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TUSD ELEMENTARY CURRICULUM It is the mission of TUSD to ensure that each student optimizes individual achievement through an educational system characterized by challenging and exciting curricula and inspiring personalized instruction. To achieve this mission, balanced literacy is a structure utilized across TUSD classrooms to ensure that children are provided with multiple opportunities to interact with reading and writing in meaningful ways. The structures serve as a foundation, however the teaching that takes place within each component is the critical element. The signature practices of reading workshop and writing workshop are essential components for supporting children at various levels of proficiency, and classroom libraries serve as the hub for reading materials, as children are matched appropriately with books that align to their individual reading level. Using the Units of Study,K-5 by Lucy Calkins for both Reading and Writing instruction teachers draw on literacy expertise and lessons gleaned from decades of research, curriculum development, and working shoulder-to-shoulder with students, teachers, This reading and writing curriculum incorporates the following: - state-of-the-art tools and methods to help students move up the ladder of text complexity - build foundational reading skills and strategies - support the teaching of interpretation, synthesis, and main idea - offer classroom structures to support inquiry and collaboration - provide all the teaching points, minilessons, conferences, and small-group work needed to teach a comprehensive workshop curriculum - include resources to help teachers build and evolve anchor charts across each unit - help teachers use learning progressions to assess students’ reading work, develop their use of self-monitoring strategies, and set students on trajectories of growth - give teachers opportunities to teach and to learn teaching while receiving strong scaffolding and on-the-job guidance. ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT ELD instructional support is grounded on rigorous standards and engaging instructional strategies. These standards, as they apply to ELD, are described in the CA ELA/ELD Framework. The framework emphasizes the need for students to develop the skills in reading, writing, speaking and listening, and language across all content areas. Equally as important, it includes strategies that teachers can implement to help students cultivate these skills. These instructional approaches are elaborated upon by grade level in the key themes of the framework through an integrated approach during balanced literacy instruction and during designated instruction utilizing McGraw Hill’s Wonders Curriculum materials. • ELA/ELD Framework http://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/rl/cf/elaeldfrmwrksbeadopted.asp • ELD Standards and Resources http://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/el/er/eldstandards.asp Houghton Mifflin Math Expressions is TUSD’s K-5 adopted curriculum resource. Teachers utilize these materials in coordination with our district pacing guide to deliver a standards-based , research-proven curriculum rooted in traditional algorithms, conceptual understanding, inquiry and real-world experiences. Teachers also incorporate Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI) methods into their instructional design in order to build deeper mathematical understanding. CGI is an educational philosophy applied to mathematics that is based on 20 years of research and focuses on mathematical problem solving. At the core of CGI is the practice of listening to children's mathematical thinking and using it as a basis for instruction. Research based frameworks of children's thinking in the domains of addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, base-ten concepts, multidigit operations, algebra, geometry and fractions provide guidance to teachers about listening to their students. Next Generation Science Standards for Today’s Students and Tomorrow’s Workforce: Through a collaborative, state-led process managed by Achieve, new K–12 science standards have been developed and are rich in content and practice. They are arranged in a coherent manner across disciplines and grades to provide all students an internationally benchmarked science education. The NGSS is based on the Framework for K–12 Science Education developed by the National Research Council. TUSD began implementation of the standards in 2016-17. Teachers are utilizing lessons and content from STEMScopes that provides units in the areas of physical, earth and life sciences. To read the standards, go to: http://www.nextgenscience.org/
1. Arrange for a consultation with a professional who treats mental illness. This can provide an accurate diagnosis of what the actual problem is, and what type of mental illness is involved. The professional will look at all of the symptoms and factors in the case and then determine the right diagnosis so that treatment can be started as soon as possible. 2. Watch for any signs of substance abuse, and if these are present then arrange for an intervention. Individuals with mental illness often turn to drugs and alcohol to self medicate, and this can compound the problem and make the mental disorder much more difficult to diagnose properly. 3. Talk to your family physician and discuss what is going on. Often your family doctor can refer you to other resources as well as taking certain steps to resolve the situation. Many people are worried about speaking up or are embarrassed about the situation but it is no different than seeking assistance for a broken leg or infection. 4. Spend some time with the individual who is showing signs of mental illness, and report any symptoms that show a tendency to hurt themselves or others. Many people with a mental disorder never become violent or suicidal but this is always a possibility. 5. Get substance abuse treatment for the individual if a dual diagnosis is given or the individual is abusing drugs or alcohol. There are programs that specialize in a dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance abuse so that both problems can be treated at the same time.
The Postulates of Relativity and Their Implications 1 The Postulates of Relativity and Their Implications Part One In 1905 Albert Einstein, a twenty-six-year-old technical expert third class at the Swiss patent office in Bern, published three monumental papers in the Annalen der Physik. One of those papers set forth the theory now known as special relativity.l The theory is based on two postulates, whichI paraphrase as follows: Postulate 1 (Principle of Relativity): The laws of nature are the same in all inertial frames. Postulate 2 (Constancy of the Velocity of Light): The speed of light in empty space is an absolute constant of nature and is independent of the motion of the emitting body. All of special relativity follows by logical deduction from these two postulates. The only other assumption required is that space is homogeneous and isotropic, that is, no region of space is intrinsically different from any other and there are no preferred directions in space. A principle of relativity had been propounded in the seventeenth century by Galileo but for a long time was believed to apply only to the laws of mechanics. Einstein's first postulate is simply the extension of Galileo's principle to encompass all the laws of physics, including those of electromagnetism and optics? Such a generalization had great intuitive appeal for Einstein. In his popular exposition of the theory, he says that a principle of such broad generality should hold with exactness in one domain of phenomena, and yet should be invalid for another, is a priori not very probable." 3 The quest for generality and for unifying principles guided Einstein in all his research. The second postulate is the revolutionary part of special relativity. As Einstein says in the introduction to the 1905 paper, the second postulate is only apparently" irreconcilable with the first. What he means is that the two postulates are irreconcilable only if one insists on retaining the Galilean transformation, which implies that the speed of light (like that of anything else) should be different when measured by two sets of observers in relative motion. It also implies that the Galilean transformation, self evident though it may appear, must be rejected. The principal conceptual consequences of special relativity can, however, be demonstrated directly from Einstein's two postulates without employing the Lorentz transformation. As noted, the second postulate provides a simple explanation for the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment: if the speed of light is an absolute constant, the light travel times along the arms of the interferometer are always equal, no matter how the instrument is oriented. Hence, no fringe shift is to be expected as the interferometer is rotated. The Michelson-Morley experiment therefore provides strong (though indirect) support for the second postulate. Direct experimental confirmation of the second postulate came only many years afterward. The most convincing data were provided by Alvager's experiment on the decay of neutral pions, in connection with Ritz's emission theory. In that experiment, pions moving at O.9998c were observed to decay into two photons (light pulses). One photon was emitted in nearly the forward direction (the direction of the decaying pion) and the other in nearly the opposite direction. According to Galilean relativity, the forward-moving photon should travel at speed 1.9998c and the other at only 0.0002c. Instead, both photons were observed to travel at speed c to within about three parts in 10^5 . Demise of the Ether In nineteenth-century electromagnetism, the ether played a central role. It provided a unique frame of reference in which Maxwell's equations hold and the speed of light is the same in all directions. According to Einstein's postulates, every inertial frame has that property. There remains no role for the ether to play in the description of natural phenomena; it has becoine superfluous. Many physicists, including both Lorentz and Michelson, were reluctant to abandon the ether. Although Lorentz quickly accepted Einstein's relativity, he continued to maintain that a medium of some kind is needed as the carrier of the electromagnetic field. In his Theory of Electrons, published in 1909, he said, "I cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and its vibrations, as endowed with a certain degree of substantiality, however different it may be from all ordinary matter." 4 Michelson expressed similar views. References to the ether continued to appear in the literature long after relativity had gained general acceptance. Gradually, however, the ether faded from discussion. Special relativity dispenses also with the notions of absolute rest and absolute motion. So long as an ether was believed to exist, its rest frame provided a standard with respect to which absolute motion nlight be defined. A body could be said to be in a state of absolute rest if it was at rest relative to the ether. With the demise of the ether, all inertial frames are completely equivalent. There is no way to define absolute rest or absolute motion. The first postulate implies that no experiment can have a result that favors one inertial frame over another. Nature imposes strict democracy among inertial observers; this rule dictates the outcome of many experiments. For example, consider two uniformly moving trains that approach each other on a straight track. The trains are equipped with identical speed-measuring devices, such as the radar employed by traffic patrols. Observers on each train aim their device at the other train and measure itsspeed of approach. How are the results of the two measurements related? In a world governed by Galilean relativity, it is easy to show that the two measured speeds must be equal. Suppose one train moves at 30 m/sec and the other at 40 m/sec relative to the ground. The distance between the trains diminishes by 70 m each second, and both speed indicators must read 70 m/sec. In special relativity, this simple argument is not valid. As we shall presently discover, space and time have many unexpected properties. Observers on each train find that the other train is contracted and its clocks run slow. Hence it is not at all obvious that the two speed measurements should yield identical results. That outcome is demanded by the first postulate, however, for any other would violate the requirement of equality among inertial observers. If the two radars were to register unequal readings, which speed should be the greater? There is nothing in the problem to distinguish between the two trains, other than that they are moving in opposite directions; the isotropy of space assures us that this cannot make any difference. The only outcome consistent with Einstein's first postulate is that the two measured speeds are equal. Youth can not know how age thinks and feels. But old men are guilty if they forget what it was to be young.
A mother, not just retains her child in her womb for 9 months, but also is responsible for its initial education. Though the loving father is mostly around to supervise its growth, she is the first one to recognize special traits in her baby. May it be friendliness or sketching and not just scribbling on the wall? It is she who first identifies that her baby can paint in drippy water colours not going off the borders of the sketch. But, for any trait, recollection and retention power need to be reinforced. However busy she is the mother makes it a point to give her child enough time. A mother sacrifices a lot for her baby. Shilpa Maheshwari, was a full-time HR professional. But since she had a baby, she is working part-time from home. Her 15 month old Gia has a very friendly nature. She is happy to play with everyone. She is very active and learns fast. While Shaurya, Shilpa Pal’s 2 ½ years old son has a very good memory. She reveals, “I introduced someone to him recently and when he returned to our home after a few days, Shaurya recognized him very easily. When I introduce things to him, he remembers them later. Even if it is a hard word, he manages to do it well. That I think is a special trait.” Kavitha Rai, who looks after Training and Development in the HR department of a company, insists that you need to spend time with your child to identify special traits in it. She says, “In the course of playing and talking with him, you see many new things your child does, particularly when he learns a new word or learns to identify a new object. So when you spend time with your child you can figure out and learn a lot about your child.” It is important to nurture these traits. Also repetition is crucial. Kavitha opines, “If I want to teach him the name of a new object or want him to identify it, I will keep repeating it so that he gets familiar with it. A lot of reinforcement, much repetition is required until he starts recognizing the object and co-relates it with the name. That’s how he’ll learn. But the point is it should be done consistently. I mean if you do it one day and forget the next 3 days and then suddenly ask him about it then it won’t work.” At the same time, Kavitha finds it important to “expose them to the outside world as well. As parents we might have this fear that when we take them out they might get hurt. I think the important thing is to let them explore and experience new things. We should take them to different places like the park, the super market and the vegetable market. Obviously when they see new things and people around, it will provide impetus to their curiosity and learning.” And Shaurya’s Mom feels, “Today’s parents are into mall culture, where both of them are working and the moment they have time they go shopping. But we make it a point to take our son to a place like the museum, where he learns something. If we take him to the mall he is not going to learn much. A lot of time is spent on artificial activities.” This article was previously published in Eve’s Times magazine and is reproduced here with the permission of the editor Swati Amar.
- Shopping Bag ( 0 items ) VOYAAlthough this book is certainly a guide for librarians who want to align their library program to educational standards, it is just as useful for classroom teachers needing to redesign their curriculum around standards and also for administrators who are looking for strategies for successful team planning. In addition to making the case for why teachers and librarians need to collaborate, Miller offers a description of the roles that librarians, teachers, and administrators play in the process. She provides guidelines on how to structure units and emphasizes the importance of integrating information skills into the curriculum. She further guides readers by providing model lesson plans for units in kindergarten through eighth grade. Each model includes the unit objectives, the time frame involved, the procedure to implement the unit, and the learning standards that the unit addresses. Although no specific high school units are provided, Miller gives suggestions on how secondary schools can use the models to develop their own units. The appendixes contain additional helpful information, including a section on ideas for finding time to collaboratively plan, a template for curriculum mapping, and a compilation of National Content Standards. With the current educational atmosphere focused on standards and engaged learning, this book provides a short but informative overview. Those who are struggling to collaborate or those who are searching for a structure for planning interdisciplinary units will find some of Miller's ideas practical and usable. 2004, Linworth, 128p.; Index. Further Reading. Appendix., Ages adult professional.
New technology developed for the large-scale editing of DNA While scientists have long had the ability to edit individual genes, it is a slow, expensive and hard to use process. Now researchers at Harvard and MIT have developed technologies, which they liken to the genetic equivalent of the find-and-replace function of a word processing program, that allow them to make large-scale edits to a cell's genome. The researchers say such technology could be used to design cells that build proteins not found in nature, or engineer bacteria that are resistant to any type of viral infection. DNA consists of long strings of "letters" (A, C, G and T) - or nucleotides - that code for specific amino acids. The genetic code consists of three-letter 'words' called codons, which are formed from a sequence of three nucleotides, such as ACT, CAG. The new technology is possible because all living organisms use the same genetic code to translate those letters into amino acids, which are then strung together into proteins. While most codons specify an amino acid, there are a few that tell the cell when to stop adding amino acids to a protein chain. It was one of these "stop" condons that the researchers targeted in their research. To make edits to the genome of E. coli, they combined a technique previously unveiled in 2009, called multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE), with a new technology dubbed conjugative assembly genome engineering (CAGE). Dubbed an "evolution machine" for its ability to accelerate targeted change in living cells, MAGE locates specific DNA sequences and replaces them with a new sequence as the cell copies its DNA. This allows scientists to precisely control the types of genetic changes that occur in cells as the targets are replaced, while the rest of the genome remains untouched. The researchers used MAGE to replace the TAG codon with another stop codon, TAA, in living E. coli cells. They chose the TAG codon because, with just 314 occurrences, it is the rarest in the E. coli genome. To make the process more manageable, they first used MAGE to engineer 32 strains of E. coli, each of which has 10 TAG condons replaced. To combine those strains and eventually end up with one that has all 314 edits, they then developed CAGE, which allows them to precisely control a naturally occurring process called conjugation that bacteria use to exchange genetic material. The CAGE method resembles a playoff bracket, with the researchers inducing the cells to transfer genes containing TAA condons at increasingly larger scales. After the first round of CAGE, the researchers had 16 strains, each of which had double the number of TAG edits that it started with. Those 16 strains then went into a second round producing eight strains that once again possessed more TAA codons and fewer TAG. And so on, so at the four strains stage, each had about one quester of the possible TAG substitutions. Eager to share their findings, the researchers published their results at the semi-final round, but say they believe they are now on track to produce a single combined strain with all 314 of the substitutions. Because the alterations were done in living cells, the researchers have been able to monitor any potential harmful effects as they appear and current results suggested that the final four strains were healthy, and can survive and reproduce. The researchers are confident that they will create a single strain in which all TAG codons are eliminated, after which they plan to delete the cell machinery that reads the TAG condon to free it up for a completely new purpose, such as encoding a novel amino acid. In addition to adding functionality to a cell by encoding for useful new amino acids, George Church, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, says the technology could also be used to introduce safeguards that prevent cross-contamination between modified organisms and the wild. Additionally, it could be used to establish multi-viral resistance by rewriting code hijacked by viruses. This would be of particular interest to industries that cultivate bacteria, such as the pharmaceuticals and energy industries, where such viruses affect up to 20 percent of cultures resulting in losses in the billions of dollars. "We're trying to challenge people to think about the genome as something that's highly malleable, highly editable," said Harris Wang, a research fellow at Harvard's Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering The technology, which is described in the July 15 issue of Science, is the result of a seven-year collaboration between researchers in the lab of Joseph Jacobson, associate professor in the MIT Media Lab, and George Church, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School. Along with Wang, lead authors of the paper are Peter Carr, a research scientist at the MIT Media Lab, and Farren Isaacs, an assistant professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology at Yale University.
The Field Department serves as the heart of our Tropical Fish Farm. The 235 acres of farmland is divided into sections by species. Fry are released into carefully prepared ponds in the appropriate area. These fish are then fed a variety of diets and inspected routinely for size, health, coloration and overall quality. The Field Department is responsible for inspecting and maintaining nearly 1200 ponds. This includes feeding and harvesting the fish that occupy these bodies of water. During the winter months, 95 percent of the ponds located in Plant City, Florida are covered with high-grade plastic sheeting, like a greenhouse, thus using solar energy to maintain the water temperature. Bird netting and/or shade cloth is used to cover the ponds during the warmer months. Approximately 500 ponds are located below the freeze belt in Arcadia, Florida. During cold winter nights, we pump 80° F well water into these ponds to maintain the water temperature
Dermanyssus gallinae in layer farms in Kosovo: a high risk for salmonella prevalence © Hamidi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011 Received: 2 June 2011 Accepted: 15 July 2011 Published: 15 July 2011 The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae (D.g.) is a serious ectoparasitic pest of poultry and potential pathogen vector. The prevalence of D. g. and the prevalence of Salmonella spp. within mites on infested laying poultry farms were investigated in Kosovo. In total, 14 populated layer farms located in the Southern Kosovo were assessed for D. g. presence. Another two farms in this region were investigated 6 months after depopulation. Investigated flocks were all maintained in cages, a common housing system in Kosovo. A total of eight farms were found to be infested with D. g. (50%) at varying levels, including the two depopulated farms. The detection of Salmonella spp. from D. g. was carried out using PCR. Out of the eight layer farms infested with D. g., Salmonella spp. was present in mites on three farms (37.5%). This study confirms the high prevalence of D. g. in layer flocks in Kosovo and demonstrates the link between this mite and the presence of Salmonella spp. on infested farms. The PRM D. g. is one of the most serious and widespread pests of poultry production. It is a worldwide ectoparasitic pest , showing genetic variation between the UK, France and Italy . D. g. hides in cracks and crevices in poultry units and infests the birds only briefly for blood meals, mainly at night . This haematophagous mite feeds rapidly from its host (in comparison with ticks for example) and can survive several months without a blood-meal. The mites enter poultry houses through open wall fans, wall inlets and air chimneys or are brought by staff, bird cages, crates or wild birds. In recent years, the frequency of D. g. infestations in laying hens has increased in Europe, as has its pest status. D. g. can have a significant economic impact in poultry production by causing a reduction in egg production, loss in body weight of birds, and a reduction of welfare of laying hens . D. g. may also cause dermatitis in humans [6, 7]. Infestation with D. g. can cause irritation and restlessness in affected hens and can even result in the death of birds . It is reported that the death rate among the hens can rise from 1 to 4%, with a reduction in laying performance of up to 10%, as a result of infestation. Downgrading of egg quality in poultry affected by D. g. has also been observed [9, 10]. In addition to causing 'direct' losses in poultry production systems, D. g. has also been described as a potential vector of several bacteria and viruses of concern to poultry, among them several food borne pathogens [11–14]. In order to assess levels of D. g. infestation on farms different mite traps have been evaluated and used as indicators to inform control decisions [15, 16]. Effective options available for control of D. g. are limited . The use of inadequate, ineffective, or even illegal chemicals have been responsible for increases in infestation rates due to the spread of acaricide resistance now common in many countries . Nevertheless, some products are still being developed and used with some success. For example, found that phoxim 50% is an effective acaricide against D. g. with showing the same to be true of spinosad. D. g. is widespread among farms in Kosovo and might cause high economic losses within the national poultry industry. Data on D. g. samples from poultry farms in Kosovo nr. of samples nr. of PRM/sample layers on the farm nr. of layers on the farm D. g. prevalence was determined using cardboard traps, which were placed into cages, but out of reach of the birds. Traps were left in place for 48 h, after which they were removed and evaluated for the presence of D.g. Ten cardboard traps were used at each farm and combined as a single pooled sample on the day of their collection. Traps, which were positive for D. g., were frozen at - 20°C to kill any mites present. Mite numbers were assessed and the number of individuals (adults, larvae and nymphs) per trap were estimated to the nearest 50. Incidence of Salmonella spp Pooled samples of D. g. adults, nymphs and larvae (of between 50 and 100 mites) from each infested farm (n = 8), were selected in the laboratory and placed into plastic tubes and stored at -20°C. All samples (n = 80) of D. g. were examined for the presence of Salmonella using PCR. Bacterial DNA was extracted using Dneasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Extracted DNA (25 μl/pooled mite sample) was stored at - 20°C. The PCR reaction mixture (25 μl) contained: 5 μl DNA sample, 14.05 μl distilled H2O, 2.5 μl 10xPCR Buffer, 0.75 μl MgCl2 (50 mM), 0.5 μl dNTP (10 mM), 1 μM of each primer and 1.25 U Taq DNA Polymerase. DNA was amplified according to . The 16S rDNA primer sequences were: (forward)5'-TGT TGT GGT TAA TAA CCG CA-3' and (reverse)5'-CAC AAA TCC ATC TCT GGA-3'. PCR amplifications were performed in thermal cycler with a cycling program consisting of a 10 min denaturation step 94 C, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (1 min, 94°C), annealing (45 s, 55°C) and extention (1 min 30 s, 72°C) and final extention step of 10 min at 72°C . After 35 cycles the amplification product was expected to be 574 base pairs. Amplification products, including their size, were determined by electrophoresis using 2% agarose gels. Results and discussion In total 8 out of 16 farms (50%) were infested with D. g. to varying degrees, where mites were present in both populated and unpopulated units. Out of the eight infested farms, pooled mite samples from three premises were positive for the presence of Salmonella spp. (37.5%). In two cases Salmonella was found in mites 6 months after the removal of layers (Farms 1 and 8). The other Salmonella-positive case was from mites trapped in a populated unit (Farm 2). Results are shown in Table 1. D. g. represents a major problem for the layer industry in Kosovo and across much of the globe. Data from the present study showed that 50% of Kosovan cage rearing systems were infested with D. g., which is comparable to prevalence figures in other countries with free range rearing systems, e.g. France (56%), UK (60%), and Denmark (68%) . A high Salmonella spp. prevalence on infested farms was also observed, which demonstrates that D. g. may at least carry this pathogen potentially serving as vector for its spread in poultry. Such a vectorial role has already been observed under laboratory conditions . As mites tested positive for Salmonella spp. in depopulated units, the role that D. g. can play in between-flock transmission of pathogens was also demonstrated by the present study. Salmonella was found within D. g., 6 months after the removal of birds from the infested farm. This further suggests that transovarial transmission of Salmonella by D. g. is a possibility considering that mites do not survive for so long they must have passed the infection to their offspring. These same results show that D. g. can survive long periods of fasting, suggesting that these mites may be capable of pathogen transmission between flocks. Finally, where Salmonella was found in mites present on a populated farm, no signs of clinical Salmonellosis were observed in the birds. This could pose a risk to public health through Salmonella-positive mites being squashed on eggs or when such mites would infect birds. The transfer of D. g. in Kosovo seems to occur via egg boxes which are exchanged at supermarkets, originating from different egg supply companies. In general all farms infested with D. g. in the present study demonstrated poor biosecurity measures. The emerging potential role of D. g. as a vector for Salmonella spp. supported by the results presented in this paper it should encourage the poultry industry to initiate strict biosecurity programs to control both D. g. and any pathogens it may foster, carry or transmit. Assuming that these results are not specific to Kosovo, they could explain why salmonellosis outbreaks are still observed in other countries, such as the UK. Although all birds are vaccinated against Salmonella the prevalence of D. g. is very high in the UK, which could explain why Salmonella transmission can overcome the vaccination effect as different serovars exist. List of Abbreviations poultry red mite. 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Ann New-York Acad Sc. 2008, 1149: 255-258. 10.1196/annals.1428.085.View Article - Valiente Moro C, De Luna CJ, Tod A, Guy JH, Sparagano OAE, Zenner L: The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): a potential vector of pathogenic agents. Exp Appl Acarol. 2009, 48: 93-104. 10.1007/s10493-009-9248-0.View ArticlePubMed - Valiente-Moro C, Chauve C, Zenner L: Vectorial role of some dermanyssoid mites (Acari, Mesostigmata, Dermanyssoidea). Parasite. 2005, 12: 99-109.View ArticlePubMed - Nordenfors H, Chirico J: Evaluation of a sampling trap for Dermanyssus gallinae. J Vet Entomol. 2001, 94: 1617-1621. - Lundh J, Wiktelius D, Chirico J: Azadirachtin-impregnated traps for the control of Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Parasitol. 2005, 130: 337-342. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.02.012.View ArticlePubMed - Siegmann O, Neumann U: Lehrbuch Kompendium der Geflügelkrankheiten. 2005, Schlüttersche, Hannover, 6, aktualisierte erweiterte Auflage, 314-316. - Meyer-Kühling B, Pfister K, Müller-Lindloff J, Heine J: Field efficacy of phoxim 50% (ByeMite) against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae in battery cages stocked with laying hens. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 147: 289-296. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.012.View ArticlePubMed - George D, Guy J, Appleby WGC, Knox A, Shiel RS: In vitro and in vivo acaricidal activity and residual toxicity of spinosad to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Parasitol. 2010, 173: 307-3161. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.035.View ArticlePubMed - Lin C, Tsen H: Use of two 16S DNA targeted oligonucleotides as PCR primers for the specific detection of Salmonella in foods. J Appl Bacteriol. 1996, 80: 659-666.View ArticlePubMed - Desloire S, Valiente-Moro C, Chauve C, Zenner L: Comparison of four methods of extracting DNA from D. gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Vet Res. 2006, 37: 725-732. 10.1051/vetres:2006031.View ArticlePubMed - Valiente Moro C, Chauve C, Zenner L: Experimental infection of Salmonella enteritidis by the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 146: 329-336. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.02.024.View ArticlePubMed This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#. Cramp, S.; Perrins, C. M. 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford. del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N. J.; Christie, D. A.; Elliott, A.; Fishpool, L. D. C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International. The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats. Behaviour The species is resident across the Afrotropical, Indomalayan and fringing Palearctic regions (34°N to 31°S) but occurs in discrete populations. It is common across its range, and generally sedentary, although individuals are nomadic and will occasionally wander long distances. In West Africa individuals will make short distance seasonal movements south into the damper woodlands during October – November and return in April (Ferguson- Lees and Christie, 2001). Habitat The species occupies dry open habitats from sea level to 3000m, and will occupy both woodland and wooded savannah. In India it can be found near cultivated areas, settlements and slaughterhouses (Ferguson- Lees and Christie, 2001). Diet The species has a wide prey base, taking mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, and occasionally fish and amphibians. It will also regularly consume carrion and pirate other raptors’ prey (Ferguson- Lees and Christie, 2001). Breeding Site Nesting occurs on a large stick platform that may also incorporate animal bones, and is located on top of tall isolated trees or occasionally on top of a pylon. The breeding season in Africa spans March to August in the north, October to June in the West, April to January in central and southern areas, and year-round (but mainly May-November) in Kenya. In India the season spans November to August (Ferguson- Lees and Christie, 2001). The species has declined in the farmed areas of eastern and southern Africa, apparently as a result of consuming poisoned carcasses. In western and northeast Africa declines have been reported but the causes are not known. In general the species’ opportunistic behaviour suggests it is resistant to the usual threats (Ferguson- Lees and Christie, 2001; del Hoyo et al., 1994) although long term changes in rainfall patterns could affect the breeding success of the species in future (Wichmann et al., 2004). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. 1994. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. A. 2001. Raptors of the world. Christopher Helm, London. Wichmann, M. C., Dean, W. R. J., Jeltsch, F. 2004. Global change challenges the Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax): modelling extinction risk with respect to predicted climate and land use changes. Ostrich 75: 204-210. Further web sources of information Explore HBW Alive for further information on this species Text account compilers Ekstrom, J., Butchart, S., Harding, M. BirdLife International (2014) Species factsheet: Aquila rapax. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 28/12/2014. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2014) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 28/12/2014. This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List. To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums. Additional resources for this species \|Current IUCN Red List category\|\|Least Concern\| \|Family\|\|Accipitridae (Hawks, Eagles)\| \|Species name author\|\|(Temminck, 1828)\| \|Population size\|\|mature individuals\| \|Distribution size (breeding/resident)\|\|17,600,000 km2\| \|Links to further information\| - Additional Information on this species\| - Projected distributions under climate change
A risk factor is something that increases your chances of developing cancer. It is possible to develop uterine cancer with or without the risk factors listed below. In fact, the majority of women who are diagnosed with uterine cancer have no known risk factors for the disease. However, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing uterine or endometrial cancer. If you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk. Many risk factors associated with uterine cancer are associated with increased levels of the hormone estrogen. The body normally produces estrogen and progesterone, and keeps these hormones in balance. If something causes estrogen levels to rise, the woman may be at increased risk of uterine cancer. Risk factors for uterine or endometrial cancer include the following: Excess weight may increase your risk of uterine cancer, especially if you go through menopause early, prior to age 45. Obese may alter hormone levels, increasing exposure of the uterine lining to estrogen. Medical Conditions and Treatments Several medical conditions and treatments are associated with increased risk of uterine cancer. These include: - Diabetes—The relationship between diabetes and increased uterine cancer risk is not clearly understood, but may also be related to obesity. - Lynch syndrome—This is a rare, hereditary condition in which many family members develop colorectal and others. The lifetime risk of developing uterine cancer is close to 50% in women in these families. - Tamoxifen use—A drug used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. - Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and granulose theca cell tumors of the ovary—the increased risk of uterine cancer is likely a result of increased estrogen levels. - Menopausal use of estrogen without progesterone—Studies show an increased risk when estrogen is taken alone, without progesterone, for relief of menopause symptoms. - Radiation therapy to the pelvic area—previous cancer treatment with radiation may increase your risk of uterine cancer. Uterine cancer occurs more frequently in older women. Eighty percent of women have gone through menopause. Only 5% of cases are diagnosed in women younger than 40, and these women usually have polycystic ovary syndrome. Women who have never been pregnant are a greater risk for uterine cancer. Progesterone levels increase during pregnancy, which may offer a protective benefit. Menstruating at an early age or a late menopause is also associated with increased risk. Both of these events increase a woman’s lifetime exposure to estrogen. - Reviewer: Mohei Abouzied, MD - Review Date: 12/2015 - - Update Date: 12/20/2014 -
Skip to main content Try Wikispaces Classroom now. Brand new from Wikispaces. Pages and Files Policies & Instructions Who is Erie Yesterday? Who is College for Kids? Welcome to the History Quest Wiki! Erie Yesterday is pleased with the results of the pilot project , a one-week summer camp in collaboration with Penn State Behrend's College for Kids program. History Quest, which took place June 13-17, 2011, targeted under-served youth ages 12 through 16 and provided them with local history experiences designed to promote a clear understanding of the meaning of community. The week included a day sail on the U.S. Brig Niagara, a visit to the Drake Well Museum in Titusville, and a day exploring Old Fort Niagara just north of Niagara Falls, New York. Youth could register for the camp through the College for Kids website beginning May 16, 2011. Registration for closed June 6th. Erie Yesterday - a consortium of Erie County museums and historical societies – has a 30-year record of promoting the study and preservation of public history in our community. We believe that museums and historical societies are fundamental for a thriving community, as they enable the public to explore local history collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. For additional information, visit or email Erie Yesterday at help on how to format text Turn off "Getting Started"
Sub site navigation More than 8,000 years ago world sea levels were about 100 metres lower than today. Since much of the Torres Strait was covered by only 20 metres of water, people at that time could easily walk between Cape York and southern New Guinea. The rocky coast of Cape York would not have looked much different from what it does today, but the Papua New Guinea coast in the northern Torres Strait would have been a few kilometres further inland, as much of the present coast has recently formed from sediments laid down by river deltas. The land bridge accounts for the fact that today some animal and bird species live in both Papua New Guinea and North Queensland: the Spotted Cuscus and Southern Cassowary, for example. On the other hand, domestic pigs, which are today common in Papua New Guinea, did not cross into Australia. This probably means that pigs, whose origins lie in Eurasia, had not yet reached Papua New Guinea by the time the land bridge had submerged by the rising sea 8000 years ago. In the last 25 years, archaeologists working in the Torres Strait have found evidence of human settlement dating back 2,500 years. There is no reason to think that much earlier evidence could not be found in the future. In fact the only limit is that if the ancestors of modern Islanders made camps near the shoreline at a time of lower sea level, anything they left there would have been submerged when the sea level rose to where it is today. This means likely places to find older archaeological remains are on the hills of the larger islands of western Torres Strait and on the volcanic islands of eastern Torres Strait. Torres Strait is named after a Spanish captain, Torres, who sailed through Torres Strait in 1606 on his way to Manila in the Philippines. Although he wrote a letter to the King of Spain describing his voyage, it seems this was kept a secret from mapmakers until 1762 when the archives at Manila were opened to others. Incidentally, Torres' crew captured six boys and six girls from Mailu, near Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, and three Torres Strait girls from one of the Central Islands, and took them to Manila, supposedly to be baptised. What happened to the twelve Mailuans and the three Kulkalaig, as they would have been called, at Manila is unknown. Voyages by British explorers Cook, Bligh, Flinders and others charted the channels through Torres Strait in the late 1700s - early 1800s. From 1800 to 1850, perhaps several hundred sailing ships travelled from Brisbane and Sydney through Torres Strait and on to ports in India and Asia. Only a very few of these ships stopped in Torres Strait to take on water, to trade with Islanders, or to carry out repairs. Quite a number were also wrecked on the numerous reefs; indeed, Torres Strait has been called a 'sieve for ships!' At the western entrance to Torres Strait on Booby Island, a 'post office' in the form of a few supplies, a log book and a place where letters could be left or picked up was the only port of call for most ships. Nevertheless, enough did stop to trade with Islanders that iron knives, ships' biscuits, trade tobacco and bottles were well known to them by the mid-1800s. In 1844, a cutter called the America was wrecked in Endeavour Strait and all on board drowned except a Scottish woman, Barbara Thompson. Mrs Thompson was saved by the Kaurareg with whom she lived on Muralug (Prince of Wales) Island for five years, being known by them as Giom. In 1849 she was discovered at Cape York by the crew of a British naval survey ship, HMS Rattlesnake, and returned to Sydney. Oswald Brierly, the ship's artist, wrote an account of her life with the Kaurareg. According to Mrs Thompson, the island with the friendliest relations with passing ships in the southern Torres Strait was Naghir, where she said ships often anchored overnight while the crew went ashore. In 1849, the Naghir people had made up a dance about white men that they performed for the Kaurareg wearing shirts obtained in trade from the sailors, reddened cheeks and false wooden noses - presumably shaped to look like the sailors' noses. By 1850, trading vessels with largely Pacific Islander crews were working all over the Southwest Pacific, buying and selling any goods and exploiting any resources that would fetch a profit at a mainland port. Earlier, many of the ships had been whalers and in the 1830s and 1840s, sandalwood cutters exhausted stands of this fragrant wood in the central Pacific. But in 1834 a trade monopoly held by the British East India Company was broken and advantaged Sydney-based traders working in the Western Pacific, because they were now much freer to supply the Chinese market with products in demand there, like bêche-de-mer (sea slug) and sandalwood. When in the 1850s the sandalwood stands of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides were worked out, the Sydney boat-owners turned to bêche-de-mer and the seas closer to the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait. From 1864 to 1869 about half-a-dozen bêche-de-mer boats were working in the northern part of Torres Strait, based at Tudu, Poruma (Coconut) and Erub (Darnley). The profit from these ventures was not particularly good, until in 1869 when Tudu Islanders showed 'Tongutapu Joe', a Pacific Islander working for Captain William Banner, a rich patch of pearlshell on the Warrior Reefs. There was an immediate rush by the Pacific Islander-crewed boats to Torres Strait to dive for the new commodity, which brought much higher profits. First Warrior Reef was worked out, then Moa Pass, the passage between Friday and Muralug (Prince-of-Wales) Islands, then Endeavour Strait. Only three years later, some 500 Pacific Islanders were working in Torres Strait on pearling boats. These men, many from the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia - Lifu, Maré and Ouvéa - and from Vanuatu and Rotumah, were the first speakers of a new language: Beach-la-Mar, or Pacific Pidgin English. Torres Strait Islander participation began immediately, and men from Mabuiag, Tudu and other places in the central and eastern parts of Torres Strait were the first to get involved. By 1870, Marus, the chief of Ugar (Stephen) had been to Sydney twice and others from Tudu had also been south with boat owners. These kinds of men were now described as being able to 'speak a little English' - in fact, they were beginning to turn the Beach-la-Mar they heard on the pearling boats into the beginnings of today's Torres Strait Creole. (Beach-la-Mar, for its part, evolved into Bislama in Vanuatu, but was overwhelmed by French in New Caledonia.) The London Missionary Society had been busy in the Southwest Pacific since the 1840s and later turned its thoughts to converting the people of New Guinea to Christianity. Rather than immediately establishing itself on mainland New Guinea, it was decided to first establish a base in Torres Strait. Rev. Samuel MacFarlane wrote '… on leaving Lifu, we sailed directly for Darnley … and anchored there … on Saturday evening, 1st July 1871'. Torres Strait Islanders celebrate this day as 'The Coming of the Light', an annual holiday in Torres Strait. The colonial powers were also casting eyes on New Guinea; Russian and Italian warships paid visits in 1870s, but the 'Great Game' in this part of the world was really being played by Britain, who acquired Fiji by cession in 1875, and Germany, who had commercial interests, but did not yet rule, in Samoa. Decisions were made far away from the Torres Strait about the future of the region and although Queensland made repeated moves to annex the islands of the Torres Strait, actually the final decision always rested with London. In 1872, Letters Patent were sent from the Colonial Secretary in Britain and Queensland annexed the islands up to sixty miles from the coast of Cape York. The administrative centre was moved from Somerset (established in 1864), on Cape York, to Thursday Island, although not until 1877. In 1879, the majority of the remaining islands in Torres Strait were annexed to Queensland, by Letters Patent from London again, and by an Act in the Legislative Assembly in Brisbane. Torres Strait had become part of Queensland. John Burton, Anthropologist
Nov. 22, 1718 Blackbeard’s Death: Off with his head On Nov. 22, 1718, the infamous pirate Blackbeard was killed. Reported to have been a privateer during Queen Anne’s War, Blackbeard is said to have turned to piracy afterward. He is one of the most famous figures associated with the “Golden Age of Piracy,” which flourished briefly along the North Carolina coast in the early 1700s. In 1717, Blackbeard and his fellow pirates captured the French slaveship La Concorde in the eastern Caribbean. With his new ship, which he renamed Queen Anne’s Revenge, Blackbeard cruised the Caribbean taking ships along the way. Arriving off the coast of Charleston, S.C., in May 1718, Blackbeard blockaded the port for nearly a week in what was perhaps the most brazen act of his piratical career. Blackbeard lived in the town of Bath briefly during the summer of 1718, and soon after attempted to enter what is now Beaufort Inlet with his fleet. The vessels grounded on the ocean floor and were abandoned. Six months later, at Ocracoke Inlet, Blackbeard encountered ships sent by the governor of Virginia, led by Lt. Robert Maynard. In a desperate battle, Blackbeard and several of his crew were killed. Maynard returned to Virginia with the surviving pirates and the grim trophy of Blackbeard’s severed head. Nov. 23, 1902 Walter Reed died On Nov. 23, 1902, Walter Reed, head of U.S. Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba, died. During his time in Cuba, Reed conclusively demonstrated that mosquitoes transmitted the deadly disease. Reed called Hertford County home for much of his life before medical school. Reed graduated from medical school at the University of Virginia at 17 and continued his education at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in Manhattan. He joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1875, eventually becoming curator of the Army Medical Museum in Washington and a professor at the Army medical school. By the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Reed was considered a pioneer in the field of bacteriology. His interest in the cause of yellow fever was timely, as epidemics broke out in camps in Cuba and elsewhere. In 1900, Reed led the fourth U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Reed was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. An Army hospital completed in 1909 in Washington, D.C., was named in his honor. The museum of which he was curator is now the National Museum of Health and Medicine. Nov. 23, 1963 Raleigh connection to JFK assassination On Nov. 23, 1963, as the clock neared midnight in Raleigh, an attempt was allegedly made at the Dallas County jail on behalf of Lee Harvey Oswald to contact one or two phone numbers in the 919 area code. It was the day after Oswald was arrested for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. What has come to be dubbed the “Raleigh Call” went unrecorded in the Warren Commission investigation. Later in the 1960s, one of the Dallas County switchboard operators on duty that night shared a story about the call with authorities. The story goes that the operator reported that she had been asked to call two numbers in Raleigh, although without success, and then threw away the memo slip from the fruitless calls. Apparently, she later recreated a slip, as a souvenir, that included two phone numbers along with the name “John Hurt.” Little has come of the story, and mysteries surrounding the call have contributed to assassination conspiracy theories. In July 1980, both the Raleigh Spectator and the News & Observer printed articles attempting to expose details about the call, its related personalities and chain of events. The “Raleigh Call” and an Oswald connection to Raleigh still remain an unsolved mystery. Nov. 26, 1744 Alexander Mebane born in Orange County On Nov. 26, 1744, Alexander Mebane was born at Hawfields in Orange County. An ardent patriot, Mebane played an active role in the Revolutionary War. In December 1776, he served as a delegate to the Provincial Congress in Halifax and, the following year, became sheriff of Orange County, a post he held until 1780. Mebane also served as an officer in the Orange County militia. At the war’s conclusion, Mebane was elected as an Orange County representative to the General Assembly and served as brigadier general of Hillsborough District militia. He also served as auditor of the Hillsborough Constitutional Convention of 1788 and the Fayetteville Convention of 1789. An Anti-Federalist, Mebane voted against ratification unless a bill of rights was included. That same year, Mebane joined the first board of trustees of the University of North Carolina. In 1792, he served on the committee that chose New Hope Chapel Hill as the site for the new school. He even helped lay the cornerstone of Old East, the first building erected on campus. In 1793, Mebane was elected to Congress. The Alamance County town of Mebane is named in his honor. Nov. 27, 1962 Martin Luther King Jr.’s rehearsal speech in Rocky Mount On Nov. 27, 1962, Martin Luther King Jr., delivered a speech in Rocky Mount. Before a crowd of nearly 2,000 in the gymnasium at Booker T. Washington High School, King used a number of expressions that made their way into his landmark “I Have a Dream” address at the Lincoln Memorial, which was part of the March on Washington in August 1963. Near the close he built toward these lines: “I have a dream that one day right here in Rocky Mount, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will meet at the table of brotherhood, knowing that one God brought man to the face of the Earth. I have a dream tonight that one day my little daughter and my two sons will grow up in a world not conscious of the color of their skin, but only conscious of the fact that they are members of the human race…” Clayborne Carson, editor of the King Papers, notes that while this was not the first use of the “I have a dream” phrase, it “appears to be an important new rhetorical formulation.” By the spring and summer of 1963 the words were among the most frequent of King’s refrains. Source: N.C. Archives
When planning a new aquarium, deciding how much substrate to buy is a big challenge, especially if you are a beginning hobbyist. How many bags of substrate are needed? Does sand fill less than gravel? Do you need more substrate for a planted tank? These are all questions I asked when I started my journey into the hobby of aquarium hobby. How much substrate to buy for the aquarium? Take a look at your local aquarium supply store and you will see that there are many brands and types of aquarium substrate. To further complicate matters, different manufacturers package their products in different volumes, making calculating how much you need even more complicated. Aquarium substrate can also be expensive, so knowing how many bags you need to buy also helps you budget properly. I know the pain of coming home with five bags of expensive black aquarium sand, only to find out I only really needed four! You can use an online aquarium storage calculator or substrate calculator to estimate how much sand or gravel you’ll need. In this guide, we show you how to calculate exactly how much substrate you’ll need for your new tank, taking the guesswork out and potentially saving you a lot of money and hassle. The quickest and easiest way to calculate how much substrate you need is to use a substrate calculator. A good substrate calculator will allow you to enter the dimensions of your tank, the type of substrate you want to use, whether or not the tank is going to be planted, and even the species of fish you want to keep. How much substrate do you need? The depth of substrate you need depends on several factors, including: - The size, volume and depth of your tank. - The species of fish you intend to conserve. - Whether you are using live or artificial plants. - What aquascaping design do you want to create? - your filtration system As a general rule of thumb, if you’re using gravel, you need about 1.5 to 2 inches deep, closer to 2 inches if you have a filtration system under the gravel. If you want to use a mixed substrate, the depth requirement remains the same. If you prefer to use sand, you’ll need a little less, and about 1 inch should do the trick. Note that if you have a filter under gravel, you cannot use sand, as the material is too fine and would clog the filter plates. In all cases, if you plan to keep large burrowing fish or species that like to burrow in the substrate, you will need to add an inch or so. Planted tanks look great and the presence of live plants can be beneficial to your fish, too, helping to lighten the bioload in your tank by utilizing nitrates in the water column. Substrates are crucial for your plants to thrive and grow. Essentially, aquatic plants are very similar to garden plants in that they require nutrients, including magnesium, potassium, iron, and nitrogen, which they derive from the growing medium and water. It is important to research the plant species you want to use as they have different requirements when it comes to substrate. For example, species like Anubias and Ferns don’t need a substrate at all, while Cryptocoryne needs a lot of room to accommodate its root system and prefers deeper cover at the bottom of the tank. You can use a sloped substrate to create a more three-dimensional aquascape that suits larger plants with longer root systems. However, 2 to 3 inches of gravel or sand is generally sufficient for most plant species. The coloration, growth rate, and general health of plants depend on the availability of nutrients in the aquarium, so when creating a planted aquarium, you must include a nutrient layer below the substrate layer. Spread the nutrient layer on the bottom of your tank to a depth of about an inch. Cover that with two inches of gravel. If you have an aquarium larger than 55 gallons, you will need to increase the layer of gravel or sand up to 3 inches deep. The amount of substrate you use in your aquarium depends on a few factors, including the size of your tank, the species of fish you want to keep, and whether you intend to have live plants. Ideally, you should have about 1.5 to 2 inches of gravel or sand, a little more than that if you have rooted plants as well. Additionally, plants require an additional inch of nutrient medium below the substrate. You can use our substrate calculator to calculate exactly how much substrate you need, or grab a pen and paper and use the simple manual calculation we’ve included above. If you have any questions about how much substrate to use or what type of substrate would be the best choice for your aquarium, please put them in the comments box below. We will do our best to provide you with the information you need.
