . 2. Ogden v. Barker, 1 Dowling 125; Nash v. Collier, 5 Dowling & Lowndes, 341, and 10 Law Times 163 [also reported as Nash v. Calder, 5 Manning, Granger, and Scott, 177); Kinnersley v. Knott, 7 Dowling & Lowndes, 128. 3. Pougett v. Tomkyns, 1 Phillimore 499; 3 Maule & Selwyn, 262n. 4. Arbouin v. Willoughby, 1 Marshall, 477 (1815); Walker v. Willoughby, 2 Marshall, 230 (1816). 5. Howell v. Coleman, 2 Bosanquet & Puller, 466; Lomax v. Landells, 5 Dowling and Lowndes, 396. 6. Commonwealth v. Perkins, 1 Pick. 388, 1822; Commonwealth v. Hall, 3 Pick. 262, 1825; Commonwealth v. Shearman , 11 Cush. 546, 1853; Commonwealth v. McAvoy, 16 Gray 235, 1860; Terry v. Sisson, 125 Mass. 560, 1878. 7. Loser v. Plainfield Savings Bank, 128 N.W. 1101, 1911. 8. Bell v. Sun Printing Co., 42 N.Y Super. Ct. 567 (1878); Lindon v. First National Bank 10 F. 894, (1882); In re McUlta 189 F. 250 (1911); Roberts v. Mosier, OK 207, 35 Okla. 691, 132 P. 678, 1913; Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1 (1915).
Who Should Be Screened for Lung Cancer? If you're concerned about lung cancer, here's what you need to know about screening tests. Anyone can get lung cancer although smoking is the single biggest risk factor and causes about 85% of lung cancer cases. When found early, lung cancer is treatable. But symptoms don't usually appear until the cancer is advanced. That's why although lung cancer is the third most common type of cancer in the United States, it is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Early detection may help save your life but screening is only recommended for adults who are at high risk for lung cancer, are relatively healthy and have no symptoms. But how do you know if or when you should be screened? The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the American Cancer Society recommend that adults between the ages of 55 and 80 who currently smoke or have quit in the past 15 years and have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history (equal to smoking a pack a day for 30 years or 2 packs a day for 15 years) get an annual low-dose chest CT scan. The CT scan is non-invasive and only takes about 10 minutes to complete. The goal of this recommendation is to make it easier to identify lung cancer at its earliest stages, when it has the highest chance of being cured. The National Lung Screening Trial found that people who got a low-dose CT scan had a 20% lower chance of dying from lung cancer than those who got chest x-rays. The most common risk of the screening is finding abnormal readings that require further testing but are not actually cancer. If you're concerned about whether you should be screened for lung cancer due to your age and smoking history, talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits so you can decide if this test is right for you. You should note, however, that getting screened for lung cancer is not a substitute for quitting smoking. The best way to lower your risk for lung cancer is to quit. How to Schedule a Lung-Cancer Screening Appointment at Guthrie \|Guthrie offers shared decision-making and screening appointments at many locations, including:\| To speak to a Guthrie provider and/or see if you qualify for lung-cancer screening, call 570-887-2847 and select option 3. You may be scheduled at any of Guthrie’s Medicare-approved screening sites, in Pennsylvania or New York. Copyright 2019-2023 © Baldwin Publishing, Inc. Health eCooks® is a registered trademark of Baldwin Publishing, Inc. Cook eKitchen™ is a designated trademark of Baldwin Publishing, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein without the express approval of Baldwin Publishing, Inc. is strictly prohibited. Date Last Reviewed: September 9, 2019 Editorial Review: Andrea Cohen, Editorial Director, Baldwin Publishing, Inc. Contact Editor Medical Review: Perry Pitkow, MD
I would like to analyze the story based on the literary codes developed by Barthes. They are: the hermeneutic code, Proairetic code, the Semantic Code, the symbolic code and the cultural code. For Barthes, the hermeneutic code represents the enigma of the text. The Proairetic code represents the spatial and temporal dimensions. The Semantic code refers to the level of connotation. The symbolic code represents the binary division of language and the cultural code the conventions of the society. Looking at the story from a Hermeneutic code, Borges writes about an imaginary writer and a book that does not exist. He creates facts out of fantasy and fantasy out of facts and his whole fictional exploration is a futile phantasmagoria. He begins the story by quoting a catalogue made by Madame Henri Bachelier on the omissions and additions made to the text of Menard which appeal to Calvinists, Masons and the Circumcised. Is he making a dig at conservatism? Is he being skeptical about tradition? One can never fully interpret due to the very obscurity of his comment. There is an ironic humor inherent in this statement. Borges again becomes fictional and goes on to enumerate that an examination of the files of Menard is necessary for the exegesis of Quixote. The files are literary and mention the following: (a) A symbolist sonnet which occurred twice in a review. Everyone is familiar with idea of symbolism and symbolist poets. What one can't discern is to why Borges makes a random connection to symbolism while trying to explicate Menard's Don Quixote. Is Borges playing some kind of practical joke with the reader? (b) A monograph containing the possibility of creating a poetic vocabulary of concepts which would not be synonyms or periphrases of those which make up everyday language. Is Borges hinting at adornment of poetic language? Adornment can take place by clothing words with figures of speech or using neologisms. (c) A monograph on certain connections and affinities with the Philosophies of Descartes, Leibniz and Wilkins. Is Borges making a big bluff or does he want to impress his readers that he is conversant with the philosophies of the above mentioned philosophers. Why does the author want to show off to an audience? (d) The work sheets of a monograph on George Boole's symbolic logic. It is very intriguing that Borges makes this strange connection. How can logic be related to fiction. (e) An examination of the essential metric laws of French Prose. Borges is conversant in Spanish. I am not sure whether he has the adequate knowledge to comment on French Prose. Meter again is connected to poetry. How can it be equated with prose? Is this a structural flaw in the narrative? (f) A work in which different solutions are given to the problem of Achilles and the Tortoise. It is really absurd, a canard of the mind. May be Borges is inducing the reader to think that Achilles won the race. Borges has not deconstructed the paradox of Zeno. I wonder why Borges does not suggest an alternative. (g) A determined analysis of the syntactical customs Toulet. Menard says that censure and praise are sentimental operations which have nothing to do with literary criticism. This statement makes Borges a precursor to literary theorists. Again Borges digresses and goes on to discuss texts which have inspired Menard to create Quixote. One is a philological fragment which mentions Christ on a boulevard, Hamlet on La Cannebiere and Don Quixote on Wall Street. The depiction of Christ is rather incongruous. What is the mystic connection between Christ and a boulevard? The same goes to Hamlet. Are the Moguls of Wall Street Quixotic? Again Borges the writer mentions that Menard writes to him that the final term in a theological, metaphysical demonstration -the objective world, God, causality the forms of the universe is common in my framed novel. This demonstrates that Borges is a confused writer. If the world is created by God how it can be objective? Is he mixing up a broth of evolutionary theism? Again he expostulates that to write Quixote, one must know Spanish well, recover a Catholic faith, fight against the Moors and forget the history of Europe between the years 1602 and 1918. Everyone knows that Quixote by Cervantes was a revolt against Catholicism. The fight between Catholics and the moors is related to History. Is Borges being ironic when he reiterates that we should forget History? 1918 is symbolic for the beginning of the First World War. The narrative of Borges is so fragmented and ambles irrelevantly from one topic to another. Borges contradicts himself by saying that in a passage of Menard never authored by him there is a sentence: ‘the river nymphs and the dolorous and humid echo.' This provokes the reader to laugh in delicious delight. Borges is embarking on a flight of fancy. This statement brings into the mind of Borges a quotation of Shakespeare ‘Where a malignant and a turbaned Turk'. Is the monument of literature a sheer extravagant waste? Is it built on the foundations of whimsical chicanery? Menard in his novel Quixote has no gypsies, no conquistadors and no mystics. Is Borges making an allusion of irony? Again Borges says that in chapter nine of Menard's Quixote there is a quote: ‘… truth whose mother is History, rival of time, depository of deeds, witness of the past, exemplar and adviser to the present and the future's counselor. Borges is being philosophical about History. But the fundamental questions are: is History a truth? In postmodernism History is a methodological discourse.
Countries need senior civil servants who are able to pursue performance-oriented management, ensure cohesion across ministries, and at the same time protect the ethos of a politically neutral and professional public administration. The senior civil service is the interface between politicians and the public administration. They are responsible for the implementation of legal instruments and political strategies. They are also responsible for the coherence, efficiency and appropriateness of government activities. Thus, the capacity of the senior civil service has become a key public governance issue. Due to the growing leadership expectations placed on senior civil servants, there is an increasing tendency to group and manage them separately under different HRM policies. The table shows the level of institutionalisation of specific HRM practices that apply to the group of senior managers. However, the existence of separate management rules and practices applying to senior civil servants does not indicate how well they are managed or how well they perform. The table only reflects the efforts made in recent years to adjust the rules and practices to the management needs created by the increased importance of senior civil servants. In general, senior civil servants represent a very small percentage of all central government employees, and most are not politically appointed. There is a broad spectrum of senior management arrangements across countries that reflect different administrative cultures and historical developments. Seven OECD member countries do not have a separately defined senior civil service: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, Sweden and Switzerland. The Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States stand out as having institutionalised the management of their senior civil servants the most, including the establishment of a separate formal senior executive service. Methodology and definitions Data refer to 2005 and were collected by the OECD 2006 Strategic Human Resource Management in Government Survey. Respondents were predominately senior officials in central government personnel departments. To calculate senior civil servants as a percentage of central government staff, 2005 data from the Comparison of Employment in the Public Domain (CEPD) Survey were used for the total number of central government employees, except for Australia and Canada, which subsequently provided updated 2005 data. Data refer to HRM practices at the central level of government for the civil service. Definitions of the senior civil service, as well as sectors covered at the central level of government, differ across countries and should be considered when making comparisons. OECD (2008), The State of the Public Service, OECD, Paris. Table 16.1() While Germany, Iceland and Sweden do not have a defined group of senior civil servants, they have implemented certain HRM policies and practices relevant for senior managers. () Finland: Not formally. However, the Ministry of Finance is planning to promote career thinking and systematic development of potential managers and experts. Each ministry and agency are responsible for their HRD. () Korea: No. However, the young middle managerial officials who passed the Senior Entrance Exam for Government Service are usually recognized as potential future leaders. (**) United States: Federal agencies may establish and administer formal leadership and executive development programmes to prepare future leaders. The establishment of SES Candidate Development Programmes is required by section 3396 of title 5, US Code, and requirements relating to those programes are found in subpart B of part 412 of title 5, Code of Federal Regulations. Indicator in PDF Use of separate HRM practices for senior civil servants (SCS) (2005)
Writing - Important Advice ( Originally Published 1922 ) Sequence.— Before dealing with the revision of the story, I will take up first its actual writing. First of all, the efficient and systematic, the sure and careful, author will make out an outline of his plot. All important events, even of minor value, will be included in their natural order. In pursuance of this regular outline form, a series of minor crises will show distinctly their relation to each other, how crisis three dovetails neatly into crisis two on one end and crisis four on the other. Concentration.—The story itself, a matter of from two to five thousand words, should be written at two, never more than three, sittings. If the author has every detail of his story firmly impressed in his mind, and if his outline is in good working order, there is no reason why he should not write nearly two thousand words at one sitting. The benefit to be derived from such a concentration of effort is manifest. An invaluable totality of effect, with a smoothness and logic of movement, is attained in this fashion; otherwise, these in-dispensable qualities might be lacking. Thus, the author might proceed as far as the last crisis leading to the climax, then tire out. On returning to his work the following day, he might not be able to launch into the spirit of the story, especially at the emotional height it had attained just before he broke off his writing the day before. In such a case, the climax would fall flat, lack point and thrill. Thereby follows the suggestion: scribble off the first draft of your story with reasonable dispatch. Adhere to your outline, but do not endeavor as you go on to keep all the rules of correct writing always before you. Simply write your story as the outline unrolls to your pen each succeeding incident. Tell the story in your own words without a thought of style or impression. Become as interested as possible in the movements of your characters without becoming wholly detached from the balance of the story and its correct pro-portions. Do not worry about rules or technicalities. Leave them to the polishing process, of which we will now speak. Be Sure What Effect You Intend.—After the first rough draft of the story has been completed, the story should be viewed with regard to unity of impression. This would include the injection into the story of the elements treated under the chapter heading, "Unity of Impression." The story must be predominantly adventure, character, setting, or otherwise, as the case may be. But the totality of effect gained must be as clearly distinguishable as the difference between Gothic and Moorish architecture. Mean What You Say.—After the writer has carefully revised his work with regard to unity of impression, the story should be very closely scrutinized for all alloys of insincerity and lack-luster. The two greatest wrongs the story plot can commit are those of being insincere and lacking in suspense. If the writer's heart is not in his work, he cannot write sincerely; if he knows or cares little of what he attempts to tell others, his words will not ring true. He must, then, if his story lacks sincerity of emotion, inject the unadultered product and no imitation, for the reader refuses to accept substitutes. He must, if at first tempted to write of the idiosyncrasies of society folk, though he may know little of their real thoughts, motives, and characterizations, resolve to deal entirely with more familiar and simpler folk. Strengthening Suspense.—As to suspense, the arousing of exaggerated anxiety concerning the outcome of certain complications can best be brought about by the addition of still more opposition. This does not mean that the story should be made longer, but simply that the bitter struggle of the hero to attain his goal should be magnified by a greater reverse and heart-rending repulse. If it is necessary to add other material, rather than lengthen the story, the writer should cull out some of the most casual incidents leading up to the climax or to the main opposition. By doing this and strengthening the opposition or the suspense, he succeeds in plunging into the story precipitately. Eliminating the Unimportant.—The last process of revision will include the elimination of all redundancies. This culling of the superfluous will apply to all parts of the story—to the beginning, description, exposition, dialogue, ending, characterization, and so on. There are certain characters for whom the writer will have especial regard. The writer will be so taken up with their personality that he will too greatly stress their part in the story, and what started off as a story of action may suddenly shift into one of character. The same applies to setting and to ideas. Some writers will fall into the habit of preaching to their readers; others will consider certain places in their script as excellent points at which to bring out certain opinions. But the writer must determine to be severely economical. He must weigh each incident carefully, asking himself if the story could proceed more swiftly and clearly were it eliminated. If its detachment from the story leaves no perceivable void in the action, then it would have taken from the value of the story to have left it as it was. The writer, too, must ruthlessly eradicate all phrases to which he leans kindly. He is apt to inject them on all occasions; they, by constant repetition, come in time to mean nothing. The careful consideration of all these elements in the re-vision of the manuscript will heighten its value and salability by many per cent. How to Refreshen Your Imagination.—As has already been stated, trains of thought are started in the mind by the impression of sights, sounds, smells, and such, acting on the nerve ganglia which convey the records to their particular places in the brain. These impressions, when they arrive at their destination, excite to life other impressions close by. Thus a train of thoughts is aroused and thus is explained the sudden flow of ideas at the smell of a certain flower. The brain is a vast maze of associated ideas; the perfume a wife used in the days of her courtship, when suddenly en-countered at a later day, will bring back pleasant memories to a husband. So an excellent way to stimulate the imagination is to keep the senses ever on the alert—to see all the beautiful things that life holds, to listen with intentness to all of Nature's murmurings, in her physical, moral, and human aspects. The Mental Tonics That Successful Writers Employ. —Nearly all writers get their ideas under different circumstances. Balzac arose at midnight and took a long draught of the hottest, blackest, and strongest coffee obtainable. "H. G. Wells," says Tit-Bits, "is one of those fortunate individuals who brim with ideas. His collection is so great that no pen could clothe them with stories in a lifetime. He gets his ideas at night, and then brings them down to breakfast in the morning, where he dictates them to his secretary." F. Marion Crawford got his ideas on foot. To think out a novel, he would often walk forty miles. The imagination of Stanley Weyman is warmed and lubricated by the sound of running water; therefore, he does his writing in a house-boat. Robert Hitchens' thoughts do not begin to flow until he has his pen in hand. De Quincy wrote under the influence of opium, while Stevenson received a multitude of ideas for his stories from the coastline of Scotland. Frankly, however, it is very doubtful whether any of this extraneous paraphernalia was absolutely necessary to assist these various writers in securing suitable ideas. I believe that they liked to live under such odd circumstances and to indulge in such peculiarities. We all have desires for certain locations, positions, atmospheres, conditions, and so on. Consequently, if we are placed as nearly as possible in an ideal location our ideas are bound to work out more harmoniously. How to Enlarge Your Creative Ability.—The solution is simple, so simple, in fact, that by its very manifestness alone will it have failed to occur to the majority of writers. Most beginners are determined to have writing the art of the juggler, of the necromancer. They rather imagine that successful authors are born under lucky stars; that their horoscope has been read by some astrologer, who advised them to write; that a person's adaptability for writing is divined by a soothsayer who forsees that some day the would-be author will be winning the frenzied plaudits of the world. But the truth of the matter is, creative ability is nothing more than the process of constant thinking—of continual invention of plots —the endless elaboration of themes—the tireless devising of attractive situations—the illustration, in a multitude of ways, of elemental emotions. It is sufficient proof of this statement when one considers that people who have written for some time never have the slightest difficulty in securing ideas. They have become so accustomed to habits of observation, their imaginations have been so developed, their powers of exhibiting themes so enlarged, that plot-building is an unconscious process. Do not the fingers, in certain trades, become so nimble and skilled that they can perform seeming miracles? But the brain it-self is capable of being developed to a thousand-fold more nimble state than the fingers. Every plot you devise makes the next one easier, and also suggests another. And, as you construct plot after plot, you find that plot-building is the easiest part of writing. Never was more apt observation made than, "Practice makes perfect."
Supervision is an important factor in keeping children safe from toy-related injury. Getting involved in your child’s play, rather than supervising from a distance, provides the opportunity for you to watch more closely. Children love adults to participate in their games. Other ways to protect your family: - When selecting toys, consider the child’s age, interests and skill level. Look for quality design and construction, and follow age and safety recommendations on labels. - Inspect toys regularly for damage and potential hazards such as sharp edges. Make any necessary repairs immediately, or discard damaged toys out of children’s reach. - Consider purchasing a small parts tester to determine whether small toys may present a choking hazard to children under age 3. Small parts testers can be purchased at toyor baby specialty stores. - Toys are frequently recalled for safety reasons. Check the National SAFEKIDSCampaign Web site for updates and information on recent toy recalls. Eliminate potential hazards: - Use mylar balloons instead of latex to eliminate the risk of choking. If you must use latex balloons, store them out of children’s reach, do not allow children to inflate them, and deflate and discard balloons and balloon pieces after use. - Avoid toys with sharp points or edges, toys that produce loud noises, and projectiles (such as darts). - Toys with strings, straps or cords longer than 7 inches can unintentionally strangle children and should be avoided. - Electrical toys are a potential burn hazard. Avoid toys with a heating element – batteries, electrical plugs — for children under age 8. - Toy cap guns use caps that can be ignited by the slightest friction and cause serious burns. Teach your child safety: - Ensure that toys are used in a safe environment. Riding toys should not be used near stairs, traffic or swimming pools. - Teach children to put toys away safely after playing. Safe storage prevents falls and other injuries. Toys for older children can be dangerous in the hands of a young child and should be stored separately. - Use gifts of bicycles, inline skates, scooters and skateboards as opportunities to teach your children about safe riding. Make the appropriate safety gear (helmets, retroreflective clothing or stickers, horns and bells, elbow pads, wrist guards and knee pads) part of your gift.
During his lifetime, George Washington amassed a library consisting of over 900 books, plus dozens of pamphlets and other publications, for a total of more than 1,200 titles.1 Washington's library included books on agriculture, the military, history, politics, philosophy, and travel, as well as literature, plays, reference works, and books in foreign languages, including French, Dutch, and Latin. Although Washington had a reputation among his contemporaries as being unread, the care put into his library and its size counter this impression. During Washington's Lifetime Throughout his life, Washington's library grew in various ways, including through purchases that he made and via gifts of books by their authors, particularly after Washington became known worldwide in the 1780s and 1790s. Washington kept current with the catalogs of book dealers in Philadelphia and New York, and was particularly interested in collecting and promoting titles by American authors after the Revolutionary War. In 1771, Washington had a bookplate designed for him and ordered between 400 and 500 of them. At this point, Washington did not own that many books, suggesting that he intended to continue increasing the size of his library; an inventory from 1764 listed 325 titles, though not all were Washington’s books. Washington signed many books in his library in the upper right corner of the title page, but not all of his books have his signature or bookplate. In 1783, just before his retirement as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, Washington had his estate manager compile a list of all of the books at Mount Vernon. Despite Washington’s wide-ranging collection, this list did not include a Bible. In fact, he owned very few books about religion, and those that he did own probably were given to him as gifts by their authors. Washington’s contemporaries did not perceive him as an avid reader. John Adams described Washington as "too illiterate, unlearned, unread for his station and reputation," and Thomas Jefferson concurred.2 However, it is clear that Washington was a practical reader. For example, he wrote to his subordinate officers during a lull in the French and Indian War that: "As we now have no opportunities to improve from example; let us read, for this desirable end. There is Blands and other Treatises which will give the wished-for information."3 Humphrey Bland's Treatise of Military Discipline, published in London in 1727 and purchased by Washington in 1756, remained in Washington's library until his death. While Washington owned works on military matters, politics and related subjects made up the majority of Washington’s collection, with books ranging from Plato and Cicero to contemporary political philosophers such as John Locke and Thomas Paine. Washington also utilized pamphlets to keep up with current issues, including the transatlantic debate over slavery, as well as arguments over the ratification of the United States Constitution. Washington owned thirty-six volumes of pamphlets bound together, including selections of political tracts and a volume of six antislavery pamphlets. After the pamphlets were cut to equal sizes, the volumes were all bound in the same leather, with a red label and seven gold bands on each spine. The workmanship was not ornate, but it was high-quality. Although Washington did not annotate his books as frequently as some of his contemporaries, surviving books from his library do feature annotations. The most extensive margin notes in Washington’s hand are in James Monroe's work, A View of the Conduct of the Executive, which criticized Washington's presidential foreign policy. Following Washington's Death In his will, George Washington left his "library of Books and Pamphlets of every kind" along with all of his personal papers to his nephew, Bushrod Washington.4 In 1829, when Bushrod Washington died, George Washington's original library and papers passed to Bushrod’s two nephews, George Corbin Washington and John Augustine Washington II. In 1834, George Corbin Washington sold the presidential papers and many military-focused books to the US government: they became part of the Library of Congress. In 1847, George Corbin Washington sold 359 of Washington’s books to Henry Stevens, a prominent rare book dealer and American agent for the British Museum. When Stevens proposed to sell the Washington collection to the British Museum, the Library of Congress did not make an effort to secure it. Popular, patriotic clamor helped stir the Boston Athenaeum to mount a collection drive to keep George Washington's books on American soil. After repeated efforts to garner the necessary funds, the drive raised only $3,250.5 Stevens ultimately sold the collection to the Athanaeum for the amount raised, though it was substantially less than the original asking price of $7,500. As a result, Stevens claimed to hold back five books, two of which he sold to James Lenox for $350 and the other three that he gave to the British Museum, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, and the Royal Library in Berlin. The actual fate of these books is uncertain, since in 1961 neither the Bodleian nor the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek had any record of a gift of a book from Washington’s library. The British Museum does still own a book from the library given by Stevens. The other half of the original library, inherited by John Augustine Washington II, passed to his son, John Augustine Washington III in 1832. Upon selling Mount Vernon to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association in 1858, John Augustine Washington III removed the books from the house. His heirs sold the collection at auction in 1876, scattering it to various private collectors and institutions. The volumes from Washington’s original library remain scattered. The books purchased from Stevens continue to reside at the Boston Athenaeum, where they are kept in a replica of Washington's book-press in his study at Mount Vernon. Other volumes are in various public institutions, including the Library of Congress, several university libraries, and the Pierpont Morgan Library, while still other volumes are in private hands or in unknown locations. A major goal of the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon is to recreate Washington's library; the library currently has 103 volumes, representing 62 titles, from Washington's original library, as well as copies of many of the other books that Washington owned and books owned by other members of the Washington family, including Martha Washington. George Washington University 1. Paul K. Longmore, The Invention of George Washington (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999); Amanda C. Isaac, Take Note!: George Washington the Reader (Mount Vernon, VA: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, 2013). 3. "Address, 8 January 1756," Founders Online, National Archives. Source: The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, vol. 2, 14 August 1755?–?15 April 1756, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983, 256–8. 4. "George Washington’s Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799," Founders Online, National Archives. Source: The Papers of George Washington, Retirement Series, vol. 4, 20 April 1799?–?13 December 1799, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 479–511. Clark, Ellen McCallister. "George Washington’s Study." The Magazine Antiques 135 (1989): 490-495. Cushing, Stanley E. The George Washington Library Collection. Boston: The Boston Athenaeum, 1997. Furstenburg, François. "Atlantic Slavery, Atlantic Freedom: George Washington, Slavery, and Transatlantic Abolitionist Networks." William and Mary Quarterly 68 (2011): 249-286. Griffin, Appleton P. C. A Catalogue of the Washington Collection in the Boston Athenaeum. Cambridge, MA: The Boston Athenaeum, 1897. Isaac, Amanda C. Take Note!: George Washington the Reader. Mount Vernon, VA: Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 2013. Longmore, Paul K. The Invention of George Washington. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999.
posted by jere . the united states began to emerge as a world power after a. the spanish-american war b. the revolutionary war This is a matter of opinion, since we were already taking land from Mexico before the Spanish American War. In the latter war, we started to exert major influence in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Whatever influence the USA acquired in WW1 was lost when it refused to join the League of Nations and greatly reduced its military forces while pursuing isolationist policies and entering the Depression in the 1930's. It was really during and after WW2 that America emerged a major world power. yes, i had placed that as my answer in the booklet, but it had been returned to me because the answer "WW2" was wrong. AND THE CIVIL WAR I THINK
This Curious Life READING TIME: 3 MINUTES One of the things we understand least about is ourselves. - Carol Rovelli I recently finished reading Seven Brief Lessons of Physics by Carol Rovelli, and as much as each page captivated my attention, helping me recall what I learned in college almost 15 years ago, it was the last chapter of this book, called ‘Ourselves,’ that I had to read and re-read again. Carol Rovelli starts the chapter by questioning the roles human beings have when making a decision or judging a perspective? Are we truly free? Can we really make our own decisions? Or are we biased and influenced by those around us, and nature? Well..the answer is it depends on how you define ‘free.’ No, we are not entirely free of bias and are very much a part of nature. As part of this ecosystem, we are nodes in a network of exchanges through which we pass information, images, and knowledge. When faced by others, other things, different environments, circumstances, we are given the opportunity to learn about our surroundings and ourselves. And the intelligent species we are, not only do we learn, but we also adjust and evolve our perspectives as we gain more information. Curiosity is our nature. It is our nature to follow different instincts, gut feelings, which leads us to better understand and describe the world we live in. The fascinating part about who we are is that we are always: Scrutinizing and deducting from the details of reality in order to pursue something that we can’t see directly but can follow the traces of. In the awareness that we can always be wrong, and therefore ready at any moment to change direction if a new track appears; but knowing also that if we are good enough we will get it right and will find what we are seeking. Our understanding and knowledge consequently reflect the world. By the way, by no means, this is unique to us human beings. All things in nature are continually interacting with one another, and through these interactions, all things continuously exchange information about one another. A raindrop contains information on the presence of a cloud in the sky, a ray of light contains information on the color of the substance from which it came, a clock has information on the time of day, the wind carries information about an approaching storm. But going back to our original questions, if everything interacts with one another to transfer knowledge and human beings are set to follow the laws of nature, are we truly capable of making decisions freely? So let’s define ‘free’ here. According to Carol, ‘free’ means how we act is determined by what happens within us and how we decide to process the information in our brain. We are collectors of information and nature very much impacts the type of information we receive. But how we choose to process that information and the actions following it is very much up to us. We are ‘free’ in this sense. We decide how to act, how to interpret the information, and what move to make next. In this sense, the choice is ours, and we are ‘free.’ So we continue to choose. We choose to learn and create new paths of understanding within ourselves. We are naturally moved by curiosity and trusting our instincts, and deciding which route to explore is our choice.
Everyone knows what a herd of cattle is, or a flock of birds, or a school of fish. But many animals have unique, less familiar names that are used to describe them in groups. Read on to learn 12 of them. How many did you know? Scientific name: Felis catus A group of them is called: a clowder Fun fact: It’s a clowder of cats, but a group of kittens has its own name: a kindle. Share this on Facebook? Scientific name: Corvus (genus) A group of them is called: a murder Fun fact: Crows are extremely intelligent and adaptable. They communicate with each other with remarkable complexity, so much so that they even caw with distinct regional dialects. Scientific name: Mustela putorius furo A group of them is called: a business Fun fact: Ferrets are social creatures, but this trait is unique to pet ferrets. The wild polecats from which they were domesticated are solitary animals. Scientific name: Phoenicopterus (genus) A group of them is called: a flamboyance Fun fact: Flamingos are very social birds. Their colonies are enormous, sometimes numbering in the thousands. Scientific name: Iguana (genus) A group of them is called: a mess Fun fact: Iguanas are surprisingly social for reptiles. They live and forage as groups in treetops. Male iguanas are very territorial, particularly during mating season. Scientific name: Lemuroidea (superfamily) A group of them is called: a conspiracy Fun fact: Lemurs form strong social bonds, living in groups of up to 25 individuals. Females stay in their groups for life, while males seek out other groups when they reach sexual maturity. Scientific name: Psittaciformes (order) A group of them is called: a pandemonium Fun fact: Parrot parents name their children, and those names are learned and used by other birds among parrot communities. Scientific name: Rhinocerotidae (family) A group of them is called: a crash Fun fact: White rhinos have the most complex social structure of any rhino species. They are known to form groups of up to 14 individuals. Scientific name: Selachimorpha (superorder) A group of them is called: a shiver Fun fact: Lemon sharks make and maintain social networks. “They basically have friends,” said Tristan Guttridge, a behavioral ecologist at Bimini Biological Field Station in the Bimini Islands. “They have individuals that they prefer to follow and have social interactions with.” Scientific name: Sturnidae (family) A group of them is called: a murmuration Fun fact: Starling murmurations can grow very large,often numbering thousands of birds. In fact, a single murmuration will often contain several different species of starlings, or species from other families. Scientific name: Connochaetes (genus) A group of them is called: an implausibility Fun fact: Any fan of “The Lion King” knows how large wildebeest herds can get. During the great wildebeest migration that happens every late spring, they move in one gargantuan herd of 1.5 million wildebeests. It sounds implausible, but it’s true. Next: 12 More Unusual Animal Group Names! Scientific name: Blattodea (order) A group of them is called: an intrusion Fun fact: In 2013, Sean Murphy set a Guinness World Record for the most live cockroaches held in the mouth, with 21 cockroaches. That definitely sounds to us like an intrusion. 12 Unusual Animal Group Nameswhatchamacallits Around The Web
In any kind of negotiation the planning stage is probably the most important. Too often we go in badly prepared and end up giving concessions that reduce the overall profitability of the final deal. The importance of planning is in having a very clear idea before entering into the negotiation i.e. What are my objectives? What does the other side wish to achieve? What information will influence the final outcome of the negotiation? What concessions can I make? How am I going to achieve my objectives? What part will other people play in the negotiation? Generally, the more time that is spent in planning and preparing for the negotiation, the more beneficial will be the final outcome. Before entering into the negotiation, you need to have a clear idea of your objectives and try to work out those of the other side. Ask yourself the following questions: What exactly do I wish to achieve from this negotiation? Which of my objectives: Must I achieve? Do I intend to achieve? Would I like to achieve? What options or alternatives would be acceptable to me? What are the other side's objectives? How does the other side see the negotiation? It has often been said that information is power. In any negotiation, there will be four types of information that is important to the final outcome. What information do I have that the other side has also? What information do I have that the other side does not have? What information do I need to have before negotiating with the other side? What information does the other side need before it can negotiate with me? This can be particularly important when negotiating with people who concentrate on price issues. What other things are important to this person? What pressures does he have on him to conclude the deal? How well is his company doing at the moment? How important is it that he deals with my company? etc. The early phases of negotiation consist of both sides finding out more information before talking about a specific deal or set of alternatives. For example, if you find out the other side has a time deadline that only your company can meet, it may give you the chance to negotiate on more favourable price. If you know that the other side has recently expanded their production capacity, you may be able to negotiate more favourable terms in return for a commitment to buy certain volumes over an agreed time period. By spending time as part of your preparation in listing what you already know and what you need to know, you will give yourself a better chance to negotiate well on your company's behalf. Negotiation is a process of bargaining by which agreement is reached between two or more parties. It is rare in negotiation for agreement to be reached immediately or for each side to have identical objectives. More often than not, agreements have to be worked out where concessions are given and received and this is the area where the profitability of the final outcome will be decided. When preparing for negotiation, it is advisable to write down a realistic assessment of how you perceive the final outcome. Find out the limits of your authority within the negotiation and decide what you are willing and able to concede in order to arrive at an agreement, which satisfies all parties. Concessions have two elements; cost and value. It is possible during negotiations to concede issues that have little cost to you but have great value to the other side. This is the best type of concession to make. Avoid, however, conceding on issues that have a high cost to you irrespective of their value to the other side. When preparing for negotiations, ask yourself the following questions: What is the best deal I could realistically achieve in this negotiation? What is the likely outcome of the negotiation? What is the limit of my authority? At which point should I walk away? What concessions are available to me? What is the cost of each concession and what value does each have to either side? Planning your strategy is important in negotiation. Once you know your objectives, you need to work out how you are going to achieve them. It is also useful to try and see the negotiation from the other side and try and work out what their strategy will be. During the negotiation there will be opportunities to use various tactics and you need to decide which of these you feel comfortable with and at the same time recognise the tactics being used by the other side. Ask yourself the following questions: How am I going to achieve my objectives in this negotiation? What is the strategy of the other side likely to be? What tactics should I use within the negotiation? What tactics are the other side likely to use? And Finally - Tasks : If you go into negotiation with a colleague or colleagues, you need to decide during the preparation phase: What role will each team member take in the negotiation? How can we work together in the most effective way? Some teams of negotiators appoint team leaders, note takers, observers and specialists, each with their own clearly defined authority and roles to perform. Having a clear understanding of roles within the negotiation will make the team approach much more effective. Source: Jonathan Farrington Related: Negotiation Class
Deeds, can at times, appear like pretty dry reading. Yet deeds are crucial to your house history research. Part of what you are trying to accomplish with your research is to "flesh out" the lives of the people who lived in your home. By taking a closer look at deeds you will find some wonderful clues that will help you. One aspect of social history that you can glean from old deeds are the occupations of the parties involved in the sale. Perhaps the former owner of your house was a blacksmith, a doctor or a minister. Not only will this information provide you an idea of what their lives were like it could also help you find other sources for information. Let's take a look at three examples (click on the image to enlarge). I have underlined the names of the parties in yellow and the names of the occupations in orange. Only a portion of each deed is shown. These particular deeds are from the 18th century but I've seen occupations in 19th century deeds as well. 1. In the first deed from 1793, the grantor, Jenckes Norton of Wrentham (Massachusetts) is identified as a Physician. The grantee, George Hawes, also of Wrentham, is indicated as a Gentleman. These "occupations" indicate that both men were educated. More information might be discovered in university records, and in the case of the doctor, medical boards. 2. In this deed, Barnabas Clark of Randolph (Massachusetts), the grantor, is called a Gentleman. Meanwhile Benjamin Howard of Randolph , the grantee, is a cordwainer. A cordwainer is a old style term for a shoe maker. Clark is educated and of independent means while Howard is a tradesman who likely knows how to read and write but little more. 3. In the final example from 1754, William Hathorne, the grantor, of Salem (Massachusetts) is identified as a mariner. The grantee, Joseph Goldthwait, of Danvers (Massachusetts) is a yeoman. Yeoman was the term at the time for a farmer. So here you have a deed where a sailor is selling his property to a farmer. As you are checking the deeds to your home, be sure to look for the occupations of the occupants. It could give you a whole new image of what the former residents were like.
Amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for at least one year. The absence of periods also means the absence of ovulation or anovulation. Apart from during childhood, pregnancy, breastfeeding or menopause, the absence of the menstrual period may indicate a problem with the reproductive system. One of the most common causes of amenorrhoea is hormonal disturbance. High levels of Prolactin This is the hormone responsible for milk production in the woman who is breast-feeding and the increased level causes amenorrhoea. Stress can increase prolactin levels to the point of causing amenorrhoea Dysfunction of the Hypothalamus When all other tests are normal it is accepted that the amenorrhoea is due to a dysfunction of the hormones produced in the hypothalamus gland. This hypothalamus is sited in the brain and controls the pituitary gland which in return is responsible for the production of FSH and LH - the hormones of ovulation and menstruation. The interplay of female sex hormones can be disrupted by a wide range of events, including diseases of the reproductive organs, weight loss, emotional stress or overexercising. Amenorrhoea is divided into two categories: Primary and secondary amenorrhoea Menstruation hasn't begun by 14 years of age and the young woman shows no secondary sexual characteristics (such as developing breasts and pubic hair), or menstruation hasn't begun by 16 years of age, even though the young woman has secondary sexual characteristics. Established menstruation has ceased for six months or for a length of time equivalent to a total of at least three of the previous cycle intervals. The menstrual cycle The hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain interact with each other to control the menstrual cycle. The pituitary gland produces chemicals that stimulate the ovaries to produce the two female sex hormones - oestrogen and progesterone. These hormones thicken the lining of the womb (uterus) to prepare for a possible pregnancy. When pregnancy doesn't occur, hormone levels drop and the lining of the womb falls away. This is called a period, or menstruation. The cycle then repeats. Disorders of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland or ovaries can disrupt menstruation and bring about amenorrhoea. Disorders associated with Amenorrhoea Polycystic ovary syndrome - the ovaries develop clusters of blister-like cysts. Associated symptoms include irregular periods and hirsutism (excessive hairiness). Hyperandrogenaemia - the reproductive system is influenced by high levels of male sex hormones. This can be caused by ovarian or adrenal tumours, or certain congenital disorders. Hyperprolactinaemia - an increase of the hormone prolactin caused by overactivity of, or a tumour on, the pituitary gland. Early menopause - insufficient oestrogen levels cause ovulation to fail, which stops the menstrual cycle. Abnormalities of the vagina - such as a sealed hymen, which prevents the menstrual blood from leaving the vagina. This is a rare condition and symptoms include abdominal distension and delayed start to periods and cyclical abdominal pain. To determine the cause of Amenorrhea, your doctor apart from taking medical history and a physical examination, he/ she may prescribe the following: - Pregnancy tests - either urine or blood tests. - Hormone tests - to check the functioning of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries. - Other scans - including CT scans and ultrasounds of the reproductive system. If the woman wishes to become pregnant she is managed as a problem of infertility. Where pregnancy is not the main consideration it is still necessary to help the woman achieve regular cycles with regular exposure to the hormones Oestrogen and Progesterone in order to avoid osteoporosis (thinning of the bones). Treatment for amenorrhoea depends on the cause. If extreme weight loss and excessive exercise are to blame, then treatment will focus on encouraging the woman to maintain a healthier body weight. Other treatment options may include managing the underlying disorder or using hormone replacement therapy (such as the combined oral contraceptive pill) to boost natural hormone levels.
Life cycle assessment of single-use and reusable plastic bottles in the city of Johannesburg Keywords:plastic, life cycle assessment, PET, single-use bottle, reusable bottle Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles of water have experienced huge growth in demand and sales in South Africa. This expansion in use creates challenges as well as opportunities for managing the life cycle impact. The properties that make PET desirable for fluid-containing bottles have also made it highly resistant to environmental biodegradation. Reusable plastic bottles are now marketed as a solution to reduce the impact of single-use plastic bottles. We assessed the life cycle impact of single-use PET bottles and an alternative, reusable PET bottle based on consumption patterns in South Africa and the material flow and supply chain in the urban environment. This robust consideration of local conditions is important in evaluating the life cycle impact. In an examination of 13 impact categories, the reusable PET bottle had lower impact than the single-use bottle in all the impact categories examined. The mass of PET bottle material required to deliver the water needs at any given time is a dominant factor on the environmental burden. Extending the life of reusable bottles and designing lighter weight bottles would reduce their life cycle impact. Information obtained in evaluating alternatives to plastic water bottles can be valuable for providing a foundation assessment for policymakers and plastic bottle manufacturers to make informed choices and to focus on improvements in life cycle impact. - The significant impact of the production phase in the life cycle of both single-use and reusable PET bottles confirms the need to design a much more lightweight bottle to reduce the mass of materials used in production. - Another key consideration was the long transportation distance covered during the production phase, and the negative impact of current vehicular emissions. Municipalities and waste collectors should consider the use of low-carbon transport. - This study highlights the value of extending the life of plastic bottles, as well as recycling for material recovery, remanufacturing and repurposing these bottles within the City. - The use of fewer, larger single-use bottles compared with a greater number of smaller single-use bottles is discussed. How to Cite All articles are published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence Copyright is retained by the authors. Readers are welcome to reproduce, share and adapt the content without permission provided the source is attributed. Disclaimer: The publisher and editors accept no responsibility for statements made by the authors
Salt Water Intrusion and Trees: What You Need to Know Salt water intrusion can be a problem for trees, especially those growing near coastal areas or regions with high salinity in the soil and groundwater. Saltwater can negatively affect a tree’s health and vitality. In this article, we’ll explore what saltwater intrusion is, how it impacts trees, and what you can do to help your trees thrive despite these challenges. What is Saltwater Intrusion? Saltwater intrusion occurs when salty water, such as seawater, infiltrates freshwater sources like groundwater or soil. This can happen due to rising sea levels, over-pumping of freshwater aquifers, or changes in the landscape. As saltwater moves inland, it can affect the plants and trees in its path. How Saltwater Affects Trees Saltwater can be harmful to trees in several ways: - Root Damage: Excessive salt levels in the soil can damage a tree’s roots, making it difficult for the tree to absorb water and nutrients. This can lead to poor growth and overall decline in the tree’s health. - Leaf Burn: Saltwater can cause leaves to turn brown and drop prematurely. This is because saltwater draws water out of the leaves faster than the tree can replace it. - Nutrient Imbalance: High salt levels can interfere with a tree’s ability to take up essential nutrients, leading to nutrient imbalances and deficiencies. - Soil Compaction: Saltwater can increase soil compaction, reducing aeration and making it harder for roots to grow and access necessary oxygen. - Reduced Water Uptake: As saltwater replaces freshwater in the soil, it reduces the tree’s access to freshwater, which can lead to drought stress even when there’s plenty of water in the ground. Mitigating the Impact of Saltwater Intrusion If your trees are dealing with saltwater intrusion, there are some steps you can take to help them: - Rinse the Soil: During periods of heavy saltwater exposure, you can gently rinse the soil around your trees with freshwater to leach out excess salt. - Mulch: Applying a layer of mulch around the base of the tree can help conserve moisture and reduce the effects of saltwater. - Plant Salt-Tolerant Trees: Consider planting tree species that are more tolerant of saltwater, especially if you live in a coastal region. Species like the black mangrove or the buttonwood are known for their salt tolerance. - Improve Drainage: Enhance soil drainage to prevent water from pooling around the tree’s roots. Proper drainage can help flush excess salt away from the root zone. - Regular Pruning and Care: Providing proper care for your trees, such as regular pruning and watering, can help maintain their health and make them more resilient to saltwater stress. Saltwater intrusion can pose a threat to trees, but with the right precautions and care, you can help your trees thrive even in areas affected by high salinity. By understanding the challenges saltwater presents and taking appropriate measures, you can ensure that your trees remain healthy and resilient.
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By the use of a jurisdiction clause or forum clause, the parties to a contract elect which courts will have the right to adjudicate disputes under the contract. For example, the courts of Delaware or the courts of New Zealand. A clause may purport to grant jurisdictional rights to the courts of more than one jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is commonly granted on an exclusive basis (meaning that no other courts except those specified should be able to adjudicate disputes) or a non-exclusive basis (meaning that other courts may have the right to adjudicate disputes, in addition to the named courts). An example of a straightforward exclusive jurisdiction clause is set out below. The courts of .......... will have exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate any dispute arising under or in connection with this Agreement.An example non-exclusive clause is: The courts of .......... will have non-exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate any dispute arising under or in connection with this Agreement. As with governing law clauses, there may be a complex interaction between jurisdiction clauses and private international law (conflict of laws) and - this should go without saying - the parties to a contract will not always get what they wish for.
The sacred chalice of the Last Supper is the most famous “lost” artefact in the world. Dozens of claims have been made alleging to have found the legend steeped cup – known as the Holy Grail. 21st-century crusaders are now being challenged to prove the Grail’s existence with the dangled promise of a £1 million reward. Daily Star Online can now reveal the new quest of the Holy Grail. Online antiques marketplace LoveAntiques.com is putting up the £1 million stake. They have challenged new crusaders to produce hard evidence of the existence of the Holy Grail. Legends of the the chalice date back to the 12th century when the mythical object was first claimed to be the cup Jesus used during the Last Supper. Christ shared a cup of wine with his 12 disciples and said "his cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you”. The cup is then - according to legend - said to have been used to collect Jesus’s blood as he hung dying on the cross atop the mount outisde Jerusalem. Roman Catholic traditions from the Medieval period points to two relics as contenders to be the real Holy Grail. A green dish of Egyptian glass – the Sacro Catino – was claimed to be the Holy Grail by scholar Jacobus de Voragine in the 1290s. Meanwhile, the Valencia Chalice has been linked to the Holy Grail since 1134 where it was described as the vessel which “Christ Our Lord consecrated in his blood” by Canon Don Carreras Ramírez. Neither have been verified as the true chalice which Jesus drank from the night before his crucifixion outside Jerusalem. Legend also persists that English king Richard the Lionheart led the Third Crusade into the Holy Land in a bid to claim the Holy Grail. Holy Grail folklore is also closely tied to the legend of British dark age hero King Arthur. Myth long claims the chalice was buried with the fabled king – with some believing that finding his resting place will be finding the grail. Jesus’s chalice is also tied to story about crusaders the Knights Templar. Some scholars claim the Templars were hunting the Holy Grail – and may have actually found it as their order remains mysterious to this day. This year, a photographer stumbled down a rabbit hole to discover a 700-year-old Templar cave in Shropshire. However, many historians dismiss the Grail’s existence entirety. British historian Richard Barber told Daily Star Online: "Various churches have claimed to have the chalice of the Last Supper, and have attached the popular name Holy Grail to their chalice, but the church has never recognised this as the correct name for such a vessel.” The author of The Holy Grail: The History of a Legend added: "The Holy Grail is an entirely fictional creation which became identified in popular stories with the chalice of the Last Supper, though the church never officially acknowledged that the two were the same.” He added a hunt for the grail would be like hunting the “Golden Snitch” from Harry Potter. Will Thomas, managing director of LoveAntiques.com, said: “The Holy Grail is one of, if not the most talked about artefact in history and is not only iconic to people in the world of antiquities, but to normal people as well. "It’s an antique that’s captured the public’s imagination and been the focal point of games such as Uncharted and films like Indiana Jones. “We are looking for anything that could give us any indication that the grail existed or exists. "The reward we’ve set should hopefully bring in submissions from around the world and we’re excited to see what we get." Meanwhile, scientists from Tel Aviv University in Israel and College de France are to probing the location of the legendary Ark of the Convenant in Jerusalem.
In most industries today, whether it is a manufacturing facility or a power plant, more than half of the heat generated goes to waste. There are a few exceptions, but the average heat engine, whether it's at a power plant or in your car, is not exactly efficient. Automobiles are among the worst, achieving between about 25 and 40 percent efficiency, and the efficiency of coal and oil power plants can be as low as 30 percent. As climate change makes energy efficiency an increasing priority around the world, on every level from cars to households to manufacturing plants, capturing waste heat is an important piece of not only boosting energy efficiency initiatives, but ultimately of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Improving energy efficiency without addressing waste heat is an effort that is inherently handicapped. A good example is a typical data center, which generates tremendous amounts of heat. When waste heat isn't captured, which it usually isn't, the center operates an air conditioning system in order to keep the room at a stable temperature -- and in the process, drives up energy consumption much further than what is required by the machines themselves. Capturing waste heat enables it to be redirected to a function that would otherwise be using energy from the grid, and in cases like the data centers, prevents consumption of power used to counteract the very effects of the waste heat itself. In the end, the point is to reduce overall energy consumption and carbon emissions, and in most cases, demand for fossil fuels. In 2009, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced clean energy legislation that involved waste heat capture, and cited Department of Energy statistics showing that if the U.S. increased the amount of waste heat captured from nine to 20 percent by 2030, about 60 percent of our projected increase in carbon dioxide emissions would be prevented. For companies practicing heat capture, there are significant cost savings, as well. According to the U.S. Department of Energy's Intermountain Clean Application Center, industry accounts for about a third of all energy used in the country -- about 32 quadrillion BTUs, and as a result emits about 1,680 million metric tons of carbon dioxide every year. The capture and reuse of waste heat can improve a facility's energy efficiency by up to 50 percent. Industrial waste heat can be captured and reused within the same process, or it can be transferred to an external process. DOE points out, for example, captured waste heat can be used to preheat water used in an industrial boiler, which then reduces the time it will take for the water to boil, or it can be transferred to a drying oven, displacing the need for fuel to heat the oven. New technologies are also being developed to convert waste heat directly into electricity or into cooling capacity.
Recommendations and resources 1) Don’t use antihistamines to treat anaphylaxis – prompt administration of adrenaline is the only treatment for anaphylaxis. For emergency treatment of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) it is important to promptly administer adrenaline by intramuscular injection using an adrenaline autoinjector if available, or by using adrenaline ampoules and syringe (the latter is only suitable in a medical setting). There is a high risk of potential harm (disability or death) from anaphylaxis if it is not treated promptly with adrenaline. There are also cost implications from delayed or inappropriate treatment of anaphylaxis, such as additional ambulance, emergency department and hospital costs, as well as additional anxiety for patients and their families or carers. Antihistamines are recommended for treatment of mild and moderate allergic reactions, including allergic rhinitis (hay fever), but have no role in treating or preventing respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms of anaphylaxis. In particular, oral sedating antihistamines should never be used in patients with anaphylaxis as side effects (drowsiness or lethargy) may mimic some signs of anaphylaxis. Injectable promethazine should not be used in anaphylaxis as it can worsen hypotension and cause muscle necrosis. 2) Alternative/unorthodox methods should not be used for allergy testing or treatment Whilst there is currently no cure for allergy, reliable tests and a range of treatments for allergy are available, which are backed up by scientific studies that demonstrate proven safety and efficacy. In contrast, numerous studies have demonstrated the uselessness of several alternative/unorthodox methods that claim to test or treat allergy. These methods continue to be promoted in the community and some even make false claims that they can cure allergy. There is also currently no stringent regulation of alternative/unorthodox diagnostic techniques and devices, so they can be “listed” in Australia without having to prove that they work. There is a risk of potential harm if individuals with allergies are incorrectly diagnosed and inappropriately treated using alternative/unorthodox methods, particularly if they have severe allergies. The costs of alternative/unorthodox methods are significant, and are usually paid for by individuals, with rebates from some private health funds. There are cost implications for healthcare services as well as individuals, as these funds are being directed into non-productive areas, and are therefore not available for more useful medical tests and treatments. Examples of alternative/unorthodox methods that have been demonstrated to lack evidence for testing or treating allergy include food specific IgG and IgG4 tests, homeopathy, cytotoxic testing and kinesiology. 3) Allergen immunotherapy should not yet be used for routine treatment of food allergy – research in this area is ongoing. Research into allergen immunotherapy for food allergy is ongoing and until further work determining safety and efficacy is determined, it should not be performed outside of well defined medical research studies, as there is a high risk of potential harm in individuals with severe food allergy. Allergen immunotherapy is currently only recommended for treatment of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) due to pollen or dust mite allergy (and sometimes asthma) in appropriate patients when symptoms are severe, the cause is difficult to avoid (such as grass pollen) and medications don’t help or cause adverse side effects. 4) Food-specific IgE testing should not be performed without a clinical history suggestive of potential IgE-mediated food allergy. Reliable and proven diagnostic tests for food allergy include skin prick testing, blood tests for food specific IgE antibodies and medically supervised food allergen challenges. Allergy test results should never be used on their own, and must be considered together with the patient’s clinical history. In the absence of a history of clinical symptoms, low levels of allergen-specific IgE are usually of little diagnostic significance. Allergy testing of individuals where there is no evidence that food allergy plays a role in their clinical symptoms increases the likelihood of irrelevant false positive results. This may lead to potential harm due to inappropriate and unnecessary dietary restrictions, with nutritional implications for the individual (particularly in children) and unnecessary fear and anxiety (particularly for the family or carers). 5) Don’t delay introduction of solid/complementary foods to infants – ASCIA Infant Feeding Advice recommends early introduction of solid foods to infants, from 4-6 months old. This recommendation is consistent with ASCIA Infant Feeding Advice (first developed in 2008) which recommends (early introduction of solid foods to infants, from 4-6 months old (including foods considered to be highly allergenic such as peanut) preferably whilst breast feeding, with no delayed introductions, unless an allergic reaction occurs. It is important to seek medical advice if an allergic reaction occurs and also regarding the safe introduction of foods if an infant has a sibling or parent with food allergy. This recommendation is also consistent with findings from recent studies, including the 2015 LEAP (Learning Early About Peanut Allergy) trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). The LEAP trial concluded that the (early introduction of peanuts significantly decreased the frequency of the development of peanut allergy among children at high risk for this allergy and modulated immune responses to peanuts. Whilst a recent Cochrane review cautioned against the use of this treatment despite finding benefits, this was on the basis that it had only found one valid study with 28 subjects and therefore randomised controlled trials with larger samples were needed to strengthen the evidence. The recent LEAP trial occurred after the publication of this review and had 640 subjects.
In preparation for a recent meeting, I had to read half a dozen documents. Among them was a copy of Lauren Resnick’s brilliant presidential address to the American Educational Research Association in 1987. Titled “Learning In School and Out,” it focuses on what I view as perhaps the central issue in education: the gap between the real world and the world of school. Resnick, now a distinguished researcher and education reformer who heads the Learning Research and Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh, offers a clear premise in her opening sentence. “Popular wisdom,” she writes, “holds that common sense outweighs school learning for getting along in the world—that there exists a practical intelligence, different from school intelligence, that matters more in real life.” In the late 1980s, research was beginning to provide a basis for making this distinction, and in her address, Resnick explores four major differences between the two types of education: “Schooling focuses on the individual’s performance, whereas out-of-school mental work is often socially shared. Schooling aims to foster unaided thought, whereas mental work outside school usually involves cognitive tools. School cultivates symbolic thinking, whereas mental activity outside school engages directly with objects and situations. Finally, schooling aims to teach general skills and knowledge, whereas situation-specific competencies dominate outside.” Resnick’s paper is rich in detail and anecdotes that can barely be alluded to in this brief space. But one “elegant example” of real-world learning is worth mentioning. Piloting a U.S. Navy ship into San Diego harbor requires the skills of six people with three different job descriptions stationed in various locations on board. The six are in continuous communication and work as a team. The expertise is distributed among them throughout the process; no one person can pilot the ship alone. Moreover, Resnick notes, important elements of this expertise are built into the navigational tools the team members must use. They engage with real objects, not symbols, and the competencies they call on are linked to the situation they are in. In schools, kids generally work alone and without tools, especially when being tested. Schools place value on pure thought activities. These mental exercises often involve symbol manipulation, in contrast to the objects and events used elsewhere. “Out of school, because they are continuously engaged with objects and situations that make sense to them,” Resnick states, “people do not fall into the trap of forgetting what their calculation or their reasoning is about.” Schools seek to teach general, widely used skills and theoretical principles. The rationale is that students will be able to apply this knowledge to a variety of real-life situations in the future. The vast majority of us, I’d wager, discover when we leave school (including college) that the skills and theories we take with us are rarely useful in our working and daily lives. To be truly prepared, Resnick says, “people must develop situation-specific forms of competence.” Resnick fears that schooling is becoming increasingly isolated from the rest of what we do. If so, it’s also likely that it will become increasingly irrelevant. Schools certainly shouldn’t abandon their academic mission, but their lessons should relate to real objects, events, and experiences. Too many children fail in school because they can’t connect what they’ve learned to the world in which they live. When they drop out, or squeak through, they are as ill-prepared for that real world as they were for the world of schooling. Schools need to refocus their efforts to reflect the lessons of the outside world and to help create what Resnick calls “adaptive learners”—people who “can perform effectively when situations are unpredictable and task demands change.” Adaptive learners are not likely to be developed in an isolated academic cocoon. Vol. 17, Issue 04, Page 4Published in Print: January 1, 2006, as Worlds Collide
- About Us - Get Involved - For Professionals How Popular was the Third Reich? by Michael H. Kater Ian Kershaw. Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria 1933-1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983. xv, 425 pages. In the social history of Nazism and the Third Reich, studies that are informed by a desire to examine the attitude of entire social groups to the Nazi phenomenon over time are still relatively scarce. Ever since official Nazi reports about the "mood" of the German population at any given time, authored by the Security Service (SD) of the SS or regional administrative offices (Landratsamter), became available for research in the archives, historians have attempted to probe into the mystery of the popular affection or disaffection for the Nazi dictatorship. Two kinds of studies have been published. There have been editions of the periodic public opinion reports, which let those texts speak for themselves and keep any annotative or interpretative comments to a minimum. If felicitously presented, the accounts have served as primary source material for further analysis. A fine early example is the collection of SD dossiers edited by the West German federal archivist Heinz Boberach; recently, Boberach has published these dossiers in their entirety. The public opinion reports were national in scope; regional reports filed by diverse official agencies, such as the police presidiums, have also been printed, for example those for the province of Pomerania in Prussia edited by Robert Thevoz and other West Berlin archivists. Other editions of this kind have become available, some about the two institutionalized churches in Germany, but these have hardly scratched the surface. I know of further vast materials in many regional West German archives and, of course, in the Federal Archive in Koblenz, which are of a semi- official or official nature, written by all manner of Nazi bureaucrats and waiting to be tapped by historians. To mention only three: At the regional level, there are situation reports (Stimmungsberichte) penned by police officials for Westphalia in the Munster Staatsarchiv, and systematic reports by the Reichsnahrstand, located in the Wolfenbiittel Staatsarchiv that reflect the mood of farmers in Brunswick county. At the national level, but touching on the various regions, there is a hitherto totally neglected, powerfully emotive series of reports, many of them relating to the female segment of the Reich population, which were sought out, collated, and centrally issued in the Berlin office of the Reich Women's Leader Gertrud Scholtz-Klink. They are now available in the Koblenz Federal Archive. The second type of study that evolved in the early to mid-1960s was based on some of the sources described above and was monographic. A pioneering and still useful specimen is the work of the Swiss historian Marlis G. Steinert on the feelings of the German population during World War 11 (Hitlers Krieg und die Deutschen). Relying on national SD reports, Steinert traced the popular opinion pattern from the people's enthusiasm over the successful beginnings of war to their disenchantment with the leadership. One of the disadvantages of Steinert's book was her unsystematic treatment of German society in terms of any perceived or real class structure. But then, at the time she wrote her study, it still had not become common to attempt a differentiation of the phenomenon of Nazi mass appeal through a qualified stratification of German society from 1933 to 1945. Or rather, efforts in this direction, i.e., toward inquiries that would lead to an analysis of German society before Hitler's assumption of power, made for instance by scholars such as Theodor Geiger, efforts that presupposed class differences in political behavior during formally democratic times, had been forsaken after 1945. The monolithic totalitarian model was applied equally to the governors and the governed of the Third Reich. If one conceived of the Nazi rulers as a structurally homogeneous body (and the war experience alone would prompt outside critics to do so), then their subjects must have been likewise. Not until the seminal work of Ralf Dahrendorf, who re-introduced sociological perspective into the historiography of the recent German past in his celebrated Democracy and Society in Germany, and William Sheridan Allen's no-less-famous case history of Northeim, recently re-edited, was class delineation observed by historians in an effort to decide whether Nazism had touched all German social groups evenly and for what spans of time. The new approach became strikingly evident in the effort made by David Schoenbaum in his now classic study, Hitler's Social Revolution, in which one segment of the German population was deliberately contrasted with another to gauge the popular appeal of Nazi rule; at the same time, Schoenbaum delved into motivations and asked what general changes in society were wrought from 1933 to 1939. Unfortunately, this American scholar elected to stop at the beginning of the war, so that the "revolutionary" potential of the drawn-out conflict on the German people could not be assessed. In his important new book, historian Ian Kershaw, of the University of Manchester, addresses this and other issues. Kershaw has published several articles and one previous monograph in German on the sentiments of ordinary people during the Third Reich, in peace as well as war, toward the political changes generated by Hitler and his cronies (notably as they affected the institutionalized church and German Jewry). In this book, Kershaw sets out once more to provide an analysis of the reactions of German Volksgenossen to Nazi governance. This he accomplishes, more completely than anyone has done, by dividing society into sectoral units and by testing upon them, within a sensible time-frame, the influence of various factors: economic, psychological, and religious. His brief but poignant conclusion serves both as a summary of the salient points and as a vehicle for the reconsideration of important ideas first aired by others, such as Schoenbaum's idea regarding abrupt social change after 1933. Kershaw's samples are drawn from Bavaria; the sources, housed in over two dozen Bavarian archives, are those plentiful reports of variegated provenance mentioned earlier. A set of tables, a map of Bavaria, a glossary, and a rich bibliography admirably complement the text. Kershaw proceeds with a systematic examination of his predefined sections of society against the backdrop of Nazi-generated or Naziregulated impulses, both in peacetime and in war. As social subgroups, Kershaw constructs a model of workers, peasants, middle-class entrepreneurs, (lower) civil servants, and (lower-school) teachers. These he sees directly confronted with several economic developments, but also some political ones which, in the second or third instance, resulted in weighty economic changes. His deliberations are interspersed with examinations of the church issue and the repercussions of Nazi antisernitic legislation within the population. For purposes of the former issue, Bavarian society is bisected into a Protestant and a Catholic half, while for purposes of the latter, the Bavarian populace is treated as an indivisible monolith. In order to recapitulate the author's findings briefly, one can say that Kershaw, in exemplary fashion, shows how specious was the Nazis' claim over the years to have pacified society and to have closed the pre-existing social gaps. The peasants, for example, were interested merely in their material well-being and ever unable or unwilling to look beyond the nearest church steeple. "Social union" to them was an enigma. When times were good, they tended to favor the regime; in economic crisis, they were apt to denounce it. After Hitler's assumption of power, when the grave consequences of the Great Depression for the rural population had been fairly redressed, peasants were positively inclined toward Hitler's Berlin central government even in traditionally sectionalist Bavaria, where Nazi successes in the Nazis' "Time of Struggle" (1919-1933) had been decidedly slow. But this success was offset again by the ill effects of the Hereditary Estate Law (Erbhofgesetz), which effectively reduced the farmers' creditworthiness along with their horizontal mobility. The war crushed any illusions of an improved situation for farmers by compounding the long-standing labor shortage and complicating the disadvantageous price structures even further, so that overall profits kept falling. Farmers were dismayed at finding themselves drawn into a war they did not understand and could not believe in; toward the end of the conflict, the unpopularity of the regime, especially of the Nazi party, in the Bavarian countryside was legend. The fortunes of Hitler's dictatorship are traced in similar fashion among the workers, shopkeepers, civil servants, and teachers. Kershaw can corroborate the previous results obtained by Timothy Mason in regard to workers, indicating that they were essentially enemies of the regime and, especially in wartime, wished to have nothing whatever to do with it. In the case of the shopkeepers, Kershaw resumes and further develops the thesis already posited by Heinrich August Winkler, namely that small businessmen were "betrayed" by the Nazi regime after the seizure of power, before which they had had good reason to believe that the fleshpots promised them during the end of the Weimar Republic would finally be at hand. For various reasons, explained in detail, civil servants and teachers also felt let down. Here, too, material motivations seem to have taken precedence over purely ideological ones. In his treatment of the church issue, Kershaw ably shows that being a pious Catholic or Protestant and a fervent National Socialist at one and the same time not only was not impossible, but was a most credible combination for Bavarians of all walks of life after 1933. This is one of the most important findings of this study; before this, any discussions of the church problem under institutionalized Nazism have implied that, by definition, being fervently Christian was commensurate with being fervently opposed to the Third Reich. In the past, this held true in particular with regard to the Protestant Confessional Church, but Kershaw produces persuasive evidence that a surprisingly high number of Confessionalist Protestants showed Nazi convictions. Problems between church and state that came to have a bearing on the mood of the Christian faithful originated not so much over questions of principle, ideology, or morals, as over jurisdictions. As Catholics are implicitly compared with Protestants, it dawns on the reader that Catholics would have been more beholden to their church than to the state in any major conflict, had one occurred. Things were somewhat different in regard to the "Jewish question." Pre- 1933 antisemitism, observes Kershaw, while potentially virulent in certain economically defined segments of the population such as shopkeepers, never was a major force in German society and here Kershaw echoes William S. Allen's earlier verdict and parallels the more recent one of Sarah Gordon it certainly did not contribute to the rise of National Socialism and the erection of the Nazi Reich in any meaningful way. (I would differ on the degree of antisemitism and insist on the potency of this sentiment in contributing to the creation of the Third Reich, as I have recently argued in Yad Vashem Studies.) Bavarians were aware of the Nazi measures against Jews from 1933 to 1938, writes Kershaw; and while most did not approve of what they saw and heard (note the boycotts of April 1933!), they also did not interfere. Generally, Goebbels missed his chance to inculcate anti-Jewish feeling into the people after the SA bungled the actions of Kristallnacht (9-10 November 1938) through their radical brutality and wanton inhumanity against German Jews. When Jews started to be ghettoized, Germans in Bavaria pretended not to notice, although some may have cheered and others again may have regarded them with pity and even sympathy from a distance. Reactions during the deportations are said to have been similar; ordinary Germans were much too preoccupied with the events of war. (To a large extent, Kershaw's post-1939 findings tally with subjective impressions recorded by contemporaries like Dr. Else Behrend-Rosenfeld, who was almost deported from Munich to the East but survived to write a moving memoir about her experience.) In the final analysis, I find Kershaw's overall results, at least in part, significantly different from the often-published cliche Lowermiddle-class people did not have to be officially Nazi (i.e., party, SA, or SS members) in order to profess National Socialist sympathies, even Jew-hatred; bonafide Nazis, on the other hand, could very well be regular churchgoers and even act in defense of their bishop. With regard to the lower class, to be sure, Kershaw's portrait does not deviate significantly from that established in recent years: Whatever class Nazism may have derived from, it most emphatically was not a product of the German proletariat. Like my colleagues, I applaud the appearance of this conscientious work; it will soon be regarded as a mainstay in the field of Nazi and Third Reich studies. I can say this with conviction, for the results of my own research in the past few years while based on somewhat different source materials and intellectual premises are generally in keeping with Kershaw's work. I, too, have found that it is necessary to depart from the cliche-ridden generalizations of the past; a formula that spells out single-class support for Nazism is overdue, for even the lower middle class did not support that movement by itself, as members of other "classes" became involved, and its support was not consistent over time. I especially agree with Kershaw's judgment that the Nazi regime did not constitute a social revolution in the sense of Schoenbaum's interpretation, for the much-touted Volksgemeinschaft never came into being. In Kershaw's words, there was, "beneath the surface unity of the propaganda image, a remarkably disunited society. Under the propaganda varnish of the 'National Community' [Volksgemeinschaft] old antagonisms continued unabated, heightened even by Nazi social and economic policy, and new ones were added to them. The extent of disillusionment and discontent in almost all sections of the population, rooted in the socioeconomic experience of daily life, is remarkable" (p. 373). One or two queries, merely for clarification, might be in order. It seems to me that at times Kershaw's picture of a considerable popular dissociation from Nazism becomes so overbearing that one may be tempted to ask who it actually was that supported the Nazis after 1933: only the party hacks? This should lead to a renewed consideration of the workers. Were they really so disinclined toward the regime, especially as the war began? Indeed, figures I have recently collected on the working class do suggest that with the onset of war their loyalty to the regime increased, if judged solely by the party joiners' curve. Other questions arise from a somewhat different conception of a model for analysis rather than from disagreement over figures and facts. Despite Kershaw's explanations, I still have some difficulty with the assumed representativeness of the Bavarian prototype. Kershaw wishes it to stand for the whole of Germany and adduces good reasons why this could be so: the substantial Protestant minority in a Catholic sea; the reasonable balance between rural and urban settings; the mixed (agrarian-industrial) economy. One might add the male-female ratio, which mirrored, closely enough, the Reich proportions. But Bavaria was untypical for having spawned the Nazi movement early and then, paradoxically, for having fallen behind in its support for the dictatorship. Munich was "Capital of the Movement," but, along with Hamburg (as Kershaw showed in his first book), was consistently below the national large- city average in pro-Nazi enthusiasm. Nuremberg, on the other hand, was home to one of the most (popularly?) entrenched Gauleiter (Streicher) and host to the (popular?) party rallies, at least in peacetime. Surely, above and beyond Kershaw's references to nationally based literature and Federal Archive holdings, the typicality of Bavaria could have been more firmly established through a comparison with small, systematically constructed subsamples taken from north or middle Germany. Two or three countermodels would have sufficed; materials for these abound in the central and regional archives. In addition, I would have preferred a somewhat more rigorously designed social model. With all its good history, there is simply not enough sociology in Kershaw's book. Without nit-picking I would like to submit that Kershaw uses somewhat loose criteria in the delineation of his social groupings. He defines the lower middle class (shopkeepers, civil servants, and teachers) broadly as Mittelstand, thereby avoiding a more precise characterization (unterer Mittelstand?; alter Mittelstand?; neuer Mittelstand?). While he most definitely does not mean oberer Mittelstand, he chooses on at least two occasions to extend his purview to members of the upper middle class, or social elite, namely, by implication, certain obere Beamte and upper-school teachers (pp. 118-19), and, again, jurists and judges, who always had a university education and were traditionally part of the administrative creme (pp. 326-27). It is also not clear why Kershaw consistently treats peasants as outside the lower-middle-class pale (as if they were a separate class!), and why he has chosen to disregard, within the conventionally defined lower middle class, the white-collar workers, to the study of whom, incidentally, a doctoral thesis at Bielefeld University has recently been dedicated. Furthermore, a proper differentiation between shopkeepers as artisans (Handwerksmeister) on the one hand and as small-time merchants (Kaufleute) on the other is also missing: is either group a priori assumed to be identical with the other? And what, exactly, is the definition of "workers" or "lower class" in this period, or are we to be guided by the less than systematic matrix laid out by Mason and others? Because Kershaw prefers sectional or horizontal definitions of his groupings to hierarchical or vertical ones, it is impossible to evaluate the Nazi-related sentiments that captivated them in connection with any potentially operative social mobility mechanisms. Neither is it entirely clear why Kershaw has elected to omit the members of the social elite (that is, the educated and the wealthy) from his study, even though this reviewer is fully aware of the difficulties inherent in delimiting the members of this social layer beyond any substantial doubts. And finally, in the treatment of the "Jewish problem," it would have been interesting, if not imperative, to see how popular (Bavarian) opinion of the Jews could conceivably have been class-specific. But these are minor criticisms, or, more precisely, points on a list of desiderata geared to my own current interests in socio-historic research. They cannot detract from the overall value of this book, which, it is hoped, will lead to a plethora of emulations for different regions of Germany. After having written two significant studies on public or popular opinion in the Third Reich, both based on a Bavarian scenario, perhaps Ian Kershaw should now be encouraged to tackle a work on the larger, national scene. If undertaken, it is likely to be a long and arduous project, but generations of social historians will thank him.
Turbidity Barrier And Silt Curtain Info Silt and Turbidity Control Barriers The turbidity barrier, also known as a silt barrier or turbidity curtain, is a device designed to contain suspended materials such as sediment, silt, and turbidity. Built with a long bottom curtain, these control barriers have been used in locations across the world to keep materials from polluting the surrounding area. How Does a Turbidity Curtain Work? The design of a turbidity curtain or barrier allows it to operate extremely similar in style to a containment boom or barrier. The main difference is that instead of containing a short skirt, these products will have a long skirt that extends down anywhere from three to one hundred feet (3' to 100'). This provides containment both on the surface and well underneath the water. When installed in your location, barriers will typically work to form a containment area around your construction job, dredging operation, cleaning or repair job, or any other area where materials are being displaced or polluted. As these materials are turned up, dredged, or produced, barriers will work to keep them well within a certain area. Turbidity Curtains Help To: - Contain Pollution - Prevent Sediment Spreading - Increase Sediment Settling Times - Lower Water Pollution Levels - Protect Wildlife How Do I Choose the Right Floating Turbidity Barrier? Choosing the right floating turbidity or silt barrier will often depend largely on your specific site, job requirements, and water conditions. The following can be used as a general guideline, although these barriers and curtains are often chosen based on many additional factors such as job type, sediment containment requirements, and project duration: - Type 1 Silt Barrier: Calm Water Applications (Economy or DOT) - Type 2 Silt Barrier: Medium-Water Conditions (max 1.5 knots, 3 foot waves, knots not above 1.5, waves not above 3 feet) (Medium Duty or Heavy Duty) - Type 3 Silt Barrier: Rough Water Conditions (Medium Duty or Heavy Duty) Not sure which type you need? Please see the Turbidity Curtain Selection Guide. When Does Dispersion of Sediment, Silt and Turbidity Happen? We all know road work construction when we drive on highways or turnpikes. Turbidity barriers are typically used for construction work that you may not usually see, such as marine construction work, dredging activities, or pile driving and stormwater sheet flow. A lot of these projects occur in water bodies, although some can occur directly on a site. Whenever silt or turbidity is mixed into a water flow, a floating turbidity or silt barrier can be used to contain these materials and keep them from polluting an area. For more information on these containment and pollution control devices, please check out our Turbidity Barrier Main Page.
