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Meniscus tear is the commonest knee injury in athletes, especially those involved in contact sports. A suddenly bend or twist in your knee cause the meniscus to tear. This is a traumatic meniscus tear. Elderly people are more prone to degenerative meniscal tears as the cartilage wears out and weakens with age. The two wedge-shape cartilage pieces present between the thighbone and the shinbone are called meniscus. They stabilize the knee joint and act as “shock absorbers”. Torn meniscus causes pain, swelling, stiffness, catching or locking sensation in your knee making you unable to move your knee through its complete range of motion. Your orthopaedic surgeon will examine your knee, evaluate your symptoms, and medical history before suggesting a treatment plan. The treatment depends on the type, size and location of tear as well your age and activity level. If the tear is small with damage in only the outer edge of the meniscus, nonsurgical treatment may be sufficient. However, if the symptoms do not resolve with nonsurgical treatment, surgical treatment may be recommended. Knee arthroscopy is the commonly recommended surgical procedure for meniscal tears. The surgical treatment options include meniscus removal (meniscectomy), meniscus repair, and meniscus replacement. Surgery can be performed using arthroscopy where a tiny camera will be inserted through a tiny incision which enables the surgeon to view inside of your knee on a large screen and through other tiny incisions, surgery will be performed. During meniscectomy, small instruments called shavers or scissors may be used to remove the torn meniscus. In arthroscopic meniscus repair the torn meniscus will be pinned or sutured depending on the extent of tear. Meniscus replacement or transplantation involves replacement of a torn cartilage with the cartilage obtained from a donor or a cultured patch obtained from laboratory. It is considered as a treatment option to relieve knee pain in patients who have undergone meniscectomy. Click on the topics below to find out more from the orthopaedic connection website of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. - ACL Injury: Should it be fixed? - Activities After a Knee Replacement - Additional Resources on the Knee - Adolescent Anterior Knee Pain - Arthritis of the Knee - Care of the Aging Knee: Baby Boomers May Need Lifestyle Changes - Cemented and Cementless Knee Replacement - Deep Vein Thrombosis - Frequently Asked Questions about Osteoarthritis of the Knee - Goosefoot (Pes Anserine) Bursitis of the Knee - Knee Arthroscopy - Knee Arthroscopy Exercise Guide - Knee Implants - Knee Replacement Exercise Guide - Kneecap (Prepatellar) Bursitis - Meniscal Tear - Meniscal Transplants - Minimally Invasive Total Knee Replacement - Nonsurgical Treatment Options for Osteoarthritis of the Knee - Orthopaedists Research Female Knee Problems - Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain) - Osteonecrosis of the Knee - Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Tear - Rotating Platform/Mobile-bearing Knees - Runner’s Knee (Patellofemoral Pain) - Surgical Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee - The Knee - Total Knee Replacement - Unstable Kneecap - Viscosupplementation Treatment for Arthritis
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A common flashlight bulb is rated at 0.3 A and 3.3 V (the values of current and voltage under operating conditions). If the resistance of the bulb's tungsten filament at room temperature (20.0 degrees Celsius) is 1.10 Ohms , estimate the temperature of the tungsten filament when the bulb is turned on. Take the temperature coefficient of resitivity for tungsten to be 4.5e10-3 2. Relevant equations R = V/I 3. The attempt at a solution R = 3.3V / 0.3A = 11 Ohms when turned on Little lost on how to find the temperature when turned on.
Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project Their protests were greeted with systemic violence and repression. Thousands were arrested and imprisoned, hundreds were murdered and beaten, and untold numbers lost their jobs, their churches, and their homes. These crimes against the civil rights movement were committed by institutions, organized groups, individuals acting alone, and by government actors, often colluding with private persons. Rarely were the perpetrators of these violations prosecuted in court or otherwise made to answer for their offenses. CRRJ's aim is to investigate the role of state, local and federal law enforcement agencies and courts in protecting activists and their work. CRRJ examines the geo-politics that led to the large-scale breakdown of law enforcement, the wide-spread repression against the movement's participants, and the reforms that have been initiated to rectify these abuses. The project engages teachers and students across the university and is directed by faculty from the School of Law and the College of Criminal Justice. Dee-Moore Case Settles — June 2010 A landmark lawsuit against Franklin County, Mississippi, filed by Professor Margaret Burnham and the law school's Civil Rights and Restorative Justice project on behalf of the families of two black teens killed by Klansmen in 1964, has settled. National Public Radio: "Miss. Officials Agree To Settlement In '64 Slayings" The Clarion Ledger: "Attorney: Settlement near in '64 slayings"
This surname is of English origin. It can be either a topographical name for someone who lived by a clearing or patch of pasture land, derived from the Middle English 'thwaite' (Old Norse 'thueit') meaning 'a meadow', or, 'piece of land', or, locational name from any of the various places named with this word, in Northern England, Norfolk and Suffolk. The name dates back to the early 13th Century (see below). Further recordings include Ralph de Thweit (Twaeit) (1221), 'Curia Regis Rolls of Norfolk', and John del Thwaytes (1300) 'Writs of Parliament'.Variations in the idiom of the spelling include Thwaites, Twittie Twatt, Twait(e)s, Tweats, Twite. One Jane Twite, daughter of John, was christened at Holme Hale on the January 9th 1614. John, son of John Twittie was christened at St. Michael Coslany, Norwich on the March 25th 1632, and Thomas Twitty married Abigail Jacocke on the 14th December 1682 at St. Katherine by the Tower, London. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Ralph del Thweit, which was dated 1206, Pipe Rolls of Norfolk, during the reign of King John, known as 'Lackland', 1199 - 1216. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling. © Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2022
I wanted to title this post something about going “Beyond Recycling,” because my assumption is that most people recycle as a matter of course these days. That feels true where I live, where the city’s goal is to divert 80 percent of waste from the landfill by 2025, but a 2007 poll found that 25 percent of people don’t recycle at all. That number has probably changed through the years, but it’s not always easy to recycle, some towns make it hard, and some people just won’t do it no matter how easy it is to throw something in one bin versus another. So for Earth Day, and every day, and as part of the local #NWArkCares initiative to shine a light on important issues in our communities, I’d like to offer some easy ways to help the earth, no matter where you’re starting from. - Recycle. If it’s at all possible in your community, even if you have to drive to the recycling center, or smuggle your recyclables across town lines (which I used to do because my workplace didn’t recycle), do it. It’s a simple thing that makes a big difference. - Recycle more. If your place of business doesn’t recycle, ask why and see what can be done about it. Be mindful of places in the house where you might not be recycling, such as the bathroom, and put a bin or a basket there so you’ll start gathering those things. - Reuse things you can’t recycle. We buy dishwasher pods by the box, and the boxes are No. 5 plastic, which can’t be recycled where we live. I use them in organization projects, to hold little bits of yarn, and to contain all sorts of stuff, for example. - Resell and donate what you can. Just because you don’t like a thing or aren’t using it doesn’t mean it’s trash. Have a garage sale if that’s your thing (it is so not mine), find resale shops or events you can sell at, donate items in good condition, have a swap with friends, leave things on the curb, whatever. Don’t throw away things that are in good condition. - Upcycle what you can. Note I said good condition. No one wants your stained shirts or ripped up books. But even here you can reuse some things in different ways. Old shirts and worn out napkins can be come rags or cut up for fabric used in sewing projects. - Mend things. If a garment is just missing a button or has a little stain, you can do things to fix them and not have to throw them away. Even if you have no sewing skills. Promise. - Use cloth napkins. A huge source of waste in a lot of homes is paper napkins and plates. Invest in a good collection of cloth napkins (if you have a sewing machine you can make your own) and use them at every meal. We’ve done this since before the girl was born and it makes me feel good to think about all the paper napkins we haven’t used in that time. - Reduce consumption. Paper products are one easy place to use less, but remember some other basics, too: turning off lights, taking shorter showers, adjusting the thermostat so your home isn’t comfortable for polar bears in summer, that sort of thing. Every little bit really does help. - Learn about local resources. Find out when and where electronics can be recycled where you live. Take advantage of prescription drug take-back events (please don’t flush pills!). Learn who is doing what to help the planet where you are and help as you feel. Locally check out the Northwest Arkansas Land Trust, the Beaver Watershed Alliance and the Ozark Natural Science Center, among others. What do you do to lighten the load on the planet? How are you teaching your kids to be more environmentally responsible? We talk about food waste, have a little garden and I think the girl used the recycling bin before she used the trash can. I’d love to know what you’re doing!
Download and explore point-cloud data of the National Library of Scotland’s George IV Bridge building. This dataset is a product of two terrestrial-based remote-sensing scanning surveys conducted at different interior and exterior sections of the National Library of Scotland George IV Bridge, including the Reading Room, the Stack Floor and the subterranean Vaults. Point-clouds are forensic-grade topographic datasets, retrieved through a particular method of remote-sensing known as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). LiDAR scanning is instrumental recording of the world through a bat-like chirp of time-stamped photons and laser pulses, and the computational analysis of the returning echoes, using a ground-based scanning instrument. Each echo in a point cloud is categorised in a local Cartesian Coordinates system, appended with RBG colour model and thermal data. The aim of the scanning survey was to digitise different architectural spaces and reveal spatial and morphological instances of the National Library of Scotland, otherwise occluded to human perception. The point-cloud datasets offer a unique locus to quarantine and record entropies of the built-environment with sub-millimetre accuracy into a three-dimensional model – which can be probed in silico. The world suspended in a point-cloud when visualised appears as a translucent swarm of data dust – therefore, it also serves a visuospatial paradigm to speculate and anticipate, diagram and animate alternative futures and counterfactual histories of our cultural heritage. This dataset was created, and text was written, by Dr Asad Khan, University of Edinburgh. Visit Dr Asad Khan’s website: The Entropy Project More information about how to use LiDAR layers on the National Library of Scotland Maps website: Using LiDAR layers for landscape research This data collection is licensed under a CC-BY 4.0 license. Download the data LiDAR point-cloud: George IV Bridge , National Library of Scotland File contents: 1 plain text readme fileand 5 LASer (.las) files. File size: 5.8 GB compressed (12.72 GB uncompressed) Caution: large dataset Cite the data Dataset creator: University of Edinburgh and National Library of Scotland Dataset publisher: National Library of Scotland Publication year: 2022 Suggested citation: University of Edinburgh and National Library of Scotland. LiDAR point-cloud: George IV Bridge, National Library of Scotland. National Library of Scotland, 2020. https://doi.org/10.34812/6ch4-rp49
For people who suffer from a chronic disease, exercise can decrease discomfort, improve daily functioning, and enhance overall quality of life. There are many activity choices. Overall, find something that you enjoy doing and a place that is comfortable for you to do it in. Although being physically active is good for anyone, some exercises provide specific benefits. Here is how different types of exercise can help people with specific chronic diseases. Types of ExerciseAerobic ExerciseStrength Training ExerciseStretching There are 3 basic categories of exercise: These are exercises that raise your heart rate through repetitive movement of large muscles groups. The 2 types of aerobic exercise are: - Weightbearing—Your muscles work against the force of gravity. Examples include jogging, walking, and dancing. - Nonweightbearing—The force of gravity does not play a major role. Examples include biking, swimming, and rowing. These are exercises that increase the power, tone, and efficiency of individual muscles by contracting isolated muscles against resistance. An example is lifting weights. The increase in heart rate is short-lived compared to aerobic exercise. These are exercises that improve or maintain the flexibility of your muscles. Good flexibility is important to keeping a full range of motion and decreasing your chances of injury. Ideally, you should stretch after each exercise session. Overall, all 3 types of exercises are important in an effective program. However, the list below demonstrates how a certain types of exercise can directly impact your specific health condition. Specific benefits of exercise for people with heart disease include: - Stronger heart muscle - Reduced cholesterol - Reduced plaque build-up inside the arteries - Better weight and blood pressure control Type of exercise that can reduce risk of heart disease and heart attack: Aerobic Cholesterol is found in cells throughout your body. Although it tends to get a bad rap, cholesterol is actually essential for life. It only contributes to heart disease when you have too much of certain types of cholesterol or too little of other types. Exercise can help reduce cholesterol, and even better, it can help raise your HDL (good) cholesterol. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week. Even short, 10-minute spurts of exercise can help. Exercise also has the added benefit of weight loss, which can also help to lower cholesterol levels. Type of exercise that has been shown to improve cholesterol levels: Aerobic Diabetes is a disorder of the body's insulin production and usage, and it is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. If there is not enough insulin, glucose (fuel for all cells) cannot get from the blood to the cells. As a result, the body is essentially starved and the glucose builds up in the blood. Exercise can make the cells more sensitive to insulin, and more glucose can move from the blood into cells. Since exercise changes the way your body reacts to insulin, you may need to check your blood sugar before and after exercising. Talk to your doctor before you begin an exercise program to learn about what your levels should be. Types of exercise that influence insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors: Aerobic and strength training The risk of high blood pressure increases as we age. Exercise can help to lower your risk and even control your blood pressure if it's already high. Exercise helps with blood pressure by making your heart work more efficiently. This means your heart does not have to work as hard to pump blood, so there is less pressure on your arteries. A good target for blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Adding moderate physical activities to your normal routines can help you get there. You should aim for at least 30 minutes of aerobic activity on most days of the week. Even several 10-minute spurts throughout the day can help. Types of exercise that have been shown to lower blood pressure: Aerobic and strength training A stroke occurs when not enough blood is reaching part of the brain. This causes the cells in that area to die. People who have already had a stroke are at increased risk for recurrent stroke or other cardiovascular problems. A stroke can create some physical impairments. Exercise may improve strength and coordination of the affected muscles. Exercise recommendations may vary depending on the severity of the stroke and the person's limitations. Type of exercise for stroke recovery: Aerobic, strength training, and stretching Studies suggest that people with cancer who do not have depression have a better chance of survival than those who do. Exercise is a great way to avoid depression and improve your overall mood. It's not clear exactly how exercise impacts mood, but it probably works by causing the brain to release chemicals, like endorphins, and increase body temperature, which can have a calming effect. Types of exercise found to boost energy and mood: Aerobic and strength training Types of exercise shown to improve respiratory ability: Aerobic Continuous motion is essential for the health of your joints, especially arthritic ones. Regular exercise promotes strength and flexibility, and helps preserve the resiliency of joint surfaces. Types of exercise shown to improve joint health: Nonweightbearing aerobic, strength training, and stretching (water exercises are ideal) Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease that can lead to fractures. Weightbearing exercises maintain bone density and strength by tipping the balance in favor of bone formation. Weightbearing activities include walking, jogging, hiking, dancing, stair climbing, tennis, and other activities that you do while on your feet. Type of exercise shown to improve bone density: Weightbearing aerobic and strength training In any condition, a well-rounded exercise program will have all 3 types of exercise involved. Aerobic exercise will increase your endurance and ability to get through longer workouts. Strength training will build muscle strength and allow you to tolerate higher intensities as well improve balance and agility. Stretching can decrease stiffness and increase mobility. Talk to your doctor before beginning any exercise program. You can also consult with an exercise specialist to help you develop a routine. - Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD - Review Date: 03/2016 - - Update Date: 05/08/2014 -
Street Mapping : An A to Z of Urban Cartography (Paperback) Üye Girişi yapın, temin süresi ve fiyatını size bildirelim. Üye Girişi yapın, sizi bu ürün stoklarımıza girdiğinde bilgilendirelim. Temin süremiz 65 - 45 iş günü Yayıncı Bodleian Library Publishing ( 02 / 2003 ) ISBN 9781851240418 \| Büyük boy \| 20,32x26,16x0,76 cm. \| İngilizce \| 38 Sayfa \| Türler How are maps designed and why are they made? Using maps from across the centuries and around the world, Millea gives readers the history of urban cartography using magnificent examples from the Bodleian Library's extensive map collections. From Ralph Agas's famous sixteenth-century map of Oxford to a Soviet Cold War-era map showing key installations throughout the city, the impact of purpose and function on mapping is vividly illustrated. Also included is the 1883 "Drink Map of Oxford" published by the Temperance Union, which draws attention to the fact that "every twenty-second house in Oxford is a drink-shop," and marks these with a proliferation of red dots—a perfect guide for a pub crawl. This is an important work for students and collectors, as well as map enthusiasts or anyone with an interest in cities and their design.
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania Infobase Publishing, 2010 M05 19 - 1025 pages Provides a reference to the peoples of the Asia-Pacific region east of the Caspian Sea, not including the countries of the Middle East. Covers the major peoples that for a time maintained a cultural identity in the area, from ancient to modern times, describing their history, migration, culture, belief system, social organization, and relationship to other peoples. What people are saying - Write a review Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and OceaniaUser Review - Not Available - Book Verdict This A-to-Z provides a concise yet thorough introduction to the myriad historical and contemporary peoples of Asia and Oceania, excluding the contemporary Middle East. West, who holds a Ph.D. in ... Read full review Please help me about East Bengal tribal groups for study. Contemporary Peoples with Entriesin the Book by Country Historical Peoples with Entries in the Book and Their Dates List of Individuals Featuredin Biographical Sidebars Chronology of Asian and Oceanian History
The Apollo command and service module (CSM) was one of two principal components of the United States Apollo spacecraft, used for the Apollo program, which landed The Apollo 11 CSM mass of 28,801 kg was the launch mass including propellants and expendables, of this the Command Module (CM 107) had a mass of 5557 kg and the Service Apollo 11 Command Module CM Columbia: Das Command Module CM Columbia war quasi die Wohnung der aus 3 Mann bestehenden Besatzung der ersten bemannten Mondlandung The Apollo 9 Command Module was also the first one to receive a name: Gumdrop after the CM's bright blue protective wrapper during training and simulations. The Apollo APOLLO COMMAND MODULE DUAL SWITCH PANEL - SCE to AUX $54.00 APOLLO COMMAND MODULE SINGLE SWITCH PANEL - SCE to AUX $39.99 CUSTOMIZABLE APOLLO SWITCH PANEL Apollo war ein Raumschiff, das Mitte der 1960er im Rahmen des Apollo-Programms von North American Aviation entwickelt wurde. Es bestand aus zwei Komponenten: dem The Apollo 11 command module housed the crew and parts needed for the moon's return to Earth. The service module housed the propulsion, electricity supply and Apollo: Command Module (Revell - Nr. 04831) Produktinfo: Hersteller: Revell: Sparte: Raumfahrt: Katalog Nummer: 04831 - Apollo: Command Module: Maßstab: 1:100: The Apollo Command Module Capsules are on display at various sites throughout the U.S. and the world. The Apollo Lunar Modules were deliberately targeted to impact Das Apollo-Befehles- und Servicemodul ( CSM ) war eine von zwei Hauptkontrollen der US-amerikanischen Apollo-Raumfahrzeuge , das für das Apollo-Programm , die zwischen 1969 und 1972 Astronauten auf dem Mond wurde. Die CSM fungierte als Mutterschiff , das eine Kontrolle von drei Astronauten und das zweite Apollo-Raumschiff, die , beförderte Apollo Lunar Module in Die Mondumlaufbahn und die. Assemble the Apollo Command/Service Module: Simplified Version and Apollo Lunar Module: Simplified Version to display together. Download the Apollo Lunar Module: Simplified Version separately from the appropriate page. Related Content. Attention. If you agree to the above, select [I Agree]. Otherwise, select [I Do Not Agree]. Do not show this message again HOME / / Apollo Command. Apollo Recovery SH-3D Helo 66 & Command Module. Maßstab 1/72. Dragon Models 11026. Modellbausatz aus Kunststoff. Dieser neue Modellbausatz von Dragon zeigt die gewasserte Apollo Kapsel mit dem ‚Schwimmkragen' und drei aufgeblasenen Ballons zur Aufrichtung der Kapsel nach der Wasserrung. Zudem gibt es ein Schlauchboot. Zweite wichtige Komponente des Bausatzes ist der berühmte. Command Module Interior from Apollo Training Manual Apollo Spacecraft & Systems Familiarization (March 13, 1968) Command Module Interior from Apollo Training Manual Apollo Spacecraft & Systems Familiarization (March 13, 1968) Command Module Main Control Panel from Apollo Operations Handbook Block II Spacecraft (October 15, 1969) Detailed, sectional scans of the above panel are available. Photos 0. This is a model of the Apollo Command and Service Module. The model consists of the Command Module and the Service Module. In addition, the model includes various equipment such as recovery equipment for the splashdown of the Command Module and a display stand. Features: Command Module. - Detailed interior. - Removable upper heat shield The Apollo 11 command module housed the crew and parts needed for the moon's return to Earth. The service module housed the propulsion, electricity supply and food storage for the crew. On the return, the service module was thrown off and burned in the atmosphere. Fortunately, you can build it with LEGO®! The Apollo 11 Command and Service Module MOC is designed in the same scale as the. . In neuem Fenster öffnen für volle Größe. uhoh. Dies ist als space-artFrage markiert , aber diejenigen, die ein gutes Auge für authentische Apollo-Raumschiffe haben, sind für die. Meine Frage ist, in welcher Höhe das Apollo Command Module den Mond umkreiste und wie lange es dauerte? Hirschjäger. Bitte beachten Sie, dass dies durchschnittliche Zeiträume sind, da das CSM seine Manöver (DOI, Sink Orbit Initiation) durchgeführt hat, um dem LM die Landung auf dem Mond zu erleichtern. Mission Durchschnittliche Periode, mm:ss Apollo 8 121 : 01 Apollo 10 119 : 27 Apollo 11. The Apollo Guidance Computer (the one in the Command Module was referred to as the 'CMC', for 'Command Module Computer') was pretty much the 'focal point' for the spacecrafts Primary Guidance Navigation and Control System (referred to as 'PGNCS',. Topic: Apollo command module: silver or white? slk6517 Member . Posts: 27 From: sheboygan, WI. USA Registered: Dec 2006: posted 02-18-2007 02:29 AM I have noticed that in many models of the Apollo command module, the capsule is metallic and others appear white. This also applies to various photos I have seen. Maybe you could give me a simple explanation to this? mdmyer Member . Posts: 900 From. The following spacecrafts are part of the Apollo program: The Apollo Command (and Service) Module, the Lunar Module, and the Lunar Roving Vehicle. The goal of the Apollo spacecrafts is to mimic the real spacecrafts flown and used by real astronauts, both for educational use and simulation. The Command Module capsule is modelled after the SM2A-03-BK-II APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK BLOCK II. Apollo: Command Module (Revell - Nr. 04831) Produktinfo: Hersteller: Revell: Sparte: Raumfahrt: Katalog Nummer: 04831 - Apollo: Command Module: Maßstab: 1:100: Kategorie: Bausätze (Plastik) Erschienen: 2011: Preis: 4,99 EUR: Inhalt: 18 Einzelteile auf 2 Spritzlingen; 1 Markierungsbogen; 1 Bauanleitung; Besprechung: Spritzling Nr. 1. Über die Verwendung des Originals sollte schon so ziemlich. Apollo war ein Raumschiff, das Mitte der 1960er im Rahmen des Apollo-Programms von North American Aviation entwickelt wurde. Es bestand aus zwei Komponenten: dem Kommandomodul (CM) und dem Servicemodul (SM). Die Kombination (CSM) wurde erst kurz vor dem Wiedereintritt in die Erdatmosphäre getrennt. Nur das CM mit den drei Astronauten an Bord war mit einem Hitzeschild ausgestattet und für. NASA Apollo Command Module News Reference, Prepared by North American Rockwell Corp., undated. Google Scholar. O'Brien, Frank, The Apollo Guidance Computer Architecture and Operation, Springer-Praxis books, Chichester, UK, 2010 Google Scholar. Painter, John, and Hondros, George, Unified S-Band Telecommunications Techniques for Apollo, NASA Technical Note NASA TN D-2208 Google Scholar. Parker. . Overall. Apollo Command Module Main Control Panel Poster NASA Home Decor Print. $13.99 $ 13. 99. Save 14% on 2 select item(s) FREE Shipping. NASA Apollo 50th Anniversary Lapel Pin Contains Flown Command Module Metal That Went to the Moon. $7.79 $ 7. 79. $3.18 shipping. Only 6 left in stock - order soon. NASA Apollo Program 50th Anniversary Lapel Pin Contains Flown Command Module Metal That Went to the. . 02754-National-Air-and-Space-Museum (27029107650).jpg. 9x6-Foot Thermal Structures Tunnel (9443003371).jpg. Apollo Boilerplate Command Module at Steven F Udvar-Hazy Center.jpg. Apollo command and service module at Holloman's radar target scatter.jpg 805 × 624; 114 KB. Apollo. Dragon Models 1/48 Apollo 11, Command/Service Module (CSM) 4.0 out of 5 stars 5. $195.49 $ 195. 49 & Free Shipping. AMT NASA Saturn V Apollo Moon Rocket Replica 1:200 Scale (21 Long) Model Kit. 4.3 out of 5 stars 95. $26.99 $ 26. 99. Get it as soon as Friday, Sep 17. FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon. Only 4 left in stock - order soon. Dragon Models 1/72 Apollo 10 CSM + LM. Apollo 8 Command Module (CM-103) Launched on December 21, 1968, Apollo 8 was the first crewed mission to orbit the Moon. The crew included Frank Borman (Mission Commander), James Lovell (Command Module Pilot), and William Anders (Lunar Module Pilot). These photos were taken at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry This spacecraft Command Module is newly tooled. It comes with the requisite floating pontoons and three spherical inflatable bags, plus a life raft is included. As for the helicopter, it's one of the most famous USN Sea King helicopter. The white-painted craft labeled '66' was utilized to recover astronauts from the ocean after their Apollo 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13 capsules splashed down after. .NEWWARE NW002. Maßstab 1/32. Für Apollo Spacecraft Monogram . 65 Photoätzteile: all Apollo CM control panels, Apollo CM - LM tunnel, Apollo CM walls; High gain antena parabolas ,detailed instructions including color guide Apollo command module, for one The clue Apollo command module, for one was last spotted by us at the New York Times Crossword on September 3 2020 . Featuring some of the most popular crossword puzzles, XWordSolver.com uses the knowledge of experts in history, anthropology, and science combined to provide you solutions when you cannot seem to guess the word Apollo Command Module Mission Simulator showing Apollo 13 prime crew member Ken Mattingly in training. Mattingly was bumped from the crew a few days before launch because of exposure to the measles. Image credit: NASA . The various simulators were controlled by a network of digital computers, up to ten of them which could be networked together to simulate a single large problem. There were. Apollo: Command ModuleMission Apollo 11: Am 20. Juli 1969 erfolgte die sensationelle Landung auf dem Mond. Das Apollo Raumschiff, mit dem Astronauten zum Mond transportiert wurden, besteht aus 2 Komponenten, der Kommando-Kapsel und dem Servicemodul.Modell-Details: Strukturierte Oberflächen; Service Modul mit Steuerdüsen; Abziehbilde The Apollo 11 Command Module, Columbia, was the living quarters for the three-person crew during most of the first manned lunar landing mission in July 1969. On July 16, 1969, Neil Armstrong, Edwin Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins were launched from Cape Kennedy atop a Saturn V rocket. This Command Module, no. 107, manufactured by North American Rockwell, was one of three parts of the. . Assorted diagrams of the Command module and a few of the Service Module. Read More. Buy Photos Apollo 13, launched on April 11, 1970, was NASA's third manned mission to the moon. Two day later on April 13 while the mission was en route to the moon, a fault in the electrical system of one of the Service Module's oxygen tanks produced an explosion that caused both oxygen tanks to fail and also led to a loss of electrical power. The command module remained functional on its own batteries. Michael Collins—a two-time astronaut who piloted the command module during the historic Apollo 11 mission that landed the first humans on the Moon—died on Wednesday after battling cancer, his. REVELL 1/100 APOLLO 11 Command Module 04831 - EUR 3,50. ZU VERKAUFEN! Revell 1/100 scale Apollo 11 Command Module. All the parts, decals and 15458670536 The Ultimate Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM) Decals Number: AP48 Scale: 1:48 Type: Decalset Released: 2004 \| Initial release - new tool Topic: North American Aviation Command/Service Module » Space (Space) Box contents. Decalsheet (waterslide) Designed for. This aftermarket set is designed for: Marketplace . None of our partner shops or mates has this currently for sale. In-box reviews. [An Apollo Command Module (Block II) Environmental Control Unit (ECU) a major part of the Environmental Control subsystem (ECS), produced by Garrett Corp.'s AiResearch Division, Los Angeles under subcontract to North American Aviation (NAA), prime for the Apollo Command Service Module (CSM) under NASA Contact NAS 9-150. The Environmental Control Unit was the heart of the environmental control. The Command/Service Module (CSM) was one of two spacecraft, along with the Lunar Module, used for the United States Apollo program which landed astronauts on the Moon.It was built for NASA by North American Aviation.It was launched by itself on three suborbital and low Earth orbit Apollo test missions using the Saturn IB launch vehicle.It was also launched twelve times on the larger Saturn V. The Apollo 11 Command Module is hoisted aboard the USS Hornet, the prime recovery vessel for the historic Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. The splashdown took place at 12:49 p.m. ET, July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii, only 12 nautical miles from the USS Hornet Above: The Apollo Command Module on display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, number 007A, is the first production-line capsule delivered to NASA for testing and training. It was originally identical to spacecraft 012, in which astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee died in a fire on January 27, 1967. From 1968 to 1972, nine astronaut crews returned to Earth in Apollo Command. Apollo 10 command module, call sign 'Charlie Brown', by North American Rockwell Corporation, Downey, Los Angeles county, California, United States, American, 1969. Apollo 10, carrying astronauts Thomas Stafford, John Young and Eugene Cernan, was launched in May 1969 on a lunar orbital mission as the dress rehearsal for the actual Apollo 11 landing The Apollo Command and Service Modules or simply CSM were designed by North American Aviation for NASA as part of the Apollo Spacecraft with Grumman's Lunar Module.The command module was a capsule spacecraft similar to the crew module for Boeing's Starliner, but the service module was much bigger, as being designed for lunar transit The Apollo 15 Command Module (CM), with astronauts David R. Scott, commander; Alfred M. Worden, command module pilot; and James B. Irwin, lunar module pilot, aboard, nears a safe touchdown in the mid-Pacific Ocean to conclude a highly successful lunar landing mission. Although causing no harm to the crewmen, one of the three main parachutes failed to function properly. The splashdown occurred. Apollo Command Module storage locker U4. This locker, measuring 12.5 x 22.75 x 4.75 (at top- tapering to 2,25 at bottom) would mount in the upper section of the command module, above and behind the heads of the astronauts. This particular design was made for the later Apollo Applications missions (Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project) Other articles where Command Module is discussed: Apollo: The conical command module (CM) carried three astronauts. The service module (SM) was attached to the back of the CM and carried its fuel and power to form the command/service module (CSM). Docked to the front of the CSM was the lunar module (LM). One astronaut staye The unmanned Apollo 6 Command Module was launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 4, 1968 and recovered in the Pacific Ocean 10 hours later. The mission was the second test flight for the giant Saturn V launch vehicle and was the last unmanned flight of Project Apollo. The real Command Module, on loan from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, is on display in the FSC exhibit hall. The Apollo spacecraft was designed as part of the Apollo Program, by the United States in the early 1960s to land men on the moon before 1970 and return them safely to earth.. Spacecraft and Subsystems . As the name implies, the Command and Service Module (CSM) was comprised of two distinct units: the Command Module (CM), which housed the crew, spacecraft operations systems, and re-entry. Apollo Command Module. If you are looking for Apollo Command Module you've come to the right place. We have 10 images about Apollo Command Module including images, pictures, photos, wallpapers, and more. In these page, we also have variety of images available. Such as png, jpg, animated gifs, pic art, logo, black and white, transparent, etc The Apollo command and service module (CSM) was one of two principal components of the United States Apollo spacecraft, used for the Apollo program, which landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The CSM functioned as a mother ship, which carried a crew of three astronauts and the second Apollo spacecraft, the Apollo Lunar Module, to lunar orbit, and brought the astronauts back to. AS-202 (also referred to as SA-202) was the second uncrewed, suborbital test flight of a production Block I Apollo command and service module launched with the Saturn IB launch vehicle. It was launched on August 25, 1966, and was the first flight which included the spacecraft guidance and navigation control system and fuel cells.The success of this flight enabled the Apollo program to judge. One final time, its command module splashed down in the ocean. In between, astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt made history, becoming the last two men to step foot on the Moon. The two were joined by Ronald Evans on Apollo 17, the last Apollo mission to the Moon. This final mission also contained a first. Schmitt was the first scientist to travel into space. Schmitt, who went by. Aug 29, 2020 - Describing Apollo 11 Spacecraft. See more ideas about spacecraft, apollo, apollo 11 This exclusive, engineering-grade model shows an Apollo Command Module Primary Access Hatch in all of its exquisite pre-flight detail. The Command Module hatch was an incredible feat of engineering prowess, and this model represents that in fine 1:8 scale detail. This model has been expertly designed and built by a team of engineers and model makers using only the finest materials available. The Command Module (CM) was the control center for the Apollo spacecraft, providing living and working quarters for the three-man crew for the entire flight, except for the period when the Lunar Module descended to the Moon for landing and return. The cone-shaped CM was the only part of the spacecraft that returned to Earth from space. The cylindrical Service Module (SM) was designed to. Apollo Command Module Banner. Sale. Regular price. $140.00 USD. Shipping calculated at checkout. A full scale (1:1) vinyl banner poster of a Block II Command Module Main Panel (panels 1, 2, 3). Based on schematics and scans of Apollo 11 CM COLUMBIA, we used vector and 3D graphics to recreate a photo-real banner for your home or office. 84x36. The Apollo 13 Command Module splashed down in the South Pacific at 12:07:44 p.m., April 17, 1970. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Today, the return journey of Apollo 13 is regarded as the successful failure, a tribute to the courage and professionalism of astronauts, engineers, and the entire support team. President Richard M. Nixon. The Apollo program included a large number of uncrewed test missions and 11 crewed missions. The 11 crewed missions include two Earth orbiting missions, two lunar orbiting missions, a lunar swingby and six Moon landing missions. #Apollo #Command_Module #Lunar #Moon #NAS Check out our apollo command module selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops On July 21, 1969, Apollo 11's Eagle lunar ascent stage lifted off from the surface of the Moon to rendezvous with the command module Columbia in orbit. After docking, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin clambered back into Columbia carrying 22 kilograms of lunar rock. The crew then closed the hatch and the command module returned to Earth. Before leaving, though, it jettisoned Eagle, leaving the. Apollo command module guidance and navigation system manual Portion of title: Guidance and navigation system manual Creator: General Motors Corporation -- AC Electronics Division ( issuing body) Manned Spacecraft Center (U.S.) ( commissioning body) Place of Publication: Milwaukee, Wisconsin Publisher: AC Electronics Publication Date: 1966 Language: English Edition: Volume 1 of 2 Physical. Apollo command module heatshield requirements established for several design trajectories - . Nation: USA. Program: Apollo. Spacecraft: Apollo CSM, CSM Heat Shield. Command module heatshield requirements, including heating versus time curves, were established by NAA for several design trajectories. A computer program method of analyzing the charring ablation process had been developed. By this. Posterzeichnung des Innenraums der Apollo-Hütte, Ergänzung zum Spirou-Magazin. Illustriert von Jean Luc Beghin 1970. Enthält Text, Einsets mit Apollo-Landung, Fotografien von Astronauten und Mission Patches für Apollo VIII - Apollo XIII, und detaillierter Plan des Apollo-Kommandomoduls Short description Component of the Apollo spacecraft. Apollo command and service module; Apollo CSM Endeavour in lunar orbit during Apollo 1 Apollo 15 completed the fourth successful moon landing mission with an all-U.S. Air Force crew, and its Command Module is on display in the museum's Space Gallery courtesy of a loan from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Other spacecraft on display in the Space Gallery include Mercury and Gemini, as well as the Space Shuttle Crew Compartment Trainer More than 3,500 of those stem from the historic Apollo Moon landing effort, with 400 objects related specifically to the first successful lunar landing mission, Apollo 11. On July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed in the Lunar Module Eagle and became the first humans to step foot on the lunar surface while astronaut Michael Collins orbited above inside the Command. Michael Collins, the Apollo 11 astronaut dubbed the loneliest man in history for his role piloting the orbiting command module during the first Moon-landing Apollo mission, died on April 28. 26.06.2020, 11:41. Teilen. Anleitung Revell Apollo Command Module Handbuch PDF Download. Hier bekommt ihr eine Handbuch für Spielzeuge der Marke REVELL als PDF Datei zum Download bzw. online ansehen. Zum Download der Datei im PDF Format gelangt ihr hier: Code: Um den Inhalt sehen zu können musst du dich einloggen oder [url=https://www. Best Answer for Apollo Command Module For One Crossword Clue. The word that solves this crossword puzzle is 8 letters long and begins with Take a 3D Tour Inside the Apollo 11 Command Module. Take a look inside the tiny capsule that carried three astronauts hundreds of thousands of miles to the moon and back. Yesterday, we celebrated. Apollo 11 command module pilot Michael Collins is framed by the upraised Bible held by the Rev. Gina Gilland Campbell during a memorial service celebrating the life of Neil Armstrong at the Washington National Cathedral, Thursday, Sept. 13, 2012. Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon during the 1969 Apollo 11 mission, died Saturday, Aug. Apollo 10, carrying astronauts Thomas Stafford, John Young and Eugene Cernan, was launched in May 1969 on a lunar orbital mission as the dress rehearsal for the actual Apollo 11 landing. Stafford and... Erstklassige Nachrichtenbilder in hoher Auflösung bei Getty Image Apollo 14 Command and Service Module im NSSDCA Master Catalog (englisch) Apollo 14: Zum Erfolg verdammt. In: Alpha cephei, 7. Februar 2020; Einzelnachweise Missionen des Apollo-Programms. This is a synthesized version of the Apollo Command Module Master Alarm to the best of my knowledge. I used a square pattern using alternating tones 750Hz for 0.4 secs by 2000Hz for 0.4 seconds Apollo 1 - NASA, 1967. Apollo 1's Command Module in the White Room of Launch Complex 34 a day after the fire that took the lives of astronauts Lt. Col. Virgil Gus Ivan Grissom, Lt. Col. Edward Higgins White II, and Lt. Cdr. Roger Bruce Chaffee. The damage from the intense heat of the flash fire is clearly visabale. Artist NASA. (Photo by. Also, the Revell 1/48 Command module/Lunar module/escape tower kit was the block 1 design that never flew. The only CM you would be able to model would be Apollo 1 (not a nice display piece). I would also recommend the Dragon Apollo 11 CM. I have both the Revell and the Dragon and there's just no comparison Home; Books; Search; Support. How-To Tutorials; Suggestions; Machine Translation Editions; Noahs Archive Project; About Us. Terms and Conditions; Get Published. Apollo Probe & Drogue System: The docking between the Apollo command and lunar modules employed the use of a probe and drogue system. The probe was mounted in the docking tunnel of the command module, while the conical drogue was mounted in the docking tunnel of the lunar module. The CM would extend its probe and approach the lunar module. The cone of the drogue would guide the command.