All the colors of the Earth (Book 1994) [WorldCat.org] CHAPTER 2 THE SOLID MATERIALS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 To a great extent in this course, we will be dealing with processes that act on the solid materials at and near the Earth’s surface. This chapter might better be called “the ground beneath your feet”. This is the place to deal with the nature of the Earth’s surface materials, which in later sections of the... bright earth art and the invention of color gwdcon de Sun, 16 Dec 2018 04:51:00 GMT bright earth art and the pdf - "Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art" Color Atlas Of The Surface Forms Of The Earth of the EARTH outer core Earth lower mantle inner layers upper mantle inner core crust HOMESCHOOLCLIPART.COM... Desert sand in human culture. Fashion. Earth yellow is a popular color for women’s handbags, as can be ascertained by entering the words "earth yellow" into Google Images. Landsatâ€”A Global Land-Imaging Mission The Color of Soil. The first impression we have when looking at bare earth or soil is of color. Bright colors especially, catch our eye. Geographers are familiar with Red Desert soils in California, Arizona, and Nevada (Arizona State Soil); and Gray Desert soils in Idaho, Utah, and Nevada (Nevada State Soil). all yoga asanas and their benefits in hindi pdf All the colors of the Earth. [Sheila Hamanaka] -- Reveals in verse that despite outward differences children everywhere are essentially the same and all are lovable. [Sheila Hamanaka] -- Reveals in verse that despite outward differences children everywhere are essentially the same and all are lovable. Free All The Colors Of The Earth PDF mnlearning.com cause oxygen to emit green light (the most familiar color of the aurora), while low energy electrons cause a red light. Nitrogen generally gives off a blue light. The blending of these colors can also lead to purples, pinks, and whites. The oxygen and nitrogen also emit ultraviolet light, which can be detected by special cameras on satellites. The different shapes of auroras are a mystery that mistborn the alloy of law pdf The Colors of the Earth: Nature and Landscape in the Poetry of Joy Harjo and Humberto Ak' Abal Emanuela Jossa Journal of the Southwest, Volume 49, Number 4, Winter 2007, pp. 585-601 How long can it take? (PDF) COLORS OF A SECOND EARTH. II. EFFECT OF CLOUDS ON - Unit 1 The Atmospheric Filter NASA - Desert sand (color) Wikipedia - Sheila Hamanaka All the Colors of the Earth - Landsatâ€”A Global Land-Imaging Mission The Color Of Earth Pdf specialty prints, textures & finishes envision the Lutron Maestro Satin Colors Collection lutron a® maestro a® satin colors a® collection convenience, style, and comfort for every room in - 9 Unit 1 The Atmospheric Filter Introduction Earth's atmosphere is essential to life. This ocean of fluids and suspended particles surrounds Earth and protects it from the - 16-day full-Earth-coverage cycle, their orbits are offset to allow 8-day repeat coverage of any Landsat scene area on the globe. Landsat 4 and 5 also followed this orbit. Landsats 1, 2, and 3 orbited at an altitude of 920 kilometers (572 miles), circling the Earth every 103 minutes yielding repeat coverage every 18 days. The primary sensor onboard Landsats 1, 2, and 3 was the Multispectral - of the EARTH outer core Earth lower mantle inner layers upper mantle inner core crust HOMESCHOOLCLIPART.COM - The Colors of the Earth: Nature and Landscape in the Poetry of Joy Harjo and Humberto Ak' Abal Emanuela Jossa Journal of the Southwest, Volume 49, Number 4, Winter 2007, pp. 585-601
Located just south-west of the city of Killarney in south-west Ireland, this biosphere reserve and national park comprises the mountains and woodlands surrounding Lough Leane Lake and adjacent smaller lakes, moorlands, parks and gardens. Declaration date: 1982 Surface area: 10,129 ha Human history has also left its mark in the Killarney area, e.g. with the well preserved remains of Inisfallen Abbey on an island in Lough Leane, Muckross Abbey, or the Muckross House which serves as a visitor center today. This Killarney National Park Education Centre fulfills an important educational role within the national park and biosphere reserve, which is one of the best-known tourist destinations in Ireland. Much of the natural woodland has been cleared but the remaining fragments include the most extensive areas in the country. Due to differing geology in the biosphere reserve, three main woodland types can be distinguished: woods of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) with holly (Ilex aquifolium) in the understorey on sandstone; a yew (Taxus baccata) wood growing on almost bare limestone; and carr forest dominated by Alnus glutinosa in places along the north-east shore of Lough Leane and in other poorly-drained areas. Present human impacts on and uses of the area include conifer afforestations, lake eutrophication and tourism activities. Additional human influence is the past introductions of alien species that have impacted on the natural ecosystems of Killarney. The most notable of these introduced species are Rhododendron ponticum and sika deer which overgraze the woodland floor and pose a potential threat to the genetic integrity of the native red deer. Last updated : June 2012Back to top
With more and more clients and architecture schools demanding 'green' design, both student and professional architects need to get up to speed quickly with the vast range of techniques in this fast moving area. This extensive and user-friendly handbook presents practical guidelines for applying environmental strategies during the schematic design of green buildings. For each strategy, the book provides: brief descriptions of principles and concepts, step-by-step approaches for integrating technologies into the early stages of design, annotated tables and charts to assist with preliminary design sizing, key issues to be aware of when implementing a given strategy, and references to the most recent international standards and rating systems, guidelines, and internet resources. The text is reinforced with conceptual sketches and photos in full color, illustrating each strategy. A discussion of the green design process and case studies of several green building projects puts the strategies presented in context. * Provides information required to implement green design ideas with confidence and accuracy. * Practical information provided in an easy-to-use format. * Full colour images throughout. "An excellent resource for both educators and practitioners" -Karol Kaiser, Director of Education US Green Building Council "An extremely valuable tool for making decisions early in a project, ones that will help dictate the form of a building, help determine what systems will need to be in place and which consultants will need to be brought on board, and help set a budget or see what can fit within a predetermined budget. The book is aimed at students as well as professionals, and it is certainly appropriate for both, be it at the introductory level and as a solid reference for seasoned green designers." -John Hill, A Weekly Dose of Architecture "[O]ffers a useful introduction to green design...the content stays fairly schematic to help guide and introduce green strategies...purposely avoids creating a green building checklist and getting bogged down in technical details...cover[s] a wide variety of topics and show[s] how they are interrelated systems. Each strategy is accompanied by a wonderful set of sketches and images that aid in the reader's understanding of the basic concepts." -Archdaily "With more and more clients and architecture schools demanding 'green' design, both student and professional architects need to get up to speed quickly with the vast range of techniques in this fast-moving area. This extensive and user-friendly handbook presents practical guidelines for applying environmental strategies during the schematic design of green buildings." -Eco Building Magazine, March 2011 Number Of Pages: 424 Published: 22nd March 2011 Dimensions (cm): 27.6 x 21.9 x 3.2 Weight (kg): 1.38 Edition Number: 2
Future Earth: New global platform for sustainability research launched at Rio+20 An alliance of international partners from global science, research funding and UN bodies, launched a bold new 10-year initiative on global environmental change research for sustainability at the Forum on Science and Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development on Thursday. Future Earth – research for global sustainability, will provide a cutting-edge platform to coordinate scientific research which is designed and produced in partnership with governments, business and, more broadly, society. "We need a new approach to address the critical challenges of global environmental change and sustainable development which is more interdisciplinary, more international, more collaborative and more responsive to the users of research", said Prof. Diana Liverman, co-Director of the Institute of the Environment at the University of Arizona and co-Chair of the Future Earth design team. Future Earth will bring together natural scientists, social scientists, engineers and the humanities with funders and policy makers to align research agendas, understand and anticipate environmental change, and develop innovative solution. "It is essential to create an interface between science and decision makers. The "Future Earth" is an example of a link between the scientific community, government, enterprises and society. The launch of this initiative, which has UNESCO as one of the organizers, it is a concrete example of what can be done when facing global challenges", said Lidia Brito, director of the Division of Science Policy and Sustainable Development of UNESCO. <- Back to:
Research has shown that traumatized individuals respond by using a variety of psychological mechanisms. One of the most common means of dealing with the pain is to try and push it out of awareness. Some label the phenomenon of the process whereby the mind avoids conscious acknowledgment of traumatic experiences as dissociative amnesia . Others use terms such as repression , dissociative state , traumatic amnesia, psychogenic shock, or motivated forgetting . Semantics aside, there is near-universal scientific acceptance of the fact that the mind is capable of avoiding conscious recall of traumatic experiences. - Aug 17, 2015: New study confirms neurological pathway for inaccessible traumatic memories. Special brain mechanism discovered to store stress-related, unconscious memories. Science News Some stressful experiences — such as chronic childhood abuse — are so traumatic, the memories hide like a shadow in the brain and can’t be consciously accessed. Eventually, suppressed memories can cause debilitating psychological problems. Scientists have discovered how and where the brain stores those stressful memories and how to retrieve them. The findings could lead to new treatment for patients with repressed traumatic memories. - FAQ on Traumatic Memory - Recovered Memories: True or False? – Statement by the Leadership Council on recovered memories.
With all that teens have to go through on the way to adulthood, it’s understandable that many of them lash out and lose it everyone once in awhile. But a new study from Harvard suggests that nearly 8% of teens are now exhibiting outbursts so violent, they fall into the category of a mental disorder. Given its prevalence, some are suggesting that it’s a growing problem that needs to be addressed — while others claim that we’re once again pathologizing normal behavior and looking at the wrong places for a solution. According to a Harvard Medical School finding published online in the Archives of General Psychiatry, nearly two-thirds of adolescents (63.3%) admitted to having lifetime anger attacks that involved the destruction of property, threats of violence, or ourtight violence. Out of these, 7.8% experienced outbursts so severe that their behaviors were classified by the researchers as falling within the DSM-IV’s “intermittent explosive disorder”. IED is typically characterized by extreme anger, often to the point of violence, and disproportionate to the situation at hand. The DSM-IV states that the diagnosis is not applicable to persons under the age of 18, making the recommendations of Harvard researchers Katie A. McLaughlin, Ronald Kessler, and their team highly contentious. That said, IED occurs in the adult population, at nearly the exact same rate. But not everyone is convinced that IED is a valid diagnosis for teens. Writing at Boston.com, Deborah Kotz reports: “The problem rests in trying to determine what’s out of proportion to what’s happening in the circumstances,” said Jerome Wakefield, a professor of psychiatry and social work at New York University and author of the Loss of Sadness. “Rage often is cumulative and something that may have irritated you 25 times in the past can cause you to blow your top on the 26th time.” Adolescents, in particular, put a high premium on looking good in front of their peers, Wakefield added, so they may be more likely than adults to lash out when feeling humiliated or threatened. It’s often tough for doctors to distinguish between everyday anger and physical skirmishes that mark the high school years and violent outbursts that might lead a teen to bring a gun to school. But Kessler, who has served as a paid consultant for pharmaceutical manufacturers, said it’s vital for physicians to recognize the warning signs and refer teens for psychiatric care before they develop the depression, anxiety, and substance abuse problems that often go along with the disorder and can make violent tendencies worse. “We’re talking about dysfunctional anger and destructive behavior that may cause injuries that require medical attention or destroying things of non-trivial value,” said Kessler. “A lot of kids have anger attacks, but those with this disorder have a chronic problem that’s likely due to a biological predisposition.” Pinpointing an exact cause has not been easy. Home life could be part of the problem, but there’s not enough evidence to support such an association. And as Kessler notes, it may very well be something that’s latent. Assuming that IED is as serious as the researchers suggest, a pertinent question to ask is what to do about it. Mood-altering drugs like Paxil and Celexa may help, but they are are often seen by some as an all-too-convenient solution to the real-life circumstances that may be causing the outbursts. Alternately, teens with anger problems can be put into individual or group anger management classes, or be given cognitive behavioral therapy. But as Kotz notes, slightly less than half of those who are treated with drugs or therapy experience significant improvements in their behaviors. Given that the Harvard study found fewer than 7% of IED-likely teens being treated for their anger, there clearly needs to be a heightened sense of awareness.
The advice to let the gaining company train you is good. Each one has a different philosophy so learn from the source. I have wrestled with each manufacturer individually and it almost requires different brains the stuff is so different. If I had to venture a guess it would be along the lines of cleaning the signal up. Engineers like to solve problems. If there are no problems handily available, they will create their own." Scott Adams "We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them." As a technical instructor, and having not seen the question, the two answers provided in this thread are the most likely answer(s) to your question: a) communications trunk end-of-line or termination resistor. Helps to ensure adequate signal level by drawing a specific amount of current on the communications trunk. Other factors must be met as well, such as the maximum number of connections to the trunk and the maximum overall length of the communications bus. For example, most RS-485 communications trunks use 120 ohm terminating resistors at each end of the trunk. How they connenct varies by equipment manufacturer (some have switches to connect/disconnect and on-board resistor, others require you to stick a resister under the bus terminals on the first/last device). b) signal "conversion" resistor. Used to convert a current signal to a voltage signal. Ohms law is tells us that a 500 ohm resistor passing 20 mA DC will produce 10 volts DC. This is a useful solution if you have a sensor that produces a 0 or 4 to 20 mA signal and you have a controller that can only accept a 0 to 10 VDC input signal. Everyone is a "noob" at some point, and ideally, we all keep learning. I hope that this helps to explain things a bit better. WELCOME TO THE DARK SIDE. YOU WILL KNOW THE ANSWER,AFTER YOU HAVE GONE TO THE NEXT SERVICE MEETING IN SACRAMENTO. WELCOME AGAIN. CHILLER ROB TRAINED. Comms and Signal resistors I agree with javajunkie that these are your're most likely answers. A word of warning with regards using a 500Ohm resistor to convert 4-20mA to 2-10vdc. Current drivers are designed to connect to a theoretical 0 ohm load while 0-10vdc drivers are designed to connect to an infinite load. Therefore sometimes the 4-20mA source hasn't got the grunt to push through the 500 ohm resistance, resulting in a bad reading. I would only use the 500ohm resistor as a quick fix and you should use a signal converter as a permanent solution. Ok, everyone seems to be wishy washy about this topic, I'll give it to you straight. A signal resistor is a plain old resistor! It does two things: 1. Used to establish an EOL on a network trunk, and depending the trunk, its can be from 48ohm-500ohm. They are most commonly placed on RS-485 networks to eliminate signal bounce back, which will cripple just about an RS-485 network. Alot of controllers nowadays have these resistors built in, and usually a dip switch is used to put the resistor in the circuit. With the exception of DeviceNet, every other trunk type network I've seen needs a resistor somewhere to establish an EOL. 2. In analog circuitry there is also a signal resistor. But its not something you would ever wire up(sometimes a jumper is used to enable it, like on JCI FEC controllers). It is built into the circuit board to filter the 4-20ma signal. Its very rare to see 0-10vdc signal circuitry with this resistor. Edited by powerhead on more than one occasion EOL - End of Line Use on a bus topology network in that each end of the wire in a segment has an EOL terminator to help keep the network wire at optimum levels for communication. There is also free/star topology networks in which you still use a terminator only you put in one somewhere in the middle of your network. "How it can be considered "Open" is beyond me. Calling it "voyeur-ed" would be more accurate." pka LeroyMac, SkyIsBlue, fka Freddy-B, Mongo, IndyBlue BIG Government = More Dependents "Any 'standard' would be great if it didn't get bastardised by corporate self interest." MatrixTransform My 5 yr old son "Dad, Siri is not very smart when there's no internet." A Lonworks network termination "resistor" is more than just a resistor. It's a resistor and a capacitor and the values of both are dependent on application (buss or FT).
Cannabinoids, as a naturally occurring chemical compound, exist in many plants – not just cannabis (or non-psychoactive hemp). How cannabinoids interact with humans’ Endocannabinoid System (or ECS for short) has been known for decades – their pain-relieving, immune-boosting, and ‘feel-good’ properties are a part of our experience with many other plants. Here are six of the most well-known species from the plant kingdom that have cannabinoids in them! Some species of echinacea contain cannabinoids – specifically, cannabimemetics – and it is no surprise that they engage the Endocannabinoid System. These compounds interact mostly with the CB2 receptor, which is responsible for regulating pain, the immune system, and inflammatory responses. Echinacea is known for fighting the common cold and relieving symptoms of fatigue, arthritis, anxiety, and migraines – now we have another reason to love this plant! Electric Daisy (Acmella oleracea) This plant contains cannabinoid-like compounds that are called “N-Isobutylamides” which interact with the CB2 receptor in the ECS. It works as a powerful pain killer that also has anti-inflammatory properties. This is a daisy that contains a large amount of the cannabinoid CBG (cannabigerol). CBG has anti-inflammatory properties, as well as antidepressant and mood stabilizing properties. Liverwort (Radula marginata) This lichen plant has been used historically to treat liver, gallbladder and bladder problems, as well as bronchitis. However, the New Zealand liverwort has a large amount of perrottetinenic acid, which is similar to the psychoactive cannabinoid THC, and is thought to act upon the CB1 receptor. Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Black peppers contain a large amount of the terpene called beta-caryophyllene. This particular terpene functions much like a cannabinoid – it has an affinity to bind to the CB2 receptor. Initial research is showing that beta-caryophyllene has therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory compound and enhances the effects of anti-cancer drugs. Chocolate (Theobroma cacao) As if we needed another reason to love chocolate, it turns out that this plant (and tasty products made from such) has multiple compounds that interact with our ECS. Similar to CBD, the enzyme FAAH (Fatty acid amide hydrolase ), is deactivated by compounds in chocolate – this increases the amount of anandamide in the body and can make us feel good – more happy and relaxed. Naturally occurring terpenoids, terpenes, and cannabinoids are all compounds that are found in thousands of species of plants. Cannabinoids like CBD (Cannabidiol) are not just in cannabis – they are all around us. And it isn’t just the one cannabinoid CBD that is incredible – it is a full spectrum of cannabinoids and terpenes (as well as many other compounds in plants and the oils of plants) that are what interact in our bodies and make us responsive to natural, plant-based medicines. That’s Natural is Pure, Potent, and Trusted – Here’s Why!
Russia’s seizure of Crimea and what may follow are works in progress. With the hundredth anniversary of World War I’s start looming, no one wishes to turn this land grab into 1914. Russian President Vladimir Putin implicitly recognizes the danger. Russia, he says, harbors no ambition over and will not venture into eastern Ukraine. We’ll see. Meanwhile, the West is stuck. While some argue, with some cause, that Putin’s gambit ends the post-Cold War order by abrogating both the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) and the 1994 Budapest Agreement guaranteeing Ukrainian territorial independence, does any one want a Cold War II? Others, such as former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, raise more dire warnings citing 1938 and Hitler’s annexation of the Sudetenland. Yet, short of military force to retake Crimea and imposing financial and economic sanctions on Russia and key individuals in Putin’s clique, the list of options to force a Russian withdrawal is remarkably short. To the degree history is useful, 1945 -- not 1938 -- is more relevant. World War II was ending. President Franklin Roosevelt believed that by dint of his personality, Stalin could be convinced of continuing alliance with the West. The Yalta Summit in February 1945, two months before FDR died, was Roosevelt’s attempt not at “reset” but at setting post war relations with the Soviet Union on an even keel. FDR failed. Stalin was determined to secure Soviet Russia by creating a “friendly” buffer zone well beyond its borders. Hence, Stalin agreed to join the war effort in the Pacific after Germany surrendered and did. Stalin also permitted the fiction of percentages of influence in border states to persist wherein Russia or another power would have a minority holding. That never happened. Eastern European states began falling like dominoes into Soviet control. Moscow increased its Asian perimeter occupying the northern half of Korea and Japan’s northern islands. By 1947 and the Greek revolution, the West realized a cold war had started and as Churchill pronounced, “an iron curtain [had] descended” across Europe. Soviet interests would always dominate relations with the West. This is what is happening in Crimea. Putin is responding to Russian interests. No less an authority than Henry Kissinger has a good explanation of why. Without excusing the Crimean intervention, Kissinger understands how Putin came to regard post-Cold War American policies and actions as humiliating, demeaning and dismissive of Russia. Led by the U.S., the West celebrated the implosion of the Soviet Union as a great victory, which it was. But most Russians did not celebrate that outcome. Nationalism still permeated Russia and Russians. The expansion of NATO eastwards, George W. Bush’s unilateral termination of the ABM Treaty in 2001, misguided wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and what Russians perceive as excessive arrogance and repeated claims of exceptionalism on the part of the U.S. elite provoked genuine Russian resentment and animosity against America. Putin, with a finely tuned political ear, has become the expression of that resentment and humiliation. Indeed, politicians anywhere would give virtually anything for opinion ratings as high as Putin’s are today. Further, Presidents Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin have, at best, a cool relationship. Body language suggests neither is fond of the other -- in that regard Putin and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu may share a common reaction. The result is a collision of interests, cultures and psyches. Both the West and Russia can mount strong argument over Crimea representing vastly different interests. Unfortunately, both sets of interests exist in different universes meaning reconciliation will not occur overnight. Under these circumstances and assuming Putin does not move farther west into Ukraine, the best course of action may be in form, not substance. The U.S. and the West should assume a posture of sorrow and disappointment towards Russia, mourning actions that will only destabilize and not improve security and prosperity for all. Against that tone, the U.S. and its allies should announce, reluctantly, imposing sanctions and other measures against Putin’s assimilation of Crimea. Symbolic actions with NATO with visits by high level civilian and military officials to capitals; staff exercises to improve inter-European deployments of forces; and other steps to reassure allies and bolster deterrence are essential. Interestingly, deploying more anti-ballistic missiles to Poland and also to the Czech Republic designed to counter potential Iranian systems makes no military or political sense as Russia has tens of thousands of short-range nuclear weapons against which a handful of missiles are useless. This is not 1938. It need not be 1945 either if we understand what motivates Russia and Putin and act accordingly. ____________________________________________________________________ Harlan Ullman is Chairman of the Killowen Group that advises leaders of government and business, Senior Advisor at Washington D.C.’s Atlantic Council. His latest book, due out this Fall, is A Handful of Bullets: How the Murder of an Archduke a Century Ago Still Menaces Peace Today.
Here, we will be discussing Binomial Nomenclature, its definition, rules, and importance along with a few examples. It is an integral portion of the first chapter of class 11 NCERT Biology “The Living World” which will help you in your NEET exam or boards preparation. Why is Binomial Nomenclature important? Binomial Nomenclature is important to standardize the naming of living organisms. Naming of living organisms should be such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world. Description of an organism should enable the people of any part of the world to arrive at the same exact name. Common names aren’t unique, unlike scientific names. Hence, the use of common names can lead to great confusion and conflict as to what animal or plant is being referred to and what is its relationship with other plants or animals. Obviously it is not possible to identify the enormous number of living organisms based on their common/vernacular/local names hence scientific names are given to them. Binomial Nomenclature is important because it allows people from all over the world to communicate unambiguously about the various plant and animal species. Also, it makes sure that every scientific name is unique. For example, if tigers are given the scientific name Panthera tigris, no other animal species can be given the same exact name. So, if you are an Indian scientist studying the relatives of tigers and you wish to discuss it with an American scientist, both of you can use the scientific name to address tigers. This way, you will know exactly what the other person is talking about and vice versa. Scientific names of a particular plant/animal also tell us about its relationship with other plants/animals. Scientific names consist of a generic epithet (name of the genus) and a specific epithet (name of species). Most of the genera are made up of many species. In the genus Panthera, there are other species as well. For example, - Panthera tigris (tiger) - Panthera uncia (snow leopard) - Panthera onca (jaguar) - Panthera leo (lion) - Panthera pardus (leopard) All of these species share the same generic epithet (name of the genus), this indicates that they’re closely related to each other. What is Nomenclature? Nomenclature is the assignment of distinctive names to each species. Plants and animals are known by different common names in different parts of the world. Within the same country, people of different states and regions might use different common names. For example, Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) is called Shakarkandi in Hindi, Meetha aloo in Assamese and Bengali, Cilagaḍadumpa in Telugu, Ratāḷē in Marathi and Sihi ālūgeḍḍe in Kannada. Similarly, the common house sparrow is called Goraiya in India, Sparrow in England, and Haussperling in America. Thus, common names are very confusing. The earliest scientific names were polynomial and were composed of many words (which gave the characteristics of plants). For example, Sida acuta (a member of Malvaceae) was named as Chrysophyllum folis, ovalis superne glabris parallel striatis subtus, tomentosonitidis. Such long names were of course very difficult to remember. Hence, to make things easier, a binomial system of nomenclature was introduced soon after. Who introduced Binomial Nomenclature? The binomial nomenclature system was given by Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist. Carolus Linnaeus used this nomenclature system for the first time on a large scale and proposed the scientific names of many plants and animals. He first employed this system in his book Species Plantarum which was published in the year 1753. Linnaeus proposed the scientific names of plants in his book Species Plantarum which was published on 1 May 1753. So this was the initiation of a binomial system for plants (Note: any name proposed for plants before this date is not accepted today). Linnaeus proposed the scientific names of animals in his book Systema Naturae (10th edition). It was published on 1 August 1758. So initiation of a binomial system for animals is believed to have started then. Rules of Binomial Nomenclature According to this system, the name of a plant or animal is composed of two Latin (or Latinised) words. They are derived from Latin irrespective of their origin. For example, - Solanum tuberosum is the scientific name for potato. - Passer domesticus is the scientific name for house sparrow. - Mangifera indica is the scientific name for mango. Each name has two components, the generic name, and the specific epithet. The first word indicates the name of the genus (also called generic name). The second word denotes the name of the species (also called specific epithet). The generic name always begins with a capital letter and the specific name with a small letter. Both the words, when handwritten, are separately underlined and they’re printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin. The generic and specific names always have some meaning. They are based on some special characters of the plant and animals, or the name of any scientist or on some legend. Usually, the name of the author, who names the organism, is also written in full or in abbreviated form after the specific name. The name of the scientist should be neither underlined nor in italics, but written in Roman letters (simple alphabets). Thus, in the case of Mangifera indica L., the L. stands for Linnaeus, and in Lychnis alba Mill., the Mill. stands for Miller. Sometimes a single species is described under different names by different authors. These names are called synonyms. In such cases, the name under which the species is first described is considered to be valid. Trinomial nomenclature is basically an extension of Binomial nomenclature. Certain species can be divided into smaller units, called subspecies or varieties, on the basis of finer differences. The name of the variety is written after the specific epithet. Thus, the name may become a trinomial or a three-word name. According to this system, the name of any organism is composed of three words: (i) Generic name (ii) Specific epithet (iii) Subspecific epithet (Name of variety) - Homo sapiens europeus is the name of the man of European race. - Brassica oleracea botrytis (Cauliflower) - Brassica oleracea capitata (Cabbage) - Brassica oleracea caulorapa (Knol-Khol) Code of Biological Nomenclature Anyone can study, describe, identify, and name an organism provided he/ she follows certain universal rules. These rules are framed and standardized by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) for plants and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals. The codes help in avoiding errors, duplication, confusion, and ambiguity in scientific names. They’re established and improved upon at the International Botanical and Zoological Congress held from time to time. The names of bacteria are decided by the International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature (ICBN). The names of viruses are decided by the International Code of Viral Nomenclature (ICVN). Similarly, there is a separate International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). If both generic and specific names are the same, these are called tautonyms. In plant nomenclature, tautonyms are not valid. Generic name and specific epithet should not be the same in plants. But tautonyms are valid in animal nomenclature. For example, - Naja naja (Indian cobra) - Rattus rattus (Rat) Hope you found it helpful. Good luck Medicoholics! Until next time.
\|Sunday, May 26, 2013 - 4:00 AM "Workshop 4. Oral Histories" Oral histories can serve a dual role in the classroom: as a type of literature to be studied in itself and as artifacts that help explain other literary works. This session focuses on how folk songs, interviews, and other oral histories provide alternative views of a text. D \|More on LEARN/CREATE (MT)\| \|No upcoming shows in database\|
Top 100 Sociology Research Paper Topics To Rock In 2019 There are many sciences that study society. Sociology deals with the study of this concept, its structure, laws of development, human behavior, etc. This is the science that forms and approves the view of civil society, which is constantly in a state of volatility and development. There are plenty of themes from this subject that you can use for research. Sometimes it is difficult to select the one that will be interesting and attract the reader. We wrote a list on sociology research proposal topics. These topics are quite diverse and relate to different categories of students and thematic areas. By choosing one theme, you will have the opportunity to explore in your paper the circumstances of life that surround society in the infinite process of human relations. You can get facts about social reality, its individual phenomena, parties, and more. 25 Sociology Research Topics for College Students - Social status in modern society. - Discussions in sociological science on this subject. - Society as a sociology studying object. - Society: mechanisms of development & destruction. - Globalization and society development. - Student youth as a socio-professional group. - The level of your future profession prestige & the prospects for its change. - Social regulators of human behavior. - Sociological studies of marriage and family. - Problems of relations between generations. - Conflicts in the youth environment. - Ways to overcome interpersonal conflicts. - Concept life quality and its main parameters. - Formation features & trust expression in social interactions. - Self-realization values in the structure of value consciousness. - Theoretical and methodological peculiarities of social networks research. - Social capital: sociological study directions. - Tolerance as a society feature. - Ethnic subcultures as localization models in the modern globalization space. - Patriotism in the representations of modern youth. - The concept of social mobility and its modern development. - Contemporary parenthood: features and change trends. - Motherhood as a concerning practice: conceptual approaches to research. - Catastrophes consequences in public life. - Sociological studies of health and its social dimensions. 25 Sociology Research Topics for High School Students - Body culture in modern youth. - Life quality dimensions in modern societies. - Social inequalities in modern societies age. - The time budget for student youth. - Implications of advertising in society. - Shopping as a socio-cultural practice. - Everyday life as a social relations space. - Migration intentions of student youth. - Do you consider the health problem in our society relevant? - Students relationship in the group. - Factors influencing occupational rating. - Are young people curious? - Means of communication in modern youth life. - Influence of drugs on youth in modern society. - Priority of professional choice. - Deviant behavior among modern youth. - Book, theatrical performance, cinema in modern people live. - What causes the problem of young people’s attitude towards their future? - What are social isolation cases teaching us? - Life ideals in the personality formation. - Labor collective as a social organization. - Youth leisure in socio-cultural practice. - The problem of youth employment. - Creative-developing leisure, ways of realization. - Influence of advertising on the formation of youth ideological positions. 25 Controversial Persuasive Speech Topics for College Students - Ethnos & Nation: common and excellent. - Social and ethnic: problems of interconnection and interaction. - Man: natural & social. - Sociology study objects of labor and management. - Sociological and social research. - Present & Future in the estimations of young students. - “Social man” & “Economic man” as personality types. - Free time and the world of student hobbies. - Learner’s hostel: problems and prospects. - National and language problems in the country. - Problems of understanding between children and parents. - Genetically modified products: “for” & “against”. - Preschool education: problems and perspectives. - Social networks – “For” & “Against”. - Youth problems: professional and economic youth self-determination. - Education as a complex Vs simple social phenomenon. - Sociological knowledge and person. - Cooperation between higher education institutions and schools. - The development of the student’s personality and the innovative processes introduction. - Life of man – the history of the nation. - Civil society and the appointment of an individual. - The role of a teacher Vs parents in the development of a student’s creative personality. - Conflicts between teachers and students: the ways of solving them. - Socio-economic trends of social development and problems of preventive educational work with minors. - Society as a social system. Social structure & social stratification. 25 Easy & Good Sociology Research Topics - The role of the book in the people lives. - The young people attitude to modern supermarkets. - The process of forming a friendship between adolescence children. - Youth leisure organization. - Stimulation of labor: the essence, structure, and varieties. - Paranormal phenomena: students’ opinion. - The ratio of youth to suicide. - Healthy Lifestyle. - Life after death, reincarnation. - Show business as a professional orientation. - The attitude of students to the chosen profession. - Youth, alcoholism, & smoking. - Modern family in the country. - Impact of student life on university studies. - Musical preferences for young people. - The upbringing of children in a modern family. - Language environment for students. - Modern evidence of youth subculture. - Youth attitude to fashion. - Gamesmanship and its influence on young people. - Student self-organization through their eyes. - Youth and unlawful behavior. - Family relationships: the person’s life in a family. - Communication: information exchange. - Behavioral types and personality structure. 5 Tips How To Brainstorm Awesome Sociology Paper Topics In Less Than 60 Minutes The topic should be formulated concisely and show what will be discussed in the work. You ought to remember some tips when selecting a sociology research topics list. - Engage yourself. The topic should be interesting to you. You can recall your past lectures in sociology. Perhaps there were topics that you more interested in. Try writing a list of these topics, and then formulate your own. You will be able to reveal the title of work well. But do not forget about effectiveness and significance. Each topic of research should have a certain effect on the national society. - Re-read the subject manuals. There you can learn a lot of ideas. Each sentence can lead you to a new topic. Try to just flip and read other people’s themes. You will see a lot of subjects that you would not have guessed yourself and see how they are disassembled by other authors. Already on the basis of this, it will be much easier for you to come up with your own version of the topic. - Think about the purpose of your work. What would you like to write and learn about? You can write sociology research topics on family or about modern youth. After all, sociology is a universal science of society. Study and explore information and statistics. There you will also be able to find an idea for the theme of your work. - Take into account the requirements of the teachers regarding the work. You must follow them clearly and come up with a theme in this way. You can consult with your mentor. Do not get problematic issues as topics. This way you risk a lot to reduce the amount of text. By answering questions, you will not be able to develop the idea further. If you take a broad subject, you will need a thorough knowledge of this and a detailed analysis of all the important points. - Think about the relevance of the topic. The analysis of modern society plays an important role in choosing a theme. Do not forget about scientific novelty. This means that the topic in this form has never been developed and duplication is excluded. Clearly state the main problems that need to be addressed, briefly describe the problem under investigation, the existing methods of its solution and try to give the recommendations. 2,000+ PRO Academic Writers Available 24/7 (Just In Case You’re In A Time Crunch) Modern sociology is a fairly branched system of knowledge. Sometimes it’s hard for a person to come up with a topic for a paper. So professional writers can assist you and write easy sociology research topics. A large number (over 2000) of professionals work to ease your task. We will make a good topic if you order research work right now. We give assurances that professional writers will do their utmost to ensure that your topic and work will be interest to every teacher and you in particular. Our authors will be able to obtain, receive concrete facts, their description, classification, and interpretation on the basis of those approaches, principles, indicators, which give general and special sociological theories.