Gender equality implies that a man and woman should be treated equally in every aspect of life, unless there is a biological reason not to. Except biologically, woman and man should ideally have the same rights at home, in the workplace, equal voting rights and right to own property and wealth. However, the real picture is very different almost everywhere. Even in developed and progressive countries, from since a very long time, the male members of the family are the chief breadwinners while the women maintain their homes and raise children. With the gradual increase of female education, the number of working women is now-a-days almost equal to the male working population. Even so, the idea of a woman extremely immersed in her career or a man staying home to raise children – in other words, reversed roles – are not truly acceptable. According to the U.S. Census, women earn 77 percent of what men earn in lieu of the same amount of work. This discrimination is because of the thought that women do not need to support a family of her own, they are generally complementing their male partners with her income; whereas, a man very often has to support his family with his single income. However, in a number of Eastern countries, especially in Asia, Middle East and Africa, the primary duty of the female population is to remain at home as the male members of the family earn a living. In some countries, the number of working women compared to men is as low as almost nil. In some Middle Eastern countries, women are not allowed to drive a car, or get out of the house without a male chaperone with them. Some other countries restrict females from travelling overseas without a male family member with them. One of the most serious forms of inequality is violence against. Both in developing and developed countries, statistics show that one in three women is beaten, sexually or otherwise abused in her lifetime. The number of woman who have faced such violence from her family and partners, in forms of marital rape, spousal abuse, child abuse or spousal killing is extremely high in both the backward as well as the progressive societies. Another extremely violent and dangerous discrimination against woman is infanticide and female feticide. China’s one-child policy and the preference of male child in India gave rise to termination of pregnancy and killing of female infants, reducing the ratio of female to male children as low as 927:1000. The female population of the world has very recently gained the right to vote in the early 1900s. Before this time, women had no right to vote for any political parties during election. Besides, despite being half the population of the world, women hold only 15.6% or elected government seats around the world. Some countries have quota systems to increase the number female participation in politics. Women consist of two-third of the population who is illiterate and uneducated. In most underdeveloped countries of the world, young girls are pulled out of school to look after their home, raise their younger siblings or to be married off. Being married of at an early age, they contribute largely in the increasing population, as well as the growing number of infant and maternity mortality. In many countries of the world, husbands have rights to divorce their wives at any time for even the simplest reasons, but the women do not have similar facility. Polygamy is still accepted in some societies where a man has several wives at one time. Even today, in many countries, women are beaten and tortured for standing against men and asserting their rights. In such extreme patriarchy societies, the government and law and order is silent to help these woman. As gradually as science and technology is progressing almost daily, there are still some extreme dark corners of our civilization where severe injustice takes place regularly, and the female population of the world is its main victim.
It is not unusual for your pets to hurt themselves and get wounded. Dogs, playful animals that they are, often get injured much to the dismay of their owners. However, if your dog is wounded and in pain, there isn’t necessarily any need to worry. Occasional injuries can be treated using first aid. For minor scrapes, cuts and wounds, always keep a first aid kit handy. Some gauze strips, anti bacterial creams and ointments, scissors, adhesives, tweezers and hand towels are some of the things you can include in your first aid kit. Apart from these, if your dog gets injured, you may also require an ice pack which can be very handy. Injured animals respond differently as compared to injured humans. Even if your dog is very faithful and loves you very much, when injured, it could bite and no matter how sure you are of your dog’s behavior do not take it for granted as this would not just be careless, but also highly unfair to the dog. This is because the defenses of the dog decrease when it is injured and instinctually, it begins to feel threatened. To administer the first aid that you intend, you may need to use a muzzle and a restraint. If your dog has minor injuries, the wound can be cleaned thoroughly using just water and soap. Antiseptic lotions can also be used, but they may cause a lot of pain to the animal. Dry the wound before applying any ointment or lotion on it. This will ensure that infections do not remain in the wound. In case the wound gets infected, you may have to take your dog to the veterinarian. There could be a requirement for draining the wound. Healing of the wound can be promoted naturally by using natural aloe vera gel or products containing extracts of the plant. The dog usually tends to lick it off, so you might have to put on some gauze on it. If some other animal has bitten your dog, this could lead to a serious infection. Even if wound from the bite is very small, it is best to take your dog to the veterinarian in order to check for any signs of infections and to get immediate treatment. Wounds that lead to substantial blood loss may also require urgent attention. In such a case, try to contain blood loss by applying pressure directly on the wound. You will have to restrain and muzzle the dog while doing this. Take your dog to the vet immediately. Keep checking the color of the gums of the dog and its breathing rhythm to make sure that the dog has not already slipped into shock.
Taking in such spine-tingling wonders as the Grand Canyon, Sistine Chapel ceiling or Schubert’s “Ave Maria” may give a boost to the body’s defense system, according to new research from UC Berkeley. Researchers have linked positive emotions – especially the awe we feel when touched by the beauty of nature, art and spirituality – with lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are proteins that signal the immune system to work harder. “Our findings demonstrate that positive emotions are associated with the markers of good health,” said Jennifer Stellar, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Toronto and lead author of the study, which she conducted while at UC Berkeley. While cytokines are necessary for herding cells to the body’s battlegrounds to fight infection, disease and trauma, sustained high levels of cytokines are associated with poorer health and such disorders as type-2 diabetes, heart disease, arthritis and even Alzheimer’s disease and clinical depression. It has long been established that a healthy diet and lots of sleep and exercise bolster the body’s defenses against physical and mental illnesses. But the Berkeley study, whose findings were just published in the journal Emotion, is one of the first to look at the role of positive emotions in that arsenal. “That awe, wonder and beauty promote healthier levels of cytokines suggests that the things we do to experience these emotions – a walk in nature, losing oneself in music, beholding art – has a direct influence upon health and life expectancy,” said UC Berkeley psychologist Dacher Keltner, a co-author of the study. In two separate experiments, more than 200 young adults reported on a given day the extent to which they had experienced such positive emotions as amusement, awe, compassion, contentment, joy, love and pride. Samples of gum and cheek tissue, known as oral mucosal transudate, taken that same day showed that those who experienced more of these positive emotions, especially awe, wonder and amazement, had the lowest levels of the cytokine, Interleukin 6, a marker of inflammation. In addition to autoimmune diseases, elevated cytokines have been tied to depression. One recent study found that depressed patients had higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine known as TNF-alpha than their non-depressed counterparts. It is believed that by signaling the brain to produce inflammatory molecules, cytokines can block key hormones and neurotransmitters – such as serotonin and dopamine – that control moods, appetite, sleep and memory. In answer to why awe would be a potent predictor of reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, this latest study posits that “awe is associated with curiosity and a desire to explore, suggesting antithetical behavioral responses to those found during inflammation, where individuals typically withdraw from others in their environment,” Stellar said. As for which came first – the low cytokines or the positive feelings – Stellar said she can’t say for sure: “It is possible that having lower cytokines makes people feel more positive emotions, or that the relationship is bidirectional,” Stellar said. In addition to Stellar and Keltner, other co-authors and researchers on the study are Neha John-Henderson at the University of Pittsburgh and Craig Anderson, Amie Gordon and Galen McNeil at UC Berkeley.
Treatment of FeLV infection must be individualized based on the severity of the condition and other factors that must be analyzed by your veterinarian. If your cat has no clinical signs, no treatment may be recommended. In this situation, regular follow-up visits to your veterinarian are important to evaluate your cat for possible progression of disease. If FeLV-induced disease is present, additional treatments may be necessary. There is no effective treatment that will eradicate established FeLV infection. Supportive care is important, and may include: Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections Fluid therapy in dehydrated FeLV-infected cats Topical medications to treat inflammation of the mouth (stomatitis) if present FeLV-infected cats should be kept inside and isolated from other cats Masses found in FeLV-infected cats should be biopsied and removed as necessary Blood transfusions should be administered on an emergency basis as necessary in FeLV-infected cats with severe anemia Suspected concurrent infection by the red blood cell parasite Hemobartonella felis should be treated in FeLV-infected cats suffering from hemolytic anemia. Tetracycline antibiotics are used against this organism and cortisone-like drugs (e.g. prednisone) also may be used if immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells is suspected. Manage lymphosarcoma (Lymphoma), if present, using cancer chemotherapy drugs. Cancer chemotherapy should be supervised by a veterinary oncologist or a veterinarian who has experience using anti-cancer drugs. Interferon (Roferon-A®) may be used in an attempt to limit viral replication. It is not licensed for use in cats, but has been used by some veterinarians to treat FeLV-infected cats. It may prevent disease development and prolong survival. Other agents that stimulate the immune system potentially could be beneficial in FeLV-infected cats. Examples include diethycarbamazine, Staphylococcal protein A (SPA), Propionbacterium acnes (Immunoregulin) and acemannan (Carrisyn). The effectiveness of these agents is unknown. Zidovudine or azidothymidine (commonly called AZT) is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat human patients with AIDS. AZT may limit virus replication and may prolong survival of FeLV-infected cats, but is was most effective in experimental cats when given very soon after infection. AZT has the potential to cause serious adverse effects (including bone marrow suppression) and should only be administered to cats under the supervision of a veterinary oncologist or a veterinarian experienced in the use of anti-viral medications. AZT) and PMEA have been reported to reduce the severity of chronic mouth infections in cats with FeLV. These drugs have the potential for serious adverse effects and should only be administered to cats under the supervision of a veterinary oncologist or a veterinarian experienced in the use of anti-viral medications. Bone marrow transplantation has been performed in some affected cats and may correct low white cell counts, but cats remain infected with FeLV. This experimental procedure would only be available at a small number of veterinary research institutes.
Generic Name: hepatitis b vaccine recombinant (Intramuscular route) hep-ah-TY-tiss B vak-seen re-KOM-bin-ant Commonly used brand name(s): In the U.S. Available Dosage Forms: Therapeutic Class: Vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is used to prevent infection by the hepatitis B virus. The vaccine works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease. Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is made without any human blood or blood products or any other substances of human origin and cannot give you the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HBV infection is a major cause of serious liver diseases, such as virus hepatitis and cirrhosis, and a type of liver cancer called primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Pregnant women who have hepatitis B infection or are carriers of hepatitis B virus can give the disease to their babies when they are born. These babies often suffer serious long-term illnesses from the disease. Immunization against hepatitis B disease is recommended for all newborn babies, infants, children, and adolescents up to 19 years old. It is also recommended for adults who live in areas that have a high rate of hepatitis B disease or who may be at increased risk of infection from hepatitis B virus. These adults include: This vaccine is available only from your doctor or other authorized health care professional. In deciding to use a vaccine, the risks of taking the vaccine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this vaccine, the following should be considered: Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully. Hepatitis B vaccine has been tested in newborns, infants, and children and, in effective doses, has not been shown to cause different side effects or problems than it does in adults. The vaccine strength for use in dialysis patients has been studied only in adult patients, and there is no specific information about its use in children receiving dialysis. Hepatitis B vaccine is very effective when administered to adolescents and young adults. It is recommended that all adolescents who have not previously received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine should start or complete the vaccine series at 11 to 12 years of age. Hepatitis B vaccine has not been shown to cause different side effects or problems in adolescents and young adults than it does in other age groups. This vaccine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in older people than it does in younger adults. However, persons over 50 years of age may not become as immune to the virus as do younger adults. \|All Trimesters\|\|C\|\|Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.\| Studies in women suggest that this medication poses minimal risk to the infant when used during breastfeeding. Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. Tell your healthcare professional if you are taking any other prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicine. Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco. The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this vaccine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially: This section provides information on the proper use of a number of products that contain hepatitis b vaccine recombinant. It may not be specific to Recombivax HB. Please read with care. The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so. The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:Symptoms of allergic reaction - Rare Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur:Rare Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:More common Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. The information contained in the Thomson Healthcare (Micromedex) products as delivered by Drugs.com is intended as an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatment. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over the counter drugs (including any herbal medicines or supplements) or following any treatment or regimen. 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A webinar organised by Blue Marine Foundation (BLUE), IDDRI, and co-sponsored by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The mesopelagic, or "twilight zone" - the waters of the open ocean at a depth of approximately 150-1,000 metres - hosts significant fish stocks. These fish are unpalatable but proposals are emerging to process them into fishmeal and nutritional supplements. As this vast midwater realm plays a role in the carbon cycle and food webs, the development of new fisheries could have global ramifications. Yet our scientific understanding is limited and the existing governance framework may not be ready to effectively manage mesopelagic fisheries. This webinar introduces the science and ecology of the mesopelagic zone and explores the potential governance challenges for the sustainable development of new fisheries. The event will launch two new reports: - Fishing in the Twilight Zone: Illuminating governance challenges at the next fisheries frontier (IDDRI) - Entering the Twilight Zone: The ecological role and importance of mesopelagic fishes (Blue Marine Fondation) - Heidi Sosik, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (Massachusetts, USA), on exploring the mesopelagic zone - Callum Roberts, University of Exeter (United-Kingdom), on the ecological role and importance of mesopelagic fishes - Rachel Tiller, SINTEF Ocean (Trondheim, Norway), on the "Sustainable Management of Mesopelagic Resources" project (SUMMER) - Kristina Gjerde, IUCN (Switzerland), on existing governance framework and the high seas treaty negotiations - Glen Wright, IDDRI (Paris, France), on options for strengthening the governance of mesopelagic fisheries
Angry teens may be suffering from intermittent explosive disorderPublished On: Tue, Jul 3rd, 2012 \| Mental Health \| By BioNews One in 12 adolescents have such a short temper that they could be suffering from IED – intermittent explosive disorder, according to psychologists. The condition is typically characterised by persistent and uncontrollable anger attacks. The study, based on a household survey of 10,148 young teenagers in the US, found that nearly two thirds had a history of anger attacks involving real or threatened violence. It also found that one in 12 met with the strict criteria for a diagnosis of IED. Across the US, that would equate to almost six million individuals. IED, recognised as an impulse control disorder, usually begins in late childhood and persists throughout the middle years of life. To be diagnosed with IED, a person must at any time in life have had three episodes of “grossly out of proportion” impulsive aggressiveness. For the new study a more stringent definition of IED was used which ruled out other mental disorders contributing to angry outbursts. The research also indicated that IED was not being treated properly. Although 37.8 percent of teenagers with the disorder obtained treatment for emotional problems, only 6.5 percent were specifically given help with anger management. “If we can detect IED early and intervene with effective treatment right away, we can prevent a substantial amount of future violence perpetration and associated psychopathology,” the Telegraph quoted Lead researcher Professor Ronald Kessler, from Harvard Medical School in the US, as saying. The study was published in the journal Archives of General Psychiatry.
At Dental Arts Seminole, we insist that our patients see a dentist at least once or twice every wear. Doing so and observing good oral hygiene are the best ways to ensure that your teeth and mouth stay healthy. During these visits, dental exams will be performed to identify any potential risks which in the end save you from suffering more complex problems and the need for costly and invasive dental treatments.Also, considering that your mouth is an entryway to the rest of the body, keeping it healthy prevents problems to other parts of your body. So, what more do you stand to gain by scheduling for regular dental examinations? - A Clean and Bright Smile Despite the effort you put at home to brush and floss your teeth, you will still not be able to get rid of all plaque and bacteria in the mouth. Only a professional with specialized tools can thoroughly clean your teeth. Therefore, as part of your routine exams, you will have a dentist or hygienist perform a professional dental cleaning. This process is very effective and compliments your home-cleaning efforts by reaching through to all areas of your mouth. The cleaning is effective for removing plaque and tartar through a process called scaling. After cleaning, your teeth are flossed and polished to give you a bright smile. In addition to that your breath is left ultra-fresh and your tooth enamel, stronger. - Prevention Against Cavities and Gum Disease When plaque and bacteria build-up is left untreated, it will start to erode the gums. This happens to be a common cause for cavities and gum disease which if left to severely advance will require restorative treatments like dental filling and sometimes even periodontal treatments. The regular cleanings reduce risk of cavities and decay. Our dentist in Seminole, Dr.Cecilia Sorelle will also perform a physical exam to check for any signs of decay. In case you seem to be at high risk of cavities and gum disease, you will get preventative treatments such as fluoride treatments to protect you against the illnesses. - Early Diagnosis In addition to physical exams, dental x-rays and cancer screening technology is used to rule out any problems. it has been observed that most cancers affecting the mouth or throat are usually detected during routine checks. The earlier you get to detect the disease, the high the chances of successful treatment. Conditions like halitosis can also be diagnosed during the exams, allowing the underlying cause to be identified and treated. When a condition is diagnosed early, you will also spend less on treatment. What to Expect During a Dental Exam? If you are care about your oral health and overall well-being, you are encouraged to go for a dental exam before friendship day this year. And if the though makes you anxious or uncomfortable, relax since there is nothing to worry about. Most dentists follow a routine procedure for all dental examinations which include: - Physical examination of your face, neck, cheeks and jaws for any abnormalities such as swelling. Your dentist will also check the inside of your mouth to see if the gums, teeth and other tissues are showing any signs of illness such as decay or cavities. - Dental x-rays and cancer screenings may also be performed to rule out any issues. - Finally, you will have a dental cleaning performed. - Some dentist may also have an educative session with you to let you know how you can care for your dental health better. This may involve teaching you the correct brushing and flossing techniques as well as how to care for any dental appliances you may have such as crowns or dentures. You will also be informed on how your lifestyle can impact your oral health, so that youare able to make informed decisions that protect you. If dental phobia is making you shay away from the much-needed dental exams, talk to your dentist about this so that you can find ways to make your dental experience bearable. Most dentist allow use of sedation for patients that have extreme dental anxiety.
Article Archive >> Community EarthTalk: Land Trusts PHOTO CAP: More than 1,600 land trusts have sprung up across the U.S since the middle of the last century, protecting over 37 million acres of land from development and other threats while providing open space for public recreation and safeguarding critical wildlife habitat. Photo Credit: Getty Images Dear EarthTalk: What's a "land trust" and how does it help the environment? - Sam Stout, Darien, CT A land trust is an organization that works with landowners to conserve their land, either by buying it from them or obtaining it as a donation. Legal agreements between the trust, the landowner and the local government are then created in order to permanently limit development of the land. Land trusts are usually nonprofit, and their purpose is to provide long-term stewardship of not just land, but sometimes areas of historical or archeological significance. The need for land trusts arose out of public concern for the loss of open space, wildlife habitat and scenic beauty in the face of rampant development on private land during the latter half of the 20th century. More than 1,600 land trusts have since sprung up in a variety of communities across the U.S. Together they have protected some 37 million acres of land, according to the Land Trust Alliance, a Washington, DC-based umbrella group formed in 1981 to help land trusts share information and work more effectively. When a land trust acquires land, it may retain ownership in perpetuity in order to protect the parcel from development. When landowners donate parcels to a land trust outright, they can take advantage of state and federal income tax deductions-similar to any tax-deductible, non-profit donation-while saving considerable money on property and estate taxes moving forward. Whether a land trust buys a parcel or gets it donated, it can either hold onto the property or, depending on the arrangement with the former owner, sell it to a third party-often a local or state government that commits to turning it into a protected area. Land trusts also sell land to private buyers, usually with strict restrictions on future development. The benefit to keeping the land under private ownership is that it can then stay on local property tax rolls and thus continue to provide revenue for the local government. Another way land trusts work is through "conservation easements," whereby individuals can protect their land but still retain ownership and the option of selling or passing it along to heirs. Future owners of the land are also bound by the easement's terms, which restrict development and use and are often monitored by a land trust. Conservation easements usually lower the financial value of their land (by limiting development potential), but landowners benefit because their property taxes go down accordingly. Likewise, if and when heirs inherit the land, the conservation easement lessens their estate tax burden. Every conservation easement is different, but most include provisions limiting or forbidding construction or resource extraction. Often they protect especially sensitive lands such as wetlands. Some easements allow specific parcels to be used for agriculture, ranching or logging. Many allow hiking, camping, bird watching or even hunting (though some specifically ban hunting and are created for that purpose). Another nonprofit group, the American Land Conservancy (ALC), functions like a national land trust working nationwide to ensure that large or exceptional pieces of property stay out of the hands of developers. Some of ALC's work has led to the creation or expansion of national parks in Colorado, Hawaii and elsewhere. Contacts: Land Trust Alliance, www.lta.org; American Land Conservancy, www.alcnet.org. Got An Environmental Question? Send it to: EarthTalk, c/o E/The Environmental Magazine, P.O. Box 5098, Westport, CT 06881; submit it at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/, or e-mail: email@example.com. Read past columns at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/archives.php. << back to Articles on Community << back to All Articles
Customs and Traditions in Britain: Stage 2 - Photos - Spa and Wellness Set 18.rar Culture of England - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, Before World War II the majority population insisted that newcomers The final step in creating a national sentiment was taken in the seventeenth and. Guide to Britian (UK) and the British people, culture, society, language, business and social etiquette, manners, protocol and useful information. its communities struggle in England's postindustrial era. Demography. The population was million in The estimated nonwhite proportion of the population for that year was percent, with the officially designated ethnic groups being black Caribbean, black African, black other, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Chinese. Christmas traditions vary from country to ejaxudyxydi.tkmas celebrations for many nations include the installing and lighting of Christmas trees, the hanging of Advent wreaths, Christmas stockings, candy canes, and the creation of Nativity scenes depicting the birth of Jesus Christ. Christmas carols may be sung and stories told about such . Location and Geography. Kenya is located in East Africa and borders Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Education is important in England, as it is Wales and Scotland too. British children are required by law to have an education until they are 16 years old. In the historical writing of the 19th century, the denotation of hegemony extended to describe the predominance of one country upon other countries; and, by extension, hegemonism denoted the Great Power politics (c. s – ) for establishing hegemony (indirect imperial rule), that then leads to a definition of imperialism (direct . NEW KNOWING YOUR GUARDIANS. Beatrice Walditch. Knowing Your Guardians provides advice and inspiration to help understand the various ways of thinking about protective guardians. Beatrice Walditch mostly explores the traditional 'spirits of place' in Britain, although also shows how similar ideas and concepts are found elsewhere in . Bermuda and Great Britain The oldest and richest British Overseas Territory with more self-government than Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Medieval fare. The study of Medieval culture and cuisine is a complicated and facinating topic. There is plenty of information available, from comprehensive academic sources to simple children's books.
On April 17, 1964, the world's first American affordable sports car was introduced by Ford Motor Company at the 1964 World's Fair in New York. To the public, the Mustang was not only affordable, but also a great sports car. For Ford it was many things: a catalyst of a great marketing strategy; a great sales success; and a personal triumph for Lee Iacocca. In 1962 Lee Iacocca was General Manager of Ford and pushed the Mustang into reality. The goal for Ford was to produce a personal low-cost, sporty car. The Ford Motor Company was able to produce this car, with sales running at 680,989 between April 1964 to August 1965, nearly seven times the projected one year sales of 100,000. By March 1966, the one-millionth Mustang had rolled off the line. When the first Ford Mustang was introduced, the base model V6 sold at an attractive $2,372, around twenty percent less than its predecessor the Thunderbird. The Mustang weighed only 2,572 pounds. With its 170-cubic-inch, six-cylinder engine, three-speed, floor-mounted manual transmission and seating for four. There was over one million Mustangs sold by March of 1966. The 19641/2 model was the patriarch of subsequent changes to hoods, interiors, headlamps and spoilers. As Mustang weaved in and out of different generations, the vehicle generated an iconic status. Running alongside the best European road cars, it soon became a racing-inspired legend. Mustang needed racing as much as racing needed Mustang. Right out of the blocks, the pony car was a champion, taking both first and second place in the 1964 Tour de France International rally. By the end of the sixties, Mustang led the SCCA Trans-Am series. 1964 - 1996 Mustang The origins of the original 1964 1/2, 101 horsepower Mustang was the humble Ford Falcon. Officially, the car was released in April 1964 and called a 1965 model. The true 1965 Mustang was equipped with a 200 cubic inch, 120 horsepower 6 cylinder engine but perhaps what made the Mustang so unique was the ability of an owner to have the car built and equipped exactly as they requested. Because the components were inexpensive off-the-shelf Ford Falcon parts, the original Mustang sold for only $2368 U.S. Options included air-conditioning at $283, three choices of V-8 engines ranging from about $100 to $328 and performance buffs one could order the famous Shelby GT 350 for about $4547 and a full race version for approximately $5950. These early high-performance Mustang's produced anywhere from 300 to approximately 360 gross horsepower, propelling these cars from zero to 60 mph in approximately 6.5 seconds and able to reach a top speed of up to 135 miles an hour. Today, these special high-performance Mustang's can sell for over $100,000, and regular six or eight cylinder Mustang convertibles can easily bring $40,000 to $50,000. The original Mustang was wildly popular selling a total of 680,989 1965 units. The regular 1965 Ford Mustang and Mustang convertibles were not considered high-tech for their time but the cars with a long hood and sculptured lines looked beautiful and because they were relatively small sporty cars, they were fun to drive and even more fun to own. They can be best described as really nice cars which were attractive in their time and remain attractive today. A simple, and yet timeless elegance and style. And because they could be equipped with just about any option, they could also be ordered as high-performance cars, able to keep up with some of the best European cars selling for twice the money. Perhaps the Mustang history is so interesting because it represents a full circle. In many ways, today's Mustang is more similar to the original than ever before. The Mustang went from a great car to a fair car to a poor car and back to a car even greater than the original. Join us as we follow the fine Mustang history. - 1968 Mustang 1967 and 1968 Ford Mustang, considered by many people as best Mustang pre 2000 series, was also the last "small Mustang", until the introduction of the Mustang It takes a long time to design a new model and planning for this model began at the release of the April 1964 model. As the Mustang grew to become one of Ford's most successful models ever, Ford designers and engineers were given great latitude to improve the car and to design and build parts specifically for the Mustang. While the original Mustang was a good car, Many of its shortcomings and bugs were corrected and the new car had a much better fit, finish, interior and build quality. Also, substantially more options, models and 13 engine choices were offered, ranging from the original but more powerful 200 cubic inch six cylinder engine all the way up to the mighty 427 "big block" producing a massive 390 horsepower ( with 60 percent of its weight over the front wheels). While the car could be ordered with disc brakes, overall handling, breaking and cornering were much worse than today's Mustang. At two inches longer than the original, this Mustang series was similar in most other dimensions, and changes included a modified front Grill, larger wheel options, bigger engine compartment able to house Ford's largest engines, and the redesigned Mustang 2 plus 2 fastback. This was also the time when Carl Shelby introduced the Shelby G. T. 500 as well as factory Shelby convertibles. The Mustang also faced considerable competition during this period from General Motors’ Chevrolet Camaro and the Pontiac Firebird as well as Plymouth's 280 horsepower 383 barracuda. Despite this competition, the Mustang continued to sell well. This is probably because the car represented many things to many people. It was a cute, sporty convertible. A sporty hatchback and an extremely powerful muscle car, yet in its basic six cylinder hardtop form, it was also a sporty inexpensive means Mustangs were still a bargain with the ragtop having a basic list of about $2,800 but running well above $4,000 fully loaded. That same ragtop, if kept in good condition, should bring about 1969 - 1970 Mustang Ford aptly described this series as "A steed for every need" and this was an accurate description for this new "mini Thunderbird Mustang" model which was nearly six inches larger than the original. Not only were the outside dimensions larger, but the inside dimensions were also increased with a much larger backseat, more legroom, more headroom and even a 29 percent larger trunk. Unfortunately trying to be everything to every car buyer meant that the Mustang lost a little bit of its original personality. The price of the car was still low with the basic six cylinder hardtop selling for about $2700 and the eight cylinder convertibles selling for as little is $3126. Mustang also produced an ultra high performance series of cars including their famous 300 horsepower 351 Cleveland and are equally famous 375 horsepower 429 engines. An interesting side note is the fact that while these engines were huge by today's standards and would give their owners know more than 10 mpg, their actual performance and horsepower was substantially less than today's performance Mustangs. 0 to 60 times were in the 6 1/2 second range in the top speed was about 118 miles an hour. Today's stalked eight cylinder Mustangs easily beat these times and speeds and Mustangs special SVT Cobra series make these cars look positively slow. 1971 - 1973 Mustang The 1971 series Mustang was the largest and heaviest Mustang ever produced. They were 14" longer and nearly 800 pounds heavier than the original Mustang. This substantial body change was partly because Pony car sales were stagnant and the market was flooded with competitors. A second problem for Mustang was the federally mandated automotive requirement to reduce the amount of lead used in fuel and pollute less. These changes resulted in substantial power reductions starting from 1972 onward. The 1971 Mustang was the last muscle car Mustang would see for nearly 18 years. The 1971 performance king was the 429 CJ optioned Mustang ($436) producing 370 horsepower and propelling the car to a 0 to 60 mile-per-hour speed in about 6 seconds. These high-powered Mustangs would only deliver about 11 mpg while the standard 302 cubic inch Mustang would deliver about 17 mpg. These cars did not have a particularly high speed with the 302 reaching only about 86 mph and the big 429 reaching a little over 100 miles an hour flat-out. 1972 onward would be a nonexistent time for performance Mustangs. An interesting elements during this time is how the auto manufacturers recalculated horsepower figures from gross to net horsepower. This meant that comparative horsepower's numbers would be reduced but pollution controls played a much stronger role in horsepower reduction, reducing the six cylinder model to 95 horsepower, the 302 cubic inch model to 136 horsepower and the 351 Cleveland to less than 275 horsepower. By this time the muscle car was dead - a victim of car manufacturers inability to cope with pollution control requirements. An interesting side note is the fact that today's six cylinder Mustang produces over twice the horsepower using substantially less fuel and reducing pollution by over 90 percent and at the same time delivering 50 percent better fuel efficiency. (The Ford engineers should be credited) 1972 Mustang continued to remain an excellent value with the basic six cylinder hardtop listing at $2,760 while the eight convertible sold for approximately $3,189. This reasonable pricing structure may have been partly the result of sales slipping to 150,000 units for the 1971 model series. These low sales figures convinced Ford that they had to return to the basic Mustang pony
What we eat plays a significant role in our health. The Experimental Biology 2018 meeting (EB 2018) will showcase new research into how diet could be used to fight cancer and how specific eating patterns can encourage weight loss. Time-restricted eating reduces tumor growth in mice Obesity is known to increase the risk for breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women. With a long-term goal of developing practical strategies to curb breast cancer risk, researchers from the University of California, in San Diego, examined how restricting eating to a certain number of hours each day might affect cancer. For the study, obese mice modeling the postmenopausal life stage were either given access to high-fat food 24 hours a day or restricted to eating the high-fat food during 8 active hours, simulating daytime eating in people. After 3 weeks, the mice were injected with breast cancer cells. Although the overall quantity of food consumed differed little between the two groups, the time-restricted eating group showed reduced tumor growth as well as better glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, which are both linked to blood sugar control. Additional experiments showed that tumor growth was insulin-dependent, suggesting that time-restricted feeding may act by lowering insulin signaling. Manasi Das will present this research at the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology annual meeting during the Obesity, Metabolism and Immune Cells in Cancer session at 4:30 p.m. Monday, April 23, in Room 31A (abstract) and at 12:45 p.m. Tuesday, April 24, in Exhibit Halls A-D (poster B491 811.19). Adults who eat breakfast gain less weight Although studies have shown an association between eating breakfast and healthy body weight in children and teenagers, less research has focused on this relationship in adults. In an analysis involving 347 healthy adults, researchers from the Mayo Clinic found that study participants who skipped breakfast were more likely to be obese than those who ate it frequently, defined as five to seven times a week. Participants who skipped breakfast also had larger waists than those who ate breakfast frequently or infrequently (one to four times a week). The link between skipping breakfast and weight gain remained even after the researchers took into account age, gender and body mass index. People who did not eat breakfast reported the most weight gain over the past year, and those who consumed breakfast on most days reported the lowest weight gain. The researchers conclude that regularly consuming breakfast is important for maintaining a healthy weight at all ages. Kevin Smith will present this research at the American Physiological Society (APS) annual meeting from 10 a.m.-12 p.m. Sunday, April 22, in Exhibit Halls A-D (poster A324) (abstract). Alternate-day fasting enhances weight loss in obesity-prone rats When a person is losing or maintaining recently lost weight, energy expenditure during rest and activity tends to decrease as the body's metabolism gradually slows. In a new study, Kent State University researchers examined how alternate-day fasting -- a diet that restricts calories every other day -- affects energy expenditure. They placed lean and obese-prone mice on every-day calorie restriction or alternate-day fasting aimed at equivalent weight loss and then measured energy expenditure during treadmill walking. Although the obesity-prone and lean mice on both diets showed a similar decrease in activity-associated energy expenditure, the obesity-prone mice on the alternate-day fasting diet lost significantly more weight than the lean mice. There was also no difference in activity-associated energy expenditure on fasting and non-fasting days. The results suggest that weight loss effects from alternate-day fasting might also vary in people. Amber Titus will present this research at the APS annual meeting at 10 a.m.-noon Sunday, April 22, in Exhibit Halls A-D (poster A323 604.1) (abstract). New insights into taste perception Conditions inside the mouth such as temperature can affect our perception of taste. Interactions between taste and the general sensitivity of the mouth to pungency, irritation or heat were thought to result from indirect interactions between taste cells and neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P. In a new mouse study, researchers from the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine used a combination of functional imaging and cellular biosensors to show that neuropeptides play a more direct regulatory role in processing taste signals. The study results suggest that substance P and CGRP act as inhibitory neurotransmitters that shape the signals traveling from taste buds to the brain. The discovery of this unanticipated route of taste sensory information flow could aid in the development of taste modifiers for potential use in managing obesity or new treatments for taste problems that develop as a side effect of chemotherapy drugs. Anthony Huang will present this research at the American Association of Anatomists annual meeting during the Role of Neuropeptides in Peripheral Taste Signaling session at 9:15 a.m. Tuesday, April 24, in Room 11B (abstract). EB 2018 is the premier annual meeting of five scientific societies to be held April 21-25 at the San Diego Convention Center. Contact the media team for abstracts, images and interviews, or to obtain a free press pass to attend the meeting. About Experimental Biology 2018 Experimental Biology is an annual meeting comprised of more than 14,000 scientists and exhibitors from five host societies and multiple guest societies. With a mission to share the newest scientific concepts and research findings shaping clinical advances, the meeting offers an unparalleled opportunity for exchange among scientists from across the U.S. and the world who represent dozens of scientific areas, from laboratory to translational to clinical research. http://www. Find more news briefs and tipsheets at: https:/
posted by Riley . A man left his property to his wife, his son, his daughter, and his sister. His son and daughter got half of the property, sharing in the ratio of 4 to 3. His wife got twice as much as the daughter. If his sister received $15,000, what was the value of all of his property? Son and daughter got half, in the ratio of 4 to three. son+daughter = 1/2 son got 4/14 daughter got 3/14 Wife got twice as the daughter = 6/14 Sister got 1-(4/14+3/14+6/14) = 1/14 If 1/14 of the property was worth $15,000, the value of his estate is Daughter's share = x-dollars. Wife's share = 2x-dollars. Son's share = 4x/3-dollars. Sister's share = 15000 dollars. The son and daughter received 1/2 of the property. The other 1/2 went to the wife and sister: x + 4x/3 = V/2 = 2x + 15000, x + 4x/3 = 2x + 15000, Solve for x: x = 45000 = Daughter's share, 2x = 2 * 45000 = 90000 = Wife's share, 4x/3 = 445000/3 = 60000 = son's share V/2 = 2 45000 + 15000 = 105000, V = 210000 = Value of property.
Just days after Cuba reported their first autochthonous Zika virus infection in a Havana woman, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a notice for travelers to the Caribbean island. Because Zika virus is primarily spread by mosquitoes, CDC recommends that travelers to Cuba protect themselves from mosquito bites. In addition, CDC recommends that pregnant women not travel to Cuba. Zika virus can be spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus, and infection is linked to a serious birth defect of the brain called microcephaly and other poor pregnancy outcomes. Sexual transmission of Zika virus from a male partner is also possible, so travelers are also encouraged to use condoms or not have sex. Most people infected with Zika virus do not get sick. Among those who do develop symptoms, sickness is usually mild, with symptoms that last for several days to a week. Zika may also be linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a rare disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis for a few weeks to several months. Most people fully recover from GBS, but some have permanent damage.