Measure Angular Position with an Incremental Rotary Encoder This example shows how to acquire angular position data using an incremental rotary encoder and a multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) device with the Data Acquisition Toolbox quadrature encoder measurement functionality. An incremental rotary encoder is typically mounted on the shaft of a mechanical system, such as a wind turbine or a robotic arm, to provide motion or position information. The encoder outputs two quadrature signals, which provide information on the relative change in position and the direction of rotation. The counter subsystem of the DAQ device uses the signals output by the encoder to calculate the change in position, and keep track of the most recent position value. In MATLAB, an input channel with a Position measurement type is used to read the position values. This example uses an optical shaft encoder (US Digital H6-2500-IE-S) and a multifunction DAQ device (NI USB-6255) with counter channels which have quadrature encoder capability. Create a Data Acquisition Object Create a data acquisition object and add an input channel with Position measurement type. s = daq('ni'); ch1 = addinput(s, 'Dev1', 'ctr0', 'Position'); A rotary quadrature encoder outputs two quadrature signals, A and B, which provide information on the relative change in position and the direction of rotation. Optionally, some models also output an index or reference signal, Z, which is active once per revolution. You can use the Z signal to reset the counter position to a known reference value. Connect A, B, and Z signal outputs from the encoder device to the proper DAQ input terminals specified by the DAQ device datasheet (PFI8, PFI10, and PFI9 for NI USB-6255). The correct terminals depend on the device model and the counter channel used, and can be listed by reading the following properties: ans = 'PFI8' ans = 'PFI10' ans = 'PFI9' Configure quadrature cycle encoding type (X1, X2, or X4). This corresponds to the number of counts (counter value increments or decrements) output by the encoder for each quadrature cycle (1, 2, or 4.), as specified in the encoder datasheet. ch1.EncoderType = 'X1'; Read Encoder Position on Demand The DAQ device counter hardware keeps track of the relative position changes signaled by the encoder. Use read to read an updated position from the counter input channel. encoderPosition = read(s, 1, 'OutputFormat', 'Matrix') encoderPosition = 0 This example uses an optical encoder model with a resolution of 2500 quadrature cycles per shaft revolution, as specified in the encoder datasheet. Convert counter values to angular position (in degrees) using the encoder resolution and the encoding type ('X1' in this case). encoderCPR = 2500; encoderPositionDeg = encoderPosition * 360/encoderCPR encoderPositionDeg = 0 Acquire Hardware-Timed Encoder Position Data For applications where high time-resolution is required the data acquisition must be hardware-timed (clocked). As proof of concept, this example characterizes the motion of a swinging pendulum by measuring its angular position vs. time. To acquire hardware-timed data from a counter input channel, NI DAQ devices require the use of an external clock or the use of a clock from another subsystem. Add an analog input channel to the data acquisition object to automatically share this system's scan clock. addinput(s, 'Dev1', 'ai0', 'Voltage'); Configure acquisition rate (samples/s) and acquisition duration in seconds. s.Rate = 10000; daqDuration = seconds(35); Acquire data in the foreground. [positionData, timestamps] = read(s, daqDuration, 'OutputFormat', 'Matrix'); By default, counter position readings are unsigned integer values. The counter channels of the DAQ device used in this example are 32-bit, so any counter value read will be in the range 0 to 2^32-1. Depending on the application, you may want to obtain signed position values (positive or negative) as decrementing the counter value past zero is a discontinuous wraparound to 2^32-1. For 32-bit counter channels, use 2^31 as the threshold counter value for conversion to signed position values. The result is valid if the actual position value is in the range -2^31+1 to 2^31. counterNBits = 32; signedThreshold = 2^(counterNBits-1); signedData = positionData(:,1); signedData(signedData > signedThreshold) = signedData(signedData > signedThreshold) - 2^counterNBits; Calculate encoder position data in degrees. positionDataDeg = signedData * 360/encoderCPR; Plot the signed angular position data acquired for the oscillatory motion of a pendulum. figure plot(timestamps, positionDataDeg); xlabel('Time (s)'); ylabel('Angular position (deg.)'); Use the Z Signal to Reference the Relative Position to a Known Absolute Position The A and B quadrature signals output by incremental rotary encoders provide only relative position information (direction of motion and changes in position). The optional reference signal Z is a single pulse output once per encoder shaft revolution at a predefined absolute location. Referencing the relative position value to the known absolute position reference allows an incremental rotary encoder to function as a pseudo-absolute position encoder. This is useful in accurate positioning applications (such as industrial automation, robotics, solar tracking, radar antenna or telescope positioning). For incremental rotary encoders that provide a Z index signal output, the counter position value can be configured to be reset automatically to the known reference value. ch1.ZResetEnable = true; ZResetCondition, which is based on the A and B phase signals. ch1.ZResetCondition = 'BothLow'; Specify the absolute reference position value ZResetValue to which the counter value will be reset. ch1.ZResetValue = 0; Acquire and plot a set of hardware-timed counter position data to show how you can use the encoder Z index signal to automatically reset the counter value to a known reference value. [positionData2, timestamps2] = read(s, daqDuration, 'OutputFormat', 'matrix'); figure plot(timestamps2, positionData2(:,1)); xlabel('Time (s)'); ylabel('Counter value for quadrature encoder (counts)'); The acquired position data corresponds to a rotary encoder shaft that is rotating continuously. Notice that before the first time the counter value is reset the position value is not referenced to an absolute position, whereas the other counter reset events occur when the counter value is 2500 (the encoder CPR value).
The Good Earth: Theme Analysis In the early part of the novel, when Wang Lung is poor, he is content. He lives close to the land, which provides him with all that he needs. He lives the way he has always done. He is humble, honest, and loves nothing more than working in his fields. The first few years of his life with O-lan are simple and relatively untroubled. As long as the land produces, they have no wants that cannot be met. They are hard-working, self-reliant, and thrifty. But this changes when famine comes to the land. Wang Lung is forced to leave his land and go south to the city to find work and earn money to feed his family. He feels that he is a stranger in the city, but he holds on to his values, rebuking and striking his son when he discovers that the son has been stealing. But then, because he is so desperate to return to his land, he compromises his own values by stealing from a man as a mob sweeps through one of the houses of the wealthy. It is this stolen money that provides the basis for his prosperity. The richer Wang Lung becomes, the more he compromises the values he has always lived by. He is no longer so hard-working, and he does not work directly on the land, but delegates the work to others. For a while, he becomes idle and starts to indulge in vices that would not have occurred to him when he was a simple farmer. He spends money lavishly on the prostitute Lotus and becomes vain about his own appearance, buying fashionable new clothes. He even forces his wife to hand over the pearls he had earlier allowed her to keep. Because people now regard him as a rich and important man, he forgets where he came from, starting to despise the common people and think himself above them. He also allows himself to be persuaded by his son into acquiring property in the old House of Hwang in the town, rather than being content living on his land. The thought of living in the former House of Hwang appeals to him because when he was a young man the old House symbolized wealth and power, and he cannot resist acquiring that symbol of wealth now he is a man of substance. But living there does not make him happy, and he finally realizes, when he is seventy, that he must return to live in a simple fashion on his land because that is his true home. The theme of the corruption of wealth is continued in Wang Lung's eldest son. Not having spent much time working on the land as a boy, the eldest son does not share Wang Lung's original values. He too is a snob, despising the common people, and he loves to spend money making their house more and more lavish, so people will be impressed by it. The superficial values generated by wealth and the need for social approval have replaced the timeless values of simplicity and hard work. The "Good Earth" With the exceptions of the times in his life when he forgets himself, Wang Lung has an almost mystical connection to the earth. The knowledge of his relationship with the land, the soil, is almost a religion for him, far more so than worshiping the gods in the temple, whom he comes to despise. The land, with the coming and going of the seasons, and its periods of drought and flood, is linked to the rise and fall of human generations. Everything comes and everything goes. As Wang Lung and O-lan work the land he observes, "The earth lay rich and dark . . . . Some time, in some age, bodies of men and women had been buried there, houses had stood there, had fallen, and gone back into the earth. So would also their house, some time, return into the earth, their bodies also. Each had his turn at this earth" (p. 27). When Wang Lung is distressed, the land comforts him. He knows it is something, unlike material wealth, that can never be taken away from him. After the villagers rob him during the famine, he says, "The labor of my body and the fruit of the fields I have put into that which cannot be taken away . . . . If I had silver, they would have taken it. . . . I have the land still, and it is mine" (p. 65). When Wang Lung goes to the big city in the south, he knows instinctively that he must get back to his land as soon as possible. His land is his life. And when he does return, he sets about building wealth so that he will never again be forced off his land, by famine or flood. The "good earth" may not always be so good, since such droughts or floods come every five to ten years. But when they do, Wang Lung blames the gods, not the land itself. For him, the land is always something to be revered. He also believes that the House of Hwang fell because it forgot its connection to the land. When he first realizes this, he resolves to take his two young sons out in the fields to work, "where they would early take into their bones and their blood the feel of the soil under their feet, and the feel of the hoe hard in their hands" (p. 133).
The common dandelion, enemy of suburban lawns, is an unusually nutritious food. Its leaves contain substantial levels of vitamins A, C, D, and B complex as well as iron, magnesium, zinc, potassium, manganese, copper, choline, calcium, boron, and silicon. Worldwide, the root of the dandelion has been used for the treatment of a variety of liver and gallbladder problems. Other historical uses of the root and leaves include the treatment of breast diseases, water retention, digestive problems, joint pain, fever, and skin diseases. The most active constituents in dandelion appear to be eudesmanolide and germacranolide, substances unique to this herb. Other ingredients include taraxol, taraxerol, and taraxasterol, along with stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. What Is Dandelion Used for Today? Dandelion leaves are widely recommended as a food supplement for pregnant women because of the many nutrients they contain. The scientific basis for any other potential use of dandelion is scanty. Dandelion leaves have been found to produce a mild diuretic effect, which has led to its proposed use for people who suffer from mild , such as may occur in premenstrual syndrome (PMS). However, no double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have been reported on the effectiveness of dandelion for this purpose. (For information on double-blind studies, and why they are so important, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? In the folk medicine of many countries, dandelion root is regarded as a "liver tonic," a substance believed to support the liver in an unspecified way. This led to its use for many illnesses traditionally believed to be caused by a "sluggish" or "congested" liver, including constipation, headaches, eye problems, gout, skin problems, fatigue, and boils. Building on this traditional thinking, some modern believe that dandelion can help or clean out the liver and gallbladder. This concept has led to the additional suggestion that dandelion can reduce the side effects of medications processed by the liver, as well as relieve symptoms of diseases in which impaired liver function plays a role. However, while preliminary studies do suggest that dandelion root stimulates the flow of bile, there is as yet no meaningful scientific evidence that this observed effect leads to any of the benefits described above. Dandelion root is also used like other bitter herbs to and treat minor digestive disorders. When dried and roasted, it is sometimes used as a coffee substitute. Finally, dandelion root is sometimes recommended for mild A typical dosage of dandelion root is 2 to 8 g, 3 times daily of dried root; 250 mg, 3 to 4 times daily of a 5:1 extract; or 5 to 10 ml, 3 times daily of a 1:5 tincture in 45% alcohol. The leaves may be eaten in salad or cooked. Dandelion root and leaves are believed to be quite safe, with no side effects or likely risks other than rare allergic reactions. Dandelion is on the FDA's GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list and approved for use as a food flavoring by the Council of Europe. However, based on dandelion root's effect on bile secretion, Germany's Commission E has recommended that it not be used at all by individuals with obstruction of the bile ducts or other serious diseases of the gallbladder, and that it be used only under physician supervision by those with Some references state that dandelion root can cause hyperacidity and thereby increase pain, but this concern has been disputed. Because the leaves contain so much , they probably resupply any potassium lost due to dandelion's mild diuretic effect, although this has not been proven. People with known allergies to related plants, such as , should use dandelion with caution. There are no known drug interactions with dandelion. However, based on what we know about dandelion root's effects, there might be some risk when combining it with pharmaceutical diuretics or drugs that reduce blood sugar levels. In addition, individuals taking the medication lithium should use herbal diuretics such as dandelion leaf only under the supervision of a physician, as being dehydrated can be dangerous when using this medication. Safety in young children, pregnant or nursing women, or those with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established. Interactions You Should Know About If you are taking:
STUDY: Blood test may diagnose sports injuries to the brain Sports concussions have received a lot of attention recently, as evidence mounts that repetitive injuries to the brain can have damaging long-term consequences. But the science of sports-related head injuries, including how to measure recovery and decide when it’s OK for a patient to play again, needs work. This study proposes using blood biomarkers to diagnose sports-related concussions. To study the phenomenon, researchers used 280 players from 12 teams in the Swedish Hockey League, the top professional ice hockey league in Sweden. Researchers say a blood test measuring a protein called tau could help determine the severity of a concussion, whether there could be long-term consequences and when a patient can return to play. The test could evaluate severity just one hour after injury, they said. “Concussions are a growing international problem,” lead study author Henrik Zetterberg of the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg told Reuters Health. “The stakes for the individual athlete are high, and the list of players forced to quit with life-long injury is getting ever longer.”
When you have a soakaway installed, it allows rainwater to be collected from your building, which is then dispersed into the soil in a suitable location, preventing the excess water damaging the foundations of your building. However, for your soakaway to work, two components have to be in place. Firstly, your building has to have a system in place for getting water to the soakaway. According to the folks at RSG roofing, most buildings use a gutter system to move water from the building to the soakaway. Secondly, it’s vital that a porosity test is undertaken to establish the size and visibility of a soakaway in the specific location. It must be noted, this method of drainage is not suitable in clay soils that will not allow water to pass through them. Drain Maintain can make sure that both components of your soakaway system are working properly. Previously, a soakawy might have just been a simple arrangements where a hole would be dug in the ground and back-filled with hardcore and gravel, which would then allow the rainwater to gradually seep away into the surrounding soil. However this sort of arrangement could problematic because fine soil particles, moss and other materials could enter the system through the rainwater pipe or gully, causing the soakaway to clog up and the area would then become wet. A more efficient system uses modular attenuation cells, which look like old milk bottle crates. These cells are lightweight plastic structures with a high void ratio that allow them to be buried in the grounding, providing a storage area for water while it percolates into the surrounding soil. This system is far more effective, stronger and can be covered with a layer of soil or grassed over.
Addicts who abuse prescription painkillers often turn to heroin as well. This phenomenon has plagued society for the last several years. Some people insist that in order to reduce heroin addiction in the country, the prescription painkiller epidemic must be solved first. Others caution that by making prescription painkillers harder to obtain, that policy makers will drive users to toward heroin. In order to develop the best plan of attack for reducing heroin and prescription painkiller abuse, ongoing studies are being conducted and analyzed on different demographics that abuse these types of drugs. One recent study shows that veterans are more likely to use heroin if they have misused prescription painkillers in the past. Veteran healthcare, including mental health, has been an ongoing concern of late, as they deserve the best care our nation can provide. Veterans and other people who present with suspicious behavior regarding their prescription painkillers should be more closely monitored by medical professionals for potential heroin abuse in the future. The results of this study appear in the journal Addiction. “Our findings demonstrate a pattern of transitioning from non-medical use of prescription opioids to heroin use that has only been demonstrated in select populations. Our findings are unique in that our sample of individuals consisted of patients who were receiving routine medical care for common medical conditions,” explained David Fiellin, the co-author of the study. This specific information and method of study can now also be applied to other groups to better document the link of painkillers and heroin addiction. As more information is gathered about the transition into heroin abuse, the more specialized prevention programs can be. For people who do become dependent on opiates, including veterans and other populations, should seek out effective addiction treatment programs such as Desert Cove Recovery.
The health and safety consequences related to alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use remain significant concerns on college and university campuses across the country, including NYU. The behaviors of college students place them at high risk for unprotected sex, sexual assault, physical injury, and death resulting from substance use. Rates of heavy episodic (or binge) drinking have remained high and the misuse of additional substances, particularly prescription medications, has risen sharply in the past decade on college campuses, increasing overall risks associated with substance use in this population. Cigarette smoking, with its serious long-term health consequences, is reported at intermittent or at daily rates of nearly 20% among NYU students. Given the serious consequences of substance-using behaviors, NYU must focus on implementing a comprehensive approach to prevention beyond individually focused health education programs to include strategies designed to change the campus and community environment in which students make decisions about alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. - The binge drinking rate at NYU is 34%,49 which is lower than the national average. 5 - Almost 1 in 4, or 1.8 million, college students meet the medical criteria for substance abuse or dependence, almost triple the proportion in the general population.2 - College students aged 18 to 29 were almost twice as likely as adults 30 years of age or older to meet criteria for current alcohol abuse and more than 4 times as likely to meet criteria for current alcohol dependence.3,4 - Studies show students more than double their drinking during study abroad, and those who drank at heavier levels while abroad returned home drinking at significantly elevated levels.5 - An estimated 400,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 had unprotected sex and more than 100,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 report having been too intoxicated to know if they consented to having sex.7 - “Heavy and frequent” drinkers are approximately 5 to 6 times more likely than “non-heavy” drinkers to report that they had missed class and that they had performed poorly on a test or other project because of drinking.8 - The phenomenon of perceived social norms – or the belief that “everyone” is drinking and drinking is acceptable – is one of the strongest correlates of drinking among young adults.9 Misuse of Prescription Drugs - NYC Department of Health reports a steady increase in ER visits related to prescription misuse.10 - Prescription painkillers cause more overdose deaths than cocaine and heroin.11 - From 1993 to 2005, the proportion of students who abused prescription painkillers like Percocet, Vicodin and OxyContin, increased 343% to 240,000 students; stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall, 93% to 225,000; tranquilizers like Xanax and Valium, 450 % to 171,000; and sedatives like Nembutal and Seconal, 225% to 101,000.2 - From 2002-2009, self-reported, non-medical prescription opioid use increased by 40% among adults in New York City.10 - Tobacco use is the leading cause of premature and preventable death in the world.12 - Each year, an estimated 443,000 people in the U.S. die prematurely from smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, and another 8.6 million live with a serious illness caused by smoking.13 - Coupled with an enormous health toll is the significant economic burden of tobacco use—more than $96 billion a year in medical costs and another $97 billion a year from lost productivity.13 - Every day, nearly 4,000 young people try their first cigarette and approximately 1,000 will become daily smokers. More than 80% of adult smokers started before their 18th birthday.14 - During their years at college, 11.5% of nonsmokers will become occasional smokers and 14.4% of occasional smokers will become daily smokers.15 - The typical nonsmoker’s net worth is roughly 50% higher than light smokers and roughly twice the level of heavy smokers.16 - Increase student use of alcohol “risk reduction” practices. The use of "protective" behavioral strategies – such as avoiding drinking games, eating before drinking, or counting drinks – has been associated with students drinking less and experiencing fewer alcohol-related negative consequences.17-19 Several evidence-based interventions or strategies – including brief motivational interviewing,20 cognitive-behavioral skills training,21 incorporating trained student peers on intervention teams,22,23 Internet based interventions,24-27 and judicial mandated programming25 – have been shown to increase student knowledge about and use of protective behavioral strategies. - Increase visibility and access to NYU and community-affiliated substance-free social options. Large amounts of unstructured student time and student perceptions of heavy alcohol use can contribute to increased alcohol use and binge drinking.28 Alcohol-free social programming may be an effective strategy for decreasing alcohol use on days when students attend alcohol-free events rather than alcohol-related events or gatherings29,30 and is a primary policy goal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA).1, 28 Substance-free social options may also contribute to changing the sociocultural environment on campus by demonstrating that the university supports alcohol-free activities and limiting access to alcohol during events. In addition, students who attend are exposed to peers who are more likely to value alcohol-free entertainment, which may affect their beliefs about drinking norms on campus.31 - Promote consistent and interdependent enforcement of alcohol policies. Heavy drinking rates among college students are higher than those of their non-college peers.32 Characteristics of the college environment contribute to this phenomenon,33 but aggressive and consistent policy enforcement has been associated with reductions in student drinking rates over time.34 NYU currently has in place a comprehensive set of evidence-based policies; for example, responsible beverage service in social and commercial settings; enforcement at University-based events that have been associated with excessive drinking; personal liability; and disciplinary actions associated with policy violations.35 As a large and decentralized university, it is necessary to regularly examine and if necessary adjust current alcohol policies and their implementation to ensure consistent application and understanding throughout the NYU global network. - Strengthen policies and resources in support of a smoke free campus. Second-hand smoke has serious negative consequences;36 thus, federal, state, and city entities support the establishment of smoke-free zones. For several years, NYU has been striving toward a smoke-free campus.37 Because many college students are social or intermittent smokers,38 smoke-free campus policies are particularly effective at reducing cigarette consumption and promoting broad normative changes;39-42 these policies provide physical barriers to smoking, which may motivate students to attempt to quit or not to start.43 Additionally, students with access to smoking cessation aides are more likely to use them and more likely to quit smoking.43 - Develop a University-wide strategy to address prescription drug misuse and abuse. University-wide strategies involving all major stakeholders have been shown to be highly effective, and critical, in reducing binge drinking,28 suicide,44 and other high-risk behaviors or outcomes on college campuses.45 The significant rise in the misuse of prescription drugs nationally11 and in NYC,46 makes it imperative for college communities to better understand the trends in prescription drug misuse among college students;47 implement new policies to reduce inappropriate access to prescription drugs; and develop educational campaigns about appropriate and safe medication use and disposal practices targeting students and stakeholders.48 NYU should seek to adopt such strategies. a) Alcohol-associated serious negative consequences - Data Source: ACHA #16C-16I - Survey Question: Within the last 12 months, have you experienced any of the following as a consequence of your drinking: got in trouble with the police; had sex with someone without giving your consent; had sex with someone without getting their consent; had unprotected sex; physically injured yourself; physically injured another person; seriously considered suicide? - Definition: proportion who responded yes on any consequence (includes N/A, don’t drink in denominator) b) Students who avoid drinking games - Data Source: ACHA #15B - Survey Question: Within the last 12 months, when you “partied”/socialized, how often did you: avoid drinking games? - Definition: proportion who responded “most of the time” or “always” (includes N/A, don’t drink in denominator) c) Student taking prescription drugs that were not prescribed - Data Source: ACHA #18C-18E - Survey question: Within the last 12 months have you taken any of the following prescription drugs that were not prescribed to you: pain killers, sedatives OR stimulants? - Definition: proportion answering yes to pain killers OR sedatives OR stimulants (18C-18E) d) Students who currently smoke tobacco - Data Source: ACHA # Q8A1 - Survey question: Within the last 30 days, on how many days did you use cigarettes? - Definition: proportion who smoked within last 30 days (any amount) - DeJong, W., Langford, & L.M. (2002). A typology for campus-based alcohol prevention: Moving toward environmental management strategies. Journal on Studies of Alcohol (Supplement), 14, 140-147. - Wasting the best and the brightest: Substance abuse at America’s colleges and universities. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. ( 2007). Retrieved from http://www.casacolumbia.org/templates/publications_reports.aspx - Dawson, D.A, Grant, B.F, Stinson, F.S, & Chou, P.S. (2004). Another look at heavy episodic drinking and alcohol use disorders among college and non-college youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 477–488. - Grant, B.F., Dawson, D.A., Stinson F.S., Chou, P.S., Dufour, M.C., & Pickering, R.P. (2004). The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM–IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991–1992 and 2001–2001. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74, 223–234. - Pedersen, E.R., LaBrie, J.W., Hummer J.F., Larimer, M.E., & Lee, C.M. (2010.) Heavier drinking American college students may self-select into study abroad programs: An examination of sex and ethnic differences within a high-risk group. Addictive Behaviors, 35(9), 844-7. - White, A.M., Hingson R.W., Pan, I.J., & Yi ,H.Y. (2011). Hospitalizations for alcohol and drug overdoses in young adults ages 18-24 in the United States, 1999-2008: Results from the nationwide inpatient sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - Hingson, R.W., & Howland J. (2002) Comprehensive community interventions to promote health: Implications for college-age drinking problems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Supplement), (14), 226-240 - Presley, C.A., & Pimentel E.R. (2006). The introduction of the heavy and frequent drinker: A proposed classification to increase accuracy of alcohol assessments in postsecondary educational settings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 324-331. - Patrick, M.E., Maggs J.L., & Osgood, D.W. (2010). Late night Penn State alcohol-free programming: Students drink less on days they participate. Prevention Science, 11(2), 155–162. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063607/ - Paone D, Bradley O’Brien D, Shah S, Heller D. Epi Data Brief: Opioid Analgesics in New York City: Misuse, Morbidity and Mortality Update. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. April 2011, No. 3. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, July). Unintentional Drug Poisoning in the United States. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. - WHO REPORT on the global TOBACCO epidemic, 2011: Warning about the dangers of tobacco. World Health Organization. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Tobacco Use: Targeting the Nation’s Leading Killer, At a Glance 2011. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2009, September). Results from the 2008 national survey on drug use and health: Detailed tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMSHA, Office of Applied Studies. - Wetter, D.W., Kenford, S.L., Welsch, S.K., Smith, S.S., Fouladi, R.T., Fiore, M.C., & Baker, T.B. (2004). Prevalence and predictors of transitions in smoking behavior among college students. Health Psychology, 23, 168–177. - Zagorsky, J.L. (2004). Does smoking harm wealth as much as health? Consumer Interests Annual, 50. Retrieved May 6th, 2005, from http://www.consumerinterests.org/files/public/Zagorsky_Does_Smoking_Harm_Wealth.pdf - Araas, T.E., & Adams, T.B. (2008). Protective behavioral strategies and negative alcohol-related consequences in college students. Journal of Drug Education. 38(3), 211-24. - Borsari, B., & Carey, K.B. (2006). How the quality of peer relationships influences college alcohol use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(4), 361-70. - Martens, M.P. (2011). Changes in protective behavioral strategies and alcohol use among college students. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.020 - Schaus, J.F., Sole, M.L., McCoy, T.P., Mullett, N., & O’Brien, M.C. (2009). Alcohol screening and brief intervention in a college student health center: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, (16), 131-141. - National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Advisory Council. (2002). A call to action: Changing the culture of drinking at U.S. colleges (NIH Publ. No. 02–5010). Retrieved from http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/media/TaskForceReport.pdf - Cimini, M.D., Martens, M.P., Larimer, M.E., Kilmer, J.R., Neighbors, C., & Monserrat, J.M. (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of peer-facilitated interventions addressing high-risk drinking among judicially mandated college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (Supplement), (16), 57-66 - Fromme, K., Corbin, W. (2004). Prevention of heavy drinking and associated negative consequences among mandated and voluntary college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 1038–1049. PMID: 15612850 - Walters S., Hester, R.K., Chiauzzi, EM, & Miller, E. (2005). Demon rum: High-tech solutions to an age-old problem. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 270–277. PMID: 15714050 - Walters, S.T., & Neighbors, C. (2005). Feedback interventions for college alcohol misuse: What, why and for whom? Addictive Behavior, 30, 1168–1182. PMID: 15925126 - Saitz, R., Palfa, T.P., & Freedner, N. (2006). Screening and brief intervention outline for college students: The iHealth study. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 23(1), 28–26. - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Advisory Council. (2007). What Colleges Need to Know Now: An Update on College Drinking Research (NIH Publication No. 07-5010). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Advisory Council. (2002). A call to action: changing the culture of drinking at U.S. colleges (NIH Publication. No. 02-5010). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. - Patrick M.E., Maggs, J.L., & Osgood, D.W. (2011). Late night Penn State alcohol-free programming: Students drink less on days they participate. Prevention Science, 11(2), 155–162. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063607/ - Murphy, J.G., Barnett, N.P., & Colby, S.M. (2006). Alcohol-related and alcohol-free activity participation and enjoyment among college students: A behavioral theories of choice analysis. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14(3), 339–349. - Perkins, H.W. (2002). Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (Supplement), (14), 164-72. - O'Malley, P.M., & Johnston, L.D. (2002). Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Supplement), (14), 23-39. - Wechsler, H., & Nelson, T.F. (2008). What we have learned from the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study: Focusing attention on college student alcohol consumption and the environmental conditions that promote it. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(4), 481-490. - Harris, S.K., Sherritt, L., Van Hook, S., Wechsler, H., & Knight, J.R. (2010). Alcohol policy enforcement and changes in student drinking rates in a statewide public college system: A follow-up study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 5,18. - Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs. New York University Policies on Substance Abuse and Alcoholic Beverages 2011‐2012. New York University. Retrieved from http://www.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu/studentAffairs/documents/sabuse2011.pdf - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004b). Secondhand smoke: Fact sheet. Retrieved February 20, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/SecondhandSmoke.htm - Office of Compliance and Risk Management. New York University Smoke Free Campus Policy 2010. New York University. Retrieved from http://www.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu/compliance/documents/SmokeFreeCampusPolicyFinal.9.16.10.pdf - Moran, S., Wechsler, H., & Rigotti, N.A. (2004). Social smoking among U.S. college students. Pediatrics, 114, 1028. - Doubeni, C.A., Li, W., Fouayzi, H., & DiFranza , J.R. (2008). Perceived Accessibility as a Predictor of Youth Smoking. Annals of Family Medicine 6, 323-330. - Tauras, J.A. (2005). Can public policy deter smoking escalation among young adults? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 24(4). - Borders, T.F., Xu, K.T., & Bacchi, D. (2005). College campus smoking policies and programs and students' smoking behaviors. BMC Public Health, 5, 74. [CrossRef] [Medline] - Sutfin, E.L., Reboussin, B.A., & McCoy, T.P. (2009). Are college student smokers really a homogeneous group? A latent class analysis of college student smokers. Nicotine Tobacco & Research, 11, 444–54. - Murphy-Hoefer, R., Griffith, R., Pederson, L.L., Crossett, L., Iyer, S.R., & Hiller, M.D. (2005). A review of interventions to reduce tobacco use in colleges and universities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 188-200. - Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (2004). Promoting mental health and preventing suicide in college and university settings. Newton, MA: Education Development Center, Inc. Retrieved July 30, 2011, from: http://www.sprc.org/library/college_sp_whitepaper.pdf - Hingson, R.W., & Howland J. (2002) Comprehensive community interventions to promote health: Implications for college-age drinking problems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drug Use (Supplement), (14), 226-240. - Epi Data Tables. Opioid Analgesics in New York City: Misuse, Morbidity and Mortality Update. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. April 2011, no. 3. - McCabe, S.E., Knight, J.R., Teter, & C.J., & Wechsler, H. (2005) Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among U.S. college students: prevalence and correlates from a national survey. Addiction, 99, 96–106. - National Prevention Council. Office of the Surgeon General. National Prevention Strategy. (2011). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. - American College Health Association. (2011). American College Health Association – National College Health Assessment 2011 NYU Data. Hanover, MD: Author. - American College Health Association. (2010). American College Health Association – National College Health Assessment 2012 National Data. Hanover, MD: Author.