The sinuses are hollow areas in the skull that are arranged in pairs. Sinusitis occurs when the tissue lining the sinuses in the skull around the nose (the paranasal sinuses) becomes inflamed and infected. Sinusitis usually occurs with inflammation in the nasal passages (rhinitis). When they occur together, it is called rhinosinusitis. The infections are categorized by the length of time symptoms are present: - Acute rhinosinusitis—duration less than 4 weeks - Subacute rhinosinusitis—duration 4-12 weeks - Recurrent acute rhinosinusitis—4 or more episodes per year with no symptoms between episodes - Chronic rhinosinusitis—duration more than 12 weeks Several viral, bacterial, or other causes are associated with acute sinusitis. All are bacteria that are often found in the nose and throat of healthy people, and which cause other common conditions, such as acute bronchitis and ear infections. A viral upper respiratory infection such as the common cold often occurs just before developing a bacterial infection. Certain other bacteria and fungi, can be a cause of chronic sinusitis. Sinusitis starts with swelling of the nasal and sinus passages. Tiny hairs called cilia usually move constantly to help shift mucus out of the sinuses. With sinusitis, these hairs stop working as well as they should. Both the swelling and lack of movement from cilia make it difficult for mucus to move out of the sinuses. This buildup of mucus and air create the pressure and pain associated with sinusitis. It also creates a place for bacteria and viruses to grow. Sinusitis is an extremely common problem. In a given year, about 37 million Americans suffer from sinusitis.What are the risk factors for sinusitis?What are the symptoms of sinusitis?How is sinusitis diagnosed?What are the treatments for sinusitis?Are there screening tests for sinusitis?How can I reduce my risk of sinusitis?What questions should I ask my doctor?Where can I get more information about sinusitis? - Reviewer: David Horn, MD - Review Date: 08/2015 - - Update Date: 09/17/2014 -
Basil Champneys (1842-1935) was one of the eight children, and the third of the five sons, of the Evangelical rector of St Mary's, Whitechapel (later Dean of Lichfield). He attended Charterhouse school while it was still in London, then Trinity College, Cambridge, before studying architecture under the Welsh architect, John Prichard. Despite this Gothic Revival background, he worked in a range of styles, and was among the early promoters of the Queen Anne style, for instance, in his design for Newnham College, Cambridge (1874-1910), which differs considerably from earlier collegiate architecture, and which one architectural historian calls a "gracious, rambling building" (Watkin 474). Another such historian sees Champneys as forming "a sort of link between the Gothic Revival and the resuscitation of taste" (Turnor 94). Although he designed all sorts of buildings, from homes and churches to schools, he is best known for his various college buildings in Oxford and Cambridge, not only Newnham but also (for example) the School of Divinity, Cambridge (1878-79), and the Indian Institute (1882) and Mansfield College (1886), Oxford. But his finest work was probably the John Rylands Library, Manchester, with "the high drama of [his] Art-for-Art's-sake Gothic" serving as "an example of historic style used freely as a medium for individual expression" (Archer 30). Champneys also moved in literary circles. He wrote several papers on architecture, published his delightfully chatty A Quiet Corner of England: Studies of Landscape and Architecture in Winchelsea, Rye, and the Romney Marsh (1875), and also brought out the Memoirs and Correspondence of Coventry Patmore (1900), as well as writing a memoir of his mother-in-law, Adelaide Drummond (1915). — Jacqueline Banerjee - John Rylands Library, Manchester. 1: Exterior - John Rylands Library, Manchester. 2: Interior - Mansfield College - Additions to Manchester Cathedral - The Divinity School, Cambridge - All Saints' Memorial Cross, Cambridge - Newnham College, Cambridge - Bedford College for Women, London - Henry Fawcett Fountain - House at Heathfield, Sussex - King's Lynn Grammar School - St. Luke's Chapel, West Hampstead Archer, John H. G. "John Rylands Library." In Manchester, by Clare Hartwell. Pevsner Architectural Guides. London: Penguin, 2001. 96-101. Print. Briggs, M.S., rev. Michael W. Brooks. "Champneys, Basil (1842-1835). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online ed. Web. 1 August 2012. Turnor, Reginald. Nineteenth Century Architecture in Britain. London: Batsford., 1950. Print. Watkin, David. A History of Western Architecture. 4th ed. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2005. Print. Last modified 24 May 2013
János, Count Mailáth, (born Oct. 5, 1786, Pest, Hung.—died Jan. 3, 1855, Lake Starnberg, near Munich [Germany]), Hungarian writer and historian, who interpreted Magyar culture to the Germans and who wrote a sympathetic account of the Habsburg monarchy. Mailáth, the son of Count Jozsef Mailáth, an imperial minister of state, entered government service but soon had to resign because of an injury to his eyesight. Devoting himself to literary work, he edited two important collections of medieval German poetry (1818 and 1819) and wrote some German verse of his own (1824) before producing his German translations of Hungarian poems (1825 and 1829). Writing in German, Mailáth brought out a number of major works, including his “Magyar Legends, Fables, and Tales” (1825), a five-volume “History of the Magyars” (1828–31), and his perceptive, five-volume “History of the Austrian Empire” (1834–50). He also wrote on mnemonics (1842) and on the healing power of animal magnetism (1852). In the political ferment of the Revolution of 1848, Mailáth stood aloof, siding with neither the revolutionaries nor the conservatives. In 1848 he left Vienna for Munich, where after several years he found himself destitute. Despondent, he made a suicide pact with his daughter Henrika, who had long been his secretary. The two weighted their clothes with stones, tied themselves together at the wrists, and threw themselves into Lake Starnberg.
58% of the energy created in the U.S. is wasted. It powers nothing of use but burns up all the resources anyway. This waste occurs all along the energy pathway, from energy manufacturing to your home. While you can’t personally do much about what happens at the plants, you can make sure you waste as little as possible at home. Here’s how to save energy at home in 5 simple tips. 1. Kill Vampire Energy Most of the things in your house right now that are plugged into an outlet are using energy – even if they aren’t charging anything or actively in use. They’re called energy vampires, and they lurk everywhere, from the light on your TV, to the chargers still plugged into the wall. We’re not just talking about pennies’ worth of energy. Energy vampires can account for as much as 20% of your electric bill! Get power strips that are easy to turn on and off so you can slay these vampires when they aren’t in use. 2. Upgrade Your AC AC is your biggest contributor to your energy bill, especially in the summer – but if you’re AC is out of sorts, it’s just eating up your money. Make sure your AC unit is regularly maintained, and fix it if you need to. The savings are worth it. 3. Get Better Windows Windows act as one of the main insulators in your home. If they aren’t working properly, your heating money goes straight out the window. That’s why now is the perfect time for replacing your old windows. Doing so will keep your home better insulated, and save you money and energy. 4. Use Less Electricity Ever leave a room but the light is still on? Can you cut down on screen time? Can you change the temperature by a few degrees? Finding little hacks in your life to use less electricity stack up. Turn off devices when they aren’t in use instead of leaving them plugged in, and avoid using as much electricity as possible. 5. Switch to Sustainable If you can upgrade any appliance to an energy-saving version, you’re making more sustainable choices. Some of the best places to start are with your washer and dryer and your refrigerator. But switching out lightbulbs for more energy-efficient options will help you save too, and at a much smaller cost. If you can, try contacting your power company to see if they can switch you to a sustainable source like solar, wind, or water power. More and more companies are offering these features. Learning How to Save Energy at Home Is Easy Learning how to save energy at home doesn’t take much time or effort. With a few simple tricks and habits, you can lower your electric bill right away, and you won’t see it go back up. Saving energy is great for your wallet and the planet. We’re full of useful tips to help you live a better life. Bookmark our page and keep coming back for more.
Skip to Main Content Children with autism have difficulty sustaining their selective attention during therapy sessions. Attention management techniques involve the use of verbal and visual prompting, annotated on top of the physical objects used during therapies. Here, the authors explore how augmented reality helps integrate the physical and digital worlds, mimicking current strategies for attention management in autism. They describe their design decisions when developing the Mobile Object Identification System (Mobis), a mobile augmented reality application that lets teachers superimpose digital content on top of physical objects. The results of a five-week deployment study demonstrate that Mobis is useful and easy to use, increases the sustained and selective attention of children with autism, and elicits positive emotions during therapies. This article is part of a special issue on managing attention.
Many gardeners choose to have a greenhouse to allow them to grow exotic plants or grow fruit and vegetables all through the year. In certain places, the winter can be icy, causing the temperature in the greenhouse to drop significantly. When is a greenhouse too cold, and what can be done about it? Greenhouses become too cold when the outside temperature drops and there is insufficient sunlight to warm the greenhouse. The minimum temperature varies according to the plants, but a minimum temperature of 55° F is generally acceptable. Heat the greenhouse using electrical, gas, or wood heaters. Use compost and water barrels to add heat. Adding a greenhouse to your garden can be very rewarding and allow you to spread your gardening wings. Some greenhouses can even be used to extend a family’s living space and include areas for recreation. Unfortunately, sometimes winters can be harsh and lower the temperature to unacceptable levels in the greenhouse. There are several ways to combat this. When Is A Greenhouse Too Cold? The required temperature in a greenhouse is dependent on what plants you are growing in your greenhouse. Generally, greenhouse temperatures should be at approximately 80° F to 85° F. - Tropical plants can deal with a minimum temperature of 55° F. - You should check the minimum temperatures the plants can deal with, and this will give you a guideline on whether your greenhouse is too cold. - It is useful to note that plants require different temperatures at different stages of their life cycle. - Flowering and fruiting often need higher temperatures than other stages in the plant’s life. - Germinating seeds also need specific heat requirements. Cold Spots In The Greenhouse. It is quite common for greenhouses to have areas that are cooler, and this should be closely monitored. Installing multiple thermometers or using a moveable thermometer will allow you to check all areas of the greenhouse. Why Would A Greenhouse Be Too Cold? Greenhouses can become too cold in freezing climates, especially in far northern areas. The winter temperatures in these areas fall extremely low. There is a limited amount of sunshine or daylight hours to warm the greenhouse during the day. In some climates, winter is accompanied by cloudy overcast skies, which means that the greenhouse cannot warm up from the sun’s rays. There are times when the temperatures in greenhouses can drop so low that the greenhouse plants die from frost damage, defeating the purpose of having a greenhouse. Here’s a great video with some tips to keep a greenhouse warm, with more info below: What Should Be Done About A Cold Greenhouse? There are two approaches to warming a greenhouse. The first is to ensure there is adequate insulation to prevent heat loss through the outer covering of the greenhouse. The second is to provide a heating source to raise the temperature. Insulating A Greenhouse. Greenhouses come with a variety of covering materials. They may be made of glass or polycarbonate sheeting. These two materials preserve the heat much better but may still need extra insulation in frigid climates. - Other greenhouses have some form of plastic sheeting, and these greenhouses are prone to losing heat quickly. - One of the easiest ways to improve insulation is to layer the inside of the greenhouse with horticultural bubble wrap. - The bubbles entrap warm air during the day and release it at night when the temperature drops. - Frost fabric is usually used to cover a row of plants or individual plants. - Sometimes gardeners use it to line the inner surface of a greenhouse to improve insulation. How To Heat A Greenhouse. Greenhouse heating can vary widely depending on the budget and how eco-friendly the gardener wishes to be. Some professional greenhouses have large electric space heaters governed by automatic thermostats. You can find decent Electric Space Heaters Here (link to Amazon) for under 50 dollars that will help keep a greenhouse warm. The temperature is consistently monitored by computer systems which switch the heating on and off as needed. These systems can be adapted to fit smaller backyard greenhouses, but they come with a hefty price tag and electricity costs. - Some gardeners dispense with the automated computer system and switch the electric space heater on themselves. - This can work well but must be monitored carefully to ensure plants do not overheat. Portable gas heaters and heat lamps are often used to warm the greenhouse. They can be positioned in cold spots in the greenhouse to raise the temperature. I’ve seen people have success with propane fueled Patio Heaters (link to Amazon) but you have to keep an eye on the propane tanks and switch them out when needed. Wood stoves can be used as a cheap alternative if you have access to wood for fuel. These stoves can also burn compressed biomass pellets. Here’s a quick video showing a basic heating setup for a greenhouse: It is essential to monitor carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide levels in the greenhouse and allow for ventilation if you are burning wood. These gases can quickly build up to toxic levels, which can be hazardous to people and detrimental to the plants. For some gardeners, greenhouses are used to extend their living space and allow them to enjoy nature during the cold winter months. They may install a hot tub that serves the purpose of heating the greenhouse while providing a place for recreation for the family. Check out our in detail article about Hot Tubs In Greenhouses for more info on that. Some gardeners are convinced that heating the greenhouse space is a wasted effort and it is best to heat the soil, or some prefer to do both. The ground can be heated using soil heating cables. These water-resistant cables are laid just under the surface of the soil and are governed by a thermostat. The thermostat keeps the soil at a constant temperature. Soil heating cables are very popular for germinating seeds. Placing a fan in a greenhouse will ensure that all areas of the greenhouse are warmed. It helps to prevent cold spots and circulates the air to ensure the health of the plants. Some Eco-Friendly Methods To Heat A Greenhouse. Compost generates a lot of heat as it decomposes. - Some gardeners will make piles of compost in the greenhouse or create a heat sink. - To create a heat sink, dig a ditch in the center of the greenhouse. - Fill the ditch with compost to increase the temperature substantially in the greenhouse. - If you only need to increase the temperature a little, you can use bricks or concrete in the ditch. - Some people put pipes into the ditch, which lead up into the greenhouse to increase the heating ability of the heat sink. Hotbeds are raised beds that have an underlayer of composting material. - The layer of compost is covered by planting soil, and the plants are planted into this top layer. - The decomposing compost warms the soil and plant, preventing frost damage. - This method has been used for many hundreds of years. - Popular composting material was ( and still is in many areas) straw and horse or cow manure. Placing water barrels in the greenhouse adds thermal mass. - The water absorbs heat during the day. - Water has a high specific heat capacity and so can store a great deal of heat. - As the greenhouse temperature drops at night, the heat energy moves from the water into the surrounding air, heating the greenhouse. - To increase the heat absorption of the water, paint the barrels or containers black. Greenhouse Design That Adds Warmth. Greenhouses can be built to limit heat loss and reduce the need for heating. A greenhouse built underground with only the roof or a small section of the walls and roof above ground creates a well-insulated space to grow plants. The soil at approximately four feet under the surface does not usually drop below 50° F to 60° F. This allows the greenhouse to stay warm in the winter. The angle of the roof should be built to maximize absorption of the available winter sunlight. Greenhouses can be rewarding gardening experiences allowing you to grow plants in seasons and climates that would typically prohibit it. Greenhouses can become too cold, especially in cold northern winters. They can be heated by various means depending on your budget and preferences. Designing your greenhouse correctly can limit the amount of heating required.
The United Nations World Food Program says it is closely monitoring the crippling drought situation in Zimbabwe and lobbying stakeholders for the provision of food and other resources to the affected families. Officials said Zimbabwe has pledged 35,000 tonnes of maize and the WFP is working with other organizations to secure additional aid. Close to 1.6 million people will need food aid by March next year. The food aid ogranization reported the dire situation in late July saying the drought was and will continue to cripple the most vulnerable. The assessment indicated that the number of people in need of food aid is 60 percent higher than the one million that needed assistance during the last lean season. WFP pinpointed erratic rainfall and dry spells, limited access to agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizer, a reduction in the planted hectarage, poor farming practices and inadequate crop diversification as key reasons hunger would peak this season. The worst affected regions are Matabeleland, Midlands, Masvingo and Manicaland. United Nations WFP Zimbabwe country director Felix Bamezon told VOA the food situation is deteriorating.
We’ve all heard those phrases that denote a certain blindness to the passage of time. “She looks as young as the day I met her” husbands say of their wives 50 years into married life, or “haven’t they grown”, people tell me of my children. How about “it wasn’t even hot” said the frog, realising too late that he had sat unawares in the pot while the water slowly crept up to boiling point. The thing is, we don’t tend to notice change if it’s gradual. And according to a recent study from Georgia Southern University and published in Paediatrics, parents don’t recognise when their children have become obese. Slow changes over time in anything we see every day become invisible and can be ignored – which is great for the ageing wives among us but not so helpful for frogs or children whose parents who should be taking notice so something can be done about it. But is it just a matter of timing and what should parents do when they do eventually realise that something is wrong? The new normal Fat children may be invisible to their parents not only because the weight gain has been gradual but because their point of reference has changed. The term “obesity” not only means excess body weight but it also implies disease, illness, difference and a “problem”. But since the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically over the past 40 years, and as populations get fatter, the new normal has become overweight and therefore invisible. By comparison fatter children are now thin. And as seats on aeroplanes, buses or in stadiums get wider and clothes get bigger, being obese is no longer a problem, particularly for children who may only experience symptoms in their later years. So if nearly everyone is obese then bizarrely no one is. And so the “obese” become only those we see on TV being airlifted out of their houses – not the now “chubby”, “well covered” or “big boned” children living in our own homes. Frogs boil because the change is gradual. And if all frogs were boiled, a boiled frog would be the norm. Taking positive action Parents need to be encouraged to see that their child is overweight so they can do something about it, or be aware that it could happen. But what should they do so as not to make matters worse? We don’t want our children to be overweight because it can cause them to be teased, having low self-esteem or develop illnesses in childhood such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease or cancer in later life. But neither do we want them to develop an eating disorder and become anxious about their weight in ways that prevent them from losing weight in a healthy way. In my recent book, The Good Parenting Food Guide, I outline some evidence-based tips for helping a child lose weight without making food into a problem. Central to this is the art of subtle (even underhand) control that children aren’t even aware is going on. So have active weekends (rather than nagging them to be more active), buy healthier food (rather than telling them to eat better), give them a smaller portion on a smaller plate (rather than expecting them to leave food) and be a good role model for eating well and being active (rather than eating what they like in front of them and expecting them not to want it). Eating behaviour and exercise are governed by processes such as availability, modelling and association. At its simplest, we do what we like, if others do it and if it’s easy to do. Parents need to recognise that their child is overweight, and when they do they need to manage it in a ways that does good not harm, seeking to change their behaviour in ways that won’t make a bad situation worse. As I’ve argued before, health professionals can feel uncomfortable mentioning when someone is obese for fear of upsetting them or preventing them from coming back. But health professionals – and teachers, and good friends – who are perhaps less blinded by love can act as another pair of eyes, to show parents that something is wrong and, crucially, to offer positive ways to make things better.
variety of breakfast cereals...cereals are of four basic types: flaked, made from corn, wheat, or rice that has been broken down into grits, cooked with flavours and syrups, and then pressed into flakes between cooled rollers; puffed, made by exploding cooked wheat or rice from a pressure chamber, thus expanding the grain to several times its original size; shredded, made from pressure-cooked wheat that is squeezed into...Early in the 20th century an American patent was taken out for the preparation of puffed wheat and rice. Puffed oats and corn are now also produced. The principle of the puffing process is heating the cereal, and sometimes other vegetable products, in a pressure chamber to a pressure of 7 to 14 kilograms per square centimetre (100 to 200 pounds per square inch), then instantaneously releasing... Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
The Drake Landing Solar Community is the first solar powered community of North America. Located in the town of Okotoks, Alberta, Canada, the project sets a wonderful example of how every household can lead a sustainable lifestyle. There are 800 solar panels located throughout the community on garage roofs, and they produce 1.5 mega-watts of thermal power during a summer day and supply heat to the district heating system. The whole system meets 90% of the annual heating and hot water needs of the homes. The 52-home solar community has installed an array of solar panels on the roofs of their houses and garages. Glycol solution runs through an insulated piping system, or collector loop, that connects the array of solar panels. The solar panels absorb the solar energy during the daytime and heat the glycol solution. The glycol solution travels through the collector loop and reaches an underground heat exchanger within the community’s centralized Energy Center. The heat is then transferred from heat exchanger to the water stored in a short-term storage tank. The glycol solution returns to the solar collector system. The Energy Center has short-term thermal storage tanks and long-thermal storage tanks (Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) system). During the warmer months the heated water is transferred to the underground borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system via a series of pipes. The water heats up the surrounding earth increasing the temperature to 80 degrees C (176 °F). The water returns to the short-term storage tanks to be heated again. The heat is stored underground insulated with sand, high-density R-40 insulation, a waterproof membrane, clay, and other landscaping materials. The stored heat is used to provide heat and hot water to the entire community throughout the winter. The homes are moderately sized, ranging from 1,492 to 1,664 square feet, and have low energy demands, suitable to work with the system. The homes are located close to one another, which provides a walkable neighborhood, and reduces the lengths that the fluid for the solar heating system needs to travel. Water conservation has been made mandatory in the homes. The homes have been built using locally manufactured materials, and recycled material too has been used in construction. The homes will be certified to Natural Resources Canada’s R-2000 Standard for energy efficiency, and the Built Green™ Alberta program. The precedence set by the Drake Landing Solar Community can serve as an example for every community.
By Robert C. Black III The American Civil War was the first modern war, the first of the wars of the Industrial Revolution. It was the first war in which railroads were of primary strategic significance. Although the commercial possibilities of rail transportation had been recognized three decades previously, it was not until the struggle between the American states that railroad lines came to be regarded as military objectives of the first order. But now the echo of the steam locomotive's whistle was to haunt the dreams of staff officers, and railroads were to succeed wagon trains as the prime movers of military materiel. In the Confederate states •about nine thousand miles of primitive track were involved in this pioneer experience. •About one thousand miles of Confederate trackage consisted of a group of small, independent roads in Georgia; and despite the ramshackle condition of these poorly developed little lines, they were to prove more vital to the cause of southern independence than those of any other state, with the possible exception of Virginia. Their ultimate failure to nourish the Confederate war effort did much to insure the military defeat of the South. The seceding states entered the conflict of the 1860's with so many basic weaknesses that only the most efficient utilization of the few advantages they possessed could have brought ultimate success. Especially prominent among these advantages was the possibility of waging war upon interior lines. Such a possibility served to diminish somewhat an otherwise hopeless disparity in manpower and resources; p512it presented, in fact, a constant opportunity to "get there first with the most men." This would have meant very little, however, had not the Confederacy possessed a railroad net sufficient to offset in some measure the relatively highly developed system in the North. Although the railroad lines of the Confederacy were subdivided into a number of small operating companies, they were so located that it was possible to utilize them as connecting links in large-scale interior lines of communication. In general, they followed the basic southwest-to‑northeast pattern imposed by the Appalachian Mountains. An important southwestern terminus of the system was Vicksburg, Mississippi; the northeastern anchor was Richmond, Virginia. These cities were connected by a line extending from Vicksburg to Richmond by way of Jackson, Mississippi; Grand Junction, Chattanooga, Knoxville, and Bristol, Tennessee; and Lynchburg, Virginia. A second but incomplete route utilized a sequence of roads operating to Richmond via Meridian, Mississippi; Montgomery, Alabama; West Point, Atlanta, and Augusta, Georgia; Wilmington, North Carolina; and Petersburg, Virginia. The unfinished portions lay in central Alabama, between Meridian, Mississippi, and Demopolis, Alabama, and between Selma and Montgomery. By the fall of 1861 these gaps could, however, be partially circumvented by a somewhat lengthy detour through Mobile, which involved a •thirty‑mile steamer trip across Mobile Bay and the Alabama River. The first, or Chattanooga route, was by far the more efficient and rapid of the two; but it lay dangerously exposed to hostile attack by any force which could control the navigation of the Tennessee River. In the event of a successful movement by an invading force, the Atlanta route would become highly important as the one fairly adequate interior line of communication remaining to the Confederate States.1 Although Vicksburg and Richmond protected the termini of these essential communication lines, the cities of Chattanooga and Atlanta p513controlled the mid-sections of both routes. Moreover, the Georgia roads were so situated as to be potential avenues of reinforcement and supply for any army defending the mid-sections of either of the two principal routes from hostile attack. The railroad net of Georgia in May, 1861, included the lines of nineteen companies, nearly all of which eventually became involved in the war. The Central Railroad and Banking Company, organized in 1833 as Georgia's first railroad company, in 1861 possessed a main line from Savannah to Macon, with a branch from Gordon through Milledgeville to Eatonton.2 Another early venture was the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, which wound through the red clay uplands from Augusta to Atlanta. Macon and Atlanta were connected during the 1840's by the Macon and Western, and during the decade preceding the war further extensions into the western counties were provided by the Atlanta and West Point, which reached the Chattahoochee River in 1854, and by the South Western, a backwoods system extending palmately from Macon to new and booming cotton centers like Americus, Cuthbert, and Albany. Most important of all the Georgia carriers was the Western and Atlantic, the only line connecting Atlanta and Chattanooga during the period. Traversing the easiest pass across the Appalachian uplift south of New York, it had been constructed by the state during the 1840's in the absence of sufficient private capital to insure to Georgia a share in the benefits of the "western waters." Operated by the state, this road not only carried Socialism into the wilderness while Marx and Engels were still in the early stages of their social thinking, but it was a profitable enterprise. Another company which owed much of its existence to state aid was the Savannah, Albany and Gulf, which, with its affiliate, the Atlantic and Gulf, extended from Savannah southwestward through two hundred sparsely settled miles to Thomasville. Intended originally to divert to Savannah the bonanza cotton crops of southern Alabama, it ran into p514financial difficulties in the flatwoods of the coastal plain and was able to reach Thomasville in the spring of 1861 only by virtue of a state subscription of $650,000.3 Despite its considerable length, it played a relatively minor role during the war. The Georgia railroads connected with other southern carriers at four principal points. From Savannah, the Charleston and Savannah passed through miles of swamp to Charleston and the northeast. From Augusta, the South Carolina Railroad afforded a route from Middle Georgia to the east. At Chattanooga connections were available to Memphis, to Nashville, and to points in eastern Tennessee and Virginia. From West Point, rail service was in operation to Montgomery and beyond. No joint schedules were in effect through these junctions, however, although the Georgia roads and all of the connecting lines, with the single exception of the one between Montgomery and West Point, used the •five‑foot gauge.4 Moreover, due to the influence of teamster interests, there existed in 1861 no physical connection whatever between the South Carolina and the other roads entering Augusta, or between the Savannah, Albany and Gulf and the other carriers at Savannah. In their physical characteristics the Georgia railroads differed little from other southern roads. In common with many other pioneer lines, they were lightly, if not carelessly, built. Wrought iron "T" rail •about twenty-four feet in length was usual by 1860, but the heaviest section that had been installed weighed only •fifty-seven pounds to the yard.5 Most of the locomotives were of the so‑called "America" type and p515were used interchangeably in freight and passenger service. For fuel they depended exclusively upon the profusion of pine, oak, and gum that lined every right of way, a source of supply that seemed cheap and inexhaustible, but which involved so much manual labor that the procurement of an adequate supply would become a serious matter in the event of a manpower shortage. The ordinary maximum speed of •twenty-five miles per hour was dictated by the frightful condition of the track rather than by the capacity of the engines themselves, but they seldom handled a load greater than about 120 tons.6 The cars which rattled unevenly to war over the poorly laid rails were somewhat similar to their modern counterparts. Freight equipment had begun to differentiate itself into specialized types, such as box and "platform" (flat) cars, but their capacity never exceeded 16,000 pounds. Passenger equipment resembled that in the United States in later periods, although the details of construction and refinement were at best crude. Most cars, both freight and passenger, were constructed almost entirely of wood, metal commonly being used only in such appurtenances as couplers, springs, axles, and wheels. The operating officialdom of the average Georgia carrier of the Civil War period commonly consisted of a president, a superintendent, and — usually — a master mechanic. Their salaries seem to have been commensurate with their undeniably important positions: the usual salary of a superintendent averaged between $6,000 and $8,000 per annum, which for the period and before the coming of wartime inflation, represented a handsome income.7 Employees were organized roughly as at present into operating, maintenance, mechanical, and clerical departments, and the wages paid for the more skilled labor seems to have been solved in part by the ownership of slaves. p516In 1860 the Central Railroad possessed slaves valued at $58,863,8 and as late as December 1, 1864, the Macon and Western listed twenty-five slaves valued at $51,478.9 According to the annual report to the stockholders of the Georgia Railroad for 1859, that company owned slaves worth $32,352. The advantages of freight car interchange were only dimly understood in 1861. Clerical measures were taken to insure the return of rolling stock which had to be carried over to the rails of other companies, and the principle of rentals for the use of such cars was universally recognized; but neither the railroads of Georgia nor those of the Confederacy were properly prepared for such operations on a large scale, and they appeared unwilling to undertake them. Financially, the carriers entered the war years upon a generally sound basis. The effects of the financial panic of 1857 had been more serious along the sidewalks of northern cities than in the southern piney woods, and the roads shared to the full the genial monetary warmth of the last Indian summer of the ante-bellum South. The resulting dividends went mostly to individual stockholders, the majority of whom seem to have been Southerners.10 A distinctive and unsatisfactory feature of Georgia railroading was the fact that supplies and material replacements normally came either from across the Potomac or from across the Atlantic. There were exceptions, of course, such as the famous Tredegar Iron Works at Richmond, Virginia, which could prepare material to meet any railroad need from spike to locomotive. In Augusta, Georgia, the Forrest City Foundry, operated by Messrs. Lufburrow and Timmons, specialized in railroad car castings, with a capacity of fifty car wheels per day.11 In p517Atlanta, the Atlanta Rolling Mill Company was particularly adapted to the re‑rolling of rail. The Etowah works, near Cartersville, Georgia, manufactured car axles and other items. Moreover, every carrier of consequence possessed locomotive and car shops capable of supplying a certain amount of new production: at Savannah, for example, the Central Railroad could build both locomotives and cars within its own facilities.12 But since the entire manufacturing potential of the infant Confederacy was scarcely adequate for the proper maintenance of its transportation system, it was grossly inadequate for both railroad and military needs. Throughout the first year of the war, the utilization of the roads in the war effort appears to have been haphazard and desultory. The new administration did not at first make any serious effort to co‑ordinate the activities of the southern carriers, although on April 30, 1861, at a meeting of railroad officials held amidst the political turmoil of the temporary capital at Montgomery, an effort was made to regularize the relationship between the roads and the government.13 A second convention of all the companies of the Confederacy was called in Chattanooga on June 4‑5, not under political or military auspices, but at the initiative of the roads themselves. Even here, the discussions displayed less concern with the military situation than with the routine difficulties incident to their positions as Confederate, rather than American, railroads.14 War, from the very outset, provided many surprises. Less than a fortnight after Fort Sumter all of the Georgia lines were in a state of confusion because of the aimless travel of newly recruited military units, whose enthusiasm for the Confederate cause was equaled only by their lack of any clear conception as to the authority under which p518they were to serve, or of their destination.15 The shops of the Central at Savannah and of the Georgia road at Atlanta found themselves engaged in the production of gun carriages and rifled cannon for both the state and the Confederacy.16 Here and there in the backwoods counties, particularly in those regions where the Appalachians thrust a tongue of northern climate deep into the domain of King Cotton, Unionist sympathizers amused themselves by the sabotage of railroad property, at one time precipitating a South Western passenger train "down an embankment •23 feet high,"17 and on another occasion burning two Western and Atlantic bridges over Chickamauga Creek. An altogether unique incident was a strike, not of labor but of the northern shareholders of the Brunswick and Florida, a short line traversing the coastal plain in the southeastern part of the state. Regarding secession with a jaundiced eye, the majority interests simply refused to carry on the corporate affairs of the company, and it is significant that Governor John E. Brown, having pronounced the property "a means of public defense," seized it in behalf of Georgia "to hold and manage . . . until such time as I may think it proper to again leave the management of such road to said Company."18 Thus, government intervened in private enterprise in order to assure the continued functioning of strikebound rail transportation. Even before the first battle of Manassas the carriers of eastern Tennessee found themselves nearly overwhelmed with the flood of antique ordnance and excited volunteers which flowed northward toward Beauregard's motley regiments, nor did the Federal defeat at Manassas bring more than a temporary respite. By early autumn the depots of the Tennessee roads were again choked with increasing mountains of p519vital freight, which reached such vast proportions that it was evident something must be done quickly to relieve the situation. In an effort to break the jam, the Confederate War Department ordered the seizure of a considerable amount of Western and Atlantic rolling stock. Governor Brown at once refused to relinquish it, on the premise that the Western and Atlantic was the property of the state of Georgia, even threatening "by military force if necessary to make counter seizures."19 Although the Governor evidently understood the true importance of railroads in wartime, his enthusiasm halted at the boundaries of his own state. Indeed, he became an embodiment of that excessive emphasis upon local self-interest which contributed so largely to the ruin of the Confederacy. By the fall of 1861 the difficulties of obtaining adequate railroad supplies appeared insuperable, but occasionally a chance discovery temporarily brightened the outlook for an individual line. Early in December the Western and Atlantic stumbled upon 1,100 tons of new iron rail, which was instantly snatched up at a price of fifty dollars per ton. Less than a year later the same material would have cost "at least $150,000.00 more" than the $55,000 actually expended, Governor Brown asserted.20 By 1862 the Federal forces had begun the application of that vast amphibious pressure which even the genius of Lee, Forrest, and Semmes could counter only temporarily and at scattered points. As early as February the whole Confederate frontier in Tennessee gave way with the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson; in a few works Nashville was in the hands of Union troops, and a large portion of the more northerly of the two principal southern railroad arteries was in deadly peril. The Federal break-through so alarmed the Richmond authorities that they now began to overlook the peculiar status of the Western p520and Atlantic as Georgia property and to impress its rolling stock for military purposes. For the moment, Governor Brown swallowed his protests and even permitted with fair grace the seizure by General Albert Sidney Johnston of a large number of cars for service on the Memphis and Charleston road.21 There they proved of great value in the reassembling of the scattered Army of Tennessee at Corinth, Mississippi. But the southern failure to press the initial advantage at Shiloh and the evacuation of corn on May 29 completely marooned the borrowed equipment, and the majority of it never returned to Western and Atlantic rails. A much more serious threat to Confederate prospects was the fact that the only complete interior line of railroad communication possessed by the South had now been decisively cut near its western end. Another serious problem to Georgia railroads was the introduction of military conscription shortly after Shiloh. Indeed, the policies of over-zealous Confederate draft agents occasionally threatened the continued operation of the roads. Governor Brown succeeded in partially blocking the draft of Western and Atlantic employees by the device of mustering them into the state militia; moreover, he wrote President Davis on April 22, expressing the view that "the military operations of the Government cannot be carried on without the use of all our railroads, and the same necessity exists for the exemption of all other railroad officers and workmen which exists in the case of the State Road."22 No satisfactory solution of the pressing manpower problems of the Confederacy was ever found. Industry, agriculture, and transportation were constantly struggling with the military authorities for the control of the rapidly dwindling labor supply. In fact, this was the first war in which there was a conflict between the principle of universal military service and the necessity for skilled railroad workmen. Gradually it became obvious that railroads were something more than mere pawns in the game of war. In the spring of 1862 the Union p521forces in central Tennessee were under the command of Major General Ormsby M. Mitchel, whose customary befuddlement was offset at times by a singularly clear understanding of the importance of the railroad as a primary agency in logistics. He was largely responsible for the famous Andrews raid and the theft of the locomotive "General" on April 12; the fact that the episode was an almost complete failure from the Federal point of view was not so much a reflection upon the soundness of the idea as a tribute to the determination of certain Western and Atlantic employees, who were able to press the raiders so closely that they were unable to carry out the intended destruction of the line.23 The affair did result in the hasty mobilization of two companies of Georgia militia for the purpose of guarding critical portions of the property. Such protective measures were well taken, for that very summer the rail carriers, and especially the Western and Atlantic, were to make possible some of the Confederacy's most successful weeks in the west. After their gains in Mississippi the Federal forces were extended on a broad front eastward along the line of the half-wrecked Memphis and Charleston, toward Chattanooga. Following a characteristic period of hesitation, the Confederate General Braxton Bragg comprehended the real meaning of the threat to Chattanooga and to the easy pass leading southward from it through the broken Appalachian ridges to Atlanta and the Piedmont country beyond. Moreover, he not only grasped the present necessity of protecting Chattanooga, but recognized the opportunity which lay in a lightning movement around the point of the Federal advance and a heavy blow upon the heart of the Union communications system in central Kentucky. Bragg's Army of Tennessee had been casually reorganizing in Tupelo, Mississippi, more than two hundred airline miles from the proposed scene of operations. A few years before there would have been p522no opportunity for him to arrive in Chattanooga in advance of his opponent. But railroads, though primitive and circuitous, were never available. On July 21 the first Confederate troop trains departed from Tupelo; on July 29 the same ragged regiments, having proceeded via Mobile, Montgomery, and Atlanta, were clattering over the switches into Chattanooga.24 For the time being the whole complexion of the war in the West was changed in favor of the South, and if Bragg subsequently was to fritter away great opportunities amid the Kentucky blue grass, his failure was no reflection upon the military potentialities of the steam locomotive. But temporary successes upon the field of battle did little to alleviate the economic blockade, and with a flood of paper money sweeping the land the expenses of railroad operation soared even higher, against which the carriers attempted to protect themselves by heavy increases in freight rates. This practice became so widespread that still another railroad convention was held under Confederate auspices at Columbia, South Carolina, in September, 1862, in an attempt to set up a universal schedule of fair and just charges for carrying government traffic. This agreement was promptly cited by a number of roads as justification for a further increase in their ordinary tariff.25 Keeping abreast of a monetary inflation was relatively easy for a time, but coping with the practical difficulties which had helped to bring about that inflation was a more serious matter. The war had brought with it an unforeseen labor shortage which was particularly reflected during the summer of 1862 in a growing scarcity of cordwood for the locomotives. The fuel shortage became so serious that units of the state militia were occasionally detailed to cut a minimum supply. Passenger equipment proved utterly inadequate to cope with the demands of the military authorities or with the requests of the civilian population, which clamored for transportation in endless swarms that p523were a constant amazement to railroad officials. Not only was it ordinarily impossible to secure additional rolling stock to alleviate the situation, but the growing scarcity of ordinary mechanical parts rendered it increasingly difficult to maintain any kind of car, freight or passenger, in operating condition. New rail became simply unavailable. When the Richmond government, in a somewhat belated effort to close the gap in the road across central Alabama, issued a plea for surplus iron, Governor Brown could only report bluntly that Georgia "has none she does not need and none to sell."26 By the winter of 1863, after two years of blockade, the problems of maintenance of the Georgia railroads were becoming so grave that continued operation of even the essential lines seemed doubtful. The whole problem had assumed, in fact, the form of an insoluble dilemma: improvement in the condition of the railroads depended upon further industrial expansion, and that expansion itself was impossible without an improvement in the railroads. The position of the Forrest City Iron Works at Augusta was typical: capable of casting fifty car wheels per day, the firm could actually produce but fifteen because of the car shortage.27 The declining efficiency of the Georgia carriers was quickly reflected in a noticeable flagging of the Confederate military effort. In March, 1863, General Bragg, at his headquarters in Tullahoma, Tennessee, complained that the Western and Atlantic would not accept shipment of ordnance stores of any character, and recommended the military seizure of the property to insure the uninterrupted flow of supplies to his army. Always the champion of outraged state sovereignty, Governor Brown reacted instantly and ungrammatically. "If General Bragg seizes the Road," he telegraphed Superintendent John S. Rowland, "take every officer, conductor, engineer, and agent off of it and stop operations until his superiors have learned him his duty."28 Brown also p524warned President Davis that he would repel Bragg's "unwarrantable aggressions by force."29 The presidential reply was mild; even military necessity could scarcely take precedence over the sacred rights and property of a Confederate state. The railroads of Georgia, although on the verge of complete collapse, desperately struggled to maintain service. Through efforts which must have been herculean, the Central completed in April, 1863, an entirely new series of car and engine shops at Macon to replace its original facilities at Savannah which had been converted into military arsenals at the beginning of the war. The same road had even gone so far as to manufacture its own spikes by hand.30 In May all of the Georgia carriers joined with the state in the organization of a "Rail Road Steamship Company" for the purpose of importing "such articles as cannot be done without for repairs" into Savannah through the blockade.31 While the capacity of Georgia railroads to supply the Confederate armies continued to decline, Federal pressure upon the Confederate front in Tennessee became overpowering. Worried by Federal movements, both real and imaginary, General Bragg decided upon a general retreat, and on May 14 his Chief of Staff, General William W. Mackall, requested Governor Brown to forward every piece of available railroad equipment in Georgia to Tullahoma in anticipation of the coming movement. For some reason the gubernatorial response