Diane Manuel, News Service (650) 725-1945; e-mail: email@example.com CREATE makes research clearer, more compelling As she puts together notes for a freshman lecture on ecology, Professor X is looking for some exciting research that will help to bring the material alive. She turns to a new Stanford website (http://sll-6.stanford.edu/projects/create/index.html) and, presto, finds a cutting-edge study of ant behavior that is being performed just over the hill at Jasper Ridge. Professor X calls Nathan Sanders, the doctoral student in biological sciences who is tracking invasive Argentine ants, and invites him to talk to her class the following day. She knows ahead of time that he'll be happy to give a presentation about his work. This is no millennium dream scene. Thanks to CREATE, a teaching and research initiative that is a joint venture of the Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) and the Stanford Learning Laboratory (SLL), advanced graduate students like Sanders are the newest players in Stanford's efforts to forge links between research and teaching. CREATE Creating Research Examples Across the Teaching Enterprise was piloted last spring by Michele Marincovich, assistant vice provost and director of CTL, and Richard Reis, a consulting professor in electrical and mechanical engineering who is director for academic partnerships at SLL. They helped graduate students from 13 departments develop written descriptions of their research that could be posted on the web and used as a resource by the campus community. In exchange, the students learned how to write concisely and compellingly about their work skills that will be helpful as they complete dissertations and grant proposals and compile teaching portfolios. "Given the demands on everyone's time these days, we've been concerned with the problem of how to encourage faculty, lecturers and graduate students to do more to integrate their teaching and research," Marincovich says. "We've asked ourselves, what are the things they do in their research that they could carry over into their teaching? And the harder challenge what are the things they do in their teaching that could save them time and help to jumpstart their research?" As he considered those questions, Reis thought the notion of leverage could apply. "If you see teaching and research in conflict, research will win out every time here," he says. "But if you think of teaching and research as leveraging agents, then there ought to be ways to infuse more inquiry and an investigative mode into introductory classes, and perhaps change to some extent the nature of the undergraduate experience." Marincovich and Reis sent out letters in March to 25 graduate students who were within two years of finishing their doctorates and who also had demonstrated a keen interest in polishing their teaching skills. Sixteen students volunteered for the CREATE pilot program eight from engineering departments and physical sciences, and eight from the humanities and social sciences and received $100 plus a year's subscription to the Chronicle of Higher Education for their participation. Each student was asked to write a statement that described her or his research. It had to be understandable to freshmen taking an introductory course in the field, and it also had to explain why the work was important. "We reasoned that 1,000 words was long enough to require some substance and some description of what they were doing, and of what kinds of questions they were answering," Reis says. Equally important was the "why." "Many graduate students who have dedicated two years to a particular project often neglect to think about why anyone else should be interested in their research," Marincovich adds. "So we wanted them to answer the questions, 'Even if we understood your work, why should we care about it? Why is it important and compelling?'" To help shape and focus their research statements, the graduate students were encouraged to think about describing their work in four stages of "talks." The first couple of sentences of their statements would constitute an "elevator talk" a brief response to the question "So, what is your research about?" that could be offered in an elevator ride between several floors. Students were urged to think about the second paragraph of their statements as a "hallway talk" a slightly longer response to the above question. For the fuller "office talk" version and the more complete "seminar talk," which would constitute the remainder of their statements, students were encouraged to make a compelling case for their research. The first drafts were farmed out for review among the students, with each one assigned to read two papers one in science or engineering, and one in the humanities or social sciences. A physicist, for example, might have to decipher the work of a student in religious studies, or an engineer might look at the work of a specialist in communications. The students, who had not met each other, returned their comments via email. "They took a lot of time with the reviews, and in some cases the comments were almost as long as the original statements," Marincovich said. As they guided second and third drafts of the graduate students' research statements, Marincovich and Reis drew on the comments of their peers to encourage the students to make their work more accessible to a wider audience. The title of one medical sciences essay, for example, which started out as "Investigating Cytoskeletal Dynamics in the Development of Epithelial Cell Polarity," ultimately became "How Do Cells Know Up from Down?" Marincovich and Reis presented the initial results of the CREATE project to 35 engineering faculty members from universities nationwide who convened at Stanford this summer for a workshop funded by the National Science Foundation. They also will make a presentation to the American Association of Higher Education. Last month Fred Stout, CTL training coordinator, used the CREATE template to help six students in the urban studies track of Honors College jumpstart their senior honors essays. By mid-October Marincovich and Reis hope to have between 50 and 60 more graduate students writing research statements to add to the growing website database. They have contacted the chairs of six departments civil and environmental engineering, electrical engineering, chemistry, economics, English and political science to ask if their faculties could nominate advanced graduate students for an expanded CREATE project in fall quarter. "We hope that by doing this early in their careers, graduate students will learn to recast their knowledge into something they can teach well, and that they'll also maintain a learner's perspective on the material," Marincovich says. "The whole core of teaching is to make ideas available, and we look at this as a very solid pedagogical exercise." By Diane Manuel
Every morning, most people, especially those who start their work early, are always on the go. There might be lots of things going on in their minds when they wake up. Maybe they’re always doing everything fast in the morning so that they will not be late for work. While doing their morning routines, they might also be thinking about their busy schedule for the day, the traffic, and a lot more. But they might also be forgetting one important thing, and that is, to eat a healthy You might have heard this a million times from doctors, your parents, or your friends, that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, many still are not able to eat breakfast every day due to their busy schedules. But isn’t a busy schedule also a great reason why you need to eat breakfast? It’s because it will give you the energy to get things done. It may also help you focus on work. If you’ve been skipping breakfast a lot, then maybe it’s time that you change your morning routine to be able to give time to eat a healthy meal before going to work. To further convince you, we are going to provide you with more reasons why you should make time to eat breakfast 1. Breakfast Can Encourage Healthier Eating Eating breakfast will help you reach your daily recommended servings of fruits and vegetables. People who regularly eat breakfast usually consume more milk and whole grains compared to those who skip it every morning. And milk, as you probably know, provides calcium which is important for your body. Therefore, if you are aiming to obtain the recommended vitamins and minerals that your body needs daily, you should start filling in at breakfast. 2. Breakfast Can Help in Losing Weight Did you know that eating breakfast correlates with long-term weight loss? It’s because when you eat breakfast regularly, it stimulates your metabolism and signals your body to start using fuel instead of hoarding fuel. However, when you skip meals, your body would be on a lockdown mode, and it would burn fewer calories. Also, based on a study, people who skip breakfast, no matter what age are more likely to be overweight compared to those who eat breakfast regularly. And skipping breakfast is not associated only with being overweight, but with obesity as well. Therefore, if you want to reduce your waistline, or if you do not want to be overweight or obese, then eat a healthy breakfast every day to get your metabolism humming. 3. Breakfast Will Give You More Energy As we’ve mentioned earlier, the busier your schedule for the day is, the more reason it is for you to eat breakfast. It will provide you with energy, which can help you get through a busy day. When you begin your day on nothing, it means that you’re running on empty. But people who eat breakfast are usually more energetic throughout their morning activities compared to those who skip it. Remember that doing a lot of things can lead to fatigue. So if you want to prevent yourself from over-exhaustion, eating a healthy breakfast is one of the best ways. 4. Breakfast Can Make You Feel Smarter Eating breakfast can also provide your brain an energy boost, helping you stay alert and concentrate on your work. It can give you a mental edge by making your glucose levels stable. With this, you will have the ability to focus, reason, and process information. 5. Breakfast Helps Promote Heart Health As mentioned earlier, people who usually skip breakfast are more prone to become overweight. Weight gain is one of the things that contribute to high cholesterol and high blood pressure, which can lead to heart disease in the long run. Aside from eating breakfast regularly, you also need to be careful with the kinds of foods you eat. To avoid high cholesterol and high blood pressure, stick to eating healthy grains, fruits, vegetables, 6. Breakfast Can Help You Not Cheat on Your Diet If you’re on a diet, eating breakfast will help you prevent cheating on it. It’s because when you space your calories throughout the day at regular intervals, you will less likely go through a starve-binge routine every day. Also, if you deprive yourself of breakfast, you may just find yourself losing control later in the day, hence, eating more than the amount of food your body needs. 7. You Can Set a Good Example to Your Kids When You Eat Breakfast According to one study, 25% of teens miss breakfast regularly. A lot of them do so to save time in the morning, while others intentionally do it in a misguided attempt to lose weight. But a Finnish study also found out that children who skip breakfast mostly have parents who skip breakfast as well. Skipping breakfast has the same effect on children as adults. They will have less energy and concentration. Meaning, they will have a higher likelihood of obesity and nutritional insufficiency. Therefore, if you want your kids to be healthy, you need to set a good example and eat breakfast regularly. You can make breakfast a part of your family routine. If you all have rushed mornings, you can keep a variety of healthy on-the-go snacks in the kitchen like bananas, cereal bars, and roasted nuts. These are some of the best reasons why it is essential to eat breakfast every day. So, if you are aiming for a healthier lifestyle, aside from exercise and eating fruits and vegetables, you also need to include eating breakfast every day.
posted by Anonymous . Mr.Ronald travelled 5/8 of his journey in 150 min at an average speed of 82 km/h. What was the total distance of his journey? use the proportions method. 5/8 = [(150min [convert mins to hours! so that you'd be able to cancel the hours])(82km/h)]/[total distance] solve for total distance. Distance = Velocity * Time 150 min. = 2.5 hours 5/8D = (82 * 2.5) I'll let you do the calculations.
Examples of communication channels Channels are methods used to distribute information so it can reach target audiences. These can include (adapted from Pata, 2017): face-to-face channels (meetings, presentations, conferences, workshops), print media (brochures, flyers); electronic media (television, radio, podcasts), online media (social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat; e-mails, newsletters) or other types of media (e.g. books, billboards…). Choosing the right communication channel The task of choosing the right channels is a challenging one, as you need to choose wisely. For youth organisations it might mean that you have to think about different types of channels to use, instead of the ones NGOs usually use (e.g. websites or email). In order to choose the right channel, you need to follow these steps: Think about the type of message you are sending The type of message you are sending can be a good indicator of what channels to use. If you want to promote your causes, then it would be wise to use the available advertising options, which include Facebook ads, Instagram ads or Google Adwords. Using these ads, you can reach out to a significant number of people who will hear about your project/organisation/cause. Also, many people use social media and search engines everyday, so you can use this opportunity to share your good causes. Be careful when setting up your ads, as the prices can vary across platforms depending on your target groups. If you want to draw attention to a specific cause, maybe you should look to use influencer marketing (finding influencers in your local community who will be advocates for your work). Influencer marketing is a ‘way of getting your brand in front of your target audience by building relationships with influential people within your industry’ (Tachalova, 2020). In short, influencers on social media can talk about your organisation and project. Ultimately, there is a channel for every message; you will use more relaxed messages on social media and be more formal in face-to-face channels. Think about the usage of different channels by target groups In order to have the most impact, it is good to conduct a media usage analysis of your target group to see what the best choice would be. For example, if you are communicating with young people, Instagram and TikTok may well be the best options. Instagram is primarily used by the target group of 18 to 30 year olds (Hootsuite, 2020), whereas TikTok is more suitable for the target group of 18 to 24 year olds (Hootsuite, 2020). On the other hand, Facebook and email may suit better if you are working with youth workers. In order to know what channels to use, you need to know a great deal about your target group and their information needs. Use the available data and research on media usage to determine what would be the most suitable for you. A good resource to research is the Hootsuite blog, which gives you an overview on the usage of social media as well as some practical tips and tricks. Think about the feedback you want to receive The third thing to think about is the response from target groups. Unfortunately, some organisations with few resources allocated to communication only inform their target groups of their activity and use one-way communication channels such as newspapers, posters, television or radio shows. On the other hand, if you want to garner a clear response from your target groups on the effectiveness of what you do, then you will have to use two-way communication channels, such as social media or Yammer, where you can communicate with your team and beneficiaries in an open way. The concept of two-way communication channels was introduced by Shannon in 1961 and it says that communication needs to have some kind of feedback. If you are using social media to communicate, your task is to engage your target groups, ask them questions and interact with them. With this, you will create a loyal fan base and people will be more interested in participating in your future activities. The piece about the message triangle explained how one leg of the triangle is comprised of the expectations of your target groups – what they need to do, think or feel. Based on what you expect from the target groups, you need to choose the right channel. For example, if you want your target group to have emotional engagement, then you can use storytelling, workshops or Instagram stories, as this creates more engagement. Similarly, if you want to increase knowledge you could use email or posters. Ultimately, if you want to increase ownership of the content by users and have their full engagement, you could use storytelling techniques or personal contact to share good experiences (Miller, 2014). It is important to highlight that engagement is not solely composed of likes and views, but includes real engagement from your target groups in order to advocate for a cause. If you are interested in finding out more about choosing the right channel in communication, please read more here.
Having Better Sleep at Night Our body’s metabolism is the process of converting the food and drinks that we consume into energy for our daily activities. Combined with oxygen, our food intake is converted to energy in this complex biochemical process. It is common knowledge that younger people have higher metabolism and that is one of the reasons they have better appetite and seem not to gain as much weight as the middle-aged people do. As we age, our body slows down in many aspects, from the obvious movements, to alertness, and also the metabolism. When our bodies use up energy (calories) slower than we used to, we notice ourselves gaining weight. But there are some simple methods to help boost our metabolism for weight loss even at middle age. As there are a number of factors that could help boost our metabolism, having good dieting habits is definitely one of them. If we observe that our body fat has been increasing in recent years while maintaining the same diet habits as before, fret not, this is common as we age and we can help to overcome this by eating heathier. Start by increasing our protein intake with food such as eggs, beans, oats, lean meat, yogurt, and milk. Eating food with higher protein concentration will make us feel full for a longer period of time which will result in us snacking less. Drinking green tea regularly is another good idea as it helps to convert body fat to become free fatty acids which are then quickly burned up. Sugary foods and drinks are tastier and has been proven to be addictive. No doubt it feels good and satisfying indulging in those savoury sweet desserts and drinks, but they significantly contribute to body fats and a string of diseases in the long run. It is wise to lessen our intake of sugar and we can replace it with consuming more water. Water is the essence of life and according to studies, we should be drinking around 2 litres of plain water daily. While trying to avoid drinking cold drinks with food, drinking cold water on an empty stomach is a simple trick to increase metabolism as our bodies will need to heat up the water to body temperature. Staying hydrated not only fills us up, but also helps to keep us fresh and more energetic for daily activities. Being physically more active has always done us more good than harm. One of the most effective ways to lose weight no matter at what age, is to get moving. Whether you are walking on a treadmill indoors or going for a jog outdoors, it is vital to keep our bodies more active by working up a sweat often. To have better weight loss, try having a balance of outdoor and indoor activities such as jogging and hiking outdoors, and high intensity interval training (HIIT) indoors. HIIT is a cardiovascular exercise that increases our metabolic rate even hours after the training session. Breathing fresh air is not only good for us physically, but also lightens up our mood so we’re ready to do more in our day. Apart from that, it is advisable to make it a point to sit down a little less throughout the day. Stand up and walk more rather than sitting around will in little ways lead to better weight loss. Those who wish to stay fresh and always ready for a good workout session can be greatly assisted with the help of active oxygen. Active oxygen is a compound found naturally in the great outdoors such as cascading rivers, waterfalls, the ocean, and the atmosphere. It is created when water crashes against water and also through lightning and although found in abundance in such places, it is in shortage in the cities. Having a high content of oxygen level, active oxygen helps us in many ways from killing bacteria and viruses at home, to increasing our metabolism as this process requires oxygen, and the higher content of oxygen that is inhaled in our air intake, the more our metabolism is increased. Apart from this function, active oxygen has many other benefits for our household. It generally helps to contribute to better sleep while purifying its surrounding air. The Cerafusion™ Technology developed by Medklinn creates active oxygen thus giving us a breath of fresh air just like nature. Killing 99.9% of all allergens, bad smells, bacteria, viruses, mould, and other toxic substances around us, the Versa Air+Surface Sterilizer is the perfect air treatment system for your home for better health and also for your weight loss goals. If you are out and about very often, the Versa can also be your ideal companion because it can be powered by a powerbank or simply a Micro USB cable. Indoor Environmental Issues Hand Foot & Mouth Disease (HFMD) Press Releases & Media Coverage News & Events The role of Ventilation and Cerafusion™ Sterilization Technology in Reducing the Risk of Cross Infections Indoors February 23, 2022
Publisher: U.S. Census Bureau Social Explorer; U.S. Census Bureau; Design and Methodology, American Community Survey. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2009. A term used in 2000 to describe the data that were asked of "100 percent" of the population in Census 2000. That is, questions that were collected for all people on both the census short-form and long-form questionnaires. In 2000, this included sex, relationship, age/ date of birth, Hispanic origin, race, and tenure. One of four key dimensions of survey quality, accessibility refers to the ability of the data users to readily obtain and use survey products. The average number of basic ACS items reported per person, including sex, age (counted double), relationship, marital status, Hispanic origin, and race. A questionnaire for an occupied unit must have an acceptability index of 2.5 or greater to be considered an interview. One of four key dimensions of survey quality. Accuracy refers to the difference between the survey estimate and the true (unknown) value. Attributes are measured in terms of sources of error (for example, coverage, sampling, nonresponse, measurement, and processing). Address Control File The residential address list used in the 1990 census to label questionnaires, control the mail response check-in operation, and determine the nonresponse follow-up workload. Address Corrections from Rural Directories A post-Census 2000 Master Address File (MAF) improvement operation where Census Bureau staff reviewed commercial directories for 300 rural counties in 10 Midwestern states to obtain new city-style addresses for MAF records that did not contain a city-style address. Conducted in 2002, over 15,000 city-style addresses were associated with MAF records that previously lacked a city-style address. A Census 2000 field operation to develop the address list in areas with predominantly non-city-style mailing addresses. A lister captured the address and/or a physical/ location description for each living quarters within a specified assignment area. The lister marked the location of each residential structure on a block map by placing a spot on the map indicating its location and assigning a map spot number. The lister also updated and corrected features on the map if necessary. This activity was called "prelist" in the 1990 census. Geographic areas, usually with legally defined boundaries but often without elected officials, created to administer elections and other governmental functions. Administrative areas include school districts, voting districts, ZIP codes, and nonfunctioning Minor Civil Divisions (MCDs) such as election precincts, election districts, and assessment districts. Imputation method required when values for missing or inconsistent items cannot be derived from the existing response record. In these cases, the imputation must be based on other techniques such as using answers from other people in the household, other responding housing units, or people believed to have similar characteristics. Such donors are reflected in a table referred to as an allocation matrix. American Community Survey (ACS) Alert This periodic electronic newsletter informs data users and other interested parties about news, events, data releases, congressional actions, and other developments associated with the ACS. American Community Survey Demonstration Program The full set of testing, research, and development program activities that started in 1994 and continued until the ACS was fully implemented in 2005. American Community Survey Full Implementation The period beginning in January 2005 during which the ACS interviewing of its housing unit sample was conducted in every county and Puerto Rico municipio as well as all American Indian and Alaska Native Areas and Hawaiian Homelands. The full implementation initial sample size is approximately 3 million addresses each year, and includes group quarters (GQ) facilities which were added beginning in January 2006. American Community Survey Test Sites The ACS demonstration program expanded from an initial four test counties in 1996 to 36 test counties in 1999. When the term ACS test site is used, it refers to data from these 36 counties. American FactFinder (AFF) An electronic system for access and dissemination of Census Bureau data on the Internet. The system offers prepackaged data products and user-selected data tables and maps from Census 2000, the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, the 1997 and 2002 Economic Censuses, the Population Estimates Program, annual economic surveys, and the ACS. American Indian Area, Alaska Native Area, Hawaiian Homeland (AIANAHH) A Census Bureau term referring to the following types of areas: federal and state American Indian reservations, American Indian off-reservation trust land areas (individual or tribal), Oklahoma tribal statistical areas (in 1990 tribal jurisdictional statistical area), tribal designated statistical areas, state designated American Indian statistical areas, Alaska Native Regional Corporations, Alaska Native village statistical areas, and Hawaiian Homelands. Imputation method in which values for a missing or inconsistent item can be derived from other responses from the sample housing unit or person. For example, a first name can be used to determine and assign the sex of a person. Automated Address Unduplication An ongoing MAF improvement activity completed twice a year (coinciding with the delivery sequence file (DSF) refresh of the MAF) where, through automated means, pairs of city-style addresses are identified as identical based on house number, street name, five-digit ZIP code, and within structure identifier (if one exists). These addresses are linked for future operations to control duplication. Automated Clerical Review The ACS program run on raw mail return data to determine whether or not a case goes to failed-edit follow-up. The name reflects the fact that it was originally done clerically. The operator checks for missing content and for large households (more than five members) and for coverage inconsistencies. Editing that is accomplished using software, as opposed to being done clerically. Automated Listing and Mapping Instrument (ALMI) Software used primarily by Census Bureau field representatives for the purpose of locating an address or conducting an address listing operation. The ALMI combines data from the MAF and the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER®) System database to provide users with electronic maps and associated addresses. ALMI functionality allows users to edit, add, delete, and verify addresses, streets, and other map features, view a list of addresses associated with a selected level of geography, and view and denote the location of housing units on the electronic map. Automated Review Tool (ART) A Web-based computer application designed to help subject matter analysts quickly review and approve ACS estimates. Automated Review Tool II (ART II) The next generation of the ART. It is aimed at providing analysts with reports at a more detailed level than the previous version. Tables that provide the most detailed estimates on all topics and geographic areas from the ACS. Base tables also include totals and subtotals. These tables form the data source for the "Derived Products." Base tables are also known as detailed tables. The base weight for an address is equal to the inverse of the probability with which the address was selected for the sample as determined by the sample design. Since these weights are based only on the initial probability of selection, they are known as a priori to the data collection phase. This is the weight for a housing unit before any adjustments are made. The base weight is also known as the unbiased weight. Be Counted Enumeration and Be Counted Questionnaire The Be Counted program provided a means for people who believed they were not counted to be included in Census 2000. The Census Bureau placed Be Counted questionnaires at selected sites that were easily accessible to and frequented by large numbers of people. The questionnaires also were distributed by the Questionnaire Assistance Centers and in response to requests received through Telephone Questionnaire Assistance. An authoring application that produces an instrument used to collect data using computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) or computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). A subdivision of a census tract (or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area), a block is the smallest geographic entity for which the Census Bureau tabulates decennial census data. Many blocks correspond to individual city blocks bounded by streets, but blocks-especially in rural areas-may include many square miles and may have some boundaries that are not streets. The Census Bureau established blocks covering the entire nation for the first time in 1990. Previous censuses back to 1940 had blocks established only for part of the nation. Over 8 million blocks were identified for Census 2000. A Census 2000 field operation to ensure the currency and completeness of the MAF within the mailout/mailback area. Listers traveled in their assignment areas to collect and verify information to ensure that their address listing pages (derived from the MAF) contained a mailing address for every living quarters. They especially looked for hidden housing units (such as attics, basements, or garages converted into housing units) and houses that appeared to be one unit but actually contained multiple housing units. They also updated and corrected their Census Bureau maps. A subdivision of a census tract (or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area), a block group is a cluster of blocks having the same first digit of their four-digit identifying number within a census tract. Boundary and Annexation Survey (BAS) An annual survey of all counties and statistically equivalent entities, all or selected incorporated places and minor civil divisions, all or selected federally recognized American Indian reservations and off-reservation trust lands, and Alaska Native Regional Corporations, to determine the location of legal limits and related information as of January 1 of the survey year. A tool used by field representatives that allows them to manage their interview assignments on their laptops. Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS) The C2SS was an operational test conducted as part of the research program in Census 2000, and used the ACS questionnaire and methods to collect demographic, social, economic, and housing data from a national sample. This evaluation study gave the Census Bureau essential information about the operational feasibility of converting from the census long-form sample to the ACS. Census County Division (CCD) A subdivision of a county that is a relatively permanent statistical area established cooperatively by the Census Bureau and state and local government authorities. Used for presenting decennial census statistics in those states that do not have well-defined and stable minor civil divisions that serve as local governments. Census Designated Place (CDP) A statistical entity that serves as a statistical counterpart of an incorporated place for the purpose of presenting census data for a concentration of population, housing, and commercial structures that is identifiable by name, but is not within an incorporated place. CDPs usually are delineated cooperatively with state, Puerto Rico, Island Area, local, and tribal government officials, based on the Census Bureau guidelines. For Census 2000, CDPs did not have to meet a population threshold to quality for the tabulation of census data. A collective term referring to the types of geographic areas used by the Census Bureau in its data collection and tabulation operations, including their structure, designations, and relationships to one another. Census Information Center (CIC) The CIC program is a cooperative activity between the Census Bureau and the national nonprofit organizations representing interests of racial and ethnic communities. The program objective is to make census information and data available to the participating organizations for analysis, policy planning, and for further dissemination through a network of regional and local affiliates. Census Sample Data Population and housing information collected only on the census long form for a sample of households. A small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county delineated by a local committee of census data users for the purpose of presenting data. Census tract boundaries normally follow visible features, but may follow governmental unit boundaries and other nonvisible features; they always nest within counties. Designed to be relatively homogeneous units with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions at the time of establishment, census tracts average about 4,000 inhabitants. An address that consists of a house number and street or road name; for example, 201 Main Street. The address may or may not be used for the delivery of mail, and may include apartment numbers/designations or similar identifiers. The process of associating numeric codes with write-in strings. For example, the write-in associated with Place of Birth is turned into a three-digit code. Coefficient of Variation (CV) The ratio of the standard error (square root of the variance) to the value being estimated, usually expressed in terms of a percentage (also known as the relative standard deviation). The lower the CV, the higher the relative reliability of the estimate. Cold Deck Values The values used to initialize matrices used for hot-deck allocation. Reducing the amount of detail shown in a base table to comply with data release rules. Community Address Updating System (CAUS) A post-Census 2000 MAF improvement program that provides a systematic methodology for enhancement and update of address and feature information. Designed to provide a rural counterpart to the update of the city-style addresses received from the U.S. Postal Services Delivery Sequence File, CAUS identifies and conducts listing operations in selected geographic areas suspected of experiencing growth that is either not available from or appears to be incomplete in the U.S. Postal Services Delivery Sequence File. Address and feature updates collected for CAUS are added to the MAF and the TIGER® System. Comparison profiles are available from the ACS for 1-year estimates beginning in 2007. These tables are available for the United States, the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and geographic areas with a population of more than 65,000. The ACS interview is classified as complete when all applicable questions have been answered on the mail form, or during a CATI or CAPI interview. The interview may include responses of "Don't Know" and "Refused" to specific questions. Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) A method of data collection in which the interviewer asks questions displayed on a laptop computer screen and enters the answers directly into a computer. Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) A method of data collection using telephone interviews in which the questions to be asked are displayed on a computer screen and responses are entered directly into a computer. The sample estimate and its standard error permit the construction of a confidence interval that represents the degree of uncertainty about the estimate. Each ACS estimate is accompanied by the upper and lower bounds of the 90 percent confidence interval, or the 90 percent margin of error, from which a confidence interval can be constructed. A 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the interval defined by the upper and lower bounds contains the true value of the characteristic. The guarantee made by law (Title 13, United States Code) to individuals who provide census information, regarding nondisclosure of that information to others. Congressional Tool Kit A collection of documents developed for members of Congress that explain how and why the ACS is conducted, its benefits, and how to obtain additional information. The Tool Kit originally was distributed as hard copies in 3-ring binders and is now available as a series of online portable document format (PDF) files. Consumer Price Index (CPI) The CPI program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics produces monthly data on changes in the prices paid by urban consumers for a representative basket of goods and services. A file which represents the current status of any case in sample in the ACS. During the ACS weighting process, the intercensal population and housing estimates are used as survey controls. Weights are adjusted so that ACS estimates conform to these controls. Count Question Resolution (CQR) A process followed in Census 2000 whereby state, local, and tribal government officials could ask the Census Bureau to verify the accuracy of the legal boundaries used for Census 2000, the allocation of living quarters and their residents in relation to those boundaries, and the count of people recorded by the Census Bureau for specific living quarters. The joint distribution of two or more data characteristics, where each of the categories of one characteristic is repeated for each of the categories of the other characteristic(s). A cross-tabulation in a base table is denoted where "BY" is used as the conjunction between characteristics; for example, "AGE BY SEX" or "AGE BY SEX BY RACE." Current Population Survey (CPS) Monthly sample survey of the U.S. population that provides employment and unemployment estimates as well as current data about other social and economic characteristics of the population. Collected for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Census Bureau. The concept used in the ACS to determine who should be considered a resident of a sample address. Everyone who is currently living or staying at a sample address is considered a resident of that address, except people staying there for two months or less. People who have established residence at the sample address and are away for only a short period of time are also considered to be current residents. The Census Bureau offers a wide variety of general purpose data products from the ACS. These products are designed to meet the needs of the majority of data users and contain predefined sets of data for standard census geograpic areas, including both political and statistical geography. These products are available on the American FactFinder and the ACS Web site. For users with data needs not met through the general purpose products, the Census Bureau offers "custom" tabulations on a cost-reimbursable basis, with the ACS Custom Tabulation program. Custom tabulations are created by tabulating data from ACS microdata files. They vary in size, complexity, and cost depending on the needs of the sponsoring client. For users with data needs not met through the general purpose products, the Census Bureau offers "custom" tabulations on a cost-reimbursable basis, with the ACS Custom Tabulation program. Custom tabulations are created by tabulating data from ACS microdata files. They vary in size, complexity, and cost depending on the needs of the sponsoring client. Data Capture File The repository for all data captured from mail return forms and by CATI and CAPI Blaise instruments. Data Collection Mode One of three ACS methods (mail, telephone, personal visit) of data collection. Data products containing estimates of key demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics. Data swapping is done by editing the source data or exchanging records for a sample of cases. A sample of households is selected and matched on a set of selected key variables with households in neighboring geographic areas that have similar characteristics. Because the swap often occurs within a neighboring area, there is usually no effect on the marginal totals for the area or for totals that include data from multiple areas. De Facto Residence Rules De facto means "in fact." A de facto residence rule would define survey residents as all people living or staying at the sample address at the time of the interview without considering other factors such as the amount of time they will be staying there. Such a rule would exclude people away from a regular residence even if they were away for only that one day. The ACS is using a de facto residence rule when determining the residents of GQ facilities eligible to be sampled and interviewed for the survey. Delivery Sequence File (DSF) A U.S. Postal Service (USPS) computer file containing all mailing addresses serviced by the USPS. The USPS continuously updates the DSF as its letter carriers identify addresses for new delivery points and changes in the status of existing addresses. The Census Bureau uses the DSF as a source for maintaining and updating its MAF. Demographic Area Address Listing (DAAL) A post-Census 2000 program associated with coverage improvement operations, address list development, and automated listing for the CAUS and demographic household surveys. The program uses automated listing methods to update the inventory of living quarters, and also updates the street network in selected blocks. Derived products are informational products based largely on estimates from the base tables. See Base Tables . Disclosure Avoidance (DA) Statistical methods used in the tabulation of data prior to releasing data products to ensure the confidentiality of responses. See Confidentiality . Disclosure Review Board (DRB) A board comprised of Census Bureau staff who review and must approve all data products based on disclosure avoidance rules before they can be released to the public. To subject data to program logic to check for missing data and inconsistencies. Edit Management and Messaging Application (EMMA) An Internet application used by ACS subject-matter analysts to show the status of edit review and to relay analysts relevant comments. Numerical values obtained from a statistical sample and assigned to a population parameter. Data produced from the ACS interviews are collected from samples of housing units. These data are used to produce estimates of the actual figures that would have been obtained by interviewing the entire population using the same methodology. Research and evaluation conducted by Census Bureau staff and external experts to assess a broad set of topics including the feasibility and the quality of the data products produced by the ACS. Failed Edit Follow-Up (FEFU) Data collection activity of mail response records designed to collect missing information. Mail returns failing the automated clerical review edit are contacted by telephone. Federal Agency Information Program (FAIP) A long-term program of information and technical partnership with federal agencies. The FAIP is designed to establish a relationship with each agency that will identify the unique opportunities and challenges it faces in using ACS data. The program targets assistance based on the needs and resources of each federal agency in order to help the agency make a smooth transition to using ACS data. Federal Government Unit (FGU) Any of a variety of civil divisions; places and is used for sampling. Federal Register Notice Published by the Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Federal Register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other presidential documents. Information describing proposed data collection must be posted on the Federal Register for public review and comment for a 30-day period and must take place before the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) can provide final clearance for the data collection. Federal-State Cooperative Program for Population Estimates (FSCPE) FSCPEs are state level organizations, designated by their respective governors, to work cooperatively with the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program in the production of subnational population estimates and in making data broadly available to the public. Field Representative (FR) A Census Bureau employee who interviews people to obtain information for a census or survey. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A process that allows a user to download large files and datasets from American FactFinder. Final Outcome Code A code assigned to a CATI or CAPI case at the conclusion of the data collection which characterizes the status of the case, such as "completed occupied interview" or "respondent refusal noninterview." First Stage Sample ACS first stage sampling maintains five 20 percent partitions of the MAF by determining which addresses were in the first stage sample 4 years prior and excluding them. This ensures that no address is in sample more than once in any 5-year period. The first phase sample is the universe from which the second phase sample is selected. Estimates based on 5 years of ACS data. These estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 60-month period and will be published for all geographic areas down to the census block group level. Functioning Governmental Unit (FGU) A general purpose government that has the legal capacity to elect or appoint officials, raise revenues, provide surveys, and enter into contracts. The process whereby write-in answers to Hispanic origin, race, ancestry, and language are categorized into codes. This is accomplished using an automated system approach, relying on a set of growing dictionaries of write-ins against which responses are computer matched. Responses that are not found in the dictionaries are sent to subject matter experts who code them. These new responses are added to the computer dictionaries for subsequent use. The assignment of an address, structure, key geographic location, or business name to a location that is identified by one or more geographic codes. For living quarters, geocoding usually requires identification of a specific census block. Geographic Summary Level A geographic summary level specifies the content and the hierarchical relationships of the geographic elements that are required to tabulate and summarize data. For example, the county summary level specifies the state-county hierarchy. Thus, both the state code and the county code are required to uniquely identify a county in the United States or Puerto Rico. Government Printing Office (GPO) A federal agency responsible for producing, procuring, and disseminating printed and electronic publications of the Congress as well as the executive departments and establishments of the federal government. Governmental Unit Measure of Size (GUMOS) The smallest measure of size associated with a given block. It is used in the sample selection operation to determine the initial sampling rate at the block level. Group Quarters (GQ) Facilities A GQ facility is a place where people live or stay that is normally owned or managed by an entity or organization providing housing and/or services for the residents. These services may include custodial or medical care, as well as other types of assistance. Residency is commonly restricted to those receiving these services. People living in GQ facilities are usually not related to each other. The ACS collects data from people living in both housing units and GQ facilities. Group Quarters Facilities Questionnaire (GQFQ) A Blaise-based automated survey instrument that field representatives (FR's) use to collect new or updated information about a GQ facility. Questions in this survey include facility name, mailing and physical address, telephone number, GQ contact name and telephone number, special place name, and the GQ facilitys maximum occupancy and current number of people staying in the GQ facility. Group Quarters Geocoding Correction Operation A post-Census 2000 MAF improvement operation implemented to correct errors (mostly census block geocodes) associated with college dormitories in MAF and TIGER®. Conducted by Census Bureau staff, source materials for over 20,000 dormitories were reviewed and used to identify and correct MAF/TIGER® errors. Group Quarters Listing Sheet This form is preprinted with information such as GQ name and control number for sample GQ facilities. It is used by FR's when the GQ administrator is unable to provide a list of names or occupied bed locations for person-level sample selection. Group Quarters Measure of Size (GQMOS) The expected population of a given GQ facility divided by 10. It is used in the sample selection operation to determine the universe of sample units to be sampled. A sample unit is a cluster or group of 10 people. Hot Deck Imputation An approach for filling in missing answers with information from like households or persons, with donors determined by geographic location or specific characteristics reported. Hot deck imputation continually updates matrices with data from donors with acceptable data and then provides values from such matrices to recipients who need data. A household includes all the people who occupy a housing unit that meet all the residence rules of a survey or census. Housing Unit (HU) A house, apartment, mobile home or trailer, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied as separate living quarters, or if vacant, intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live separately from any other individuals in the building and have direct access from outside the building or through a common hall. For vacant units, the criteria of separateness and direct access are applied to the intended occupants whenever possible. When information is missing or inconsistent, the Census Bureau uses imputation methods to assign or allocate values. Imputation relies on the statistical principle of "homogeneity," or the tendency of households within a small geographic area to be similar in most characteristics. Interactive Voice Recognition (IVR) An automated telephone application which allows the caller to hear prerecorded responses to frequently asked questions. The caller may proceed through the application by entering numbers from the telephone key pad or by speaking responses to select which messages he/she wants to hear. The caller may also elect to speak to an interviewer instead of listening to the recorded responses. Official Census Bureau estimates of the population of the United States, states, metropolitan areas, cities and towns, and counties; also official Census Bureau estimates of housing units (HUs). These are codes assigned to a sample GQ assignment in the GQFQ system by a field representative when scheduling a personal visit to a sample ACS GQ facility, when additional research is needed to locate the GQ facility, or when a return visit to the GQ facility is needed to obtain additional survey information. Interpolation is frequently used in calculating medians or quartiles based on interval data and in approximating standard errors from tables. Linear interpolation is used to estimate values of a function between two known values. Pareto interpolation is an alternative to linear interpolation. In Pareto interpolation, the median is derived by interpolating between the logarithms of the upper and lower income limits of the median category. A process in which CATI supervisors, for quality control purposes, listen to interviewers while they are conducting interviews with respondents to assure that the interviewer is following all interviewing procedures correctly. The interviewer is not told when the supervisor is listening, but is given feedback on his/her performance after the monitoring. The failure to obtain valid responses or responses consistent with other answers for individual data items. Subgroups of the original tabulation universe, especially by race, Hispanic origin, ancestry, and tribal groups. For example, many ACS base tables are iterated by 9 race and Hispanic origin groups. Joint Economic Edit An edit which looks at the combination of multiple variables related to a person's employment and income, thereby maximizing the information used for filling any missing related variables. An operation in which keyers use a software program to capture questionnaire responses by typing responses directly into the scanned image of a questionnaire displayed on their work station screen. An operation in which keyers use a software program to capture questionnaire responses from a hard-copy of the questionnaire. A geographic entity whose origin, boundary, name, and description result from charters, laws, treaties, or other administrative or governmental action, such as the United States, states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Island Areas, counties, cities, boroughs, towns, villages, townships, American Indian reservations, Alaska Native villages, congressional districts, and school districts. The legal entities and their boundaries that the Census Bureau recognizes are those in existence on January 1 of each calendar year. A method of decennial census data collection in some of the more remote, sparsely populated areas of the United States and the Island Areas, where many of the households do not have mail delivery to city-style addresses. Enumerators list the residential addresses within their assignment areas on blank address register pages, map spot the location of the residential structures on Census Bureau maps, and conduct an interview for each household. Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) A Census 2000 program, established in response to requirements of Public Law 103-430, that provided an opportunity for local and tribal governments to review and update individual address information or block-by-block address counts from the MAF and associated geographic information in the TIGER® database. The goal was to improve the completeness and accuracy of both computer files. Individuals working with the addresses had to sign a confidentiality agreement before a government could participate. Also called the Address List Review Program. The decennial census long-form questionnaire was used to survey a sample of the U.S. population. It contained the questions on the census short form and additional detailed questions relating to the social, economic, and housing characteristics of each individual and household. Represents the low end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from a sample survey. A 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the true number falls between the upper and lower bounds. The address used by a living quarters, special place, business establishment, and the like for mail delivery by the USPS. It can be a house number and street or road name, which may be followed by an apartment, unit, or trailer lot designation; a building or apartment complex name and apartment designation; a trailer park name and lot number; a special place/GQ facility name; a post office box or drawer; a rural route or highway contract route, which may include a box number; or general delivery. A mailing address includes a post office name, state abbreviation, and ZIP Code. A mailing address may serve more than one living quarters, establishment, and so on. A method of data collection in which the USPS delivers addressed questionnaires to housing units. Residents are asked to complete and mail the questionnaire to a specified data capture center. Main Phase Sample The annual ACS sample is chosen in two phases. During the first phase, referred to as the main phase, approximately 98 percent of the total ACS sample is chosen. The main phase sample addresses are allocated to the 12 months of the sample year. The second phase, referred to as supplemental sample selection, is implemented to represent new construction. Master Address File (MAF) The Census Bureau's official inventory on known living quarters (housing units and GQ facilities) and selected nonresidential units (public, private, and commercial) in the United States. The file contains mailing and location address information, geocodes, and other attribute information about each living quarters. The Census Bureau continues to update the MAF using the USPS DSF and various automated, computer-assisted, clerical, and field operations. Master Address File Geocoding Office Resolution (MAFGOR) An operation in which census staff try to find the location of addresses from the USPS that did not match to the records in the TIGER® database. Staff use atlases, maps, city directories, and the like to locate these addresses and add their streets and address ranges to the TIGER® database. Master Address File/TIGER® Reconciliation A post-Census 2000 MAF improvement activity where census staff reviewed and corrected map spot inconsistencies in over 1,800 counties. Over 75,000 MAF records in nonmailout/mailback blocks were corrected. The most common types of MAF corrections were the assignment of map spots to MAF records such that they are consistent with the TIGER® database, and the identification and linkage of duplicate MAF records. Margin of Error (MOE) Some ACS products provide an MOE instead of confidence intervals. An MOE is the difference between an estimate and its upper or lower confidence bounds. Confidence bounds can be created by adding the MOE to the estimate (for the upper bound) and subtracting the MOE from the estimate (for the lower bound). All published ACS MOEs are based on a 90 percent confidence level. Measure of Size (MOS) A generic term used to refer to the estimated size of a specific administrative or statistical area. It is used in the sample selection operation to determine the initial sampling rate at the block level. Also referred to as "response error," measurement error occurs when the response received differs from the "true" value as a result of the respondent, the interviewer, the questionnaire, the mode of collection, the respondents record-keeping system(s) or other similar factors. This measurement represents the middle value (if n is odd) or the average of the two middle values (if n is even) in an ordered list of data values. The median divides the total frequency distribution into two equal parts: one-half of the cases fall below the median and one-half of the cases exceed the median. Medians in the ACS are estimated using interpolation methods. Information about the content, quality, condition, and other characteristics of data. Metadata related to tables presented in American FactFinder can be found by clicking on column headings or by clicking "Help" and then "Census Data Information." Minor Civil Division (MCD) A primary governmental and/or administrative subdivision of a county, such as a township, precinct, or magisterial district. MCDs exist in 28 states and the District of Columbia. In 20 states, all or many MCDs are general-purpose governmental units: Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Most of these MCDs are legally designated as towns or townships. Three- and five-year estimates based on multiple years of ACS data. Three year estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 20,000 or more. Five year estimates will be published for all geographic areas down to the census block group level. Primary legal divisions of Puerto Rico. These are treated as county equivalents. A data product that includes easy-to-read descriptions for a particular geography. National Processing Center (NPC) The permanent Census Bureau processing facility in Jeffersonville, Indiana. Until 1998, it was called the Data Preparation Division. A mailing address that does not use a house number and street or road name. This includes rural routes and highway contract routes, which may include a box number; post office boxes and drawers; and general delivery. A sample address which was eligible for an interview, but from which no survey data was obtained. Error caused by survey failure to get a response to one or possibly all of the questions. Nonresponse error is measured in the ACS by survey response rates and item nonresponse rates. An operation whose objective is to obtain complete survey information from housing units for which the Census Bureau did not receive a completed questionnaire by mail. In the ACS, telephone and personal visit methods are used for nonresponse follow-up. Total survey error can be classified into two categories-sampling error and nonsampling error. Errors that occur during data collection (for example, nonresponse error, response error, and interviewer error) or data capture fall under the category of nonsampling error. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) OMB assists the President in the development and execution of policies and programs. OMB has a hand in the development and resolution of all budget, policy, legislative, regulatory, procurement, e-government, and management issues on behalf of the President. OMB is composed of divisions organized either by agency and program area or by functional responsibilities. However, the work of OMB often requires a broad exposure to issues and programs outside of the direct area of assigned responsibility. In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the Census Bureau submits survey subjects, questions, and information related to sampling, data collection methods, and tabulation of survey data to OMB for approval and clearance. Operational Response Rates Response rates for data collection operations conducted in the ACS-Mail, CATI, CAPI, and FEFU operations. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) Technology that uses a digital image of a completed questionnaire and computer software to read and interpret the marking of a response category and to convert that mark into an electronic response to the survey question. Extent to which a frame includes units from the target population more than once, giving the unit multiple chances of selection, as well as the extent to which the frame includes units that are not members of the target population. An estimate based on information collected over a period of time. For ACS the period is either 1 year, 3 years, or 5 years. An estimate based on one point in time. The decennial census longform estimates for Census 2000 were based on information collected as of April 1, 2000. Intercensal estimates used in weighting ACS sample counts to ensure that ACS estimates of total population and occupied housing units agree with official Census Bureau estimates. Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) The PSU for the housing unit sample selection is the address. For the GQ sample selection it is groups of ten expected interviews. For the small GQ sample selection operation it is the GQ facility. All residents of small GQ facilities in sample are included in the person sample. Error introduced in the postdata collection process of taking the responses from the questionnaire or instrument and turning those responses into published data. Thus, processing error occurs during data capture, coding, editing, imputation, and tabulation. Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) An area that defines the extent of territory for which the Census Bureau releases Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) records. Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Files Computerized files that contain a sample of individual records, with identifying information removed, showing the population and housing characteristics of the units and people included on those forms. Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Management and Messaging Application (PMMA) This system is the PUMS version of EMMA, and is used by analysts to communicate with the data processing team about their review of the PUMS files. Puerto Rico Community Survey (PRCS) The counterpart to the ACS that is conducted in Puerto Rico. Quality Assurance (QA) The systematic approach to building accuracy and completeness into a process. Quality Control (QC) Various statistical methods that validate that products or operations meet specified standards. A measure of the quality of a particular return which is used when there are multiple returns for a particular sample unit. Statistics that provide information about the quality of the ACS data. The ACS releases four different quality measures with the annual data release: 1) initial sample size and final interviews; 2) coverage rates; 3) response rates, and; 4) item allocation rates for all collected variables. An iterative procedure whereby a series of ratio adjustments are performed and then repeated. Each ratio adjustment corresponds to a dimension of the raking matrix. The goal of the procedure is to achieve a high degree of consistency between the weighted marginal totals and the control totals used in the ratio adjustment. The raking ratio estimator is also known as iterative proportional fitting. Ranking tables are tables and related graphics that show the rank order of a key statistic or derived measure across various geographic areas, currently states, counties, and places. Variables on data files that are the result of combining values from more than one variable. Time interval to which survey responses refer. For example, many ACS questions refer to the day of the interview; others refer to the "past 12 months" or "last week." Regional Office (RO) One of 12 permanent Census Bureau offices established for the management of all census and survey operations in specified areas. One of four key dimensions of survey quality. Relevance is a qualitative assessment of the value contributed by the data. Value is characterized by the degree to which the data serve to address the purposes for which they are produced and sought by users (including mandate of the agency, legislated requirements, and so on.) Rural areas in Alaska which are difficult to access. In these areas, all ACS sample cases are interviewed using the personal visit mode. Field representatives attempt to conduct interviews for all cases in specific areas of remote Alaska during a single visit. All sample cases in remote Alaska are interviewed in either January through April or September through December. The series of rules that define who (if anyone) is considered to be a resident of a sample address for purposes of the survey or census. The person supplying survey or census information about his or her living quarters and its occupants. The respondents failure to provide the correct answer to a survey question for any reason, such as poor comprehension of the question meaning, low motivation to answer the question, inability to retrieve the necessary information, or an unwillingness to answer the question truthfully. The response options for a particular survey question shown on the paper questionnaire, read to the respondent in a CATI interview or read or presented on a flashcard to the respondent in a CAPI interview. Also referred to as measurement error, response error is any error that occurs during the data collection stage of a survey resulting in a deviation from the true value for a given survey question or questions. Errors made by respondents, interviewer errors such as misreading a question or guiding the response to a particular category, and poorly designed data collection instruments or questionnaires all contribute to response error. A rolling sample design jointly selects k nonoverlapping probability samples, each of which constitutes 1/ F of the entire population. One sample is interviewed each time period until all of the sample has been interviewed after k periods. The first month of a samples 3-month interview period. Geographic and statistical entities eligible to be used in determining the sampling strata assignment. Errors that occur because only part of the population is directly contacted. With any sample, differences are likely to exist between the characteristics of the sampled population and the larger group from which the sample was chosen. Any list or device that, for purposes of sampling, delimits, identifies, and allows access to the sampling units, which contain elements of the sampled population. The frame may be a listing of persons, housing units, businesses, records, land segments, and so on. One sampling frame or a combination of frames may be used to cover the entire sampled population. Proportion of the addresses in a geographical area, or residents of a GQ facility, who are selected for interview in a particular time period. Variation that occurs by chance because a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population. Second Stage Sample The set of addresses selected from the first phase sample using a systematic sampling procedure. This procedure employs seven distinct sampling rates. Selected Population Profiles (SPPs) An ACS data product that provides certain characteristics for a specific race or ethnic group (for example, Alaska Natives) or other population subgroup (for example, people aged 60 years and over). SPPS are produced directly from the sample microdata (that is, not a derived product). The decennial census short-form questionnaire includes questions on sex, age/date of birth, relationship, Hispanic origin, race, and tenure. Estimates based on the set of ACS interviews conducted from January through December of a given calendar year. These estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 65,000 or more. Population sizes of geographical areas that determine when data products will first be released for that area; for example, areas with 65,000 or greater populations will get single-year profiles in 2006 and every year thereafter; areas with 20,000 or greater populations will receive 3-year data products in 2008 and every year thereafter. There are no population size thresholds applied to the 5-year data products other than those imposed by the DRB. Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) Census Bureau program that prepares mathematical model-based estimates of selected characteristics of the United States, states, and school districts. A federal census conducted at the request and expense of a local governmental agency to obtain a population count between decennial censuses. Special Place (SP) A special place is an entity that owns and/or manages one or more GQ facilities. A special place can be in the same building or location as the GQ facility or it can be at a different location than the GQ facility it manages or oversees. Special Sworn Status (SSS) or Special Sworn Status (SSS) Individual Individuals with SSS are defined as non-Census Bureau personnel who require access to census information or confidential data. An SSS individual is bound by Census Bureau confidentiality requirements, as authorized by Title 13, United States Code. The standard error is a measure of the deviation of a sample estimate from the average of all possible samples. State Data Center (SDC) A state agency or university facility identified by the governor of each state and state equivalent to participate in the Census Bureau's cooperative network for the dissemination of census data. Defined and intended to provide nationally consistent definitions for collecting, tabulating, and publishing federal statistics for a set of geographic areas. The determination of whether the difference between two estimates is not likely to be from random chance (sampling error) alone. This determination is based on both the estimates themselves and their standard errors. For ACS data, two estimates are "significantly different at the 90 percent level" if their difference is large enough to infer that there was a less than 10 percent chance that the difference came entirely from random variation. A grouping or classification that has a similar set of characteristics. Refers to the sampling of a sample. The cases that are not completed by mail or through a telephone interview become eligible for CAPI interviewing. This winnowing of the sample is referred to as subsampling. Data products organized by subject area that present an Overview of the information that analysts most often receive requests for from data users. Successive Differences Replication (SDR) A variance estimation methodology to be used for surveys with a systematic sample. The initial sampling weights are multiplied by sets of 80 predetermined factors, and then reprocessed through the weighting system to produce 80 new sets to replicate weights. The 80 replicate weights and the final production weights are used to estimate the variance of ACS estimates. Sufficient Partial Interview A sufficient partial interview means that the Census Bureau accepts an interview as final even if the respondent did not provide a valid response for all applicable items. Summary File 3 (SF 3) This file presents base tables on population and housing characteristics from Census 2000 sample topics, such as income and education. It also includes population estimates for ancestry groups and selected characteristics for a limited number of race and Hispanic or Latino categories. Summary File 4 (SF 4) This file presents data similar to the information included on Summary File 3. The data from Census 2000 are shown down to the census tract level for 336 race, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian and Alaska Native, and ancestry categories. The sample that is selected from new addresses (primarily new construction) and allocated to the last 9 months of the sample year. This is done in January of the sample year. A data collection for a sample of a population. Surveys are normally less expensive to conduct than censuses, hence, they may be taken more frequently and can provide an information update between censuses. Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) A longitudinal survey conducted by the Census Bureau that collects data periodically from the same respondents over the course of several years. The SIPP produces data on income, taxes, assets, liabilities, and participation in government transfer programs. The four key elements of survey quality include relevance, accuracy, timeliness, and accessibility. Survey Response Rates A measure of total response across all three modes of data collection, calculated as the ratio of the estimate of the interviewed units to the estimate of all units that should have been interviewed. The ACS weights the survey response rate to reflect the sample design, including the subsampling for the CAPI. See Data Swapping. Errors or inaccuracies occurring in data consistently in one direction, which can distort survey results. By definition, any systematic error in a survey will occur in all implementations of that same survey design. The month associated with a sample case which is used in producing estimates. Also known as the Interview Month, it reflects the response month, which may or may not be the same as the sample month. The specific category of people, households, or housing units on which estimates are based; for example, people aged 25 and over or occupied housing units. In the context of the ACS language program, this refers to the identification of geographic areas warranting specific language tools. Telephone Questionnaire Assistance (TQA) A process which allows respondents to call a toll-free telephone number to receive help when completing the survey questionnaire. This process also allows respondents to complete the survey over the telephone with an interviewer. Data products that show the geographic patterns in statistical data. Thematic maps are a complement to the ranking tables, and are a tool to visually display on a map the geographic variability of a key summary or derived measure. Estimates based on 3 years of ACS data. These estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 36-month period. These estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 20,000 or more. One of four key dimensions of survey quality. Timeliness refers to both the length of time between data collection and the first availability of a product and to the frequency of the data collection. Title 13 (U.S. Code) The law under which the Census Bureau operates and that guarantees the confidentiality of census information and establishes penalties for disclosing this information. A disclosure avoidance practice whereby extremely low or high values are masked by replacing them with a value that represents everything above or below a certain value. Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER®) System or Database A digital (computer-readable) geographic database that automates the mapping and related geographic activities required to support the Census Bureau's census and survey programs. See Census Tract. A USPS notification that a mailing piece could not be delivered to the designated address. The extent to which the sampling frame does not include members of the target population thus preventing those members from having any chance of selection into the sample. The failure to obtain the minimum required data from a unit in the sample. A sample address that is inadequate for delivery by the USPS. A method of data collection used in Census 2000 and other censuses, whereby enumerators canvassed assignment areas and delivered a census questionnaire to each housing unit. At the same time, enumerators updated the address listing pages and Census Bureau maps. The household was asked to complete and return the questionnaire by mail. This method was used primarily in areas where many homes do not receive mail at a city-style address; that is, the majority of United States households not included in mailout/mailback areas. U/L was used for all of Puerto Rico in Census 2000. Represents the high end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from a sample survey. A 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the true number falls between the upper and lower bounds. An area, sector, or residential development, such as a neighborhood, within a geographic area in Puerto Rico. Urbanized Area (UA) A densely settled territory that contains 50,000 or more people. The Census Bureau delineates UAs to provide a better separation of urban and rural territory, population, and housing in the vicinity of large places. The concept used to define residence in the decennial census. The place where a person lives and sleeps most of the time. Voluntary Methods Test A special test conducted at the request of Congress in 2002 to measure the impact on the ACS of changing the data collection authority from mandatory to voluntary. A control system which is used to track and assign cases to individual telephone interviewers. WebCATI evaluates the characteristics of each case (for example, the date and time of the previous call) and the skills needed for each case (for example, the need for the case to be interviewed in Spanish), and delivers the case to the next available interviewer who possesses the matching skill. Web Data Server (WDS) A research tool for reporters, SDCs, CICs, ROs, and internal Census Bureau analysts. WDS features a user-friendly interface that allows users to quickly access, visualize, and manipulate ACS base tables. A series of survey adjustments. Survey data are traditionally weighted to adjust for the sample design, the effects of nonresponse, and to correct for survey undercoverage error.
We read stories about eating and growing fruits and vegetables! Here are some of the books and activities we shared: Little Apple Goat has an appetite for apples, pears & cherries, not the usual fare for a goat! She relishes trotting through the orchard, waiting for the beautiful ripe fruits to fall on the ground where she can scoop them up and eat them. One day a horrible storm knocks all of the beautiful trees in the orchard to the ground. The animals on the farm are sad, especially Little Apple Goat who wonders what she will do without the fruit that falls from the trees. This picture book takes children on a journey through the seasons. Ultimately, they discover that Little Apple Goat has contributed to the growth of a new orchard. Ned the worm LOVES living in the beautiful red apple he calls home UNTIL…it rots!!! So he goes on a quest to find a new fruit to call home. An engaging, colorful story that has a comforting circular theme. Bold illustrations make this a winner for preschoolers. Daddy and child plant a vegetable garden…they dig, plant, water, weed and finally harvest their vegetables, all to make delicious vegetable soup! A simple soup recipe is included at the end of the story. A big hit with the storytime crowd! Out in the Garden (sung to the tune of “Down by the Station”) Out in the garden, early in the morning See the little blueberries (red tomatoes, yellow squash, etc…) all in a row See the happy farmer coming out to pick them – pick, pick, pick, pick….off they go!!! DVD – Planting a Rainbow
Modernising hearing aid services Modernising Children’s Hearing Aid Services (MCHAS) was the title of the research and training programme which introduced digital signal processing hearing aid technology into the NHS. The programme ran from 2000 to 2005, during which time all audiology departments in England, received training in the new technology. Alongside the introduction of new hearing aid technology, new fitting procedures and working practices were introduced. Children are now routinely fitted with digital hearing aids. Guidelines covering these procedures were written and are now accepted by the profession as standard quality practice. Our aims were to: - Provide information and materials (primarily for teachers and audiologists) relevant to the fitting and management of children’s hearing aids. - Provide a forum for paediatric audiologists to contact each other in order to nurture good practice and share experiences. The MCHAS guidelines are now embedded into clinical practice and are used as a quality standard by which good practice in paediatric audiology can be measured.
The ZZ method is a 3x3 speedsolving method created by Zbigniew Zborowski in 2006. The method is focused both on low move count and high turning speed; during the majority of F2L, the solver only needs to make L, U, and R moves, which means that the solver's hands never leave the left and right sides of the cube, resulting in faster solving. In addition, edges are already oriented when the solver reaches the last layer, meaning the solver has fewer cases to deal with. - EOLine: This is the most distinctive part of the ZZ method. In this step, the solver orients all the edges while placing the DF and DB edges. The two edges and the bottom centre are the "line" in EOLine. This step puts the cube into an <L, U, R> group, meaning F, B, or D moves are not required for the remainder of the solve. Although this step may seem like a hinderance, it speeds up the F2L and LL. - ZZ F2L: The solver creates a 2x3x1 block on each side of the line via blockbuilding. Because one only needs to do L, U, and R moves, solving is very quick. - LL: The solver uses algorithms to solve the remaining pieces. Since the edges in the LL were oriented during EOLine, it can be completed in fewer moves and/or with fewer algorithms to learn. There are several variations of the ZZ method, each of which treats the F2L and LL differently: Solving F2L and LL separately - OCLL/PLL The LL is completed by first orienting the corners (OCLL), and then permuting corners and edges (PLL). This is the second least algorithm intensive 2-look method for solving the last layer, following ZZ-reduction. - OCELL/CPLL This is similar to using COLL/EPLL, but more of the algorithms can be 2-gen. First the LL corners are oriented and LL edges are permuted in one step, then the cube is completed with CPLL in the final step. - ZZ-a: ZBLL is used to complete the last layer in a single step, also known as 1LLL (one-look last layer). There are 494 cases, solvable by 177 algorithms, in an average of ~12.08 moves. - NMLL completes the last layer when matching or non-matching blocks are used. The first step separates the colors belonging to the left and right layer. The second finishes permutation. Influencing LL during F2L - ZZ-b: During F2L, the solver employs a technique called Phasing to correctly permute two opposite LL edges. Before the last corner-edge pair is placed, the solver uses one of several algorithms depending on how the edges are positioned. The last layer is then completed with one look using ZZLL. - ZZ-WV: Before the last corner-edge pair is placed, the solver correctly orients all the corners by using 1 of 27 algorithms. After the first two layers, the solver is left with a PLL case, since both edges and corners are oriented. - ZZ-c: The last layer corners are oriented during insertion of the last F2L block. This system is similar to using Winter Variation, but can be applied to any last block situation and uses many more algorithms. Conceptually, the comparison of ZZ-c with ZZ-WV is similar to the comparison of ZBLS with VH. - ZZ-blah The last layer corners are disoriented during insertion of the last slot allowing the last layer to be solved using the Pi and H subsets of ZBLL. - MGLS-Z During the F2L last slot, only the edge is placed. LL corner orientation and the final F2L corner are then solved in one step using CLS. Finally the solve is completed with PLL. - EJLS Similar to MGLS-Z, but using less algorithms. During the F2L last slot the edge and corner are connected and placed, but the corner is not necessarily oriented. A subset of CLS is then used to orient the last slot corner along with the LL corners. PLL to finish. - ZZ-d: Just before the completion of the left-hand F2L block, the solver permutes the remaining corners to put the cube into an <R, U> group. This makes the rest of the solve 2-gen, which is even faster than 3-gen. Only a maximum of 2 additional moves are required to correctly permute the corners. The process is called, CPLS. However, the solver must determine the permutation of all the unsolved corners to execute this step; this is a slow process, which makes ZZ-d inappropriate for speed solving. 2GLL to finish. - ZZ-Orbit: A variation of ZZ-d, the solver will permute all the corners during insertion of last F2L's pair. Recognition is not so straight forward, but much faster than that of ZZ-d. Once performed, a 2-gen subset of ZZLL, consisting of 71 algs, can be used for 1-look last layer. This has many similarities to CPLS/2GLL, but was developed independently. Thread: Guide: - ZZ-e: Similar to ZZ-d and ZZ-Orbit. After solving left block, the solver swaps remaining corners to put the cube into an <R, U> group. The process is called, 'Semi-Permunitation'. This makes the rest of the solve 2-gen, which is even faster than 3-gen. However, the solver must determine the permutation of all the unsolved corners to execute this step; this is a slow process, which makes ZZ-e inappropriate for speed solving, even more than ZZ-d. 2GLL to finish. Post: - ZZ-reduction During F2L, the solver employs a technique called Phasing to correctly permute two opposite LL edges. Then a 2-look orientation/permutation approach is used, with the phased edges preserved in the orientation step, resulting in a reduction of PLL cases down to 9 compared to 21 in full PLL. This is the least algorithm intensive 2-look method for solving the last layer of any 2LLL method, needing 7 + 9 = 16 total algorithms. - ZZ-z: Similar to ZZ-d, ZZ-e, and ZZ-orbit, this variant relies on permuting the corners so that the solve can be done 2-gen after the 3rd step. This variant also has fewer algorithms than any other variant. First, the solver creates an EOLine, left block, CP, 1x2x2 block on BDR, LPELL, 2GLL. - ZZ-N: This variant solves EO and all but one F2L slot, then inserts the last edge and orients corners in one algorithm, then solves the rest (PLL and one corner), again in one algorithm. - Reduced Move Set: F2L is completed using only R, U and L turns and no cube rotations are required. - Lookahead: Pre-orientation of edges halves the F2L cases and makes edges easier to find and connect to blocks/corners. During a ZZ solve, the cube is typically held in the same orientation through out the solve which allows a memory map of pieces' correct locations to develop allowing fast/intuitive ability to place pieces without thinking/looking. - Efficiency: With a blockbuilding-based F2L and pre-orientation of LL edges around 55 moves can be achieved without difficulty. Optimising F2L blokbuilding and adoption of more advanced LL systems such as ZBLL will reduce this move count significantly. - Ease of Learning: Most of the difficulty in ZZ is confined to the EOLine stage. Intuitive blockbuilding during F2L is fairly easy to pick up and only 20 algorithms (assuming use of mirrors) are required to achieve a 2-look last layer with OCLL/PLL. - Flexibility: With edges pre-oriented many systems exist for completing the last layer in a ZZ solve, ranging from OCLL/PLL to ZBLL. A blockbuilding F2L also allows for the development of many short cuts and tricks as skill improves. - Reliance on Inspection - ZZ makes heavy use of inspection time, which is fine when 15 seconds is given, but in situations where no inspection is used it can be a drawback. For example, when using reduction on big cubes or within multi-solve scenarios starting a ZZ solve can be difficult. This isn't much more than other methods though. - Difficulty of EOLine - EOLine is weird to get used to at first. In order to plan and execute in one step and takes a long time to master. New users should expect it to take in the order of months to achieve full EOLine inspection in 15 seconds. In the interim, breaking it down into two steps (EO + Line) can be used as a fall-back. - 2 Extra F2L Cubies to Solve - The first step of Fridrich (Cross) and ZZ (EOLine) are roughly comparable in terms of move-count. The remainder of F2L in ZZ requires solving of two more cubies (10 in total) than Fridrich slots (8 in total). However, freedom to fully rotate the L and R faces and the use of more efficient block building compensates for this apparent disadvantage. - Switching between L and R moves - On the other hand, this can feel weird. It takes some time getting used to and mastering. After one does master this though, f2l is really smooth.
A View from Kevin Bullis Warming Planet? Engineer Plants to Reflect Light Back into Space Announcing this year’s so-crazy-it-might-work award from the ARPA-E Summit. Every year at the annual Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy Summit (which took place this week) you can count on there being at least one left-field idea that just might work—or might go horribly wrong. Here’s my nominee for this year’s so-crazy-it-might-work award. On the first day of the conference, Robert Conrado, a senior fellow at ARPA-E, took the stage to describe his idea for addressing a big problem with agriculture and biofuels: plants use a huge amount of water just to stay cool. Only 1 percent of water they take up goes to making the carbohydrates and other materials that make up the plant. The rest, Conrado says, is for temperature regulation. Worldwide, 90 percent of water use goes to watering plants, which of course limits food production. It also limits where biofuel crops can be grown. The solution Conrado proposed has to do with the fact that plants can use only a narrow part of the solar spectrum to conduct photosynthesis. They can’t use infrared and ultraviolet light, which just go to heating the plant up, forcing it to suck up water to cool off. Conrado put up a slide showing a peacock, a butterfly, and a strangely colored berry. These all grow microscopic structures that are tuned to interact with specific colors of light, producing brilliant coloration. He asked, why not engineer plants to grow similar structures designed to reflect the light they can’t use? That would reduce the cooling needs of the plants. Reflecting infrared light would reduce water consumption by one-third and would make it possible to grow plants for biofuels in currently water-constrained areas. Some of the light would reflect back into space, he suggested, helping to offset global warming. (Much of the reflected light would be absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere, however.) What could go wrong? Seriously—I’m curious about what people think of this idea. What should researchers watch out for if they try to do this?
LOS ANGELES, Feb. 14 (Xinhua) -- The world's largest solar power plant of its type is now delivering electricity to California customers, Jeff Holland, spokesperson for NRG Energy, told Xinhua Friday. At full capacity, the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System produces a gross total of 392 megawatts of solar power, enough electricity for 140,000 California homes, and would avoid 400,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year, equal to removing 72,000 vehicles off the road. Ivanpah, which accounts for nearly 30 percent of all solar thermal energy currently operational in the United States, is for now the largest solar project in the world. The complex is sprawling across roughly 3,500 acres of land near the California- Nevada border, four times the size of New York's Central Park, Holland said. He disclosed that most solar PV panels used in the facility are manufactured by Chinese manufacturing companies. Using technology known as solar-thermal, nearly 350,000 computer-controlled mirrors roughly the size of a garage door reflect sunlight to boilers atop the 450-foot towers. Since breaking ground in October 2010, the project has created thousands of jobs and, at the peak of construction, employed nearly 3,000 site workers, said NRG Energy, which jointly owns the complex with Google, and Oakland-based BrightSource Energy. Tom Doyle, president of NRG Energy, said, "Cleantech innovations, such as Ivanpah, are critical to establishing America 's leadership in large-scale, clean-energy technology that will keep our economy globally competitive over the next several decades." "We see Ivanpah changing the energy landscape by proving that utility-scale solar is not only possible, but incredibly beneficial to both the economy and in how we produce and consume energy," said Doyle. The opening of Ivanpah comes as the government is pushing for development of greener, cleaner power. Currently, solar power accounts for less than 1 percent of the country's total power output.
The main issue with feeding goldfish is how much. Goldfish will typically eat just about everything that is given to them. Apparently in the wild this is no problem, but in captivity domestic goldfish basically will not survive if fed to anywhere near their capacity to eat. There are exceptions; very young fish need to be fed a considerable amount to get reasonable growth rates and some foods that are essentially only roughage can be fed quite freely. But in general it is necessary to limit the amount of food provided to your goldfish. What happens if you overfeed your goldfish? Many people have described the digestive track of the goldfish as basically a straight tube. In the simplest scenario, if you feed too much, food being pushed in the front end of the "tube" pushes food out the back end ... before it is fully digested. If your goldfish's poops look just like his food, this could be an indication of overfeeding. For robust, wild-type goldfish overfeeding's main problem is water quality; the semi-digested food makes it harder to keep the water of sufficient cleanliness without frequent massive water changes. This may explain why overfeeding is not a problem in the wild. However, for fat-bodied fancy goldfish, that straight tube tends to have a few kinks in it; just like with people, lack of roughage and too rich a diet can cause significant problems. For more information, see the discussion on swimbladder problems. All right, now that you're convinced that whatever amount you are feeding is probably the wrong amount, what is the right amount? The quick answer is that if you don't have water quality problems, don't have problems with your fish floating, and the fish seem active and healthy, you are probably doing just fine. And, uh, scatologically, if the poops are in quarter to half inch sinking chunks, this is good too. Otherwise you probably are overfeeding or not feeding quite the right diet. A common recommendation is to feed goldfish two mouthfuls twice a day. I was troubled for a long time about what is, exactly, a goldfish mouthful. I believe it is as much as a goldfish will take in its mouth before it stops "gobbling" and starts chewing. Determining the correct amount of food for your fish is then relatively easy; toss in units of food until everybody stops chasing and then figure about double that for a feeding. This actually ends up being quite a bit of food. It has been suggested that goldfish are naturally grazers, eating small amounts continuously. It does seem that goldfish have fewer problems with many small meals than they do with one large one per day. So, if you can conveniently do it, a regime of one mouthful four times a day will be better that two mouthfuls twice daily. And, conversely, feeding four mouthfuls in one feeding will probably give you problems. Unfortunately, it is pretty clear that the most entertaining thing in a goldfish's life is eating. Most owners would like their fish to be as intellectually stimulated as is, uh, possible. This can lead to overfeeding. I won't go overboard on the anthropomorphization here, but, like people, low calorie high-roughage foods can be fairly freely fed without digestive problems. Romaine lettuce is a good example: it is reasonably nutritive (much better than iceberg lettuce), but is also mostly water and fiber. A leaf clipped inside the tank will last days if submerged and the fish will nibble away on it. The only downside is that the resulting lettuce puree in the tank can plug filters pretty quickly. But otherwise this is an excellent option, I think.
Department of Reproductive Health and Research (RHR), World Health Organization Sexually transmitted and other reproductive tract infections A guide to essential practice Management of STIs/RTIs Syndromic management of STI/RTI Many STIs/RTIs can be identified and treated on the basis of characteristic symptoms and signs. Symptoms and signs can be grouped together into syndromes —upper respiratory infection, gastroenteritis and vaginal discharge are examples of common syndromes. It is often difficult to know exactly what organism is causing the syndrome, however, and treatment may need to cover several possible infections. Syndromic management refers to the approach of treating STI/RTI symptoms and signs based on the organisms most commonly responsible for each syndrome. A more definite or etiological diagnosis may be possible in some settings with sophisticated laboratory facilities, but this is often problematic. Laboratory tests require resources, add to the cost of treatment, may require clients to make extra visits to the clinic and almost always result in delays in treatment. For these reasons, syndromic management guidelines are widely used for syndromes such as lower abdominal pain, urethral discharge and genital ulcer (Table 8.1), even in developed countries with advanced laboratory facilities. WHO has developed simple flowcharts (also called algorithms) to guide health care providers in using the syndromic approach to manage seven syndromes. Five of these algorithms (for vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, genital ulcer, inguinal bubo and urethral discharge) are included in this chapter, adapted where needed for application in reproductive health settings. Additional algorithms dealing with STI/RTI in pregnancy are given in Chapter 9. The syndromic approach is widely used to manage STIs/RTIs. The algorithms may change from country to country depending on the prevalence of disease, the cost of drugs, and microbial resistance patterns. Table 8.1. The syndromic approach—strengths and limitations Infections of the male and female reproductive tract and their consequences: Preventing STIs/RTIs and their complications STI/RTI education and counselling Promoting prevention of STI/RTI and use of services STI/RTI Assessment during Routine Family Planning Visits STI/RTI Assessment in pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period Management of symptomatic STIs/RTIs STI/RTI complications related to pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion, and the postpartum period Annex 1. Clinical skills needed for STI/RTI Annex 2. Disinfection and universal precautions Annex 3. Laboratory tests for RTI Annex 4. Medications
posted by Hannah . From the indicated voltages for the voltaic cell pictured, determine the standard electrode potential, E°M3+/M, if the metal, M, is each of the following. description on the image: in the left beaker there is one Cr3+ and one Cr2+ on the right beaker there is 'M'3+ the left one is oxidation the right is reduction. heres the given: La, E°cell = -1.96 V so i have to find the Voltage of La i got -1.54 but it was wrong. don't you just use the equation -1.96 V= .424V(oxidation potential for the Cr2+... equation) + x and solve for x?? What is La? Lanthanum. One of the various metals to plug into the problem? Do you want La^3+ + e ==> La^2+ or some other? Yes, I think you do that for the equation I think you misplaced a sign. Ecell = Eoxdn + Eredn =-1.96 = 0.424 + X X = -1.96-.424 = -2 something.