Date of this Version Published in Biol. Lett. (2007) 3, 537–540. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292 The Yangtze River dolphin or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), an obligate freshwater odontocete known only from the middle-lower Yangtze River system and neighbouring Qiantang River in eastern China, has long been recognized as one of the world’s rarest and most threatened mammal species. The status of the baiji has not been investigated since the late 1990s, when the surviving population was estimated to be as low as 13 individuals. An intensive six-week multivessel visual and acoustic survey carried out in November–December 2006, covering the entire historical range of the baiji in the main Yangtze channel, failed to find any evidence that the species survives. We are forced to conclude that the baiji is now likely to be extinct, probably due to unsustainable by-catch in local fisheries. This represents the first global extinction of a large vertebrate for over 50 years, only the fourth disappearance of an entire mammal family since AD 1500, and the first cetacean species to be driven to extinction by human activity. Immediate and extreme measures may be necessary to prevent the extinction of other endangered cetaceans, including the sympatric Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis).
British UFO Report Skeptical of Aliens A 400-page confidential British study conducted in 2000 by the Ministry of Defense was released to the public on May 6, 2006, concluding that there exists no credible evidence for the existence of Unidentified Eying Objects. Stamped "Secret: UK Eyes Only," the report's author remains anonymous and only a handful of copies were made available to the press. The findings were forced into public disclosure through the Freedom of Information Act by Sheffield Hallam University professor David Clarke. Entitled "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK," the four-year study asked "Is anyone out there?" and concluded in the negative: "No evidence exists to suggest that the phenomena seen are hostile or under any type of control, other than that of natural physical forces." The Ministry of Defense initiated the study in order to assess the probabilities that such aerial phenomena might pose a hazard to civilian or military aircraft. "There is no evidence that 'solid' objects exist which could cause a collision hazard." The report considered what it is that eyewitnesses witnessed. "Evidence suggests that meteors and their well-known effects and, possibly some other less-known effects are responsible for some unidentified aerial phenomena." Natural terrestrial causes are the more likely explanation for UFOs than supernatural extraterrestrial causes. …
From the August 2015 Desktop News \| The groundbreaking space probe New Horizons has given astronomers a sharp new eye on one of the most remote bodies in our solar system, Pluto. This new source of information hasn’t gone unnoticed in the College’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, with many astronomers interested in understanding the distant dwarf planet and its peculiarities. “In our survey classes, Pluto is more than a blank placeholder — we now know about its history as a world,” said Dr. Bill Keel, a professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Astronomers at UA deal with celestial bodies far more distant than Pluto, often requiring the use of space-based telescopes to properly observe the foci of their research. They use the Hubble Space Telescope, Voyager 2 and Chandra X-ray Observatory to view distant galaxies through a dozen different slices of the electromagnetic spectrum. The New Horizons probe is equipped with instruments that investigate Pluto in the infrared, ultraviolet and visible light spectrums. “Infrared is especially good for diagnosing molecular solids on the surface, such as methane and water ice, and the UV is particularly powerful for tracing the kinds of atoms in Pluto’s thin atmosphere,” Keel said. “These are fairly standard astronomical techniques, but the application is a lot closer than we’re used to.” The time necessary to receive data from New Horizon gives observers a sense of the great distance to Pluto. New Horizons is gathering data much faster than it can travel back to Earth. The communications array sends back about a kilobit per second, approximately 1/50th the speed of a dial-up Internet connection. There is also a delay of about 4.5 hours between data transmission and reception because of the limitations of the speed of light. “At this distance, it will take over a year to send the full uncompressed data set back, so we expect new result to come in for a long time,” Keel said. So far, the data that has come back is extraordinary. In addition to popular pictures, New Horizons has observed that Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are warm inside, with no immediately observable explanation. The dwarf planet has defied expectations in other ways as well. “Most people expected to see a surface more dominated by impact craters, the telltale sign that nothing else much has happened for billions of years. Not so for Pluto and its largest moon,” Keel said. “This is the first time we’ve seen a world come into view like this since Voyager 2 passed Neptune and Triton in 1989, and the first close-up we’ve had of what we now know to be thousands of icy objects in the outer solar system.”
E-lectrifying teens about engineering Israeli IBMers help get kids excited about a technical education during EWeek IBMers across Israel recently helped promote the engineering profession to hundreds of Israeli high school students as part of EWeek, the international program designed to encourage young people to pursue a scientific career. The program's name is now actually a bit of a misnomer, explained Sara Porat, EWeek coordinator for Israel and University Relations manager at IBM Research – Haifa. "EWeek no longer focuses just on the 'E' in engineering," Porat said. "We try to get kids excited year-round about a variety of technical education and career options in the domains known as STEM – science, technology, engineering, and mathematics." EWeek in Haifa and Petach Tikva IBM Research – Haifa has traditionally been the linchpin of EWeek activity in Israel, and this year was no exception. But Porat expanded activities in Israel this year, involving employees and developers from other divisions of IBM in the country. This year's activities focused on a week in early March in which more than 700 teens from around Israel attended programs at IBM sites in Petach Tikva and Haifa. During the first two days of the week, students from the Greater Tel Aviv area came to the headquarters of IBM Israel in Petach Tikva to hear presentations from IBMers on such topics as software development, social networks, and healthcare technology. In Haifa during the second half of the week, teens from schools around northern Israel came to the IBM site to hear presentations on subjects such as speech recognition and preventing epidemics. Smarter bus routes All the presentations focused in one way or another on IBM's smarter planet vision. IBM Israel Software Lab developer Gili Nachum, for example, gave a talk in Petach Tikva on how school bus routing can be made smarter by using technology. "I introduced the topic and then took suggestions from the kids as to how we could achieve our goal," Nachum said. "I showed them how engineers can utilize input from already existing sensors on and near the bus, such as GPS, weight sensors, speedometer, and security cameras to optimize the bus route. I explained to them that anyone can become a programmer/designer and that it's really interesting to have such a job." Selecting science for a better future The timing and scale of the big events is critical, Porat explained. All the teens who attend are ninth-graders, and in tenth grade most Israeli students start a specific track of studies that they continue to the end of high school. "The decision of which track to select is made near the end of ninth grade," she noted, "which is why it's so important that we try to reach a large number of students and influence them to study math and sciences." In addition to IBM's large-scale EWeek events, other IBMers in Israel spoke in classrooms, school events, and other student programs around the country. But as Gili Ginzburg, manager of the Administration team in the Israel R&D Labs and community relations coordinator explained, much of the community-oriented programming that takes place in the IBM labs in Israel is related to EWeek in one way or another. "EWeek activities are defined as any education effort that targets kids," she explained, noting that more than 1300 children overall -- including more than 40% girls and 12% minority students -- participated in this year's IBM EWeek programming in Israel. "So talks at schools, our long-term youth education project, and the large-scale activities in Haifa and Petach Tikva, all fall under the EWeek banner. In the end, they're all aimed at the same thing – showing teens how they can better themselves and improve the world they live in."
Airport Surface Movement Optimization Taxiing aircraft contribute significantly to fuel burn and emissions at airports. The quantities of fuel burned as well as different pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulate matter, are functions of aircraft taxi duration (along with throttle setting, number of running engines, and pilot and airline decisions regarding engine shutdowns during delays). The reduction of taxi times through improved planning of surface movements has the potential to reduce these emissions. Project 21 focuses on opportunities to reduce surface emissions through departure planning and surface movement optimization. The research will include a detailed plan for implementing these techniques in a pilot study at an airport, with an overall goal of initiating wider adoption of the methods throughout the United States. This project will investigate approaches, such as gate-holds and taxi-route planning, to decrease taxi times. In addition, environmental factors will be incorporated into the objective functions of the optimization through the use of aircraft-specific delay costs, which will reflect the fact that the emissions characteristics of various aircraft may differ. Current baseline fuel burn and emissions at major airports will also be assessed in order to identify locations where the proposed strategies will produce the most benefits. Project 21 will also address the development of approaches to surface movement optimization that will balance both airport throughput and emissions objectives, while simultaneously ensuring fairness in the delays incurred by the different airlines. Barriers to the practical adoption of these approaches, such as gate usage and ownership issues, as well as surface infrastructure considerations such as taxiway layouts, the availability of tugs, and the presence and location of holding areas, will be identified, and possible approaches to overcome these barriers will be developed. Airline competition, tradeoffs between airline and air traffic control objectives, traffic flow management initiatives in the airspace and the presence of uncertainty in airport processes (which result in uncertain estimates of pushback times and taxi times) also pose significant challenges to surface movement optimization, and will be addressed. Plans and recommendations for ways to reduced surface emissions by optimizing aircraft surface movements. The results-to-date of this project are currently being transitioned to preliminary field tests of simple, low-risk strategies to decrease taxi times and emissions through mitigating airport surface congestion. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hamsa Balakrishnan, Assistant Professor, Deparment of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, firstname.lastname@example.org Christopher Dorbian Christopher.Dorbian@faa.gov Steve Urlass (past program manager) Demonstration of Reduced Airport Congestion through Pushback Rate Control, I. Simaiakis, H.Khadilkar, H. Balakrishnan, T. G. Reynolds, R. J. Hansman, B. Reilly and S. Urlass. Proceedings of the USA/Europe Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar, June 2011. Winner of Kevin Corker Award for Best Paper of ATM-2011.
The Importance of Preventive Dental Care Preventive Dentistry, including regular dental exams, cleanings, fluoride treatments, oral cancer screenings and more are important in keeping your teeth and gums healthy. But, did you realize: - Recent studies have linked the bacteria associated with periodontal (gum) disease with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, certain cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, premature birth, erectile dysfunction and more. - Cavities left undetected or untreated can lead to abscesses and infection. - Poor jaw alignment (malocclusion) can lead to pain in your jaw joints (TMJ), headaches, tooth grinding and more. In fact, the health and function of your mouth has been shown to affect your entire body. Regular preventive dental care is a great way to stay smiling on both the outside and the inside! Make sure to call Dr. Scott Logan in Huntsville for an appointment today!
Childproofing the Car: Is Your Car a Safe Environment for Kids? Employ Technology, Safe Practices & Safety Devices to Better Protect Your Precious Cargo on the Road By Kimberlee Mitchell, Child & Family Safety Expert On average your child will log about 2,000 hours in the car by her 5th birthday and close to 8,000 by age nine. It makes sense to make sure your family vehicle is as safe as possible—both under the hood and inside of the car. Vehicle safety goes far beyond buying a car seat and as your child’s protector your little ones are looking to you to cover all the bases whether you’re on a quick trip to the store or on long a road trip. I’ve updated my Childproofing the Car tips to reflect some new eye-opening car safety tips that will help you childproof your vehicle and create the safest environment possible while on the road with your family: 1) BUCKLE ALL THE TIME: Even the Empty Boosters a. Secure empty child restraints or CRS (Child Restraint System aka car seat or booster) –especially boosters as they are loose when child is not in it. Teach your child to buckle the booster upon leaving car as they can become dangerous projectiles. b. Make sure unused shoulder belts are not in reach of children as they can pose strangulation risk. c. Seat belts are not for play, especially, automatic seat belts, as they can cause strangulation. 2) ELIMINATE PROJECTILES: Anything in the car that is not secured is a possible projectile. In a crash, object takes on greater weight due to crash forces. This “new weight” can be calculated by multiplying the weight of object by the car’s speed at impact; a 5 lb. box at 25 MPH becomes a 125 lb. projectile. a. Store all groceries, equipment, toys, etc. in trunk of car or behind last passenger seat on the floor. b. Use “crash tested” gear in car. (baby mirrors, shade, etc.) c. Store tethers on CRS properly so they don’t become a projectiles in a crash. d. Pets also require vehicle restraints for the safety of the animal as well as everyone else in the car. Why? A 35 lb. pet @ 45 mph becomes a lethal 1,575 lb. projectile in a crash. 3) PROPER CAR SEAT INSTALLATION: a. Thoroughly read BOTH car seat manual and vehicle manual from manufacturer before installation and for choosing best location for CRS in vehicle. b. Do not use a shoulder belt with air bags to secure infant carrier or CRS. These are ideal for use with belt positioning booster seats. d. No more than an inch of CRS movement side to side or front to back. e. Keep rear facing for as long at CRS allows. Don’t graduate to forward facing too soon and strive toward the goal of rear facing until age 2 as child is 5x’s safer facing the rear. 4) BEST MATCH CAR SEAT FOR EVERY CHILD AT EVERY STAGE: a. Best practice is to buy a child restraint that best fits your child, your car and offers the maximum weight, age and height limits. Retailers will allow you to see if it “fits” in your car before buying. b. It’s important for parents to buy a child restraint that is easy for them to install so consistent, correct installation is achieved. c. Keep your child in a booster until age 10- 12 or until he is 4 feet 9 inches tall and the seat belt fits them correctly. The law is the minimum requirement. Click ==> here to view a diagram to help you determine if your child is ready for a booster. 5) TRUNK THE PURSE: Talking and texting is too much of a temptation and a lethal distraction for busy moms. It’s also modeling unsafe behavior for the older children who will soon be driving. Make the car a No Phone Zone and place your phone in the purse in the trunk! a. After securing child in the child restraint, place your purse with cell phone in it, in the trunk. You can also place it on floor in front of baby seat to help remind you that baby is in car –See #6. b. Worried about not having your phone in an emergency? See #8 as a solution. 6) DON’T FORGET YOUR BABY IN CAR: The death rate of children left in hot in vehicles has increased since cars seats were moved to the back seat in the early 1990’s. It can happen to the best of parents so practice prevention employing ALL or several of these tips: a. Place your purse or cell phone on floor under the seat in front of the child’s car seat as a reminder. b. Ask daycare provider to call you within 30 minutes after your child has not been dropped off. c. Attach a toy the child’s car seat. After putting child in car seat attach toy to yourself as a reminder. d. Feel free to explore phone apps and other “forget me not” tricks as additional layers of prevention, however don’t rely on technology 100% as phone batteries die and apps go out of business. 7) KEYS ARE NOT TOYS: Hide them Many new cars have automatic-start/unlock/open remote key fobs. These keys should be out of reach and hidden from children as a child should NEVER enter a car unsupervised. Sometimes they get in and can’t get out. I know, “babies like to play with mom’s keys,” but it’s unsafe and also filthy dirty! 8) RELY ON hum: TECHNOLOGY FOR CAR HEALTH ALERTS & EMERGENCY SERVICE: Now this is technology you can rely on. According to a survey conducted by hum by Verizon, new or expecting parents are three times more anxious about something outside of their control occurring in their vehicle and nearly half say they need more information on how to keep their car safe and secure for their family. We sport fitness wearables to keep track of our physical health, why not do the same for our car to prevent dangerous breakdowns? - My suggested solution to that is, get hum by Verizon! Hum makes it possible for nearly every driver to become a connected car owner through simple technology that allows parents to predict car troubles before they happen, subsequently prevent dangerous breakdowns and altogether better protect your family while in the car. When weighing the roadside services offerings out there hum is the best option for busy moms offering precious peace of mind with bat phone-like connectedness to trained mechanics and emergency help at the push of a button. Hum is not connected to your mobile phone (and you don’t need to be a Verizon customer to sign up) so regardless of a dead cell battery or forgetting your phone at home, you have a safety net every time you’re in your car. 9) USE YOUR CAR’S BUILT-IN SAFETY DEVICES: Most cars have safety devices already in their cars but often they go unused. - Lock all windows in car using window power controls in driver seat. Avoid fingers getting pinched and items being flung out onto road. - Lock rear child safety door locks so children cannot open doors nor can door be opened from the outside without key or you unlocking door. - Use your back up camera to ensure clear passage before backing out. No camera? Go old school and walk around the back of the car before leaving and key a sharp eye while backing out. Honking before you back out is always smart too! As a Child Safety Expert I am a diligent safety practitioner constantly keeping my ear to the ground gathering new findings that can help parents keep up on all things safety for their children. If you have any new products, services or knowledge that will help me in my injury prevention quest, please send me an email to keep me in the know. Drive safely!
What, exactly, does ECONNABORTED: An established connection was aborted by the software in So ... let's start with the most basic of questions: What's a The two-way communication between two computers (simplifying a bit, but that's the essential part of it). When one has a connection, does there have to be communication back-and-forth periodically before the connection is terminated? If so ... where is the timeout set? A connection in this case is likely the TCP connection between the client and your server. Yes, there is two-way communication, due to TCP. From Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "TCP is a reliable stream delivery service that guarantees delivery of a data stream sent from one host to another without duplication or losing data. Since packet transfer is not reliable, a technique known as positive acknowledgment with retransmission is used to guarantee reliability of packet transfers. This fundamental technique requires the receiver to respond with an acknowledgment message as it receives the data. The sender keeps a record of each packet it sends, and waits for acknowledgment before sending the next packet." Unfortunately I'm not aware of where the timeout is set. I'm not even sure it's a Rails setting; it may be lower-level than that. Is the browser terminating the connection or is it (in my case) Either one could be terminating the connection; when I see that error, however, it's always been the browser terminating the connection by navigating to a different page while downloading one or something Is a connection related to a port? (3000?) Yes. The port number tells your operating system to which application it should send the data. Your application registers itself with a certain port, and no other application can use it until it tells your OS that it's done. The port number is part of the packet header, IIRC, and your OS parses that and decides where to send the data. Can anyone recommend an overview of these issues? Wikipedia is actually a great resource for many computer science And follow some of the links. There's a lot of information in this I hope that helps.
Part of an ongoing series on Clear-Thinking Skills. This articles excerpted from “How to Think Well, and Why: The Awareness to Action Guide to Clear Thinking,” which is available in paperback and e-book via amazon.com. We Need a Network of Models and Tools We are bombarded with information every day, much of it low-quality or outright wrong. To be effective thinkers we need tools for sorting through information, identifying that which is flawed, and acting upon that which is valid. The aim of this guidebook is to help people do this through providing a set of tools and concepts structured into five broad domains (antidotes and guardrails, personality, culture, education, and debunking). These domains provide a framework to allow the individual to develop a flexible–but disciplined, structured, and interconnected–web of models, concepts, and tools that help us see clearly. Subjective Experience, Objective Reality, and Epistemic Clarity I know—big words. But good thinkers are not afraid of a few big words, especially if they are important words, so bear with me for a moment. Oxford Dictionary identified “post-truth” as the word of the year in 2016, and defined it as “relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.” Many people consider reason, emotion, and intuition to be simply different “ways of knowing,” and to some extent they are correct—we can learn much about the world from our emotions and intuition. However, we run into trouble when we assume all “ways of knowing” are equal and interchangeable and we apply them to the wrong topics. We feel when we should think (and sometimes vice versa), we confuse beliefs and opinions for facts, we reject facts that make us feel bad. There is a branch of philosophy called “epistemology” that is devoted to “ways of knowing,” or how we can truly know those things we know. It recognizes that we humans each interpret the world through the filters of our subjectivity, but that we must develop tools for telling the difference between subjective experience and objective reality. The heart of clear thinking lies in “epistemic clarity,” the ability to tell the difference between subjective experience and objective reality, and to act accordingly. It helps to remember: - Subjective Experience: is what we call our unique, non-rational, and feeling-based responses to the world. For example, preferences in music, cuisine, politics, and aesthetics are all subjective. - Objective Reality: is that which is true no matter how you feel about it. For example, our preferences regarding gravity, velocity, the spinning of the earth, and mathematical formulas are irrelevant; they are simple matters of fact whether we like them or not. - Epistemic Clarity: is the ability to tell the difference between Subjective Experience and Objective Reality. Keep This in Mind: The Brain Loves Stories When trying to understand the workings of the mind, we have to always remember one fundamental fact: The brain loves to create stories. Your brain is always filtering through data and turning it into a narrative. Doing so makes stress and uncertainty go away by fitting the data into some kind of understandable context, even if that context is completely fabricated. This is not necessarily a bad thing—it is this ability that allows us to see repeated patterns and prepare for the future. Unfortunately, our brains often have a difficult time distinguishing true stories from fake stories so we are often making up, without realizing it, explanations for things that happen to and around us that are simple and satisfying, but often wrong. This creation and embrace of narratives reinforces many of the mind’s other tricks that we will explore in future articles.
How the phone book changed the world Nov 03 2010 Greg Beato on how the seemingly humble phone book "signaled the coming shift from an industrial economy to an information-based one". The phone itself was a pretty big deal, of course, helping intimacy transcend proximity. But phone books provided a crucial element to the system: intrusiveness. In the beginning of 1880, Shea writes, there were 30,000 telephone subscribers in the U.S. At the end of the year, that number had grown to 50,000, and because of phone books, each one of them was exposed to the others as never before. While many American cities had been compiling databases of their inhabitants well before the phone was invented, listing names, occupations, and addresses, individuals remained fairly insulated from each other. Contacting someone might require a letter of introduction, a facility for charming butlers or secretaries, a long walk. Phone books eroded these barriers. They were the first step in our long journey toward the pandemic self-surveillance of Facebook. "Hey strangers!" anyone who appeared in their pages ordained. "Here's how to reach me whenever you feel like it, even though I have no idea who you are."
It’s been almost six years since chemists have added to the periodic table, but the recent confirmation of four new elements not only ends the drought, it completes the seventh row of the table. Any new elements discovered after this will be venturing into truly uncharted territory—none from the eighth row have been discovered. The new elements cover atomic numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118 and were synthesized between 2003 and 2010. The latter three were created by a collaboration of scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, while discovery of element 113 was awarded to scientists from the Riken Institute in Japan. Here’s The Guardian with more: Kosuke Morita, who was leading the research at Riken, said his team now planned to “look to the unchartered territory of element 119 and beyond.” Ryoji Noyori, former Riken president and Nobel laureate in chemistry said: “To scientists, this is of greater value than an Olympic gold medal”. The teams that discovered the new elements will be submitting their preferred names in the coming months to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for review and public comment. Since 2002, the IUPAC has allowed new elements to be named after mythological concepts, minerals, places or countries, properties of the elements themselves, or scientists. The IUPAC is prepared for elements 119 and beyond—they have provisional recommendations for atomic numbers as high as 900.
Chapter 1Learn as much as possible about how your brain works. This is the most important factor in getting smart and staying smart. In order to do this, you don't have to become a neurologist or subscribe to scholarly journals on neuroscience (the study of the brain at every operating level ranging from everyday observable behavior to brain processes taking place at the level of chemicals and molecules). Here is a useful summary of the facts you should know. The adult human brain weighs about three pounds and consists of about 100 billion nerve cells or neurons along with an even greater number of non-neuronal cells called glia (in Greek, glia means "glue") interspersed among the neurons. The neurons are responsible for the communication of information throughout the brain. Especially important is the brain's outer wrinkled mantle, the cerebral cortex, which gives the brain the appearance of a gnarled walnut. The cerebral cortex contains about 30 billion neurons linked to one another by means of a million billion neuronal connections called synapses. As pointed out by Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman, more than 32 million years would be required to count all of the synapses in the human brain at a counting rate of one synapse per second. And if we concentrate on the number of possible neuronal connections (circuits) within the brain, we get an even more astounding number: 10 followed by a million zeros. To put that number into some kind of perspective, consider that the number of particles in the known universe comes to only 10 followed by seventy-nine zeros. Finally, consider that the glia, which exceed the number of neurons by at least a power of 10, are also believed to be capable of communication. If this is true, then the number of possible brain states exceeds even our most extravagant projections. Any of the brain's 100 or so billion neurons can potentially communicate with any other via one or more linkages. Indeed, each neuron is no more than two or three degrees of separation from another. Linkages, once formed, are strengthened by repetition. At the behavioral level, this takes the form of habit. Each time you practice a piano piece or a golf swing (presuming you are doing it correctly), your performance improves. This corresponds at the neuronal level to the establishment and facilitation of neuronal circuits. The cerebral cortex consists of the outer gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum, the two structures that contain most of the neurons in the brain. Less than a quarter inch in thickness, this thin rind (cortex in the original Latin means "rind"), includes some 85 percent of all brain tissue. An obvious feature of the cerebral cortex is its highly convoluted surface and wrinkled appearance. This wrinkling serves the purpose of increasing the surface area of this thin outer layer without a corresponding increase in volume and size (similar to wrinkling a handkerchief so that the larger surface area can be contained in the smaller confines of a wallet or small purse). While it's true that certain brain areas are specialized (such as the centers for processing sight, sound, touch, and other qualities and properties), the largest portion of the brain, the association cortex, is devoted to establishing networks and thereby linking everything together throughout the brain. As a result of this networking, you don't separately see, hear, taste, smell, and feel your breakfast bagel-you experience it as a unity. It's the association cortex that makes that possible. Figure B, on page 23, shows the association cortex. Notice that it makes up more than 90 percent of the brain. Figure A, on page 22, depicts the other major brain areas along with some of their specialized functions. Notice that the right and left hemispheres are specialized for different functions as depicted in Figure C, on page 24, and discussed in detail later in the book. Below the cerebral hemispheres lies a group of nuclei (collections of nerve cells) that organize movement. These nuclei, called the basal ganglia, enable you to do such things as skillfully maneuver your way through heavy traffic while simultaneously rehearsing what you're going to say at the business meeting later in the morning. In computer terms, the cerebral cortex writes the software programs for actions and, after some practice on your part, the basal ganglia take over to run the programs that enable you to carry out the actions. When you learn the tango, for instance, you have to concentrate (i.e., use the cerebral cortex) to plan, learn, and get comfortable with the steps. But after some practice and experience, you're eventually able to tango while thinking of other things because the basal ganglia are operating that system automatically. Toward the back of the brain resides the cerebellum, a center involved in movement, balance, and coordination. The last time you watched a gymnast at the top of his or her form you were watching the cerebellum operating at its highest level. But the structure is not just for balance and coordination; it is also involved in the planning activities that precede movement. Nevertheless, as we will illustrate throughout this book, the brain can't be considered only in terms of its separate components. Think of it as a unified structure in which each part contributes toward its total functioning. As an example, suppose you suddenly decide you'd like a pizza. That thought is formulated as an action plan by the frontal lobes, which are located just behind your forehead, and results in impulses directed to the cerebellum. Your cerebellum, along with structures from the basal ganglia (sometimes referred to as subcortical motor centers), translates the frontal lobes' action plan into a motor program. First you make a phone call and arrange for the pizza delivery; then you pay the delivery person upon arrival; finally, you sit down, open the box, and reach in for that first slice. Each of these separate motions involves different muscles activated in a different sequence. Or you might use different muscles depending on the circumstances. For instance, if your right elbow is slightly sore from too much tennis, you'll have to eat the pizza with your nondominant left hand. In order to make this switch, your cerebellum formulates a change in the motor program received from the frontal lobes. Indeed, the cerebellum springs into action prior to any perceptible movement on your part. Thus, when your hand approaches the pizza the cerebellum has already predicted and anticipated all of the necessary fine hand and finger movements that will take place over the next minute or so. Such an anticipatory function operates over your entire life span, during which your cerebellum regularly programs hundreds of thousands of action sequences involving every muscle in the body. But your cerebellum isn't just a glorified personal trainer that integrates muscles into motor programs. The cerebellum is also integral to activities not involving movement at all, such as when you try to solve a problem, or remember someone's name, or maybe just do nothing more than sit and think. The cerebellum of music conductors, for instance, springs into action when the conductors listen to or read the score of an unfamiliar Bach chorale. Since the conductors are not moving at the time, their cerebellar activity must relate to their listening to and thinking about the music. As a practical application of this research finding that simply listening to or reading a musical score is sufficient for cerebellar activation, consider boosting your own brain circuitry by refining your musical appreciation and knowledge. As Gordon Shaw, a physicist at the University of California at Irvine, puts it, "music is tapping into an inherent structure of the brain." We'll say more about that "tapping" in chapter 23. But the findings of cerebellar enhancement are not limited to music. Neuroscientists have known for years that any skilled activity enhances the cerebellum. In addition, we now know that imaging or mentally concentrating on the activities can accomplish a similar result. Of course, that doesn't mean you can become a musician or an athlete by thought alone. You have to undertake the discipline of learning how to play the violin or perfecting your tennis backhand. But once you've made progress in your training, imaging can help activate and sustain the necessary circuits. Extensive two-way connections between cerebellum and frontal cortex make this possible. Indeed, thought and movement are integrated via the two-directional interplay between the cerebrum-the enlarged wrinkled structure at the top of the brain-and the cerebellum. Mental agility and physical agility complement rather than act in opposition to each other. Therefore, relegate to the Museum of Outmoded Ideas your stereotypes of "dumb" athletes and physically inactive superpower intellects. In most instances, your typical professional athlete spends many hours mentally rehearsing the moves or plays that bring victory. And most writers and other intellectuals try to put aside some time each day for exercise: they've learned that even a short exercise break clears the head and gets the intellectual juices flowing again. And what about the emotional response to such experiences? That's when the limbic system kicks into gear. The limbic system is a shorthand term for the brain structures within and below the cerebrum. Its most important components are the cingulate gyrus in the cerebrum and the hippocampus and amygdala buried below the cerebral hemispheres. On the microscopic level, neurons interconnect with one another for the purpose of processing electrical and chemical information. One of the great mysteries of the human brain concerns how these electrical and chemical codes are converted into your desire for that pizza. So far, no one has the solution to the mystery-which is usually referred to as the mind-brain problem. Perhaps nobody will ever solve it, since comparing electrical and chemical events to everyday human decisions is like comparing apples to oranges. When you ordered the pizza, all kinds of interesting activities were going on within your brain-the biological structure one neuroscientist once compared to "an enchanted loom." But how to relate those electrical and chemical changes that take place when you crave a pizza? Nobody has a clue. Many highly branched processes referred to as dendrites (from the Greek word for "tree") convey incoming information from one neuron to another. (Arborization is the term used to convey the treelike appearance and structure of those neurons and their connections. When nerve tissue is looked at through a microscope, the overlapping of the processes of the many neurons looks like the branches of trees.) Each neuron receives information from as many as one thousand other neurons by way of contact on one of its dendrites. The mechanism for transporting outgoing information to another cell involves the axon, a single process that extends outward for varying lengths until reaching its end point, the nerve terminal. By convention, two communicating neurons are referred to as presynaptic (the message carrier) and postsynaptic (the message receiver), with any two communicating cells separated from each other by a tiny space, the synapse. At the synapse, communication changes from an electrical impulse to a chemical one. Neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) are released from the messenger cell and diffuse across the synapse to lock onto a specialized receptor. Advances over the past three decades in our knowledge about the brain's microscopic and chemical organization have made possible successful treatments for psychiatric illnesses like depression and anxiety. The drugs work by altering the balance of neurotransmitters within the synapse. But the same alteration can be brought about by changes in attitude and behavior. We will say more about this in later chapters.From the Hardcover edition. Excerpted from Mozart's Brain and the Fighter Pilot by Richard Restak, M.D.. Copyright © 2001 by Richard Restak, M.D.. Excerpted by permission of Harmony, a division of Random House LLC. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
How to Remember the Order of Operations You have to follow the order of operations with each algebra problem you solve. Following the order of operations in algebra ensures that anyone reading a mathematical expression can solve it the same way and get the same answer. You work out the order of operations by solving in this order: Parentheses or grouping symbols Exponents (powers) or roots Multiplication or division Addition or subtraction When you have two operations on the same “level,” you can do them in any order. For example, if a problem contains both a power and a root, either can be done first. If you have more than two operations, do them in order from left to right, following the order of operations. You may encounter an expression with no grouping symbols, such as 4 – 4 ÷ 2 + 5 × 2. You can make it easier to follow the order of operations by adding your own grouping symbols. Now the problem looks like this: 4 − [(4 ÷ 2) + (5 × 2)]. Remember algebra’s order of operations with the phrase, “Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally.” This trick for remembering the order of operations reminds you of which steps to take and when: Parentheses/grouping symbols, Exponents/roots, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract (PEMDAS).