was entirely cordial: Brown not only wired instantly that "every assistance" would be "cheerfully rendered,"32 but he quickly bullied the Macon and Western, the Central, and the Georgia roads into parting with a considerable portion of their rolling stock, and even released p525the motive power and cars of his Western and Atlantic with an altogether surprising abandon. He evidently forgot that Bragg's withdrawal would bring serious war to the sacred soil of Georgia for the first time. With these additions to his transportation materiel, Bragg successfully withdrew from the vicinity of Tullahoma and concentrated his forces at Chattanooga. A more revealing mixture of the actual position of the Confederate forces became evident a few weeks later. In July the dark blue flood of General Ambrose E. Burnside's division began to engulf eastern Tennessee; by September 2 it had occupied Knoxville, and effective Confederate control of the eastern Tennessee railroads was ended. No longer was Chattanooga a division point upon a principal southern communication line; it was now a fragile outpost, tied precariously to the remainder of the Confederacy by the single, tenuous line of the Western and Atlantic. Chattanooga had become a trap rather than a bastion, a fact which certainly was realized by Rosecrans and probably by General Bragg also. The supreme importance of the Western and Atlantic was clear to both, although it seems that Bragg at first feared cavalry raids upon it rather than the full-scale flanking movement which actually was contemplated. The Army of Tennessee lingered in Chattanooga, Bragg contenting himself with the preparation of duplicate parts for Western and Atlantic bridges and with calls for reinforcement.33 Not until September 6 did he become sufficiently aware of his real peril to move his regiments uncertainly southward through the ridge country near Chickamauga Creek. As the two armies groped blindly for each other through broken and confusing terrain, the Confederate railroad system was carrying out its greatest single achievement. In answer to the pleas of Bragg, and despite the terrible losses sustained at Gettysburg, General James Longstreet's entire corps was detached from the Army of Northern Virginia for service in the West. Since the old direct rail line through eastern Tennessee could not be used, the transfer was accomplished by the p526painfully roundabout route via the Carolinas, Augusta, and Atlanta. This was no mean task, involving as it did the transportation of some twelve thousand men over •nearly a thousand miles of dilapidated trackage in about ten days. "Never before," wrote one of Longstreet's staff, "were so many troops moved over such worn-out railways. . . . Never before were such crazy cars — passenger, baggage, mail, coal, box, platform, all and every sort, wobbling on the jumping strap-iron — used for hauling good soldiers. But we got there, nevertheless."34 For once, the makeshift liaison between the carriers and the military appears to have been at once cordial and efficient, and when the sweating divisions of Bragg and Rosecrans blundered into contact along the Chickamauga, the smoke of Longstreet's troop trains already hung heavy in the gaps below Ringgold. And if Bragg failed to press his advantage, the railroads were not responsible. The routine problems of railroading in a beleaguered land without appreciable industrial potential increased steadily and with little regard for the result of Chickamauga or of any other battle. On the Western and Atlantic the continuing currency crisis and the operation of Gresham's Law rendered it nearly impossible for ticket agents to maintain a supply of small change.35 When the same road somehow located 350 tons of surplus rail in South Georgia in November, it could not find sufficient idle cars on its own line to bring the priceless iron to Atlanta and was obliged to appeal to the Central for the loan of the requisite equipment. By December the car shortage was so severe throughout the state that civilian shippers were telegraphing the Governor for aid in the placement of single box cars.36 Supplies which did manage to get through the blockade commanded prices twenty-five times the prewar levels.37 As expenses continued to rise, they were of course translated p527into stiff rate increases, which, moreover, were applied to government traffic, regardless of previous agreement.38 For the supply of the fifty thousand men of the Army of Tennessee, now inactive along the heights overlooking Chattanooga, the Western and Atlantic and its feeder lines proved sadly inadequate. Because of the meager support furnished by the agents of the Western and Atlantic, Bragg on November 15 expressed the fear that his army soon would be starved out. "Soldiers in Atlanta," he reported, "have been waiting transportation for three weeks. . . . Our horses are starving, with the storehouses in Atlanta full of corn."39 After the Confederate defeat at Missionary Ridge and the substitution of Joseph E. Johnston for Bragg, the complaints of the military became even more insistent; in January the new commander was wiring Governor Brown that "the Rail Road from Atlanta does not supply our wants . . . if it does not supply us, we cannot defend this portion of the state."40 Western and Atlantic freight trains frequently were consuming thirty-six hours upon the •one‑hundred-mile journey from Atlanta to the new Confederate base at Dalton, Georgia.41 Inevitably, there developed an orgy of accusation and name-calling between Richmond and Milledgeville, certain of Governor Brown's sarcastic remarks being among the most scathing in all American history, but little practical improvement resulted. Although they functioned after a fashion to the very end, the railroads of Georgia were finally beginning to collapse burning a strain far greater than their builders ever anticipated. As a result of the Federal successes at Chattanooga, •some twenty-five miles of the state road's right of way fell into the hands of the invading p528forces. The Western and Atlantic had, in fact, become two railroads, each a vital supply for an army, and it was to remain in this divided condition until the fall of Atlanta permanently ended its career as a Confederate line. Under Federal military control, the northern or Chattanooga section of the road received ample supplies. War materiel rumbled unceasingly into the Federal supply depots at Ringgold, and upon the Western and Atlantic yards in Chattanooga there arose a completely equipped machine shop whose foremen were not hampered by shortages.42 It was against such an adequacy of material and equipment that the exhausted Georgia lines were now pitted. By way of contrast, the Confederate portion of the Western and Atlantic had so deteriorated that accidents became usual rather than occasional. The Marietta Rebel of April 15, 1864, reported two serious derailments as a result of a single day's operation.43 Undoubtedly many minor accidents escaped the record, but any disruption of service upon their single, fragile life-line was a serious matter to Joseph E. Johnston and his forces. On May 7, 1864, the Federal forces, now commanded by William Tecumseh Sherman, pushed forward with such vigor and in such overwhelming numbers that the cautious Johnston could do little to stop them. Thrust ever backward along the railroad, hustled relentlessly from one position after another, by mid-July the Army of Tennessee could see the church spires of Atlanta. Johnston understood the importance of the straggling iron rails which were his chief connection with what remained of the Confederacy. He succeeded in moving all of the Western and Atlantic rolling stock southward in advance of his withdrawals, and he even made some effort to destroy the track as it was left behind. Not once was Sherman able decisively to cut the Confederate line of communication. But such southern advantages as interior lines of communication and increasing nearness to base were p529more than offset by Federal superiority in technology and manpower. Behind the advancing blue divisions the half-ruined railroad was rebuilt with "miraculous" speed;44 the Federal advance never seriously outran its supplies. On the evening of July 22 the Federal left wing stood solidly across the line of the Georgia Railroad, midway between Atlanta and Decatur, and the last principal interior communication line between the two great combat areas was broken. Henceforth all rail transportation from Alabama and Mississippi into the Carolinas and Virginia was diverted to the roundabout and uncertain route via Columbus and Macon. Nor did the replacement of Johnston by John B. Hood appreciably improve a situation which really was beyond repair; dashing and valiant frontal attacks upon the encroaching Federal lines produced only long casualty lists. Now that its exits to the northwest and the northeast were blocked, Atlanta was no longer a master turntable in the supply system of an embattled country, but, with Richmond and Petersburg, had become a besieged bastion for which there was no hope of relief. Soon the railroads approaching Atlanta from the south, already nearly overwhelmed by the traffic required to supply nearly the whole of the Confederate defense in the West, were threatened by Federal cavalry raids. In late July the Federals under Generals George Stoneman and Edward M. McCook succeeded in inflicting considerable destruction upon the Macon and Western in the vicinity of Lovejoy's Station and even more upon the Central lines radiating from Gordon. Although most of the raiders were subsequently captured and spent the remainder of the war behind the stockades of southern prison camps, they so damaged the Central's bridge over the Oconee that no trains operated into Macon from the east for four weeks.45 In addition, seventeen passenger cars and thirty freight cars, salvaged from the p530Western and Atlantic, were destroyed, and four engines belonging to the same road were seriously damaged.46 For the rest of the siege of Atlanta the defending army was denied the use of its last complete railroad communication with the Confederate northeast. Although the damage to the Macon and Western was of such a nature that it was quickly repaired, the general physical condition of the road was now so bad that the transportation of Hood's wounded from Atlanta into the interior was an almost impossible task. On August 1 Hood's chief of south reported that hospital trains were requiring seventy hours to cover the •one hundred miles from Atlanta to Macon.47 When even the optimistic Hood realized that the evacuation of Atlanta was very near, an attempt was made to convey the remaining casualties to safety by the simple expedient of seizing an entire passenger train and starting off toward Macon without the formality of notifying the Macon and Western dispatcher. The results were of course serious: in a collision with a commissary train near Barnesville about thirty lives were lost, including that of a "young lady of Memphis," who was evidently acting as a nurse.48 Indeed, the whole evacuation of Atlanta seems to have been carried out in a spirit of panic, although Hood later maintained that he foresaw the event as early as the twenty-eighth of August and that at that time he delivered definite instructions to the heads of his quartermaster, ordnance, and commissary departments to load their materiel upon railroad cars in preparation for a swift departure.49 But the rolling stock remained in the Atlanta yards until August 31, when the presence of Sherman's right wing within striking distance of the Macon and Western at Jonesboro rendered their movement impossible. There remained no other course, therefore, but destruction to keep cars and stores out of Federal hands, and soon the p531night sky over Atlanta was illuminated by the brilliant flashes of explosions as stores and munitions were fired. When Sherman's columns marched into Atlanta on September 2, they were merely carrying out a formality, for the heart of the Confederacy had ceased to pump vital nourishment to the body more than a month earlier, when Sherman first bivouacked along the red clay cuttings of the Georgia Railroad and halted the progress of Confederate supply trains over the most direct route from the south and west to the battlefields of Virginia. The details of Sherman's succeeding moves, including the famous "March to the Sea," are not pertinent to a study of the role played by railroads in the war. When Sherman quit Georgia soil in January, 1865, however, he had destroyed nearly half the railroad mileage of the state so completely that the situation was beyond the power of the Confederacy to rectify. •Eighty-four miles of the Western and Atlantic between Atlanta and Resaca were little more than a smoking desolation; above Resaca the iron had been pried loose for a distance of about •twenty miles and hauled off to points where it would be safe in Federal hands.50 The railroad facilities of Atlanta had been reduced to a shambles. Complete ruin marked the line of the Atlanta and West Point between Atlanta and Fairburn, while the Georgia Railroad presented a similar picture of destruction from the same city to its crossing of the Oconee beyond Madison. Worst of all was the condition of the Central. Eastward from Walnut Creek, its entire main line, including all buildings, was completely demolished to the Little Ogeechee River, •forty-six miles from Savannah. On its Eatonton branch, •six miles of track, the passenger and freight stations at Milledgeville, the station and engine houses at Eatonton, and the bridges over Fishing Creek and Little River were destroyed. Along the old Augusta and Savannah road between Augusta and Millen the toll was •ten miles of track, three stations, one locomotive, and several cars. And when the Federal columns converged upon Savannah in December, •fourteen additional p532miles of main line in the approaches to the city had experienced similar destruction. All told, •some one hundred thirty-nine miles of the Central system were practically obliterated.51 The Macon and Western fared somewhat better, as it was not located directly upon Sherman's route; nevertheless, all but •five and one-half miles of the road between Forsythe and Atlanta was torn up.52 In addition to their primary status as objects of destruction, Georgia railroads played certain minor, although significant, roles in the Sherman tragedy. Soon after the departure of the Union columns from Atlanta, Governor Brown ordered that most of the remaining Western and Atlantic equipment be devoted to the removal of the sick and wounded from the immediate vicinity of the enemy.53 Railroad employees were specifically exempted from his levy-en‑masse order of November 19, although their preferred status was subject to the following qualification: "All railroad companies in this state will transport all persons applying for transportation to the front, and in case anyone refuses, its president, superintendent, agents and employees will be immediately sent to the front."54 Railroads made possible the only serious attempt to concentrate troops for the defense of Savannah. This effort involved the transfer of a large portion of the organized state militia from Macon to Savannah over a roundabout and broken route via the South Western to Albany and the Atlantic and Gulf from Thomasville to Savannah, the •sixty miles of pine-dotted country between Albany and Thomasville being covered on foot. Even so, the shift was rather rapidly effected. The first units left Macon for Albany on November 23, and at two o'clock on the morning of November 30 the first troop train was approaching the p533outskirts of Savannah.55 But though the troops concerned successfully halted a minor Federal column which was probing toward the city through the moss-hung swamp of South Carolina, they were far too few in number to face the plunging masses of Sherman. Although the great decision against the Southern Confederacy already had been rendered, many of its people strove to rebuild and to fight on almost barehanded. But while these closing weeks of the war saw much lingering will, there often existed literally no way. The repair of the Atlanta and West Point was pronounced complete by the end of December, 1864, but its operation thereafter was formality rather than reality, with but a single freight engine fit for use.56 The Macon and Western was unable to resume service into Atlanta until late in the winter.57 The Western and Atlantic scarcely existed any longer, and it was not until the middle of March that an attempt was made merely to replace the tracks in the Atlanta yards to hold such rolling stock as had been salvaged.58 The Central was in so desperate a condition that its main line between Savannah and Macon did not completely resume operation until June 12, 1866.59 Presently there came tacit admission that the Georgia carriers could renew themselves only through the destruction of their own substance: proposals involving the dismantling of certain less important lines and the re‑laying of the old iron upon emergency links to be constructed along the more vital routes were seriously discussed and partially carried into effect. In February •twenty miles of the Fort Gaines branch of the South Western were torn up in this way for use in the repair of the Central, the Atlanta and West Point, and the Macon and Western.60 Between Augusta p534and Millen •about eleven and one-half miles of the former Savannah and Augusta were dismantled by order of the Confederate government, even while the road was in the process of repair.61 But such frantic endeavors failed to renew even the basic rail net. Like Lee at Appomattox, the railroads and people of Georgia were finding that continuation of the struggle could mean nothing but useless sacrifice. The end came in mid‑April, when the wrecked facilities proved inadequate to concentrate state troops in the face of General James H. Wilson's cavalry raid.62 By the end of the month, even Governor Brown was co‑operating with General Wilson in the rehabilitation of the Western and Atlantic,63 and, for Georgia, the war was over. Although the defeat of the Confederacy may be attributed generally to a chronic state of deficiency in nearly every phase of modern war save that of courage, the failure of its railroad system was a contributing factor of major significance. The South continued in the field for nearly two years after the fall of Vicksburg; within five months of Sherman's practical elimination of rail transportation in Georgia, the southern war effort was practically ended. The Confederate armies suffered from a variety of deficiencies and a multiplicity of problems. The failure of the transportation facilities of the Confederate and the subsequent collapse of its services of supply rendered it incapable of further resistance, even if the other problems which beset it had been soluble. 1 Those coastal waterways that were not covered by the Federal blockade were not sufficiently continuous to serve as satisfactory transportation routes. 2 In 1862 the Central also secured a branch from Millen to Augusta through its lease of the Savannah and Augusta Railroad. 3 List of Shareholders, appended to Semi-Annual Statement of Atlantic and Gulf Railroad Company, July 31, 1861 (MS. in files of Georgia Department of Archives and History, Atlanta). 4 The manner in which rolling stock was bandied about the state during the war proves the common gauge of all lines. Records of the Engineering Department of the Atlanta and West Point give its gauge as •five feet. 5 Superintendent's Report, December 1, 1859, in Macon and Western Railroad Company, Annual Report, 1859. In order to simplify citation, all references in this study to the annual reports of the railroad companies will appear in this abbreviated form. For clues to the location of such reports, see Bureau of Railway Economics, Railway Economics: A Collective Catalogue of Books in Fourteen Libraries (Chicago, 1912), 300‑332. 6 Georgia Railroad Local Tariff, December 3, 1867, in Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, Annual Report, 1867. 7 Cashier's Statement, May 10, 1859, in Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, Annual Report, 1859. 8 Superintendent's Report, December 4, 1860, in Central Railroad and Banking Company, Annual Report, 1860. 9 Report of the President, December 1, 1864, in Macon and Western Railroad Company, Annual Report, 1864. 10 This conclusion is based on a careful examination of the lists of stockholders which were appended to the annual reports of the various companies. Incidentally, the names of many famous Southerners appear in these lists. 11 Petition of Confederate Railroads to the Government at Richmond, February, 1863 (Georgia Department of Archives and History). 12 President's Report, December 10, 1860, in Central Railroad and Banking Company, Annual Report, 1860. 14 Report of Railroad Convention, Chattanooga, Tennessee, June 4‑5, 1861 (Georgia Department of Archives and History). 15 Circular letter from Governor Joseph E. Brown to the Presidents of the Principal Georgia Railroads, April 27, 1861, ibid. 16 Brown to President R. R. Cuyler, of Central Railroad Company, June 8, 1861, in Georgia Executive Letters (Georgia Department of Archives and History). 17 Superintendent's Report, August 1, 1861, in South Western Railroad Company, Annual Report, 1861. 18 Georgia Executive Minutes (Georgia Department of Archives and History), October 7, 1861. 19 Brown to Major William S. Ashe, October 3, 1861 (telegram), in Georgia Executive Letters. 20 Brown's Annual Message, November 6, 1862, in Georgia Executive Minutes. See also Allen D. Candler (ed.), The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia, 6 vols. (Atlanta, 1909‑1911), II, 283‑308. 22 Brown to President Jefferson Davis, April 22, 1862, in Georgia Executive Letters; also in Candler (ed.), Confederate Records, III, 192‑98. 23 A good resumé of this episode is given in Robert S. Henry, The Story of the Confederacy (Garden City, N. Y., 1933), 131‑35. See also James H. Johnston, Western and Atlantic Railroad of the State of Georgia (Atlanta, 1931), 52‑60, for a sketch of the problems of this road during the war. 24 Stanley F. Horn, The Army of Tennessee: A Military History (Indianapolis, 1941), 159‑60. 25 Advertisement of Savannah, Albany and Gulf Railroad Company, in Savannah Daily Morning News, October 7, 1862. 26 Brown to O. M. Avery, July 18, 1862, in Georgia Executive Letters. 27 Petition of Confederate Railroads to the Government at Richmond, February, 1863 (Georgia Department of Archives and History). 28 Brown to Superintendent John S. Rowland, March 20, 1863 (telegram), in Georgia Executive Letters. 29 Brown to President Davis, March 16, 1863 (telegram), ibid. For Davis' reply see Dunbar Rowland (ed.), Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 10 vols. (Jackson, Miss., 1923), V, 449. 30 Superintendent's Report, December 1, 1863, in Central Railroad and Banking Company, Annual Report, 1863. 31 Mary G. Cumming, The Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, 1833‑1945 (Augusta, 1945). 32 Brown to General William W. Mackall, May 14, 1863 (telegram), in Georgia Executive Letters. 33 Brown to Captain L. P. Grant, July 31, 1863, ibid. 34 Statement of General Moxley Sorrel, quoted in Horn, Army of Tennessee, 245‑46. 35 Superintendent Rowland to Brown, May 11, 1863 (telegram), in Georgia Executive Letters. 36 Samuel Sheats to Brown, December 12, 1863 (telegram), ibid. 37 Brown's Special Message to Georgia Legislature, December 2, 1863, in Georgia Executive Minutes; also in Candler (ed.), Confederate Records, II, 556‑58. 38 Brown to Major F. M. Sims, Assistant Adjutant General, C. S. A., November 27, 1863, in Georgia Executive Letters. 40 General Joseph E. Johnston to Brown, January 12, 1864 (telegram), in Georgia Executive Letters. 41 Johnston to Georgia Adjutant General Henry C. Wayne, January 14, 1864, in Official Records, Ser. I, vol. XXXII, Part 2, p552. 42 Minutes of Western and Atlantic Railroad, September 21, 1865 (Georgia Department of Archives and History). 43 Quoted in Savannah Daily Morning News, April 26, 1864. 44 General Oliver O. Howard, "The Struggle for Atlanta," in Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (New York, 1887‑1888), IV, 303‑304. 45 Superintendent's Report, December 1, 1865, in Central Railroad and Banking Company, Annual Report, 1865. 46 Brown's Annual Message, November 3, 1864, in Georgia Executive Minutes; also in Candler (ed.), Confederate Records, 761‑63. 47 L. P. Dodge to Isaac Scott, August 1, 1864, in Official Records, Ser. I, vol. XXXVIII, Part 5, p938. 48 Milledgeville Southern Recorder, September 6, 1864. 49 See General Hood's official report to Adjutant General Samuel Cooper, February 15, 1865, in Official Records, Ser. I, vol. XXXVIII, Part 3, p633. 50 Milledgeville Southern Recorder, December 20, 1864. 52 Superintendent's Report, December 1, 1865, in Macon and Western Railroad Company, Annual Report, 1865. 53 Brown to E. B. Walker, November 17, 1864 (telegram), in Georgia Executive Letters. 54 Georgia Executive Minutes, November 19, 1864. 55 General Gustavus W. Smith, "The Georgia Militia during Sherman's March to the Sea," in Johnson and Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, IV, 667. 56 President's Report, July 25, 1866, in Atlanta and West Point Railroad Company, Annual Report, 1866. 57 Superintendent's Report, December 1, 1864, in Macon and Western Railroad Company, Annual Report, 1864. 58 Brown to Martin I. Dooley, March 15, 1865, in Georgia Executive Letters. 59 Central of Georgia Railway Company, The First Hundred Years (Privately printed, 1943). 60 Superintendent's Report, August 1, 1865, in South Western Railroad Company, Annual Report, 1865. 61 Superintendent's Report, December 1, 1865, in Central Railroad and Banking Company, Annual Report, 1865. It is interesting to note that the Confederate Congress had finally given the Government authority to commandeer railroads in February, 1865. 62 Brown to Robert Toombs, April 16, 1865 (telegram), in Georgia Executive Letters. 63 Brown to General James H. Wilson, April 28, 1865 (telegram), ibid. Images with borders lead to more information. The thicker the border, the more information. (Details here.) American History Notes American Railroad History A page or image on this site is in the public domain ONLY if its URL has a total of one asterisk. If the URL has two *asterisks, the item is copyright someone else, and used by permission or fair use. If the URL has none the item is © Bill Thayer. See my copyright page for details and contact information. Page updated: 26 Jan 15
Hendricus Sneevliet, in full Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet (born May 13, 1883, Rotterdam, Neth.—died April 13, 1942, Amersfoort), Dutch communist politician who founded the Indies Social Democratic Association in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and whose oratory stimulated the nationalist movement there. Sneevliet began working for the Dutch railroads and by 1909 was president of the Union of Rail and Tram Employees. He also was involved with the Social Democratic Workers Party. After a disagreement with other union leaders, he went to the East Indies (1912), where he wrote for the Soerabajaasch Handelsblad (“Surabaya Trade Journal”) and served as secretary to a trade company in Semarang, then the centre of radicalism in the East Indies. Sneevliet then devoted his life to the Indonesian nationalist movement. In 1914 he founded the Social Democratic Association, whose members were socialists of varying degrees of radicalism. After the party split in 1917, Sneevliet led its more revolutionary wing. His party gained a strong hold over the Semarang railway union, and its members worked their way into the Sarekat Islām (a powerful Muslim party with nationalist aims). An inflammatory orator, Sneevliet was deported from the East Indies in 1917 because of his revolutionary activities. On returning to Europe, Sneevliet was employed by the Communist International. After 1924 he limited his activities to the Netherlands, where he founded the Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1929 and sat in Parliament as one of its representatives from 1933 to 1937. The Germans executed him in 1942.
Karl Otfried Müller, (born Aug. 28, 1797, Brieg, Silesia [now in Poland]—died Aug. 1, 1840, Athens), German professor and scholar of classical Greek studies whose considerations of ancient Greece in a broad historical and cultural context began an important era in the development of Hellenic scholarship. Müller was a pupil of August Boeckh, founder of a famous school of philology. His first published work, Aegineticorum liber (1817; “On the Isle of Aegina”), was of such brilliance that within two years he was made adjunct professor of ancient literature at the University of Göttingen (1819), where he lectured on archaeology and the history of ancient art. His most important work, Geschichten hellenischer Stämme und Städte (1820; “History of Greek Peoples and Cities”), provides a cultural history of the civilizations of ancient Greece and emphasizes the study of myths, successfully combining the historical and allegorical methods. His other works include numerous archaeological papers, historical surveys on the Dorians and Etruscans, and valuable methodological studies. Among the more noteworthy are his Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie (1825; “Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology”), which prepared the way for the scientific investigation of myths, and his edition of Aeschylus’ Eumenides (1833), in which he attacks the prevalent philological criticisms of the classics. As political troubles made his position at Göttingen difficult, Müller left Germany for archaeological visits in Greece, where he succumbed to fever.
Becoming a United States citizen is a process laden with bureaucratic loopholes, stifling processes, and nearly aspect is requires a innate knowledge of the immigration system. With President Trump’s recent proclamation to revoke birthright citizenship, the path continues to narrow and become more deluded. While there are several different methods to becoming a citizen, the general process takes at least five years and includes background checks, written tests, and judgments of character. In order to become a citizen through Naturalization, the individual applying for citizenship must: - Be at least 18 years old. - Prove that you are a permanent resident (like holding a Green Card) for at least five years. - Show that you have lived for at least 3 months in the state or United States Citizenship and Immigration Service district where you apply. - Demonstrate continuous residence in the United States for at least 5 years immediately preceding the date of filing Form N-400. - Show that you have been physically present in the United States for at least 30 months out of the 5 years immediately preceding the date of filing Form N-400. - Be able to read, write, and speak basic English. - Have a basic understanding of U.S. history and government (civics). - Be a person of good moral character. - Demonstrate an attachment to the principles and ideals of the U.S. Constitution. The civics test specifically is comprised of ten questions, selected from a list of 100 total. In order to pass, the individual must get at least 60% of the questions correct. The United States Citizenship and Immigration Service government website provides a practice test, with 20 questions ranging from government structure, economic practices, and historic facts. While the test is required to become a citizen, it’s probable that many citizens of the United States could not pass despite having lived in the United States for the majority or the entirety of their lives. Let us know how you did in the comments! With WET: A DACAmented Journey running NOV 8 – 25 in Boston, the issue of immigration and the pathways to citizenship remain at the forefront of the political world and our attention here at ArtsEmerson as human beings are treated like political chess pieces. The news cycle is constantly returning to immigration, from caravans to extending DACA to building walls. The current administration always returns to it with vibrato, but little empathy. We believe that Alex Alpharaoh’s story and performance will bring us back to a place of compassion. While his story is one of many, it is one that needs to be heard right now. Join ArtsEmerson for WET: A DACAmented Journey NOV 8 – 25 in the Jackie Liebergott Black Box Theatre in the Emerson Paramount Center.
In the last decade, substantial progress has been made in reducing malaria-associated morbidity and mortality across the globe. Nevertheless, sustained malaria control is essential to continue this downward trend. In some countries, where aggressive malaria control has reduced malaria to a low burden level, elimination, either nationally or subnationally, is now the aim. As countries or areas with a low malaria burden move towards elimination, there is a transition away from programs of universal coverage towards a strategy of localized detection and response to individual malaria cases. To do so and succeed, it is imperative that a strong surveillance and response system is supported, that community cadres are trained to provide appropriate diagnostics and treatment, and that field diagnostics are further developed such that their sensitivity allows for the detection and subsequent treatment of malaria reservoirs in low prevalence environments. To be certain, there are big challenges on the road to elimination, notably the development of drug and insecticide resistance. Nevertheless, countries like Zambia are making great strides towards implementing systems that support malaria elimination in target areas. Continued development of new diagnostics and antimalarial therapies is needed to support progress in malaria control and elimination.
After ten years of home educating my children, I have collected around three boxes per year of resources, papers, and projects. (That’s one box per child, and I might be underestimating by half!) That means the equivalent of thirty boxes are stacked (mostly neatly) in various places of the basement. It is definitely time to share my stash! But, how? Let’s start with the resources. - Distribute textbooks: Many publishers develop new editions of their textbooks. Before textbooks become out-dated, it’s a good idea to give others the opportunity to use them. (Incidentally, older editions of books aren’t less useful. They are less expensive, even free!) - Loan literature: These are books and resources to be returned once the borrower is finished. They include classic literature. The newer editions may have more recent commentaries or translations, but the older editions usually retain the original text. When they come back, decide then what to do with them. - Reduce the redundant: In some cases, we have more than one copy of a book. If it is a cherished title, keep one and give away the other. - Retain the memorable: A few books are simply treasures. Keep them. Set each aside for the child that loved that book most. Then give it when that child has his/her own basement. My goal is to have two boxes per child–one for favorite books and one for special papers and projects. I’ll write about that second one tomorrow.
VAN OVEN, BARNARD: English physician and communal worker; born in London 1796; died there July 9, 1860; youngest son of Joshua Van Oven. He was brought up for the medical profession, studying under Sir William Blizard and receiving the degree of L.R.C.S. in 1818. He practised in London during his whole life, and had an extensive clientele among the Jewish community. Van Oven was one of the pioneers in the movement for the removal of the disabilities of the Jews in England. In 1829 he wrote the first appeal which directed public attention to the subject, and which was entitled "An Appeal to the British Nation on Behalf of the Jews." He followed this up by organizing committees in support of the movement, and by convening public meetings, at which he was an indefatigable speaker. In 1847 he published the pamphlet "Ought Baron Rothschild to Sit in Parliament?" He was subsequently appointed chairman of the committee which celebrated the success of the agitation by the establishment of commemoration scholarships at several public schools. Van Oven served on the committees of most of the Jewish institutions of his day, and was instrumental in establishing the Jews' Infant Schools. In 1827 he had been appointed physician to the poor of the Great Synagogue, which position he filled for many years. Van Oven was the author of a work entitled "The Decline of Life in Health and Disease" (London, 1853). - Jew. Chron. July 13, 1860; - Brit. Mus. Cat. s.v.
One of the primary objectives in landscape approaches to management is the protection of multiple ecosystem services. Last week researchers from the World Agroforestry Centre provided lessons on how adopting a landscape scale can improve incentives to manage land for a spectrum of ecosystem services. But a better understanding of how agricultural systems themselves provide these services, and to what extent, is still desperately needed. Today, Claire Kremen and Albie Miles (University of California, Berkeley) begin to tackle this question, discussing the findings of a new study on ecosystem services in biologically diversified farming systems, and the benefits, tradeoffs, and externalities in comparison with conventional agricultural systems. While achieving impressive levels of crop productivity over the past six decades, modern agricultural systems have accomplished this feat at significant ecological and social costs. With the industrialization of agriculture, biologically diversified farming systems have gradually been replaced with biologically simplified monocultures highly dependent on fossil energy and industrial inputs. The industrialization of agriculture and the loss of biodiversity in and around agroecosystems has led to a significant reduction in the provisioning of globally important ecosystem services to and from agriculture, including crop pollination, natural pest control, soil and water quality maintenance, efficient nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation. Further, the suite of practices and agrochemical inputs that substitute for ecosystem services in much of modern agriculture contribute to significant environmental, social, and economic impacts: soil and water quality degradation, eutrophication of surface and groundwater, loss of wild biodiversity, increased greenhouse gas emissions, marine hypoxic zones and occupational and dietary exposure to agricultural chemicals. Biologically diversified farming systems are agricultural systems that integrate a cluster of farming practices and/or landscape management strategies. These strategies intentionally incorporate the various ecological functions plants, animals, and microbes perform (e.g. decomposition or water filtration) at multiple spatial or temporal scales to enhance the ecosystem services critical for agriculture. In a new major study published in the journal Ecology and Society, we note that a large body of scientific research supports the claim that these types of systems outperform conventional monocultures across a wide range of globally important ecological and social services. Compared to chemically managed monocultures, biologically diversified farming systems support substantially greater biodiversity, improve soil quality and water-holding capacity, sequester carbon, use energy more efficiently, and increase the resistance and resilience to climate change. When contrasted with conventional agriculture, biologically diversified farming systems also tend to enhance the biological control of weeds, diseases, and arthropod pests, while increasing pollination services from native insects. Importantly, the available evidence indicates that farming system diversification alone may not provide these latter ecosystem services at levels sufficient for optimum production and economic needs. However, the above findings illustrate the potential of biologically diversified farming systems to reduce or ameliorate many pressing global environmental impacts caused by agriculture while still enhancing key ecosystem services and producing similar yields. With a significant increase in support for agroecological research and development, the full potential of biologically diversified farming systems may be realized. Kremen, C. and A. Miles. 2012. Ecosystem services in biologically diversified versus conventional farming systems: benefits, externalities, and trade-offs. Ecology and Society 17(4): 40. http://dx.doi. org/10.5751/ES-05035-170440. Synthesis, part of a Special Feature on A Social-Ecological Analysis of Diversified Farming Systems: Benefits, Costs, Obstacles, and Enabling Policy Frameworks.
Typically, the average desktop computer has a capacity of 50 or more gigabytes stored onto the hard disk. All of this information is stored in the form of files, also known as a collection of bytes-which is all a file is at its core. Bytes can be stored in many ways depending on the data contained inside the file for use by the computer. In text files, for example, bytes are stored in the ASCII codes which are for the characters of a text file while pixels are stored in files for gif or other picture type files. It doesn't really matter what information is held, the file is still a system of bytes that make up the information you need to work with them. Programs on the computer request files for use based upon the user's needs and the needs of the operational files needed to run the computer in a coherent manner. When a request is sent from a program, the hard disk retrieves the requested information and sends it to the CPU, one byte at a time. This is similar to chewing your food enough times to swallow. The hard disk sends it in small amounts to the CPU in order for the computer to execute the file correctly. This happens so fast that most users will never realize just how tedious the process is as most files contain a large number of bytes. If you want to measure the performance of your hard disk, you will need to employ one of two methods. You can check the data rate, which is the number of bytes per second that the hard disk sends to the CPU. Normal rates are between 5 and 40 megabytes per second, which should give you a good indication as to the performance rate of your computer when compared to the accepted parameters for computer performance. You can also check the seek time, which is the amount of time between the request of a file by the CPU and the first byte delivered to the CPU by the hard disk based on that request. Common times that indicate a well performing computer is between 10 and 20 milliseconds. The capacity of the hard drive, which is another very important parameter to computer performance, is the number of bytes that the entire disk can hold at any one time. Once you've checked your computer's performance, you may want to discover this capacity as it will greatly increase your understanding of what your computer can do. For example, if your hard disk drive is capable of holding 60 gigabytes of information at one time, you may not be able to run multiple processes simultaneously as the capacity of the hard disk is directly related to the amount of available RAM you have to operate your computer. However, if your computer has the capacity to hold 725 gigabytes of information at one time, then you will probably also have increased RAM capabilities that allow the simultaneous operations of several applications, allowing you to work more efficiently and quickly than with a smaller capacity computer. Combined with the knowledge of your computer's personal performance and the total capacity that your computer has available, you can determine the best possible results for your computer and upgrade accordingly for your needs. Author – Victor Epand is an expert consultant for computer memory, PC supplies, and computer games. When shopping, we recommend the best online stores for PC supplies, computer performance, computer memory, RAM.
Researchers use an estimate of an individual’s relative fat and muscle mass, called body mass index, to define obesity. To find your BMI, check out this calculator. Related KHN Story Adults with a BMI of between 25 and 30 are considered overweight. Those with a BMI over 30 are obese. Morbid obesity applies to adults with a BMI over 40 or who are more than 100 pounds overweight. Source: The National Library of Medicine.
The people of this small Dutch town are not against pumping tons of carbon dioxide into the ground to fight global warming. They just wish it wasn't right beneath their houses. "Who wants to live in Barendrecht if one of these CO2 things is built?" said retiree Marianne van Heugten. The carbon dioxide storage experiment by Royal Dutch Shell and the Dutch government is only one of a dozen such projects across Europe to test a technology that could potentially slash emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by storing it underground. That would allow countries that have lots of coal, such as China and the United States, to cut emissions while using the cheap but polluting fossil fuel. Carbon dioxide from the burning of such fuels is considered the chief cause of global warming. But questions remain about the technology and its costs and risks even as the EU prepares to spend billions on it. If it works, the technology would buy the world time in the fight againt global warming by reducing emissions until cleaner energy sources can be developed _ and help the EU keep big promises. Three weeks before global talks on a new climate change pact in Copenhagen, the EU says it is ready to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 95 percent by 2050. The EU thinks carbon storage could shave up to 10 percent off global emissions by 2030 and 20 percent by 2050. The European Union has pledged some euro1.05 billion in initial financing and will raise extra funding _ likely some euro4.5 billion _ from selling permits to emit greenhouse gases under a cap-and-trade system where companies need to pay to pollute more. It is also calling for all new coal-fired power stations built after 2020 to be capable of capturing carbon _ even if the technology isn't ready to be rolled out by then. The Dutch government must decide whether to overrule Barendrecht residents objections or push forward with the unknown risks of storage under one of the most densely populated parts of Europe. Most current storage sites are in isolated areas. The project would pump 10 million metric tons of carbon dioxide starting from 2011 into two depleted gas fields 2 kilometers (more than a mile) under the town. The gas fields are considered by some a safer choice than current experiments under the the North Sea and the Sahara Desert where a water-bearing rock layer, or aquifer, is being used. It's only a trial; Shell says the Netherlands might need to store 30 million metric tons a year by 2025 and the entire country could potentially store 1 billion metric tons. Some 43,000 people live in Barendrecht, a suburb 18 kilometers (12 miles) from Rotterdam and its port, Europe's busiest. Real estate agent Frits Markus says worries about the project could affect the average euro280,000 house price. People "will be scared that CO2 will be stored under where they live, they will feel their houses will lose value, and will have trouble selling them." Carbon dioxide, which provides the fizz in soft drinks, is naturally present in the atmosphere although levels have soared since start of the industrial revolution. Plants take it in and people breathe it out. But a sudden release of large amounts can kill by asphyxiation. Some 1,700 people died when a cloud of carbon dioxide escaped from a volcanic lake in Cameroon in 1986. A slow leak would simply negate the costly efforts to store the gas. Greenpeace says this could happen if stored carbon dioxide mixes with water underground to from a weak carbonic acid that could corrode pipelines and rocks. In Barendrecht, town council member Simon Zuurbier says he doesn't fear a blowout under his town, something he says is only likely to happen when carbon dioxide is being injected into the site. But he isn't sure the government will always be able to monitor "eternal storage." Stuart Haszeldine, a geology professor at the University of Edinburgh, says "nothing like" a dramatic blowout would happen at a depleted gas field because the carbon dioxide would be injected with relatively little extra pressure and only the gas in the borehole _ and not the entire site _ would be likely to escape. Such "confined space" oil and gas fields are far safer and easier to monitor, he says, because energy companies understand the geology better than storage at other possible sites like aquifers where the carbon dioxide can move sidewise into the rock with more potential to leak. Shell's plans to pipe the gas to Barendrecht would turn the town into a waste landfill, claim local campaign group CO2isNee. It's being labeled a dump, of sorts, that seems to anger locals the most. "The value of houses, that's the real worry here," said resident Herman Bakker. Barendrecht's town council refused to grant local permits and now worries that the Dutch government could overrule it by citing the national interest. Councilman Zuurbier warned against that. "Here in Barendrecht there will never be any support for this," he said. "You need a general public support for the success of this new ambition. If you start this new policy with a conflict with Barendrecht ... that is a very nasty start for your general public acceptance." Carbon capture and storage, or CCS, is the hope for the energy industry, European Commission environment official Jos Delbeke told a Brussels conference recently: "No realistic projections beyond 2020 give any hope of turning the global energy sector around without using CCS," he said. The technology also has the potential to reverse global warming if ways are found to strip the extra CO2 added to the atmosphere in the last 250 years and lock it away underground. Shell believes that the rock that safely harbored natural gas for millions of years could also be filled with carbon dioxide _ and that Barendrecht could show that empty gas fields elsewhere could be used in the same way. "We need to show you that it works, we need to show you that it's safe to store CO2 underground over long periods of time," said Graeme Sweeney, chief executive of Shell Renewables and chairman of the Zero Emissions Platform _ a group of companies, nonprofit groups and academics lobbying for the technology. Coal already provides 30 percent of the European Union's electricity, half of Germany's and 70 percent of China's power. But it is also the fossil fuel that puts out the most greenhouse gases and climate campaigners say Europe must give it up. And the technology won't be cheap. Apart from the huge price tags for special equipment, European electricity producers warn it will drive up the cost of electricity because the process of capturing carbon dioxide means the plant must generate 30 percent more energy. Even environmentalists can't agree. Stephan Singer of environmentalist group WWF-Europe says carbon capture must be explored because fossil fuels aren't going to disappear in the next 20 years. "Coal will unfortunately survive ... because of security of supply concerns which are bigger drivers than environmental concerns," he said. Others such as Greenpeace see carbon capture as an expensive gamble with government money that should be used for renewable energy such as wind or solar. "Our position is, if companies want to pay to research this technology, to prove that it's safe and effective and can work, they're more than welcome to do so," Emily Rochon of Greenpeace said. "But governments really need to focus on sustainable energy technologies that are available now." "There are concerns about the ability to safely and permanently store CO2 underground," she said. "The oldest (one) has only been operating for 13 years, and so there's still a lot to learn about CCS." Even if the technology works at an acceptable price, Rochon says "you still need the public to accept it." (This version CORRECTS Corrects graf 4 by trimming imported oil, ADDS background. AP Video.)