IN-1:Mandatory energy efficiency standards (pilot phase) The Energy Conservation Act (ECA) of 2001 is the primary legal framework and regulatory mechanism for the Central and State governmento facilitate the enforcement and efficient use of energy and its conservation. There are five main provisions within this Act – Designated Consumers, Standards and Labeling, Building Codes, Establishment of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and Establishment of Energy Conservation Fund . The Energy Conservation Act (ECA) of 2001 , amended in 2010 is the primary legal framework and regulatory mechanism for the Central and State governmento facilitate the enforcement and efficient use of energy and its conservation. There are five main provisions within this Act – Designated Consumers, Standards and Labeling, Building Codes, Establishment of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and Establishment of Energy Conservation Fund . In 2010 the Act was amended to create the Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme, a market-based mechanism (See IN-2). The ECA authorizes the Government to assign energy intensive industries and other larger consumers as Designated Consumers, for which specific regulation on energy efficiency can be adopted. Under the ECA, nine energy intensive industrial sectors have been identified as Designated Consumers . Each designated consumer must get an energy audit conducted by an accredited auditor and must have an appointment energy manager with prescribed qualifications. Designated consumers are expected to comply with norms and standards of energy consumption as set by the central government. The ECA also established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) which provides leadership for energy efficiency to all sectors in the country and helps institutionalize energy efficiency services. BEE is authorized by the Government to assign specific sectors as Designated Consumers, develop energy consumption norms and standards for Designated Consumers and specific accreditation and related procedures for energy managers and energy audits. BEE is also responsible for ensuring that Designated Consumers report on their energy consumption and actions taken to reduce their energy consumption. BEE directs Designated Consumers to comply with the norms and standards and implement schemes for energy conservation in the event of non-compliance. Policy Information Expand this section for information on the key features of the policy, such as its date of introduction, categorization, main objective(s) and linkages with other policies. Policy Instrument Type: Administrative, Standards Position in the PyramidAbout Us Start Date: 2007 End Date: 2012 Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Primary Objective: Energy Increase average energy efficiency level within the sector to the level of the best performing with sector Aluminium; fertilizers; iron and steel; cement; pulp and paper; chloralkali; textile; chemicals. Driver of energy consumption or emissions affected by policy: specific energy consumption, relative efficiency Implementation Information Expand this section for information on targets, monitoring, verification and enforcement regimes, and implementation requirements and tools. Designated Consumers as specified by the Energy Conservation Act which includes 9 sectors Quantitative Target? yes Target: Sector benchmark. Time Period: 2007-2011 Progress Monitored? yes Verification Required? yes Requirements on the Target Group Each company that is a Designated Consumer must monitor and report progress towards the energy efficiency indicator according to the BEE protocol. Support by Government The support provided under policy IN-3 energy management is of benefit to the target group in implementing the policy. BEE has supported the sector task forces on energy efficiency to disseminate best practices in energy efficiency in these sectors. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency provides a monitoring an reporting information Protocol that participants must comply with. Complexity of Implementation Setting and updating standards is difficult considering large differences within sectors. Cluster-specific approach is needed within sector. Monitoring and verification needs to be strict. In the pilot phase, the standards are voluntary as is verification. In a mandatory phase, once standards are set, only monitoring of energy use and production is required. Impacts, Costs & Benefits Expand this section to find information on policy effectiveness and efficiency. \|Impact\|\|Quantitative Estimate\|\|Qualitative Estimate\| \|Estimated effect on energy consumption or emissions\|\|Not available\|\|Not available\| \|Estimated costs/benefits for industry\|\|Not available\|\|Not available\| \|Estimated cost for government\|\|Not available\|\|Not available\| \|General Benefits\|\|Reduce GHG emissions and other environmental pollutants, reduce energy costs, improve competitiveness\| \|Specific Benefits\|\|Increased resource efficiency other than energy\| References & Footnotes Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs (2001). Energy Conservation of India 2001. Available at http://www.powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/pdf/ecact2001.pdf Government of India (2010). Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2010. Available at http://www.ibecc.in/sites/default/files/EC_amendment_act_2010.pdf Ministry of Power (2013). EC Act. Available at http://www.powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/energy_conservation_act/introduction.htm
TAP: Increasing Climate Change Resilience of Maldives through Adaptation in the Tourism Sector Tourism is the dominant sector of the Maldivian economy, and its operations are intimately connected to a diverse range of value chains which provide goods and services related to agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing, construction, energy, water and waste management. Climate change undermines the resilience, viability and profitability of these value chains both directly and indirectly. With support from the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the TAP project will establish at least 10 new public/private investment partnerships between the Government of Maldives and tourism resorts to showcase the economic and environmental benefits of no-regrets adaptation in tourism operations. In addition, 10 community-based adaptation projects in tourism-associated communities will demonstrate how tourism operators and tourism-dependent communities can cooperate on joint initiatives to reduce common vulnerabilities. - In 2012, the project initiated several assessments relating to climate change adaptation in the tourism sector of Maldives. One of these reports identifies the “Adaptation Capacity and Climate Change Vulnerability Impacts in the Tourism Sector” of the Maldives. To formulate this report, a survey was conducted among tourism operators and depended communities. The results of this survey highlight the main vulnerable areas such as flooding and erosion, and adaptation capacities of the tourism operators and dependent communities to address these vulnerabilities. - The project has produced as assessment report on freshwater and waste water management in the tourism industry of Maldives. This report provides guidelines on how to climate proof water resources as an adaptation strategy. Similarly, an assessment has been done on the waste management practices in the tourism sector of Maldives to identify the climate change vulnerabilities of waste management in the sector. - The project supported the development of the environment section of the 4th Tourism Master Plan. - Currently underway are consultancies to produce reports on economic valuation of climate risks in the tourism industry of Maldives and its depended communities, development of addendum to national building code in reference to infrastructure in resorts and revision of existing laws and regulations to incentivise private sector investment in climate change adaptation. - The project held a stakeholder workshop to disseminate the findings of these reports and discuss possible partnerships for climate change adaptation demonstration projects based on the findings of the assessment reports. \|YEARS 2011 - 2014 \|\|Total US$ 3,300,876\| \|\|AMOUNT CONTRIBUTED PER YEAR \|Global Environment Facility (GEF) / Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)\|\|US$ 1,650,438 \|Government of Maldives (in-kind)\|\|US$ 1,630,438\| \|COMBINED\|\|US$ 221,000.00 (64.06%)\| - Project Commenced: - July 2011 - Estimated End Date: - June 2014 - Geographic coverage: - Focus Area: - Climate Change Adaptation - 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability - Programme Focal Point: - Mohamed Inaz - Ministry of Environment and Energy
Tips for applying repellent to kids LANSING – Mosquitoes are out in full force already this year, and the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development is offering consumers mosquito mitigation tips and reminding them to exercise care when applying insect repellents such as DEET, lemon eucalyptus, and picaridin. Excessive use of insect repellents containing DEET can result in adverse health effects, particularly in children if not properly applied. “Thanks to the heavy rains last month, we are seeing a substantial increase in mosquito activity, so it is important that when spending time outside with friends and family, residents exercise caution when applying insect repellents,” said, Gina Alessandri, MDARD’s Pesticide and Plant Management Division director. Follow these tips to reduce mosquito bites and mosquito population levels: -Consider using non-chemical means to prevent biting, such as screens, netting, long sleeves, closed shoes, and slacks. -Practice prevention by eliminating breeding grounds for mosquitoes, such as standing water near the home. -Consider using biological controls for small ponds you own, such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, which is available at many stores.” When applying insect repellents on children, follow the guidelines recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health: -Do not use repellents with DEET on infants less than two months old. -Apply repellent on your hands and then rub it on the child. -Avoid spraying children’s eyes and mouths, and use the repellent sparingly around their ears. -Never apply repellent to children’s hands or their skin under clothing. -Do not allow young children to apply insect repellent to themselves. -Once a child is indoors, wash the treated skin with soap and water. -Keep repellents out of reach of children. Additional precautions to keep in mind regarding applying repellents and eliminating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes: -Avoid mosquitoes during their prime feeding hours of dusk and dawn. -Before applying repellent, read all label directions; not all repellents are intended to be applied to the skin. -Repellents with low concentrations (10 percent or below) are effective and may be preferred in most situations. Start with a low-concentration product and re-apply if necessary. -If applying repellents over a long period of time, alternate the repellent with one having another active ingredient. -Do not use repellents on broken or irritated skin or apply to eyes and mouth. -Avoid breathing sprays and do not use near food.
Chapter 18, Section A:\| Revised August 25, 2008 Moped defined (66-1-4.11E) A moped is a two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle with an automatic transmission and a motor having a piston displacement of less than 50 cubic centimeters, that is capable of propelling the vehicle at a maximum speed of not more than 30 miles an hour on level ground, at sea level. A moped driver must be licensed (66-5-2 and 66-3-1101) The driver of a moped on a highway in New Mexico is required to hold a valid driver's license or permit. The Motor Vehicle Division is neither required nor authorized to title or register mopeds.
I. Kiến thức liên quan II. Đề thi IELTS READING: Museum Blockbuster (thi máy 20/08/2022) A. Since the 1980s, the term “blockbuster” has become the fashionable word for special spectacular museum, art gallery or science centre exhibitions. These exhibitions have the ability to attract large crowds and often large corporate sponsors. Here is one of some existing definitions of blockbuster: Put by Elsen (1984), a blockbuster is a “… large scale loan exhibition that people who normally don’t go to museums will stand in line for hours to see …”James Rosenfield, writing in Direct Marketing in 1993, has described a successful blockbuster exhibition as a “… triumph of both curatorial and marketing skills …” My own definition for blockbuster is “a popular, high profile exhibition on display for a limited period, that attracts the general public, who are prepared to both stand in line and pay a fee in order to partake in the exhibition.” What both Elsen and Rosenfield omit in the descriptions of blockbusters, is that people are prepared to pay a fee to see a blockbuster, and that the term blockbuster can just as easily apply to a movie or a museum exhibition. B. Merely naming an exhibition or movie a blockbuster however, does not make it a blockbuster. The term can only apply when the item in question has had an overwhelmingly successful response from the public. However, in literature from both the UK and USA the other words that also start to appear in descriptions of blockbusters are “less scholarly”, “non-elitist” and “popularist”. Detractors argue that blockbusters are designed to appeal to the lowest common denominator, while others extol the virtues of encouraging scholars to cooperate on projects, and to provide exhibitions that cater for a broad selection of the community rather than an elite sector. C. Maintaining and increasing visitor levels is paramount in the new museology. This requires continued product development. Not only the creation or hiring of blockbuster exhibitions, but regular exhibition changes and innovations. In addition, the visiting publics have become customers rather than visitors, and the skills that are valued in museums, science centres and galleries to keep the new customers coming through the door have changed. High on the list of requirements are commercial, business, marketing and entrepreneurial skills. Curators are now administrators. Being a director of an art gallery no longer requires an Art Degree. As succinctly summarised in the Economist in 1994 “business nous and public relation skills” were essential requirements for a director, and the ability to compete with other museums to stage travelling exhibitions which draw huge crowds. D. The new museology has resulted in the convergence of museums, the heritage industry, and tourism, profit-making and pleasure-giving. This has given rise to much debate about the appropriateness of adapting the activities of institutions so that they more closely reflect the priorities of the market place and whether it is appropriate to see museums primarily as tourist attractions. At many institutions you can now hold office functions in the display areas, or have dinner with the dinosaurs. Whatever commentators may think, managers of museums, art galleries and science centres worldwide are looking for artful ways to blend culture and commerce, and blockbuster exhibitions are at the top of the list. But while blockbusters are all part of the new museology, there is proof that you don’t need a museum, science centre or art gallery to benefit from the drawing power of a blockbuster or to stage a blockbuster. E. But do blockbusters held in public institutions really create a surplus to fund other activities? If the bottom line is profit, then according to the accounting records of many major museums and galleries, blockbusters do make money. For some museums overseas, it may be the money that they need to update parts of their collections or to repair buildings that are in need of attention. For others in Australia, it may be the opportunity to illustrate that they are attempting to pay their way, by recovering part of their operating costs, or funding other operating activities with off budget revenue. This makes the economic rationalists cheerful. However, not all exhibitions that are hailed to be blockbusters will be blockbusters, and some will not make money. It is also unlikely that the accounting systems of most institutions will recognise the real cost of either creating or hiring a blockbuster. F. Blockbusters require large capital expenditure, and draw on resources across all branches of an organisation; however, the costs don’t end there. There is a Human Resource Management cost in addition to a measurable ‘real’ dollar cost. Receiving a touring exhibition involves large expenditure as well, and draws resources from across functional management structures in project management style. Everyone from a general labourer to a building servicing unit, the front of house, technical, promotion, education and administration staff, are required to perform additional tasks. Furthermore, as an increasing number of institutions in Australia fry their hand at increasing visitor numbers, memberships (and therefore revenue), by staging blockbuster exhibitions, it may be less likely that blockbusters will continue to provide a surplus to subsidise other activities due to the competitive nature of the market. There are only so many consumer dollars to go around, and visitors will need to choose between blockbuster products. G. Unfortunately, when the bottom-line is the most important objective to the mounting of blockbuster exhibitions, this same objective can be hard to maintain. Creating, mounting or hiring blockbusters is exhausting for staff, with the real costs throughout an institution difficult to calculate. Although the direct aims may be financial, creating or hiring a blockbuster has many positive spinoffs; by raising their profile through a popular blockbuster exhibition, a museum will be seen in a more favorable light at budget time. Blockbusters mean crowds, and crowds are good for the local economy, providing increased employment for shops, hotels, restaurants, the transport industry and retailers. Blockbusters expose staff to the vagaries and pressures of the market place, and may lead to creative excellence. Either the success or failure of a blockbuster may highlight the need for managers and policy makers to rethink their strategies. However, the new museology and the apparent trend towards blockbusters make it likely that museums, art galleries and particularly science centres will be seen as part of the entertainment and tourism industry, rather than as cultural icons deserving of government and philanthropic support. H. Perhaps the best pathway to take is one that balances both blockbusters and regular exhibitions. However, this easy middle ground may only work if you have enough space, and have alternate sources of funding to continue to support the regular less exciting fare. Perhaps the advice should be to make sure that your regular activities and exhibitions are more enticing, and find out what your local community wants from you. The question (trend) now at most museums and science centres, is “What blockbusters can we tour to overseas venues and will it be cost effective?” The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H. Which paragraphs contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. NB You may use an letter more than once. 1. A reason for changing the exhibition programs. 2. The time people have to wait in a queue in order to enjoy exhibitions. 3. Terms people used when referring to blockbuster 4. There was some controversy over confining target groups of blockbuster Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet. Instead of being visitors, people turned out to be____5_____, who require the creation or hiring of blockbuster exhibitions as well as regular exhibition changes and innovations. Business nous and ____6_____simply summarized in a magazine are not only important factors for directors, but also an ability to attract a crowd of audiences. _____7_____ has contributed to the linking of museums, the heritage industry, tourism, profit-making and pleasure-giving. There occurs some controversy over whether it is proper to consider museums mainly as_____8______. Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answer in boxes 9-10 on your answer sheet. The list below gives some advantages of blockbuster. Which TWO advantages are mentioned by the writer of the text? A. To offer sufficient money to repair architectures. B. To maintain and increase visitor levels. C. Presenting the mixture in the culture and commerce of art galleries and science centres worldwide. D. Being beneficial for the development of local business. E. Being beneficial for the directors. Questions 11 – 13 Choose THREE letters A-F. Write your answer in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. The list below gives some disadvantages of blockbuster. Which THREE disadvantages are mentioned by the writer of the text? A. People felt hesitated to choose exhibitions. B. Workers has become tired of workloads. C. The content has become more entertaining rather than cultural. D. General labourers are required to perform additional tasks E. Huge amounts of capital invested in specialists. F. Exposing staff to the fantasies and pressures of the market place. III. Đáp án
Etiket Arşivleri: Quaternary structure Dr. Gul Shahnaz Group 1 A Mechanism of Enzyme Action Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of the biochemical reaction. Most enzymes are three dimensional globular proteins (tertiary and quaternary structure). Some special RNA species also act as enzymes and are called Ribozymes e.g. hammerhead ribozyme. STRUCTURE OF ENZYMES The active site of an enzyme is the region that binds substrates, co-factors and prosthetic groups and contains residue that helps to hold the substrate. Active sites generally occupy less than 5% of the total surface area of enzyme. Active site has a specific shape due to tertiary structure of protein. A change in the shape of protein affects the shape of active site and function of the enzyme. Covalent bond : electron pairs are shared between atoms. Non – Covalent bonds : 1) Ionic bonds : result from the electrostatic attraction between two ionized groups of opposite charge. 2) Hydrogen bounding : is an attraction between hydrogen atom covalently bounded to highly electronegative atom on a second electronegative atom 3) Vander Waals Forces : are short range attractive forces. Vander Waals forces are weaker than ionic and hydrogen bonding. Intermolecular force : is an attraction. The net attraction is the sum of pair of interactions between the molecules. 4) Hydrophobic Interactions : Molecules such as proteins have polar and nonpolar groups. polar groups : have tendency to be solvated in water. nonpolar groups : do not have tendency to contact with water. Amino Acids : are the building blocks of proteins. 1) Nonpolar or Hydrophobic R groups 2) Unchanged , neutral R groups 3) Polar negatively charged R groups 4) Polar positive charged R groups Properties of Amino Acids : 1) They are white crystillane substances. 2) They are much soluble in water than nonpolar ( organic ) solvent. 3) Net charge , solubility , reactivity in chemical rxn and acception behaviour of amino acids is related to the chemical nature of R groups. The solubility of proteins in water is related to essentially to the distribution of the polar and nonpolar groups of the side chain 4) Crystalline amino acids have relatively high melting points ( above 200 ). Ionic compounds exhibith high melting points because all the strong ionic attraction between the ionized groups. 5) Aminoacids in neutral aqeous solutions have both positive and negative charges. A dipolar ion of any amino acid act as an acid ( proton donor ) as a base ( proton accepter ) Any molecule containing both groups and being able to act as an acid or a base is called an amphoteric molecule. PEPTIDE: small # of AA linked in defined sequence. In proteins , the – carboxyl groups of one AA is joined to the -amino group of other amino acid by peptide bond. Disulfide Bond : -SH ( sulfydryl group ) is highly reactive. Properties of Peptides : 1) Usually high melting points 2) – carboxyl groups and -amino groups in the peptide linkages can not ionize in the ph zone from 0 to 14 3) Acid – Base properties of peptides are determined by free -amino group of the N-terminal residue , the free -carboxyl group of C-terminal residue and those R groups of the residues which can ionize. 4) Give the avarage elemental composition of proteins basis of the percent C,N,H,O … Conformation of Polypeptide Chains: 1) Primary Structure: involves the sequenced amino acids. Zig-zag shape with R groups protruding in opposite directions. NH group does not protonate between pH 0 to 14. The C-N link is not able to rotate freely ( very stable ). CO-NH atoms involved in the peptide bond and two -C atoms are in the sample plane. A series of rigid planes are seperated by HCR groups. The primary structured proteins are determined by breaking the peptide bond by hydrolysis reactions under the catalytic activity of enzymes or by acid hydrolysis. 2) Secondary Structure : H bonding between O and H of amino group. · – helix · -plated sheet parallel , anti-parallel –helix structure : is governed by intramolecular H – bonding. -helix structure is an ordered particularly stable structure. Side chains are located outside of the helix. Each peptide bond is engaged in the formation of H – bond , the helixal structure has hight stability and this structure resricts the H bonding with other molecules esp with water. -plated sheet : a rises from the intermolecular H bonding. The side chains are located above and beneath the plane of the sheets , and their charges and long R groups have a little effect on the structure. 3) Tertiary Structure : non-covalent interactions if chains · electrostatic interactions · hydrogen bonding · vander waals interaction · interactional non-polar side chains · disulfide bonds 4) Quaternary Structure : non-covalent associate ion of polypeptide. chain subunits >> identical subunits , different subunits. Denaturation Of Proteins : ( change in the protein conformation ) Acid , alkali , concentrated soline solutions , heat , radiation. Protein denaturation is modification of secondary , tertiary or quaternary structure not accompained by the rupture of peptide bonds involved in the primary structure. Pysical Agents : · Mechanical Treatment · Heigh pressure · Interfaces : adsorption at the interface >> irreversible denaturation o electromagnetic radiation o ultraviolet radiation is observed by aromatic a.a residues. Chemical Agents : · Acid and alkalies · Organic solvents · Aq. solutions of organic compounds urea , Quanidine salt · Quanidine Hydrochloride and Ures are widely used denaturating agents used for the preparation of partially unfolded proteins. Determination of Sequence of Amino Acids: Break All Cys-S-S-Cys disulfide bonds : mercaptoethonol urea used to cleaves all S-S bond Determine the amino acid composition : 6N HCI for abouth 20-24 hrs at 100 C all peptide bonds are broken down. Aminoacids >> molar ratios are determined by aminoacids analysis. Ninhydrin and fluorescomine are used for detection of a.a Identıfy N-terminal and C-terminal a.a : Identification of N terminal a.a : Edman degradation and Sanger’s methot used.Edman reagent is Pheynlisothiocyanate and sanger’s method reagent is fluorodinitrobenzene. Identification of C terminal a.a : Carboxypeptidase and hydrazine are used to determine C – terminal a.a because both enzymes do not react. Break polypeptides into fragments , determine the a.a composition of each fragment Determine a.a sequence of each fragment and determine sequence of polypeptide. Lorate S-S bond Protein – Water Interactions: The amount water located inside the protein or strongly absorbed to specific surface sites >>> 0.3 g /g dry protein. The amount of water that occupies the first layer adjacent to protein >> 0.3g/g dry protein. Water interacts with protein through : – Their peptide bonds ( H – bonding , dipole-dipole ) – Their a.a side chains ( ionized group , polar ) Water Solubility of Proteins : · Influence of pH: PI = isoelectric point At PI # of negative = # of positive charges Net charge of protein is min. At pH value higher or lower than the isometric point >> protein carries a negative or positive electric charge >> water molecules may interact with those charges so solubility of protein increases. (). Protein chains carrying the same electric charge have a tendency to repel each other to dissociate or unfold >> more groups capable interacting with water so solubility increases. () At PI there is minimum repulsion and no interactions with solvent , protein molecules interact with each other >>> precipitation . Hydrophobic interaction >>> aggregates >>> precipitation · Influence of İonic Strenght : .At 0.5 -1.0 M >> solubility of protein increases >> salting in . The ions react with charge of proteins and decrease the electrostatic attraction between the opposite charge of neigbouring molecules. Conc. of salts > 1.0 M >>> solubility of proteins decreases >>> salting out. Mostly the water molecules interact with ions . Not enough water molecule is avaible for the interaction with protein so the protein –protein interaction occurs >>> aggregation >>> precipitation. · Influence of Temperature : ( at constant and pH ) . Solubility of protein with T in 0 – 40 -50 C . The molecular motion becomes sufficent to distrupt the bonds involved the 2 dary 3 ery structures >>> partial denaturation >>> solubility . Above 40 – 50 C , the complete denaturation of protein can occur. Through hydrohobic interaction between the protein molecules >>> aggregation >> precipitation >>> decrease solubility. · Influence of Nonaqueous Solvents: The electrostatic forces of repulsion among protein molecules >>> contributes to the aggregation. Complex macromolecules %50 more of dry weight of living organisms. >>> Homoproteins composed of all a.a >>>Heteroproteins : a.a + prosthetic groups such as nucleoproteins , lipoproteins , phospoproteins , hemoproteins According to the conformatios : fibrous proteins and globular proteins. According to their functions : Structure proteins protein with biological activity , food proteins >>> are those that are palatable , digestible , nontoxic and available economically for humans, essentiall a.a such as isoleurine , leucine , lysine , methionine Surface Tension : Liquids have tendency to have the minimum surface to maintain minimum free energy.Surface tension is the energy or work required to increase the surface area of a liquid by unit amount . As the temperature –and hence the intensity of molecular motion increases , intermolecular forces become less effective. Less work is required to extend the surface of a liquid surface tension decreases with increase temperature. 1. Cohesive Forces : intermolecular forces between like molecules. 2. Adhesive Forces : intermolecular forces between unlike molecules. Substances that reduce surface tensioned water and allow it to spread more easiyl are known as wetting agents Ex: water >> have concave meniscus because adhesive forces > cohesive forces mercury >> have convey meniscus because adhesive forces < cohesive forces air – water >>> surface tension , oil – water >>> interfacial tension The interfacial tension of a binary system lies between the surface tensions of the two pure liquid at the same temperature. The presence of interface between two liquid phases indicates that the intermolecular forces between the molecule in the liquids are not balanced. Adsorption from solution : Adsorption is the phenomenon whereby dissolved molecules accumulate at the surface in greater concentrations than conc. which obtained when the molecules are randomly distributed through out the system. Two types of surface active materials : · small molecule surfactant ( are considered to adsorp reversibly ) · macromolecules such as protein ( are considered to adsorp irreversibly ) Gibbs adsorption equation : Materials that adsorp strongly at the interface and cause substantial lowering of the surface tension at low conc. are called surfactant ( small molecules + protein ) Surface properties of proteins: · a soluble protein · diffusion towards interface · adsorption >>> once a portion of protein contacts the interface than the nonpolar a.a residues orient toward the nonaqueous phase. · rearrangement >> the remainder of the protein adsorbs spontenously Absorption and unfolding in achieved easily in a short time by flexible proteins >>> good emulsifiers . Globular proteins need a long time for unfolding after adsorption even adsorption might be slow with globular proteins. Is the molecule shown D- or L-alanine? D-alanine 2. [2 points] What kind of reaction is peptide bond formation (eg. redox, cleavage, hydrolysis, etc)? a condensation reaction 3. [2 points] In a highly basic solution, pH = 13, the dominant form of glycine is: A) NH —CH —COOH. 2 2 – B) NH —CH —COO . 2 2 + – C) NH —CH —COO . 2 3 D) NH +—CH —COOH. 3 2 + – E) NH —CH —COO . 3 2 Circle the correct answer. 4. [6 points] Draw the structure of Met–Leu-Arg in the ionic form that predominates at pH 7. Draw all atoms (including hydrogens) as well as any charges as necessary. O O O H H H N CH C N CH C N CH C O 3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 H C CH S 3 3 CH2 CH3 NH C NH2+ NH2 5. [2 points] Why are peptide bonds planar? The partial double bond character makes the peptide bond planar. Which of the following refers to particularly stable arrangements of amino acid residues in a protein that give rise to recurring patterns? A) Primary structure B) Secondary structure C) Tertiary structure D) Quaternary structure E) None of the above Circle the correct answer. 7. [2 points] A D-amino acid would interrupt an α helix made of L-amino acids. Another naturally occurring hindrance to the formation of an α helix is the presence of: A) a negatively charged Asp residue. B) two Ala residues side by side. C) a nonpolar residue near the carboxyl terminus. D) a positively charged Lys residue. E) a negatively charged Glu residue. Circle the correct answer. 8. [2 points] Which two amino acids are most commonly found in β-turns? Pro and Gly 9. [4 points] What types of amino acids are typically found in the interior of a water-soluble globular protein and why are these amino acids located in the interior? Hydrophobic amino acid residues cluster away from the surface in globular proteins, so much of the protein’s interior is a tightly packed combination of hydrocarbon and aromatic ring R groups with very few water molecules. 10. [2 points] List two (or more) ways to denature proteins High or low pH, detergents, temperature, chaotropic agents 11. [2 points] In a mixture of the five proteins listed below, which should elute first in size- exclusion (gel- filtration) chromatography? A) cytochrome c M = 13,000 r B) immunoglobulin G M = 145,000 r C) ribonuclease A M = 13,700 r D) RNA polymerase M = 450,000 r E) serum albumin M = 68,500 r Circle the correct answer. In one sentence, define the term ‘ligand’ A ligand is a molecule that is bound reversibly by a protein. 13. [2 points] In the binding of oxygen to myoglobin, the relationship between the concentration of oxygen and the fraction of binding sites occupied can best be described as: A) linear with a negative slope. B) hyperbolic. C) linear with a positive slope. D) random. E) sigmoidal. Circle the correct answer. 14. [2 points] Carbon monoxide (CO) is toxic to humans because: A) it binds to myoglobin and causes it to denature. B) it is rapidly converted to toxic CO . 2 C) it binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin and prevents the binding of O . 2 D) it binds to the Fe in hemoglobin and prevents the binding of O . 2 E) it binds to the heme portion of hemoglobin and causes heme to unbind from hemoglobin. Circle the correct answer. 15. [2 points] Which of the following is not correct concerning 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)? A) It binds at a distance from the heme groups of hemoglobin. B) It binds with lower affinity to fetal hemoglobin than to adult hemoglobin. C) It increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. D) It is an allosteric modulator. E) It is normally found associated with the hemoglobin extracted from red blood cells. Circle the correct answer. 16. [2 points] Which one of the following statements is true of enzyme catalysts? A) Their catalytic activity is independent of pH. B) They are generally equally active on D and L isomers of a given substrate. C) They can increase the equilibrium constant for a given reaction by a thousand-fold or more. D) They can increase the reaction rate for a given reaction by a thousand-fold or more. E) To be effective, they must be present at the same concentration as their substrate. Circle the correct answer. In one or two sentences, describe the lock-and-key and the transition state model as proposed by Emil Fischer and Linus Pauling, respectively. Lock-and-key: Enzymes are structurally complementary to their substrates Transition state model: Enzyme active sites are complementary not to the substrate but to the transition state conformation. 2 points each. 18. [2 points] Michaelis and Menten assumed that the overall reaction for an enzyme- catalyzed reaction could be written as k k 1 2 E + S ES E + P k-1 Using this reaction, the rate of breakdown of the enzyme-substrate complex can be described by the expression: A) k ([E ] – [ES]). 1 t B) k ([E ] – [ES])[S]. 1 t C) k [ES]. 2 D) k [ES] + k [ES]. -1 2 E) k-1 [ES]. Circle the correct answer. 19. [2 points] The following data were obtained in a study of an enzyme known to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics: V Substrate added 0 (mmol/min) (mmol/L) ————————————— 217 0.8 325 2 433 4 488 6 647 1,000 ————————————— The K for this enzyme is approximately: m A) 1 mM. B) 1,000 mM. C) 2 mM. D) 4 mM. E) 6 mM. Circle the correct answer. The double-reciprocal transformation of the Michaelis-Menten equation, also called the Lineweaver-Burk plot, is given by 1/V = K /( V [S]) + 1/V . 0 m max max To determine K from a double-reciprocal plot, you would: m A) multiply the reciprocal of the x-axis intercept by -1. B) multiply the reciprocal of the y-axis intercept by -1. C) take the reciprocal of the x-axis intercept. D) take the reciprocal of the y-axis intercept. E) take the x-axis intercept where V = 1/2 V . 0 max Circle the correct answer. 21. [2 points] The number of substrate molecules converted to product in a given unit of time by a single enzyme molecule at saturation is referred to as the: A) dissociation constant. B) half-saturation constant. C) maximum velocity. D) Michaelis-Menten number. E) turnover number. Circle the correct answer. 22. [2 points] Which three amino acids (residues) form the catalytic triad of chymotrypsin? Ser, His, Asp 23. [4 points] Describe the functional contribution of the hydrophobic pocket for the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by chymotrypsin. The hydrophobic pocket accommodates aromatic residues (F, Y, W) and defines substrate binding and enzymatic specificity. 24. [2 points] Indicate with numbers the correct order of steps in the chymotrypsin reaction mechanism (must be all correct to receive credit): ____6_____ release of product 2 ____3_____ release of product 1 ____2_____ ester formation ____5_____ ester hydrolysis ____ 1_____ substrate binding ____4_____ water deprotonation Enzyme X exhibits maximum activity at pH = 6.9. X shows a fairly sharp decrease in its activity when the pH goes much lower than 6.4. One likely interpretation of this pH activity is that: A) a Glu residue on the enzyme is involved in the reaction. B) a His residue on the enzyme is involved in the reaction. C) the enzyme has a metallic cofactor. D) the enzyme is found in gastric secretions. E) the reaction relies on specific acid-base catalysis. Circle the correct answer. 26. [2 points] A good transition-state analog: A) binds covalently to the enzyme. B) binds to the enzyme more tightly than the substrate. C) binds very weakly to the enzyme. D) is too unstable to isolate. E) must be almost identical to the substrate. Circle the correct answer. 27. [2 points] What is the effect of a double bond on fatty acid structure? Most double bonds in fatty acids are in the cis configuration. This results in a rigid bend in the hydrocarbon chain. 28. [4 points] What is the (molecular) difference between triglycerides and phosphoglycerides and what are their most common functions in cells? Triglycerides: glycerol esterified with three fatty acids Phosphoglycerides: 3-phosphoglycerate esterified with two fatty acids Triglycerides: storage, phosphoglycerides: membrane components 29. [2 points] Which of these is a general feature of the lipid bilayer in all biological membranes? A) Individual lipid molecules in one face (monolayer) of the bilayer readily diffuse (flip-flop) to the other monolayer. B) Polar, but uncharged, compounds readily diffuse across the bilayer. C) Individual lipid molecules are free to diffuse laterally in the surface of the bilayer. D) The bilayer is stabilized by covalent bonds between neighboring phospholipid molecules. E) The polar head groups face inward toward the inside of the bilayer. Circle the correct answer. In one sentence, define integral membrane proteins. Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated (and span) the membrane and can only be removed by disrupting hydrophobic interactions with detergents or organic solvents. 31. [2 points] Movement of water across membranes is facilitated by proteins called: A) annexins. B) aquaporins. C) hydropermeases. D) selectins. E) transportins. Circle the correct answer. 32. [2 points] Glucose transport into erythrocytes (not into intestinal epithelial cells) is an example of A) primary active transport B) secondary active transport C) facilitated symport D) facilitated uniport E) none of the above Circle the correct answer. 33. [2 points] The molecule shown to the right is a(n) A) aldopentose B) ketopentose C) aldohexose D) ketohexose E) aldotetrose Circle the correct answer. 34. [2 points] When two carbohydrates are epimers: A) they differ only in the configuration around one chiral carbon atom. B) they differ only in the configuration of the anomeric carbon. C) one is a pyranose, the other a furanose. D) one is an aldose, the other a ketose. E) they differ only in the number of carbon atoms. Circle the correct answer. Which of the following pairs is interconverted in the process of mutarotation? A) α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose B) α-D-glucose and β-D-galactose C) α-D-glucose and β-D-glucosamine D) α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose E) α-D-glucose and β-L-glucose Circle the correct answer. 36. [4 points] a) Explain how it is possible that a polysaccharide molecule, such as glycogen, may have only one reducing end, and yet have many nonreducing ends. The molecule is branched, with each branch ending in a nonreducing end. 2 points for the word branched b) Explain how homopolysaccharides of glucose can have either helical or planar structures. Helical confirmation results from α1-4 linkages between the glucose monomers and planar structures result from β1-4 linkages between the glucose monomers. Hydrogen bonding stabilizes these structures 2 points for discussion of α/β linkages or 1 point for discussion of H bonds 37. [2 points] Penicillin and related drugs inhibit the enzyme ; A) β-lactamase B) transpeptidase C) chymotrypsin D) lysozyme E) hexokinase Circle the correct answer. 38. [2 points] All of the following contribute to the large, negative, free-energy change upon hydrolysis of ATP except: A) electrostatic repulsion in the reactant. B) low activation energy of forward reaction. C) stabilization of products by extra resonance forms. D) stabilization of products by ionization. Circle the correct answer. Biological oxidation-reduction reactions always involve: A) direct participation of oxygen. B) formation of water. C) transfer of electron(s). D) mitochondria. E) transfer of proton(s). Circle the correct answer. 40. [2 points] The first five reactions of glycolysis (the preparatory phase) transform each glucose molecule that enters into: A) One molecule of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate B) One molecule of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate C) Two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate D) Two molecules of pyruvate E) Two molecules of dihydroxyacetone phosphate Circle the correct answer. 41. [2 points] Transfer of a high-energy phosphoryl group to ADP, resulting in ATP, occurs when: A) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate B) phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → 2-phosphoglycerate C) 3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate D) Both A and B E) Both A and C Circle the correct answer. 42. [2 points] The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to: A) give the cell an alternative pathway should glycolysis fail. B) supply pentoses and NADPH. C) make use of pyruvate produced in glycolysis. D) supply ATP. E) supply NADH. Circle the correct answer. 43. [2 points] During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3- + phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is: A) dihydroxyacetone phosphate → glycerol 3-phosphate B) glucose 6-phosphate → fructose 6-phosphate C) pyruvate → lactate D) isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate E) oxaloacetate → malate Circle the correct answer.
Mind & Body 7 Ways To Prevent Hearing Loss Do you have a hard time following conversations, especially in loud rooms, or hear constant complaints that your television or music is just too loud? If your answer is yes, then this could be a sign that you’re suffering from hearing loss. Despite what many of us believe, this is a fairly common condition, which can be caused by a myriad of factors. It can also affect people of any and all ages, from babies and young children right up to the elderly. That being said, it isn’t inevitable for any of us. With that in mind, here are seven ways you can prevent hearing loss. - Avoid Excessive Noise Exposure Over extended periods of time, loud noises can begin to damage the hair cells inside your ears, which makes it difficult for them to pick up sound vibrations. For this reason, it’s vital that you minimize your exposure to such noises as much as you can. Motorcycles, power tools, concerts, and even headphones can all be loud enough to cause significant damage. As a general rule, you should try to avoid any environments within which you need to shout for others to hear you. - Clean Out Your Ears For a large percentage of people, especially those quite young, hearing sharply and loudly requires nothing more than ensuring that the ear canal is clear of wax. This is because a build-up of earwax tends to muffle sounds, impacting your hearing ability. That being said, you’re best not using a cotton swab for the job. More often than not, this simply pushes wax further down into your ear, making the issue worse. Instead, irrigate your ears or visit the doctor for a clean out. - Ditch The Smoking Habit We all know that smoking is unhealthy and can some seriously negative effects on the mind and body, but few people realize that it is also damaging to the ears. The combination of carbon monoxide and nicotine from smoking tighten the blood vessels found in your ears, which means that they don’t get the oxygen that they need. This damages the hair cells, limiting their ability to pick up vibrations. Because of this, you should try to quit smoking and avoid other smokers too. - Have Regular Hearing Tests The earlier a medical issue is picked up on, the greater your chance of preventing it from getting any worse. This is just as true for hearing issues as any other medical problem. Because of this, it’s crucial that you schedule and stick to regular appointments with your general practitioner or an audiologist. Even if you don’t think that anything is wrong, it’s better to be safe than sorry. These appointments are especially vital for those often exposed to noisy environments. - Wear A Hearing Aid For individuals already suffering from some degree of hearing loss, wearing a hearing aid can be an effective way to prevent further damage. Thankfully, aids like Miracle-Ear come in a variety of solutions and styles, which means that there’s always an option suitable for you and your condition. However, this aid will only work if you use them when you need to. If you take your hearing aid off too much and wear it too little, then it won’t be able to help you or your hearing. - Ask About Your Medication Unbeknownst to many, there lots of different medications out there all of which can damage your hearing. From aspirin to viagra, these are called ototoxic drugs because they’re toxic to the ears. Keeping that in mind, you should speak to your doctor and ask if any of the medications that you take are ototoxic. If the answer is yes, and your hearing is suffering as a result, then they may be able to prescribe an alternative medication. Reducing your dosage can also be an option. - Wear Some Ear Protection Avoiding extended exposure to loud noises is incredibly important, but, if you work in a particularly noisy environment, like a building site, then it may not be possible. Because of this, you must remember to bring some ear protection along with you. Earmuffs and earplugs are just two of the options that you have. They can even be worn together for greater overall protection. Even with this protection, you should get a break from loud noises about every fifteen minutes. Hearing loss, unfortunately, isn’t always preventable, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t or shouldn’t try. Hopefully, with the advice above, you can keep your ears in a good working condition.