Year 1 children and teachers had a big surprise on Monday morning when they came to school.They found that a window had been broken and SOMETHING had left a trail of destruction down the corridor.In the reading area, they found a massive nest of twigs and in the nest were three enormous, pink, speckled eggs. Who might have broken into the school? When did it come in? What sort of creature might have laid the eggs? Where did it come from? What clues did it leave? How can we find out the answers to all these questions and more? Watch this space for our next update!
Homotherium, and extinct genus of machairodontine saber-toothed cats, was native to South America, North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia during the Pliocene era to the Pleistocene era. Homotherium can also be called the scimitar-toothed cat. This cat lived for approximately five million years, most likely dying out around ten thousand years ago. In Africa, Homotherium became extinct around 1.5 million years ago, lasting somewhat longer in Eurasia becoming extinct about 30,000 years ago. There is little evidence of Homotherium in South America alluding to its time of extinction, but it is thought that in North America this large group of cats could have survived until ten thousand years ago. Many species of Homotherium are recognized today and they have been found in various locations around the world. In the North Sea, one fossil specimen of H. crenatidens was accidentally found. In Venezuela, many fossils have been found dating back to 1.8 million years ago. This shows that, along with Smilodon, Homotherium moved south during the Great American Interchange . These remains created the holotype , or example, of the species Homotherium venezuelensis. In Eurasia, various subspecies have been found including H. nihowanensis, H. nestianus, H. crenatidens, H. ultimum, and H. sainzelli. These species differ in canine shape and body size. Given the range of these big cats, it is thought that they were all part of on species called Homotherium latidens. In Africa, there are two recognized species called Homotherium hadarensis and Homotherium ethiopicum, each very similar to Eurasian Homotherium species. Another species similar to the African scimitar-toothed cats was found in North America. Originally called Dinobastis , these cats were eventually given the name Homotherium serum, and sites around Texas and Alaska have produced many specimens of Homotherium serum. In southern parts of this cat’s range, it may have lived alongside Smilodon, while in northern areas it was the only scimitar-toothed cat. Although the range of Homotherium was quite large, complete skeletons are a rare find. One famous site holding Homotherium remains is Friesenhahn cave in Texas, which held thirty Homotherium specimens (H. serum), as well as a large number of juvenile mammoth remains and a few dire wolf skeletons. It is thought that Homotherium may have evolved from another type of saber-toothed cat, called Machairodus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machairodus. The evidence found in Friesenhahn cave in Texas supports that Homotherium was a hunting species, and did not scavenge for its food. Its diet was very particular, most likely consisting of large, planting-eating mammals like mammoths. The specimens found in the cave and around the world suggest that these scimitar-toothed cats hunted in packs, preferring to drag their catch home to eat it. Due to the specialized nature of its diet, it is thought that the extinction of its large mammal prey may have been a cause for Homotherium’s extinction. Homotherium remains are less abundant in North America than Smilodon, showing that these scimitar-toothed cats probably inhabited higher altitudes. Reduced claws, sloping backs, and long limbs suggest that these cats were built for endurance, hunting in open areas like plains. Homotherium appears in many popular films and shows, including the family film Ice Age. In this movie, it appears once as a rotund member of Soto’s saber-toothed cat group called Lenny. In the film Prehistoric America, it can be seen hunting an American Mastodon, and footage from this show was used in a BBC television show called Monsters We Met. Homotherium played a critical part in Bjorn Kurten’s book, Dance of the Tiger. Known as “black tigers” by the characters in the book, a pair is seen hunting a mammoth calf. The male Homotherium, based on a real Homotheium fossil, has polydactyl us feet. Image Caption: Homotherium. Credit: Wikipedia
The state Department of Conservation says a black bear has been seen wandering in rural west-central Missouri. The agency says conservation agent Justin Fogle confirmed the sighting last week northeast of Nevada in Vernon County near the Kansas border. While black bears are native to Missouri, they were almost eliminated from the state in the 1800s. The department says some bears returned to southern Missouri after a re-introduction in Arkansas that began in the 1950s. The department says most of Missouri's 150 to 300 black bears are found in the Ozarks farther south and east than the Vernon County sighting. Conservation agents also say that most bears pose little threat, and it's illegal to kill a black bear in Missouri except to protect a person or property.
Researchers all over the world are looking for new and better ways to prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat cancer. They are learning more about what causes cancer. They are conducting many types of clinical trials. A clinical trial is one of the final stages of a long and careful research process. The search for new treatments begins in the lab. If an approach seems promising in the lab, the next step is to see how the treatment affects cancer in animals and whether it has harmful effects. Of course, treatments that work well in the lab or in animals do not always work well in people. Clinical trials are needed to find out whether new approaches to cancer prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment are safe and effective. Clinical trials contribute to knowledge and progress against cancer. Research already has led to many advances, and scientists continue to search for more effective approaches. Because of progress made through clinical trials, many people treated for cancer are living longer. Many of these cancer survivors also have a better quality of life compared to survivors in the past. There are several types of clinical trials: - Prevention trials: These studies look at whether certain substances (such as vitamins or drugs), diet changes, or lifestyle changes can lower the risk of cancer. - Screening trials: These studies test methods of finding cancer before a person has any symptoms. Researchers study lab tests and imaging procedures that may detect specific types of cancer. For example, researchers are learning the risks and benefits of virtual colonoscopy (CT scan of the colon) for colon cancer screening. Other scientists are comparing spiral CT scan and chest x-rays for lung cancer screening. - Treatment trials: Treatment studies look at new treatments and new combinations of existing treatments. Examples include the study of drugs that kill cancer cells in new ways, new methods of surgery or radiation therapy, and new approaches such as vaccines. - Quality of life (supportive care) trials: Scientists study ways to improve the comfort and quality of life of people with cancer. For example, doctors may study drugs that reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. Or they may explore ways to prevent weight loss or control pain. People who join clinical trials may be among the first to benefit if a new approach turns out to be effective. And even if participants do not benefit directly, they still make an important contribution by helping doctors learn more about cancer and how to prevent, detect, and control it. Although clinical trials may pose some risks, researchers do all they can to protect their patients.
My beef is that by calling various unrelated notations "computer languages", you further smudge the fine line between machines and people. It used to be pretty straightforward. A loom is a loom -- you don't "communicate" with it when you work it. Once you have "computer languages", it's a small step to think of a computer and programming in anthropomorphic terms. As well as being detrimental, it's silly and harmful. You don't instruct a loom how to do any thing, you just use it; that's a bad analogy because you do have to give instructions to a computer. Those instructions are written in a synthetic language that humans can read and write; humans not computers. Computers don't understand "computer languages", they are just translate them into a machine code that they do understand. A computer is not a living being. It has no consciousness, you cannot talk with it, and it doesn't have a will. It's brilliantly constructed machinery, but still a machine. As well as elevating this machine to the status of a human, the phrase "computer language" makes us more similar to the machines. That in turn perpetuates thinking about people as a resource to be exploited, and generates inaccurate analogies such as your memory being "like a harddisk". You haven't been programming long, have you? I talk to computers all the time and I know that I am not the only one who does it! Sometimes they respond and sometimes they don't. "Come on you crummy thing, work!" ;) Coming back to Perl 5, yes, some features were inspired by natural language constructs, such as $_. It doesn't make it a natural language in any way. I do not think that anyone has ever called Perl a natural language but it is more than just another synthetic language because it was inspired by natural language. Well written Perl when spoken just rolls off the tongue like a song. :D Posts are HTML formatted. Put <p> </p> tags around your paragraphs. Put <code> </code> tags around your code and data! Titles consisting of a single word are discouraged, and in most cases are disallowed outright. Read Where should I post X? if you're not absolutely sure you're posting in the right place. Please read these before you post! — Posts may use any of the Perl Monks Approved HTML tags: You may need to use entities for some characters, as follows. (Exception: Within code tags, you can put the characters literally.) - a, abbr, b, big, blockquote, br, caption, center, col, colgroup, dd, del, div, dl, dt, em, font, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, hr, i, ins, li, ol, p, pre, readmore, small, span, spoiler, strike, strong, sub, sup, table, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead, tr, tt, u, ul, wbr Link using PerlMonks shortcuts! What shortcuts can I use for linking? See Writeup Formatting Tips and other pages linked from there for more info. \| & \|\| & \| \| < \|\| < \| \| > \|\| > \| \| [ \|\| [ \| \| ] \|\| ] \|\|
On Wednesday afternoon , Year 5 were tasked with designing a re-entry shuttle to bring their eggstronauts back to Earth. After learning about how astronauts return to Earth, what they experience and how the shuttles are designed to keep astronauts safe the children were given their box of equipment. Each group had exactly the same set of equipment which included lollipop sticks, paper of different thickness, cotton wall and bubble wrap. The groups were given some planning time which they used to design their shuttle and give reasons why they have chosen that equipment. The children then set off and began constructing their shuttles. After all the groups completed their designs, the whole year group came together to our specially designed test centre where Mr Melvin, Mr Michica and Miss Lyons were ready to test the safety and suitability of the shuttles. One by one the shuttles were dropped to the floor. Some were very successful bringing their eggstronauts back to Earth, however some groups were left with egg on their face. There were some great designs and great deal of thought and collaborative work between the teams. All in all we had an eggcellent time.
Landsat’s Critical Role in Energy Energy is a growing necessity for people worldwide. As the demand for energy grows, Landsat plays an important role in identifying new energy sources and mitigating the human and environmental impact of energy development. Landsat is useful in the energy sector both because of its unparalleled decades-long record of Earth’s land and because of its ability to measure infrared and visible light. With more than 40 years of imagery, decision makers can monitor the environmental impact of mining and energy generation and track ecological recovery after operations end. Landsat’s ability to measure infrared light allows farmers and decision makers to gauge the health of biofuel crops and natural vegetation near dams and mining sites. The infrared and visible measurements together help energy companies identify minerals on the surface when plants are sparse.
RAY-CASTING STEP 3: FINDING WALLS Notice from the previous image (Figure 11), that the wall can be viewed as collection of 320 vertical lines (or 320 wall slices). This is precisely a form of geometrical constraints that will be suitable for ray-casting. Instead of tracing a ray for every pixel on the screen, we can trace for only every vertical column of screen. The ray on the extreme left of the FOV will be projected onto column 0 of the projection plane, and the right most ray will be projected onto column 319 of the projection plane. Therefore, to render such scene, we can simply trace 320 rays starting from left to right. This can be done in a loop. The following illustrates these steps: 2. Starting from column 0: B. Trace the ray until it hits a wall. C. Record the distance to the wall (the distance is equal to the length of the ray). 4. Repeat step 2 and 3 for each subsequent column until all 320 rays are cast.
A steel beam with a cross-section resembling the letter I, it is used in residential construction for long spans, such as a basement beam, and when wall and roof loads are imposed on an opening, such as over wide wall openings and double garage doors. This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) An I-beam, also known as H-beam (for universal column, UC), w-beam (for "wide flange"), universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T (especially in Polish, Bulgarian, Spanish, Italian and German), is a beam with an I or H-shaped cross-section. The horizontal elements of the "I" are known as flanges, while the vertical element is termed the "web". I-beams are usually made of structural steel and are used in construction and civil engineering. The web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the bending moment experienced by the beam. Beam theory shows that the I-shaped section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shear loads in the plane of the web. On the other hand, the cross-section has a reduced capacity in the transverse direction, and is also inefficient in carrying torsion, for which hollow structural sections are often preferred.
Pediatric Clinical Trial Investigating Vaccine-Based Therapy For Solid Tumors Recruitment is ongoing at Texas Children’s Cancer Center for a Phase 1 clinical trial in children with cancer using a novel immunotherapy approach called oncolytic virus therapy. The trial, launched last spring and led by Dr. Chrystal Louis, assistant professor of pediatric hematology/oncology at Baylor College of Medicine, is also being conducted at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. Immune cells destroy cancer cells “This approach uses a modified smallpox virus that kills tumor cells but spares normal cells. It works by helping immune cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells,” said Louis, who is also a member of BCM’s Center for Cell and Gene Therapy. In a recent study in the journal Nature, scientists from Jennerex, the company that provides the vaccine, demonstrated the effectiveness of the same viral therapy in targeting and infecting adult cancer tumors without harming surrounding healthy cells. Patients up to age 21 who have a pediatric solid tumor that has not spread to the brain are eligible to enroll in the trial at Texas Children’s Cancer Center. The vaccine is injected directly into the tumor. Patients are then monitored for any possible side effects and followed in clinic to determine if there has been shrinkage in the tumor or another form of response. To date, the side effects noted are similar to those that may accompany standard vaccinations, Louis said, particularly flu-like symptoms. Discomfort in the area of the local injection has also been noted Grant from Solving Kids Cancer The trial was funded initially by a $1.1 million grant from Solving Kids Cancer, which was founded by two fathers who lost children to pediatric cancer. The Texas Children’s Cancer Center is a joint program of BCM and Texas Children’s Hospital, and it is the pediatric program of BCM’s NCI-designated Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center. On the Net:
Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Islands Wilderness Seven islands in the Allegheny River, totalling 368 acres, are part of the Allegheny Islands Wilderness. All are alluvial in origin, which means they were formed by water-carried deposits of sand, mud and clay. They are characterized by river bottom forest trees such as willow, sycamore and silver maple. The islands are located between Buckaloons Recreation Area and Tionesta, PA. They are: * Crull's Island (96 acres) has large old river bottom trees. * Thompson/s Island (67 acres) The only Revolutionary War battle in northwestern Pennsylvania occurred on this island. It has an exceptionally fine riverine forest. * R. Thompson's Island (30 acres) * Courson Island (62 acres) The island may be viewed from the Tidioute Overlook. * King Island (36 acres) has good riverine forest with many trees 35-50 inches in diameter. * Baker Island (67 acres) stood in the path of one of the two tornadoes which crossed the Forest on May 31, 1985. Most of the trees were blown over in the storm. * No Name Island (10 acres) is about half river-bottom trees and half dense undergrowth. Nearby Recreation: Camping is available at Buckaloons Recreation Area, 15 miles west of Warren, PA. One of the best known rivers in the area, the Allegheny, has 85 miles that have been designated for recreational status under the National Wild & Scenic Rivers Act. Canoeing the Allegheny offers a placid float trip. Camping is permissible on any National Forest Island unless otherwise posted, however, no facilities are offered. Many of the islands in the Allegheny River are privately owned; before camping, check ownership. Before entering private land, obtain permission from property owners. Volunteers: If you, and a friend, or club are interested in volunteering to help maintain the trails in the wilderness, please contact us. Customer service: Facilities are available about 15 miles away in Sheffield, offering food and gasoline. Warren, 15 miles away, offers a full range of services. Tidioute and Tionesta, both located on US 62, also offer food, gasoline and limited lodging.
June 26, 2013 One In Five Students In Grades 7-12 Say They Have Had A Traumatic Brain Injury In Their Lifetime One in five adolescents surveyed in Ontario said they have suffered a traumatic brain injury that left them unconscious for five minutes or required them to be hospitalized overnight, a statistic researchers in Toronto say is much higher than previously thought. Sports such as ice hockey and soccer accounted for more than half the injuries, said Dr. Gabriela Ilie, lead author of the study and a post-doctoral fellow at St. Michael’s Hospital.Traumatic brain injuries, such as concussions, were reported more often by males than females, by those with lower school grades and by those who used alcohol or cannabis in the previous 12 months, she said. The study was to be published Wednesday (June 26) in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Dr. Ilie said this is one of the first studies of traumatic brain injury to focus only on adolescents and to include all of their self-reported TBIs. Most previous studies based their reporting only on hospital records. Concussion is the most common form of traumatic brain injury. The data used in the study were from the 2011 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS) developed by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. The survey, one of the longest ongoing school surveys in the world, contains responses from almost 9,000 students from Grades 7-12 in publicly funded schools across Ontario. The OSDUHS began as a drug use survey, but is now a broader study of adolescent health and well-being. For the first time in 2011, questions about traumatic brain injury were added to the survey. “The questions about TBI were added to the OSDUHS because there were no current data on prevalence in the adolescent population,” said Dr. Robert Mann, a senior scientist at CAMH and director of the OSDUHS. “Early research has indicated that there may be links between TBIs and mental health and substance use during adolescence – we plan to study this in the near future.” The survey found that 20 per cent of adolescents in Ontario said they had had a traumatic brain injury in their lifetime. It found that 5.6 per cent of them had had such an injury in the past 12 months. Dr. Ilie said this suggests the prevalence of TBI among young people is much higher than previously known, because many head injuries remain uncounted when they are not being reported to parents, teachers, sports coaches or health care workers. In Canada, 50 per cent of all injuries that kill and disable youth involve a TBI. This new research found that 46.9 per cent of the TBIs reported by adolescent females occurred during sports (e.g., hockey, skate boarding); the figure was 63.5 per cent for males. Students who reported drinking alcohol occasionally/frequently and those who reported using cannabis 10 or more times over the past 12 months had more than five times and more than three the odds, respectively, of acquiring a traumatic brain injury in the past 12 months than students who reported abstinence. The survey also showed that students who reported overall poor grades at school (below 60 per cent) had almost four times the odds of a lifetime acquired brain injury than students who reported grades at or above 90 per cent. “Traumatic brain injury is preventable,” said Dr. Ilie. “If we know who is more vulnerable, when and how these injuries are occurring, we can talk to students, coaches, and parents about it. We can take preventive action and find viable solutions to reduce their occurrence and long-term effects.” Brain injuries among adolescents are particularly concerning because their brains are still developing. There is growing evidence that people who have had one or more concussions are at greater risk of future concussions, and evidence that multiple brain injuries can result in lasting cognitive impairment, substance use, mental health and physical health harms. This study is part of a team project grant awarded to Dr. Michael Cusimano, a neurosurgeon and concussion researcher at St. Michael’s, by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research and the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation. The work was also supported by grants to Dr. Mann from AUTO21. On the Net:
Il existe « 2 » niveaux de commande dans MS/DOS : Les commandes par défaut dépendent de l'interpréteur de commande. The emulated DOS in OS/2 and Windows NT is based upon DOS 5. Starting with MS-DOS 7.0 the binary system files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS were combined into a single file IO.SYS whilst MSDOS.SYS became a configuration file similar to CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT. DOSBox is designed for legacy gaming (e.g. All file systems follow the same general naming conventions for an individual file: a base file name and an optional extension, separated by a period. Microsoft originally sold MS-DOS only to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). 6183947, IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). However, each file system, such as NTFS, CDFS, exFAT, UDFS, FAT, and FAT32, can have specific and differing rules about the formation of the individual components in the path to a directory or file. Seeking an 8088-compatible build of CP/M, IBM initially approached Microsoft CEO Bill Gates (possibly believing that Microsoft owned CP/M due to the Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard, which allowed CP/M to run on an Apple II). This version of DOS is generally referred to as "European MS-DOS 4" because it was developed for ICL and licensed to several European companies. MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS related operating systems are commonly associated with machines using the Intel x86 or compatible CPUs, mainly IBM PC compatibles. After AT&T began selling Unix, Microsoft and IBM began developing OS/2 as an alternative. /C: Files created on the new volume will be compressed by default. Ces chemins d’objet sont accessibles à partir de la fenêtre de console et sont exposés à la couche Win32 par le biais d’un dossier spécial de liens symboliques mappés aux chemins DOS et UNC hérités.These object paths are accessible from the console window and are exposed to th… The directory contains information about the files, including attributes, location and ownership. Microsoft later required the use of the MS-DOS name, with the exception of the IBM variant. 6183946, IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). Windows 95 (and Windows 98 and ME, that followed it) took over as the default OS kernel, though the MS-DOS component remained for compatibility. Without a file system, information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. A file may be divided into many sections and scattered around the disk due to fragmentation. The first version (MS-DOS 1.0) was even limited to a single directory, like CP/M. They can access all of the drives and services, and can even use the host's clipboard services. La « taxe Microsoft » était créée. Because DOS applications use these drive letters directly (unlike the /dev directory in Unix-like systems), they can be disrupted by adding new hardware that needs a drive letter. File names in MS-DOS are shorter, but you're allowed to use more types of characters: besides the ASCII-set, it knows 128 other characters like the accent grave or the infinity sign. Much of this information, especially that is concerned with storage, is managed by the operating system. The assignment of this drive would then be changed in a batch job whenever the application starts. The file system has been used since the advent of PC. This article presents a list of commands used by DOS operating systems, especially as used on x86-based IBM PC compatibles (PCs). There, programmer Tim Paterson had developed a variant of CP/M-80, intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit Intel 8086 CPU card for the S-100 bus. Therefore, system files can be simply copied to a disk provided that the boot sector is DR DOS compatible already. Side-by-side, CP/M cost US$200 more than PC DOS, and sales were low. Windows 98 4. Because the drivers for file systems and such forth reside in the host system, the DOS emulation needs only provide a DOS API translation layer which converts DOS calls to OS/2 or Windows system calls. AUX typically defaults to COM1, and PRN to LPT1 (LST), but these defaults can be changed in some versions of DOS to point to other serial or parallel devices. If the MSDOS.SYS BootGUI directive is set to 0, the boot process will stop with the command processor (typically COMMAND.COM) loaded, instead of executing WIN.COM automatically. There are reserved device names in DOS that cannot be used as filenames regardless of extension as they are occupied by built-in character devices. DOS systems include utility programs and provide internal commands that don't correspond to programs.. Since DOS 3.3 the operating system provides means to improve the performance of file operations with FASTOPEN by keeping track of the position of recently opened files or directories in various forms of lists (MS-DOS/PC DOS) or hash tables (DR-DOS), which can reduce file seek and open times significantly. DOS 5+ also allowed the use of available UMBs via the DOS=UMB statement in CONFIG.SYS. Ce système en ligne de commande était rudimentaire : pas de multitâche, pas de mémoire virtuelle, gestion du seul mode segmenté 16 bits du microprocesseur x86. Digital Research was bought by Novell, and DR DOS became PalmDOS and Novell DOS; later, it was part of Caldera (under the names OpenDOS and DR-DOS 7.02/7.03), Lineo, and DeviceLogics. DOS files are mirrors of the original BAT, SYS, COM files from your previous operating system. Cluster is changed to EOF.-File's cluster chain contains a loop. A file system separates the data into pieces and gives each piece a name. By the early 1990s, the Windows graphical shell saw heavy use on new DOS systems. Generally XMS support was provided by HIMEM.SYS or a V86 mode memory manager like QEMM or 386MAX which also supported EMS. 1st edition. AUTOEXEC.BAT: 45: MS-DOS Batch File: 05/26/1999 04:45:20 PM: CD1.SYS: 34,262: System file: 09/26/1996 05:13:04 PM: CD2.SYS: 16,504: System file: 11/21/1996 01:54:00 AM Jim Hall then posted a manifesto proposing the development of an open-source replacement. Hard drives were originally assigned the letters "C" and "D". Others include Apple DOS, Apple ProDOS, Atari DOS, Commodore DOS, TRSDOS, and AmigaDOS. In DOS, drives are referred to by identifying letters. They split development of their DOS systems as a result. 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Haptically-enabled robots are set to save lives and improve treatment in a new era of surgical care. The world’s first haptically-enabled minimally invasive robotic surgical system, with collision avoidance, modular instruments and automatic patient/bed adjustment, has been developed by researchers from the Institute for Intelligent Systems Research (IISRI) at Deakin University, in collaboration with Harvard University. The innovation was unveiled recently at the Australasian Simulation Congress, hosted by Simulation Australasia, at the Melbourne Convention Centre. The Haptically-Enabled Robotic Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgical System (HeroSurg) has several unique features that allow it to overcome many of the limitations of existing robotic laparoscopic systems. The Director of IISRI, Professor Saeid Nahavandi, said that haptic feedback (sense of touch) was the missing link that will provide natural hand-eye co-ordination and dexterity currently missing in existing systems. In particular, the haptic feedback will enable surgeons to retain the sense of touch, improving their ability to diagnose and treat many conditions, especially those requiring surgeons to palpate and diagnose soft tissue damage. Professor Suren Krishnan, a surgeon from Royal Adelaide Hospital and Honorary Professor at IISRI, who collaborated on the project, said HeroSurg was a “significant development in the ongoing efficacy of robotic surgical systems in operating theatres.” “Haptics will add a greater ability to distinguish diseased tissues involved with cancer from normal tissues,” Professor Krishnan said. “It will also allow surgeons to feel more delicate tissues weakened by infection or inflammation and dissect them more carefully – and allow us to use finer and more delicate materials such as finer sutures in microsurgery.” Professor Nahavandi noted that, once in use, HeroSurg will result in fewer traumas for patients, fewer risks of blood loss and infection, and shorter recovery and hospital stays. “Other new features include high-resolution 3D images, an increased range of motion for the surgeon, and a more ergonomic workstation console,” Prof Nahavandi said. [testimonial_text]HeroSurg will assist surgeons to perform demanding surgical procedures with comfort, accuracy and safety by providing real-time collision avoidance for medical instruments, and stereo-endoscopic vision. In the not-too-distant future, many patients may be thanking HeroSurg for saving their lives.[/testimonial_text] [testimonial_picture name=”Professor Saeid Nahavandi” details=”IISRI Director”] The project was led by Dr Mohsen Moradi Dalvand, a Deakin research fellow in Robotics and Haptics, who recently spent two years at Harvard University as a visiting scholar working on several collaborative projects. Dr Dalvand has been working very closely with Professor Robert Howe, the Director of the BioRobotics laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) at Harvard University, and Professor Saeid Nahavandi, Director of IISRI at Deakin University on this project. Dr Dalvand explained that the key features of HeroSurg, including haptics, modularity, and collision avoidance, will enable the surgeon to perform delicate procedures where palpation of soft tissues plays an important role in the outcome of the procedure. “The extra views of the surgical scene will help the surgeon identify the relationship of the instruments and laparoscope in 3D space,” he said. “HeroSurg could even be used remotely, with the surgeon potentially thousands of kilometres away from the actual theatre. “It is fabulous that in Geelong we have had the capability to develop this world-leading technology. We have collaborated with experts from Deakin’s School of Medicine and are looking forward to working with hospitals, medical centres and potential manufacturers to bring the technology into the health system over the next few years.” Minimally invasive robotic surgery has become popular with surgeons, patients and insurance companies. Much smaller incisions result in reduced pain and risk of infection, better post-operative immune function, shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery. From the HeroSurg haptically-enabled master console, surgeons can operate instruments and adjust laparoscope view, while feeling the sideways interaction forces, and the grasping/cutting forces for any type of instrument utilised during surgery. The system can also compensate for changes in bed/patient position and orientation – and even for the movements of tissues during the surgical operation, by automatically adjusting new controller commands. Collaborators included Prof Saeid Nahavandi, Prof Robert Howe (Director, Harvard Biorobotics Laboratory), Prof Suren Krishnan (Royal Adelaide Hospital, Memorial Hospital, Calvary Central Districts), and Associate Prof Glenn Guest (Deakin School of Medicine).
Deep Brain Stimulation May Be Effective Treatment For Tourette’s Syndrome Deep brain stimulation may be a safe and effective treatment for Tourette syndrome, according to research published in the October 27, 2009, print issue of NeurologyÃ‚®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. “Our findings hold promise for helping people with severe Tourette syndrome, who are in need of new treatment options to improve their quality of life,” said study author Andrea Cavanna, MD, of the University of Birmingham, in the United Kingdom. It is estimated that two million Americans are affected by Tourette syndrome, which is a neurological disorder characterized by uncontrolled movements and vocalizations, or tics, lasting more than a year. The first symptoms of Tourette syndrome are almost always noticed in childhood and some common tics include eye blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging and head or shoulder jerking. People who have Tourette syndrome often also have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, anxiety or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study involved 15 people with severe Tourette syndrome and OCD who were an average age of 30 and continued to have severe symptoms after trying medications and psychobehavioral treatments. They also had high levels of depression and anxiety at the start of the study. The participants were followed and tested for two years after deep brain stimulation, which involves a surgically implanted brain pacemaker that sends electrical impulses to certain parts of the brain. The study found that the participants experienced 52 percent fewer tics on average and a 26 to 33 percent improvement in the symptoms of OCD, depression and anxiety two years after deep brain stimulation began. Deep brain stimulation had no significant effect on thinking abilities in the study. “Despite having only 15 patients in this study, it is the largest to date on the effectiveness of deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Tourette syndrome,” said Cavanna. “The results showed that all 15 people who were assessed after two years’ treatment experienced improvements in disabling tics and neurological problems, which is encouraging. Unfortunately three patients from the original group of 18 were no longer part of the study at follow up and this limits the ability to generalize our findings. More research needs to be done to confirm that deep brain stimulation is a safe and effective treatment for Tourette syndrome.” Deep brain stimulation is FDA approved for the treatment of essential tremor, Parkinson’s disease and dystonia. On the Net:
October 13, 2011 Pesticides Pollute European Waterbodies More Than Previously Thought List of chemicals to be monitored should be updated immediately Pesticides are a bigger problem than had long been assumed. This is the conclusion of a study in which scientists analysed data on 500 organic substances in the basins of four major European rivers. It was revealed that 38 per cent of these chemicals are present in concentrations which could potentially have an effect on organisms. According to scientists writing in the journal "Science of the Total Environment", this conclusion clearly shows that contamination by organic chemicals is a problem throughout Europe. Most of the substances classified as a risk to the environment in the study were pesticides; the majority of these are not on the European list of priority substances which have to be monitored regularly. They therefore believe that the list of chemicals specified by the EU Water Framework Directive as having to be monitored by national authorities urgently needs to be revised.The aim of the EU Water Framework Directive is that surface water and groundwater bodies should reach a good environmental and chemical status by 2015. The chemical status will be assessed based on a list of 33 so-called priority pollutants. As over 14 million chemicals are on the market and over 100,000 of these are produced on an industrial scale, the authorities have to confine their monitoring to a manageable number of pollutants. Throughout Europe scientists are therefore working on methods to establish which pollutants these should be. An important contribution to this has now been made by a study completed by the scientists of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) together with colleagues in France, Slovakia, Belgium and Spain. They analysed a database compiled for the EU MODELKEY research project which contains five million records on physicochemical data. The study focused on organic pollutants recorded in over 750,000 entries of water analyses in the basins of the Elbe (Czech Republic/Germany), the Danube (10 neighbouring European countries), the Schelde (Belgium) and the Llobregat (Spain) rivers. According to the European Commission, this is the first study which has developed a system which has classified organic pollutants on the basis of assessment criteria and the need for action. One of the most frequently registered compounds was diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a chemically-produced softener which may impair fertility and is therefore banned in the EU from 2015. This is followed by another softener bisphenol A (BPA), which may also impair fertility, and diclofenac and ibuprofen, two pharmaceutical substances used commonly in painkillers. The scientists classified a total of 73 compounds as potential priority pollutants. Around two thirds of these are pesticides, i.e. products used in agriculture to protect crops against disease, pests and weeds. The most problematic pesticides were diazinon, which is already no longer allowed in Germany and Austria, as well as azoxystrobin and terbuthylazine, which are still allowed in Central Europe. "Neither of these pesticides is on the list of 33 priority pollutants, which have to be monitored by authorities throughout the EU," explains UFZ researcher Dr. C. Peter von der Ohe. "Terbuthylazine is a compound that is structurally closely related to the priority pollutants simazine and atrazine, which may not be applied any more. This is a nice example how small structural modifications of chemical products may apparently improve the chemical status without mitigating any hazards to the aquatic ecosystems." Thus, the scientists strongly support that the priority pollutant list is regularly updated. Today the majority of the substances currently presenting problems are not listed, while many of the chemicals being monitored have been banned for some time and are no longer used. "We were also surprised that substances previously classified as harmless, such as HHCB, which is used as a synthetic musk fragrance in personal care products, are present in the environment in alarming concentrations," adds Dr. Werner Brack of the UFZ, who advises the European Commission in various committees and projects on the revision of the list of priority pollutants. "In our opinion the development of the Water Framework Directive should ensure that in future not only the presence of chemical substances but also their effects are monitored," suggests Brack. For all of the criticism that the water authorities in Europe are currently paying too little attention to pesticides and that the list of priority pollutants should be revised, in the opinion of the scientists the study also reveals the first successes of the Water Framework Directive. One third of the pollutants classified as priority a few years ago by the EU now no longer present a risk to the rivers studied. On the Net:
One idea that continuously pops up from the left is the idea that a race – namely white people – should pay reparations for wrongs against another race – namely black people – due to some wrong that was done at some point in the past. The latest politician to suggest such a thing is the Green Party’s Presidential candidate, Jill Stein, and her VP pick, Ajamu Baraka. — Dr. Jill Stein (@DrJillStein) October 12, 2016 But they aren’t the only ones. Activists have been demanding reparations for some time. Gazi Kodzo seems to believe in this whole heartedly, even recruiting clearly manipulated college students into his videos who have been inundated with this mentality that all white people are guilty, and thus owe all black people money. The problem with the concept of reparations is that it blankets an entire race with blame. In the case of events the left typically refers to – the enslavement and trade of black people – it happened long ago, in a time none of us were alive to see. For instance, the pervasive myth that seems to float around in people’s minds is that white people all across America owned a slave. As if it was some kind of common practice, and we had a slave each. This is demonstrably false. In reality, less than 1.4% of Americans owned slaves. Owning a slave wasn’t necessarily cheap. Purchase, feeding, clothing, etc, couldn’t be done if your economic situation was meager. Not to mention those who didn’t own slaves purely out of their morality making it abhorrent to them. So, most white Americans today would be completely innocent of the charge of racism and enslavement if they weren’t ALL completely innocent of it anyway for not having taken part in it in the first place. But let’s also note that some of the slave owners back in those days were, in fact, black. Some free black Americans actually had an economic interest in the trading and possession of slaves themselves, and engaged in the practice right alongside the white slave owners. In fact, Duke University historian, John Hope Franklin, notes that over 3,000 black Americans owned slaves in New Orleans alone. That was 28% of the free blacks in that city. So now the water is muddied further. If less than 2% of Americans as a whole owned slaves, and a percentage of those American slave owners were black, then do black people owe black people reparations as well? If not, why not? One argument that is often used is that due to the slave trade, white people have benefited by it, reaching all the way into the modern day. I can agree with some of this, as slave labor was used to help drive the economy. The south would grow the product, and the north would create textile factories and cotton brokers. But there’s a simple problem with that line of thinking. If white people benefited throughout time – from during the era of slavery to today – then so did everyone else, including the black population. Do hispanics and asians owe blacks reparations as well? There are many wealthy Native American descendants that have benefited from the American economy. Do they owe reparations to blacks? More importantly, and again, do blacks owe blacks reparations for benefiting? Remember, they were slave owners too. But the biggest wrench in the gears here is that slavery has been a practice throughout humanity’s time on this planet. At some point, one skin color has enslaved another skin color or nationality for some length of time, benefited from it, and then somehow lost, or rid itself of it. North Africans enslaved more than a million Europeans between the 1500’s through the 1700’s. The Jewish people were enslaved by the Egyptians, the Chinese enslaved Koreans, the Japanese enslaved the Chinese, the Russians enslaved their neighbors, the Muslims enslaved everyone they could get their hands on, and the list goes on and on. No one is innocent of the slavery charge. Even the Native Americans kept members of rival tribes as slaves, and barter material. The point is, slavery is a horrid practice that the entire human race shares some guilt in. If whites owe blacks reparations, then blacks owe whites too. But we don’t. Nobody owes anybody anything. I didn’t participate in slavery, and find the act as abhorrent as my black friends – who also were not a part of the barbary slave trade – do. Besides, with so many people’s ancestors having NOT participated in the owning or trading of slaves, the left lumping in entire populations of people with similar skin colors as at fault is…dare I say it? Racist. We often hear how it’s racist to assume all blacks are dangerous criminal deviants due to its criminal element. We’re told how assuming every Muslim is a terrorist is based on some racial hatred. So why is it that the left can lump all whites in as a people who must pay up, due to the actions of a very small minority – some of which that were black – that occurred hundreds of years ago? Seems kind of racist. In fact, I think we can easily conclude – by the left’s own rules – that anyone demanding reparations is, in fact, a racist.