New York State Monument - Sharpsburg, MD N 39° 28.508 W 077° 44.695 18S E 263893 N 4373101 Quick Description: This 30-foot, Doric column was erected by N.Y. for $30,000. The 1920 N.Y. State Legislature appropriated $17,500 for the dedication exercises held under the auspices of the N.Y. Monuments Commission. The monument looms high over the battlefield. Location: Maryland, United States Date Posted: 4/21/2012 4:42:24 AM Waymark Code: WME93R Dedicated in 1919 (another site says September 17, 1920), the New York State Monument is located just north or left of the park Visitor Center. This huge column was erected in 1919 by State of New York. The monument was rededicated on September 2, 1962 by the State of New York, Civil War Centennial Commission. To fully appreciate this sculpture and so you can see the eagle with the outstretched wings atop the monument, be sure to view it from afar first. The Doric column is mounted on a 36 foot square pedestal on a tiered base. From 1890s to 1960s veterans’ organizations erected monuments to commemorate the people and actions associated the Battle of Antietam (16-18 September 1862). The New York State Monument contributes to the National Register District under Criterion A, period of significance 1800-1899. The monument is referenced as structure number 036. This monument honors the 27,000 men from New York State that served at the Battle of Antietam. The particular parcel of land upon which the monument rests was chosen because it represents the southern edge of "the bloodiest square mile in American History," and can be seen from most parts of the field. The New York State Monument was a collaborative effort between architect Edward Pearce Casey and sculptors Ricci and Zarri. The granite components were manufactured by the Swenson Granite Company of Concord, New Hampshire, and the bronze tablets were cast by the Henry Connard Bronze Company. The New York State Monument was listed on the National Register on October 15, 1966, with a confirmation National Register form updated and approved by the Keeper on February 10, 1982. It is one of ten monuments dedicated to the New York troops who fought at Antietam. The text reads: The State of New York in commemoration of the Services of its officers and soldiers in the Battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862 Record of New York State at Antietam 67 Regiments of Infantry 5 Regiments of Cavalry 14 Batteries of Artillery 2 Regiments of Engineers New York's losses on this field were 65 officers and 624 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded 110 officers and 2687 enlisted men wounded and 2 officers and 277 men captured or missing, making a total of 3765. General Officers from New York State in command Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner, 2nd C. Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter, 5th C. Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum Maj. Gen. George W. Morell Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts Brig. Gen. Abner Doubleday Brig. Gen. George S. Greene Brig. Gen. M.R. Patrick Brig. Gen. Abram Duryee Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Meagher Brig. Gen. Geo. L. Hartsuff Brig. Gen. Max Weber Brig. Gen. Erastus B. Tyler Brig. Gen. John Cochrane Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero Brig. Gen. G. K. Warren Col. Wm. H. Christian Col. Walter Phelps, Jr. Col. T. B. W. Stockton Col. Joseph J. Bartlett Col. H.S. Fairchild Col. John Burke Col. William B. Goodrich Col. Wm. P. Wainwright Lt. Col. Jonathan Austin Lt. Col. James C. Lane Erected A. D. 1919 Under the auspices of the New York Monument Commission Co. Lewis R. Stegman, Chairman; Col. Clinton Beckwith, Charles A. Shaw, U.S.C.; Brig. Gen. Charles W. Berry, Adj. Gen. S.N.Y. From the nomination form: Short Physical Description The New York State Monument is located in a field north of the Visitor’s Center. It is composed of a 20’ square marble platform supporting a square base and 30’ tall Roman Doric column topped with an eagle. Bronze plaques on the base give battle and troop-related information. The New York State Monument is located in a field north of the Visitor’s Center. It consists of a 26’ square platform supporting a square pedestal and 30’ tall Roman Doric column. The monument was designed by architect Edward Pearce Casey and sculptors Ricci and Zarri. The granite components were manufactured from Concord, New Hampshire granite by the Swenson Granite Company and the bronze tablets were cast by the Henry Bonnard Bronze Company. Long Physical Description The marble-tiled platform measures 26’ square and has a low parapet wall. Steps providing access to the monument are located in the center of each of the four sides of the platform. In the center of the platform is a 6’6” square pedestal that supports the Doric column. Bronze plaques bearing troop- and battle-related information are located on each side of the pedestal. The text was not included in this physical description due to its length. Towering 30’ above the base is the Roman Doric column. It is fluted with an eagle with outstreached wings perched atop its egg-and-dart molded capital. The monument has open joints, discolored plaques, and is chipped in several places. 1. NRHP Nomination Form 3. Stone Sentinels 4. Virtual Antietam 5. Historical Marker Database
Cutting EPA budget puts babies at risk – and makes little economic sense President Donald Trump recently ordered an air strike on Syria, fueled in part by moral outrage at images of babies being injured and killed by airborne toxins. American babies are under threat as well. In this case, the culprit is the Trump administration's proposal to slash the Environmental Protection Agency's budget by 31 percent, including cuts to the enforcement division, Targeted Air Shed Grants and the Clean Power Plan. These reductions degrade the protections needed to reduce airborne toxins and maintain the nation's air quality. Expectant mothers will face greater exposure to air pollution, which causes more preterm births, infant illnesses and deaths. As an economist who studies the link between health and socioeconomic status, I've explored the extensive research demonstrating the importance of a clean environment to the well-being of children. By improving health outcomes, the EPA's efforts to reduce pollution reduces health care costs and can benefit the economy. Dirty air and baby health This large body of work clearly shows that prenatal exposure to airborne pollutants significantly raises the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant respiratory and cardiovascular illness as well as developmental problems, like autism. Adoption of the E-Z Pass system on the New Jersey and Pennsylvania turnpikes in the late 1980s provided a natural experiment and illustrates the connection between air pollution and fetal health. Turnpike authorities adopted E-Z Pass in order to reduce the time drivers spent in toll plazas. And it worked; traffic congestion fell by 85 percent. Because vehicles spent less time at the toll plazas, EZ Pass also reduced vehicle emissions and improved local air quality. Economists Janet Currie and Reed Walker found that within three years of the introduction of E-Z Pass in these two states, the number of premature births and low birth weight babies born to mothers living within two kilometers of toll plazas dropped by roughly 8 percent and 10 percent, respectively. Because babies born prematurely or with low birth weight suffer more health problems, reducing these adverse birth outcomes reduces infant illness and deaths. The economic case And from an economic perspective, healthy babies save money. Currie and Walker estimate the drop in adverse birth outcomes in the neighborhoods near the toll plazas saved US$10 million to $13 million in health care costs. Generalizing their results suggests that reducing traffic congestion nationwide would reduce preterm births by 8,600 and save $444 million in health care costs annually. Molecular epidemiologist Frederica Perera and her colleagues found that a modest reduction in the amount of toxins known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air in New York City would raise low-income infants' IQ, increasing their lifetime earnings by $43 million to $215 million. And to add the national perspective, pediatrician Leonardo Transande and his research team projected that reducing air pollution nationwide would save billions of dollars in medical costs and lost economic productivity over the lifetimes of exposed infants. A great return Now let's consider the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, which garnered bipartisan support and was signed into law by President George H.W. Bush. EPA cost-benefit analysis of this legislation indicates that it generated $4 of benefits per dollar of cost incurred, where benefits were defined as reduced health costs and greater labor productivity. That's a good return. The EPA's nearly 25-year effort to remove lead from gasoline generated even more impressive results. This policy lowered Americans' average blood lead levels by 75 percent. Lower lead levels in children reduced infant mortality and improved children's physical health, raised IQs and reduced aggressive behaviors. When these children matured into adults they were more economically productive and less likely to commit crimes. This policy saved an estimated $10 for every dollar spent on getting the lead out of gasoline. That's a great return. The health and economic benefits of the Clean Air Act Amendments and the transition to unleaded gasoline show that not all environmental policies waste taxpayer money. In fact, the Republican Party 2016 platform states that "human health and safety are the proper measures of a policy's success." By that standard, the EPA's work with on the Clean Air Act Amendments and the elimination of leaded gasoline constitute great successes. The EPA's efforts to preserve air quality protects babies (and the rest of us) from damage caused by airborne toxins. It also saves a lot of money. Whether you care about economics or children's health, cutting the EPA's budget is not a good deal in the long run.
What is physical preparation of the body and how to do exercises. What is Calisthenics? Calisthenics is quickly turning into one of the most desired workout programs that physical fitness specialists, coaches and fitness instructors are including into their physical fitness programs to even more boost the efficiency of their training program. Origins of Calisthenics Calisthenics was never ever viewed as an endurance training approach by the ancients – it was mainly comprehended as a strength training system. It was the art utilized by the finest soldiers to establish optimal battling power and a challenging musculature. Among the earliest records of exercises, training was biased far to us by the historian Herodotus, who states that before the Battle of Thermopylae (c. 480 BC) the god-king Xerxes sent out a group of scouts to look down over the valley at his hopelessly surpassed Spartan opponents, led by their king, Leonidas. To the awe of Xerxes, the scouts reported back that the Spartan warriors were hectic training their bodies with calisthenics. Xerxes had no concept what to make of this because it looked as though they were limbering up for a fight. The concept was absurd since beyond the valley lay Xerxes’ Persian army, numbering over one hundred and twenty thousand guys. There were just 3 hundred Spartans. Xerxes sent out messages to the Spartans informing them to move or be ruined. The Spartans declined and throughout the taking place fight, the small Spartan force was successful in holding Xerxes’ enormous army at bay till the other Greek forces coalesced. You may have seen a drama of this fight in Zac Snyder’s impressive film “300” (2007).The Spartans are still commonly concerned to have actually been the most difficult warrior race to have actually ever existed, and they were not too happy to focus their training on calisthenics. Their ancient design of bodyweight training was a significant factor why they were such remarkable warriors. And the Spartans were not the only ancient Greeks who believed in bodyweight training. It was written by Pausanias that the gorgeous professional athletes of the initial Olympic Games were trained in calisthenics; consisting of the finest fighters, wrestlers, and strongmen of the ancient world. The images from Attic pottery, mosaics, and architectural reliefs consist of terrific numerous scenes which clearly highlight major bodyweight training. The icon of physical beauty we understand today as the “Greek God” originates from these images, which were initially designed for the professional athletes of the Games—professional athletes who would have reached their level of advancement through bodyweight training. The Greeks comprehended that the practice of calisthenics established the body to its optimum natural capacity; not in an awful, puffed up method like today’s bodybuilders, however in best percentage with the consistency of natural looks. It accomplishes this consistency easily since the resistance utilized by the body is the body itself – not too light, not too heavy. Nature’s ideal level of resistance. The Greeks understood that bodyweight exercises produced not just fantastic power and athleticism however likewise grace in motion and charm of the physical type. This, obviously, is the source of the term “calisthenics”, which integrates the Greek words “appeal” (Kali) and “strength” (stenos).What exactly are calisthenics? This type of training, likewise called body weight workout, is among the most flexible, reliable and advantageous training techniques offered to both those who want to begin the workout and to the expert athletes. Body weight workouts are an effective method to establish functional strength, endurance, versatility, dexterity, and coordination.Well, generally bodyweight training includes entire body motions and workouts that are carried out in a balanced and organized method in order to promote muscular strength, movement, and cardiovascular physical fitness simultaneously. This can be made with absolutely nothing more than your very own body weight and will enable you to obtain an exceptional exercise. If you are wishing to discuss entering into remarkable shape, then you have actually got to add calisthenics into your routine daily exercise program. Bodyweight workouts can be practiced without much equipment or sophisticated fitness center mechanisms. The fundamental concept is to obtain endurance, stamina, versatility and strength without depending upon any tools or advanced devices. Six Leading Reasons Why Bodyweight Exercises Are Important If you took a look at lots of popular fitness training programs you would be frequently stunned at the frustrating lack of bodyweight exercises workouts. Do you actually require an expensive fitness center subscription and access to all the glossy machines or costly devices and magic powders to enhance strength, conditioning, and physical fitness? Never! Calisthenics workout is among the most flexible, reliable and useful training techniques offered to both the major professional athlete and non-professional physical fitness lover. Why is bodyweight training so crucial in contrast with weight-lifting training? 1. Bodyweight Exercises Can Be Implemented Anywhere You do not require costly fitness center subscriptions or expensive devices to gain from bodyweight calisthenics, you have whatever you require here and now. Inside your home or out, there are a plethora of bodyweight exercises workouts that you can carry out to considerably enhance strength, conditioning, and physical fitness. Bodyweight exercises are fantastic for anybody to carry out in order to get into shape for any reason. The reality is that it does not matter if you are a professional athlete or routine physical fitness addict you will benefit significantly from this type of physical training. The excellent feature of this type of training is that it can be done practically anywhere and at any time. 2.Bodyweight Exercises Are The Optimal Place To Start If you are simply beginning a physical conditioning training program, bodyweight exercises are the best location to begin. Bodyweight training will give you a physical base from which to successfully and securely include advanced resistance training. Discover ways to manage the weight of your very own body initially prior to checking out other training approaches. 3. Bodyweight Exercises Can Be Tailored To Any Fitness Level There are numerous variations to bodyweight exercises workouts providing you the capability to make them much easier or more difficult. This is why they are terrific for novices in addition to skilled physical fitness lovers. 4. Bodyweight Exercises Train Natural Body Motions Typically, resistance training approaches do not straight enhance motion patterns that are naturally utilized in daily life, however, this is not the case with bodyweight exercises. Physical fitness quality is frequently determined by your capability to manage the motions of your very own body and not your capability to manage the motion of an item. Train the way you naturally move to see more physical enhancements suitable in the real life. 5. Bodyweight Exercises Can Enhance Muscular Strength, Power, And Endurance Depending on the workouts utilized, the repeatings and sets and the strength you can efficiently target strength, power, and endurance independently or jointly. It is very rare to notice sport, work and life activities have done one-dimensionally, however, rather as a mix of strength, power and endurance weaved together. Bodyweight exercises are a terrific method to train all 3 and the smooth circulation from one capability to another. 6. Bodyweight Exercises Can At Once Enhance Strength And Cardiorespiratory Endurance While Burning Fat When the majority of us take part in a physical fitness training program we wish to enhance strength and cardiorespiratory endurance, and at the same time burning undesirable fat. Bodyweight exercises can do all 3 in the very same exercise. By differing the workouts, tensions, and strengths of your exercises you can successfully and effectively get more powerful, much better conditioned and leaner. You see some examples of exercises include drills such as leaping jacks, squat thrusts, and burpees. These workouts all have several actions and actions that should be comprehended and carried out by the individual in a streaming way in order to get their complete advantages. You see wise training should include the procedure of linking the body and mind inconsistency in order to work. If you are depending on the meaningless bicep curl device to obtain you fit then you will never ever achieve the desired goal. You can not operate without both the body and mind working together to carrying out a job. It’s merely difficult. Calisthenics is a fantastic method for you to hone your abilities in working out. This specific kind of training permits you to keep an “edge” just like the blade of a knife would when utilized and honed frequently with time. If you do not utilize and hone the blade, it will just dull and rust leading to total uselessness. Here is a great news for you; your body will do the exact same thing if you do not utilize it correctly! If you have not currently, you have actually got to take part in lovely physical fitness and strength with exercises. Calisthenics for Beginners Fundamental calisthenics, you understand exactly what it suggests? Well, if you are old enough to bear in mind Physical Education Class (unfortunately, this is passing away out nowadays), ever played a sport or remained in the Military, you understand precisely what it suggests. Standard calisthenics is the workout approach of the option to construct strong, conditioned bodies with little or no devices. In today’s world with pricey health clubs replete with glossy devices and the physical fitness market marketing “fast”, “simple” physical fitness tricks, bodyweight exercises are typically neglected. You would believe bodyweight workout would be the most utilized kind of workout due to its availability, flexibility, nd efficiency. Bodyweight exercises can be utilized by total novices as well as by elite professional athletes to enhance efficiency, health, and body. Lots of guys and ladies have actually been persuaded that standard exercises fade in contrast to other kinds of training. You ought to keep in mind that fundamental calisthenics need to be the beginning point for any physical training program, and ought to stay an essential part of your workout program. There is a location for calisthenics workout in everybody’s workout program, varying from being the complete exercise program to being a part of the over-all exercise strategy. Your body has actually constantly been, and will constantly be, the best tool for enhancing physical fitness, burning fat and developing a strong, lean, athletic body. Let us have a look at some of the methods you can begin utilizing standard calisthenics exercises today! Fundamental Calisthenics Make An Excellent Warm Up Prior to you begin any physical training, a correct warm up must be carried out. And there is no much better warm up for each kind of exercise than bodyweight exercises. There is no other activity that can prepare your body for the wide range of motions of sport, work, and life rather like bodyweight workout. Fundamental Calisthenics Make A Great Full Body Workout You can utilize bodyweight workout to enhance upper body, lower body, and core strength and endurance. Plus, the balanced nature of some exercises makes them exceptional heart and lung exercises. You can get a real complete body exercise which consists of all muscle groups and the cardiorespiratory systems. And the very best part, you do not require any devices! Combine Bodyweight Exercises With Other Forms Of Workout Simply since you utilize some other kind of training, like dumbbells, barbells and other devices, does not imply you need to not blend in some exercises. Simply think of it. The difficulties of sport, work, and life needs moving the weight of your very own body, moving other things or moving your very own bodyweight and other things. You must train appropriately by blending bodyweight workout and weighted resistance. You Can Do Calisthenics Cardio Intervals At the end of the majority of people’s exercise, they do some “cardio”. This frequently indicates zoning out on the treadmill or workout on a stationary bike while checking out Facebook posts or enjoying the TV. It is suggested to pump up the strength by including some bodyweight breaks. From time to time, leap off the bike or treadmill and do some fundamental calisthenics. This enhances the strength of your exercise by breaking your breathing and heart rhythms, eventually supplying a much better exercise. Calisthenics for Mass Building There is little in this world which can get away the push and pull of altering patterns – and bodybuilding exercises are no exception. For the last years, health clubs up and down the nation have actually been filled with pumped up men, worshiping at the altar of the bench press and the dumbbell rack. What exactly takes place if you turn up for your session and there is a line of hulking agents gobbling up the rack? So, what if you can not make it to the fitness center at all? You may need to work far from the house. You may have a difficult month and need to totally cancel your subscription. Are you expected to simply let all those hard-won gains go to squander? Obviously not – guys developed mass prior to the creation of advanced fitness center devices and they can still do it now. This more natural method of body building (typically referred to as calisthenicsor bodyweight training) has actually gradually grown in appeal over the last 5 years. There are now more men opting to trust their bodies and obtain mass by natural methods. Whilst weightlifting with devices is definitely not a bad method to shape and tone the chest, arms, and back, a narrow focus on assisted training frequently results in a physicality which is extremely dependent on a minimal variety of kinds. Calisthenics (or bodyweight training), which tones and shapes, by means of strength training without weights, motivates the body to end up being versatile, flexible, extremely strong under pressure. Well balanced Calisthenics for Sustainable Mass The genuine power in calisthenics training lies with that it concentrates on motions which include several muscles. It does not attempt to choose and reinforce different muscle groups. This is something which can feel rather alien to anyone who is not familiar with bodyweight workouts, however, iit’sworth rapidly ends up being clear when attempting to find out the best ways to master difficult exercises like the one arm pull-up. Plainly, a one arm pull-up is going to need very strong arms and laterals, however it requires more than this. It can not be done without the capability to manage strength and stress throughout the whole of the body. This is exactly what bodyweight exercise does; it includes the entire body as a cohesive system, in order to produce well balanced as well as center of mass. The core ideas of calisthenics strength training show a direct physical expression, as the strength to weight balance had to perform high level workouts makes exact needs on the body. For this factor, calisthenics professionals work to discover the best balance in between muscle mass and body fat, so that no cycle, motion, or workout is beyond them. Calisthenics for beginners Calisthenics exercises are developed in a different way for everybody in accordance with their physical fitness level and case history. Without doubt it is among the most appropriate branches of physical fitness for those who want to take pleasure in wholesome health. It is this image of brawn and body control that has actually turned it into a sport that many individuals take pleasure in practicing and taking on. There are lots of examples of bodyweight training, which you can integrate into your physical fitness training. In this area, we will concentrate on significant muscle groups exercised in calisthenics workouts. Hands up for those who had actually never evercomplained about your stubborn belly fat or never ever become aware of anybody yearning to have a flat belly. No hands as anticipated. For a number of us, having flat, toned abs resembles the mission for the Holy Grail. It looks like an objective that simply might not be achieved! Lots of people have actually attempted all ways and methods as well as turned to dangerous diet plans in their unrelenting pursuit of washboard abs included on the front covers of style publications and signboards, just to be dissatisfied with the absence of outcomes. What exactly does it truly take to get there? Here are some truly useful suggestions and easy-to-follow exercises for abs to assist you attain beautiful and tight abs. Flat Abs Tip 1: Determine Realistic Goals. Like it or not, for much better or even worse, our genes do contribute in our body shape and parts. You might have seen both mom and children having heavy bottoms. It is likewise not unusual to see thin individuals having a belly and having problem eliminating the layer of fat. Hereditary predisposition does not suggest that we have no control at all. We simply have to set reasonable expectations in enhancing how we look and not be too tough or vital of ourselves. Flat Abs Tip No. 2: Think Globally. Coming down on the flooring and doing numerous crunches is not getting anybody near to flat abs. Your abs might end up being really strong however sadly the toned abdominal area muscles continue to lie underneath a layer of stomach fat. If working any part of the body in seclusion actually works, everybody would have hollow jaws by now considering that we work our jaw muscles by talking and chewing more than other muscle groups. The truth is none of people have hollow jaws. We have to picture the abs as a 360-degree upper body and train the numerous core muscles. Upper body or core muscles are discovered deep within the abs and back, connecting to the spinal column or hips. Significant core muscles live in the location of the stomach and the mid and lower back, and consist of the pelvic flooring muscles, transversus abdominis, multifidus, internal and external obliques, rectus abdominis, erector spinae (sacrospinalis) particularly the longissimus thoracis, and the diaphragm. Small core muscles consist of the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, and trapezius. These muscles are where most emotions come from and assist keep our body steady and well balanced. Reliable exercises for abs include working the core muscles – front, back, left, right, upper and lower. Flat Abs Tip 3: Watch What You Eat. The fact is despite the intense abs exercises you put yourself through, if you are bring excess weight, your toned abdominal area muscles will be concealed by a layer of fat. Simply put, you can have fantastic abs strength however you will not be justifying the 6 pack since they will not show up at all. On top of routine workout, you need to alter your diet plan and produce a calorie deficit by consuming less and doing more cardiovascular/aerobic workout to burn excess fat not simply around the stomach location however general throughout the body. Remember that we cannot spot-reduce fat at particular locations of the body. When the body sheds fat, it does so proportionately throughout the body. It is not essential to start limiting diet plan strategies. The basic guideline is to keep to low-fat, high-fibre foods that are consumed in little amounts such as 6 little meals instead of 3 huge meals throughout the day. Flat Abs Tip 4: Workout Equipment Is Just A Supplementary. The absence or lack of workout devices and health club subscriptions is no reason or limitation for not attaining toned, established abs. There is no rejecting that devices such as stability balls, BOSU, resistance bands, abs rockers work the abdominal area muscles quicker and make your exercise regimen more fascinating by including the range. Even without these devices, we can still attain flat abs through calisthenic workouts that need very little or no devices and can be carried out anywhere. Exercise establishes muscle strength and endurance based upon the variety of sets and repeatings and the length of the pause. Resistance is supplied by our body weight instead of an external source. Crunches and sit-ups are easy yet efficient calisthenic exercises that you can do anywhere, anytime. Even in our day-to-day activities such as standing and sitting, we can work our abs by knowingly preserving an excellent posture and contracting the abdominal area muscles and drawing them inwards to the spinal column. Flat Abs Tip 5: Be PatientAnd Persistent. Our society is so utilized to pleasure principle that everybody anticipates quick outcomes. Some things simply can not be hurried. Numerous product or services guarantee fast repairs that wind up being short-term and inefficient in the long run. The secret is to prepare for sluggish however stable development in the journey to weight reduction and accomplishing toned, flat abs. Be getting ready for obstacles and celebrations where you let yourself go. Do not be too tough on yourself. It is easy to obtain back on track and continue to move on. Your efforts will ultimately settle if you stand firm. Flat Abs Tip 6: Improve Your Pose. Not just is bad posture undesirable however it likewise triggers pains and discomfort. Simply by preserving an excellent standing and sitting posture would produce the impression of looking slimmer. Stop slouching and having your ears in front of your chest. Think of that your head is hanging from a string and align your ears with your shoulders. Draw back your shoulders, raise your chest up, draw your navel to your lower back and disperse your weight uniformly on your balls and heels. An included advantage of keeping excellent posture is the enhancement to your breathing and respiratory system. The finest exercises ‘jobs’ start right in the middle of your body. This is very important due to the fact that, in order to utilize your very own weight as a tool, you initially have to train your abs to endure the pressure — exercises regimens constantly depend on the abdominals. It will begin to reveal after a few months too, so keep that objective in mind if the work feels frightening. Stomach location exercises assist you to get more control over your body language besides offering you attractive six-pack abs.Ab workouts include exercises exercise that will tone the muscles in your abdominal area, developing exactly what lots of people want – the abs. Workouts like vertical leg crunches, stay up, long arm crunches, reverse crunches and chair leg raises enable the body to tone the abs muscles. Keep in mind, however, excessive workout on one part of the body can be unhealthy. Limitation your everyday workout to feel a sluggish and sure body enhancement. There are a number of advantages related to ab workouts. It assists your body to achieve a much better posture since your muscles will be more powerful. Those exercises will get rid of back discomfort and you will observe that your lower back will be more versatile, and your food digestion will enhance through routine stomach workout. If you are beginning a workout regimen to reduce your excess fat, it is essential to concentrate on the lower abs initially due to the fact that this location is the most tough to reinforce and tone. The upper abs will tone and tighten up naturally as the lower abs end up being more powerful. The windscreen wiper and the hanging leg raise are both terrific exercises for working out the abs. Any kind of bar work is bound to be important. The traditional bar exercise puts pressure on the serratus anterior, so it produces noticeable modifications within the upper body extremely rapidly. If you desire that killer serratus edge and a 6 pack to crave, this is the method to go. Chest muscles are among the most significant groups of muscles in our upper body. We utilize them for pressing activities. With more powerful chest muscles, you will have the ability to raise more body weight. In order to get huge appealing pecs, you will need to enhance your muscles with an exercise that assists you accomplish that objective. You can be the pompous owner of a big and commanding chest. Do you want larger pectoral muscles? A lot of individuals, in fact, think that there are 2 different chest muscles, well there are not. The chest muscle or pics that you see on every area of your chest is a fan formed, single relentless muscle although they might be called by varied names such as pectorals major, minor and clavicle head to differentiate the unique parts of the exact same muscle. All chest exercises work your pectorals however from varied angles which bring unique pressure on your chest. You have to utilize several sets of chest muscle motions to strike your pics at a range of angles to effectively promote enormous muscle development. Every varied angle you utilize with any chest muscle workouts will reach a range of various fibers in your chest muscles for effective stimulation of varied locations of your pecs, your total chest will then produce muscles rapidly and symmetrically, providing you that broad and reliable chest that scares to tear your tee-shirt. There are some normal however effective workouts that you can perform to build that huge and effective chest. The whole chest muscle workouts will not just work your pecs however likewise your delts, biceps and triceps muscles to a lower degree. You require to focus, imagine and to consider the force on the chest. The association of your mind and your chest muscle is basic here to make your pecs work harder in its location using your triceps muscles, delts or biceps to affect your chest exercise. Put in on the complete variety of motion and compress your chest muscles at every top of each motion. Constantly lower your weight slowly and deliberately combating gravity to provide more battles to your chest muscles and as a result highlight more muscle fibers for extra muscle development. It needs to come as not a surprise to discover that incredibly broad laterals are a genuine indication of an accomplished exercise developed the body. As there is no narrow concentrate on choosing and independently working the arms, it ends up being simpler to understand the real capacity of the laterals with using muscle-ups, pull-ups, bar levels, and exercises like the human flag. And now to the huge chief of calisthenics; the traditional push-up. It stays among the finest and most effective unassisted bodyweight motions. Too lots of people are lured to simply get to grips with the uninteresting old signature push up – take things even more and make it amazing. You need to constantly keep in mind that if it is simple, your body is not working as difficult as it should. For chest muscles, the most typical exercise is the push-up. There are numerous variations of push-ups that a person can do specifically, flat, likely and decreased. A basic push-up includes one to keep hands and legs shoulder-width apart. As the individual carries out the push-up, his back must be kept in a straight neutral position to avoid unneeded tension to the spinal column. If this workout is too tough, particularly for an individual who has actually not worked out for a long time, he might wish to rest his knees on the ground. This will make the workout simpler to do. Inclined and decreased push-ups can be done using quickly offered objects, such as chairs or staircase and so on. Exercises for the Arm Workouts and Shoulder Workouts The arms are a crucial function of your body– they are the main tool with which you control the world around you. When individuals discuss arms in the bodybuilding sense, they are generally describing the arm and, to a lower degree, the lower arms. A great deal of newbies prefer to develop their arms since they are the most noticeable muscle on the body, particularly when using tee shirts. They are likewise the most likely muscle for which you will get compliments. With that in mind, the arm is rather tough to bulk up in due to its consistent usage and flexibility. Adaptability implies that there are several muscle groups in the arm that you will have to separate efficiently if you wish to make it as huge and as excellent as possible. In the arm, the biceps is most likely the most widely-worked muscle. This is because of its popular position and ease of usage. You may wish to think about, however, that the triceps muscles is really the bigger muscle in the arm. Working both is crucial for correct arm advancement. The triceps muscles are the muscle you will wish to work if you wish to get huge arms. They use up 2/3 of the overall mass of your arm and are simpler to exercise than your biceps. Tricep muscles brachii: this muscle is an elbow extensor, which suggests they are utilized for pressing the lower arm far from the arm. The triceps muscles are the biggest muscles in the arm, comprising 2/3 of the arm. There are 3 heads on the triceps muscles, although you can typically work all 3 together. Variations in angles can develop extra separation, which will make you look more ripped. Biceps brachii: the biceps are the most recognized muscle in the arm as well as the most in-demand. They just use up 1/3 of the arm and are an elbow flexor, which suggests they are utilized to bring the lower arm near the arm. It is necessary to keep in mind, nevertheless, that they are absolutely ineffective in this movement if your hands are dealing with far from your body. Brachialis: the brachialis is a strong elbow flexor that rests under the biceps. This muscle is extremely beneficial because it is not impacted by the grip and is especially beneficial if you are simply supporting the weight without in fact moving it. If you are holding a dumbbell with your elbow bent, you will be utilizing this muscle to support it. This is not really an aesthetically outstanding muscle, however it can make your arms appear broader. Brachioradialis: This is a muscle in the lower arm that is likewise utilized for bending the elbow, other than it is just helpful if you are utilizing a grip where your hands are dealing without or are sideways. Developing this muscle will make your lower arm appear broader. It is not the most helpful muscle up until now as function goes, however it does have its usages – belief arm fumbling! Wrist flexors and extensors: These are 2 muscle groups in your lower arm that are utilized to move your wrist up and down. They likewise impact your grip strength. These ready muscles to develop due to the fact that they will make your lower arm appear both larger and thicker. These, aside from the brachioradialis, are the primary muscles in the lower arm. Supinated: A supinated grip is one where your hand is facing your body when your elbow is bent. This is a more useful grip and is utilized by the biceps brachii. You will likewise have the ability to move more weight when utilizing this grip given that the biceps are normally more powerful than the brachioradialis. Your grip impacts exactly what muscles you target, particularly when utilizing theelbow flexion muscles. There are 2 kinds of grip, pronated and supinated.Mid-grip: Amid grip is when your hand is dealing with to the side rather of far from or towards your body. This is the grip you would utilize when utilizing a hammer. Since of this, it is among them more typical grips. This grip will position considerable tension on both the biceps brachii and the brachioradialis. Pronated: A pronated grip is one where your hands are dealing with far from your body when your elbow is completely bent. This indicates that when your arms produce a V, your hands need to be dealing with far from your body. This grip is mostly utilized to work the brachioradialis and is not normally beneficial in reality. To begin making gains in this sphere, you do not even need to change up your emotions all that much – bar work occurs to be excellent for arms too, specifically biceps. The reality is that your arms are getting a stronger exercise from the chin up repeatings than they are curls, so keep utilizing your very own weight as a tool and begin worshiping the natural method. Arm workouts through calisthenics consist of all the most typical kind of workouts like push-ups, pull-ups, swimming, and the like. Nowadays, individuals try to find a range of their working out routines and in the outcome, various kinds of calisthenics exercise for the arms develop. New workouts consist of diamond push-up, raised push-ups, Hindu push-ups, swimming – for a more collaborated worked out motions, hybrid pull-ups, and chin-ups. Arm workouts are best for those who play beach ball and basketball since the calisthenics exercise assists them to condition their arms for much better plays given that both sports are commonly armed sports. There is a vast array of various motions that you might attempt here; whatever from overarm pull-ups to undearm chin-ups, the thick bar, the switch grip, and pull-up from anything which is strong enough to take your weight. After a couple of months, you will begin to observe an extraordinary boost in tensile capability. You may begin to look a bit like Popeye too, what with those arms. Calisthenics for the Back Workouts If you are thinking of exercising your front upper body such as your chest and abs, you need to think of the opposite side of your body too – your back! The back is generally ignored due to the fact that attention is generally concentrated on constructing the visual muscles such as the chest, shoulders, biceps, and abs. Do not disregard the back as it includes the 2nd greatest muscle (lots) in the body – it is likewise one of the greatest muscles in your body. A strong and healthy back is important in establishing excellent practical strength and enhancing your physical abilities. The back muscles are typing in enhancing your motions in different activities and are essential in avoiding imbalances which might lead to injuries. Throughout your everyday activities, the back carries out numerous complicated motions to support your core– it will assist to enhance your posture and avoid lower back discomfort. For back muscles, the most typical exercise is the chin-up or pull-up, defined in some physical fitness literature. Chin-up can be thought about by some to be among the hardest motions to carry out. There are various variations too, such as overhand and underhand grip or in regards to the width separation of the 2 hands. If you are not able to do a minimum of one chin-up, you can attempt to do passive and active hang initially for a minimum of 15-20 seconds and pursue a minimum of 5 unfavorable pull-ups. This will construct your structure in your back muscles and assist you in advancing to your very first chin-up. Beware with your back! There are scary stories, although not associated with lots of workout injuries, of individuals injuring their backs and should deal with a lifetime of pain in the back. They are primarily due to vehicle mishaps or work mishaps or not raising huge and heavy things properly. Sorry if I terrified you, however do not be deathly scared to exercise your back with calisthenic workouts which are expected to benefit and assist you! Calisthenics for Lower Back Workouts Your lower back is comprised of 2 significant muscles groups: the gluteus medius and the gluteus maximus. Both muscle groups interact to construct well-rounded butts. Shaping strong, toned glutes can be accomplished by carrying out resistance workouts, a number of which likewise tone your legs and core muscles. Squats are among the most efficient workouts to target the glutes and assist you to tone a shapely lower back. They are likewise a substance workout that shapes your thighs and core. Novices can start utilizing just body weight and advance to utilizing dumbbells or a barbell to include strength to the workout. Start with your feet shoulder-width apart, flex your knees and squat down as if you were being in a chair. The much deeper you squat, the more you work your glutes, however do not permit your knees to move forward beyond your toes when you squat. Hold for a minute then go back to the beginning position. Control the motion as you fluctuate. Carry out 12 to 15 repeatings per set. Make this workout more difficult by increasing the weight, doing one leg at a time or finishing more repeatings per set. Side lunges work your glutes, together with your hamstrings and quadriceps. Start by holding a dumbbell in each hand. Lunge to the right by taking a huge action and squat down up until your right thigh is parallel to the flooring and your dumbbells are touching the ground. Keep your weight on your heel and do not stoop forward. Engage your glutes to stand and go back to the beginning position. Alternate sides and total 12 to 15 repeatings. To challenge yourself, make them explosive by including a dive as you turn up from each lunge and go up until muscle failure. Kickbacks Are Back You can develop your glutes and hamstrings with glute kickbacks. Start on all fours with your back straight and parallel to the ground. Extend your best leg back and raise your heel till your right thigh is parallel to your back. Hold for a minute then go back to the beginning position. Squeeze your glutes throughout the whole motion. Do 12 to 15 repeatings on one side and after that change legs. Use ankle weights while performing this workout or do more repeatings per set to offer your glutes a more difficult exercise. Calisthenics for Nice Butt The most typical activity you carry out with your glutes every day is strolling. Include other activities such running, biking, and sports and it is no surprise the glutes are the most significant muscle in your body. The glutes sustain your whole upper body in addition to supporting your legs, for that reason, it readies to have a strong set of glutes so you can work appropriately in your daily life– not to discuss it is among the muscles many individuals wish to form and tone visually. Some calisthenic workouts for the glutes: – Various Squats– squats are among the most advantageous workouts for your whole body, so do not undervalue its advantages for your glutes! All the different squats will assist you establish a more powerful and better set of glutes. – Various Lunges – lunges are exceptional workouts for the glutes. Make certain to follow correct type! – Glute Kickbacks– presume a push-up position however remain on your knees. This calisthenic workout might need some balance so ensure you remain in a comfy and steady position. Begin by raising one leg off the ground, gradually raise the leg up until the thigh is parallel to the ground while extending your shins up perpendicular to the ground. Gradually return down and repeat for the other leg. – Climbing Stairs – Walk and/or add a flight of stairs to exercise your glutes! – Walking and Running/Jogging. You generally utilize your glutes for practically all exercise activities. The very best workout for your butts need to be squats and all the different types of the squat. Attempt them all out! Good and curved! Glute strength-training workouts such as those discussed above, integrated with constant cardiovascular activity and a well balanced, healthy diet plan will provide you the great curved outcomes you desire. If you operate in front of a computer system and sit for the majority of the day, your glutes will gradually atrophy unless you start some strength training. Get up and get active! Exercises for Leg Workouts For legs muscles, there are numerous calisthenics workouts that train various parts of the legs. We will take a look at the most typical one, which is squat. It trains your quadriceps and is very simple to do. Simply go all the method and back up once again, making sure that your knees do not discuss your toes. This will avoid unneeded tension on your knees. Leg workouts are very important for practically all professional athletes. Having the ability to withstand a long playing time without needing to decrease is essential for the professional athlete themselves, hence appropriate leg workouts are a must-have for their daily regimen. Leg workouts go from one of the most fundamental calisthenics exercises like strolling, running and going to heavy training like doing squats, leg curls, leg presses as well as leg sports like kickboxing. Professional athletes normally need to act of hours every day concentrating on toning and enhancing their legs. Another type of calisthenics exercise defines on offering inner thigh workouts for those who want to tone their upper legs. These sort of workouts enhance the inner thighs, otherwise referred to as the hip abductors, reduce the opportunities of cellulite and tightens up the skin around the thigh. Workouts like the inner thigh lifts, utilizing medicine ball which will likewise assist you to burn the fats and lunge stretches that are particularly for your inner thighs. The thighs are crucial for professional athletes like football games, gymnasts, and soccer games since strong thighs will have the ability to assist them with their speed and versatility in the field. Leg workouts are crucial for numerous individuals. Gymnasts require a great deal of strength to perform their stunts, professional athletes like basketball, soccer or football games need a great deal of speed and muscle power for their games, business people require leg workouts merely since they require it for their everyday tasks and for the beach bottoms, leg, and inner thigh workouts are needed to tone the legs and avoid cellulite. Calisthenics exercise includes a great deal of workouts that assists to enhance the condition of the body. These consist of various kinds of workouts for various parts of the body, from the arm workouts and ab regimens to the inner thigh workouts, hip rollers and foot workouts. Inner thighs, likewise called hip abductors support a big part of the body’s weight and when provided a possibility to train and reinforce the muscles, might end up being a huge part of the body’s athleticism. The greatest advantage of doing inner thigh workouts is to avoid cellulite and burn fats around the thigh location. Females are typically pestered with the issue that their thighs have the tendency to crinkle and drop and have substantial swellings that will not go so well with skimpy swimwears. Nearly every woman is continuously searching for methods to be able to get rid of those awful looking orange peels and this type of exercises exercise permits to concentrate on the primary location by burning the fats and toning the muscles, leading to tighter, slim and attractive looking thighs. Professional athletes need to discover methods to update their level, in their efficiency, exercise, result, and individual image. Correct leg workouts will train the muscles around the thighs to obtain utilized to the contraction, grow more powerful tissues and establish more powerful limbs. With constant training, the professional athlete will discover themselves having the ability to increase speed, do greater dives and ensure landings. Like other kinds of training, leg workouts, particularly those directed to the inner thighs train the muscles to an everyday dosage of recovery and restoring tissue. This enables the body to obtain utilized to the procedure and heats up to the pressure set aside to the location. This leads to less threat of muscle discomforts that are generally discovered in the upper and inner thigh location and injuries brought on by emotions that were expected to be supported by the thighs. Inner thigh workouts likewise assist the body to sustain big quantities of training, making it much easier for a professional athlete to do long strolls, run laps, be familiarized with the health club and do more difficult and more effective training strategies. 5 Ways A Calisthenics Workout Can Bring Benefits Carrying out a bodyweight exercise has something for everybody. If you have an operating body, there is no need to keep grumbling about running out shape. You do not require costly fitness center subscriptions, pricey devices and even a great deal of time to carry out an extremely reliable bodyweight exercise and gain the benefits. Let us take a look at exactly what an appropriate bodyweight exercise can do for you. 1. Calisthenics Workout For Strength. When many people consider enhancing strength they do not consider doing a bodyweight exercise, however rather some sort of resistance training.For them, they are missing out on one of the most reliable, flexible and effective strength training techniques in presence your own body.The huge bulk of individuals can not successfully manage their own bodyweight while carrying out various motions, a reality which can be corrected by carrying out a bodyweight exercise.A boost in strength happens when your body is consistently exposed to an environment where a strength boost is needed for efficiency.In most cases, your very own bodyweight suffices for supplying the resistance essential to prompt physical modifications for a boost in strength.You need to not even try other types of resistance workout without very first being proficient in the moving your very own bodyweight.And for the die-hard weight lifter, a bodyweight exercise of one arm push-ups one-leg squat, and one-arm pull-up are incredibly tough and will evaluate your strength like no other. 2. Calisthenics Workout For Endurance. Carrying out a high repeating bodyweight exercise is an outstanding method to enhance muscular endurance.Basic workouts like push-ups, air squats, and chinnies end up being very difficult when greater repeatings are utilized.There are lots of elements of strength and strength endurance can be essential when dealing with the difficulties of sport, work, and life.An excellent bodyweight exercise can prepare you to fulfill those difficulties with quality.When carrying out a bodyweight exercise for muscular endurance, simply keep in mind to not compromise quality for amount. 3. Calisthenics Workout For Metabolic Conditioning. Metabolic conditioning is frequently described as “cardio”.When the majority of people consider cardio, they consider working on the treadmill, riding a stationary bicycle, and so on. Carrying out a bodyweight exercise made up of bodyweight exercises workouts is an exceptional method to enhance cardiorespiratory endurance.A bodyweight exercise that consists of workouts like leaping jacks, mountain climbers, burpees, and so on have the benefit of enhancing strength and muscular endurance in addition to cardiorespiratory endurance. 4. Calisthenics Workout For Fat Loss. Weight loss is the factor a lot of individuals carry out fitness exercise programs.Carrying out a bodyweight exercise consisted of bodyweight workouts and exercises workouts can produce an environment for your body that makes it wish to eliminate undesirable fat.The bodyweight workout part of your bodyweight exercise will include lean muscle required for strength enhancement that will raise your metabolic rate, even when you are not exercising.The exercises part of your bodyweight exercise will raise your heart and breathing rates and burn up calories. 5. Calisthenics Workout For Total Body Transformation. Carrying out a bodyweight exercise by blending and matching various bodyweight workouts and exercises workouts is an efficient and effective method to change your entire body.Muscular strength, muscular endurance, metabolic conditioning and weight loss can all be targeted within the very same bodyweight exercise.The effective improvement of your body from unsuited to fit is straight associated to your capability to produce an environment where your body should get more powerful, include lean muscle, enhance cardiorespiratory endurance and burn undesirable fat and a correct bodyweight exercise can produce that environment.There is absolutely nothing keeping you from carrying out a bodyweight exercise today and enhancing strength, conditioning, and physical fitness, along with changing your body into the body you have actually constantly desired. As you can see, you run out reasons.You do not require pricey fitness center subscriptions, expensive devices or an incredible quantity of time to carry out an efficient bodyweight exercise, all you require is your very own body and the desire to enhance. As you can see, calisthenics has actually been a definitive benefit that has actually shown the ability to increase human psychological and physical efficiency for countless years. Their execution has actually just been surpassed and continues to provide faster exercise outcomes than any device or multiple devices.Beginning with the ancient Spartan warriors – the most feared and appreciated warriors of perpetuity and continuing with today’s military forces, gymnasts, professional athletes, martial artists and Hollywood stars, they all utilized or still utilize bodyweight exercises. The calisthenics advantages that everyone discusses are: - They will provide you with more energy and enhance the quality of sleep. When you are developing you will discover that you do not have to sleep as much and you will have more energy to finish your training. - Calisthenic exercises reduce anxiety. Routine exercises are an outstanding method to enhance your state of mind, control your feelings and get in shape. When you work out, your body releases endorphins, adrenaline, serotonin and dopamine. These are the body’s natural feel excellent chemicals. They interact to make you feel excellent. Aim to train 3 days a week for about 45 minutes and your body will thank you! - When you do exercises, you burn calories. When you desire to go and have your preferred ice-cream, if you do your workouts, that ice cream will not land on your midsection, thighs or hips, which is where fat normally goes. The visual outcome of calisthenic exercises is that you will burn fat and gain lean muscles at the very same time. - All calisthenic workouts are something that you can discover quickly, by yourself which you will have the ability to perform in your very own house. All that you require is your body weight, the ground a, d the earth’s gravity. You do not need to purchase a 5 hundred dollars weight devices or get a fitness center subscription. What you exactly require is a budget friendly training guide– a handbook that will teach you the appropriate kind and strategy on every bodyweight workout so you will begin your terrific physical improvement. - These bodyweight workouts are perfect for both newbies in addition to those with more experience who want to press or check the limitations of their strength, endurance or physical abilities. - Calisthenics are the only training exercise that will shape your body by natural methods. The calisthenic training technique is the means to accomplish a higher sense of exactly what it requires to live life and live it well!