A few days ago, I came across a blog post which was making a valid point about the differences in meaning of two Greek words which are usually translated “go” in English. The post made an interesting point, but I did have one significant problem which rather distracted from what would, otherwise, have been a good read. “Go therefore” from Matthew 28:19. “πορεύω poreuō” literally translates as “to pursue on a journey”, “continue with commitment” and “become an adherent”. My problem is with the word “literally”. The Cambridge dictionary gives the primary definition of literally as: using the real or original meaning of a word or a phrase. The problem with this is that in the example above we have three “literal” English meanings of one Greek phrase, all with different senses. Does poreuo mean “pursue on a journey”, “continue with commitment” or “become an adherent”? These are all very different concepts; there is a link between them, but they are not “literally” the same. The answer to my question is that poreuo means all of them, none of them and something else altogether. Let me try to explain. With very few exceptions, words do not mean one single thing that can be clearly identified. They have a central meaning, which spreads out and extends into related areas. In addition, words take on figurative and colloquial meanings which can be far removed from their original senses. A good example of this is provided by the word “literally”, itself, which means the exact opposite of – well – “literally” in a phrase such as “I was literally over the moon”. The meanings of words is fuzzy and to add complication, no two words in different languages are fuzzy in the same way. Words such as poreuo and go have the same central meaning, but they don’t share the same extended meanings at all. There is no literal translation of poreuo into English. The best we can come up with is an approximation; even using three long phrases as the blog post did, will not capture the full sense of the original. So why am I bothered about this? The first thing is that when we talk about literal translation, we minimise some of the difficulties of Bible translation. Words don’t have a one for one correspondence, even in related languages like English and Greek; much less between Greek and African languages. The same word may need to be translated in numerous different ways in different contexts. I’m also concerned that by assuming that words have simple fixed meanings, we can start to impose our own ideas on Scripture, rather than appreciating and understanding the complexity of the documents themselves. A very good example of this is the oft quoted difference between agape and phileo, two Greek words for love. Lastly, I am continually bothered by the translation wars in the English language which tout the value of “literal” translations over other sorts of translations. The simple fact is that there is no such thing as a literal Bible translation; if anyone tried to produce such a thing it would be unreadable. Let’s stop using the word “literally” when we talk about Bible translation; it literally makes my blood boil! If you want a reasoned and sensible discussion of the different translations available in English and the philosophies that lie behind them, please read Dave Brunn’s One Bible; Many Versions.
Click through the slides to learn more about Sandy Koufax Lefty pitcher Sandy Koufax played his entire Major League Baseball career for the Dodgers, from 1955 to 1966. He retired at the age of 30 when arthritis in his left elbow made playing baseball impossible. Koufax was the first major leaguer to pitch four no-hitters, and in 1972 became the youngest player ever elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Koufax was also one of the outstanding Jewish athletes in American sports. His decision not to pitch the first game of the 1965 World Series because it fell on Yom Kippur garnered national attention. Learn more about Koufax, courtesy of “Sandy Koufax: A Lefty’s Legacy,” by Jane Leavy.
March 7, 2011 The current daily federal assault on state and individual rights has nearly every state legislature and governor scrambling to figure out what their state rights really are and how to assert them, before state sovereignty is completely eliminated under the assumed powers of so-called Federal Supremacy. Unlike federal legislators, state legislators swear an oath to protect and preserve the rights of their states and establish state policy on behalf of state citizens. They are obligated to live within the confines of the US Constitution in so doing, but their primary oath is to the people of their individual state, not the federal government. Yet many state officials have a convoluted understanding of their oath and obligations, claiming the existence of states’ rights, but no right or means to assert these rights. Basic Constitutional Knowledge 101 It’s widely known that our federal government was created by the states (the colonies) to serve at the pleasure of the states and the people. We know that our federal government is a Representative Republic (not a popular democracy) and that the governing Law of the Land is the US Constitution, not an unelected oligarchy. It’s understood that the federal government was assigned certain specific duties and the authority necessary to perform those duties, and we also know that any powers and duties not specifically delegated to the federal government in the US Constitution, are duties and powers reserved to the states and/or the people, under the Tenth Amendment in the Bill of Rights. Despite this common knowledge, many remain confused about state rights and the methods of protecting and preserving the Republic and specifically, the rights of each state. Legislators and lawyers are no exception. Expanded Federal Powers Over the years since the ratification of the US Constitution, a steady effort has been under way to expand federal powers, not by Amendment process, but by legal interpretations of existing constitutional text. The Supremacy Clause – Commerce Clause – General Welfare Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause, have all been intentionally perverted for the purpose of expanding federal powers. Although these clauses all exist in constitutional text as delegated powers, the modern interpretation of these federal powers are now the exact opposite of their original intent. Federal law is “supreme” only to the degree that federal law is “constitutional” – within the delegated powers of the federal government to begin with. • The Commerce Clause relates only to Commerce, or trade. Not every interstate event. • The General Welfare clause was intended to keep the federal government from making laws that did not serve the general welfare of all states and citizens equally. • And the Necessary and Proper Clause was intended to limit federal law-making to only those laws necessary and proper in the carrying out of delegated and enumerated powers. In other words, all of these clauses were written into the US Constitution in an overt effort to limit federal powers. Yet, it is these clauses which have been perverted to an opposite meaning today, and used to expand federal power to the point that many state officials no longer know that they have state sovereignty and rights. Protected by the Tenth Before the colonies would ratify the Constitution, they demanded certain additional protections of both state and individual rights under our first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights. The practice of subverting the Constitution via broad ungrounded interpretations has been a practice within the legal profession for so many years that few American citizens or legislators even know their rights anymore, much less how to protect and preserve them. But the Founders made it all very simple and clear in the Tenth Amendment - “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” Just in case any confusion would grow over time, or the federal government would grow despotic in nature, attempting to run roughshod over the people and/or the states, the Founding Fathers brilliantly eliminated any potential confusion with The Tenth Amendment. The States and the People Have Rights In short, every right imaginable on planet earth which is not a specific delegated power of the federal government, is a right reserved to the states and/or the people. End of story! But do the states have the power or mechanisms to assert these rights, or stop the federal government from infringing upon the rights and powers reserved to the states? The Second Amendment exists just in case the Tenth Amendment fails. It is up to the states to enforce the Tenth Amendment, or the people retain their right to act under the Second Amendment. “The strongest reason for the people to retain the right to bear arms is, as a last resort, to protect themselves against tyranny in government” – Thomas Jefferson The Case for State Nullification Our Declaration of Independence which established America as a free sovereign nation and set the foundation for a free society of self-governed, made it all quite clear – “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Again, in short, this language establishes that the people have the right to live free from tyranny or government intrusion. The right to live free… “That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed” That all government is of, by and for the people and must operate with the full consent of the governed… and if government fails to do so - “That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.” When the federal government ceases to perform in a manner which well serves the states and/or the people’s desire to live free, both the states and the people have a right and an obligation to alter or abolish that government. A bankrupt federal government forcing states into bankruptcy certainly qualifies as a government which no longer serves the states or the people well, and has in fact become destructive of the only goal of government, which is to protect and preserve the rights of the people. When the federal government acts beyond its Constitutional scope and authority, it is by definition acting “unconstitutionally,” and it is the right and obligation of the states and/or the people to end that practice for the sake of preserving our Republican form of government, not destroying it. The right of the states to nullify unconstitutional federal acts is not a form of secession. It is a final attempt to avoid secession. It is an effort to alter the behaviors of government despotism before abolishing that despotic government becomes the only remaining alternative. It is a means of upholding, preserving and enforcing the US Constitution, not destroying it. Protecting or Perverting the Constitution Altering or abolishing if necessary, a government which has become destructive of the Constitution, the states and the people, is protecting the Constitution. Allowing the subversion of the Constitution via false interpretations of constitutional text is to allow the perversion of the constitution and it can in no way be construed as protecting the Constitution, the states or the people. To Alter or Abolish When a federal government becomes so destructive of the purpose of freedom and liberty, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it altogether. It is therefore, the right and responsibility of the states, on behalf of their people, to step in and force the federal government to act within constitutional confines before the people are forced to take matters into their own hands. States can and must alter the behaviors of a despotic federal government, or the people’s last remaining option is to abolish it altogether and begin anew, - “instituting new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.” Once the federal government fails the people, the states must act to preserve our form of government, not to destroy it. The ability of states to nullify unconstitutional acts is not only fully constitutional, it is necessary today. Sadly, some state legislators simply do not know what the constitution says or what it means. Nobody alive today knows as much about the content and meaning of the US Constitution as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and it was Jefferson and Madison who developed and proposed State Nullification powers. On the basis of Jefferson and Madison, Arizona is poised to be the first state to pass broad-based state nullification powers in SB 1433, leading the nation towards the preservation of states’ rights and constitutional law, if they can find enough legislators who truly know their constitutional rights and have the backbone to assert them. On the other hand, if the states fail to rein in an overbearing and over-reaching federal government under their 10th Amendment rights, the matter will be left to the people of the United States to resolve on their own. As John F. Kennedy once put it - “Those who make peaceful revolution impossible, make violent revolution inevitable.” Nullification is a peaceful means of upholding the US Constitution as the Law of the Land. Secession is something quite different and is not likely to be a peaceful process, and is in fact a departure from the US Constitution and union of the states. Demonstrated in the 2010 election cycle and in nationwide protests and rallies over the last few years, the people are growing increasingly intolerant of federal intrusions into their lives and impatient for a remedy. They swept Republicans into power all across the country at the state and federal level. They demand that Republicans now live up to their campaign promises and force the federal government back into the confines of its constitutional box of limited power. State Nullification is the proper mechanism whereby the states can take swift and decisive action against a federal government which incorrectly believes itself to be the unbridled Law of this Land and supreme in its power to enforce even unconstitutional acts. State Nullification is designed to uphold, protect and preserve the US Constitution and the compact between the states. If nullification does not work, secession is the last remaining remedy for states and people who no longer wish to live under the boot of the federal government. Subscribe to the NewsWithViews Daily News Alerts! The federal government simply must be forced to live within its delegated powers, or it has indeed become destructive of the very purpose of government. When the federal government acts in an unconstitutional manner, the states must put the federal government back in its proper place and nullification is the proper means. For state nullification to be unconstitutional, as some insist, the Bill of Rights would have to be unconstitutional. If ill-informed people who think nullification is in any way at odds with the US Constitution are right, then the US Constitution and Bill of Rights are already dead. State sovereignty and rights do not exist, unless the states have the power and the means to protect and preserve those rights. � 2011 JB Williams - All Rights Reserved JB Williams is a business man, a husband, a father, and a writer. A no nonsense commentator on American politics, American history, and American philosophy. He is published nationwide and in many countries around the world. He is also a Founder of Freedom Force USA and a staunch conservative actively engaged in returning the power to the right people in America. Web site 1: www.freedomforce.us/ Web site 2: www.jb-williams.com/
Solar energy has become increasingly popular in recent years. As people become more aware of the damage humans have done to our environment, they are searching for more ways to protect it when using energy. To learn more about using solar energy in your life, read on. Not every solar panel is created equally. Always buy from a reputable dealer that has been in business for a number of years. The solar energy marketplace is littered with businesses that do not succeed. Make sure the company you buy from will be around if you need help or have problems with your system. As you prepare to buy a solar power system, don’t underestimate the importance of recommendations. Talk to everyone you know, whether they are friends, family members or even coworkers. You may be surprised by the number of people that have experience with these systems. They can tell you what they found out along their journey and guide you in the right direction. Check that your solar panels will be mounted in a way that works with the climate you live in. Some areas are prone to cyclones and tornadoes, and it is important to choose a mounting system for your panels that can withstand high winds if you live in these areas. If you fail to do this, the first natural disaster could result in your panels becoming unattached and useless. Try to choose solar panels that can have their angles adjusted easily. The angle at which the sun hits the Earth changes throughout the year. This means that the best angle to catch the suns rays can be very different between summer and winter. Ideally you want to at least be able to adjust the angle of your panels twice a year, however if you can find some that allow adjustments four times a year (spring, summer, fall, winter) that is even better. Solar heating systems use the power from the sun to help heat your home in the Winter. This type of system is a great option for locations that do not get especially cold. Using this type of system in conjunction with your regular heating system can save you up to 50 percent of your energy costs. If you cannot afford a full-scale solar energy system, consider investing in a smaller one. Some vendors offer small systems designed to power a water heater or a generator. This small investment should help you save money within the next few years and you can easily expand your solar energy system by powering more appliances with solar panels. Solar energy systems allow you to cut your ties to the outside world. You can go completely off grid with one of these systems. You will not have to pay monthly fees or wonder who is watching your power use. You can increase your level of privacy while saving the environment and your money. Be realistic about the costs of having a solar energy system. If you’re paying much less than other systems that are around the same size as yours, you may have poor equipment or installation work. Like with many things in life you get what you pay for. Quality installation work and equipment isn’t going to be cheap. You may have substantial savings by going with a large company, but other companies may be cutting corners to keep costs down. Know how light mixes with the trees around your property. You may think you’ve got the perfect spot for a solar panel, but watch it throughout the day. The sun coming in from different angles may lead to surprising shadows from trees and foliage. This will affect your solar output. Understand what the energy usage patterns in your home are. This can give you a great idea of how well a solar energy unit can benefit your home. This is important to choose the right size solar energy system. Since energy usage changes on a seasonal basis, monitoring your bills is important. Don’t assume that you have to live in the desert to use solar panels on your roof. If your roof expanse gets a minimum of five hours of direct sunlight on an average day, there is likely a solar panel installation that can generate electricity for your home or building. Outdoor lighting fixtures can be completely powered by solar energy. Search for outdoor fixtures that collect energy from the sun during the day and release it after dark. While these fixtures do not require a lot of energy, these systems are very convenient because there are no electrical wires to run or short out. Are you beginning to see the light when it comes to solar energy? Solar energy is a great renewable resource die to it providing power without harming the environment. You should start using this power for your own needs. You will be happy you did, as will the planet.
Elements of Criminal Battery Locate a Local Criminal Lawyer What Is Criminal Battery? Battery is a crime defined as the unlawful or unauthorized application of force to another person, resulting in contact that is either harmful or offensive to the victim. The crime of battery is usually connected with the crime of assault, which is an incomplete or attempted battery. The crime of battery is usually classified as a misdemeanor crime, which results in the legal consequences of monetary fines and/or jail time of up to one year. Some types of battery crimes are considered felonies, such as aggravated battery. Battery is also considered to be a general intent crime. This means that the defendant need not intend any specific type of harm to the defendant. Rather, they must simply demonstrate a general intent to harm or offend the person in order to be found guilty. For example, if the defendant intended to strike the victim’s head but instead struck their arm, they could still be found guilty of battery. What Are the Elements Required to Prove Battery? If a defendant is facing criminal charges of battery, the prosecution must present evidence that proves their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecution must persuade the jury that the following elements have been satisfied: - “Unlawful or unauthorized application of force”: The defendant’s acts must be unlawful or unauthorized. If the victim has consented to the defendant’s actions, it will negate this element. Also, the application of force need not be severe; even a minimal application of force or contact will often satisfy this requirement. - “to another person”: The crime of battery only refers to contact with another person, although in some instances the victim recover damages to property which was attached or connected in some way to their body (for example, if they received damage to their suitcase which they were holding during the battery). - “Resulting in harmful or offensive contact”: The defendant’s acts must result in some form of harm or conduct that is considered to be offensive. Obvious examples of this are if the defendant has struck the victim’s body, or if they have engaged in inappropriate contact such as unwanted kissing or hugging. When proving battery in a court of law, the jury must also consider the victim’s background when analyzing the above elements. Certain conditions may make the defendant’s actions harmful or offensive, even if they would not normally be considered to be so under normal circumstances. For example, giving a close friend or relative a hug might not considered a battery, as this is not normally thought of as offensive contact. However, hugging a stranger or a co-worker may be considered a battery, because in that social context a hug might be considered offensive. Are There Any Defenses to a Battery Charge? One of the basic requirements of battery is that the defendant intended to commit the act in question. Therefore, any conduct or circumstances that would negate or cancel out the defendant’s intent would serve as a defense to battery. Some types of defenses that operate in this way include intoxication or insanity (the defendant is unable to make an intentional act due to the intoxication or insanity). Another defense that may be available in a battery claim is self-defense or defense of property. According to this defense, it is possible that the above elements may have all been fulfilled and the victim may have actually suffered injury. However, the defendant will not be found guilty if they acted while defending themselves or their property. It is usually required that the defendant apply the same amount of force that they have been threatened with. Should I Hire a Lawyer to Pursue or Defend My Battery Charges? If you have been the victim of a battery, you should contact a lawyer immediately. Your lawyer will be able to review the elements for battery and determine whether or not your claim would survive in court. Likewise, if you are being charged with battery, a criminal attorney can review the facts of the case in relation to the elements described above. Consult a Lawyer - Present Your Case Now! Last Modified: 10-18-2016 06:55 PM PDT Link to this page
The influence of physical activity and fitness at older ages on changes in telomere length is not well-established. Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA placed at the ends of chromosomes that act as ?caps? protecting the information on our genome. A small fraction of telomeric DNA is lost with each cell division, as part of the normal cellular process, and when it achieves a critical length, cell stops dividing or die. Therefore, telomere length has received attention as a potential marker of biologic aging. For example, in the Cardiovascular Health Study, shorter telomere length was associated with higher risk of CVD, with age-related disease burden and mortality. Greater physical activity and physical fitness are consistently associated with lower morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases, supporting a potential ?anti-aging? effect. Yet, only limited epidemiologic evidence supports an influence on physical activity or physical fitness on telomere length. In this study, researchers suggest that greater physical activity and fitness levels might be associated with slowing the speed at which telomeres become shorter over time? by suggesting that leisure time activity and fitness could reduce leukocyte telomere ?erosion? among older adults. These results suggest that being active may have a role in the control of telomere length during the aging process.?View the abstract Click here for full podcast playlist.
FC: Mixbook Timeline \| by Aimee Russell & Alondra Salazar P6 1: Britain was taxing the Colonists and weren't investing money into the new society that they were trying to establish. Five men, including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin wrote the Declaration of Independence. And this document declared their separation from Britain on July 4th. \| Declaration Of Independence 2: The Bill Of Rights is a list of basic rights of citizens. It also includes the first 10 amendments of the U.S Constitution. (Law Of The Land) \| Bill OF RIGHTS 3: Supporters of Jackson came together and formed the Democratic Party. The Jacksonian democracy gave more governmental power to the common people by allowing them to have a vote in political issues. Common people and other citizens favored Jackson as president very much because his political policy was equal. \| JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 4: Manifest Destiny is the belief that the United States could expand all the way across North America. It led to war with Mexico and it changed the map of the United States. \| MANIFEST DESTINY 5: NORTH AND SOUTH \| The South’s economy was based on agriculture and inventiveness ruled the North. The North had better advantages than the South. The North built better railroads, while the South kept transporting their goods by rivers. Then differences of free and slave states began forming. All the states above the 36-30 line were free states and all the states below it were slave states. 6: Slavery \| After the Cotton Gin was invited slave labor was eased because they didn’t have to seed cotton anymore. Cotton then remained the South’s main cash crop, and they depended on slaves more than they ever have before. Most Northerners were abolitionists and wanted to end slavery, but Southerners highly disagreed with them. 7: Slavery \| African Americans were treated very badly and often separated from their families. Slaves were viewed as property. Their masters could do anything that they pleased with them. Owners did not want their slaves to gain any knowledge at all so that they wouldn’t rebel. In 1850 they passed the Fugitive Slave Act (anyone who helped slaves escape would be punished harshly.) 8: Diving Nation \| The North and South were fighting over which states should be slave-states or free states. A novel called “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” increased the number of abolitionists. Then the Dred Scott Decision declared that slavery was legal and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. \| As a result of The Election of 1860 the Southern States seceded. 9: THE CIVIL WAR \| After Lincoln became president in 1860, the Southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. This war was mainly caused by issues including western expansion and slavery. During the Battle Of Fort Sumter the first shots initiating the Civil War happened. \| After four years of brutal blood sheds the Confederate States finally surrendered and slavery was outlawed in all states in the United States. This war was proven to have the most casualties (620,000) , but most of them were from diseases. 10: After the Civil War Lincoln was assassinated in 1850 and Andrew Johnson became president. Radicals wanted to punish the South harshly, upgrade the rights of freedmen, and limit the president’s power. Southern states enacted a series of laws called the “Black Codes” and the North did not like this at all. Later on Congress passed the Freedmen’s Bureau, Civil Rights Act, and the Reconstruction Act of 1867. \| Reconstruction (1865-1877) 11: These laws helped protect the rights of freedmen and kept them safe. In order for the Confederate States to rejoin the Union they had to abolish slavery and ratify the 14th and 15th amendments. African Americans began to hold office and this made whites angry, so they formed the KKK which turned to violence against blacks. \| Reconstruction (1865-1877) 12: Manufacturing use to be done in people’s home using basic tools, then Industrialization was formed. This helped form bigger businesses and made it easier and quicker to make products. Since Industrialization was so expensive investors gave money to help pay for the costs. Railroads and canals transporterd people to places and increased the size of the U.S marketplace. The number of businesses increased, therefore workers were needed and immigrants got the job done. 13: Rise Of Industry 14: References!! \| http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution http://www.history.com/topics/reconstruction http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war http://countrystudies.us/united-states/history-62.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States http://www.history.com/topics/slavery 15: REFERENCES!!! \| http://www.history.com/topics/manifest-destiny http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/pcp_myhistorylab_americanhist_1_master/37/9715/2487153.cw/content/index.html http://www.history.com/topics/bill-of-rights http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/us-declares-independence 18: As long as I live, I'll hear waterfalls and birds and winds sing. I'll interpret the rocks, learn the language of flood, storm, and the avalanche. I'll acquaint myself with the glaciers and wild gardens, and get as near the heart of the world as I can. -John Muir
Bohemia, NY (PRWEB) July 25, 2012 On July 25, 2012, Likewise Skincare, a skincare manufacturer that produces facial moisturizer for dry skin, commented on a study done by Dr. Jonathan I. Silverberg. According to an article in Family Practice News, Dr. Silverberg has claimed that climate and weather is a contributing factor to the occurrence of eczema. The article states that Dr. Silverberg took the data from a 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health compiled by the Department of Health and Human Services and combined it with state-by-state data from both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Climatic Data Center and the National Weather Service. The findings in the research proved that “the prevalence of eczema was significantly lower in areas of the country with high relative humidity during the previous 2 years.” The study also found that the occurrence of eczema was less high in areas with a high or extreme UV index. Eczema was also less common in areas with a more than average outdoor air temperature. Conversely, eczema is more common in areas with a higher heating degree day index. Although environmental impact contributes to dry skin, there are other potential factors that can contribute to eczema. The article goes on the state that, “family history, race/ethnicity, urban living, and socioeconomic status” are all established eczema risk factors. The study was partly funded by a grant from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Likewise Skincare commends the ground breaking research and study. The skincare manufacturer produces moisturizers to relieve skin issues like uncomfortable dry skin. Facial moisturizer for dry skin may help ease the irritation of eczema. Eczema is a chronic medical condition that causes skin to become dry, scaly, itchy, and inflamed. Likewise Skincare was founded by board certified dermatologist and President of Likewise, Inc., Dr. Julie Pena. Likewise daily moisturizers are all-in-one but not one-fits-all. Each moisturizer is formulated with skin-balancing toners to work with your specific skin type. The moisturizers use a combination of anti-aging antioxidants, ultra-protective zinc oxide, and water-resistant ingredients to keep you protected.
Standardized: fringe tree Chionanthus virginicus L. Plant Family: Oleaceae Fringe tree is small tree or shrub that is native to the North American continent, but is predominantly found in the eastern United States from Tennessee to Pennsylvania, bearing white flowers with fringe-like petals in June, giving the plant its name. It is considered one of the continents most beautiful native plants. The white fringe of the flowers looks like ethereal cotton or white clouds. It has large leaves like those of the magnolia. The almost-odorless root bark is gathered, washed, and dried for medicinal use. It has all but eluded modern horticulturists in growing it on a commercial scale, either by cutting or grafting. Most plants seen in gardens are from seeds which require over two years to germinate, if at all. Traditionally used as a tea or fluid extract. May be combined with barberry, dioscorea, or euonymous for treating liver diseases. Specific: No known precautions. General: We recommend that you consult with a qualified healthcare practitioner before using herbal products, particularly if you are pregnant, nursing, or on any medications. For educational purposes only. This information has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A particle of mass 0.400 kg is shot from P . The particle has an initial velocity vi with the horizontal component of 30 m/s. The particle rises to a maximum height of 20 m above P. Using the law of conservation of energy, determine : (a) the vertical component of vi (b) the work done by the gravitational force on the particle during its motion from P to B (c) the horizontal and the vertical components of the velocity vector when the particle reaches B P is in height of 60 m. 2. Relevant equations Ek = -Ep 3. The attempt at a solution a.) 1/2mv2 = -(mgh) 1/2v2 = -(-9,820) v2 = 29,8m/s220m v=19,7 m/s¨ b.) A=mgh A=0,4kg9,8m/s260m A=294 J c.) 1/2mv2 =-(mgh) 1/2v2=-(9,8-80) v2=29,8m/s280m v=39,5m/s I do not know if I should calculate with minus Ep. And then if the acceleration should be with minus in a.) and in c.) the acceleration positive and height negative?
The giant panda is considered a national treasure in its home country, China. While their famous black and white fur pattern might stand out to us, it is actually used for camouflage. The white sections help them blend into snowy surroundings during winter, and the dark black fur helps them disappear in the shade of trees in summer. While pandas are known for their clumsy and lazy behaviour often observed in captivity or during feeding, they are actually proficient tree climbers and swimmers. However, they do also spend a lot of time sitting around eating bamboo. It can take as long as 12 hours a day for a panda to eat the amount of bamboo it needs to get enough nutrients. Though bamboo makes up most of a panda’s diet, their bodies are not well-suited to digesting the plant. Of the 12 kilograms of bamboo they eat per day, they can only digest around 17%. This is because pandas only adopted a bamboo diet a few million years ago, and their digestive system is still that of a carnivore. Perhaps because much of their time is spent eating, giant pandas are not very social animals. They live solitary lives, using their sense of smell to avoid each other’s territory. They only seek out other pandas in spring for mating season. Female pandas are pregnant for five months before giving birth to a tiny cub about 1/800 of their size. They can typically only care for one infant at a time because the tiny cubs need constant and careful attention. However, around half of panda pregnancies result in twins, and the weaker of the two cubs is often abandoned. As well as being important to Chinese culture and ecotourism, pandas play an important role in maintaining the health of their environment, helping vegetation to thrive by spreading seeds in their droppings. This, in turn, allows other animals to prosper. What is a giant panda's scientific name? The panda’s scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca, which means ‘black and white cat foot.’ It was given the common name of ‘panda’ because its bamboo diet and specially adapted paws resembled the red panda, an otherwise unrelated animal that was discovered almost 50 years previously. Are giant pandas endangered? Living proof that threatened animals can be saved, giant pandas were listed as endangered until 2016, when they were reclassified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Thanks to China’s extensive conservation efforts, giant pandas are no longer as severely threatened by hunting, habitat loss, or human development as they were 30 years ago, and their numbers have actually started to increase. However, they remain vulnerable because their population numbers are still very small. Where do giant pandas live? Giant pandas live in a selection of mountain ranges in central China. They once lived at lower elevations around the bases of these mountains, but these areas have since been developed for farming and other human activities. The most notable characteristic of panda habitat is the dense thickets of bamboo on the forest floor. Since this is a panda’s main source of food, its availability is one of the main prerequisites for suitable panda habitat. The panda population is still recovering from habitat loss which has left them with few and fragmented pockets of suitable bamboo habitat. While in this precarious situation, other issues such as hunting, climate change, and further habitat loss pose an urgent threat. Giant pandas now occupy just a fraction of their historical range in the mountainous areas of central China, and their populations are very fragmented. According to the latest survey, pandas live in around 33 subpopulations, some of which contain less than 10 individuals. This separation makes it much harder for pandas to reproduce and avoid inbreeding. Another consequence of their small range is limited food availability. Because they rely almost solely on bamboo for food, pandas need access to multiple species of bamboo in case one suffers a mass die-off event. Now though, they can’t travel to higher or lower ground to find an unaffected species. Instead, a die-off event could lead to starvation if the pandas fail to find an alternative food source. Currently, the Chinese government is highly committed to panda conservation efforts because they consider the bear a national treasure. However, if this changes in the future, more panda habitat could be encroached on by humans for farming and mining projects. Hunting is thankfully no longer a common threat to pandas thanks to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1988. However, hunting of other species still takes place in the area and can occasionally result in the accidental death of a panda. Because panda numbers are so low, each individual is essential for conservation efforts, and it’s important to limit these hunting accidents as much as possible. Because pandas live in a small area and depend on one type of plant for the majority of their food, climate change poses a significant threat to their way of life. If changes in the climate affect the growth or availability of bamboo, pandas would be in danger of mass starvation. Unfortunately, current climate change projection models show a high probability of bamboo loss in the next 70 years, with some even predicting complete extinction. The models also suggest that panda habitat could become more suitable for human farming by the end of this century, which could prompt further habitat loss to agricultural development. What do giant pandas eat? The giant panda diet consists almost exclusively of bamboo. They eat the stems, leaves, and shoots of bamboo, even though they can’t digest one of the main elements of the plant, cellulose. To get around this problem, pandas need to almost constantly expel the indigestible parts of bamboo as they eat, resulting in as many as 50 toilet breaks per day. They also need to consume an extremely large amount of bamboo to get enough nutrients, a task that takes around 10 to 12 hours each day. Bamboo plants sometimes experience a phenomenon called ‘flowering’ which results in the mass death of huge areas of bamboo plants. Because of this, pandas typically need to live somewhere with access to at least two different species of bamboo so they can switch if one suffers a mass die-off event. What do giant pandas eat other than bamboo? Pandas once had a carnivorous diet but switched to bamboo around three million years ago, according to fossil records. Though they have since developed various adaptations for bamboo in their thumb-like wrist bones, teeth, and jaws, they still retain the digestive system of a carnivore. They may have lost the physical ability or innate knowledge required to catch most types of live prey, but they will still occasionally eat meat like small birds and rodents. However, 99% of a panda’s diet consists of bamboo. How big is a giant panda? Giant pandas can stand 60 to 90 centimetres tall at the shoulder when they’re on all four legs, and their length can reach up to 1.8 metres. How much does a giant panda weigh? Male pandas can weigh up to 100 kilograms, while females are generally smaller. Are giant pandas bears? Giant pandas are classed as bears and share many physical and behavioural characteristics with other species in the bear family (Ursidae). However, in the past, their classification has been a topic of disagreement. Some scientists believed they should be classed as members of the Procyonidae family with raccoons, and others placed them with red pandas in the Ailuridae family. Finally, research in the 1990s proved close evolutionary ties between giant pandas and bear species, securing their place as a member of the Ursidae family. Do giant pandas hibernate? Unlike other bears, giant pandas do not hibernate during winter. Instead, they head towards lower elevations where the temperature is higher and continue their usual daily routine of eating bamboo for 12 hours. How long do giant pandas live? Are giant pandas dangerous? Giant pandas are large bears with strong teeth, long claws, and muscular bodies, so they can be dangerous. In the wild, they fight to compete for territory or females. In captivity, it is uncommon for keepers to enter an adult panda’s enclosure as it could be unsafe. Do pandas have tails? Giant pandas do have tails but they are very short and stubby, without much range of movement. Many of the panda’s body parts are similarly lacking in expressive abilities. Their facial expressions don’t change, their ears are not flexible enough to move, and they have no crest or mane to erect. This lack of communicative adaptations could be due to their solitary lifestyles. What sound does a panda make? Pandas have been recorded making chirping, honking, bleating, chomping, and barking sounds. Other noises in their repertoire have been described as ‘cuckoo,’ ‘woo woos,’ and ‘creaks.’ Because they are so rare and elusive, there are lots of facts about pandas that we don’t know. Even information about their vocalisations is incomplete, and most studies are conducted with pandas in captivity. What is a group of pandas called? Today, a group of pandas is most commonly known as an ‘embarrassment’ of pandas, a term that refers to their clumsy movements and lazy personas. It’s thought that the term might have been created and popularised online as no scientists seem to know where it came from. There is another term for a group of pandas that was used by zoologists in the 19th century—a ‘cupboard’ of pandas. No one knows where this term came from, either. Why did giant pandas almost go extinct? Pandas suffered from significant habitat loss when humans started developing the lowland areas of the mountain ranges where they lived. This forced the pandas to move higher up the mountains, limiting their space and reducing food availability. They were also hunted extensively in the first half of the 20th century, causing losses that were difficult for pandas to recover from due to their slow reproduction rates. How are giant pandas affected by climate change? Pandas live off bamboo as a primary food source. When bamboo becomes unavailable, such as during mass flowering events, populations are at risk of starvation. Habitat changes and degradation due to climate change may potentially affect bamboo growth in the future. Several models predicting the consequences of climate change estimate a 37% to 100% loss of bamboo habitat by the end of the century. How many giant pandas are left? While the population trend for giant pandas is increasing, their numbers are still small. The IUCN estimates that there are between 500 and 1,000 mature individuals, while The Fourth National Survey conducted by China estimates the total population size to be around 2,060 adults and young. Although the extensive conservation efforts by China are proving effective, this small population size alone qualifies the giant panda for their ‘vulnerable’ status. How can you help? Giant pandas are facing habitat loss, hunting, and climate change.
The online line between studying and copying may be blurring. CBS found that 90% of US teenagers use the web to research school assignments, and 57% of them say they do so frequently. Hot on the heels of last week’s survey on teen Internet use from BurstMedia, comes a new CBSNews.com poll showing that the Internet has become an integral part of teen study habits. On the downside of studying online, the survey found that 20% of US teens admit to having used the Internet to plagiarize material for school assignments. Asked if they had cheated at least once, 24% of the boys and 14% of the girls owned up. But CBS researchers believe those figures may be low. "Survey respondents sometimes find it difficult to admit to an interviewer they’ve done things that are illegal or unethical. While teenagers might be less susceptible than adults to this, there’s a good chance the actual percentage might be higher," said Kathleen Frankovic of CBS. In addition, the poll confirmed many commonly held beliefs about teen Internet use. About two-thirds of them e-mail and more than half go online to download music. However, asking the question two different ways, the two polls found that the Internet was not quite as important to teens as might be expected. When Burst asked teens what impact no Internet access (outside of school) would have on their day, 28.9% said it would "ruin" their day, but 31.2% said they "would be just fine" without online access. CBS asked teens how being deprived of technology for a week — including cell phones, iPods and computers — would affect them, and 57% said it wouldn’t matter either way to them. In fact, 10% said they would feel relieved. Of course, about a third said they would be lost without technology for a week. Both polls also found that the Internet is unquestionably emerging as a major social tool for teens. CBS found that nearly half of US teens post on social networking websites such as Facebook or MySpace at least occasionally. In similar findings, the Burst survey showed that roughly three out of five US teens had visited a social networking website, and 60% of them actually joined and created a profile. In a finding that may surprise many observers, CBS reports that shopping online is not a big activity for teens. A mere 6% of teens said they went online frequently to shop, compared to 75% who said they rarely or never shopped online.