Alternative Treatment Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease A look at complementary treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Nutritional supplements, herbal medicine for Alzheimer's and the Alzheimer's diet. Some people with Alzheimer's use alternative treatments-such as herbal remedies and natural dietary supplements-- though there is scant scientific evidence of their benefits. If you're considering any alternative treatments or want to advise a friend or loved one with Alzheimer's Disease on alternatives, it's a good idea to discuss your interest with a health care professional. Here are some non-medication options for helping the patient with Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Strategy for Alzheimers - Identify and address suspected underlying causes of Alzheimers. - Use of dietary and nutritional strategies to improve cognitive function. - Use of antioxidants to decrease oxidative damage. Lifestyle for Alzheimers - Use the mind: get adequate mental exercise. - Institute a program of daily exercise which improves overall circulation and well-being. - Stress management. Learn and utilize better coping skills. - Avoidance of all known sources of aluminum including aluminum-containing antacids, aluminum-containing anti-perspirants, cooking in aluminum pots and pans, wrapping food with aluminum foil, and non-dairy creamers. Aluminum is also found in baking powder and table salt, as it is added to keep them from becoming lumpy. Change the mood of the patient's home environment: he lighting in a house or apartment, colors in the decor and level of noise in the immediate living area can have a significant impact on how someone with AD behaves and feels. Researchers have found that certain types of lighting can make some people feel uneasy, while higher noise levels can induce frustration among others. Create a routine and stay active: constructing a routine for everyday activities-including the basics such as dressing, bathing and cooking-can reduce depression and help keep a person with AD active longer. It may also reduce the chances of wandering because it is more likely the person will follow the daily routine of activities. Alzheimer's experts also recommend patients take up creative and pleasing activities that can bring more happiness into life, such as painting, reading or singing. - Consume a diet rich in antioxidants with an emphasis on whole fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds. - Regularly consume of cold-water fish to increase essential fatty acid (EFA) levels. EFAs are fatty acids (also known as Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids) which are essential to life, but which cannot be produced in the body and must be taken in through diet. - A diet rich in magnesium is recommended. Aluminum absorption can be decreased by magnesium, because magnesium competes with aluminum for absorption, not only in the intestines but also at the blood-brain barrier. Focus on unprocessed foods, avoid milk and dairy products, and increase the consumption of vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds - all good sources of magnesium. Nutritional Supplements for Alzheimers Following is a comprehensive list of supplements that have been studied in the treatment of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. No person should take all of these supplements. It is essential to consult a physician trained in nutritional and botanical medicine to determine which supplements are most indicated and will be most effective for you, given your individual situation. They must also ascertain safe and effective doses for their use. Further, several of these supplements may interact with medications and should not be taken without medical supervision. - High potency multiple vitamin and mineral supplement. - Omega 3 fatty acids. Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and weekly consumption of fish may reduce the risk of Alzheimer disease. - Vitamin E. In a prospective study, dietary vitamin E intake was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's. - Vitamin C. Vitamin C intake has been shown to decrease risk of AD. - DHEA. DHEA administration may result in modest improvements in cognition and behavior. - Taurine. In animal models supplementation increased acetylcholine levels in brain tissue. - Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALC). Effective in improving cognitive performance in patients suffering from Alzheimer's dementia. - Phosphatidylserine (PS). Low levels of phosphatidylserine in the brain are associated with impaired mental function and depression in the elderly. Supplementation with PS consistently benefits memory, learning, concentration, word choice, and other measurable cognition parameters, as well as mood and the capacity to cope with stress. PS somehow encourages the regrowth of damaged nerve networks. - Inositol. Supplementation with inositol may produce positive CNS effects in the treatment of AD. - Thiamine has been shown to potentiate and mimic the effects of acetylcholine in the brain. High dose thiamine supplementation improves mental function in Alzheimer's disease and age-related impaired mental function (senility) without side-effects. - Vitamin B12. Serum vitamin B12 levels are significantly low, and vitamin B12 deficiency is significantly common in Alzheimer's disease patients. Supplementation of B12 and/or folic acid may result in complete reversal in some patients (with documented low B12 levels), but generally there is little improvement in patients who have had Alzheimer's symptoms for greater than 6 months. - Zinc. Zinc deficiency is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies in the elderly and has been suggested to be a major factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Zinc supplementation has good benefits in Alzheimer's disease. - Coenzyme Q 10. Improves mitochondrial energy production. Botanical (Herbal) Medicine for Alzheimers - Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE). Improves circulation which can enhance memory and delay onset of Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia. - Huperzine A. Derived from Hyperzia serrata (Club Moss). Acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, possibly more effectively than tacrine. Supplementation produced measurable improvements in memory, cognitive function, and behavioral factors in Alzheimer's patients with no significant side effects. - Vinpocetine. Derived from Vinca minor (Periwinkle). Enhances brain circulation and oxygen utilization and other neuroprotective and anti-ischemic effects. - Bacopa monnieri (Water hyssop, Brahmi). Enhances nerve impulse transmission and strengthens memory and cognition. Supplement Quality Is Important Nutritional and botanical supplements used in these treatments are intended to have a physiological effect and clinical benefit, i.e., they are effective and your health improves. The quality of nutritional supplements in the general marketplace is suspect. In order to get the maximum benefit to your health, be sure you purchase the highest quality nutritional supplements. Source: Alzheimer's Association Staff, H. (2008, October 15). Alternative Treatment Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2023, December 3 from https://www.healthyplace.com/alternative-mental-health/alzheimers/alternative-treatment-strategy-for-alzheimers-disease
\|\|How has the proportion of juveniles living in poverty changed since the 1970's? \|\|In 2014, the proportion of juveniles living below the poverty level (21.1%) was at its lowest level since 2009. [ Text only ] [ CSV file ] - In 2014, 15% of all persons lived at or below their poverty thresholds. This proportion was far greater for persons under age 18 (21.1%) than for those ages 18-64 (13.5%) and those above age 64 (10.0%). - Between 2006 and 2014, the juvenile poverty rate increased 3.7 percentage points while the rate for persons ages 18 to 64 increased 2.7 percentage points. In the last year, the juvenile poverty rate fell about 2%, while the rate for persons ages 18 to 64 basically remained unchanged. - By 2014, the juvenile poverty rate reached its lowest point since 2009, the rate for persons ages 18 to 64 remained at a relatively high level, and the rate for senior citizens (those ages 65 and over) remained at 10%. Internet citation: OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book . Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/population/qa01401.asp?qaDate=2014. Released on December 13, 2015. Data Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey - Historical Poverty Tables. Table 3: "Poverty Status of People, by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2014." Web-based data files available at: USA.gov \| Privacy \| Policies & Disclaimers \| FOIA \| Site Map \| Ask a Question \| OJJDP Home A component of the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice
The 5,300-year-old iceman Ötzi has been defrosted again. Svenska Dagbladet reveals that samples from Ötzi’s body are currently being stored and analysed in Stockholm. Scientists hope their findings will eventually lead to the development of a new antibiotic. These unique photographs were taken by Professor Lars Engstrand, who witnessed the defrosting process. Swedish researchers are investigating whether Ötzi, the 5,300-year-old mummified iceman, may have had resistant bacteria in his body at the time of his death. Svenska Dagbladet can today reveal that Ötzi’s body was defrosted in November, enabling samples to be taken from his stomach and large intestine. Stockholm-based researchers are currently analysing specimens obtained by Lars Engstrand, a professor of infectious disease epidemiology. Next September marks the 20th anniversary of the spectacular discovery by two tourists of a frozen male body in a glacier in the Ötztal Alps, a mountain range on the border between Austria and Italy. News of the find quickly became a global sensation. The mummified human body, found in a mountain crevice 3,200-metres above sea level, was the oldest ever discovery of its kind. What’s more, the body was extremely well preserved.
CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Mutagenesis in Danio rerio Zebrafish (Danio rerio) serve as a very useful model organism because they have a fast generation time, clear embryos and a well mapped genome. In this research project, the students in the Developmental Biology lab course and the students in the Freshmen Research Initiative have used these characteristics to conduct a screening of the zebrafish genome in order to identify genes that are required for development. The CRISPR/Cas9 system (a protein that creates double strand breaks at specific sites in the genome that are then repaired by the cellular machinery) was recently specialized for the use in zebrafish. However, there are usually mistakes made when repairing the break. By using this system we can create mutations at specific sites in the genome and even delete entire sections. We can then observe if the mutation has created any notable phenotypes in the developing embryo. That information can give us insight into what the genetic requirements are for development or how those mechanisms can go wrong in diseases such as cancer.
This week: Enkianthus campanulatus Gardeners on acid or neutral soil can grow successfully a number of shrubs that display both attractive flowers in spring and superb autumn colour. Fothergillas and flowering dogwoods come immediately to mind, but the genus Enkianthus also has much to offer anyone gardening on soil with a pH below 6.5. Enkianthus is a deciduous shrub that originates from countries in north-east Asia and are found in the same kinds of places as rhododendrons in the wild. This is one of the reasons why they are often grown together. Enkianthus campanulatus is the most commonly available and can be found in large garden centres as well as tree and shrub nurseries. It has a spreading habit, with branches in whorls, and eventually grows to about 10ft high. The pendulous, bell-shaped flowers appear in May and June, clustered in a raceme that numbers up to 15; these are, individually, ½in long and have a ground colour of cream, with pale pink veins. The mouths of the flowers are indented. The leaves are clustered at the end of the twigs, elliptic in shape, up to 2in long and 1in wide, with hairs on the veins. In the autumn, these leaves turn to fiery shades of red and orange. Enkianthus campanulatus var. palibinii has dark red flowers, while 'Red Bells' is a choice form with cream flowers, tipped with red and particularly good autumn colour. Enkianthus campanulatus var. albiflorus has white flowers. There are also a number of rare garden selections of Enkianthus campanulatus, available from specialists such as Burncoose Nurseries: these include 'Venus' (large flowers, shell pink), and the dwarf 'Hollandia' (rosy red, 3ft tall) and 'Wallaby' (pink). E. cernuus f. rubens from Japan is a shrub up to 8ft tall. It has rich red flowers and bright green oval leaves that are tinted purple and turn more vivid in autumn. E. perulatus is shorter, up to 6ft tall, and has an upright habit, urn-shaped, white flowers in sparse clusters, and particularly brilliant autumn colours of red, orange and purple. The real pearl of the genus, but hard to find in nurseries, is Enkianthus deflexus. It is an upright, large shrub or small tree and flowers in clusters up to 20 strong; these are rotund, cream and strongly suffused with pink. Ernest "China" Wilson, the plant explorer from Gloucestershire who discovered paperbark maples, giant dogwood and Magnolia wilsonii, found the hardiest enkianthus clone in China in 1908. He described it as being one of the most beautiful shrubs in the mountains of western China. Enkianthus are not a problem to grow, provided they are planted in an acid or neutral soil. They are happiest in partial shade but will grow in full sun, and need a soil that holds some moisture in summer. They should be placed in a sheltered spot, not only because they do not appreciate cold winds, but also because this enables the leaves to last as long as possible in autumn - which is desirable. Plant in autumn or spring into a humus-rich soil, then mulch well, preferably with home-made leafmould. Enkianthus do not need pruning, unless they become misshapen or outgrow their place, in which case they should be cut back in early spring. These low-maintenance shrubs are not bothered much by pest or disease. Propagation can be achieved by layering, or by semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Enkianthus are often seen in long-established woodland gardens, but any garden with an acid soil will benefit from one of these. They should be placed where the autumn colour can be admired, even from a distance. Alternatively, these shrubs can be grown in big pots in an ericaceous compost. They naturally associate with pieris, which have similar flowers, as well as rhododendron, especially those with pink, white or crimson flowers. Their deciduous nature can be a relief among so many acid-loving evergreen shrubs such as camellias and rhododendrons, bringing welcome variety when they come into leaf in spring. If growing enkianthus as a specimen shrub in sun, it can be associated successfully with late-flowering chrysanthemums and asters such as A. x frikartii 'Mönch', and the low, blue-flowered shrub, Ceratostigma willmottianum. In semi-shade, it looks terrific with the purple-blue Aconitum carmichaelii. Its deciduous nature means that spring bulbs, such as Crocus tommasinianus will grow around it, as will the autumn crocus, C. speciosus. Where to buy Enkianthus are most likely to be found in nurseries in acid soil districts, for example, in many parts of Scotland, in Surrey and Sussex, and in Cornwall. Enkianthus campanulatus is available from large garden centres but, for any of the others, it is best to order from a specialist, such as: Burncoose Nurseries, Gwennap, Redruth, Cornwall TR16 6BJ (01209 860316; www.burncoose.co.uk). Larch Cottage Nurseries, Melkinthorpe, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 2DR (01931 712404; www.larchcottage.co.uk). Buy an Enkianthus campanulatus for £9.95, or buy two for £19.90 and get one free. Delivery within 28 days. Send cheques/postal orders made payable to Telegraph Garden to Dept. TL739, 14 Hadfield Street, Old Trafford, Manchester, M16 9FG. or call 0161 848 1106 for debit/credit card orders, quoting ref. TL739 when placing your order. Plants supplied in a 9cm pot. We regret that we are unable to dispatch to the Channel Islands or the Republic of Ireland.
Corn Quality Patterns in U.S. Markets Data on U.S. corn quality were summarized by geographic region and market location. There were significant variations in composition (protein, oil, starch) within and across regions. Intraregional composition differences are economically significant at the first handler level, but one uncontrolled commingling will eliminate any usable differences. Physical quality, as measured by U.S. grade factors, did not show regional patterns. This article is from Applied Engineering in Agriculture 10 (1994): 515–521. Posted with permission.
From proposing to a loved one to going on a shopping spree, many of life's decisions are guided by the brain chemical dopamine. Scientists now say dopamine might explain why some people are more impulsive than others when it comes to planning and thinking. It's late at night and you're watching TV when an infomercial comes on. You don't need a food dehydrator, but there's a part of you that wants it anyway. You look at your phone. What happens next may come down to how impulsive you are. Impulsiveness is about more than shopping -- impulsive people are vulnerable to substance abuse and some forms of mental illness. Joshua Buckholtz, a researcher at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn., thinks that the brains of impulsive people have too much dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical involved with many different brain functions, but in this case researchers are interested in drive. They believe high levels of dopamine are causing some individuals to behave rashly, perhaps by buying a food dehydrator they don't need. To understand how dopamine could lead to impulsive behavior, Buckholtz and the Vanderbilt group looked at the midbrain, the lower-middle bit of the brain. The midbrain produces dopamine and pipes it out to other regions, where it creates the drive to get the things you want. Normally, sensors in the midbrain called autoreceptors keep dopamine at the right level. "You can think of it as very similar to how a thermostat works," Buckholz says. In your house, the thermostat will tell your furnace to produce more heat or shut off, depending on the temperature. Similarly, the autoreceptors tell the midbrain to start pumping dopamine or stop, depending on how much of the chemical is already around. The Vanderbilt researchers suspected that the dopamine thermostats of highly impulsive people are broken. To find out, they took 32 healthy volunteers with varying levels of impulsivity. They scanned their heads and found that on average, impulsive people had fewer thermostats. To test the idea still further, the team gave volunteers a drug that releases dopamine, then scanned their brains again. "The people who scored highest on our trait measure of impulsivity had upwards of four times the amount of dopamine released," Buckholtz says. But some researchers believe that there's more to impulsiveness than the dopamine thermostat. "This is not a very huge effect," says Ahmad Hariri, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University. He thinks that other brain chemicals with their own thermostats also play a role. "I think that there is a circuitry of self-control that's fundamental to many, many aspects of living," agrees Edythe London, a psychiatrist at UCLA. London says that understanding the dopamine thermostat and others may eventually lead to treatments for addiction and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Those treatments might be drugs, or they might be new therapies that reinforce the thermostats and improve their performance. London adds that the goal isn't to get rid of impulsiveness all together. "Too much self-control thwarts creativity," she says. The work is published this week in the journal Science. Copyright 2010 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition characterized by severe pain, swelling, and changes in the skin. It usually affects the arms, hands, legs, or feet. It is also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy or causalgia. It usually begins after trauma such as an injury to the tissue, bone, or nerves of your limb. With early treatment, CRPS may be prevented from getting worse. The exact cause of CRPS is not known, however certain theories suggest that in some cases the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in sustaining the pain. It may also be caused by triggering the immune response, which can result in inflammatory symptoms of redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected area. There are two forms of CRPS based on different causes: CRPS I is triggered by a soft tissue injury, where nerve damage is not the primary cause; whereas, CRPS II is triggered by damage to a nerve. The main symptom of CRPS is intense, burning pain that feels much worse than the injury and continues long after the injury has healed. Your skin color may change to red, blue, or white. The skin over the affected area may become tender, thin, or shiny, and sensitive to hot or cold temperatures. You may also have muscle spasms, joint stiffness, and severely limited mobility in the affected area. Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome is based on your medical history and physical examination. The best way to diagnose and treat CRPS is through a sympathetic block of the affected nerve plexus. The injected anesthetic should numb the affected extremity. Pain relief and improved temperature of the extremity is a positive diagnostic test for CRPS. Treatment is aimed at relieving painful symptoms so that people can resume their normal lives. The following treatment options are often used: - Physical therapy to help decrease pain and improve range of motion and strength. - Medications including pain relievers, corticosteroids, bone-loss medications, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. - Cognitive-behavioral therapy or psychotherapy can also be useful in helping you cope better with the pain. - Sympathetic nerve blocks: A nerve block is an injection of local anesthetics into a group of nerves around the spinal column to provide relief from the pain and discomfort. - Intrathecal drug pump: In this technique, an external pump and implanted catheters may be used to administer pain-relieving medication into the spinal fluid to provide relief. - Spinal cord stimulation: This involves placement of stimulating electrodes next to the spinal cord. A small electrical current delivered to the spinal cord provides a pleasant tingling sensation to the painful area. - Surgical sympathectomy: It is a surgical technique that destroys the nerves involved in CRPS. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome causes intense pain that makes it difficult to use the affected part of the body. If you experience constant, severe pain that affects a limb and makes touching or moving that limb intolerable, see your doctor to determine the cause. It's important to treat complex regional pain syndrome early to prevent the progression of the condition.
Beyond the Beam: A History of Multidimensional Lasers For the past half century, both scientists and the public have come to think of lasers as producing line-like beams. Yet there’s nothing about the laser that requires light emission to occur in a single dimension. Though initially forgotten and ignored, multidimensional lasers may define the next era of the technology’s evolution. Become a member or log in to view the full text of this article. OSA Members get the full text of Optics & Photonics News, plus a variety of other member benefits.
Bell's palsy is a sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the face. It is usually a temporary condition. The exact cause of Bell's palsy is unknown. It is thought to be a result of an infection or inflammation that affects the nerve. Factors that may increase your risk of Bell's palsy include: Bell's palsy symptoms may come on suddenly or develop over a few days. Initial symptoms may include: - Pain behind the ear that is followed by weakness and paralysis of the face - Ringing sound in the ears - Slight hearing impairment - Slight increase in sensitivity to sound on the affected side Symptoms of advanced Bell's palsy may include: - Facial weakness or paralysis, most often on one side - Numbness just before the weakness starts - Drooping corner of the mouth - Decreased tearing Inability to close an eye, which can lead to: - Dry, red eyes - Ulcers forming on the eye - Problems with taste on one side - Sound sensitivity in one ear - Slurred speech Late complications can occur 3-4 months after onset and can include: - Long-lasting tightening of the facial muscles - Tearing from eye while chewing Symptoms will often go away on their own within a few weeks. Bell's palsy may resolve after a few months in many people. In some cases, some symptoms of Bell's palsy may never go away. The recovery rate decreases with increasing age. You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. The diagnosis is usually made with just the physical exam. Information from your health and medical history may be used to determine a potential cause. Concern about infections, cancer, or other specific causes may require further testing. Tests may include: For most, treatment is not needed. You may be referred to a specialist if you have eye problems, if your symptoms worsen, or if your recovery takes longer than expected. If an underlying cause of the Bell's palsy is known, it may be treated. Treatment for underlying conditions may include medication or surgery. Your doctor will likely prescribe corticosteroids if your symptoms have been present for a short time. Antiviral medications along with corticosteroids may be advised. There is no evidence that antiviral medication alone has any benefit. If the paralysis includes your eyelid, you may need to protect your eye. This may include: - Lubricant or eye drops - Covering and taping your eye closed at night - An eye patch to keep the eye closed Massaging the weakened facial muscles may also help. Physical therapy may be advised to improve function. Symptoms can be distressing. Counseling can help you manage emotional issues and make appropriate adjustments. - Reviewer: Rimas Lukas, MD - Review Date: 08/2015 - - Update Date: 08/28/2015 -
Social media is a part of our world. Like everything online, we need to "take the bad with the good." This was the discussion I had with FIRST GRADERS today. I say this with hope that the future of the Internet will be a friendlier place. I say this with the hope that they will understand that their online choices WILL effect their future. Teaching students how to speak online and the concept of a "digital footprint" is essential...even with first graders. I started with a discussion about my own digital footprint. I showed them my Twitter feed. I showed them the types of things I post. I showed them how other teachers help me because they post good ideas and ways to become a better teacher/tech-nerd. I'm not saying that my digital footprint has always been squeaky clean as we have all made at least a few mistakes here and there. As a technology integration specialist, I have to maintain a digital footprint that represents the good aspects of social media. I'm reminded of this each day as I work with students. To give them practice, we used TodaysMeet because they do not need an account to participate. Students under 13 cannot participate in most social media realms. Providing them with safe avenues, like todaysmeet.com and kidblog.org, will give experience with sharing and collaborating online. To get students going, I used the QR code feature in the "room tools". It is a great way to quickly get students on the site without having to worry about pushing a link or typing in a web address. That and the kids love to scan QR codes. - What makes a good friend? - What is responsibility? (Character pillar of the month.) Elementary teachers could use this discussion board as their anchor chart the next time they want to address the same topic. Feel free to check out the conversation that took place. I thought these first graders did a fantastic job of sharing their thinking online for their first time on TodaysMeet.
Aging mechanisms in worms’ reproductive cells differ compared with rest of body DENVER — Egg cells age differently than cells in the rest of the body, a new study shows. The finding, from experiments with roundworms presented December 5 at the annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, might one day lead to ways to predict how long women will stay fertile or even to extend a woman’s fertile years. Princeton University biologist Coleen Murphy and her colleagues study aging in the roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans. The worms typically live for about 21 days, but fertility drops off sharply after about a week and the worms can no longer reproduce after they are about 9 days old. Even though 9-day-old worms still have plenty of eggs left, the egg cells, also called oocytes, are of such poor quality they can’t produce embryos. Women experience a similar sharp decline in fertility starting in their late 30s. This drop-off in reproductive capability is one of the earliest signs of aging.
Backyard to Backwoods: Kids need the outdoors for many reasons On Feb. 9 First Lady Michelle Obama was interviewed on ABC's "Good Morning America" program. She was discussing a "Let's Move" campaign designed to fight against obesity in children. Whatever your political views are, I hope the subject of obesity and inactivity in children is a concern that crosses party lines. A new Kaiser Family Foundation study, released in January, stated that the average American child from ages 8-18 spends close to eight hours each day 'plugged in' to televisions, computers, video games, and other electronic media. That's an increase of 20% over the last five years. It also stated that American children receive less than thirty minutes of outside play each week. In my Sept. 26 column I mentioned Richard Louv's book, "Last Child in the Woods (Saving Our Children from Nature Deficit Disorder)." Have you read it yet? On page 47, the author says, "The childhood link between outdoor activity and physical health is clear. According to the Centers for Disease Control, the U.S. population of overweight children increased by almost 36 percent from 1989-1999. Two out of 10 American children are clinically obese - four times the percentage reported in the late 1960's." On page 54 he goes on to say, "Children need nature for the healthy development of their senses, and, therefore, for learning and creativity." In today's schools the emphasis is on higher standardized test scores, so how or why should nature and outdoor activity be a priority? Nationwide studies showed that schools and communities using outdoor classrooms and other forms of nature-based experiential education were associated with significant student gains in social studies, science, language arts, and math. The American Institute for Research (2005) found that students involved in outdoor science programs improved their science testing scores by 27 percent. Additional studies found that using hands-on approaches supported critical brain development in kids. (Reuters, 2008.) In 2007, the Minnesota Department of Education stated, "Science is the active study of nature, its structures and its processes. Science students use their senses and tools to observe, record, and analyze data about the natural world. Scientifically literate young people can understand phenomena, solve problems, and produce new technologies for today's world." To me, that means if we are going to raise science test scores, we have to not only interest kids in science; we have to involve them. One way to do that is through nature photography. "The Digital Bridge to Nature" is designed to teach about the environment through the lens of a camera. Over the next two years eighty schools and nature centers around Minnesota will host workshops that will use photography as a means of getting people outside and connecting them to nature. Think of all the other ways you can help get kids unplugged from their televisions, computers, and video games for just a little while. Find time to join them outside for your favorite activities at this time of year and throughout the seasons. Get plugged into nature and use the outdoors as your outlet. Steve Maanum can be reached at sdmaanum@
[Show abstract][Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The Global Meningococcal Initiative (GMI) is composed of an international group of scientists, clinicians and public health officials with expertise in meningococcal immunology, epidemiology and prevention. The primary goal of the GMI is the promotion of the global prevention of invasive meningococcal disease through education and research. The GMI members reviewed global meningococcal disease epidemiology, immunization strategies, and research needs. Over the past decade, substantial advances in meningococcal vaccine development have occurred and much has been learned about prevention from countries that have incorporated meningococcal vaccines into their immunization programs. The burden of meningococcal disease is unknown for many parts of the world because of inadequate surveillance, which severely hampers evidence-based immunization policy. As the field of meningococcal vaccine development advances, global surveillance for meningococcal disease needs to be strengthened in many regions of the world. For countries with meningococcal vaccination policies, research on vaccine effectiveness and impact, including indirect effects, is crucial for informing policy decisions. Each country needs to tailor meningococcal vaccination policy according to individual country needs and knowledge of disease burden. Innovative approaches are needed to introduce and sustain meningococcal vaccination programs in resource-poor settings with a high incidence of meningococcal disease.
Or download our app "Guided Lessons by Education.com" on your device's app store. Writing a personal narrative can be especially rewarding when it's about a moment of joy, pride, or happiness. This exercise prompts your growing writer to think about a time she resolved a conflict or accomplished a goal, focusing on the special moment that accompanies conquering a challenge. She'll map the story, then write a personal narrative that she'll be proud to share. No standards associated with this content. Which set of standards are you looking for?
Examine the Different Methods for Giving Constructive (Practical) Feedback to Learners and Discuss How These Can Motivate Learners. Giving constructive feedback is crucial; without it learners cannot learn (Rogers, 2004). When used to emphasise progress rather than failure, it motivates learners, building confidence and enabling them to recognise mistakes as part of a process that brings them closer to their learning goals. It can help both teacher and student to identify further learning opportunities or action to be taken. Feedback can be formal, such as after marking an assignment or observing practice, or given informally during a lesson (Gravells, 2012.) It can also be written or verbal. Written feedback …show more content… Rogers (2004, p.44) argues that the most crucial aspect of constructive feedback is to “criticise the performance, not the person” as subjective comments can be viewed as personal prejudices, demotivating and devaluing feedback in the eye of the learner. Huddleston and Unwin (2008) also point out that feedback should take place throughout the teaching cycle. This means that the teacher can review achievement and areas for development as a course of study continues, enabling the student’s development to be ongoing. Feedback can also be given directly to the individual, on a one-to-one basis, or indirectly as part of a group. An advantage to giving feedback to a group is that, providing the group is supportive and committed to high standards, peers can offer each other constructive feedback (Rogers, 2004). For some learners, this may be highly motivating and it also offers more diversity in how learners receive their evaluation. However, the learning environment must be non-competitive and inclusive to avoid alienating learners and ensure everyone is treated equally and with respect. To keep students motivated, feedback given to individuals during group discussions must be non-judgemental. Comparing students with their peers should be avoided (Avis, Fisher and Thompson, 2010). Petty (2009)
Research Notes : United States : Evaluation of soybean germplasm for stress tolerance and biological efficiency : To evaluate soybean germplasm for biological efficiency in - Photosynthetic activity and translocation of photosynthates Sixteen soybean genotypes comprising the parentage of cultivar Forrest were grown in pots in the greenhouse and under field conditions to determine whole-plant and single-leaf net photosynthesis (Pn), leaf-area index, dry-matter accumulation, photosynthate partitioning, leaf conductance, and yield uynder field conditions, the range in pN was 47.9 to 29.6 mg C02dm hr for 'Illini' and 'Haberlandt', respectively (Tables 12 and 15). Illini also had higher photosynthesis (whole-plant basis) than all other genotypes grown in pots (Table 13). The range in leaf area index was 5.8 to 3.4. 'Volstate' accumulated more dry matter (505.0 g/m2) than all the other genotypes during the vegetative stage of growth (Table 14).
How is genome coverage determined? coverage = (read count * read length ) / total genome size. Can any one please suggest me i am doing write way or my calculation wrong?? (N.B., I took the liberty of editing your question a bit such that it now bears some semblance of grammatical correctness.) That will give you only an idealized average coverage. Why is genome coverage important? Having coverage is clearly important to ensure that the genomic region of interest can be studied with high confidence. For regions with little to no coverage, researchers frequently increase the sequencing throughput for their studies. What does 30x coverage mean? Coverage refers to the number of times the sequencing machine will sequence your genome. … The number before the ‘x’ is the coverage (the average number of times your genome will be sequenced). For example, when you get 30x WGS, the ’30x’ means that your entire genome will be sequenced an average of 30 times. What does 10x coverage mean? x coverage (or -fold covergae is used to describe the sequencing depth. For example, if your genome has a size of 10 Mbp and you have 100 Mbp of sequencin data that is assembled to said 10 Mbp genome, you have 10x coverage. What does 100x coverage mean? If the coverage is 100 X, this means that on average each base was sequenced 100 times. The more frequently a base is sequenced, the more reliable a base is called, resulting in better quality of your data. How do you calculate sequence coverage? We can use the coverage as the average number of occurrences and y as the exact number of times a base is sequenced, and then compute the probability that would happen: P(Y=3) = (6.33 × e-6.3)/3! How is RNA seq coverage calculated? What Metrics Are Best To Describe The “Coverage” Of Rna-Seq Data? As far as I know, DNA sequencing coverage is simply calculated as (read count x read length / genome size). This means, for example, that an experiment might be described as “40x coverage”. How do you calculate percentage coverage? How is it measured? To calculate the code coverage percentage, simply use the following formula: Code Coverage Percentage = (Number of lines of code executed by a testing algorithm/Total number of lines of code in a system component) * 100. What does coverage mean in genome sequencing? Next-generation sequencing (NGS) coverage describes the average number of reads that align to, or “cover,” known reference bases. The sequencing coverage level often determines whether variant discovery can be made with a certain degree of confidence at particular base positions. What does genomic coverage mean? Coverage is defined as the number of sample nucleotide bases sequence aligned to a specific locus in a reference genome. The easiest way to explain this is with a real sequenced bacterial sample that has been aligned to the reference genome Escherichia coli BW2952. What does gene coverage mean? Coverage (or depth) in DNA sequencing is the number of unique reads that include a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence. Deep sequencing refers to the general concept of aiming for high number of unique reads of each region of a sequence.