In recent years, we’ve heard a lot about the importance of playing outside and being able to run around for children’s development. Further neuroscience research continues to back this up, yet children are still leading incredibly sedentary lives. If we observe young children we see they wriggle, fidget and roll around at any opportunity. As they get older they throw themselves around making all sorts of complex and unusual shapes with their bodies, learning to balance, jump, swing and climb. It is a natural and biological drive to behave this way; it helps children to learn – and not just about movement. There’s a part of the brain which sits at the base of the back of the skull, called the cerebellum. It literally needs variety of movement to function effectively. The cerebellum is responsible for storing information about, predicting, planning and correcting movements. Because of its role in this, the cerebellum also supports cognitive development. So, in this way we can see that movement is important for more formal learning tasks. Consider how many adults say that they like to doodle while learning or they prefer to learn by doing, yet we continue to ask children to sit still behind a desk. Furthermore, sitting still actually tires children out more than using up their energy in physical activity. Both the body and brain crave movement, the more complex and novel the better. Research has shown that this type of movement stimulates the brain more, increasing synaptic connections which keep the brain young and agile. Once learned, brain effort and energy decreases so new movement and new learning needs to take place for the brain to continue working at the same level. The human body adapts incredibly quickly. This also means that it doesn’t matter if you never master something; it’s the trying that matters! This leads to the question of, if we apply this to children, why not to ourselves as adults? We need to keep moving too and in novel and complex ways as this too has been show to keep adult brains healthy as well as increase overall health and wellbeing. So get involved and crawl, run, jump and climb with the children in your setting when asked. It’ll make you laugh and be good for your health! It’ll clear your head and you’ll have greater ability to focus too. It’ll improve your balance and agility and may even prevent injury in years to come! BANDNews back issues: Rates Boost Childcare Equality? From MAY 2017 Anew report from the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) suggests that the governments’ proposal to allow local authorities to retain 100%... BANDNews-Back issues: Movement in Mind From MAY 2017 In recent years, we’ve heard a lot about the importance of playing outside and being able to run around for children’s development. Further neuroscience... To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. BAND does not collect information for marketing purposes.
Geology in the Grand Canyon attracts the attention of the world for many reasons, but perhaps its greatest significance lies in the geologic record preserved and exposed here. The rocks at Grand Canyon are not inherently unique. Similar rocks are found throughout the world. What is unique about the geologic record at Grand Canyon is the variety of rocks present, the clarity with which they are exposed, and the complex geologic story they tell. Geology in the Grand Canyon Two separate geologic stories exist at Grand Canyon. The older story is the one revealed in the thick sequence of rocks exposed in the walls of the canyon. These rocks provide a remarkable record of the Paleozoic Era (550-250 million years ago). Scattered remnants of Precambrian rocks as old as 2000 million years can also be found at the bottom of the canyon. The story these rocks tell is far older than the canyon itself. Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks (250 million years old to the present) are largely missing at Grand Canyon. They have either been worn away or were never deposited. The second geologic story at Grand Canyon concerns the origin of the canyon itself: when and how did it come to be? On one level the answer is simple: Grand Canyon is an erosional feature that owes its existence to the Colorado River. Of equal importance are the forces of erosion that have shaped and continue to shape the canyon today. These include running water from rain, snowmelt, and tributary streams which enter the canyon throughout its length. The climate at Grand Canyon is classified as semi-arid. The South Rim receives 15 inches/38 cm of precipitation each year. The bottom of the canyon receives 8 inches/20 cm. The rain comes suddenly in violent storms, particularly in the late summer of each year. The power of erosion is therefore more evident here than in other places which receive more rain. Grand Canyon owes its distinctive shape to the different rock layers in the canyon walls. Each responds to erosion in a different way: some form slopes, some form cliffs, some erode more quickly than others. The vivid colors of many of these layers are due mainly to small amounts of various minerals. Most contain iron, which imparts subtle shades of red, yellow, and green to the canyon walls. Climate plays an important role in the appearance of the canyon. If there was a higher amount of precipitation at Grand Canyon, the plants and trees that grow here would be very different. The canyon walls might be covered with lush vegetation, rather than the cacti and shrubs growing there today. How old is the canyon itself? The early history and evolution of the Colorado River (of which Grand Canyon is only a part) is the most complex aspect of Grand Canyon geology. We know that the erosion which has shaped the canyon has occurred only in the past five to six million years. This is only yesterday, considering the age of the rocks through which the river has carved. Grand Canyon continues to grow and change. As long as rain and snow continue to fall in northern Arizona, the forces of erosion will continue to shape Grand Canyon.
New studies reported in the journal Geology challenge existing predictions about the influence of Southeast Asian monsoons on the sandy dune fields of northern China. Scientists previously assumed that the dune fields that mark the margins of the Gobi Desert would stabilize over the next century as monsoon rains increase in southern China. They projected that more water would reach the dunes and allow stabilizing vegetation to take root in the sand. But that prediction has been turned on its head. The monsoon season and periods of dune stabilization “turn out to be almost completely out of phase,” said University of Wisconsin–Madison geographer Joseph Mason. “The dunes can become active, and the climate there can become drier even when the monsoon is getting stronger. Apparently, increasing monsoons in China may lead to a drier Gobi Desert.” KIMBRA CUTLIP is a freelance writer and former assistant editor for Weatherwise.
Liquid Chlorine Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite is the main ingredient in laundry bleach. It is used extensively as a bleaching agent in the textile, detergents, and paper and pulp industries. It is also used as an oxidizing agent for organic products. In the petrochemical industry, sodium hypochlorite is used in petroleum products refining. It is also used as a disinfectant in water and wastewater treatment and sanitary equipment. In food processing, sodium hypochlorite is used to sanitize food preparation equipment, in fruit and vegetable processing, mushroom production, hog, beef and poultry production, maple syrup production, and fish processing.
Women are still underrepresented in technical professions. Research suggests that women and men benefit differently from teaching methods and media. Mixed-Reality (MR) technologies open up new possibilities for presenting teaching content and contexts virtually and interactively and creating teaching situations that would otherwise only be possible with great effort (e.g. travel). The aim of the project is to research the potential of MR Learning for technical training under the aspect of equal opportunities and to try out new teaching concepts in this area in a gender-appropriate manner. Aviation is used as an application domain, as it combines many technical subjects and is strongly male-dominated (less than 6% of the world's pilot population are female). Results are examined with regard to transferability to other technical domains in order to enable utilization on a broad application basis. The goals of the project and the work content derived from them are therefore: - Elaboration of an extensive empirical database on potentials in the area of theoretical communication of technical content and its application in practical situations. This survey particularly addresses the social context of the participants in order to be able to create a comprehensive and differentiated picture, especially with regard to the gender dimension. - Creation of a framework for the quantitative evaluation of the quality of software applications in terms of gender sensitivity and sustainability (maintainability, future security, etc.). This framework is used by software development and training organizations to determine quality. - Implementation of a mixed reality application as a proof of concept for a selected use case and conduction of an extensive laboratory study to evaluate the potential of this application, particularly with regard to gender sensitivity and sustainability. The results of the planned studies and the developed framework serve as a basis for deriving practical recommendations for action and guidelines for training and software development organizations in order to promote a future gender-appropriate and sustainable design of knowledge transfer and application training. \|Effective start/end date\|\|1/09/21 → 31/08/24\| Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Welding is an important process for the construction of various metal sculptures. Sculptural welding requires extensive knowledge and skill; it’s more than simply creating functional objects or joining two pieces of metal together. Sculptural welding may involve welding two different materials, different shapes and colors, or welding at odd angles. Picture Credit: metalwelding.org A famous metal work artist would be the legendary English sculptor, Henry Moore. Alexander Calder is said by some to have perfected the art of sculptural welding. David Smith, the American sculptor, is revered. Antoine Pevsner was highly regarded for innovative welding techniques. Contemporary English sculptor, Anthony Caro has also created metal works of art. David Smith lived from 1906-1965. He was considered one of the greatest American sculptors of the 20th century. His work was rugged, yet carried his interpretations of mythology. Influenced by cubism, surrealism, constructivism and his younger days working in a car body shop – his work was still influential and distinctive. One of the earliest welded sculptures was Worker and Kolkhoz Woman by Vera Mukhina. The Large Arch by Henry Moore is located on the library plaza in downtown Columbus Ohio. The Chicago Picasso is 50 feet high and has become a landmark of downtown Chicago (located on Civic Center Plaza). Mobiles and Stabiles by Alexander Calder are internationally well known. You’ll find L'empennage (1953) at the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art. Le Tamanoir (1963) is in Rotterdam, Netherlands. La Grande Vitesse (1969) found its home in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Feuille d'arbre (1974) resides in Tel Aviv, Israel. Red Mobile (1956) is painted sheet metal and metal rods hanging in the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. Creating Welded Sculpture by Nathan Cabot Hale is a 208 page guide with 196 illustrations. The book is not necessarily geared toward beginning welders, but does cover basic tools and techniques. The projects; abstract shapes, modeling solid figures, and large-scale welding challenge artists to create their best work. Schools and Classes Many great metal sculptors gained welding experience in more formal settings, but many schools offer welding as an art form. The Art Institute of Chicago has a Welding Workshop. Ohio University has a sculpture program. You’ll also find art and welding classes at New York University, California Institute of Art, Austin Community college, Southwestern Oregon, and more. Why Metal Art? Metal art pays homage to the iron and steel industries and the dominant force they are. Metal art sculptures may be modern, contemporary, and suitable for indoor or outdoor use. They may bring new life to forgotten discards. Metal has a feel and character not replicated by any other medium.
Picture one half with the world’s populace by worn out in a space of not more than a ten years. You most likely cannot picture such an celebration occurring; it appears unreal. But, this very thing happened inside the between the years 1347 and 1351 in Europe. This kind of massive damage of individual life was known as the Dark Death. This Black Fatality was a great ecological disaster on a global scale. The consequences of the plague on human and selected animal foule from East Asia to as considerably west as Greenland were catastrophic. Every facets of world, from peasant to ruler were damaged; no one was safe. All society was affected; practically nothing would ever be similar. Thus, there have been many monetary, social, and political associated with the Black Death. Ahead of one can be familiar with effects of the Black Loss of life, one need to understand exactly what is and what it performed. The Dark-colored Death was your common term for what is now known today to be 3 different illnesses. The first, and most prevalent of these was Bubonic Problem. The Bubonic Plague lasts for approximately half a dozen days. The early symptoms contain hemorrhaging and splotches for the skin. Down the road, various nerve and psychological disorders can happen. Bubonic Plague is perilous fifty to sixty percent of the time. The various other two forms of the Plague, Septicaemic and Pneumonic had been both a lot more rare, yet much deadly, killing ninety-five a hundred percent of that time period. The Dark-colored Death did not originate in Europe, even so. It originated in Central Asia, far away by Europe. So, just how did it reach Europe, and why throughout the Late Ancient? Before the time of the Later Middle Ages, infrastructure was vastly underdeveloped. As a result, diseases propagate by humans could not perhaps spread considerably, as most individuals did not push too far from their homeland. When of the Later Middle Ages, operate and infrastructure had advanced into an advanced state. Control routes connected all the key cities of Europe to the far away gets of Asia. Now, as the Dark Death epidemic began in Asia, this began to slaughter and propagate immediately. By 1350s, two-thirds of China’s population put dead, nevertheless this was only the start. The Black Death quickly spread throughout Central Asia, following the route of the Man made fibre Road. Shortly it reached the Middle East, where Italian merchants proceeded to pass on it to Europe through their trading ships. At the time the Black Fatality reached The european countries, the population was at full move. Population numbers, due to fresh agricultural strategies and other means, were at all time levels. The Black Death might quickly alter that. The Black Death, traveling quickly across trading routes protected Europe in the brief duration between the years 1347 and 1351. Almost everywhere from Ireland in europe to Scandinavia to The country was strike. Once the Dark Death struck a community only a few were spared. Anywhere from makes to seventy-five percent of your town’s populace would expire. And once a town will begin to retrieve, the Dark Death will strike all the time, relentlessly slaughtering thousands. Pertaining to an event because destructive since the Dark-colored Death, the economic effects are great. After the trouble had hidden through Europe and decreased the population by a third, an abrupt surplus of items and food drove prices down drastically. In reply to this people began to wildly overspend what was not worth much. However , following the excess sum of meals had been utilized, the deficiency of labor began to call and make an impact. Rates rapidly raised, way over and above pre-plague rates. In addition , these laborers who remained shortly were in high need. They noticed that their providers were rare, and thus they could impose any rate they wished. In response for this, governments created laws restricting wages. This in turn would later cause peasant revolts in the later 14th Century. Yet , Some places experienced economical prosperity as a long term effect of the trouble. In addition to the results on wages, there were other economic effects as well. Villages in the Late Middle Ages were slowly and gradually becoming significant centers of trade. Villages were the middle of business, and spots were markets were. The Black Death struck these types of very villages the hardest. Neighborhoods, being populated and infested by rodents, were more susceptible to the plague than rural areas. Thus, persons abandoned various towns pertaining to the safety of the countryside. This heavily slower trade, while now cities were forgotten, and there was clearly no central location for folks to meet and trade. Furthermore, there were various social effects as well. Middle section Age culture became a lifestyle of death and corrosion. Life became cheap. The stench of death became unavoidable when entering villages and urban centers. Everywhere there was the deceased and the declining. Bodies had been literally piled-up outside in wheelbarrows, ready to be broke up with. The deceased were not cared for with respect or pride. Fear was so great of infection that bodies were simply piled-up and broke up with in mass graves. Persons, ignorant of what was causing this kind of terrible catastrophe, blamed those on the margins of contemporary society. Others asked the Chapel. Why will God inflict such struggling? The Church had zero answers, and so people began to question that more and more. A lot of took concerns into their own hands. Categories of people, generally known as flagellants started to go through villages and cities, wiping themselves to appease God. They will believed that if they caused enough pain to themselves, after that perhaps Goodness would simplicity their battling. In addition , the brand new devaluing of life and questioning from the Church, the material that held society jointly society was ripped. The plague afflicted everyone coming from kings to peasants. Troops who once protected peasants were no more there, and survivors had been vulnerable to looters and highwaymen. Nobility who once led society were now departed, and people can no longer count on them to work manors and supply for general protection against enemies. Nobles may no longer depend on peasants, because they quickly became scarce. In short, the Dark-colored Death caused a chaotic upheaval about society as death became common, certainly nothing could be trustworthy. In addition to the a large number of social and economic effects, there were also many politics effects of the Black Trouble. As stated prior to, the Black Plague afflicted virtually all facets of society, including the nobility. The nobility’s ability to effectively insist their electric power became incredibly limited as a result of rapid drop of feudalism that happened due to the plague. The main method to obtain the power of the nobility came from their feudal powers, and once these forces became limited, the ability in the nobles to effect personal change also became limited. Before the Dark Plague, nobleman had to consider the nobles and their ideas. Following a Black Problem, nobles started to be helpless, until they agreed to further the kings’ promises and needs. This in turn additional centralized electric power, which was a trend from the 14th 100 years. The main personal effect of the Black Death was the even more loss of power of the nobles in federal government. The Dark-colored Death was your terror of the Middle Ages. Serf and ruler alike dreaded it. And where the trouble struck, nothing at all could be the same. Overpopulated towns suddenly became deserted. Thriving commerce all of a sudden became dead and empty. Whereas the dead were once highly regarded and cared for, now they were devalued and thrown in loads. The kings continued to get in power, due to the weakening of the feudal system. In retrospect, the Black Fatality was, perhaps, one of the most transforming events in human history. The economy, society, and politics of the time were transformed forever.
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - adj. Coming into view, existence, or notice: emergent spring shoots; an emergent political leader. - adj. Emerging: emergent nations. - adj. Rising above a surrounding medium, especially a fluid. - adj. Arising or occurring unexpectedly: money laid aside for emergent contingencies. - adj. Demanding prompt action; urgent. - adj. Occurring as a consequence; resultant: economic problems emergent from the restriction of credit. - n. One that is coming into view or existence: "The giant redwoods . . . outstrip the emergents of the rain forest, which rarely reach two hundred feet” ( Catherine Caulfield). from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - adj. emerging; coming into view or into existence; nascent; new. - adj. taller than the surrounding vegetation - adj. having leaves and flowers above the water - adj. Having gameplay that arises from its mechanics, rather than a linear storyline. - n. A plant whose root system grows underwater, but whose shoot, leaves and flowers grows up and above the water. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English - adj. Rising or emerging out of a fluid or anything that covers or conceals; issuing; coming to light. - adj. Suddenly appearing; arising unexpectedly; calling for prompt action; urgent. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Rising from or out of anything that covers or surrounds; coming forth or into view; protruding. - Specifically— In bryology, rising slightly above the perichætium: applied to the capsule. - In lichenology, protruding through the cortical layer. - Issuing or proceeding. - Coming suddenly; sudden; casual; unexpected; hence, calling for immediate action or remedy; urgent; pressing. - n. That which emerges or comes forth; that which appears or comes into view; a natural occurrence. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - adj. occurring unexpectedly and requiring urgent action - adj. coming into existence Sorry, no etymologies found. China's position is best illustrated by an influential foreign policy advisor to Chinese leaders who requested an edit to the forum's communiqué: the phrase "emergent nations led by China" was to be changed to "emergent nations including China". Purposely ignoring American Jews, Roman Catholics, mainline Protestants and many evangelicals-about 70 percent of religious Americans-Bloom focuses on the Mormons, the Southern Baptists and other made-in-America sects to tease out what he calls the emergent "American Religion." What it does not recognize is the third case, which we call emergent strategy where a realized pattern was not expressly intended. These people, which he calls emergent consumers, are characterized by their vision and thinking styles. The other wing comes from young people within the Evangelical communities who are questioning and redefining their tradition and is known as "emergent" Christianity. The two beams, in short, emergent from the spar, are polarized, their directions of vibration being at right angles to each other. It may turn out that evolution of intelligence involves long-term emergent risks to genetic lines that ultimately kill off intelligence before it gets much beyond where we are at. If he or she is "emergent" - which usually means young, but can also refer to older artists who have only recently signed up with a well-known gallery-the risk is greater, but so is the potential return. Designing and constructing a free living life form doesn't have to involve any (hopelessly) complicating assumptions (or hypotheses) such as "1) Life originated on the Earth, 2) Life is emergent from a specific set of naturally given abiological conditions, 3) We can identify those conditions on Earth, both coincident and causal, with the origin of life and reproduce those conditions in the laboratory and life will emerge." Here's what I assume are the assumptions (LOL) that make it an entertaining subject matter to argue over: 1) Life originated on the Earth, 2) Life is emergent from a specific set of naturally given abiological conditions, 3) We can identify those conditions on Earth, both coincident and causal, with the origin of life and reproduce those conditions in the laboratory and life will emerge.
1. Some have concluded that women’s brains are wired for making connections, listening and remembering, and intuition. Studies mapping brains show that women’s left and right brains are highly connected, making them better equipped for multitasking and combining/connecting “logical thinking” with “intuitive thinking.” It’s worth noting that these studies can’t definitively predict behavior. 2. Women are great communicators. “Women are stronger communicators and better connectors than men,” said Jay Forte in the New York Daily News, “and they’re more astute about knowing how to activate passion in their employees. They watch the 43 muscles in your face and see how your emotions change.” Women are also significantly more likely than men to talk to their friends and family about their problems and stress, meaning they bring fewer of those problems to the workplace. 3. Women have an eager and attentive approach to learning, starting at a young age. A study of more than 5,800 students showed that girls perform better in school due to their attentiveness, task persistence, eagerness to learn, learning independence, flexibility, and organization. Those sound like pretty good qualities in any co-worker, especially someone in charge. 4. Women are good with money. As explained in The Washington Post, a study found single female investors outperformed single men by 2.3%, female investment groups outperformed male counterparts by 4.6%, and women overall outperformed by 1.4%. This is because male investors traded 45% more than female investors, and they made a lot more bad decisions. So who would you trust with decisions about your salary and bonuses? Another study showed that women are less likely to waste money on aggressive mergers or building empires, giving better value to shareholders than their male equivalents. 5. Women are great at compromising and making fair decisions. According to a 2013 survey of more than 600 board directors, women are “more likely to consider the rights of others and to take a cooperative approach to decision-making.” This means better performance for their companies. 6. Women appreciate the need for “work-life balance.” Women in charge are more tolerant of their staff doing personal chores during work hours, and are more likely to take personal situations into account when it comes to management. 7. Women are really good at multitasking. This study shows that women are faster and more organized than men when switching rapidly between tasks. If you’ve ever seen a good female boss at work answering emails and phone calls while juggling meetings and other projects, you know this is true. 8. Women are amazing leaders. A survey of 7,280 leaders who were evaluated in 2011 showed that women outperform men in a range of categories and are overall better leaders. The categories where women scored significantly higher than men included “takes initiative,” “practices self-development,” “displays high integrity and honesty,” “drives for results,” and “develops others.” Whew, ladies are awesome. CORRECTION: A previous version of this list overstated the conclusions of the brain wiring study in item #1. We’ve added some language to make it more clear that many of the study’s conclusions have been questioned.
Threats to Whales Humankind’s activities have severe consequences for the many species that live in the oceans. Climate change, the destruction of the ozone layer, pollution from toxic wastes and over-fishing all play their role in destroying the whales’ home. The topics covered in this section are just a glimpse of some of the threats facing whales today. The overall effects these threats have on whales are a sign of the total effects they have on all life on Earth. Whales and Ozone Depletion In 1985, British scientists discovered that the Earth’s protective ozone layer had developed a large hole. They soon realised the hole was being caused by man-made chemicals: chlorofluorocarbons, otherwise known as CFCs. CFCs are now banned from use in many industries. But so much has already been produced, and released into the atmosphere, that they will continue to damage the ozone layer for many more years to come. The ozone’s hole has caused increased levels of Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation to reach the earths surface. Increased UV-B is believed to have bad effects on all ecosystems. Organisms at the bottom of the food web are most affected by UV-B. In the southern oceans of Antarctica, the ozone hole led to a 6-12% decrease of marine phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is the basis of the marine food web. This in turn would lead to a reduction in the food available to other species, higher in the food web, such as marine mammals. Baleen whales, which feed directly on plankton, may experience a considerably reduced food supply. UV-B radiation will not only affect whales’ food supply. Whales themselves are already beginning to feel the direct impacts of decreased ozone. Southern Right whales, which migrate to Peninsula Valdes (South America) each year, spend a lot of time resting on the surface. Pox-like markings have been recently appearing on the backs of these animals. These are being attributed to increased UV-B radiation. Whales and Climate Change/Global Warming Global warming, or climate change, results from a build up of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. More heat is trapped close to the earth, much like an ever-thickening blanket. Greenhouse gases are: carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); and hydrocarbons such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These gases are largely produced from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and gas. Global warming radically and rapidly changes the Earth’s climate. This will have severe implications for the entire planet. The marine phytoplankton (microscopic plants), which are prevalent in the Southern Oceans, play a pivotal role in the climate change scenario. They naturally break down carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. If the numbers of phtyoplankton are reduced because of global warming, the remainder cannot use up the excess CO2. The warming process will then speed up and Earth will literally cook itself. Clearly, weather patterns, water temperature, currents, and nutrient cycles in the oceans will all be influenced by climate change. The results of climate change on the marine food web will impact every level through a series of knock on effects. If one species is affected, they, in turn, will effect other species. Whales and Organochlorine Pollution Today there are so many human-made pollutants entering the world’s oceans that there are no longer any areas which can be classified as “untouched.” Some of the most deadly and widespread of these pollutants are human-made chemicals containing carbon and chlorine, called organochlorines. They include: PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), DDT, PCPs (Polychlorinated phenyls), atrazine, simazine, dieldrin and dioxins.Such chemicals are used as pesticides and herbicides, in the dry cleaning industry, in tanneries, and in electrical equipment. Organochlorines have been found all over the planet, from organisms living under 11,000 feet of water, to the snow and ice of the Arctic and Antarctic, to the islands of the Pacific. The threat from these chemicals affects all forms of life on Earth. Organochlorines are lipophilic. They accumulate in fats and oil rather than air or water. Therefore, they tend to build up in the fatty tissues of marine organisms such as whales. Usual biological processes do not break them down. Because of this, they are very persistent in the environment and will bio-accumulate up the food chain (increasing in concentration with each level). In the oceans, organochlorines reach their highest levels in the top predators, which are marine mammals, sharks and human beings. We endanger our lives and the lives of our children by eating the fish we have indirectly poisoned. Organochlorines in whales have the potential to disrupt a variety of biochemical and physiological processes. Organochlorines concentrate in whales’ large blubber reserves. At times, when they are migrating, whales will not feed and so will live off these reserves. If the reserves are contaminated with pollutants it may cause the animal to become ill. In addition to this, organochlorines are transferred from mother to calf during lactation, or nursing. Body burdens of organochlorine pollution are higher in the toothed whales than the baleen whales cause they feed higher up the food chain. In addition to this species that inhabit coastal waters have higher levels than those that live in the open ocean. Beluga whales, in the St Lawrence river, have toxin levels so high that when dead Belugas are found washed up, they are classified by world health standards as toxic waste and must be incinerated rather than buried. Organochlorines severely inhibit the reproductive processes of whales and can lead to infertility, birth defects, tumors and lesions, tooth decay, adrenal gland cysts, a high percentage of malignant growths, and carcinogens. Whales can become entangled in various fishing gear designed to catch crabs and lobsters and once entangled can drag the lines, ropes, traps and floats for months, slowing the whale down reducing it’s potential to dive, feed, and migrate effectively. The ropes typically cut into the whales flesh and cause serious wounds, sometimes removing entire tail flukes or pectoral fins. These eventuate in the whale becoming weak and increase the potential for predation from sharks and killer whales. Many dolphin species associate with tuna. The tuna fishing industry killed hundreds of thousands of dolphins in the eastern tropical pacific by netting on the dolphins in order to catch the tuna underneath and in this way some populations of spinner, spotted and stripped dolphins have been reduced to 25% of their initial abundance. Whales and Toxic Algal Blooms Toxic algal blooms are a natural occurrences in oceans at certain times of year. However, they can cause mass mortalities of marine organisms because they deplete oxygen or produce poisonous toxins. Toxic algal blooms are responsible for mass mortalities such as the humpbacks found dead after consuming Atlantic mackerel. The mackerel contained toxins the same as those that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans. Although not lethal in themselves, long-term low doses of toxins from contaminated fish may stress whales physiologically, making them more susceptible to fatal bacterial and viral pathogens. Whales and oil spills Whales have no way of avoiding oil spills. As they surface to breathe they inhale the volatile and carcinogenic components of the oil that sit just above the water’s surface. The health of the whale is a measure of the health of the whole ocean / planet habitat. Their bodies are records of what is going on between the atmosphere and the seas. The International Whaling Commission The International Whaling Commission was established in Washington USA in 1946. Its aim was to achieve the maximum sustainable utilisation of whale stocks, and protect the future of stocks as a resource. Since 1949, the IWC has met annually, where it has assessed population statistics and set limits and quotas on catches. Unfortunately, it has no powers of enforcement, and some countries either refuse to sign recommendations, or leave the commission when they disagree with it. Over the years, the stance of the IWC has changed as some of its members adopted more conservation-oriented views and positions on whaling. The majority of the IWC member countries no longer hunt whales commercially since synthetic products became available, replacing whales traditional uses. The IWC is responsible for the establishment of both the Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary in 1979, and the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary in 1994. Today the IWC is comprised of around 50 member nations: a few are still whaling nations; several are former whaling nations; and several others are countries who never hunted whales, but joined to support improved conservation measures for whales. Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary In May 1994, the IWC met in Mexico City where, by 23 votes to one, the Commission agreed to establish the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. This signalled a major victory for the environment! The Sanctuary covers an area stretching south from 40oS latitude (excluding the tip of South America). A little more than halfway from the South Pole to the equator, it is basically the “bowl” at the bottom of the earth. The sanctuary protects the great whales when they are in their feeding grounds during the summer. It overlaps with the Indian Ocean Sanctuary which protects whales in their winter breeding grounds, thus ensuring that at least one population of each species will be protected throughout its complete life cycle. The Southern Ocean provides the main feeding grounds for sperm and all of the baleen whales (except for Bryde’s whale) in the southern hemisphere. The establishment of the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary signals to whaling nations that their industry is dead. By denying whalers access to the largest remaining concentration of baleen whales, the sanctuary will prevent the revival of a major international trade in whale meat that would hide the products of illegal whaling. Large scale whaling will no longer be a profitable investment and the Southern Ocean whales will have a chance to rebuild their numbers in peace. Even though Japan registered an official protest against the Sanctuary, they could not gain enough support to prevent it from becoming a reality. The Continuing Struggle The Plight of the Forgotten Whales: Little Whales Under Threat The great whales may now be protected, but we cannot forget that some whalers are now turning to the smaller species of cetaceans to satisfy their appetites: Examples are: - Dall’s porpoise (found exclusively in Japanese waters, California and to the Bering Sea): between 1986 and 1990 at least 111,000 were slaughtered in Japan. Some of the meat is sold on the black market as whale meat to inflate prices; - Striped dolphins: are the second most exploited whales in Japanese waters. Fortunately, they are not exclusive to this area, but are found distributed in tropical and temperate waters; - Commerson’s dolphin: in Chilean waters are slaughtered by fishermen for crab bait; - Pilot whales: are continually being slaughtered in large numbers by the people of the Faroe Islands. Other species are slaughtered because they are caught in fishing gear etc or their habitat is under direct threat: For example - The Vaquita is the most endangered of all marine cetaceans. Its population can only be found in a 30 mile radius in the Upper Gulf of California in Mexico. The current level of Vaquita mortalities due to gillnet fishing operations almost guarantees its extinction within four to five years - Baiji / Yangtze River dolphin is the most threatened of all cetaceans. Its habitat is being destroyed by a series of dam projects on the Yangtze River. It is also caught in fishing gear, poisoned by pollution (including PCBs and organochlorines), endangered by industrial development, and starved for food - Harbour porpoises inhabiting coastal waters in many parts of the northern hemisphere are seriously endangered by the threat of drowning through entanglement in fishing gear. Populations in Canadian waters are currently listed as threatened and are likely to be changed to endangered Generally there are two categories of strandings. The first is solitary strandings, which normally involve only one whale. The majority of single strandings involve ill or already dead animals. If these animals are refloated they will usually strand again or die at sea shortly after release as the weight of their body mass can crush their own internal organs if they are on the beach for an extended period. The second category is mass strandings, which consist of three or more Animals, usually toothed whales such as pilot whales. Several theories have been put forward to explain mass strandings. These range from the likely to the ridiculous. The likely are explained below, the ridiculous will not be discussed. Strandings occur for the following reasons: - The whales’ navigational senses are disrupted and they cannot use the Earth’s magnetic field to navigate migration routes - The toothed species of whales are those most likely to strand en mass - Strandings usually occur on gently sloping sandy or muddy shores - In mass strandings the majority of animals are healthy except for one or two individuals - Social bonds between animals will cause others in the pod to strand when responding to the call of sick animals or following the leader into shallow water - Atmospheric disturbances such as storms or even a full moon increase the likelihood of strandings occurring If you find a stranded whale, here are some good ideas about what to do: - If the animal is completely out of the water, keep it upright. This minimises the risk of drowning as the tide returns, and reduces the animals disorientation when it is refloated - If the animal is laying on its flippers, dig them free as these and the flukes are areas where they lose most of their body heat - Do not touch or cover the blowhole and keep water away from it, it is extremely sensitive - Keep the animal cool - beached cetaceans usually die of heat exhaustion. The body’s thick layer of blubber holds the heat like a thermos flask. If not kept wet, the delicate skin soon dries out, cracking and peeling in the sun - Make sure the animal’s skin is kept wet. If possible cover the skin with a light-coloured towel or sheet and keep this wet - Do not tug on flippers or flukes as cetaceans are very fragile. Using a sling or canvas sheet gently lift or drag the animal to the water - Once back in water do not push the animal out to sea immediately. allow some time for the animal to cool down and reorient itself. After a while guide the animal seaward
Everything you need to know about your attic and keeping it in tip top shape. Learn about cleaning your attic, removing old insulation, and detecting attic problems. According to the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, there are around 10,000 residential fires that originate from the attic each year. These fires result in an estimated 30 deaths, 125 injuries and $477 million in property damage. While attic fires are somewhat rare (around 2% of all residential fires), they remain a growing problem due to the fact that many homeowners overlook this area. So, how you can reduce the risk of an attic fire in your home? Unlike most other areas in a home, attics typically do not feature smoke alarms or water sprinkler systems. When a fire occurs in the attic, it will grow larger and spread throughout the surrounding environment without triggering an alarm. It’s not until the fire has reached its way down into the home when the alarm is triggered. This is why it’s important for homeowners to take the necessary precautions to help reduce the risk of attic fires. Install a Smoke Detector Even if they aren’t required by local or federal building codes, it’s still a good idea to install a smoke detector in your attic. In the event that a fire breaks out here, you’ll have a better shot at containing it before it spreads into other parts of your home. Smoke alarms are relatively cheap and require minimal maintenance, but investing in one for your attic could save you tens of thousands of dollars in the long run. Check Electrical Wires Go throughout your attic to perform a visual inspection of the electrical wires running through it. Loose, torn or damaged wires could potentially create a fire. If there are faulty wires in your attic, hire a professional electrician to come and replace them. Keep It Clean Of course, cleaning your attic on a regular basis may also reduce the risk of a fire starting. Allowing old cardboard, wood shavings, insulation, etc. to clutter your attic offers a suitable source of tinder (AKA fuel) for a fire. Now that spring is here, there’s no better time to tackle a yearly attic cleaning project. Take a couple of trash bags up to the attic and toss any old debris that’s laying around. Remove Overhanging Branches If there are overhanging trees or branches above your roof, you should consider removing them to reduce the risk of fire. The dead debris that falls from a tree can leave tinder on your roof and gutters. Thankfully, you can eliminate this possibility by creating a 3-meter-long barrier around your home.Read More
Members visit free all year! Join or renew today. Avoid the line!Print your ticketsat home. Your donation makes a World of Difference. Freya: Female, born May 7, 2003. Arrived at the Zoo on February 5, 2009. Odr: Male, born May 11, 2012 at the Minnesota Zoo. He arrived at the Zoo on April 16, 2014. His name, pronounced “O-thur,” refers to the god in Norse mythology who was the husband of the goddess, Freya. You may find our animals up in the tree at the front of their habitat or laying under the rocky outcropping in the back of the habitat. Have a question about this animal? Ask an expert on our Docent Council! The success of lynx are very dependent on the food they eat. Their primary prey are snowshoe hares. When the populations of the hare are low, the number of kittens born to the lynx is low. The lynx is usually a solitary hunter. They may consume between 150-200 hares per year. Coyotes are a main competitor to the lynx since they eat the same prey species. Lynx usually live up to the age of 15. Breeding season is typically between January and March. Gestation is 63-70 days. A litter size is 1-6 kittens. The kittens are fully furred but their eyes are closed. The eyes open within two weeks and they are following mom at 5 weeks. Kittens will begin helping mom hunt at around 7 months. Lynx mom's will "purr" while nursing and grooming their young. The lynx is solitary and crepuscular (active at dusk and dawn). They mark their territories with urine and feces. Males will scratch markings into tree trunks to communicate their presence. The lynx will create denning areas in crevices and under fallen trees for rest as well as for raising kittens. Height: 19-22 in (48-56 cm), Length: 31-52 in (80-130 cm) 18-40 lb (8-18 kg) Canada lynx prey mainly on snowshoe hares in the wild, but will also capture and eat rodents, birds and sometimes deer. At the Zoo, their diet includes a commercial meat mix, chicken, bones and a whole prey item. The diet is formulated to meet the nutritional needs of each individual animal and to promote normal feeding behaviors. Keepers choose a different prey item to include in the diet twice weekly, whole prey items are small animals such as chicks and mice, the animals would normally predate in the wild. They range through Canada and the United States. Evidence has been uncovered that shows they range through or reside in up to 24 states. They inhabit boreal forests/high altitude forests, dense scrub areas, tall grasses and tundra regions. 3400 W GIRARD AVEPHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 COPYRIGHT ©2016PHILADELPHIA ZOOALL RIGHTS RESERVED
A toddler (from the Latin infans, which means ‘unable to talk’ or speechless) is a more formal or specialized synonym for the more common term baby, which refers to a human being’s very young progeny. It’s also possible to consult juveniles of several creatures throughout this period. A toddler who is most effective during hours, days, or up to one month old is referred to as a new child. In clinical settings, a new kid or neonate (from Latin, neonates, new child) is a toddler born within the first 28 days of life. the time range includes premature, full-term, and postmature infants. The period after birth is referred to as the newborn period. Presumptive indications for postpartum care are breech or transverse position at the start of labor, umbilical cord around infant’s neck, abnormally strong labor pains, hemorrhage during labor and delivery, maternal fever (rigorously 39.5C) lasting after the tenth day postpartum, or infant’s birth weight less than 2000g. Bathing and care Infants must be bathed only in warm water (approximately 35 to 37 °C ). This is because infants have difficulty regulating their body temperature during the newborn period and can be easily over-heated. While in the bath, infants may be rubbed with a small amount of neutral (non-soap) baby shampoo and then rinsed off in lukewarm water. The infant may then be wrapped in a warm towel and held in their parents’ arms to ensure that body temperature is kept within normal limits. When finished, the infant should be patted dry with a clean towel. The baby’s umbilical cord stump is very fragile and must be kept dry at all times. After bathing, infants should be patted completely dry, including around the crinkled neck area which is where the umbilical cord stump is located. Use a soft, absorbent towel for this purpose. Do not use a rough towel that can tear the already-weakened skin around the stump. The larger portion of an umbilical cord is inside the infant’s belly, attached to their liver. The stump of the umbilical cord will dry by itself, but the dressing is usually required. Medical staff may dry it with a cotton ball or gauze folded into a pad and rubbed against the stump. For home use, a hair drier on a warm setting for ten to fifteen minutes can be used with care not to burn infant’s skin The stump will fall off anywhere from one week to one year after birth. well-baby checkups are recommended for all infants, with visits at roughly one month after birth, two months of age, four months of age, and six to eight weeks following the fifth birthday. Infants should be taken to a medical facility or physician if they contract influenza or show signs of respiratory distress (difficulty breathing). A comprehensive physical examination should be conducted on each infant at each well-baby visit. recommendations for prevention include: bathing the baby every day (but not too often or too hot), covering him or her with light blankets between feedings, keeping the room very clean and smoke-free, feeding the baby breast milk.