Place four pebbles on the sand in the form of a square. Keep adding as few pebbles as necessary to double the area. How many extra pebbles are added each time? Suppose we allow ourselves to use three numbers less than 10 and multiply them together. How many different products can you find? How do you know you've got them all? Investigate the different shaped bracelets you could make from 18 different spherical beads. How do they compare if you use 24 beads? Clement from Sha Tin College in Hong Kong has sent in this solution for Scoring with Dice: For the first question, I had to find a combination using 4 numbers, and its product had to be 4 times its sum. I first tried to find a suitable number, with many factors. And it had to be big enough in order to fit the sum of the combination in. I thought: 40 would probably be too small to fit the sum of the combination in and 44 only had 4 factors, so I tried 48. I listed all the factors: 224, 316, 412 and 68 and tried splitting each one of them into 4 steps, such as: 2641 or 3422 and I eventually came up with one: 6222, the sum being 12. I used the same method for the next two questions and came up with 5322 which made 60, the sum being 12 and 33222 which made 72, the sum being 12. Thank you for this clearly explained answer Clement.
Question: when are land owners more likely to petition the ruler to restrict the freedom of peasants to move around: when there are lots of peasants or when there are only few? That was the question asked by Professor Domar of MIT. When peasants are numerous, their wages will be low, or subsistence. If you have to hire them you pay them little, if you enslave them, you still have to feed them. So slavery doesn’t make all that much sense. The story is very different when there are only few peasants (relative to land). Their wages would be high and you would save yourself substantial resources if you could get the ruler to force the peasants to work for you for free. In 17th century Russia, Ukraine and southern lands became open for settlement. Because of all that land, peasants’ options improved and the land owners petitioned the Tsar to restrict their freedoms (among others, the Law of 1658 made flight from their assigned estate a criminal offense). In 17th century America, the colonial administration first tried to enslave the Indians, which didn’t work, and then tried to use indenture d servants to run the economy, which didn’t work because of the abundance of land. Bringing slaves from Africa became a necessity.
Turkish Washcloth or Black Tar Spot (Mastocarpus papillatus) Not really used by Turks as a washcloth, this species of red alga has a surface texture like such a cloth, at least in the female gametophyte. Reddish-brown to blackish, it grows in abundance on rocky substrates in the high to mid intertidal zones of Pacific Northwest coastal waters. Male plants lack the papillae that dot the blades of the female and are paler in color. The alga is fairly small, the branched blade growing to about 15 cm in length. The coloration of red algae is an adaptation to growing in deeper water, as their red pigment (phycoerythrin) involved in photosynthesis reflects red and absorbs blue wavelengths, which penetrate into deeper water. Mastocarpus has been found down to 250 meters. Phycoerythrin is used in the laboratory technique called immunofluorescence to determine, among other things, the presence and location of antibodies in tissue in the presence of fluorescent light. Algae are fascinating to look at and often beautiful in their own way, but they don’t do much. What makes them especially interesting, however, is their complex reproductive cycle, and this one is more complex than most. Male gametophytes release nonflagellated sperm into the water column, and they are carried by the current to the female plants, where they lodge on receptive hairlike structures called trichogynes. The attached sperm undergo mitosis without cell division, forming a spermatium. A fertilization pore between the spermatium and trichogyne allows fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into a tetrasporophyte, which often looks just like the male and female gametophytes that produced it. Under certain conditions, however, the fertilized gametes grow into a completely different sort of tetrasporophyte, a thin crust that looks like a patch of tar, thus the other common name. This is called the Petrocelis phase, from the name originally given to this stage, thought to be a very different type of alga. The tetrasporophyte produces tetrasporangia by meiosis, and the spores are released into the water column to germinate on another rock and complete the cycle. The encrusting stage at some point actually gives rise to the familiar branched plant. Turkish Washcloth has been used extensively as a therapeutic food. It is much richer in vitamins than most land plants and is known to enhance the immune system, reduce bacterial infections, and suppress the growth of viruses, including herpes, HIV, and influenza. We tend to think of organisms such as red algae as permanent fixtures in their ecosystem, but there is a fungal pathogen called red rot disease (Pythium porphyrae) that affects these plants and can wipe out extensive beds. It infests numerous kinds of red algae, and it has stimulated much research because of its effect on nori (Porphyra spp.), an important edible seaweed on the other side of the Pacific.
Advancing Radar Technologies for Space Exploration The Ohio State University Remote sensing technologies remain the primary means by which scientific knowledge about the surrounding universe is gathered in lieu of human exploration. Radar remote sensing occupies a critical juncture between the hardware ability to detect signals and the digital computing technology to process these signals in real time. This proposal advances possible improvements to radar remote sensing technology and their potential uses to increase the scientific returns from space exploration. Of particular interest are "software defined" Radar systems, capable of dynamic reconfiguration for incredible adaptability, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar methods which show promise to greatly increase the capture rate and sensitivity of imaging technologies. The fusion of these two concepts presents a unique opportunity for technical validation in a field where theory abounds but demonstration is scarce.
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common new cancer in men and the tenth in women. About 60,000 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed this year. What causes bladder cancer? No one knows the exact causes of bladder cancer, but research continues to find answers and eventually a cure. Many studies have found the following risk factors for bladder cancer: - The chance of getting bladder cancer increases with age—bladder cancer mostly affects people in their 60s and 70s. People under 40 rarely get this disease, but it does happen occassionally. - Cigarette smoking - Cigarette smoking is directly responsible for most cases of bladder cancer. Smoking causes about half of all bladder cancer deaths in men and about one-third of the bladder cancer deaths in women. - Working in certain industries - Some workers have a higher risk of getting bladder cancer because of carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) in the workplace. Workers in the rubber, dye, chemical and leather industries are at increased risk, as are hairdressers, machinists, metal workers, printers, painters, textile workers and truck drivers. - Whites get bladder cancer twice as often as African-Americans and Hispanics. The lowest rates are among Asians. - Men are three times more likely than women to develop bladder cancer. However, women are more likely to die from the disease because they are sometimes not diagnosed in the early stage. - Family history - People with family members who have bladder cancer are more likely to get the disease. Researchers are studying changes in certain genes that may increase the risk of bladder cancer. How does bladder cancer develop? Nearly 80% of bladder cancers remain within the bladder lining, or mucosa. This type of bladder cancer is called superficial bladder cancer, or carcinoma in situ, and often comes back after treatment. In invasive cases, the cancer extends through the bladder wall and may grow into other organs and bones, including lymph nodes, reproductive organs, lungs, liver and the pelvis. What are the symptoms of bladder cancer? The most common symptoms of bladder cancer include: - Blood in the urine (making the urine slightly rusty to deep red) - Pain during urination - Frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without being able to Having these symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has bladder cancer. Infections, benign tumors, bladder stones or other problems also can cause these symptoms. Anyone with these symptoms should see a doctor so that the problem can be caught early. How is bladder cancer diagnosed? If a patient has symptoms that suggest bladder cancer, the doctor will give the patient a complete physical exam and order lab tests. The person may have one or more of the following procedures: - Physical exam - The doctor feels the abdomen and pelvis for tumors. The physical exam may include a rectal or vaginal exam. - Urine tests - The laboratory checks the urine for blood, cancer cells, and other signs of disease. The most common urine test for bladder cancer is a urine cytology, similar to a PAP smear. - Intravenous pyelogram - The doctor injects dye into a blood vessel. The dye collects in the urine, making the bladder and kidneys show up on x-rays. - The doctor uses a thin, lighted tube called a cystoscope to look directly into the bladder. The doctor inserts the cystoscope into the bladder through the urethra to examine the lining of the bladder. The patient may need anesthesia for this procedure. The doctor can remove samples of tissue with the cystoscope. A pathologist then examines the tissue under a microscope. The removal of tissue to look for cancer cells is called a biopsy. In many cases, a biopsy is the only sure way to tell whether cancer is present. For a small number of patients, the doctor removes the entire cancerous area during the biopsy. For these patients, bladder cancer is diagnosed and treated in a single procedure. If bladder cancer is diagnosed, the doctor needs to know the stage, or extent, of the disease to plan the best treatment. Staging is a careful attempt to find out whether the cancer has invaded the bladder wall, whether the disease has spread, and if so, to what parts of the body. In a sense it is a measure of depth and extent of the disease. The doctor may determine the stage of bladder cancer at the time of diagnosis, or may need to give the patient more tests. Such tests may include imaging tests - CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sonogram, intravenous pyelogram, bone scan or chest x-ray. Sometimes staging is not complete until the patient has surgery. These are the main features of each stage of the disease: - Stage 0 - Cancer cells found only on the surface of the inner lining of the bladder; known as superficial cancer or carcinoma in situ (CIS). - Stage I - Cancer cells found deep in the inner lining of the bladder, but not in the muscle of the bladder. Technically, while "invasive", this still counts as superficial bladder cancer since it can be removed through cystoscope surgery. - Stage II - Cancer cells have spread to the muscle of the bladder. - Stage III - Cancer cells have spread through the muscular wall of the bladder to the layer of tissue surrounding the bladder. At this stage, the cancer may also have spread to the reproductive organs. - Stage IV - Cancer extends to the abdomen or pelvis. At this stage, the cancer may have also spread to the lymph nodes and even as far away as the lungs. In addition to knowing the extent of the disease, it is also important to know whether the disease has intrinsic aggressive potential. Under the microscope, the pathologist can usually determine this by looking at the individual cancer cells. Bladder cancer has traditionally been graded on a 3-4 point scale where grade 1 signifies a low-aggressive cancer and grade 3-4 signifies a high-aggressive cancer. Grade 2 is intermediate. Recently, an attempt has been made by pathologists to adopt a simpler, more unified designation of simply low-grade or high-grade. The grade of the cancer is probably the single most important predictor of prognosis for superficial bladder cancers. Unfortunately, by the time the cancers have reached Stages II-IV, grade is less important since almost all of them are of the high-grade type. By definition, CIS is always high-grade. Methods of Treatment There are many different treatments for bladder cancer, such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or immunological therapy. - This is a common treatment for bladder cancer. The type of surgery depends largely on the stage and grade of the tumor. - Transurethral resection: - The doctor may treat early stage (superficial) bladder cancer with transurethral resection (known as TUR). During TUR, a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. A small wire loop on the end is used to remove the cancerous area and to burn away any remaining cancer cells with an electric current. - Radical cystectomy: - For invasive bladder cancer, the most common type of surgery is radical cystectomy, or when superficial cancer involves a large part of the bladder. Radical cystectomy is the removal of the entire bladder, the nearby lymph nodes, part of the urethra, and the nearby organs that may contain cancer cells. In men, the nearby organs that are removed are the prostate, seminal vesicles, and part of the vas deferens. In women, the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and part of the vagina are removed. If the entire bladder is removed, the patient may undergo another procedure to create a pouch to hold urine. Occassionally, small-localized, muscle-invasive bladder cancers can be removed sparing the remaining normal bladder, a procedure referred to as "partial" cystectomy. When bladder cancer has spread beyond the bladder, often the goal of surgery is not to remove the cancer itself, but to relieve the symptoms of the disease. Additional forms of therapy are then used to treat the cancer. - This therapy (also called radiotherapy) uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells in one specific area. Radiation therapy can also be used to shrink a tumor before surgery, to make it easier to remove or after surgery, to kill any cancer cells that may have been left behind. - External radiation - This is usually done at least several days a week on an outpatient basis for several weeks. The high-energy rays are concentrated on the cancerous area from outside the body. - Internal radiation - This is done by placing a small container of a radioactive substance into the bladder through the urethra or through an incision in the abdomen and requires a hospital stay. Once the implant is removed, no radioactivity is left in the body. - This uses drugs to kill cancer cells. A single drug may be used, or a combination of drugs. For patients with superficial bladder cancer, intravesical (inside the bladder) chemotherapy may be used after TUR. A catheter (tube) is placed through the urethra and into the bladder and used to fill the bladder with liquid forms of the drug(s) used. The drugs are left in the bladder for several hours and this treatment is usually done once a week for several weeks, then can be continued once or several times a month for up to a year. For cancer that has spread through other parts of the body, chemotherapy drugs may be given intravenously, or through a vein that carries the drugs throughout the body. The drugs are usually given in cycles so that a recovery period follows every treatment period. Occassionally chemotherapy is also given before bladder surgery - cystectomy - as a means to facilitate surgery by reducing the tumor bulk. This is known as neoadjuvant therapy and has demonstrated survival benefit for many patients needing a radical cystectomy. Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses the body's natural ability (immune system) to fight cancer and is most often used after TUR for superficial bladder cancer to prevent the cancer from coming back. BCG is the most common form of immunotherapy. BCG solution contains live, weakened bacteria that stimulate the immune system to kill cancer cells in the bladder. The bladder is filled with the solution through a catheter and left for about two hours. This treatment is usually done once a week for about six weeks. Interferon is another form of biologic therapy that involves administration of large amounts of a synthetic protein normally made by the body to activate and energize the immune system. Recent studies suggest that a combination of BCG plus Interferon may be particularly active against aggressive or refractory superficial bladder cancer. Michael O'Donnell, MD Department of Urology University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Here is a chart of the values assigned to each of the letters in the English MEANING OF NUMBERS 1. Initiating action, pioneering, leading, independent, attaining, individual. 2. Cooperation, adaptability, consideration of others, partnering, mediating. 3. Expression, verbalization, socialization, the arts, the joy of living. 4. A foundation, order, service, struggle against limits, steady growth. 5. Expansiveness, visionary, adventure, the constructive use of freedom. 6. Responsibility, protection, nurturing, community, balance, sympathy. 7. Analysis, understanding, knowledge, awareness, studious, meditating. 8. Practical endeavors, status oriented, power-seeking, high-material goals. 9. Humanitarian, giving nature, selflessness, obligations, creative expression.
\|Most baby books dwell at length on the developmental landmarks of early childhood - sitting, standing, crawling, walking - and the host of behavioral concerns that will surface as your child grows older. These milestones are of legitimate interest to proud parents, but only rarely should they be a matter of concern, and I don't need a whole book to give you my advice about them. I'll do it in one sentence: unless there is something obviously wrong with your child, don't worry about how soon he sits, stands, crawls, or walks. If this is your first child, you will be sorely tempted to compare his progress with that of other children his age. I know that nothing I write will keep you from doing that, but I hope I can convince you that such comparisons are more apt to mislead than to inform. During the first few years of life the development of individual children varies so widely that comparisons are meaningless. However, if you want a rule of thumb, try this: most children suit with support at 6 to 8 months, sit without support at 8 to 10 months, walk at 12 to 18 months, talk at 18 to 24 months, ride a tricycle at 3 years, and copy a square at 4 years. Having said that. Let me urge you to resist the temptation to boast if your child reaches any of these milestones at an earlier age or to worry if his development is delayed. At some point in their development, all normal children arrive at the same place, and whether it is early or late makes no difference. Sooner or later your children will learn to do what you expect of them if your expectations are realistic. All of us know, but we sometimes forget, that all children do not learn at the same rate, within the same time frame, with the same ease; not can they be expected to reach a uniform level of achievement by the time they become adults. That knowledge, unfortunately, does not prevent us from having grand expectations of our own children, which began with their birth. Nor does it keep us from making behavioral comparisons with other children that are both meaningless and dangerous. Today's "early bloomer" may be the backward child of tomorrow, and vice Our rosy expectations of our kids are beneficial if they encourage us to give them the attention and support they need to achieve the potential they have. They can also be devastating to our child's development and self-image if our expectations exceed his potential, or if we lack the patience to allow his skills and interests to develop naturally during the It is sometimes difficult for parents with high expectations, who may themselves be high achievers, to remember that the occupation of children is to play and to learn. We must learn to accept the fact that during their developmental years, children cannot be expected to exhibit adult behavior. More likely, many of the things they do will seem almost calculated to drive you up the wall. Nothing I have to say in this chapter will make your child's annoying behavior any less worrisome or exasperating, but it may be easier to live with if you understand what's normal and where the child is coming from. Physical Behavior That Concerns Parents First let's separate physical behavior from emotional behavior. What are the physical things that parents most commonly worry about? All babies, often to the initial distress of their parents, cough, grunt, belch, hiccup, sneeze, pass gas, spit up, and vomit. You may worry about this at first and wonder whether it indicates some deficiency in your child's diet. You needn't, because as long as the baby is eating right and not losing weight you can regard all of this behavior as normal. Let me caution you also not to get hung up on burping. Somewhere in the distant past, some mother found that her baby was less apt to spit up his lunch if she patted him on the back until excess air was released from his stomach. This procedure has become such a ritual that some new mothers appear to believe that their child will not survive if he doesn't burp loudly after every meal. In fact, there's nothing carved in stone that says your baby has to burp. Some babies swallow a lot of air and readily produce an earsplitting burp. Others swallow very little and don't need to burp at all. If you find that burping after a meal keeps your baby from spitting up, you may want to encourage him a bit, but don't make a production of it. There is no medical reason why he has to burp at all. While we're on the subject, let me say a word about colic. This is the name mothers and doctors give to a phenomenon that usually occurs before three months of age. A previously placid and contented baby suddenly begins drawing up his legs and having paroxysms of screaming. It may surprise you, considering the eons that babies have been on earth, but there isn't a shred of scientific evidence indicating what causes it. However, the word colic is a convenient term for doctors, who use it to explain crying that they can't explain. Some medical textbooks refer to "gas" in the intestines, caused by excessive fermentation of carbohydrates, as a possible cause. But then they note that removing the carbohydrates doesn't relieve the condition, which seems to cast grave doubts on this explanation. The simple truth is that many mothers and most doctors talk about "colic" as uncontrollable crying caused by "gas" in the baby's stomach. Scientists say that they don't know what causes it. I'm with the scientists. I don't know, Crying is the second worrisome behavior that appears at birth. The first cry you hear is reassuring, but from then on crying is something every parent could cheerfully do without. Over the years doctors have given parents a lot of bad advice about what to do when their baby cries, and a lot of kids have suffered because of it. Children Cry Because They Have Problems Children cry because they are hungry, or lonely, or tired, or wet, or in pain. Compassionate people do not withhold comfort from adults who are crying, for whatever reason. Why in heaven's name should a loving parent withhold comfort from a little child? If your child is crying, don't let it continue. Pick him up and find out why. If he cries at night because he is lonely or afraid, take him into your bed. [Editor's note: It is even more beneficial to keep your child with you all night. See "Ten Reasons to Sleep Next to Your Child at Night".] Psychologists and psychiatrists always give me a bad time when I make that last recommendation. I recall being on the Phil Donahue show with Tine Thevenin, author of The Family Bed, and a psychiatrist who was invoking the Oedipus complex and other pet theories to try to put her down. Donahue turned to me for my opinion, and I told him I agreed with the psychiatrist. I said that psychiatrists should not take their children to bed with them, but that it was quite all right for Bowel habits, diarrhea, constipation, and toilet training are also parental concerns that begin at birth and continue through the years. Many first-time mothers are inordinately concerned with the appearance and condition of their baby's stools, particularly if the baby is being breastfed. The color and consistency of a baby's stools vary considerably depending on his diet. Breastfed babies, for example, usually have stools that resemble loose scrambled eggs. This is not diarrhea; it is perfectly normal and not a matter of concern. There is a danger, though, that your pediatrician may use this normal condition as an excuse to switch your child from breastfeeding to If that happens, pay no attention to him. The most sensible rule to follow is this: if your child is thriving and gaining weight, don't worry about the consistency of his stools, whether they are extremely loose or as hard as marbles. You need to be concerned only if he is not thriving, is losing weight, or if the stools are bloody. In that case, see a doctor. However,. if this does become necessary, be wary of medications unless your doctor is able to diagnose a specific cause. Pediatricians are inveterate stool-gazers, inclined to treat loose stools with opiates such as Lomotil. In the absence of a specific disease, a more sensible course, which really doesn't require medical supervision, is to look for food allergies, and then eliminate the offending foods. The most likely food is cow's This is also true of constipation. There is no magic number of bowel movements your child should have and no reason to be concerned if he fails to have at least one every day. If your child seems to be constipated, look for the cause in his diet and see a doctor only if the constipation is accompanied by pain or bleeding. As for toilet training, pay no attention to medical advice, because your pediatrician doesn't know any more about it than you do. It's a family affair. It doesn't make any difference, except in terms of your own convenience, whether you train your child early, late, or neither of the above. Some children train readily. Others don't, and I have no magic formula you can use if you have one of those [children]. My daughters have, though. They turned to their mother for advice on training The emotional behaviors of children that may provoke frustration and anger in parents are almost endless, from the "terrible twos" to the "turbulent teens." What you must remember, when your nerves get frayed, is that they all stem from developmental processes without which your child could never become a functioning adult. Your immediate reaction is likely to be anger when your toddling child jerks the cloth from a table and smashes your most cherished vase. If it is, you must learn to control it, because punishment won't solve the problem; it will merely confuse your child. A more appropriate response will be to remind yourself that the child isn't being deliberately naughty. He's simply exercising the normal curiosity that will enable him to learn, and trying out his newfound motor skills. Then put the rest of your cherished objects out of reach. Punishment is not the Solution Virtually all disturbing childhood behaviors stem from some emotional cause. Your response is not to punish the child but to isolate the cause. Often, the child who was finally toilet-trained after a long struggle may suddenly begin to wet his pants again. This isn't deliberate, because no child really enjoys wet pants or the negative maternal responses they evoke. It is virtually certain, when this happens, that the child is responding to some environmental stress. Don't spank your child, try to identify and eliminate the stress. Remember, if your child suddenly becomes violent with his playmates, or becomes a discipline problem in school, that he is probably reacting to some situation or problem that is beyond his control. It could be illness, exhaustion, hunger, visual or hearing defects, or simply a reaction to turmoil at home. It may even be a response to his deteriorating self-image because you have unrealistic expectations of him. If so, he won't respond positively to punishment. Emotional support and constant displays of love and affection are more apt to be the cure. Children must, of course, be guided toward responsible adult behavior, but parents shouldn't expect them to achieve it all at once. Nor is there any convincing evidence that it can be effectively achieved by employing the old maxim "Spare the rod and spoil the child." Corporal punishment at any age confuses and traumatizes the child, because he can't understand why the mother and father he loves, and who are supposed to love him, are suddenly raging at him and causing physical pain. He is made to feel insecure, resentful, and even worthless, and the consequence may be psychological harm. The impact of physical punishment on child development has been studied extensively, and the consensus of this research is that violence damages both parent and child. It fails to teach children what to do and yields only a temporary benefit, if that, in teaching them what not to do. I won't deny that I've never raised my hand in anger on occasion, but for the most part I have tried to achieve the desired end with my own children through the use of example and the provision of tender, Loving encouragement. I am more than satisfied with the results. I hope and trust that my grandchildren, likewise, will rarely endure punishment of any kind. Some Maxims About Childhood Behavior - Children aren't adults, so don't expect them to behave as though they were. - Children learn by doing, so don't expect to approve of everything they do. - It is a rare child whose behavior equals his parents' expectations. - Children are more likely to do as you do than to do as you say. - It is often less important for parents to control their children's behavior than it is for them to control their own. - Children react to anger; they respond to love and affection. A secure and loving home environment and emotional stability within the family appear to be the major elements in overcoming some of the specific behaviors that concern or displease parents. These include thumb-sucking, nail-biting, nose picking, rocking and head banging, bedwetting and erratic sleep habits. You can deal successfully with these problems if you refrain from making an issue of them, pay close attention to the emotional needs of your child, make sure that he knows you love him, whatever he does, and exert yourself to make him feel secure. If you develop that kind of warm relationship with him, you'll do more than eliminate annoying habits. You'll be rewarded with a happy, confident, and emotionally stable child!
The Effects of the Minimum Wage on the Employment and Earnings of Youth NBER Working Paper No. 849 The employment and earnings effects of the minimum wage are estimated by parameterizing an hypothesized relationship between underlying market employment and wage relationships versus observed wage and employment distributions in the presence of a legislated minimum. If there had been no minimum during the 1973-78 period, we estimate that employment among out- of-school men 16 to 24 would have been approximately 4 percent higher than it in fact was. Among young men 16 to 19 employment would have been about 7 percent higher and among those 20 to 24, 2 percent higher. Employment among black youth 16 to 24 would have been almost 6 percent higher than it was, as compared with somewhat less than 4 percent for white youth. Although it is sometimes argued that the adverse employment effects of the minimum are offset by increased earnings, we find virtually no earnings effect. Had the minimum not been raised over the 1973-78 period, inflation would have greatly moderated the adverse employment effects of the minimum, with approximately two-thirds of the potential employment gains from elimination of the minimum attained. The weight of our evidence is inconsistent with a general increase in youth wage rates with increases in the real minimum. Our findings support the hypothesis that the effects of the minimum are concentrated on youth with sub-minimum market wage rates. Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w0849 Published: Meyer, Robert H. and David A. Wise. "The Effects of the Minimum Wage on the Employment and Earnings of Youth." Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 1, ( 1983), pp. 66-100. citation courtesy of Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded these:
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data The largest piece of equipment that an astronaut on Earth can lift has a weight of 392 N. On the Moon, the acceleration due to gravity is only 1.62 m/s^2. a) What is the mass and weight of the same piece of equipment on the Moon? b) What is the mass and weight of the largest rock the astronaut can lift on the Moon? 2. Relevant equations W=mg 3. The attempt at a solution For a), I found that the mass had to be 40kg on the Moon because mass does not change whether you're on Earth or on the Moon. For the weight, I just multiplied 40kg * 1.62 m/s^2 and found that the weight is 65 N. For b), I am confused about what it is asking because isn't it the same answer as a)? If the largest equipment that the astronaut can handle is 40 kg, then a rock must be a max of 40 kg and wouldn't the weight also be 65 N? Quick help would be much appreciated.
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A damped mass-spring system oscillates at 285 Hz. The time constant of the system is 8.8 s. At t = 0 the amplitude of oscillation is 1.3 cm and the energy of the oscillating system is 36 J. Part 1: What is the amplitude of oscillation at t = 8.7 s? Answer in units of cm Part 2: How much energy is dissipated in the ﬁrst period (8.7 s interval)? Answer in units of J Part 3: How much energy is dissipated in the second period (8.7 s interval)? Answer in units of J 2. Relevant equations A = A(initial) * e-(t/time constant) E = E(initial) * e-(t/time constant) I followed the method of the attached picture and couldn't get the correct answer. 3. The attempt at a solution Part 1: Answered correctly: A(8.7 s) = (1.3 cm) * e-(8.7/8.8) = 0.4837088518 cm Part 2: Change in mechanical energy between 0 and 7.8 seconds: ΔE = -E(initial) * (e-(8.7/8.8) - e-(0/8.8)) ΔE = -(36 J) * (e-(8.7/8.8) - 1) ΔE = 22.604985 J Which was incorrect Part 3: ΔE = -(36 J) * (e-(17.4/8.8) - e-(8.7/8.8)) ΔE = 8.4109474 J Which was also incorrect.
Writing an essay is a part of academic writing which excels in our thinking and research skills. A good essay writer uses his critical thinking and put his thoughts into words which later became an essay. Being an essay writer, he must know some basic rules which make an essay into good academic content. This article will present some basic rules which an essay writer must consider while writing an essay. The basic checking criteria of an essay will include the following conditions: - The written content must address the question. - The content must point out the supported solutions. - The written content must include relevant sources. - The content must be organized manner. These are the basic criteria that an essay writer must consider while writing a good essay. The readers or the checkers will always judge an essay by these points. Now, written below are some guiding steps which will help an essay writer to write a great essay: - Study the question: before starting an essay, the writer must always study the question and shall understand the question first. By this, a writer can think properly about the topic. Being a good essay writer, the essay must contain the content addressing the question. Therefore, examining and analyzing the question is the first step to writing a good essay. - State your argument: an essay should contain an argument. Argument means a statement by the writer in the essay that helps in understanding what an essay is about. The essay will always lead toward the argument stated. - Proper reasoning and evidence: using evidence and reasoning is a must thing while writing an essay. Any academic content must include the evidence and reasoning which supports your argument. Involving evidence and reasoning will make a good essay. - Clear and precise writing skills: the essay must include the relevant statements. A good essay writer must write an essay with clear and logical thinking. The essay must be in a precise form that makes the readers understand it properly. - Organized format: the structure is a must thing to remember while writing an academic essay. The essay should be in an organized format which makes it look neat and understandable. - Proofreading and editing: a good essay writer will never miss this step while writing an essay. Proofreading helps the writer to correct silly mistakes and it also corrects the punctuations. The final edit must be done after proofreading. It helps the writer to identify his gaps in writing. Therefore, after completing an essay, proofreading should be done which converts the content into a good essay. Being a good essay writer, you must follow these basic rules which will help you in creating a great essay. Writing an essay is a lengthy process it takes a lot of your time, but following the above-mentioned rules will help you in saving time as well. Therefore, an essay writer shall never miss these points while creating academic content.
Magnets are objects, which can attract, or pull, on some metals, like iron and steel. If you rub a piece of steel with a strong magnet, the piece of steel will because a magnet too. It has become magnetized. Other metals, like copper or gold, are not attracted to magnets. Who do magnets attract? All magnets have north and south poles. Opposite poles are attracted to each other, while the same poles repel each other. When you rub a piece of iron along a magnet, the north-seeking poles of the atoms in the iron line up in the same direction. Can a human be attracted to a magnet? Humans are weakly diamagnetic. Rather than being attracted by a magnetic field we would tend to repel the lines of force. What does it mean to be attracted to a magnet? Magnetism is the power to attract. It refers to the attraction to iron and other metals in electric currents and magnets, or to the other kind of attraction — where people want to be close to each other. … Magnetism can also be called a magnetic force or magnetic attraction. Which object easily attracted to magnet? Iron, nickel and cobalt are strongly attracted to magnets. Scientists call these metallic elements “ferromagnetic” because of this strong attraction. How do magnets attract? It’s only when you hold unlike-poles together (a north pointing to a south) that magnets stick together (they are attracted). … Unlike-poles attract: When a north pole and south pole point together, the arrows point in the SAME direction so the field lines can join up and the magnets pull together (attract). How do magnets attract iron? Magnets attract iron due to the influence of their magnetic field upon the iron. … When exposed to the magnetic field, the atoms begin to align their electrons with the flow of the magnetic field, which makes the iron magnetized as well. This, in turn, creates an attraction between the two magnetized objects. Are our bodies magnetic? The human body naturally has both magnetic and electrical fields. Right down to the tiny cells in our bodies, every part of our body has their own field. Is gold magnetic? Summary: Gold had long been considered a non-magnetic metal. … Gold had long been considered a non-magnetic metal. But researchers at Tohoku University recently discovered that gold can in fact be magnetized by applying heat. How strong is magnetic attraction? Permanent magnets are limited by the structure of the material. And the strongest magnetic field of a permanent magnet is about 8,000 gauss. The strongest magnets here at the Magnet Lab are 450,000 gauss, which would be almost 50 times stronger than that. What is an example of magnetic attraction? For example, if an iron nail was placed near a bar magnet, the nail would experience a magnetic force. … Like ends of a magnet repel each other and unlike poles attract each other. What is attractive property of magnet? Magnets have certain important properties. They are: Attractive Property – Magnet attracts ferromagnetic materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel. Repulsive Properties – Like magnetic poles repel each other and unlike magnetic poles attract each other. What does it mean when someone has magnetism? Things that are magnetic are attracted to metal. Also, people with charisma are called magnetic. If everything is attracted to you, whether you’re a refrigerator door or a rock star, you’re magnetic. … Also, someone who is very popular and attracts people has a magnetic personality. Is an iron nail attracted to a magnet? Iron is not naturally magnetic, but it isn’t hard to turn it into a magnet. If you bring an iron nail close to the north end of a magnet, the south ends of the tiny magnets inside of the iron start to line up because they are attracted to the magnet, turning the iron into a magnet in the process. Is Tin attracted to magnets? Tin is considered paramagnetic, or weakly attracted to a magnet. … Diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled by magnets, while Ferromagnetic materials are what most people think of as “magnetic” and encompass metals such as Iron, Cobalt and Nickel.
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Imagine that you toss the drumstick of a turkey to your friend across a table. Approximate the leg as a baton consisting of two equal masses connected by a stiff spring. Let the masses, m and M, each equal 0.1 kg (we’ll modify this assumption later) and connect them with a spring of negligible mass and spring constant, k = 105 N/m. Let the initial distance between the centers of the two masses be the rest length of the spring, d0 = 0.15m. You give the leg an impulse so that, as it leaves your hand, mass m has v1=<2.77, 1.25, 0> m/s and M starts with v2=<1.25, 4.0, 0> m/s. Take the origin of the coordinate system be the initial location of mass m. Let the second mass be initially located at <d0, 0, 0>. Write a code to evolve the flight of the leg under the action of gravity, but ignore air resistance. 2. Relevant equations Ltrans = r x p Lrot = I[itex]\omega[/itex] = MR2[itex]\omega[/itex] 3. The attempt at a solution This is where I'm struggling. I don't quite know how to approach this problem, at least not practically. Reading the book, while somewhat helpful, has not really seemed to make me capable of understanding how to go about solving this particular problem. BTW, the code in question is in VPython, which is largely a logical language, the difficulties of which I'll deal with myself. My questions are more about the logic of this problem. I will admit I cannot say I (fully) understand angular momentum, much less its interaction with spring force in this situation. I'm not looking for anything to be handed to me, but I'm confused enough by all of the concepts I'm trying to grasp that I feel I need guidance in baby steps. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
We hear the terms “global warming” and “climate change” quite frequently these days. It’s in our news and creeping into our policies. So, what has happened over the last century or so in Georgia and South Carolina when it comes to temperatures? If we look at the month of May, both states show a slight decrease in average temperature since 1895. The charts below are from the National Centers for Environmental Information, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Temperatures have dropped an average of about 0.1° Fahrenheit per decade in both states. Does this debunk the claims that temperatures are warming in our region and beyond? No. For the year overall, temperatures in Georgia and South Carolina are up since 1895, even though a few months are slightly cooler or about the same as they were roughly a century ago. The months of February and December saw the largest increases in temperature since 1895. For the year overall, most of the warming experienced in both states since 1895 primarily occurred from the late 1970’s to present day. To suggest that temperatures have not risen would be incorrect. The debate continues over the reasons for that temperature increase and whether it poses any future dangers.
Turner, Benjamin Sterling by Alva W. Stewart, 1994 17 Mar. 1825–21 Mar. 1894 Benjamin Sterling Turner, Alabama congressman during Reconstruction, was born near Weldon, Halifax County, of unknown parents. A slave, he moved to Selma, Ala., with his master in 1830. Although he had no formal schooling, he managed to obtain a fair education surreptitiously. As a slave of Dr. J. T. Gee, a Selma hotel owner, Turner was regarded as "a remarkably efficient and intelligent servant." After obtaining his freedom, probably as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation, he developed a prosperous livery stable business and was elected Dallas County tax collector in 1867. On 22 Dec. 1868 he won a seat on the Selma City Council but resigned on 6 Sept. 1869. In September 1870 he was chosen foreman of Central Fire Company, No. 2, in Selma, a unit consisting of forty members. Nominated unanimously by the Republican party in 1870 for the First District seat from Alabama in the Forty-second Congress, Turner sold his horse to finance his campaign and won the election handily. In Congress Turner introduced legislation aimed at stimulating the South's economy, and he stressed this need in his appeal for a public building program to aid war-devastated Selma. Other bills that he introduced were designed to restore political and legal rights to ex-Confederates generally and to some of his Dallas County constituents in particular, but they were not approved by Congress. His speech, Public Buildings in Selma, Alabama—The Refunding of the Cotton Tax , was printed as a pamphlet in 1872. This and other speeches reveal an unbiased concern for all of his constituents. During his tenure in the House Turner was described by the Washington correspondent for the New York Globe as "a big broad-shouldered man with a large nose and curly hair." He also observed that Turner was "very quiet, always present (when the House was in session) . . . and among Republican colleagues has a considerable reputation for good sense and political sagacity." Although he received the Republican nomination in 1872, Turner was the victim of a split in party ranks that resulted in his defeat as a candidate for reelection to Congress, a loss that marked the end of his political career above the local level. Unwilling to engage in political infighting, he returned to Dallas County in March 1873 and confined himself largely to farming and civic affairs; however, he did not abandon local politics. He served as an election official for Selma municipal elections in 1875, 1877, and 1891 and won a seat on the Selma City Council in 1885. When his two-year term ended, he chose not to seek reelection. In 1880 he was an Alabama delegate to the Republican National Convention in Chicago. Turner died in Selma, where he was buried in Live Oak Cemetery. Biog. Dir. Am. Cong . (1961) Maurice Christopher, America's Black Congressmen (1971) John W. DuBose, Alabama's Tragic Decade: Ten Years of Alabama, 1865–1874 (1940) John Hardy, Selma: Her Institutions and Her Men (1957) International Library of Negro Life and History: Historical Negro Biographies (1967) Walter M. Jackson, The Story of Selma (1954); Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, eds., Dictionary of American Negro Biography (1982) Annjennette Sophie McFarlin, Black Congressional Reconstruction Orators and Their Orations, 1869–1879 (1976 [portrait]). Black Americans in Congress, Benjamin Sterling Turner: http://baic.house.gov/member-profiles/profile.html?intID=16 North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, NC Markers: http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?ct=ddl&sp=search&k=Markers&sv=E-10... "Turner, Benjamin Sterling (1825-1894)." Image courtesy of BlackPast, 2002. Available from http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/turner-benjamin-sterling-1825-1894 (accessed March 8, 2012). 1 January 1994 \| Stewart, Alva W.