American scientists demonstrate the Cosmotron - a device for accelerating atomic particles. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, New York, United States of America. SV Towards and Pan, van of the Atomic Energy Commission arriving at check point. CU. Atomic Energy Commission painted on side of van. GV. Interior of Cosmotron (I think this doughnut shaped device is a particle accelerator). SV Section of cosmotron. CU. Dr. Leland Haworth left, and Dr. George Collins, leaders of cosmotron development. GV Generators. CU Danger notice. SV Men sitting at control board. SV Lights on control board. GV Hand turning on generator. CU Flywheel of generator spinning. SV Scientist looking into oscilloscope. MV Streak of light flying across screen. GV Cosmotron. CU Danger radiation notice. CU Flywheel revolving. MV Van de Graaff accelerator. SV Cosmotron. CU Oscilloscope. SV Cosmotron. (Orig. F.G.) (Orig."E")
Furled clusters of pristine crimson-rose flowers bloom at the top of arching winged stems. This perennial relative of the annual sweet pea is justifiably popular; it will bloom throughout the summer months. Despite its lack of scent, it has one of the finest cut flowers and is always a colourful addition to the garden. Introduced before 1635, it became popular in gardens in the early 1900s, often grown over a floral cage - very fashionable in Victorian England! Easy to grow. Drought, salt and wind tolerant, it requires little care and will quickly cover arbors, trellis or fences with perfect foliage and tresses of flowers all summer. It has been awarded the prestigious RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM). Sowing: Sow from late Spring to early Summer, March to May, or sow in Autumn, September to October Germination of sweet pea seed is often quicker and more uniform if the seeds are soaked in warm water for 24 hours immediately prior to sowing. This also enables you to identify any seeds with hard coats, which fail to swell during this period. These should have the seedcoat nicked with a small file to enable them to take up water. Seeds can be started indoors in spring, 6 to 8 weeks before transplanting outdoors. Sow into individual 7cm (3”) pots, using good seed compost. A temperature of 18 to 20*C will give rapid, even germination. As soon as the seedlings have emerged, they need to be grown as cool, and with as much light, as possible. Pinch out growing point once the second pair of leaves has opened. Sweet peas can be sown direct into the open ground where they are to flower in spring, as early as the soil can be worked. Sow 7cm (3in) apart, at 5cm (2in) deep and thin the resulting plants to an average of 15cm (6in) apart. They will take 20 to 30 days to emerge. Slugs and mice can be a real problem on a direct sown crop, so take suitable precautions before you sow. Perennial Sweet Peas prefer full sun although will tolerate a little morning or late afternoon shade. In full shade flower production will drop dramatically. The plant survives but all you wind up with is green foliage. It will tolerate dry soil once established; on clay soils it does tend to disappear as the winter-wet rots it off. It will thrive in full sun and a rich soil. Incorporate lots of well-rotted organic matter in the planting hole. Pinch out the shoot tips to encourage bushy growth and tie in new shoots to a support. Young seedlings can be prone to disease if over watered, but once the crop is in full growth, a copious supply of water is needed. A well prepared site will pay dividends by having considerable reserves of available moisture. It is essential to encourage early establishment and a strong root system if high quality flowers are to be achieved. Balanced fertilisers are safest, particularly tomato feed. Never apply heavy dressings of fertiliser to weakly growing plants - invalids need gentle coaxing back to health. Foliar feeding can be useful for plants with root problems, but frequent sprays of very dilute fertiliser will be needed to have a significant effect. Remove faded flowers regularly. Tie in new shoots to a support. Once established they do not like to be dug up & transplanted. Cut back the plant to ground level in autumn. Cottage/Informal Garden, Cut Flower Arranging, Flowers Borders and Beds or Patio/Container Plants. Fences, Trellis and screens. Helps fix nitrogen in the soil, improving very poor soil if planted temporarily. Lathyrus latifolius, commonly known as the Everlasting Pea or Perennial Pea, is native to most of southern Europe but has been naturalised in the UK. Lathyrus is derived from the Greek lathyros, meaning ‘pea’ or ‘pulse’, with latifolius being derived from the Latin latus meaning ‘wide’ and folium meaning ‘leaf’. - Additional Information Packet Size 1 gram Average Seed Count 20 seeds Family Leguminosae Genus Lathyrus Species latifolius Cultivar White Pearl Common Name Perennial Sweet Pea, Everlasting Sweet Pea Other Common Names sweetpea Hardiness Hardy Perennial Flowers June through September Height 2 - 2.5m (6-8ft) Spread 22-30cm (18in) Position Full sun preferred, will tolerate partial shade Soil Prefers a good rich loam
Somalia is traditionally run by about 100 clans. Until now, there is no inclination to build anything like a formal state. Somaliland and its "capital" Hargeisa are doing quite well economically, with trade coming in from Saudi Arabia over the harbor town Berbera. History and News - 1 Aug 1996: Muhammad Farrah Aideed, who wrecked UN peacekeeping efforts, dies of gunshot wounds; his sun Hussein is proclaimed successor. - July 1995, Mogadischu: Clan chief Aideed announces creation of an army. Atto gets arrested in Nairobi. President Daniel arap Moi of neighbouring Kenia warns Somali warlords not to conduct clan fights beyond the border. - 19 June 1995, Mogadishu: The SNA (Somali National Alliance) replaces governing Farah Aidid by Osman Atto. Aidid nominates himself "President" which is, with Ali Mahdi (North-Mogadishu) and Ibrahim Egal (Somaliland), the third "presidency." - 1992-1995: Unsuccessful intervention by the United States and the United Nations. - 1991: Somaliland, the northern part of Somalia, proclaimed its independence. For methodology see: Comparing Constitutions and International Constitutional Law. 1994 - December 18th, 2010 / For corrections please contact
When it comes to bees, there are many varieties. In Melbourne, Australia, there are several species of native bees that contribute to the local ecosystem and play an important role in pollination. Each species has its unique characteristics and nesting habits. If you have a bee hive at home or see a swarm of bees near your property, you should call a bee removal expert to help you out! However, to be aware of the type of bees that have built a nest on your property, you should know what their nests look like. Here are five different types of native bees found in Melbourne and a description of their nests: Blue-banded bees are known for their distinctive blue bands across their abdomens. They typically nest in soil, creating small burrows or tunnels. The nests consist of multiple brood cells, each containing a single egg and a supply of pollen and nectar for the developing larva. Reed bees are small, black bees commonly found in Melbourne. They prefer to build their nests in the hollow, pithy stems of plants, such as bamboo or reeds. The nests consist of a series of individual cells, each separated by partitions made from plant material. So beware if you have an overgrown garden at home. You might step on or touch a bee nest unknowingly. Instead, you call bee nest removal and bee control specialists for inspection if you hear a buzzing sound too often. Teddy Bear Bee Teddy bear bees are relatively large and covered in dense, golden-brown hair, resembling a teddy bear. They nest in dry, sandy soil, often on banks or slopes. The nests have vertical burrows with side chambers where the eggs are laid, and each chamber is provisioned with pollen and nectar for the developing larva. Masked bees are small and mostly black, with pale markings on their faces resembling masks. They build their nests in various locations, including pre-existing cavities in wood or plant stems. The nests consist of a series of individual cells, each containing a single egg and a supply of pollen and nectar. Carpenter bees are relatively large, robust bees with shiny black bodies. While they are not native to Melbourne, they have been introduced and can be found in the region. Carpenter bees excavate nests in dead wood, including tree trunks and timber structures. The nests consist of tunnels that can extend several centimeters deep into the wood, with separate chambers for each larva. Most Aussie households have carpenter bee issues and they get bee control experts to remove the nest. It’s important to note that native bee nests are diverse and can vary in appearance and structure depending on the species. So if you have been troubled by a bee hive, call Bees Removal Melbourne at 03 9021 3752 today.
Jornal de Pediatria Print version ISSN 0021-7557 CASTILHO, Silvia Diez and ROCHA, Marco Antônio Mendes. Pacifier habit: history and multidisciplinary view. J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) [online]. 2009, vol.85, n.6, pp. 480-489. ISSN 0021-7557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0021-75572009000600003. OBJECTIVES: To review the history of pacifiers and to compile a multidisciplinary literature review, searching for pros and cons with the purpose of providing health professionals with arguments when parents request guidance. SOURCES: History and art books, as well as non-medical literature and museums were used in the historical survey. Multidisciplinary data were collected from MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and The Cochrane Library. Search criteria were: the keyword "pacifiers" present in articles published in the last 5 years that included abstract and were written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: There is evidence that their precursors have been used since the Neolithic Period to calm down children. Small balls made of fabric containing food were portrayed in paintings. Other balls made of non-perishable material persisted throughout time. Pacifiers have been used to stimulate sucking or to coordinate this reflex, promoting an earlier beginning of the oral feeding of newborns. Some authors suggest that pacifiers reduce the incidence of the sudden death syndrome, but the topic is controversial. Pacifiers prevent the establishment of breastfeeding and lead to weaning. Their use may cause suffocation, poisoning, or allergies and increases the risk of caries, infections, and intestinal parasitic diseases. Harmful effects are related to frequency, duration, and intensity of the habit. It should be discontinued by the age of 3 or 4 in order not to affect speech and dentition. CONCLUSIONS: There are more harmful effects than benefits. It is advisable that health professionals inform parents of the pros and cons of pacifiers so that they can make a conscious decision regarding its use. Keywords : Pacifier; sucking behavior.
For decades, one of the canonical doctrines in astronomy is that a white dwarf cannot exceed 1.44 solar masses a limit calculated in the early 1930s by the one the greatest astrophysicists of the 20th century, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar. According to theory, if one of these dense stellar remnants accretes enough mass from a binary companion to push it over the edge, thermonuclear reactions deep within its interior blow up the entire star as a Type Ia supernova. Until now, no white dwarf has even been observed above the Chandrasekhar limit, and the energies of Type Ia explosions were all consistent with a white dwarf at the limit. But in the September 21 Nature, a large international team known as the Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) reports observations of a distant Type Ia event known as SNLS-03D3bb that might have come from a "super-Chandrasekhar" progenitor. First, the luminosity was more than twice that of a normal Type Ia, and to account for this anomaly, the team claims, the exploding object must have contained more than 2 solar masses. Second, the ejecta's expansion velocity was one of the slowest ever observed in a Type Ia supernova, which also implies an unusually massive progenitor. "We know this is a Type Ia supernova because we have a high signal-to-noise spectrum taken near the supernova's peak brightness," says SNLS team member Mark Sullivan (University of Toronto). "This spectrum has all of the characteristic chemical signatures that unambiguously identify it as a Type Ia, in particular silicon-II and sulfur-II, which aren't present in spectra of other supernova types." The team offers two possibilities for this seemingly "impossible" supernova. First, the white dwarf might have contained around two solar masses, but was spinning so fast the centrifugal forces supported it against collapse. Alternatively, two merging white dwarfs, whose combined mass was well above the Chandrasekhar limit, might have triggered the explosion. While very few astronomers are questioning the observations and the identification of the supernova as an unusual Type Ia, many are not buying the idea of "super-Chandrasekhar" progenitor. Stan Woosley (University of California, Santa Cruz), one of the world's leading supernova theorists, comments, "Count me as a 'doubting Thomas' on these new results. If true they would indeed be very important, but I don't believe the theoretical interpretation. Paradigm-changing conclusions require extraordinary evidence." Woosley says standard models can account for the event's high luminosity and slow expansion velocity, and that super-Chandrasekhar models for Type Ia supernovae "strain credulity." University of Maryland theorist Cole Miller points out that if the white dwarf was spinning rapidly prior to its explosion, it could have preferentially beamed more light in the direction of Earth, which would cause astronomers to overestimate the supernova's luminosity. "When faced with something this unusual, one has to consider many possibilities carefully," he says. Another leading supernova researcher, Robert Kirshner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), says the result implies the existence of more types of supernovae than astronomers have seen so far. This type, he notes, must be rare because luminous events such as SNLS-03D3bb are easier to see than dim ones, so perhaps this supernova involved a special process. "It could be that this object has a different internal structure, and that could make a significant difference," he says. Because Type Ia supernovae generally have similar luminosities, astronomers have used them as "standard candles" to measure the universe's expansion history. Such studies discovered the remarkable fact that the expansion is accelerating. So will the existence of a new, very-high-luminosity class cause problems for these surveys? Adam Riess (Space Telescope Science Institute), a member of the High-z Supernova Search Team, says no. "They collected about 100 Type Ia supernova and this object stuck out like a sore thumb, so it was easy to clip as an outlier without complication. If such objects exist and differ so much from normal Type Ia supernovae, they will not add much complication."
When a cell is in a living body, it has electrical properties, and is effected by electro-magnetic forces, that simply can’t be replicated in a fertilization dish. When there is an electric field being produced, there is also a magnetic field being produced, and this electromagnetic force is constantly changing, and producing different affects on the cells and processes within a living body. Again, this is BIO-PHYSICS, as opposed to the current approach of BIO-CHEMISTRY, and it has enormous repercussions for how human health should be viewed and treated. Even when those rare medical researchers do appear who are willing to challenge the accepted norms of modern medicine in their quest for real answers, their work still goes ignored and challenged by the mainstream medical community. One such doctor is Dr Ray Makela, who has been producing a wide body of research into the bio-physical nature of human health for decades, already. Some of Dr Makela’s major findings include: - Cancer is caused by increased electromagnetic activity occurring in cells. - Sudden death can be caused by sudden increases in electromagnetic radiation, and / or more sound waves in the environment. - Sudden increases in electromagnetic radiation can also cause cardiovascular disease and increase in heart attacks. - Nerve impulses are transmitted electro-magnetically, and NOT electro-chemically. - Genes are ‘engineered’ by electromagnetism. Dr Rakela writes that: “Environmental factors - light and other electromagnetic radiation like radiation heat, noise, and all kinds of pollution will cause electro-magnetic changes in DNA.” - Smell is ‘electromagnetic’ - each molecule and atom emits a specific type of electromagnetic radiation, which literally changes the electromagnetic state of the mucous membranes in the nose - causing us to smell a particular ‘odor’ as a result. This change in electromagnetic activity is also directly transmitted to the corresponding part of the brain (which is why aromatherapy can be so effective.) - Vision is induced by electromagnetic changes in the system of optical nerve fibers that connect the visual cortex to the area of the brain called the cerebellum. Sometimes, alternative routes of transmitting this information via the cells of the body are developed, which is when some people are able to read without using their eyes, or can identify colors through their skin. - Memory and mental activity operates according to electromagnetic principals. The amino acids present in brain cells affect the ‘dielectricity’ of the cells in a very powerful way, causing physical changes and ‘switching on and off’ particular states and combinations. - The flow of blood around the body is governed by electromagnetism. Blood clots at a ‘positive’ electrode or where positively-charged ions are present, and cell mitosis occurs at the ‘negative’ electrode or where a large number of negatively-charged ions are present. - Muscles - and the cells they contain - contract in accordance with the laws of electromagnetism. - Changes in the endocrine system, the body’s metabolism, it’s cardiovascular activity, and other biochemical and neurochemical states come about thanks to changes in the electromagnetic properties of the living cells that form these systems. These changes to the cells can be internally generated, or come about due to changes in the environment. - The part of the brain called the hypothalamus effectively acts as a sort of electromagnetic ‘computer’. It regulates the electromagnetic properties of cells. The hypothalamus, and its functioning, are directly affected by electromagnetic radiation. Dr Rakela explains that: “The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are separated by a synaptic cleft which is filled with a dense granular material, which responds to the changes in magnetic fields.” - Interestingly, the hypothalamus is the part of the brain found to be most affected by ‘meditation’, hitbodedut, prayer, talking to God. This type of mental activity has been shown to decrease they type of electromagnetic activity that is connected to increased risk of mental and physical illnesses. - The immune system is also fundamentally created and maintained by electro-magnetic forces, with specific cells and bodies being ‘attracted’ to each other within the body, or ‘repelled’ away from each other. - Dr Rakela writes that: “Epidemics are related to solar activity.” He explains that when there is more solar radiation, as a result of solar storms, solar flares, ‘sunspots’, etc, this in turn increases the electromagnetic activity of living cells. As noted above, if these increases are sudden enough, and large enough, they can literally cause people to suddenly die, primarily from heart problems and / or strokes. Over the next few posts, I will BH bring more of the research to show how solar flares, environmental factors, stress and negative emotions are all linked together, electro-magnetically, and affecting every aspect of our mental and physical health. The take home message from this post is this: The body is bio-electric. Cells are profoundly shaped by electro-magnetic forces, and the way those electro-magnetic forces play out in the body’s cells is the basic cause of all physical and mental illnesses, including heart disease, strokes, cancer and depression. A key way of reducing the negative aspects of the body’s electro-magnetic activity is by talking to God on a regular basis.
Discover how people celebrated Christmas in Medieval times and the role that scents played. Find out what they ate and drank and where their food came from. Discover which ingredients were local and which had travelled from afar. Learn their stories while you make a scented decoration to take home. \|Member - Join now\|\|
The traditional treatment for hemochromatosis is periodic removal of blood (phlebotomy), as is done during blood donation. Blood may be removed as often as once a week until iron levels fall to normal. After that, phlebotomy usually needs to be done about every two to four months to keep iron levels in the blood at an acceptable level. Your blood count will be monitored to make sure that too much blood is not being removed, which can lead to anemia. You may be given recommendations to modify your diet. You also may need treatment for specific disorders, such as diabetes. Another approach to treatment is called chelation therapy, in which a medication called deferoxamine (Desferal) binds to iron, removing it from the body and lowering the amount of stored iron. However, phlebotomy is so effective and simple that chelation therapy is rarely necessary.
Tuesday, February 17: After my morning oxcart trip around Mingun and a relaxing riverside lunch, Mimo drives me to The Mandalay Royal Palace. This is the last palace built by the Burmese Royals. It follows the traditional Burmese palace design, inside a walled fort surrounded by a moat. When King Mindon founded Mandalay in 1857, he ordered a Royal Palace to be built. Old palace buildings from Amarapura, the old capital, and Ava were dismantled, carried and reassembled in Mandalay. Because of the high cost of labor and materials, Burmese kings often moved old palaces to a new capital. The process of dismantling and reassembling took five years to complete. According to Today in Myanmar: Mandalay Royal Palace: The Royal Palace was modeled in line with the Brahman cosmology to represent the center of the world, the fabled Mount Meru. The royal palace complex was built on the square brick foundation at the center of the Royal Palace Fortress. All the buildings were made of teak and gilded with gold and vermilion. All buildings were single story buildings, but the number of spires atop a building indicated its importance. The most important structure in the Royal Palace is the Lion Throne Hall, in the exact center of the whole palace complex. The building has a 78-meter-high towering spire which was gilded with gold. This is King Mindon’s version of the center of the world. All I do here is stroll around the grounds, poking my head into the buildings from time to time to see what’s inside. There isn’t much. I’m reminded that I lose interest easily at sprawling abandoned palaces where kings once lived. I’ve felt this way about nearly every royal palace I’ve ever visited. A watchtower on the grounds beckons. I feel the urge to climb to the highest vantage point at every place I visit, and this is no different. I climb the spiral staircase wrapped around the outside of the watchtower and admire the bird’s-eye views of the palace complex. In November of 1885, during the Third Anglo-Burmese War, troops of the Burma Field Force entered the palace and captured the royal family. The British turned the palace compound into Fort Dufferin, named after the then viceroy of India. Much of the palace compound was destroyed during the second World War by allied bombing; only the royal mint and the watch tower survived. A replica of the palace was rebuilt in the 1990s with some modern materials (Wikipedia: Mandalay Palace). After exploring the Palace, I hop back in Mimo’s car, stopping for a quick photo of the 230-foot wide moat surrounding the 4-mile-long 26-foot-high palace walls. Then we head to a gold leaf workshop and the gold-leaf Buddha.
A Answers (2) Rowing on a rowing machine is actually a leg-driven sport, so the correct form is to use your legs first, then follow with your back and finally your arms with each stroke. Keep the following form tips in mind while rowing: - Move at your hip joint to lean forward, keeping your back straight and your core tight. - Keep your elbows close to your body and your arms straight and level. - Don’t round your back. Indoor rowing machines are a great way to build cardiovascular and total-body strength while burning a lot of calories. However, it can also put a lot of stress on the lower back if your form is not correct. One of the first things you must do when using a rowing machine is to adjust the foot straps. Make sure that your heel is resting comfortably against the base of the foot pedal and that the strap has been secured. For a beginner, the resistance on your rower should be set at a low level. Setting too high of a resistance will cause your upper-body muscles to fatigue quickly. A proper rowing grip is one that is firm, but relaxed. A grip that is too tight will cause your forearms and hands to fatigue. Your grip can be either overhand or underhand, and alternating between the two during a long workout will decrease arm fatigue. To avoid straining your back, use primarily your leg and hip muscles. Don't over arch your back as you finish each stroke. Sit up straight and bend forward at the hips. Important: This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs.
What is stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG)? Neurosurgeons at Children's Hospital Colorado use stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) to identify the source of a child's seizures in their brain. A child may be recommended for SEEG when their seizures don't respond to medicine or other treatments, and other tests suggest that the seizures are coming from a single area of the brain. SEEG is a minimally invasive procedure that uses sophisticated technology to implant up to 20 electrodes (0.8mm in diameter) through small holes in the skull (about the width of a piece of spaghetti) into the tissue of the brain. The electrodes monitor a child's seizures and help pinpoint where they begin. Once the source is located, the electrodes are taken out. Your child's doctor then may recommend surgery to remove the identified tissue. Meet ROSA, our robotic operating surgical assistant The neurosurgeons in our Neuroscience Institute use a state-of-the-art surgical tool called a robotic operating surgical assistant (ROSA) to perform SEEG and other brain surgeries and procedures. By using ROSA's sophisticated software, our surgeons can perform operations more precisely and quickly due to the advanced image-guided surgical planning. Benefits of the SEEG operation - Because SEEG is a minimally invasive procedure that doesn't require a large incision, the risk of infection is lower and patients experience less pain. Patients also need less pain medicine during recovery from this procedure. - SEEG is completed in a shorter amount of time than other methods, which allows your child to come off anesthesia sooner. - ROSA's mapping capabilities help our surgeons target areas of the brain with pinpoint precision. Using ROSA increases the accuracy of electrode placements. What can patients and families expect from SEEG Preparing for the SEEG procedure Your child's care team helps both you and your child get ready for the procedure. Our neurosurgeons explain what SEEG is in an age-appropriate manner, which helps the whole family understand what to expect. The day of surgery Once your child is admitted to Children's Colorado on the day of their surgery, they may have a CT study (also known as a CAT scan) and additional lab work completed. Families also meet with a pediatric anesthesiologist to learn about the sleep-like state that keeps your child pain-free during the procedure. During the SEEG - Once in the operating room, your child is put under anesthesia and enters a sleep-like state. - In the weeks leading up to surgery, the neurosurgeon, epilepsy doctors and other members of the epilepsy team use information gathered throughout the surgery work-up to make an individualized plan for your child. They also use ROSA's sophisticated computer software to plot where to place the electrodes. - The neurosurgeon places a grid of small markers (called fiducials) on the patient's head. These create a map that ROSA uses to find the coordinates of where to place the electrodes. - During the operation, ROSA's robotic arm moves precisely to the location and direction of the planned electrode, giving the surgeon a steady, accurate guide through which to place the electrode. - After the electrodes are placed, your child will go to our Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) for close monitoring during the initial hours after surgery. We will notify you before your child wakes up from anesthesia so you can be there with them. After the procedure Patients keep the SEEG electrodes in until a seizure(s) is recorded (usually one week). The team may also send electricity into the electrodes to map out the functions of nearby brain areas. As soon as the epilepsy team has the information they need, the electrodes are removed, which is a quick procedure. Our epilepsy specialists review the information collected by the electrodes to see if surgery is the right option for your child. Before you leave, your child's care team shares the results with you and provides a recommend action plan. If epilepsy surgery is suggested, your child will return to the hospital at a later date to discuss the best surgical approach for your child. Who's eligible for SEEG? Your child may be eligible for SEEG if: - Seizures haven't responded to medicine or other medical treatment. - They are a candidate for epilepsy surgery. - The source of the seizures is not fully known. Why choose Children's Colorado's Epilepsy Program for SEEG? Advanced SEEG technology Our Neuroscience Institute is the only children's hospital in the region that is using ROSA and SEEG. SEEG is a minimally invasive surgical tool that allows neurosurgeons at Children's Colorado to produce more accurate seizure recordings in a shorter amount of time than traditional methods. Our surgical team is always striving to improve the care we provide to children. A Level IV Epilepsy Center According to the National Association of Epilepsy Centers (NAEC), Children's Colorado is a Level IV Epilepsy Center. That means our Epilepsy Program provides the highest quality of care for patients with complex health needs. Our program provides complete care for children with epilepsy from evaluation to surgical treatments.
Children with RTS usually have a normal birth weight, but subsequent growth is poor, with most children being of short stature with a small head size. Problems that may occur in early life include breathing difficulties, feeding problems, poor weight gain, recurrent infections, and constipation. Developmental delay occurs in most children with RTS. Most people have moderate to severe learning difficulties, although a few have mild learning difficulties (see entry Learning Disability). They may have particular problems with expressive language and often benefit from using sign language. Most children become self-sufficient in eating, dressing and toileting. Usually individuals with RTS have friendly and sociable personalities; however, many will find change in routine difficult and show signs of autistic behaviour. Other behavioural problems may include poor concentration, reduced tolerance to noise and crowds, impulsive behaviour, instability of mood and high pain tolerance. Some will show self-stimulatory behaviours, such as rocking and hand-flapping. Individuals with RTS tend to be shorter than average and often become overweight. This can contribute to sleep apnoea (difficulty breathing when asleep), which they are prone to due to having a narrow palate, micrognathia (small chin) and hypotonia (floppiness).
Taxpayers rejoice! Today is national Tax Freedom Day-the day that, according to the Tax Foundation, Americans will have earned “enough money to pay this year’s combined 29.2% federal, state, and local tax bill” and can officially start earning money for themselves. This year’s Tax Freedom Day actually fell four days later in the year than last year “due to higher federal income and corporate tax collections,” but it’s not as late in the year as it could have been. If the federal government had levied taxes sufficient to close the nation’s $1.014 trillion annual deficit, national Tax Freedom Day would have actually fallen on May 14th (a full 27 days later) instead of today. Historically speaking, Tax Freedom Day has fallen increasingly later in the year as American’s total tax burden has crept up over the years. While Americans paid near 30 percent of their income in taxes this year, nearly “a century earlier, in 1900, Americans paid only 5.9% of their income in taxes, meaning Tax Freedom Day came on January 22.” A pretty stark contrast. For Texans, Tax Freedom Day actually fell a little earlier this year on April 11, a full 6 days prior to the national celebration. The reason being is a lower than average state and local tax burden-the state ranks 45th nationally. But Texas’ Tax Freedom Day did not fall the earliest of all the states as Tennessee (March 31), Louisiana (April 1), Mississippi (April 1), South Carolina (April 3), and South Dakota (April 4) all celebrated earlier. All things considered, it’s good to have finally earned enough to pay off that tax bill!
With only three distinct stripes of color, it is no surprise that the colors of the Armenian flag are exceptionally meaningful. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, the horizontal red stripe found at the top of the flag represents the Armenian Highland, the Armenian people’s continued struggle for survival, maintenance of the Christian faith, and Armenia’s continued independence and freedom. The orange stripe at the bottom of the flag is symbolic of the creative talent and hard-working nature of the people of Armenia. The last stripe found sandwiched in the middle is blue and stands for the will of the people of Armenia to live beneath peaceful skies. The national flag of Armenia was designed by the independent Armenian government. It was officially adopted on August 24, 1990. There have been many Armenian flags in the past, most of which depicted various animals. No matter what your reasons for purchasing an Armenian flag, The Flag Makers offer a wide variety of sizes, styles, and materials that are perfect for any reason or occasion. Just fill out our custom form and we’ll work with you to design the perfect flag.
The U.S. Constitution spells out clearly that the term of the president begins at noon on 20 January now; 4 March for presidents inaugurated before 1937. However, the Constitution also specifies that the President and Vice President shall take an oath of office. How do we interpret this? The presumed answer is that the oath must be taken, but the term starts at noon. We have just seen a delightful bit of Mercury retrograde as Chief Justice Roberts came over to the White House on January 21st to re-administer the oath, as he had flubbed its administration during the inaugural ceremony. There was precedent for this: when Coolidge became president, his father, a notary public, administered the oath of office at 2:47 am 3 August 1923, Plymouth, Vermont. The oath was re-administered when he arrived in Washington by a district judge - because nobody had any idea whether a state notary had the right to administer the oath. Notice that the concern was over the legality of the oath - not over whether he was president. In the same fashion, President Obama had formally submitted the nominations for his cabinet and other senior officials, and signed several other papers - there seemed to be no concern that he reissue these, or that his cabinet members who had been sworn in themselves be re-sworn. With Justice Roberts clearly being involved in these procedures, one has to believe that if he thought that President Obama had not really been president for a day and a half, he would have suggested that all these bits of business be repeated. The oath must be performed - but the oath does not start the presidency. So this is our first hint. Astrologers for decades have gathered around to get the precise moment of the oath: but it doesn't matter. Coolidge was president upon the death of Harding. Johnson was president when Kennedy was declared dead. There is no time when there is no president. So either noon is the time, or the death time of a sitting president. But what do these charts show? The theory is that they show something about the presidency. Let's go back a couple and see how they work - and some of the things that you can and cannot do with them. There are some things about inauguration charts that can and cannot be used. Consider - - By definition, the chart is at noon. So the fact that the Sun is at the MC, more or less, cannot be interpreted. It's there by definition. The only time this would be of note is in a chart for the death of a president, which is hopefully not planned. - The Sun is in Aquarius. That's January 20th now. For the earlier March 4th charts, the Sun was in Pisces. - The house cusps and what their rulers are. Given that the chart is January 20th at noon, the house cusps from inauguration to inauguration won't change much. For Bush's first inauguration, the most notable feature is Mars in Scorpio so close to the 7th house of open enemies. I had interpreted this chart as it was unfolding at a Kepler College symposium - and what had struck me at the time was how this made it so obviously a war chart - which made no sense at that time, because we weren't at war with anybody! Well - that is a lesson in calling it like you see it! Saturn actually was dignified by Term and Face - minor dignities perhaps (although in Medieval style delineation term is not considered minor) - but it was also rendered imbecilic by being retrograde. What can I say? But that Saturn was rendered: the sextile from disposing Venus in exaltation meant that Bush was really quite strong - but because of the influence of others, since it was the rendering that saved him. Saturn was pretty close to the fixed Star Algol, a definite malefic. Besides the tendency to lose one's head, it represents someone who is headstrong, and incapable of listening to others, or caring what others thought. He was going to do what he was going to do - and at first, with Saturn in the 1st, he received public support. But the conjunction to Algol really throws in a question about the tendency toward "the ends justify the means." For some time, I've had some questions about the extent to which second inaugural charts work - but the 2005 one convinced me. Here, Saturn ruling the MC, the president, at the Nadir and at the Bendings in its detriment and retrograde - with nothing this time to render the imbecility. Now, a word about the placement of Saturn at the IC. While the concept of "Bush at the Nadir" has a certain poetic expression to it, there's an idea in classical mundane that you can read when during the time that a mundane chart rules by examining where the principle placement is by quadrant in this chart. Since it's Saturn we're concerned about here, that placement puts the full force of its wretchedness in the last year of his term, because this counting system starts with the quadrant from the Ascendant to the MC and runs diurnally. So what of the Inauguration 2009? The first problem with this chart is that the Moon is at 29 degrees of Scorpio, void of course. A lot of modern astrologers take void to mean "nothing will come of the matter," but that's not entirely accurate. It's perhaps more accurate to say that the trains has left the station and it is now going to follow the tracks where they lead. The emphasis in this chart is: Obama has been dealt a set of cards, and now what he can accomplish is already determined by the hand he has. He can play well or play poorly, but he is much more restricted than Bush was. There is a lot of dignity in this chart - so all is not lost. The most dignified planets are Mars and Venus. Venus rules the people (the 1st House), while Mars rules open enemies (the 7th). With the Moon in the 7th, one has to conclude that his stated intention of getting out of Iraq and coming to a new entente with the Islamic world is of primary importance - and there, the late degree of the Moon makes a lot of sense relating to his intentions. The economy is going to be very problematic: with Mercury and Jupiter, both dignified by Triplicity in Aquarius, but both combust and Mercury retrograde - there are definitely going to be some fits and starts. What is most interesting is that combust denotes secrecy in the old texts: so it looks like President Obama's goal of openness is going to be seriuosly resisted in that respect. But with this amount of Triplicity, there just may well be some dumb luck that helps out. There is physical danger to the President - Saturn is in the 5th, and the 5th is the 8th from the 10th. But Saturn does have some dignity by Term, and Sahl, along with other Medieval sources would state that since Saturn is cold and dry and in a cold and dry sign, that there is some strength there.