John Glenn’s 1962 spaceflight and the Apollo moon landings were inspiring achievements. Unfortunately, the recently announced plan to give the 77-year-old Mr. Glenn a seat on a space shuttle is NASA’s version of bread and circuses. It is entertainment, a way to draw attention from that agency’s truly astronomical costs. Why are no regularly scheduled commercial spaceflights available for Mr. Glenn to book? Because no government agency that runs with the efficiency of the Pentagon and the U.S. Postal Service will ever realize the dream of commercially viable orbiting stations or moon bases. A history of flight Put the progress in spaceflight in historical perspective. The Wright brothers’ first flight was in 1903, and Charles Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. By the late 1930s, the first commercially viable aircraft, the DC-3, was flying. But 35 years after Mr. Glenn’s first flight, travel into space is still an expensive luxury. Should we have expected better? If the National Aeronautics and Space Administration had backed out of the civilian space business after the moon landing, yes. Consider the progress in other areas. The inflation-adjusted cost of commercial air travel has dropped by about 30 percent since the late 1970s, when airline deregulation began. And the cost of shipping oil has dropped by as much as 80 percent in a little over two decades. But the government’s reusable shuttle has actually made spaceflight more expensive. In his book “Space Enterprise: Beyond NASA,” space specialist David Gump calculates that even using NASA’s own very low cost-per-flight figures in the 1980s, the cost to put a pound of payload into orbit on the shuttle was $6,000. That compares to an inflation-adjusted figure of only $3,800 for the Saturn V expendable launch vehicles that carried men to the moon. But this analysis is too kind to the shuttle. Duke University Professor Alex Roland, taking into account shuttle-development costs that NASA ignores in its news releases, pegs the per-pound price at $20,000. Other overhead would mean a cost as high as $35,000 per pound. So if a 160-pound John Glenn were sent up as shuttle cargo, total postage would run between $3.2 million and $5.6 million. But as a passenger on a shuttle flight with a crew of seven, at more than $1.5 billion per flight, his ticket actually costs between $214 million and $286 million. Hardly the right stuff at the right price. No thanks, private sector The government has had many opportunities to turn over civilian space activities to the private sector. In the 1970s, American Rocket Co. was one of the private enterprises that wanted to sell launch services to NASA and private businesses. But NASA was moving from science to freight hauling, and planned to monopolize government payloads on the shuttle and subsidize launches of private cargo as well. The agency thus turned down American Rocket. In the late 1980s, Space Industries of Houston offered, for no more than $750 million, to launch a ministation that could carry government and other payloads at least a decade before NASA’s station went into operation. (NASA’s station currently comes with a price tag of nearly $100 billion for development, construction and operations.) NASA, not wishing to create its own competition, declined Space Industries’ offer. In 1987 and 1988, a Commerce Department-led interagency working group considered the feasibility of offering a one-time prize and a promise of rent to any firm or consortium that could deliver a permanent manned moon base. When asked whether such a base were realistic, private-sector representatives answered yes — but only if NASA wasn’t involved. That plan was quickly scuttled. Each shuttle carries a 17-story external fuel tank 98 percent of the distance into orbit before dropping it into the ocean; NASA could easily — and with little additional cost — have promoted private space enterprise by putting those fuel tanks into orbit. With nearly 90 shuttle flights to date, platforms — with a total of 27 acres of interior space — could be in orbit today. These could be homesteaded by the private sector for hospitals to study a weightless Mr. Glenn or for any other use one could dream of. But then a $100 billion government station would be unnecessary. As long as NASA dominates civilian space efforts, little progress will be made toward inexpensive manned space travel. The lesson of Mr. Glenn’s second flight is that space enthusiasts ignore economics at their peril.
There are a number of important health observances happening this month. We have compiled a variety of resources so that you have quick, easy access to tips and information to help you get healthier. For some observances, we’re also including helpful information for organizations who want to promote them to their employees! March Health Observances National Nutrition Month - From the Health Advocate blog, get answers to some popular nutrition questions, learn about healthier ways to flavor your meals, get tips to help you eat fewer added sugars, or check out all our Nutrition articles here - From the United States Department of Agriculture, read the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans Executive Summary for a concise description of healthy eating. See the full guidelines here* - Click here to access several toolkits from the USDA. Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month - From PreventCancer,org, get information on colorectal cancer risk factors, symptoms, and prevention - From the Health Advocate blog, learn about the importance of colorectal cancer screening Save Your Vision Month - From the American Optometric Association, get information about adult vision, children’s vision, UV protection, and more in their Newsroom - From the Health Advocate blog, learn about Computer Vision Syndrome National Poison Prevention Week, March 17-23 - From PoisonHelp, get an emergency checklist for what to do if you think someone has been poisoned, and check out helpful prevention tips - From the Health Advocate blog, get safety tips to reduce the risk of poisoning More from the Health Advocate blog - March 10 is Pack Your Lunch Day. Get healthy packed lunch ideas for you and your kids. - March 12 is Organize Your Home Office Day. Learn how to de-stress by decluttering your office. - March 14 is Pi Day. Celebrate with a slice of healthy pie. - March 15 is World Sleep Day. Check out our top tips to improve your sleep. - March 17 is Saint Patrick’s Day. Check out these healthy green recipes you can make!
IPUCET - Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (MBA) (IPUCET MBA - 2016) How to Prepare Make a proper Time Table It is very important that you make a time table and stick to it and you will have an exact idea of what you are required to study and the time required for it. Concept clarity rather than rote learning It is essential that you have a clear idea of the formulas and concepts rather than rote learning of things for the papers. While you might require it for memorizing formulas it is important that for other stuff you make sure you clear your basis and concepts before moving on. It is very important make small notes or a comprehensive list of formulas on each covered topic and chapter which will come in handy at the time of revision. This will require you to be regular with your work but will surely make things easy at the time of revision. Revision of Class XI and XII concepts Make sure that you revise your concepts from the syllabus of these classes before starting anything new as most of the engineering exams will be for admission to undergraduate courses and so the syllabi from class XI and XII becomes the testing ground to check students. It is not possible for you to know everything in your syllabus, at least not at the time of preparation. Sooner or later you will run into a concept or so which will give you trouble and then it is best you seek guidance from an instructor or a teacher. It is necessary that you clear your doubts at regular intervals and don’t prolong things for long. Getting into a good coaching class is nothing to be ashamed off and if anything a regular coaching class will enable you to avoid roadblocks in your preparation. Even though there may be a complete change in the exam pattern or the expected questions altogether,it is important that you practice on the sample and previous years question papers available for the engineering exam you’d be attempting. You will know the existing pattern and have a fair idea of the type of questions to expect in the paper along with the time constraint. The paper pattern, duration of the paper and the number of questions to be attempted in the given amount of time is not something you will be able to pick up on the day of the examination. A Mock Test tests a student’s abilities as it not only provides a similar feel of real exams but also helps in building speed and confident to face the exam. Furthermore, they can improve their performance to get an extra edge in actual exams. Time management can be learnt through thorough practice and regular test taking. So it is important that you practice it and practice it well. \|Step 1\|\|Create Login ID\| \|Step 2\|\|Completing the Online Form\| \|Step 3\|\|Uploading Scan Copy of Documents\| IPUCET MBA 2016 Question Paper Format Correct Question Mark IPUCET MBA 2016 The admissions to the programmers of studies in the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University are primarily through common entrance tests (CET) conducted by the University. The programmers of studies are grouped together for the purpose of conducting CET. Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, commonly known as Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), has announced the application for admissions to its postgraduate courses. The programmer's groups, wherever a CET is to be conducted, are assigned a unique CET code. If a program or program group is such that the admissions for them are not on the basis of a CET conducted by the University, then the CET code for that program or program group is treated as the Admission Code. Thus, without creating any ambiguity, this document may use the term CET code or Admission Code as synonyms. The University reserves the right to cancel any CET. - Master of Business Administration - Master of Business Administration (Financial Markets) - Master of Business Administration (International Business) IPUCET MBA 2016 Conducting Body The admissions to the programmers of studies in the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University are primarily through common entrance tests (CET) conducted by the University. Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University has been established by Govt. of NCT of Delhi under the provisions of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Act, 1998. The University is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC), India under Section 2 (f) and 12 (b) of the UGC Act. The University was graded as 'A' by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council, Bangalore for the period 2013 to 2018.It is an affiliating and teaching University which aims at facilitating and promoting studies, research and extension work in emerging areas of higher education with focus on professional education, for example engineering, technology, management studies, medicine, pharmacy, nursing, law, etc., and also to achieve excellence in these and connected fields and other matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.In order to serve the broad purpose for which the University is established, it set out its statements of vision, mission and Quality Policy. IPUCET MBA Contact Details \|Address\|\|Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Sector - 16C Dwarka Delhi - 110078, India\| \|Phone no\|\|+91-11-25302167, 25302168, 25302169\| \|Mode\|\|Pen & Paper\| IPUCET MBA FAQ 1) What is the procedure for admission in GGSIPU? The admission in GGSIPU is on the basis of merit obtained in CET. Those who qualify CET are required to participate in the Counselling process for seeking admission, based on the candidate’s preferences and his/her merit in CET in the respective programs given specific CET codes. 2) What is Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA examination? The IPU CET (Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test) is a university-level examination organized by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. This university organizes a series of CETs for admission in different courses. This exam is organized for admission in various UG and PG courses. 3) Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA examination is conducted by whom? Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University is primarily through Common Entrance Tests (CET) conducted by the University. 4) How can I register for IPU-CET MBA examination? Candidates need to get the application form online to register themselves for IPU-CET MBA . Applicants must check the IPU-CET MBA Important Dates in Website(http://www.ipu.ac.in/). Aspirants can register for the test until 18th April 2017 (without late fee). The form will be generated online only after IPU-CET Login ID and Password will be allotted to the candidate. While registering for the test, candidates are required to pay an application fee. 5) What is the fee to be paid for the form? The application form along with the Common Entrance Test Fee of Rs.750/- plus service charge & taxes as applicable from April, onwards. 6) Which modes the payment can be done? The mode of application is online. The candidates need to log on to the official website and click on the link named "apply Online'.There,a detailed application form for the exam of IPUCET shall open that the candidates need to fill in. It shall ask the candidates to fill in the following details. Date of Birth Candidates must then submit the completed application form . Then the candidates shall be required to pay the application fee by entering either through“E-Challan” or through “E-Payment ” option or by cash details. After successfully submit application form take print out of it by given button. Also, save it on your computer this is the proof of your filled application form Keep this form safe for future use. 7) When is it conducted ? It is usually conducted in the month of MAY. This year, the entrance test is being conducted on 7th May 2017. Where will the exam centers be formed for the exam? The test will be conducted in 15 cities. The list of IPU-CET test centers can be obtained using the link given below:-(http://www.ipu.ac.in/admission2016/ADMBRO2016A290116.pdf). 8) When will I get my Admit Card? Admit card will be available for view and print in the First week of MAY (onwards). You will have to log onto the IPU-CET website with your registered User ID. You will be eligible for an Admit Card only upon submission of online application form. You will receive an automated email confirmation upon successful submission from website :-http://www.ipu.ac.in/ 9) What should be done in case any payment has been made more than once? Any additional payment will be refunded back to the candidates. In a case of any non-payment of the due amount, applicants may visit University Help Desk. 10) I have filled up the form successfully but now, can I change/correct the details as entered in the Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA Application form? No change can be made at this stage in the application form. However, if the time is still left for filing up the online application form, the applicant can resubmit corrected application with the prescribed fee. In this case, a new ID will be generated by the system. The fee paid previously will not be refunded. The latest application shall be treated as final. 11) Could I Submission of Application Form through Online? Yes ,you can Submitted the Application Form through Online. 12) If I miss the test, can I take it up on another day without paying for the test? No, you are not allowed. 13) Is CET valid for all programmes?. The merit of the CET will be valid only for the program for which the candidate has appeared and cannot be utilized for admission to any other program. Further, the merit of the CET shall be valid only for the Academic Session 2016-17. 14) Do I need to submit any document if pursuing course through distance learning mode? In case of students who have passed the qualifying examination through distance/ open education system of any recognized university/ board/institution, the necessary documentary evidence related to a location of his/her study center i.e. study center proof, a certificate from the university/board imparting open/distance education certifying the location of study center must be submitted at the time of verification of documents. 15) Can I apply for more than one programme ? Yes. However, you need to fill a separate application form for it. 16) What is the mode of conduction of IPU-CET (MBA) Exam? Offline or Pen & paper based examination. 17) What will be the medium of Offline Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA examination? The medium of examination is English. 18) What are the various Eligibility Norms of IPU_CET (MBA) Programme? Any recognized Bachelor's Degree in any discipline with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate. Bachelor's Degree in Engineering, Technology or any other subject with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate or any qualification recognized as equivalent thereto with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate. Passed the Final Examination of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India or England, the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India or England or the Institute of Company Secretaries of India. 19) Who are eligible to be considered in Delhi Region? If the student has passed the qualifying examination from Delhi, the admission is permissible under Delhi Region. 20) What is Exam Pattern for Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA? The written examinations conducted are OMR based in general unless specified otherwise. For marking / writing on the OMR answer sheet , a black ball pen should (only) be used. The IPUCET - Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (MBA) has following exam pattern - English Language & Comprehension- (30%) Numerical Ability- (30%) General Awareness- (10%) Reasoning ability including data interpretation- (30%) Total Duration:- 2:30 Hours 21) What is maximum Age Eligibility Criteria ? Candidate should not be beyond 36 years as on 01.08.2016. 22) Will there be any negative marking? Yes,There may be negative marking for every incorrect answer. ‘Incorrect answers will include Wrong answers' as well as "those which contain more than one answer to the question." For each incorrect answer, 1 mark will be deducted. The negative marking scheme of examination for a particular CET shall be specified in question booklet. 23) Am I allowed to carry a calculator or mobile into the test venue? No ,you are not allowed to carry a calculator or mobile into the test venue. 24) Will I get sheets/papers for rough work/calculations etc for Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA? Yes, but no electronic devices are allowed in examination hall/room. 25) Is there any special arrangement for Persons with Disability for Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA ? Yes. Need-based assistance shall be provided to the PWD candidates. 26) Is there any Management Quota in University School of Studies /Govt. Institutes? There is no Management Quota in University Schools and Govt. Institutes. 27) What is the requirement for seeking provisional admission for result awaited candidates? The candidates are required to submit the proof of having fulfilled the eligibility as per the stipulated time notified in the Admission Brochure . They must also submit Undertaking/Self Declaration for seeking provisional admission in case the result of the qualifying examination is yet to be declared. 28) When are Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA Results Out? Results will be available on 23rd May 2017 website(http://www.imu.edu.in/). 29) For how long is the Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA score valid? The IPU-CET score is valid for just one year. 30) Will the results be available online? Yes, on IPU-CET University website :-(http://www.ipu.ac.in/) . 31) Is Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test (IPUCET)-MBA result based on ranking or percentile? The result is based on ranking. 32) Do I require any documents to get registered on-line for admission after CET Result declaration? Before filling the online application form, keep ready the following details to fill in the appropriate fields. 1) Information filled in Online CET application form. 2) Payment through the following two options: a) Cash payment by generating Fee Challan in any branch of Indian Bank. b) Net Banking/Debit Card/Credit Card. 33) How do I get password for logging in? After paying the Counselling Participation Fee of Rs 1,000/- during the process of online registration you will generate your own password. Candidates are advised to keep the password that they have created, confidential to them until the end of the counseling process. They can change the password after creating. Password is very important for participating in online process. Sharing of password can result in misuse by somebody else, leading to even exclusion of genuine candidate from online process. 34) What is the refund policy of the University? Refer to the admission brochure and notified later in the counseling schedule or in any circular on the University website. 35) schedule or in any circular on the University website What are the specializations offered at Indraprastha University in MBA ? MBA: A 2 Year full-time Programme, with specialization in:- Human Resource Management, Systems & IT and Global Business Management. 36) Is it required to pay any registration fee for online counselling? Yes,it is mandatory for all CET qualified candidates to submit an amount of Rs.1000/-(Rupees One Thousand only) (one time nonrefundable) as counseling participation fee for online counseling. 37) What is the Reservation seats in Indraprastha University ? Candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Widows or Wards of Defence Personnel / Persons With Disability will be allowed 5% relaxation of marks in the minimum eligibility requirement, irrespective of the fact whether there exists any reservation for any category of such candidates or not. Relaxation of any kind will be granted to only those candidates, who are able to produce necessary relevant supporting documents as per the Admission Brochure before the Admission Officer present at the Venue of the Document Verification / Counselling /Admission. Therefore, for seeking these relaxation/s, necessary documents must be obtained in advance by all candidates from the Competent Authority as prescribed. 38) Who is the final authority regarding reservation policy? Final decision regarding reservation policy will be taken by the Government of NCT of Delhi and the same will be announced on the 39) When will the online allotment process start for the year 2016-17? The online schedule for registration, seat allotment and other details is available in University website (IP admissions.nic.in )and (ipu.ac.in.). 40) Do I have to report to any counseling centre for registration or choice filling? No. online registration and choice filling can be done from place of convenience(including from home) using the internet. 41) What is the process of Online allotment of seat? The detail of Online allotment of seat is available in the Admission Brochure 2017-18. All the candidates who wish to seek admission through online process for the respective CET Codes for which Online Counselling is being held and should logon to (http://www.ipuadmissions.nic.in )at the time of admission. How to Apply the most popular courses across India, at one place Create a free Profile now. the most popular exams across India, at one place
What Other Parents Are Reading Your Child's Checkup: 2.5 Years (30 Months) What to Expect During This Visit Your doctor and/or nurse will probably: 1. Check your child's weight and height, calculate body mass index (BMI), and plot the measurements on growth charts. 2. Administer a screening (test) that helps with the early identification of developmental delays. 3. Ask questions, address concerns, and offer guidance about how your child is: Eating. Don't be surprised if your toddler skips meals occasionally or loves something one day and won't touch it the next. Schedule three meals and two or three nutritious snacks a day. You're in charge of the menu, but let your child be in charge of how much of it he or she eats. Peeing and pooping. Most children are ready to begin potty training between 2 and 3 years. You may have noticed signs your child is ready to start potty training, including: - showing interest in toilet (watching parent or sibling in the bathroom, sitting on potty chair) - staying dry for longer periods - pulling pants down and up with assistance - connecting feeling of having to go with peeing and pooping - communicating that diaper is wet or dirty Developing. By 30 months, it's common for many children to: - speak using pronouns (I, me, you) - identify body parts - wash and dry hands - pull pants up with assistance - jump in place - throw a ball, overhand - match shapes and colors - begin to play with other children 4. Perform a physical exam with your child undressed while you are present. This will include an eye exam, listening to the heart and lungs, and paying attention to your toddler's coordination, use of language, and social skills. 5. Update immunizations. Immunizations can protect kids from serious childhood illnesses, so it's important that your child receive them on time. Immunization schedules can vary from office to office, so talk to your doctor about what to expect. Here are some things to keep in mind until your next routine visit at 3 years: - Try to eat meals together, as a family, whenever possible. - Serve low-fat or nonfat milk and other low-fat and nonfat dairy products. - Limit juice to no more than 4-6 ounces (120-180 ml) a day. - Limit foods and drinks that are high in sugar and fat. - Allow your child to make choices about healthy meal options. For example, "Do you want to have an apple or cheese as a snack?" This helps eliminate power struggles. Offer no more than two choices, as more can be overwhelming. - Have a safe play area and allow plenty of time for exploring, make-believe, and active play. - Read to your child daily to encourage language development and help prepare him or her for preschool. - Repeat back to your child what he or she says. This shows that you understood what was said and gives you a chance to correct grammatical mistakes. - Consider enrolling your child in a preschool program or arranging play dates to help build social skills. - Limit time in front of a TV or other screens, including computers and smartphones, to no more than one to two hours a day of quality children's programming. Routine Care & Safety - Children may start brushing their teeth with a small amount of fluoride toothpaste (no more than the size of a pea). Let your child brush his or her teeth with your guidance. Go over any areas that may have been missed. If you haven't already, schedule a dentist visit. - Toddlers will test limits. Be sure to establish reasonable and consistent rules. - Tantrums are becoming less frequent and tend to be worse when children are tired or hungry. Try to head off tantrums before they happen — distract your child or remove him or her from frustrating situations. - Don't spank. Children don't make the connection between spanking and the behavior you are trying to correct. If necessary, use a brief time-out to discipline your toddler. - Most kids are ready to move from a crib to a regular bed with safety rails between 2 and 3 years. - Make sure your child wears a helmet when riding a bike or trike. - Apply sunscreen of SPF 30 or higher on your child's skin at least 15 minutes before going outside to play and reapply about every 2 hours. - Limit your child's exposure to secondhand smoke, which increases the risk of heart and lung disease. - Use a forward-facing car seat with a harness in the back seat until your child reaches the highest weight or height allowed by their car-seat manufacturer. - To prevent the risk of drowning, do not leave your child alone in the bathtub or in a pool, no matter how shallow the water. - Protect your child from gun injuries by not keeping a gun in the home. If you do have a gun, keep it unloaded and locked away. Ammunition should be locked up separately. Make sure kids cannot access the keys. These checkup sheets are consistent with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)/Bright Futures guidelines. Reviewed by: Mary L. Gavin, MD Date reviewed: July 2013 Share this page using: Note: All information on KidsHealth® is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995- The Nemours Foundation. All rights reserved.
Dahlia ‘Little Beeswing’ The plants featured on this blog so far have been truly fascinating, however Dahlia ‘Little Beeswing’ has taken us on a quite a journey and has demonstrated the value of the conservation work that Plant Heritage volunteers are quietly working on through the Plant Exchange and Plant Guardians schemes. Dahlia ‘Little Beeswing’, has been offered in the Plant Exchange for several years by a National Collection Holder in Cambridgeshire, he having obtained his original plants from Scott Kunst of Old House Gardens in Michigan. Because this bright Dahlia was flowering so beautifully in perfect time for the RHS Hampton Court Flower Show, and the plants given were of such lovely quality, it became a the star of the show in the Plant Guardian display. This is a wonderful example of how a single flower can create a timeline of connections across continents. Former National Collection holder and Dahlia expert David Brown sent a message to say: “I have known Dahlia ‘Little Beeswing’ most my life, my father grew it in his nursery when I was a boy, in those days it was a top Pompom for exhibiting, no longer a Pompom for exhibiting but still around, I found it during my first trip to the USA in 2012, ‘Little Beeswing’ was raised by a UK nursery called Keynes in 1909, registered as a Pompom and received the old Award of Merit in 1909 when on trial, not sure in those days where trials were held, could have been at Dyffryn, in Wales, where Reginald Cory lived, he was President of the National Dahlia Society from 1913 to 1934.’ Like very many Dahlia varieties, even the best ones can disappear over time. Anne Barnard at Rose Cottage Plants often finds delicious new cultivars, that very quickly stop being grown by nurseries who have to follow commercial trends. Plants such as ‘Little Beeswing’ end up only being grown by a few specialist nurseries, which is precisely why it became eligible for the Plant Guardian scheme. ‘Little Beeswing’ grows to 3ft, a good cut flower, popular with bees and insects and copes well with dry conditions. It has been shown to tolerate very high summer temperatures in the USA. A member of the Dahlia Society of Georgia (US) wrote that he found ‘Little Beeswing’ to be ‘one of the most heat tolerant dahlias’ – the State of Georgia has a sub-tropical climate, with average summer temperatures of 32 – 33 °C. It has been grown in America for a long time and although raised here, was listed by JK Alexander, Massachusetts in 1938, probably the date of introduction into America. Dahlia ‘Little Beeswing’ was registered in 1909 by Keynes, Williams and co. of Salisbury, and listed in The Tentative Classified list and International register of Dahlia names 1969, p. 161: “8c Little Beeswing (Keynes) K-Will 1909 O-R Bic, A.M 1909” (Keynes) = the raiser K-Will = Keynes-Williams, the introducer. 1909 = date of introduction or the earliest date which can be attributed to the plant. O-R Bic = colour classification as an Orange and Red bi-coloured. A.M. 1909 = Award of Merit granted from the RHS You’re probably thinking what we thought – why is it classified as 8c (a Cactus Dahlia), isn’t it a Pompom? Sharon McDonald from the RHS International Registrar of Dahlias, explains: ‘The classification in the Register was correct in 1909, when pompom dahlias where Group 8. However, the classification for ‘Little Beeswing’ should have been changed to 7 in 1969 when the Register was published.’ Pompom dahlias are today classified in Group 7. Keynes, Williams and Co., were exhibiting Dahlias towards the end of the 19th C. winning first prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition at Earls Court in 1892 Extract from the Times of London, Sept 10th 1892: ‘The show of autumn flowers which opened at the International Horticultural Exhibition, Earl’s Court, yesterday, is remarkable for the fine collection of dahlias which have been brought together, the principal interest centring in class S, collection of dahlias of any type, arranged for effect, open to nurserymen. The first prize was awarded to Messrs. Keynes, Williams, and Co. of Salisbury, for an exhibit comprising 2,000 blooms of 100 different varieties and admirably illustrating the object of the competition how easily dahlias may be arranged for decorative effect. Messrs. J.Cheat and Sons, of Crawley, took the second prize, also with a large exhibit……..’ 1892 was the year that Buffalo Bill brought his show to Earls Court and there was considerable horticultural interest from America in London by then. John Keynes was a sponsor of the 1866 Exhibition, and judge of the Rose classes, there were no exhibition classes for dahlias at that time. Around 15 years ago Scott Kunst, at Old House Gardens – Ann Arbor, Michigan, asked in the American Dahlia Society bulletin, if anyone had plants of Dahlia ‘Little Beeswing’. Only one person replied sending his entire stock and a note saying: “in recognition of your efforts to preserve old dahlias their survival now rests in your hand”. (Old House Garden website) This being the provenance of the plant returned to the UK. The following listings from the American Dahlia Society (ADS) website: - Little Beeswing [SK note: no “s” at end of name], 455, B SC Bi O/R, Alx, 1938, AM 1909, probably the pom Little Beeswings - Little Beeswings, 552, P Fl, Alx, 1865, brt. scarlet on y. ground, 1.5 x 1.25 inches, 3 feet. (Alx = JK Alexander of East Bridgewater, Massachusetts) The International Dahlia Register lists Dahlia ’Little Beeswings’ as: ‘a synonym of ‘Little Beeswing’, as in the American Dahlia Society Classified List, it is listed as the Keynes cultivar. ‘ (MacDonald) Scott Kunst wrote to us that ‘1865 is almost 50 years earlier than any other “Alx” dahlia in the Weland (ADS) list, which makes me think it’s a mistake. Maybe it’s a typo for 1965? I’m pretty sure ‘Little Beeswings’ was still offered in US dahlia catalogs in 1965’. JK Alexander ceased working with Dahlias, following a second fire at their warehouse in 1943 which resulted in the destruction of many tons of dahlia tubers ready for shipment, preferring to move into production of blueberries, (Recollecting Nemasket). For 1865 to be correct there would have to have been a grower registering varieties at the end of the American civil war. This from Recollecting Nemasket: ‘Following the Civil War (1865), Middleborough (Mass.) developed an active horticultural industry [sic ] florists and nurserymen establishing themselves to sell plants and flowers to local residents. Among the plants that these growers raised were dahlias, a flower for which Middleborough would become particularly known…’ Is there a much older Dahlia from a distant grower, brought to England for one of the International Horticultural Exhibitions? We’ll probably never know. Our thanks go to: Miriam Jacob for suggesting we use ‘Little Beeswing’ as our rare plant of the month and Alan Briggs and Alan Shipp for kindly sending us details about the plants that came to the Plant Exchange. Scott Kunst, Founder & Ambassador for Heirlooms – www.oldhousegardens.com Sharon McDonald, RHS International Registrar (Dahlias & Conifers) RHS Lindley Library, Wisley (Reference) for sending me the extract from the ‘Tentative Classified list and International register of Dahlia names 1969’ Anne and Jack Barnard of Rose Cottage Gardens, for information about the Dahlia and asking David Brown about Little Beeswing on our behalf: www.rosecottageplants.co.uk Many thanks to David Brown for sharing his knowledge and some of his pictures of ‘Little Beeswing’ to use in our blog The information about Middleborough, Mass was found at: http://nemasket.blogspot.co.uk/2009/04/dahlias.html
Mother-Daughter Program Helps Hispanics Texas nonprofit effort aims at keeping at-risk girls in school by involving mothers in their daughters' education EL PASO, TEXAS — WHEN Rosa Juarez lost her factory job in 1986, she felt herself slipping into the sticky quagmire of poverty. Her greatest concern was that her two children would sink with her. ``We had to be embarrassed to get food stamps,'' Ms. Juarez recalls. ``I'd come home crying because they'd treat you so bad. I'd tell my kids, `get an education so you never, never have to go through this.' '' Today, Juarez is a college graduate and fourth-grade bilingual education teacher in her hometown of El Paso, Texas. Both her children have excelled in school. The older, Jessica, beat the odds for poor, Hispanic girls by graduating from high school last spring as an honor student and cheerleader, voted the best all-around female student in her class by the school's faculty. She entered the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) this fall. What changed the lives of the Juarez family is the Mother-Daughter Program, a collaborative effort begun in 1986 by volunteers from UTEP, several El Paso school districts, and the YWCA to direct poor, Hispanic girls toward higher education and professional careers. The program targets sixth-graders from low socioeconomic backgrounds who have no college graduates in their families to serve as role models. The girls' mothers are an integral part of the program, because of the strong influence that Hispanic mothers have on their children's decisionmaking. Volunteer effort at first Volunteers started the Mother-Daughter Program and kept it going for two years, until they received their first grants from the Gannett Foundation (now Freedom Forum) and the Meadows Foundation. Southwestern Bell, AT&T, and local funding sources have since pitched in to keep the program alive. Josefina Tinajero, director of the Mother-Daughter Program and one of its founders, is a professor of education at UTEP. She recently received a W.K. Kellogg Foundation grant to evaluate the program's success and to develop materials that other communities can use in creating similar programs. But the program continues to rely on the efforts of volunteers. Motivating these efforts is a deep concern about Hispanic girls in this country. Dr. Tinajero describes Hispanic females as the most at-risk of all students in the United States. In Texas, 43 percent of Hispanic girls drop out before finishing high school; that number climbs to more than 60 percent in some communities. Tinajero points to the long tradition of Hispanic women staying home to care for their families as one reason for this educational inequity. ``But the truth is,'' Tinajero says, ``that 54 percent of Hispanic women are now working outside the home. The idea that women can stay home is a myth today. They'll have to work, so we want to have them prepared with education.'' The Mother-Daughter Program began that preparation with 33 sixth-graders and their mothers seven years ago. Since then, the program has had 150 new participants each year. According to Tinajero, the decision to work with sixth-graders is vital, since kids begin to form their decisions about staying in school as early as the elementary grades. The program is designed to track the girls' progress through their first year of college. A hoped-for expansion program to involve the girls in activities beyond the sixth grade hasn't been put in place because of lack of funding, however. Still, informal contact with many of the mothers and daughters has continued. Tinajero and her associate director, Tita Yanar, are Hispanic women who grew up together in an El Paso housing project. They have settled on four key approaches for directing girls toward higher education and professional careers: * Educate mothers to become their daughters' primary educational advocates and supporters. * Encourage mothers and daughters to be proud of their heritage and language. * Familiarize girls with a university setting to minimize their fears and help them understand their options. This makes long-term goals seem more realistic. * Present successful Hispanic female role models to the girls and their mothers to help them raise their educational and career aspirations and realize that they, too, can succeed. With the first Mother-Daughter participants just graduating from high school last spring, it's too soon to fully gauge the program's impact. But one early measure is the sound of confidence in the voices of participants. Adriana de Jong Gomez, who was a sixth-grader in the program last year, now speaks with assurance about attending college. ``I like going to UTEP,'' she says. ``It was important, because when I start going there, I won't get lost. I'll feel familiar.'' First to earn college degree For mothers and daughters alike, the program's greatest impact seems to come from meeting highly successful Hispanic women and hearing their life stories. Adriana's mother, Norma de Jong Gomez, recalls: ``Judge Lupe Rivera told us how she went out of town to law school with two small boys. She said she lived in one pair of jeans for a whole year. I thought, I'm just making excuses for not going back to school myself. If she did it, anybody can.'' Ms. De Jong Gomez enrolled at the community college the next semester. This desire of many mothers to improve their own educations has been an unanticipated benefit of the Mother-Daughter Program. Rosa Juarez was the first mother in the program to earn her college degree. ``The Mother-Daughter Program opened a door for me that led to a way out,'' Juarez says now. ``I remember how they took us to a medical center and we listened to the stories of the professional women there. Many had gone through what I had, with divorce and kids. This gave me a little spark of hope for myself. I thought, maybe I could do this, too - maybe I could go on to school myself.'' Juarez devotes much of her own time now helping her fourth-graders and their families after school to see possibilities for improving their lives. ``That's what I'm there for,'' she says with certainty, ``to pass this inspiration along.'' One goal of the Mother-Daughter Program is to have program alumnae returning in a few years as successful Hispanic role models for new participants. The first group is well on its way, with 32 of the first 33 participants having graduated from high school. Ten of the girls were honor students, and all but one of them are attending college this fall. Knowing that their families and community want them to succeed heads these girls in the direction of success. Seeing Hispanic women leaders lets them know success is possible for them. And having their mothers beside them gives them the courage to succeed. ``It pushed me in school to know there were people who believed in me and expected me to go for the best and accept challenges,'' Jessica says. ``They handed me the baton. I don't want to let them down.''