Heimdall is the guardian of the gods, and of their home, Asgard. Why is it then, that the Eddic poem Rígsþula describes him wandering the earth and interacting with humans as if he had nothing else to concern him? As the guardian god, Heimdall lives at Himinbjorg (Heaven’s Castle) at the end of the rainbow bridge that leads to Asgard. The Prose Edda says: He needs less sleep than a bird. He can see, by night as well as by day, a distance of a hundred leagues. He can also hear the grass growing on the earth and wool on sheep and everything that sounds louder than that. He has a trumpet called Giallarhorn and its blast can be heard in all the worlds. (Faulkes: 25) His old enemy Loki gives it a different spin, saying that Heimdall cannot leave, in Lokasenna: 48. “Be silent, Heimdall! \| in days long since Was an evil fate for thee fixed; With back held stiff \| must thou ever stand, As warder of heaven to watch.” The poem Grimnismal puts a better face on it, but stresses Heimdall’s role as watchman: 13. Himinbjorg is the eighth, \| and Heimdall there O’er men holds sway, it is said; In his well-built house \| does the warder of heaven The good mead gladly drink. However, another Eddic poem, Rígsþula, makes Heimdall a much more active god: he travels the world siring three sons who form the three social classes, and spends time mentoring the last, aristocratic, one. Deserting hIs post? The poem follows the travels of a god Rígr, identified in a note by the scribe as Heimdall. Mobility is a theme of the poem, so much so that the first verse begins with the god in motion: 1. Men say there went \| by ways so green Of old the god, \| the aged and wise, Mighty and strong \| did Rig go striding. He then goes to visit a couple called Great-Grandmother (Edda) and Great-Grandfather (Ai). They are poor and live a hard life, but they share what they have with the disguised god, and nine months later Edda has a son, Thrall (Slave). He marries and has other servant children. Rígr repeats this pattern with Grandmother and Grandfather, whose son is named Karl, a smallholder, and Father and Mother, whose son is an aristocrat, Jarl. When Jarl grows up, Rígr reappears and teaches him: 36. Straight from the grove \| came striding Rig, Rig came striding, \| and runes he taught him; By his name he called him, \| as son he claimed him, And bade him hold \| his heritage wide, His heritage wide, \| the ancient homes. Jarl goes on to make war until he has 18 halls. He then marries, and his son, Kon, learns runes and grows in wisdom: The right he sought, \| and soon he won it, Rig to be called, \| and runes to know. The poem breaks off as Kon is speaking with some birds who advise him to make war on two Norwegian kings. (Like Sigurd, who is warned by birds that Regin plans to kill him.) The poem Rígsþula only appears in the Codex Wormianus version of the Prose Edda. As an addition it is doubly frustrating, because first it’s obviously not part of the Prose Edda, leaving the question of why the scribe added it, and second, the last part of the poem is missing, leaving us uncertain as to the poet’s intentions. As I mentioned above, the scribe made a note to the effect that Rígr is Heimdall, and his role as progenitor of three different men, of different classes, fits with the first verse of the cosmological poem Völuspá: 1. Hearing I ask \| from the holy races, From Heimdall’s sons, \| both high and low; Thou wilt, Valfather, \| that well I relate Old tales I remember \| of men long ago. The seeress, addressing Odin, describes all humans as Heimdall’s children, which suggests that Heimdall and Rígr are indeed the same. Are you sure Rígr isn’t Odin? This contrast between Heimdall’s roles has caused some writers to even question whether the Rígr of Rígsþula is Heimdall. The travelling around, using a false name, impregnating women and mentoring young, heroic nobles sounds more like Odin. (The notes to the Bellows translation at Sacred Texts takes this position. Closer to our own time, Rudolf Simek takes the same position.) However, the prologue of the poem (written by the scribe who included it in his text) identifies Rígr with Heimdall: They tell in old stories that one of the gods, whose name was Heimdall, went on his way along a certain seashore, and came to a dwelling, where he called himself Rig. The striking thing about Rígr, however, is that although he does mentor the noble, and the future king, he also hands out advice to all the others he meets along the way. Amory thinks this is a trait specific to Heimdall, since Odin is not so free with his help. (14) The ninth-century skald Ulf Uggason, in his poem Húsdrapa, called Heimdall “kind of counsel”, which would fit with a role as benefactor. (You could even include his advice-giving to Thor in Thrymskvida, where the narrator makes a point of emphasizing his farsightedness.) It’s worth bearing in mind that although we’re used to thinking of a Norse pantheon with Odin at the top, and all the rest of the deities living in Asgard, Scandinavian religion was much more diverse than the picture Snorri Sturluson paints in the Prose Edda. While he (perhaps because he was writing for poets) makes Odin the chief god, it seems that his fellow Icelanders preferred Thor, while the Swedes preferred Freyr, who was the divine ancestor of their kings. There may well have been different traditions about Odin and Heimdall as fathers of humanity. Heimdall: not always on guard (or is he?) Another myth about Heimdall also puts him outside Asgard. The actual story is lost to us, but according to Snorri’s summary, Heimdall and Loki fought in the form of seals on the island of Singastein. So presumably Heimdall is able to leave his post without ill effect, at least if something important is at stake. He also attended Baldr’s funeral, and Aegir’s feast (in fact, two, one in the prologue of Skaldskaparmal, and another in the poem Lokasenna.) So it seems that he can get away when he wants to. It might be worthwhile not to get too fussy about these things. After all, Kvasir dies near the beginning of the cosmic cycle, right after the war between the Aesir and Vanir, but he pops up again after Baldr dies, just in time to figure out how Loki is hiding from the gods. In Völuspá we’re told that Heimdall’s hearing is buried beneath the world-tree Yggdrasil, just as Odin’s eye is hidden in Mimir’s well. Perhaps it acts as an early warning system. Protector and Father My own thought is that since the name Rigr comes from the Irish word for king, rí, perhaps the Rígsþula story shows how the first king went about organizing his kingdom, paving the way for a mortal king, the young Kon ungr. (Meaning Kon the young, whose name is a pun on a word for king, konungr.) Sayer’s idea of Heimdall as ram (one name for a ram was Heimdali) suggests that he could be both a progenitor and watchman, if we imagine a ram watching over his flock. (His by-names include Vindhler, “Wind-Shelter”, and Hallinskidi “Asymmetrically Horned”, which fit.) His role as father and guardian would fit with his role as advice-giver, too. I leave you with this thought from Grumpy Lokean Elder, which suggests the difference between Heimdall and Odin, the god of aristocrats and warriors: …the first stanza of Völuspá, which refers to all listening beings as helgar kindir (holy/hallowed kin/progeny/races, referring here to humankind) and mögu Heimdallar (boys/sons/kindred of Heimdall). They are hallowed by virtue of all being descended from not just a God, but the hvitastr áss, the “whitest”/brightest of the aesir. Meiri ok minni, of greater and lesser importance, shows that status seems to have no bearing on any human’s holiness. Amory, Frederick 2001: “The Historical Worth of Rígsþula” alvíssmál 10: 3-20. (pdf here) Andrén, Anders, 2012: “Servants of Thor? The Gotlanders and their gods,” in News from other worlds: Studies in Nordic folklore, mythology and culture in honor of John F. Lindow, ed. by Merrill Kaplan and Timothy R. Tangherlini. Wildcat Canyon Advanced Seminars, Occasional Monographs, 1. Pinehurst Press: 92–100. (Google Books) Brink, Stefan, 2007: “How uniform was the Old Norse religion?” in Learning and Understanding in the Old Norse world: Essays in honour of Margaret Clunies Ross, ed. by Judy Quinn, Kate Heslop and Tarrin Wells, Brepols: 105–35. (academia.edu) Davidson, H. R. E. 1990: Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, Penguin (reprint). Gunnell, Terry 2015: “Pantheon? What Pantheon? Concepts of a Family of Gods in Pre-Christian Scandinavian Religions,” Scripta Islandica 66: 55-76. (academica.edu) Lindow, John 2001: Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals and Beliefs, OUP, New York and Oxford. (academica.edu) Orchard, Andy 2002: Cassell’s Dictonary of Norse Myth and Legend, Cassell Reference. Sayers, William 1993: “Irish Perpectives on Heimdalr,” alvíssmál 2: 3-30. (pdf here) Simek, Rudolf (trans. Angela Hall) 1996: Dictionary of Northern Mythology, D. S. Brewer, Cambridge. If you like the rainbow image at the top, click here.
view a plan In this Geometer’s Sketchpad lesson, similar polygons and a table of data to show the relationships between the figures are constructed Title – Similar Polygons using Geometer’s Sketchpad By – Rachel Hutcherson Primary Subject – Math Grade Level – 7 - Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to construct varying types of similar polygons. They will measure the sides and the angles and then form a table of data to show the relationships between the figures. - Understand that in similar polygons, corresponding angles are congruent and the ratios of corresponding sides are equal - Understand the concepts of similar figures and scale factor Learning Resources and Materials: - Geometer’s Sketchpad (software) - Worksheet containing pictures of different polygons (teacher created) Development of Lesson: - This lesson can be easily related to past experiences, because it involves using students’ previous knowledge of angles, segments, and measuring to complete. - Also, they will know the definitions of corresponding angles, congruent, similar figures, and corresponding sides. - Students will have had previous experience in working with Geometer’s Sketchpad, so the program will not be foreign to them. - Students will be prepared for this lesson by reviewing the properties of polygons. They will know that a quadrilateral has four sides and four angles, the measure of which adds up to 360 degrees; a pentagon has five sides and five angles that add up to 540 degrees, and so on. They will also be provided with a worksheet that has this information on it for a reference. - To get students to focus on the task at hand, inform them on what is going to take place before they get to the computers. This way they are not distracted by the computers while receiving instructions and other information. - All of the students will be working individually and will have the freedom to change the color of their polygons, font, and tables. Instructions will be given at the beginning of class, and will also be posted on the board as a reference for the students. - The students need to open the Geometer’s Sketchpad program. Each student will be given three different regular polygon figures to work with which they will have to identify. - Next they will click on each side of the polygons and then click on the “Measure” tool (they will be measuring length). - Then, the students will measure each angle of each polygon by clicking on three vertices at a time and going to the “Measure” menu (click on “Angle”). - After taking each of the polygon’s measurements, the students will form a table for their data. To do this they need to select each measurement, go to the “Graph” menu, and select “Tabulate.” - To get more data, the students will add a new row to their tables by double clicking on the last row. Then they will drag the three polygons by using the vertices. The new measures will show up in the table. Students will need at least four rows of data. - Once the data table has been developed, students will be able to see the similarities between the lengths of sides and the angles of each polygon. After the students have completed the procedures, ask questions such as what they noticing about the lengths of the sides of the similar polygons, and whether the angles are the same or not. Leave the questions open for discussion. - Accommodations and adaptations can easily be made to this assignment. For example, students with different learning levels could work together. Also the lesson could be shortened or lengthened by either adding or removing polygon shapes, or by providing some of the measurements. - To check for understanding, the students’ work will be reviewed and questions will be asked. Feedback should be given throughout the lesson so students know whether they are on the right track or not. As a final assessment, students should write a paragraph or two on their findings, which should be able to show whether learning took place and whether each student met the benchmark or not. - At the end of the lecture, the class will discuss their findings with one another. The teacher and students should discuss what properties similar polygons have and why they are considered similar and not congruent. Also it would be a good idea to discuss any problems that the students had with the Geometer’s Sketchpad program, and whether anything could be done differently. - The teacher should reflect on what the students did during the lesson as well as the questions and answers they came up with during the class discussion. Then he or she should reflect on if anything could be done better. E-Mail Rachel Hutcherson !
Swathes of southern and eastern Europe sweltered in temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius (104°F) on Friday in a heat wave nicknamed "Lucifer" that has fanned forest fires, triggered weather warning alerts and damaged crops. Italy and the Balkans were worst affected, though areas as far north as southern Poland also basked in abnormally hot temperatures. European weather hub Meteoalarm issued its highest grade "red" warnings for 10 countries. At least two people have died from the heat - one in Romania and one in Poland. Many more have been taken to hospital suffering from sunstroke and other heat-related conditions. In Albania, 300 firefighters and soldiers struggled to contain as many as 75 forest fires and the country asked the European Union for emergency help. Firefighters were also busy in Serbia, Bosnia, Macedonia and Croatia. With temperatures expected to stay around 40 degrees Celsius into next week, authorities advised people to increase their water intake and Red Cross volunteers across Europe visited the homeless and elderly and other people at risk. "This prolonged period of extremely hot weather is particularly dangerous for people with existing health problems such heart conditions, high blood pressure and asthma, as well as older people and children," said Jeya Kulasingam, health coordinator for the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in Europe. "It is vital that people stay hydrated and drink plenty of water, keep out of the sun and avoid over-exertion." Wine growers in Italy have started gathering the grape harvest weeks earlier than usual due to the extreme heat. Carlo Petrini, founder of the Slow Food movement, wrote in La Stampa newspaper that the grape harvest had never started before Aug. 15 in living memory. "The health of the grapes is severely tested by this weather," Petrini wrote, adding that growers ran the risk of finding the fruit "cooked by the sun and the burning heat". Italian authorities have issued weather risk warnings for 26 cities, including tourist hubs Venice and Rome, where many of the fountains have been turned off due to a lengthy drought. The world-famous Uffizi art galleries in Florence had to shut temporarily on Friday when the air conditioning system broke down, their director told ANSA news agency. Polar bears, crops suffer In Hungary, keepers at Budapest Zoo provided huge ice blocks to cool down two polar bears, who were also fed ice-cold water melon. Bosnian officials said the heat wave and drought had nearly halved agricultural output, which accounts for 10 percent of the country's economic output. Neighbouring Serbia reported a similar situation and experts said drought could slash corn and soybean production by a third. In neighbouring Croatia the heat wave and peak tourist season has driven power demand and spot prices to record levels, officials said on Friday. Temperatures along parts of Croatia's Adriatic coast, including the major tourist hub of Dubrovnik, already stood at around 32 degrees early on Friday morning and were expected to nudge up to 42 degrees during the day, the weather service said. The Red Cross distributed water and hand fans to people suffering from the heat in Croatia – especially tourists visiting outdoor events and motorists stuck in typical summer traffic jams. "In two hours of my shift today I saw four people fainting on the street and complaining of heat exhaustion," a traffic warden who identified himself as Goran told Reuters in the Serbian capital Belgrade.
Students are introduced to the structure, function and purpose of locks and dams, which involves an introduction to Pascal's law, water pressure and gravity. Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standard Network (ASN), a project of JES & Co. (www.jesandco.org). In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. Click on the standard groupings to explore this hierarchy as it applies to this document. - Colorado: Science - 8. changes in speed or direction of motion are caused by forces (Grades 3 - 5) ...show - Common Core State Standards for Mathematics: Math - International Technology and Engineering Educators Association: Technology - F. Knowledge gained from other fields of study has a direct effect on the development of technological products and systems. (Grades 6 - 8) ...show - E. The design and construction of structures for service or convenience have evolved from the development of techniques for measurement, controlling systems, and the understanding of spatial relationships. (Grades 6 - 8) ...show - Next Generation Science Standards: Science - Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions. (Grades 6 - 8) ...show - Explain the basic operation of a dam and lock system. - Know that dam and lock system are used to aid in river navigation. - Know that engineers use Pascal's law when designing dam and lock systems. Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers \|A barrier to obstruct the flow of water, especially one made of earth, rock, masonry and/or concrete, built across a stream or river.\| \|A person who applies her/his understanding of science and mathematics to creating things for the benefit of humanity and our world.\| \|An invisible force of a mass being attracted to another mass. For example, the Earth's mass pulls you down so you stay on the ground instead of flying away.\| \|An enclosed chamber in a waterway with watertight gates at each end, for raising or lowering vessels from one water level to another by admitting or releasing water.\| \|A hydrostatics principle that says that for all points at the same absolute height in a body of a fluid, the pressure is the same, even if additional pressure is applied on the fluid at some place.\| \|The exertion of force upon a surface by an object, fluid, etc., in contact with it. Expressed as force per unit area.\| - Under Pressure - Students use plastic soda bottles filled with water to learn about Pascal's law and water pressure. Observing how water spills from holes punctured at different locations, they learn and how water exerts equal pressure in all directions, and how water at increasing depths is under increasing pressure. - How does it feel to dive to the bottom of a swimming pool? - Does the water feel "heavier"? - Do your ears sometimes hurt when you dive down too deep? - What if you dive even deeper into a lake or an ocean? - Why is the water pressure 5 meters beneath the surface half as great as it is 10 meters beneath the surface? (Answer: Water pressure comes from the weight of the water above, so at 10 meters, twice as much water is above than at five meters. Height, not length or width, is what matters for determining water pressure. Use Pascal's Law with the h = 5 m and h=10m to obtain pressures of 49,050 N/m^2 and 98,100N/m^2 , respectively. Have students note that the pressure for 10 meters is twice that for 5 meters.) - How does gravity help a boat get across a dam and lock system? (Answer: Gravity "moves" river water in and out of the locks. Water is drained [by gravity] from the first lock until it is even with the second lock. When the water levels are even, the vessel can move into the lower lock). - Why are dam and lock systems important for our economy? (Answer: Locks enable large boats to travel up and down rivers much further than they could travel naturally. They also enable boats to navigate through shallow or steep sections of river. With this travel improvement, merchants can ship products and good longer distances, increasing the global market.) Lesson Summary Assessment - What is the purpose of a dam and lock system? (Answer: To raise and lower boats between stretches of water of different levels on waterways.) - How is gravity involved in dam and lock systems? (Answer: Gravity is a factor in how boats move through dam and lock systems by how it moves and drains water, which raises and lowers the boats in the locks.) - In what situations might construction of a lock improve river or canal navigation? (Possible answers: Locks help commercial boats and barges navigate past sandbars, rapids, waterfalls, temporarily low water, changing riverbed elevations and dams.) - If we didn't have dam and lock systems, how might we move boats through these waterway obstacles? (Possible answer: We could design and build boat lifts, and some places have boat lifts. But, locks make more sense for big ships [imagine cruise ships, ocean tankers, cargo ships] and barges; locks let water and gravity do the heavy work of moving the vessels.) - What must engineers consider about water pressure so the dam and lock systems they design are safe, strong and reliable? (Answer: As the elevation of water behind a dam increases, its height and density causes increasingly high pressure at the bottom of the dam. Water pressure also affects the walls and gates of locks. Engineers must estimate and take this pressure under consideration in order to make dam and lock structures watertight and strong enough to stand up to the water pressure forces.) Lesson Extension Activities Additional Multimedia Support Adler, Jerry "Troubled Waters. The Great Flood of '93 Rolled Inexorably Down the Mississippi, Teaching Everyone—Even Television Anchormen—Never to Underestimate Nature." Newsweek. Published July 26, 1993, pp. 66-80. Ardley, Neil. How "We Build Dams." Ada, OK: Garrett Educational Corporation, 1990. Cannelton Locks and Dams. Perry County, Indiana, http://www.perrycountyindiana.org/attractions/canneltonlocks.cfm, accessed July 14, 2009. Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC., http://www.dictionary.com, accessed July 14, 2009. (Source of some vocabulary definitions, with some adaptation) Kagan, Spencer. Cooperative Learning. Capistrano, CA: Kagan Cooperative Learning, 1994. Lock and Dam 6, Trempealeau, WI. Updated September 26, 2007. US Army Corps of Engineers. Accessed July 14, 2009. http://www.mvp.usace.army.mil/ Locks and Dams. 2006. Newton's Apple Teacher Guides. KTCA Twin Cities Public Television, http://www.newtonsapple.tv/TeacherGuide.php?id=1041, accessed July 14, 2009. Locks and Dams: How do locks and dams work? How does a lock and dam make an unnavigable part of a waterway navigable? Newton's Apple Insights. KTCA Twin Cities Public Television, http://www.darylscience.com/Demos/Lock-Dams.html, accessed July 28, 2009. Nelson, S.B. "Water engineering." In Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers. Edited by F.S. Merritt. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1983. Old Man River. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1988. Skorupa, Joe. "The Problem with Dams." Popular Mechanics. Published December 1991, pp. 106-107. Jeff Lyng, Kristin Field, Denali Lander, Lauren Cooper, Denise W. Carlson © 2008 by Regents of the University of Colorado. Integrated Teaching and Learning Program, College of Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder Last modified: February 8, 2016
This guide was created by the Academic Resource Center to help LMU students and faculty have a centralized location for writing resources. In this guide, you'll find resources to help you become a better writer. Under General Writing, there are materials for brainstorming, outlining, revising, etc. Style and Grammar has helpful guides and activities to practice what you've learned. Using and Citing Sources is broken down by MLA, APA, and Chicago documentation styles. Writing in the Disciplines discusses course specific writing conventions. Finally, Meet with a Tutor will take you to the ARC's homepage where you'll be able to make an appointment for help on your papers. As with everything in writing, this LibGuide is a work in progress. Keep your eye out for updates and upcoming workshops! Academic Resource Center: Writing Support Flyer S '16 Researching Tools Tues. 2/9 – 7:00 How do you tell an editorial from a blog from a scholarly article online? This workshop helps you lo-cate and identify sources from LMU’s databases to Google Scholar. Summarizing Wed. 2/10 –6:00 Writing with authority includes being able to represent fairly and succinctly the main ideas of other authors. This workshop teaches you how to write a good summary for an annotated bibliography. Formulating a Thesis Mon. 2/15 – 7:00 Tues. 2/16 – 6:00 Writing a good thesis is key to a successful paper. This workshop explains how to move from formulating a question about your topic to providing the claim and reasons for your thesis. Quoting and Paraphrasing Mon. 2/22 –6:00 Don’t get caught dropping quotes or plagiarizing unintentionally. Learn how to seamlessly and correctly integrate outside sources into your papers. Argument Essay Wed. 2/24 – 5:00 Take a stand and support what you say. Learn the essentials of argumentative writing. Citing Sources with MLA Tues. 3/8 – 5:00 Citing Sources with APA Tues. 3/8 – 7:00 Organizing the Chaos Wed. 3/9 – 7:00 Are you overwhelmed with the research paper? Learn how to organize your materials to help you cope with the chaos. Developing a detailed outline at the start reduces frantic late nights at the end. Write like a Philosopher Mon. 3/14 – 7:00 Demystify your philosophy writing assignments. Come to this workshop and learn the special features of writing an argument, from formulating a thesis to providing logical evidence. Writing in History Tues. 3/15 – 5:00 Learn the conventions and expectations necessary for quality historical research and writing. Citing Sources with Chicago Style Tues. 3/15 – 6:00 Does My Paper Flow? Tues. 3/29 – 5:00 Learn strategies for coherence by putting in order a scrambled essay. Analyze the logical order and utilize lexical tips such as transitions and pronouns to unscramble the essay. Organizing the Chaos Tues. 3/29 –7:00 Does My Paper Flow? Mon. 4/4 – 6:00 Citing Sources with APA Tues. 4/5 – 6:00 Principles of Style Mon. 4/11 – 5:00 Tues. 4/12 – 6:00 Wed. 4/13 – 5:00 Fine-tune your writing by improving its style. Learn how to cut the fluff, write clearly, add punch to your sentences, and other elements of style. Turn your papers from good to extraordinary. Visit a writing tutor at the ARC in Daum Hall or William H. Hannon Library Room 117 Daum Hall: M-Th 9am-6pm, F 9am-4pm Library: M-W 8-10pm Follow us on Instagram and Twitter @lmuarc for updates and study tips!!
Today, complex simplicity. The University of Houston's college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. We talk so much about simplifying. Finding the inherent simplicity in outwardly complicated things is an end we all seek. Einstein repeatedly talked about simplifying. In fact, he said, "A theory should be as simple as possible, but no more." Simplicity is also a central idea in Buddhism. Yet a peculiar catch lurks here. Some ideas are intricate. Lesser people than Einstein have made Relativity Theory incomprehensible by side stepping its intuition-boggling nature. Take away that conceptual hurdle, and we'll never understand it. We have to negotiate the hurdle. Take the much-used term, standard deviation. Fifty years ago, statistical ideas were in much less common use than they are now. When I first heard a statistician use the term in 1952, I asked what it meant. None of the words in his answer made sense. He said it was how far measurements scattered around an average value -- like the heights of ten-year-olds or salaries of secretaries. So a standard deviation might be three inches or it might be two hundred dollars. And some children might be five inches less than the average -- some secretaries might make four hundred dollars more than the average. I heard the words, but didn't grasp the concept. I had yet to jump one large conceptual hurdle. Let's see if we can make the jump: Imagine we divide our ten-year-olds into groups of each height -- four-feet-five inches, four-feet-six, and so forth. Plot these numbers of children against their heights, and (if we're dealing with large numbers) we get a bell-shaped curve. The curve peaks at the average, and it tails off (left and right) toward short or tall. So we imagine a universal curve. Never mind whether it's plotted against inches or dollars; just think about its shape. Then imagine that curve to be cut into four vertical panels, with only five percent of the children -- or secretaries -- lying on each end of the curve, outside those four panels. Each panel is one standard deviation. Why the curve is sliced just that way is a mathematical nicety, but the center two slices include about 68 percent of the children -- or of the secretaries. The key feature here is adaptability. Consider eighty-pound bags of feed and eighty-pound fourth graders. One standard deviation might be fifteen pounds for the children and only four ounces for the bags. The weight of the bags is far more closely controlled. Being five pounds off the average means legal trouble for a grain dealer, but only a shrug from a parent. Now we have better means for assessing obesity or anorexia. So here's one simple concept based on a subtle abstraction. Digest the abstraction, and the concept becomes a useful tool in daily life. Once we have it, we can treat scattered values of anything in the form of a universal curve. We can make far more intelligent comparisons of apples and oranges. Digest a bit of abstraction, and we, quite literally, become better citizens. I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston, where we're interested in the way inventive minds For the full story on the standard deviation and its use, see any introductory college textbook on statistics. The perfect Gaussian bell curve or normal distribution only occurs when variables are perfectly random. Normally they are not. That is no matter however, since the standard deviation can still be used to characterize the variability. Technically speaking, the standard deviation is the root mean square deviation of a variable from its average or mean value.
Sometimes working backwards from the finish line provides unique opportunities for identifying how to improve performance from the start. A talented group of students from the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) chapter of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) recently presented a highly engaging, interactive lesson to Space Coast Jr./Sr. High School Science Technology Engineering Aerospace and Manufacturing (STEAM) students on a process referred to as reverse engineering. Equipped with tools and typical home appliances such as Crock-Pots, coffeemakers, and hair dryers, the FIT students guided Viper students through the process of disassembling the machines to analyze their original design, discussing why particular parts were strategically used instead of others, and making suggestions for design improvements. During a culminating presentation, students then shared with their peers what changes they would make to improve the functionality of their assigned appliance, and how such changes would yield positive outcomes to the appliance's productivity and/or efficiency. "Reverse engineering is basically taking something apart, figuring out how it works, and figuring out how you can improve it," said Isaiah Ciarlanti, a senior. "You have the appliance itself and how it already works," said Wyatt Christian, a senior. "They wanted us to find a way to make it work even better, to improve its function." "My group took apart a Walmart version of a George Foreman grill," said Wyatt. "When we opened it up, we saw the heating element, which was only a small strip. To improve that, we figured we would expand the strip to cover more surface area of the hot plate, which lead to better heat distribution and faster cooking." For Wyatt, hands-on experiences like these parallel the work he will do upon graduation. Enlisted into the Air Force, Wyatt will be a crew chief working on fighter jets. "My favorite part of the activity was having everyone working together for a common goal," he said. "My group had an electric razor," said Isaiah. "When we took it apart, the switch where the wires went in came out easily. If the switch was in the Off position, we could just pull the wires out. We figured the only way to make it better was to fix the battery housing so that the wires would be safer and more secure." "When we were taking the appliances apart and figuring it out how it worked, the people from FIT came around and asked us questions and were really engaged with the process. They weren't just sitting in the front of the room telling us what to do. That makes it more exciting as a student. Even if it is hands-on, if no one is moving around and participating, it is not as fun. When everyone is learning together, it makes the experience a lot more fun." "They would walk around and each person would give different inputs," said Isaiah. "Each person had a different way of looking things, which helped us." "The FIT students were cool and helpful," said Wyatt. "They gave us a lot of good ideas." One of the FIT students, Leyane Mohammed, is no stranger to Space Coast. A Viper graduate, she successfully completed the STEAM program and is currently in her senior year at FIT. "I talked to Leyane," said Isaiah. "She walked around, asked us about what we were doing, and offered assistance. She helped us make sure we listed everything accurately." The field trip idea was spearheaded by Dr. Beshoy Morkos, an Assistant Professor for FIT's Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. He oversees the Systems Research on Intelligent Design and Engineering (STRIDE) Research Lab. "Dr. Morkos was very energetic," said Isaiah. "He definitely brought life to each of the projects. For the electric razor we took apart, he got so into what we were doing. It was really cool to see someone who has been doing it so long get so interested in the project. That kind of enthusiasm helps get students more excited about learning." \|During his visit to Space Coast, Dr. Beshoy Morkos worked closely with students in teaching how the reverse engineering process can lead to improvements to the design of various household appliances.\| Overall, the benefits of the reverse engineering process were apparent to participating students. "It is interesting to know how things work," said Isaiah. "It helps with creativity. Obviously, the person who made it has succeeded with coming up with an idea. It helps you think outside of the box about what can be done to make it even better." As FIT's visit to Space Coast proved, when it comes to building knowledge and expanding critical thinking skills, nothing beats working backwards from the finish line to help improve performance from the start. Stay current with Space Coast Jr./Sr. High at Space Coast Edline.
WIKIPEDIA, W.DJATMIKOPlacental mammals all originated from a small, scurrying, insect-eating, shrew-like creature. But when did this ancestor live? Genetic studies that compare the DNA of living placentals suggest that our last common ancestor lived between 88 million and 117 million years ago, when the dinosaurs still ruled. But last year, a team of scientists led by Maureen O’Leary from Stony Brook University challenged this timeline. Through an extraordinarily detailed analysis of the bones of 86 mammals, both living and extinct, O’Leary and her colleagues concluded that placentals arose shortly after the point when the non-bird dinosaurs went extinct—the so-called K/T boundary. Now, a trio of British researchers have hit back at O’Leary’s study, accusing it of “serious shortcomings.” In a strongly worded paper published today (January 14) in Biology Letters, the authors write that the team has reignited a... The researchers’ main criticism is that O’Leary’s team took the age of the oldest fossil from various placental groups to be the age of the group itself. This is unlikely to be true: even older fossils probably exist but have not been found yet. “Imagine you have a mother with a 10-year-old child,” explained Mario dos Reis from University College London, the lead author on the new paper. “You know the mother can’t be younger than ten, but to say that the mother is ten would be a mistake.” Dos Reis’ team did its own “molecular clock” study, comparing the genomes of 36 mammals to determine when they diverged from each other, and calibrating these splits using the ages of known fossils. The team also accounted for how often fossils of different groups were found, to estimate the gap in time between a group’s oldest fossils and its true ancestors. The researchers concluded that the placental mammals arose between 72 million and 108 million years ago. “Most of these early placentals were probably similar and likely didn’t resemble modern groups, like primates or bats or carnivores,” said dos Reis. “After the dinosaurs died out, they diversified explosively.” But O’Leary said that the new study provides no new data and changes very little. “It’s another clock paper and tells us pretty much what clock analyses have been telling us,” she said. She acknowledged that gaps must exist between a group’s oldest fossils and its last common ancestor, but her team did not want to make assumptions about the size of that gap. Dos Reis’s technique for estimating that gap is “just a prediction, like a weather prediction,” she said. “It’s another way of tweaking the model on a computer. They put a lot of stock in statistical assumptions about the fossil record.” “I’d say the real test belongs in the field,” O’Leary added. That is, someone has to go and find a placental fossil that clearly originated from before the K/T boundary. “The debate is getting a little tiresome, in my opinion,” Olaf Bininda-Emonds from the University of Oldenburg told The Scientist in an e-mail. “Dos Reis et al. are perfectly correct: fossils underestimate the true divergence time of a clade,” he said. “But this doesn't mean that clock-based [models] can't overestimate that time.” Such models have become increasingly sophisticated, but they still rely on large sets of assumptions. “There’s nothing really wrong with either set of analyses,” Bininda-Emonds continued. “Both are robust. The real problem is that the methods are fundamentally different and make fundamentally different assumptions, so that there's little point in comparing the apples with the oranges.” M. dos Reis et al., “Neither phylogenomic nor palaeontological data support a Palaeogene origin of placental mammals,” Biology Letters, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.1003, 2014.
Firstly it is necessary to realize that this condition is known by a number of different terms. These terms include Chronic Fatigue, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic Fatigue Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME). Secondly, most of the authorities in Western Medicine do not actually have consensus as to what are the specific required signs and symptoms to verify that Chronic Fatigue is actually the official diagnosis. There is no known biological test. From a Western medical perspective, there is no known cause of Chronic Fatigue but it is expected to be viral. In summary, Western medicine can’t agree on the diagnosis, doesn’t know what causes it and can’t treat it. This is confirmed in the Journal of The Royal Society of Medicine, where researchers concluded that no western medical intervention had been shown or proven to be effective in any way. The fundamental symptom that these patients experience is extreme fatigue coupled with insomnia and un-refreshing sleep. Other symptoms include headaches, muscle and joint pain, muscle weakness and increased sensitivity to light, smells and sounds. The mood and mind is also affected and varying degrees of depression and difficulty in concentration and memory are key note symptom markers. Traditional Chinese medicine views patients with these symptoms very differently to that of western medicine. One fundamental factor in viewing health and disease in traditional Chinese medicine is what is called the zheng qi verses the xie qi. This in simplified translation terms is known as the good energy verses the bad energy. The good energy includes the individual’s constitutional body strength and immunity strength whereas the bad energy includes weakness and diseased organs combined with invasion by viruses and bacteria. Chinese medicine talks about latent pathogens and warm evils penetrating the body. This is more easily understood as a bug like a virus coming into the body and then lying dormant in the body. When the bug is strong and the good energy weak, sickness and illnesses become chronic. One mistake that some natural health practitioners make is to give tonics whether in the form of herbal preparations or vitamins and minerals. Chinese medicine has the view that if you give tonics when the body is consumed with bugs, the bugs also feed off the tonics and get even stronger!! This is why patients with chronic fatigue usually feel worse when they take herbs like Ginseng and Echinacea. The bugs love it, as they get stronger. Many patients with chronic fatigue often take a whole host of vitamin supplements with little change. The reason being, the condition of chronic fatigue is not due to a vitamin deficiency, it is due to a bug in the body. Chinese herbal medicines have special categories of medicines known as neutralizing toxins, acrid dispersing and expelling damp. These are the type of herbal medicines that are prescribed to Chronic Fatigue patients. On the other hand, tonic herbs like ginseng as prescribed to patients who have over worked which has led to depleted reserves of strength. When a practitioner of Chinese herbal medicine diagnoses, an assessment is made on the strength of the patient’s good energy verses the strength of the pathogenic factor is inside them. A formula comprising of about 10-15 different herbal medicines is prescribed and may include some regulating and tonic herbs in combination with expelling herbs. An acupuncturist views the body as being made up of meridians and further details can be explored on the How Does Acupuncture Work section of the website. One meridian called the yin walker vessel starts at the bottom of the foot and travels up the body to the eyes and enters the brain. It also connects with the yang walker vessel at the eyes. These particular meridians store bugs and pathogens and also are to do with the ebb of the day and night. The meridian itself is saturated with toxins so to say and during the day it makes you tired and at night you can’t sleep. Because the bug is clogged in the meridian, the patient experiences pain and weakness. And as the meridian goes through the brain, the bug causes the patient to have memory problems, difficult concentration and depression. Millions of dollars each year has been spent since for decades researching chronic fatigue and still no treatment or breakthrough has been achieved. The symptoms associated with chronic fatigue have been treated for thousands of years with Chinese herbs and acupuncture.
Some scholars suggest Jesus never claimed to be God in the Gospels. Nothing could be further from the truth. John 8 provides one of many times Jesus equated himself with Yahweh, the Lord Almighty of Israel. There we read: 54 Jesus replied, “If I glorify myself, my glory means nothing. My Father, whom you claim as your God, is the one who glorifies me. 55 Though you do not know him, I know him. If I said I did not, I would be a liar like you, but I do know him and keep his word. 56 Your father Abraham rejoiced at the thought of seeing my day; he saw it and was glad.” 57 “You are not yet fifty years old,” the Jews said to him, “and you have seen Abraham!” 58 “I tell you the truth,” Jesus answered, “before Abraham was born, I am!” 59 At this, they picked up stones to stone him, but Jesus hid himself, slipping away from the temple grounds. First, Jesus called God “his Father,” something Jewish religious leaders did not do. But the striking feature of this account is how Jesus compared himself in relation to Abraham, the founder of all three of the world’s major monotheistic religions–Jesus claimed to exist before Abraham. In response, his audience asked, in essence, “You’re not even fifty years old. How is this possible?” This is where we find Jesus reply with the provocative statement in which he calls himself “I am.” This “I AM” was the name of God revealed to Moses in the burning bush in Exodus. Jesus was claiming not only to know God, but to BE God. This is why the religious leaders sought to kill Jesus. He was blaspheming according to their law. And if fact, this was true, UNLESS Jesus really was God in human form. It would take not only miracles and powerful teaching to convince most people of his true identity. It would take his resurrection, an event we will celebrate this Sunday as Easter. Jesus was more than a good teacher, healer, or even a prophet. He is the I AM. Jesus is God. Dillon Burroughs is the author or co-author of numerous books and is handwriting a copy of the New Testament in 2011 at HolyWritProject.com. Find out more about Dillon at Facebook.com/readdB or readdB.com.
Dia de los Muertos, or Dia de Muertos, is the Mexican Day of the Dead festival. It's more an occasion for festivity than solemnity, but there are elements of both. Families gather at cemeteries to celebrate those who have passed before them with bundles of huge marigolds and picnics with plenty of good food. At home, celebratory altars, called ofrendas, are created. These altars are decorated with skulls made of painted sugar, photographs, candles, papel picado, sweets, and festive skeleton figures. We have long loved the holiday, for there are elements in Italian culture that are similar, though the Italian version, known as I Morti, is not quite as festive as the Mexican version. Dia de Muertos falls each year on the 2nd of November, but the season when we especially remember our beloved dead traditionally begins with Hallowe'en (the Eve of All Hallows) and continues through to Martinmas on the 11th of November.
JWST will be launched into a large halo orbit at the Sun-Earth L2 point. During transfer to L2 the different elements of JWST will be deployed and commissioning will start. The observatory has five deployment stages involving the following elements: 1) spacecraft appendages (solar arrays, high gain antenna), 2) sunshield, 3) extend tower, 4) secondary mirror, and 5) primary mirror. All critical deployment points have heaters and can be unlatched and re-latched to relieve any residual long term stress in the structure, even in the cold of outer space. Deployment of the observatory will start fairly soon after launch, with the sunshade unfolding after 2 days and the secondary and primary mirror deploying after approximately 4 days. First light will occur at about 28 days after launch, initiating wavefront sensing and control activities to align the mirror segments. Instrument checkout will start 37 days after launch, well before the final L2 orbit insertion is obtained after 106 days. Hereafter the full commissioning starts and the observatory will be ready for normal science operations approximately 6 months after launch.
Sociolinguistics combines many disciplines Language and the Global Economy A Linguist's Journey The modern founder of sociolinguistics, William Labov, shares thoughts on his career Language is more than just words. It’s a powerful social behavior that speaks volumes about who we are, where we come from and how we relate. Walt Wolfram explains how the field of sociolinguistics has taken on new significance as a means of understanding our world. Language is one of the most powerful emblems of social behavior. In the normal transfer of information through language, we use language to send vital social messages about who we are, where we come from, and who we associate with. It is often shocking to realize how extensively we may judge a person’s background, character, and intentions based simply upon the person's language, dialect, or, in some instances, even the choice of a single word. Given the social role of language, it stands to reason that one strand of language study should concentrate on the role of language in society. Sociolinguistics has become an increasingly important and popular field of study, as certain cultures around the world expand their communication base and intergroup and interpersonal relations take on escalating significance. Language use represents the fundamentals of social behavior and human interaction The basic notion underlying sociolinguistics is quite simple: Language use symbolically represents fundamental dimensions of social behavior and human interaction. The notion is simple, but the ways in which language reflects behavior can often be complex and subtle. Furthermore, the relationship between language and society affects a wide range of encounters--from broadly based international relations to narrowly defined interpersonal relationships. For example, sociolinguists might investigate language attitudes among large populations on a national level, such as those exhibited in the US with respect to the English-only amendment--the legislative proposal to make English the ‘official’ language of the US. Similarly, we might study the status of French and English in Canada or the status of national and vernacular languages in the developing nations of the world as symbols of fundamental social relations among cultures and nationalities. In considering language as a social institution, sociolinguists often use sociological techniques involving data from questionnaires and summary statistical data, along with information from direct observation. A slightly different concern with language and society focuses more closely on the effect of particular kinds of social situations on language structure. For example, language contact studies focus on the origin and the linguistic composition of pidgin and creole languages. These special language varieties arise when speakers from mutually unintelligible language groups need a common language for communication. Throughout the world, there are many sociohistorical situations that have resulted in these specialized language situations--in the Caribbean, Africa, South America, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. In examining language contact situations, it is also possible to examine not only the details of a particular language but also the social and linguistic details that show how bilingual speakers use each language and switch between them. Another approach to language and society focuses on the situations and uses of language as an activity in its own right. The study of language in its social context tells us quite a bit about how we organize our social relationships within a particular community. Addressing a person as ‘Mrs.’, ‘Ms.’, or by a first name is not really about simple vocabulary choice but about the relationship and social position of the speaker and addressee. Similarly, the use of sentence alternatives such as Pass the salt, Would you mind passing the salt, or I think this food could use a little salt is not a matter of simple sentence structure; the choice involves cultural values and norms of politeness, deference, and status. In approaching language as a social activity, it is possible to focus on discovering the specific patterns or social rules for conducting conversation and discourse. We may, for example, describe the rules for opening and closing a conversation, how to take conversational turns, or how to tell a story or joke. It is also possible to examine how people manage their language in relation to their cultural backgrounds and their goals of interaction. Sociolinguists might investigate questions such as how mixed-gender conversations differ from single-gender conversations, how differential power relations manifest themselves in language forms, how caregivers let children know the ways in which language should be used, or how language change occurs and spreads to communities. To answer these questions related to language as social activity, sociolinguists often use ethnographic methods. That is, they attempt to gain an understanding of the values and viewpoints of a community in order to explain the behaviors and attitudes of its members. Sociolinguistics thus offers a unique opportunity to bring together theory, description, and application in the study of language Two trends have characterized the development of sociolinguistics over the past several decades. First, the rise of particular specializations within this field has coincided with the emergence of more broadly based social and political issues. Thus, the focus on themes such as language and nationalism, language and ethnicity, and language and gender has corresponded with the rise of related issues in society at large. Second, specialists who examine the role of language and society have become more and more interested in applying the results of their studies to the broadly based social, educational, and political problems that probably gave rise to their emergence as sociolinguistic themes to begin with. Sociolinguistics thus offers a unique opportunity to bring together theory, description, and application in the study of language. William and Flora Hewlett © COPYRIGHT 2005 MACNEIL/LEHRER PRODUCTIONS. All Rights Reserved.
In the article Deafness and the User Experience by Lisa Herrod, issues with Deaf web users are explored. And there are some excellent points for writing for web accessibility: - Use headings and subheadings. - Write in a journalistic style: make your point and then explain it. - Make one point per paragraph. - Use short line lengths: seven to ten words per line. - Use plain language whenever possible. - Use bulleted lists. - Write with an active voice. - Avoid unnecessary jargon and slang, which can increase the user’s cognitive load. - Include a glossary for specialized vocabulary, e.g., medical or legal terminology, and provide definitions in simpler language.
This document explains a basic framework in which non-profit programs can be developed. The framework suggested in this document will produce a program that is highly integrated with the organization's mission and other programs. The framework serves as a sound basis for writing program proposals to funders, as well, because the framework closely follows that of the standard proposal document. In addition, the program will be clearly structured for a straightforward program evaluation, which has become one of the most important aspects of program planning in recent years. This document is several pages long and includes the following sections: What's a Non-profit Program? A program is a collection of resources in an organization and is geared to accomplish a certain goal or set of goals. Programs are one major aspect of the non-profit's structure. The typical non-profit organizational structure is built around programs, that is, the non-profit provides certain major services, each of which is usually formalized into a program. Two other major aspects of the non-profit structure are its governance (the board and, for some, the chief executive, too) and its central administration. The board oversees the entire non-profit organization. The central administration exists to use the non-profits common resources to ensure each program is developed and operated effectively. (Note that in for-profits, a program typically is a one-time effort, geared to accomplish a specific goal and then stop. It seems that in non-profits, a program is an ongoing and organized effort to provide a highly needed service.) Keeping Perspective: Program are Systems Programs, like other organizations, can seem a highly confusing, amorphous mass that is very hard to comprehend. It can be hard to keep perspective. However, like an organization, a program is a system with inputs, processes, outputs (tangibles) and outcomes (impacts on clients) -- with ongoing feedback among the parts. This systems perspective helps keep clarity about programs and will help a great deal during program planning. Program inputs are the various resources needed to run the program, e.g., money, facilities, clients, program staff, etc. The process is how the program services are delivered, (e.g., clients are counseled, children are cared for, art is created, association members are supported, etc). The outputs are the units of service, (e.g., number of clients counseled, children cared for, artistic pieces produced, or members in the association). Outcomes are the impacts on the clients who are receiving the services, (e.g., increased mental health, safe and secure development, richer artistic appreciation and perspectives in life, increased effectiveness among members, etc). The outcomes are the "guiding light" for the organization and help it keep its direction. This is why funders are increasingly requesting outcomes-based evaluations from non-profits. 6 Cornerstones for Solid Program Planning With these cornerstones in place, the non-profit is assured of a program plan that has a strong foundation and can survive multiple changes as the program develops. Programs Should Tie to the Organization's Mission Each program should be strongly associated with the organization's overall mission. That is, the organization's leaders should work from the mission to identify several overall, major goals that must be reached and that, in total, reach the mission. If an idea for a program comes up at some time other than during strategic planning, non-profit leaders must ask themselves if the program is really appropriate for the organization. Program Planning Should Tie in With Strategic Planning Depending on the nature of the organization, strategic planning typically includes review of the organization's vision, mission, values, overall issues and goals (each of which often becomes a program) and strategies to reach the goals (strategies to reach the goals often are the roadmap for how the program meets its own goals). Because the program planning must be tied to the nature of the organization's mission, the program planning should be closely tied with the organization strategic planning as well. Typically, at a point right after the strategic planning process has identified strategic goals and issues, a team of planners can draft a framework for how goals can be met. This framework is often the roadmap for a new program. (For more information about strategic planning, see Strategic Planning.) Involve the Board A major responsibility of boards is to set strategic direction for non-profits. The non-profit's board should be highly involved in authorizing and guiding initial direction for programs. Therefore, boards should be involved in strategic planning of programs. (Admittedly, many experienced executive directors might argue that they actually drive the board to conduct strategic planning. Many experienced practitioners believe that ultimately, it's the working relationship of the board and executive director that determines the success of a non-profit.) Conduct Program Planning as a Team The chief executive, key planners on the board, relevant middle managers and major clients should be involved in program planning. "Relevant middle managers" are those who lead programs or other departments that will integrate or coordinate with the new program being planned. Often, initial plans for a program are suggested to the board by the chief executive and sometimes the program managers. Program planning is often initiated as part of the organization's overall strategic planning process and so is conducted by the strategic planning team, which should be comprised of board, the chief executive, staff and key clients, as much as possible. Program Planning Should Involve Potential Clients as Much as Possible One can embark on a wonderful program planning process with all the right parts, but if key clients aren't involved to provide perspectives from the program user's point of view, the organization may build a beautiful ladder -- on the wrong roof. Involve clients in initial ideas about a program, discuss your perceived unmet need among those clients, ask how they would like the need to be met. You might run a final draft of your program plan past a couple of key clients. This involvement of clients is a critical aspect of the marketing process as well, because the clients are key to the program's successful implementation and use. Don't Worry About Developing a Perfect Program Plan If the organization involves the right people, and if everyone participates wholeheartedly and reflects on their experiences, then the organization will develop the "perfect" plan. The organization remains the only real "expert" on their own planning. Outside consultants and facilitators can be brought in, but each planning decision is ultimately up to the organization members. The "perfect" program plan will meet the nature and needs of the organization. 8 Guidelines to Keep Program Planning on Track Planning is taking one's best shot at working up a "tree" of decisions that must be made at some time, and the earlier the better, to propose developing a program. Your plan doesn't have to be perfect and, like any plan, it isn't a rule. Rather, it's a set of guidelines that serve as reference for the future. You can change your plans -- just know why and be able to explain (e.g., to your board and funder) why you changed the plans. This planning effort is almost always more than non-profit personnel want to undertake, but is almost always less than they fear. Regardless, this planning effort is required if the non-profit plans to pursue funding in the form of grants. The following guidelines will help ensure the program planning process points in the right direction and will help ensure the resulting program is run effectively and efficiently. Focus on Outcomes Outcomes are benefits to clients from participation in the program. Outcomes are usually in terms of enhanced learning (knowledge, perceptions/attitudes or skills) or conditions, e.g., increased literacy, self-reliance, etc. Outcomes are often confused with program outputs or units of services, e.g., the number of clients who went through a program. (For more information about outcomes, see Program Evaluation.) Examine Your Intended Outcomes - Conduct Some Basic Marketing We've noted that the intended outcomes are the guiding light for a system. Therefore, it's critical to verify that these planned outcomes are indeed useful to someone in your community. Many people mistakenly believe that marketing is selling a product or idea -- selling is only part of marketing. Sound marketing includes researching a market to identify its needs or to assess if an idea you already have is really needed by that market. (A market is a group of people or organizations that may buy or need your program services). Basically, you're verifying there's a group of clients who are interested in, or even better, really need your planned service or product. Marketing also includes working with clients to identify how they prefer to have the service delivered. Marketing gives a strong impression of how much they're willing to pay for this service -- or what to set the price at for the service. Non-profits typically don't place the same high priority on setting prices that for-profits do. However, funders won't support a program indefinitely. The non-profit is always wise to explore what revenue can be generated from a service to offset its operating costs. Non-profits that relied on federal funding would be wise to plan programs that recover costs through the use of fees because the federal government is substantially reducing its contributions to non-profits. Coordinate the New Program with Other Current Programs So often, in the excitement of the birth of a new program, we ignore precious resources that already exist. The new program is but part of an overall organization, an overall system. Pay particular attention to how the new program will coordinate with other programs in the organization. What inputs are needed from other managers and other programs? What ongoing feedback is needed among members of the new program and other programs? How can the new program benefit other programs? Explore if Client Services Can Be Delivered More Effectively via Collaboration Successful collaboration brings two or more organizations together to work in synergy, in an effort that is "more than the sum of its parts." That is, if both organizations worked apart, both would serve clients and produce some benefits -- but not as many and as well as if both organizations worked together. In working together, there's an economy of scale, or sharing of resources, that lowers costs and focuses more resources on serving clients. An increasing number of funders are requiring evidence of collaboration planning from non-profits applying for funding. Many non-profit leaders naturally struggle with the notion of collaboration, of sharing resources and control with other organizations. Collaboration can be quite frustrating for non-profit leaders. This dilemma invites leaders to carefully consider whom it is that they really want to serve. If collaboration will better serve clients (and it usually will) and better serving clients is the overall goal, then collaboration should be attempted. Plan Key Indicators of Program Success These planned indicators will help you establish whether the program is successful or not, and will help you avoid doing a program for the sake of a program. Consider planning indicators associated with intended outcomes, e.g., "increased self-reliance (an outcome) for 70% of adult, African American women living in the inner city of Minneapolis as evidenced by the following measures (indicators) ...". An outcomes-based evaluation will help you ascertain if you've reached this indicator or not. You can also resort to indicators in terms of outputs (tangible results), e.g., amount of clients served, money made, milestones accomplished, measures of satisfaction among clients per questionnaires, etc. (Note that many evaluators will assert that measuring outputs is not a valid determination of whether outcomes have been reached or not.) If you struggle with identifying key indicators of success, then imagine the program operating in a highly successful manner at some time in the future. Then describe what features of the program indicate that the program is successful. Include Short-Range Focus in a Long-Range Plan Getting the program off on the right foot includes not falling over your own feet because you were looking far off into the distance. Many non-profit strategic plans are usually three years in scope, with particular planning focus on the first year of the three years. Follow this format for the program planning as well. Don't worry about exhaustive detail even in the first year of the plan. Plans are guidelines, not rules. Plans can be changed -- but understand why you changed them. Learn by "Testing the Waters"? Consider planning a six-month or one-year pilot effort. The pilot will be a sort of mini-program that will reflect many of the aspects of a full-blown program. However, planning and operations regarding the pilot will include numerous reviews and assessments from which to learn from experiences around the pilot program. This learning will go into planning for the full-blown program. Note that funders are often highly cooperative in funding pilots as an approach to research or verify the non-profit's proposed plans. Plan Program Reviews Program reviews are regular examinations of the program's activities to assess how the program is doing. A program review team should probably include the chief executive, the head of the new program and one or two other program directors, particularly those from programs that closely coordinate with the new program. A board planner should be involved, if possible. Examine if the program seems to be following the original plan. If it's not, the deviation is not as important as understanding why and assessing if the deviation was necessary. Take a look at the key indicators as noted in the plan. What is the progress toward the key indicators? What major problems exist and what is needed to address them? How are the actual costs comparing to the planned costs? Are any actions needed to avoid financial problems? What would you do differently about the program if you could do anything? What limitations are holding you back from what you would ideally do if you could? What are you learning from the program implementation so far? Program Direction: Goals and Objectives Program Goals Program goal(s) should come from and be closely associated with the organization's outcomes. Think about what, e.g., three to five major accomplishments must be reached to attain each outcome. Goals are an overall status to be reached through continued efforts in the program. Goals should be described such that the organization can assess whether it's reached the goal or not. The goal should establish clear direction for the organization and portray that direction to others. The program's goal may be to fix a problem or meet a need among your constituents -- not to fix a problem in your organization. For example, if you are just starting out to develop a new program, typical overall goals might include: develop staff, pilot services to one group of clients, evaluate the program process and finalize program process based on evaluation results. Think about each goal and what sub-goals, or objectives, you need to accomplish to reach that goal. (Depending on your nature, it may work to instead think of how the program process will carry out and then identify specific milestones, or objectives, along this process.) Objectives should be worded such that one can rather easily discern if it's been reached or not. They should specify who is going to do what to whom and when and how much. For example, referring to the above goals, associated objectives might be: recruit new staff, train staff, obtain facilities and equipment, install the equipment, develop advertising materials, distribute the materials, recruit 50 clients for the pilot, develop procedures for delivery of services to clients in the pilot, deliver services to clients over a fixed period of time, conduct evaluation of the process and outcomes, generate recommendations from the evaluation, update policies and procedures in the program's process, and update the overall program plan. Program Process (Process, Resources and Budget) Program Process By now, establishing the program's process should be quite straightforward and depends mostly on the nature of the service provided by the non-profits. Program planners' thoughts about the processes needed to reach each of the program objectives (above) often culminate in the overall program process as well. After documenting the planned general process for the program, take time to reflect on whether that process will really accomplish the outcomes you set out to accomplish for your clients. Program Resources and Budget Examine the program's process to the extent that you can associate what resources are needed to carry out that process. Consider: personnel costs (salaries and wages, fringe benefits, consultants), training, space, equipment purchase or rental, travel, copier, telephone, general office supplies, etc. Develop a program budget by estimating the cost for each resource identified above. Note that this budgeting activity is almost always required in a proposal if the non-profit wants to pursue funding for the new program. Program Evaluation Programs should be evaluated on a yearly basis to discern if the programs are reaching their goals, achieving their outcomes and if they are doing so in an efficient manner. Small non-profits seldom have the resources to conduct evaluations of a program's goals, outcomes and process. However, they can think about where they have the most concerns about a program and then gear an evaluation to look at that aspect of the program. Program evaluation holds numerous advantages. It can verify or increase the impact (or outcomes) on constituents. It can fine tune delivery of program services, which, in turn, saves costs and time. Evaluations often provide wonderful client testimonials that can be used for public relations and credibility when applying for funding. In fact, evaluations are often used by program planners to ensure that the program is indeed carrying out the original process planned for the program in the first place. Often, non-profit leaders develop a program plan which ends up changing dramatically over time as program staff are overcome by events. Program processes can naturally deviate from the original plan because program plans were flawed in the first place, the program's environment changed a great deal or program staff simply found a much better way to deliver services to clients.
In the 50 years since Dick Burkholder started at Carlisle High School as an athletic trainer, a myriad of advances in the field of sports medicine has made life much easier for today’s trainers, who now have a wealth of field-based research to fall back on. “Before, it was always anecdotal — I’ve done this on this kid before so maybe it’ll work for this other kid,” said Greg Janik, president of the Pennsylvania Athletic Trainers Society. “I would say that evidence-based medicine is the biggest contributor to athletic trainers.” Here are four other innovations that played a significant part in advancing the art and science of athletic training since 1960. Magnetic resonance imagining was introduced to the medical community in 1973 and its use spread over the next decade. Before the advent of the MRI, diagnosing even something as simple as a knee injury was often tricky. “Imaging is probably the best technique we have as far as evaluating the significance of an injury,” said Dick Burkholder, who can recall a time when an athlete would undergo invasive knee surgery in order for doctors to correctly diagnose an injury. “Orthoscopic techniques have made it a lot easier than slicing a zipping from below the knee to above the knee and laying that open to see what was wrong. The recovery time from that was so much longer.” Neoprene equals convenience These days, sports braces for just about every body part imaginable are easily available from any sporting goods or drugstore. It’s something we all take for take for granted. But before the neoprene brace (for every body part) became a staple in the training room, Burkholder had to help his athletes stave off injury the old-fashioned way. “You would tape,” Burkholder said. “And you had a spandex, nylon material that you’d slide over that. But the neoprene gives much more support than cloth.” The Internet Age The advent of the Internet and the arrival of instant gratification has revolutionized the way the world works, and the medical profession is no exception. “Technology, communications even, has helped every health care professional,” said Jeff Shields, director of athletic training services at Central Pennsylvania Rehabilitation Services. “Years ago, if you needed [an athlete’s medical history] you’d have to call and try to get the info from the physician’s office. Now, if they have to, they can scan the X-ray and send it over. Everything is quicker, and that’s a huge help.” Especially considering the amount of documentation involved in an athletic trainer’s daily responsibilities. They operate on the mantra: if it’s not recorded, it didn’t happen. The rapid evolution of injury evaluation techniques is especially evident in the field of concussion treatment. It’s no longer enough to ask a dazed athlete how many fingers you’re holding up. Neuropsychological tests such as the ImPACT Test have become an resource to help athletic trainers identify an injury that’s often difficult to diagnose. “It’s not prevented concussions or stopped them, but it’s helped us recognize and identify concussions,” Shields said. “It gives us one other tool in the toolbox.”
The Central Weather Bureau (CWB) expects to greatly improve its ability to predict extreme weather conditions over the next few years by drawing on the power of the Japanese K computer, until recently the world’s No. 1 supercomputer. The bureau has ordered the -follow-up model to the K computer — the PrimeHPC FX10 system — which is expected to enhance the speed and accuracy of its forecasts by a factor of 100, bureau officials said in interviews last week. “The system will significantly boost our ability to predict typhoon developments, precipitation levels and even earthquakes,” bureau Weather Forecast Center director Cheng Ming-dean (鄭明典) said. The upgrade is crucial because of the nation’s geographical location on the Pacific Ring of Fire in the West Pacific Ocean, which leaves it vulnerable to tropical storms and earthquakes, Cheng said. The first ever purchase of a PrimeHPC FX10 system by a customer outside Japan will cost the bureau NT$500 million (US$16.7 million). It will be delivered over three years starting later this year. According to system developer Fujitsu Ltd, the customized supercomputer is scheduled to realize its peak performance of at least 1 petaflops — a computing power of 1 quadrillion floating-point operations per second — by the end of 2014. That speed is related to the original -system’s name, which is -pronounced “kei” in Japanese and means 10 quadrillion. The K computer was the world’s fastest supercomputer from June last year until last month, when it was overtaken by IBM’s Sequoia. The new system’s speed will enable the nation’s weather forecasters to simultaneously run more than 20 weather patterns comprising large numbers of variables, bureau Meteorological Information Center director Shen Hsiang--hsiung said. “It’s like operating a factory with 100 times as many assembly lines,” Shen said. The system currently used by the bureau — a NT$100 million system brought in from the US six years ago — runs at a speed of 14 teraflops, slower than the nation’s most powerful supercomputer, the Formosa 5, which operates at 89.9 teraflops. One petaflop equals 1,000 teraflops. Cheng said the introduction of cutting-edge technology was necessary to help the bureau step up its ability to forecast extreme weather, which has become more frequent in recent years because of climate change. Cheng said the new supercomputer would also facilitate meteorology research initiatives, including the trial of self-developed “grid computing” that analyzes weather patterns in small geographic areas to deliver more timely weather information. “That could help us develop more software and run it faster to provide real-time, customized information services,” Cheng said. An integrated service making use of different computer programs would be useful because the nation’s diverse terrain adds to the uncertainty when severe weather occurs, increasing the challenges forecasters face, he said.
For Key Stage 1 and 2 the following information applies: All subjects in the British National Curriculum are taught at this school. This means that all children will follow programmes of study in English, Maths, Science, ICT, History, Geography, French, Art , Design and Technology, Physical Education, Music, Religious Education and PSHE. Children will be taught by their class teachers, while Music, ICT, PE, Art, Design and Technology and French, will be taught by specialist teachers. Literacy concentrates on four key skills: speaking and listening, reading and writing. These skills will be taught during the daily literacy lesson as outlined by the National Literacy Strategy framework for all pupils. • Writing: through study a wide range of texts, children are taught to write using a range of genres. They learn how to construct sentences correctly and use words for effect as well as how to plan their work, checking for spelling, punctuation and grammar. • Speaking and listening: children are taught how to speak to various audiences and use language for effect. • Reading: children are taught to read a broad range of books and use their knowledge of words, sentences and texts to understand the meaning. Particular emphasis will be placed on improving the children’s literacy skills and clear self-expression. Specific targets will be set and children will be encouraged to read independently and to be read regularly. Guided reading sessions are also used to promote the childrens' learning. Children are taught how to use and apply mathematics. They are taught; These areas of study will be taught during the daily numeracy lesson in line with the National Numeracy Strategy Framework. - Numbers and the number system, calculations and ways of solving problems. - Shape, space and measures: this consists of 2D and 3D shapes, position, movement and measurement. - Handling data: this involves figuring out which questions can be tackled by collecting data, organising and putting it into graphs and diagrams; finally working out how it helps to answer the original questions. Science stimulates the children’s curiosity about the phenomena and happenings in the world around them. They learn to question and discuss science based matters that may affect their lives and the future of the world. Children learn and explore the following areas of study; Through work in these three areas of study, children are taught about scientific enquiry. - Life processes and living things, including information about their own bodies, the purpose of roots and flowers, how animal and plants are categorised, and the habitats of animals and plants. - Materials and their properties, including how they can be used or changed and how some materials can be mixed or separated. - Physical processes, including magnets, the forces of gravity and friction, electric circuits and how light and sound travel. They are also given basic information about the Sun, Earth and Moon. Our Abuja campus is located in Asokoro, a developed area which is very secure and easy to access. The school is a 3 storey building that has been designed to cater for 500 pupils. The ground floor is mainly used for the Early Years (Little Learners, playgroup, nursery) and reception class, whilst the upper floors are for primary years 1 to 6. All classrooms are air conditioned and equipped with interactive whiteboards (smart boards) and a desktop computer. \|\|There are many facilities to be found: ICT suite, libraries (Early Years and Primary), music room, art room, dance studio, Design and Technology room, Special Educational Needs (SEN) room, staff rooms, a medical centre with a resident nurse on hand. Lunch is taken in the dining hall that is linked to a kitchen where food is prepared freshly on a daily basis. The outdoor facilities for our pupils are second to none. We have climbing frames, slides and swings for recreation time and superb sports facilities including an astro turf football pitch, basketball court, short tennis and badminton courts and the first climbing wall in an Abuja school. - 3 buildings; - 35 classrooms; - 1 computer lab; - 60 computers for students; - Campus-wide Wi-Fi; - 2 Libraries; - 1 school hall; - 1 dining hall; - 1 climbing wall; - 1 medical centre; - 1 playing field; - 1 science lab; - 1 basketball court; - 1 Soccer field; - air conditioning. Our Admission Policy We have an open policy on all admissions subject to places being available. At the Early Years stage there is no academic requirement. However we will require inoculations for the serious illnesses as they protect your child and the school from serious infectious diseases. For entry into year 1 primary (6-7years) onwards we set a basic test in Literacy and Numeracy. This is to establish whether your children would be able to succeed in the class level you are requesting. This will include a written and short oral test. Parents will also have an interview with the head teacher. School fees will have to be paid in advance before any classroom tuition can take place. Call or email us for more information on how to get your child enrolled into FAMAKS. Here is a part of the information you will receive as part of the application: PARENT’S ENROLMENT AGREEMENT 1. We will collect our children from school daily. We agree that our children will be collected promptly at the end of the day by us or by other trusted adults that we nominate. 2. Punctuality and absence We will ensure that our children attend school regularly arriving properly dressed and on time. 3. Pupil absence: We agree to inform the school for any absence of our children before 8:30 am on the first day, stating the reasons. NB: Note all children who are late must report to the entrance reception office and get a clearance note to enter their lessons. 4. School fees and payments We agree to pay school fees promptly as required. We understand not doing so, will lead to the withdrawal of the child from the class attendance. 5. Medical treatment and care We agree our children can receive first aid medical attention from the school’s qualified doctor or nurse. This includes first aid emergency treatment only. 6. Contracts of cooperation We agree to cooperate with the school in all matters of our children’s care, education and discipline regulations of FAMAKS International Schools’ Policies.
Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary? Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary? presents the major climate phenomena within the climate system to underscore the potency of dynamics in giving rise to climate change and variability. These phenomena include deep convection over the Indo-Pacific warm pool and its planetary-scale organization: the Madden-Julian Oscillation, the monsoons, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and the low-frequency variability of extratropical circulations. The volume also has a chapter focusing on the discussion of the causes of the recent melting of Arctic sea ice and a chapter devoted to the discussion of the causes of recent changes in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones. On each topic, the basic material of climate dynamics is covered to aid the understanding of the forefront research, making the volume accessible to a broad spectrum of readers. The volume highlights include - Diabatic and nonlinear aspects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation - Causes of sea ice melting in the Arctic - Impact of global warming on tropical cyclone activity - Origins of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation - Causes of climate variability of Asian monsoons The volume will be of particular interest to graduate students and young researchers in atmospheric and oceanic sciences and related disciplines such as geology and geography. The book will also be a good read for those who have a more general interest in the Earth's climate and why it varies.