Reducing Disaster Tolls SOMETHING encouraging has happened to natural disaster statistics over the past few decades. In some places death tolls have dropped substantially, even while populations boomed. The need now is to spread the benefits of early warning and disaster preparedness around the world. That's why the United Nations designated the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. In Yokohama, Japan, 1,000 delegates will meet May 23-27 to assess progress and develop an action plan. While roughly 90 percent of the natural disasters occur outside industrialized countries, disaster mitigation is not just a third-world problem. Mitigation know-how does no good unless it is put to use. Even the technologically advanced United States has a poor record in this regard. Earth scientists continually warn of unwise development in flood- and earthquake-prone areas. The experience of Bangladesh shows the value of informed preparedness. A tropical cyclone there killed more than 300,000 people in 1970. When a comparable storm hit in 1985, the death toll was only 3 percent of the 1970 figure. Warnings were spread more effectively; people were better prepared. Technology also plays a role. Improved storm-warning systems would be impossible without weather radar and satellites, radio communications, and computer technology. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are developing a system to speed digitized aerial images of disaster areas to recovery officials. The new system, which produces images that can speed along the information highway, will get pictures to on-site officials in a matter of hours instead of days or weeks. The main challenge in disaster reduction is to change the ancient mind-set that mislabels disasters as ``acts of God'' about which little can be done. That is an easy excuse for reaping profits from unwise development or cutting costs by not including quake-resistant construction in new buildings. Legislation now is making its way through both houses of the US Congress that would encourage states to shift their emphasis from disaster recovery to prevention and preparedness through better land-use planning and construction standards. The legislation deserves careful but speedy processing.
A Vaunted Space Program Now Stuck on the Launch Pad Joint venture with US helps keep cosmonauts in orbit STAR CITY, RUSSIA — A thick blanket of snow muffles the silent streets and buildings of the Yuri Gagarin cosmonaut training center, deep in a pine forest just outside of Moscow. Once upon a time this miniature campus shone at the heart of the Soviet Union's most prestigious and successful endeavor - its space program. The handpicked heroes who graduated became international symbols of the Kremlin's claim that Moscow and its communist creed were the wave of the future. Today, there are few signs of activity. Starved of funds by a government that has its eyes fixed on narrower horizons than the heavens, the center is barely ticking. Indeed, the entire Russian space program may be on its last legs, according to some local experts, simply for want of money. Certainly, Russia's space scientists have suffered some embarrassing flops recently. Most publicly, a Mars space probe crashed into the Pacific in November after its booster rocket failed. It took with it to the bottom of the ocean Russia's hopes of being part of a major international exploration project, and the accident further tarnished the space program's image. The Russian Space Agency is so short of money that more than once it has had to postpone the launch of rockets scheduled to resupply the aging Mir orbital space station, which houses rotating teams of astronauts and scientists. Russia is still part of the "Alpha" project - an international scheme to build a successor space station to Mir due for completion early next century. Indeed "it is the Alpha project [mainly paid for by Washington] that is keeping our space industry going," says Maj. Gen. Vladimir Djannibekov, head of training at the Gagarin center. Moscow is clearly a junior partner in Alpha, contributing only $3.5 billion of the total $30 billion cost, compared with Washington's $17.4 billion. But it has to content itself with this lowly status: A lack of funds obliged Russia to scrap its own plans to build Mir 2, a station that would have served Russian purposes first and foremost. General Djannibekov, one of the best-known Soviet cosmonauts who went into space five times, has learned to live with these constraints. For a man who has spent most of his adult life dealing with extraterrestrial affairs, he is remarkably down-to-earth. As he orbited the globe day after day on his last space flight in 1985, Djannibekov watched giant palls of smoke from hundreds of brush fires in Africa drift across the Atlantic and feed a cyclone in the Caribbean that went on to do enormous damage to the East Coast of the United States. Ever since that experience, he has focused on ecological issues. Alongside the reduced cosmonaut-training program that the Gagarin center runs, Djannibekov now offers ecology diploma courses to anyone who is interested, putting special emphasis on interpreting photographs taken from space or from airplanes. If Russia no longer has the money to stay at the cutting edge of space, Djannibekov is philosophical. "In space, we can do odd jobs," he says with a smile. "It's down here that we have to live."
leading a support group for people who suffer from depression. testing and treatment of babies born to mothers with syphilis. developing a daily exercise program to prevent a second MI. Number 1 is correct. The goal of primary prevention is to prevent illness and disease before they occur, such as immunizing against disease. Secondary preventions reduce the impact and harm from an injury or disease that has already occurred. Mammogram screenings, testing and treating babies born to mothers with syphilis, and developing exercise programs to prevent MI are all examples of secondary prevention. A support group for depression is a tertiary prevention; it attempts to reduce the harmful impact of an ongoing illness or disease.
An artist's interpretation of the construction in 1792 (Smithsonian Institution) Building the President's Residence The building of an executive mansion to house the president's family and staff was approved when Congress established the District of Columbia as the permanent capital of the United States on 1790 July 16. President George Washington helped select the site, along with city planner Pierre L'Enfant, whose plan for a house for the president was enormous: four times larger than the house as it was built in 1800. The architect was chosen in a competition, which received several proposals. When the first entries did not fit Washington's vision, he was introduced to James Hoban, an Irish architect, and the two got along immediately. Hoban was persuaded to submit a design, and Washington—who was the judge—selected it. The building Hoban designed was modeled on the first and second floors of Leinster House, a ducal palace in Dublin, Ireland, which is now the seat of the Irish Parliament. The capital was placed on land ceded by two states—Virginia and Maryland—which both ceded the land to the federal government in response to a compromise with President Washington. The DC commissioners were charged by Congress with building the new city under the direction of the President. On October 13, 1792, George Washington laid the first cornerstone of the building in a freemason ceremony. It is a grand mansion in the neo-classical Federal style, with details that echo classical Greek Ionic architecture. James Hoban's original design was modeled after the Leinster House in Dublin, Ireland and did not include the north and south porticos. Scottish masons were brought to Washington to do the stone work. Since the mansion would be covered with sandstone instead of the more usual red brick, they encountered a problem they knew how to solve. Their technique for sealing the porous sandstone was a thick whitewash that covered like paint but sealed like glue. So, from its earliest days, the president's house was white, and it quickly got the nickname "White House." Over an extremely slow 8 years of construction, $232,372 was spent. This would be approximately equivalent to $63 million in 2007 dollars (calculated for the inflation of labor; or $4 million calculated for the inflation of consumer goods). The house was considerably smaller than the grand palace L'Enfant had envisioned. Still, when it was complete, the president's house was the largest residence in the United States and would remain so until the 1860s. When John Adams moved into the President's House on November 1, 1800, it was far from complete. He immediately set up housekeeping in the second floor, with the basement—today's ground floor—used by servants as kitchens, laundry, and housekeeping rooms. Today's Diplomatic Reception Room was originally the housekeeper's room, with built-in cabinets. The Public Audience Chamber (East Room) was not complete, and wouldn't be complete for years. The grand staircase (in today's north end of the State Dining Room) was unfinished. And some of the rooms on the second floor and ground floor were used only for storage. The Adamses began furnishing the house in a fairly grand style, although Abigail Adams used the great Public Audience Chamber for hanging laundry. Today's Red Room was used, as Hoban intended it, as a breakfast room or private dining room. Thomas Jefferson won the election of 1800, and Adams reluctantly left the house. Return to the Residence Overview Thomas Jefferson's first floor in 1803 (Library of Congress) Recreation of the second floor plan around 1801 The original design of the White House in 1800 (Library of Congress)
Since 2010, climate change related “natural” disasters have cost the United States a total of over a trillion dollars, and that’s excluding whatever the cost of Hurricane Harvey will amount to. That’s also excluding the human costs in deaths, and physical and emotional damage to the people affected. All in all, the costs, both in human, financial and economic resources, have been as colossal as the the effects have been obvious. The latest climate related catastrophe is currently taking place in Texas, as I write this piece, in the form of Hurricane Harvey, and it has already dumped up to 19 trillion gallons of rain so far. According to meteorologist Ryan Maue of WeatherBell, a private forecasting firm, “at least 19 trillion gallons of water has fallen on Texas since the storm began. A whopping 1.2 trillion gallons has inundated Harris County alone” Maue said. For perspective, 19 trillion gallons is enough water to cover all of Alaska, California, and Texas in about an inch of water. Hurricane Harvey has affected a total of about 6 million people who have seen at least 20 inches of rain, and more than 4.9 million people have seen about 3 feet of rain in the Houston area which is the ground zero of the disaster. Also, about 3,500 people have had to be rescued from Houston and surrounding areas, with over 17.000 people already in shelters as at Monday night. Harvey brought about a year’s worth of rainfall, or more, in a time span of just the past 5 days. Houston’s annual average is 49.77 inches, while Mary’s Creek, Texas has picked up 49.32 inches since Friday alone. To get a better idea of just how much water this is, consider that more rain fell in the past 5 days in Houston than typically falls all year in Chicago or Seattle. Hurricane Harvey is being touted as the strongest hurricane to hit the United States in 12 years which makes it the strongest since Hurricane Katrina. The strenght and devastation of these climate change related natural disasters, if you can still call them natural at this point, pales in the face of the actions of politicians and high political office holders who fall in the climate change denial group. This is because such people who hold green policy decisions hostage in our national Congress make fighting climate change impossible, and condemn our country to these catastrophic events. Texas happens to have a lot of these congressmen and women who, due to the fact that they’re beholden to the oil industry which is the main driver of Texas economy, deny climate change even though they know it is real. It’s not only Texas and the oil industry who deny climate change for selfish business reason, but many other states and industries like the coal industry and the states who harbor it. These businesses buy off law makers at both state and national levels, and the bought law makers block all efforts to make legislation that will help the climate. What these business owners and the politicians they buy keep forgetting is that the effects of climate change gets to affect everyone when they happen. The hurricanes don’t spare the rich people who own the businesses, or their businesses, when they make land fall. They do not spare the politicians who take bribes in order to deny climate change, but everybody and everything in its way is destroyed with the same gusto, no matter whether they’re rich or poor, or own big businesses or not. I wonder how many oil business installations are affected by Hurricane Harvey, and how many oil industry share holders and stake holders are affected by it. Another major point being missed by these selfish climate deniers is that Mars is not yet habitable, and that all the wealth they have sacrificed the planet to gather will become useless when the earth becomes uninhabitable due to their actions. If the whole of Texas gets submerged and becomes part of the Gulf of Mexico, I doubt that the oil industry will still exist over there, or that it will still be booming as it is today, if it survives. Ditto all the states that have coal mining as economic drivers, and as a result, fight efforts to curtail climate change. Climate change is real, and the sooner we start fighting it, the better for us. Most of us know this, including all the people leading the charge on its denial. Mobil, a major oil industry player, wrote a paper from a study it did and denied climate change, even when the findings from its study showed climate change to be real and man made. Today it’s Texas turn to bear the brunt. Who knows whose turn it’ll be tomorrow? Who knows how devastating it will be for whoever gets it tomorrow? It’s a shame that all the argument about hurricane Harvey has centered on who is doing what to help the victims, and whether President Trump has visited Houston, and what he did during his visit, and how he did it, and what he and his wife were wearing during the visit – such frivolous nonsense is what has been all over the airwaves. Nobody is saying much about what role climate change played, and what our politicians are doing, or not doing about climate change. That should be a major part of the coverage of these disasters, because it’s only this time when most people’s eyes are glued to their television watching what is happening that you can also educate them on the causes of these disasters, and what their political office holders are doing, or not doing, to curtail it. The media would rather talk about how the President and First lady were dressed, and how the president delivered his speech. Why?
Washington — 42 years ago, the Kenner report, issued by President, Lyndon B. Johnson claimed that our nation was “moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal.” Today,the Federal Reserve Chairman, Ben Bernanke told “60 Minutes” that income inequality in America is creating “two societies” primarily based on education. The Huffington Post reports: Pelley: The gap between rich and poor in this country has never been greater. In fact we have the biggest income disparity gap of any industrialized country in the world. And I wonder where you think that’s taking America. Bernanke: It’s a very bad development. It’s creating two societies. And it’s based very much, I think, on educational differences. The unemployment rate we’ve been talking about. If you’re a college graduate, unemployment is 5 percent. If you’re a high school graduate, it’s 10 percent or more. It’s a very big difference. It leads to an unequal society, and a society which doesn’t have the cohesion that we’d like to see.”
THE INTERNET OF THINGS, A CONNEXION TO THE FUTURE What is the Internet of Things ? (IOT) The IoT is a worldwide infrastructure for the society of information that create evolved services by connecting objects/ devices. If it seems a bit obscure to you it’s normal, in fact it’s very simple. The Internet of Things represents the connexion between devices so they can bring a better and more complete user experience. An IoT system is composed of four components : a sensor, the connectivity, the information or data processing and a user interface. Each of them creating a process inside the system in order to detect it environment, understand it, process it and give an adecuate answer to a stimulus. It is made to collect the data about the environment, with different levels of sensibility regarding the type of needs the IoT system is supposed to answer. For example, it can calculate the level of noise of a video, analyse a photograph or a video. But a sensors is not only made to just be a sensor. It can have several other uses or purposes. A Smartphone is a sensor for an IoT system but can also be a camera, a GPS, a microphone…etc. The objective of the industries is to offer a complete device, with features that can be developed as a first step inside the connectivity. Once the stimulus is collected by the sensor, it has to be sent to the next component so the device ccan give the correct answer. This process also offers the possibility to stock the information/ data to be analysed an used to know more about how people themselves react certain events. Most of the time it is available in a Cloud dedicated to this use by the company/ software. It can go through different type of network. Phones Networks, Satellites, WiFi, Bluetooth, Low Power Wide Area Networking (LPWAN) or even Internet. The choice of the route mostly depends on the use or the functionality needed by the following steps. Information / Data Processing This is the Software part, where it will analyse the information from the different steps. It has to be calibrated in order to give logical and understandable results for the user. It can have different level of difficulties, regarding the task asked sucha as read a temperature (which is easy) or identify an object/ person inside a photograph or a video like in a surveillance video. The User Interface The last step on the road, the data becomes understandable to the user. The support can be very different from on IoT system to another, depending on the type of service the company is providing. It can visible thanks through a Text, a Mail, a Notification on a Smartphone…etc. Thanks to the interface, the user will have the possibility to answer to the data or check the system by himself. Nevertheless, a user can also interact with the system in place by integrating a scrypt that will explain to each component what to do in a certain situation, with precise rules For the uninitiated person, this might seems complicated to understand. But as an Image is worth a thousand words, with a concrete example you’ll get what it’s all about I am mister X, I am currently on vacation 500km away from my house. Before I left I put some cameras in my entire house to make sure that if anyone enters I’ll know it. I can have an access to a live video of each camera from an App I downloaded on my Smartphone. The very same App that will send me an alert in case of someone enters my house. At some point on my trip, the cameras ( the Sensors ) detect mouvement inside my house while there should be no one. The information of « Unsual Mouvement » is sent to the database of the Company ( The Connectivity ) that will process the Information with the script I already entered in the App ( Data Processing ). I will receive a notification on my Smartphone, alerting me that there is someone inside my property that shouldn’t be here. The app gives me a live access to my house, I see the intruder, I don’t recognize him, so the App gets in touch with the authorities to send officers to check my house. We saw a concrete example of how IoT works, and how it can benefits our lives. But it has much more to offer. Why is it promising ? IoT is easy to fabricate thanks to the raise of the demand of different electronics devices for different supports. Therefore the cost of electronics component is decreasing each years. Same goes for the cost of having dedicated Networks, as there are billions of websites, the big need of professionals to have a dedicated server for there Business created a competition that brought the But what does it brings to Business ? How can a Start-Up, a SME or a Corporate use it in order to be profitable for them in terms of costs or ROI ? First, having an entire factory connected (for example) will allow the manufacturers to develop more efficient processes by reducing the wastes. Connected sensors will be able to connect their own datas during a process of production while a Machine Learning system will then process the Information to a human being or another automated system to act. It will give major industries the data they need by converting the entire world into Data. By 2020, we expect 200Billions of connected devices connected to the internet on the market . It represents 26/ person. And it can attack all of the different markets, from SmartBuilding, to SmartLocks, SmartCities or SmartHealth devices. We already have made the first step into the Connectivity, when you think about Apple for example and the features of the latest Apple Watch that will call Emergency Services if the user falls. Some specialist expect IoT to have an economic impact to come around $14.4 TRILLIONs by 2020. Nevertheless, IoT comes with risks that must be known. One of the major concern of our modern society is Privacy. Mark Zuckerberg, CEO and Founder of Facebook had to change the direction where he was heading, from « The Future is Public » to « The Future is Private ». Understanding the worry of its users. Therefore with a System such as the Internet Of Things, that works only with Privates Datas from the users/ customers. That’s why Datas are so valuable right now on the Market. Besides the potential issue with Privacy, Cybersecurity must be considered as a major challenge when it comes to IoT. How an autonomous system that works without human intervention can prevent the attack from malwares ? How can we protect the Datas of our customers/ users ? Finally, what would happen if the system doesn’t work ? If one of the four component fails, are we sure to have another one that will take over its tasks and complete the cycle ? Are should we expect a 3rd party to conduct an expertise and develop a customized risk/ security assessment ? Personally I don’t have the answers to those risks. But the Internet Of Things can lead to a Revolution in the way we live but also in the way we produce. It can lead to a city that will alert you automatically on your Smartphone if anything goes wrong, if the highway is overcrowded, if the metro is closes for work…etc. But at what cost ?
MYRO (Village) KYPARISSIA There is an imposing sight at the village Myro, 8 km northeast of Kyparissia, and on the hill of Peristeria where the archaeological spade of Spyros Marinatos brought to light, in 1960, an ancient settlement which belongs to the Protomycaenic Period (17th-16th century B.C). There, they found houses belonging to the Mesohellenic Era (2200-1580 B.C), three domed gold-bearing tombs, a wall surrounding tombs and remnants('perivolos') of a wall which surrounded the hill of Peristeria in the south. In 1976, the archaeological spade of professor Korre discovered monuments such as a domed tomb belonging to the first Mycaenic Era, a surface, a four-wall tomb and structures of 1500 B.C. The findings from the excavations, like golden jewellery, three golden cups, quite a few ostraka, golden horseshoes, spear points, a bronze sword, golden rodakes, a two-edged tool made of keratolithos, a golden owl etc are kept in the Museum of Chora. The wealth of findings and the size of buildings render the area of Peristeria as the centre of the extended area in the mycaenean era, while they are referred to as the «Mycaenae of Western Peloponesse» by Spyros Marinatos. This text is cited Jan 2003 from the Messenia Prefecture Tourism Promotion Commission URL below, which contains image. At Peristeria, the Mycaenae of Western Peloponnese, four domed tombs have been found, one of which is the biggest in Messinia. In the tombs of Peristeria there have been found written characters in Hieroglyphics and Grammiki A', engraved elements of Knossos, golden cups, jewellery and magnificent vases which are exhibited today in the museum of Chora. This extract is cited March 2003 from the Messenia Prefecture Tourism Promotion Commission URL below, which contains image. Receive our daily Newsletter with all the latest updates on the Greek Travel industry.Subscribe now!
Obesity doesn’t just increase postmenopausal women’s risk of developing colon cancer, it might even raise their risk of dying from it, scientists say That analysis comes from researchers at the University of Minnesota, who culled data from the Iowa Women’s Health Study on 1,096 cases of colon cancer diagnosed between 1986 and 2005. Of the 489 women who died, 289 of them died from colon cancer. To see whether obesity had anything to do with those deaths, the researchers documented each woman’s body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and waistline. They found that obese women were 45% more likely to die than their healthy-weight counterparts. The researchers noted belly fat’s particular link to mortality rates; those women with a high waist-to-hip ratio had a 30%-40% increased chance of dying specifically because of colon cancer. The findings were published online Wednesday in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. Lead author Anna E. Prizment, an epidemiologist with the University of Minnesota’s Masonic Cancer Center, said in a release that there was no proof that losing weight after being diagnosed would lower women’s mortality risk. “Therefore, it’s best to maintain a normal, healthy body weight throughout life,” she said in the release. That doesn’t mean going on a crash diet and emaciating yourself; the term “healthy body weight” is the key here. Being underweight is also dangerous: Underweight women diagnosed with colon cancer were 89% more likely to die of any cause than women with a normal BMI. This means eating good food, drinking water and exercising regularly. If you’re unsure about how to start, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers a few pointers on healthy food and physical activity.Copyright © 2014, Chicago Tribune
April 2003, Polity Open-minded and written with genuine clarity for an undergraduate audience, Saward's book avoids providing easy answers to democracy's dilemmas. Instead, it offers to students the diverse approaches to democracy, showing how the key narratives of contemporary political life have been created and adapted. Working through a series of compelling real and hypothetical cases, twentieth-century narratives of democracy and their roots, and major new challenges such as globalization and environmentalism, the book makes the ideal starting point both for students already curious and those needing to be enticed and provoked. It concludes with an extraordinary snapshot and appraisal of the new theories of democracy that are making waves in the twenty-first century, and invites informed speculation on the shape of the democracy of the future. Democracy includes an extensive glossary of types of democracy, as well as a guide to further reading. 1. Is this Democracy?. 2. Narrating Democracy I. 3. Narrating Democracy II. 4. Five Challenges. 5. Reinventing Democracy. Glossary: Concepts of Democracy. A Guide to Further Reading. - Provides an excellent overview of the concept and history of democracy - Explores key contemporary challenges to democracy such as globalization and environmentalism Encourages readers to think for themselves through the use of provocative case study materials Includes a useful glossary of types of democracy, as well as an annotated bibliography
The Bode/Nyquist Plot applet now has a tab for impulse and step function responses. The previous version is still available here if you need it. As in the previous versions the focus remains on design of cascaded filter sections, so numerator and denominator are still entered as one or more polynomials, which get multiplied and terms collected before plotting. For discrete time investigations, try my new Z-Domain Bode/Nyquist Plot Java applet. In general, the transfer function of any linear system can be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials in powers of the Laplace variable s. The order of the transfer function is just the difference between the highest and lowest powers of s present. The general form shown above has powers ranging from zero to two, so the form shown is 2nd order. When two filter sections are cascaded, as with G(s) and H(s) above, the overall transfer function F(s) is the complex product of the two individual transfer functions. The steady-state gain for a continuous wave (CW) input is the absolute value of the transfer function, evaluated by setting s = jω where j is the square root of -1 and ω is the angular frequency of the input in units of radians/second. The phase shift for the same CW input is the argument (arctangent) of the transfer function at that frequency. The Bode Diagram gives a log-log plot of gain and a lin-log plot of phase, so the product of two transfer functions can be visualized by simply summing up the values. Following are some details of how to use the Bode/Nyquist Java Applet. While developing the applet I kept in mind this short list of simple test cases with known results, which allowed me to quickly verify that the applet actually works. Type the numerator and denominator strings into the applet's entry fields and click "Plot Response" to see the result. Corner or center frequency ω0 in each case is 1 radian/second, or about 0.1592 Hz. These sections can be cascaded in combination, and scaled in amplitude or frequency for further tests. Diagnostic information is sent to the Java Console to help you better understand the applet's operation. \|Integrator\|\|(1)\|\|(1,0)\|\|Unity gain at ω0, constant phase of -90°\| \|Differentiator\|\|(1,0)\|\|(1)\|\|Unity gain at ω0, constant phase of +90°\| \|2nd order low pass\|\|(1)\|\|(1,1.414,1)\|\|-3 dB gain at ω0, phase crosses -90° at ω0\| \|Bandpass filter\|\|(1,0)\|\|(1,.25,1)\|\|+12 dB gain at ω0, phase crosses 0° at ω0\| \|2nd order high pass\|\|(1,0,0)\|\|(1,1.414,1)\|\|-3 dB gain at ω0, phase crosses +90° at ω0\| \|Notch filter\|\|(1,0,1)\|\|(1,1,1)\|\|Notch centered at ω0, phase flips from -90 to +90° at ω0\| \|2nd order phase shift\|\|(1,-1,1)\|\|(1,1,1)\|\|Unity gain at all frequencies, phase crosses 180° at ω0\| The real utility of this applet isn't in matching well-known textbook cases, but in accurately predicting the performance of actual filters that you design and build. To that end, I've studied two simple design examples shown below, taken from the world of real-time audio analyzers (RTAs). Both examples use cascaded filter sections to build up complicated transfer functions. In each case, output from the Bode/Nyquist applet closely matches measured results obtained on my bench with a simple breadboard. Unless otherwise noted, all opamps are Texas Instruments TLC2272CP (operating with filtered, regulated +/- 5 Volt supplies), all resistors are 5% 1/4 Watt carbon film (in series or parallel combination of at most 2 resistors, to get close to desired value), and all capacitors are polypropylene film, Panasonic P-Series (2% tolerance at nominal value). A real-time analyzer operates by separating its input into discrete channels and showing each channel's amplitude separately. An octave-band analyzer, for instance, might separate its input into ten octave-wide channels with center frequencies ranging from 32 Hz to 16 kHz. Here we consider the 1 kHz filter response which will be fourth order to reject adjacent channel signals, and will be peaked at two frequencies with an offset to flatten response within the passband. The slight dip at the center frequency is a design tradeoff that can be varied to meet your needs. As Don Lancaster describes in his "Active Filter Cookbook" (Lancaster ) the two-pole fourth-order bandpass response is well-suited for implementing a flat-top bandpass filter. Following his design process, we set the staggering factor a = 4/3, or about 1.333, and Q = 2.5. This will leave us with a -0.5 dB dip at the center frequency, which is quite reasonable for use in a real time analyzer. We'll cascade two sections of the type shown in Fig. 2 above, which is a single-amplifier multiple-feedback bandpass filter. Starting with all component values set to unity (1 Ω and 1 Farad), the center frequency will be 1 radian/second. First I'll change the capacitors to a more practical value of 0.01 μF, which causes a corresponding change in center frequency to 108 rad/sec., or about 15.92 MHz. Both capacitors maintain the same value in this design. Next I change both resistors to 15.92 kΩ to drop the center frequency back to 1 kHz. Then, following Lancaster's recipe, I decrease the input resistor R1 by a factor of 1/(2Q) to 3184 Ω, and increase the feedback resistor R2 by a factor of 2Q to 79.6 kΩ. Finally, I multiply both resistors by a to get the lower section values, and divide both resistors by a to get the upper section values. The results of all this figuring are shown in the table below. \|Lower Section (f0 = 750 Hz)\|\|Upper Section (f0 = 1333 Hz)\| \|Resistors\|\|R1 = 4245 Ω, R2 = 106.1 kΩ\|\|R3 = 2388 Ω, R4 = 59.7 kΩ\| \|Capacitors\|\|C1 = C2 = 0.01 μF\|\|C3 = C4 = 0.01 μF\| Plugging the parts values given above into the transfer function of Fig. 2, we obtain the transfer function coefficients, shown rounded to 4 significant figures in Table 2 above. Entering the numerator and denominator coefficients into the Bode/Nyquist applet and setting the start frequency to 10 Hz (already done for you in the HTML above), we find the desired flat-top peak response. In addition, we see that overall phase crosses zero at exactly 1 kHz, hits +90° at 707 Hz, and -90° at 1414 Hz. For use in a real-time analyzer one would want the peak gain to be unity, but here we actually have excess gain of about 34 dB over the two filter sections. A simple resistive attenuator (not shown here) in front of each section could return overall gain to unity. Note that the output impedance of the resistive attenuator would have to be accounted for as part of the input resistors R1 and R3. The order in which we cascade the sections has no effect on overall frequency response so we can arrange them to best suit our needs. In this case I've placed the lower section first because it has a higher input impedance. I added the trimmers R5 and R6 (each 1 kΩ, and I reduced R1 and R3 by 500 Ω each) to my breadboard so I could independently adjust the center frequency of each section while accounting for any source impedance seen at the inputs. Unless you are driving the filter with a stiff voltage source and buy precision components for each value, you'll want to align the filter to get the desired response. The procedure is quite easy due to the cascaded design. The input and output of each section can be directly probed to check relative phase shift across the section. Apply a continuous wave (CW) source to the overall input at the desired center frequency for each section one at a time, and adjust the appropriate input resistor (R5 or R6) to get exactly 180° of phase shift across the section you are aligning. You can watch the input and output in a Lissajous pattern on an X-Y oscilloscope, and trim the section's input resistor until the oval-shaped pattern closes to a straight diagonal line. Calibrate your scope probes if appropriate by connecting both X and Y probes to the same circuit node and verifying that the trace is a straight diagonal line. Once each of the sections is tuned to its desired center frequency, everything else will fall into place with measured response matching the calculated response within a fraction of a dB. Also from the realm of real-time-analyzers (RTAs), the pinking filter is used to turn white noise from a Gaussian source (equal energy per Hz) into pink noise (equal energy per octave) suitable for studying room acoustics in a real-time measurement. Assuming we have an ideal white noise source, perhaps a maximum-length-sequence (MLS) pseudo-random number generator, we will need a filter with a slope of exactly -10 dB/decade (approx. -3 dB/8va) over three decades of frequency from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The problem is that traditional filter sections all come with slopes in multiples of 6 dB/8va. The technique I'll use here is to take a standard Sallen-Key (Sallen and Key ) low pass section with a slope of -12 dB/8va and relax its characteristics until the slope is just -3 dB/8va over about two decades of frequency. This is done by shifting the capacitor values around, and adding resistors R3 and R4 in series with them. A second section of the same type is then added with its frequency range shifted up by two decades. After tweaking some component values, the smooth merged response shown above is obtained. Ideal component values, which reduce deviation to less than +/- 0.2 dB, are shown in Table 3 below. Plugging these ideal values into the transfer function of Fig. 4 gives the polynomial coefficients entered into the applet above, and also shown in Table 3. I found it convenient to keep the parts values in a spreadsheet which then calculates the coefficients. \|Lower Section (10 Hz...1 kHz)\|\|Upper Section (1 kHz...100 kHz)\| \|Resistors\|\|R1 = 10.02 kΩ, R2 = 9943 Ω R3 = 2107 Ω, R4 = 8224 Ω \|R5 = R6 = 11.91 kΩ\| R7 = 2031 Ω, R8 = 11.31 kΩ \|Capacitors\|\|C3 = 0.1517 μF, C4 = 0.3226 μF\|\|C7 = 2.036 nF, C8 = 3.439 nF\| \|Deviation\|\|+/- 0.2 dB, 15 Hz...50 kHz\| I wanted to find out the error if I stuck to standard component values, so I tried several variations and wound up with the numbers in Table 4 below. I set five of the resistors to 10 kΩ so I could use a dual-inline-package (DIP) resistor network. Deviation is still within +/- 0.5 dB across the audio range, and then some. I was pleasantly surprised to find that the calculated and measured response for this alignment were indistinguishable (delta < 0.1 dB) in my test setup. \|Lower Section (10 Hz...1 kHz)\|\|Upper Section (1 kHz...100 kHz)\| \|Resistors\|\|R1 = R2 = 10 kΩ R3 = 2.2 kΩ, R4 = 6.8k Ω \|R5 = R6 = R8 = 10 kΩ\| R7 = 2.2 kΩ \|Capacitors\|\|C3 = 0.1 μF, C4 = 0.33 μF\|\|C7 = 2.2 nF, C8 = 3.3 nF\| \|Deviation\|\|+/- 0.5 dB, 15 Hz...50 kHz\| While gathering information for this write-up, I found several published schematics for passive pinking filters of similar complexity (say four resistors and four capacitors, GR 1390-P2) and tried to work out their transfer functions. Trouble was (and this is common to many passive filter designs) that all the parts interact so one winds up with a blizzard of terms that are very hard to put in standard form. I ultimately gave up on finding the transfer function and used a different technique to convince myself that while they do produce the desired -10 db/decade slope, passive pinking filters have more deviation over a smaller frequency range than the active design presented here. I am placing the ideas and source code presented on this page in the public domain, for the benefit of software developers and engineers. Please remember that only you can determine if these ideas are suitable for your application. The burden is on you to verify, through functional test, code inspection, and any other means you determine is appropriate, whether the source code presented here actually works or not. And only you know if you are qualified to make modifications to the source code presented here. Feel free to post a link to this page on your site, but please don't copy my content. This page should be available at this URL for the foreseeable future. I claim a trademark interest in the names "Williamsonic" and "www.williamsonic.com".
Rotary valves are important components of pneumatic conveying, bulk solids handling and batching systems. Rotary airlock is also known as rotary airlock, rotary feeder or airlock feeder. The main function of a rotary valve is to control flow of bulk solids from silo, mixer, cyclone or hopper under gravity, pressure and vacuum conditions. Airlocks can work on pressure and vacuum applications. Wide range of rotary valves are avaliable for different process conditions and physical properties of transferred bulk solids. Abbrassive materials, high temperature powders, food products, big sizes granules can be transferred by selecting proper rotary valve models.
In this Concept, you will be introduced to the the concepts of bivariate data and correlation, and the use of scatterplots to display bivariate data. You will learn the terms 'positive', 'negative', 'strong', and 'perfect' and apply them to the correlation between two variables in a scatterplot graph. You will also learn to understand properties and common errors of correlation. For an explanation of the correlation coefficient (13.0) , see kbower50, The Correlation Coefficient (3:59). So far we have learned how to describe distributions of a single variable and how to perform hypothesis tests concerning parameters of these distributions. But what if we notice that two variables seem to be related? We may notice that the values of two variables, such as verbal SAT score and GPA, behave in the same way and that students who have a high verbal SAT score also tend to have a high GPA (see table below). In this case, we would want to study the nature of the connection between the two variables. These types of studies are quite common, and we can use the concept of correlation to describe the relationship between the two variables. Bivariate Data, Correlation Between Values, and the Use of Scatterplots Correlation measures the relationship between bivariate data. Bivariate data are data sets in which each subject has two observations associated with it. In our example above, we notice that there are two observations (verbal SAT score and GPA) for each subject (in this case, a student). Can you think of other scenarios when we would use bivariate data? If we carefully examine the data in the example above, we notice that those students with high SAT scores tend to have high GPAs, and those with low SAT scores tend to have low GPAs. In this case, there is a tendency for students to score similarly on both variables, and the performance between variables appears to be related. Scatterplots display these bivariate data sets and provide a visual representation of the relationship between variables. In a scatterplot, each point represents a paired measurement of two variables for a specific subject, and each subject is represented by one point on the scatterplot. Correlation Patterns in Scatterplot Graphs Examining a scatterplot graph allows us to obtain some idea about the relationship between two variables. When the points on a scatterplot graph produce a lower-left-to-upper-right pattern (see below), we say that there is a positive correlation between the two variables. This pattern means that when the score of one observation is high, we expect the score of the other observation to be high as well, and vice versa. When the points on a scatterplot graph produce a upper-left-to-lower-right pattern (see below), we say that there is a negative correlation between the two variables. This pattern means that when the score of one observation is high, we expect the score of the other observation to be low, and vice versa. When all the points on a scatterplot lie on a straight line, you have what is called a perfect correlation between the two variables (see below). A scatterplot in which the points do not have a linear trend (either positive or negative) is called a zero correlation or a near-zero correlation (see below). When examining scatterplots, we also want to look not only at the direction of the relationship (positive, negative, or zero), but also at the magnitude of the relationship. If we drew an imaginary oval around all of the points on the scatterplot, we would be able to see the extent, or the magnitude, of the relationship. If the points are close to one another and the width of the imaginary oval is small, this means that there is a strong correlation between the variables (see below). However, if the points are far away from one another, and the imaginary oval is very wide, this means that there is a weak correlation between the variables (see below). While examining scatterplots gives us some idea about the relationship between two variables, we use a statistic called the correlation coefficient to give us a more precise measurement of the relationship between the two variables. The correlation coefficient is an index that describes the relationship and can take on values between and +1.0, with a positive correlation coefficient indicating a positive correlation and a negative correlation coefficient indicating a negative correlation. The absolute value of the coefficient indicates the magnitude, or the strength, of the relationship. The closer the absolute value of the coefficient is to 1, the stronger the relationship. For example, a correlation coefficient of 0.20 indicates that there is a weak linear relationship between the variables, while a coefficient of indicates that there is a strong linear relationship. The value of a perfect positive correlation is 1.0, while the value of a perfect negative correlation is . When there is no linear relationship between two variables, the correlation coefficient is 0. It is important to remember that a correlation coefficient of 0 indicates that there is no linear relationship, but there may still be a strong relationship between the two variables. For example, there could be a quadratic relationship between them. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is a statistic that is used to measure the strength and direction of a linear correlation. It is symbolized by the letter . To understand how this coefficient is calculated, let’s suppose that there is a positive relationship between two variables, and . If a subject has a score on that is above the mean, we expect the subject to have a score on that is also above the mean. Pearson developed his correlation coefficient by computing the sum of cross products. He multiplied the two scores, and , for each subject and then added these cross products across the individuals. Next, he divided this sum by the number of subjects minus one. This coefficient is, therefore, the mean of the cross products of scores. Pearson used standard scores ( -scores, -scores, etc.) when determining the coefficient. Therefore, the formula for this coefficient is as follows: In other words, the coefficient is expressed as the sum of the cross products of the standard -scores divided by the number of degrees of freedom. An equivalent formula that uses the raw scores rather than the standard scores is called the raw score formula and is written as follows: Again, this formula is most often used when calculating correlation coefficients from original data. Note that is used instead of , because we are using actual data and not -scores. Let’s use our example from the introduction to demonstrate how to calculate the correlation coefficient using the raw score formula. On the Web http://tinyurl.com/ylcyh88 Match the graph to its correlation. http://tinyurl.com/y8vcm5y Guess the correlation. http://onlinestatbook.com/stat_sim/reg_by_eye/index.html Regression by eye. What is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient for the two variables represented in the table below? In order to calculate the correlation coefficient, we need to calculate several pieces of information, including , and . Therefore, the values of , and have been added to the table. Applying the formula to these data, we find the following: The correlation coefficient not only provides a measure of the relationship between the variables, but it also gives us an idea about how much of the total variance of one variable can be associated with the variance of the other. For example, the correlation coefficient of 0.95 that we calculated above tells us that to a high degree, the variance in the scores on the verbal SAT is associated with the variance in the GPA, and vice versa. For example, we could say that factors that influence the verbal SAT, such as health, parent college level, etc., would also contribute to individual differences in the GPA. The higher the correlation we have between two variables, the larger the portion of the variance that can be explained by the independent variable. The calculation of this variance is called the coefficient of determination and is calculated by squaring the correlation coefficient. Therefore, the coefficient of determination is written as . The result of this calculation indicates the proportion of the variance in one variable that can be associated with the variance in the other variable. The Properties and Common Errors of Correlation Correlation is a measure of the linear relationship between two variables-it does not necessarily state that one variable is caused by another. For example, a third variable or a combination of other things may be causing the two correlated variables to relate as they do. Therefore, it is important to remember that we are interpreting the variables and the variance not as causal, but instead as relational. When examining correlation, there are three things that could affect our results: linearity, homogeneity of the group, and sample size. As mentioned, the correlation coefficient is the measure of the linear relationship between two variables. However, while many pairs of variables have a linear relationship, some do not. For example, let’s consider performance anxiety. As a person’s anxiety about performing increases, so does his or her performance up to a point. (We sometimes call this good stress.) However, at some point, the increase in anxiety may cause a person's performance to go down. We call these non-linear relationships curvilinear relationships . We can identify curvilinear relationships by examining scatterplots (see below). One may ask why curvilinear relationships pose a problem when calculating the correlation coefficient. The answer is that if we use the traditional formula to calculate these relationships, it will not be an accurate index, and we will be underestimating the relationship between the variables. If we graphed performance against anxiety, we would see that anxiety has a strong affect on performance. However, if we calculated the correlation coefficient, we would arrive at a figure around zero. Therefore, the correlation coefficient is not always the best statistic to use to understand the relationship between variables. Homogeneity of the Group Another error we could encounter when calculating the correlation coefficient is homogeneity of the group. When a group is homogeneous, or possesses similar characteristics, the range of scores on either or both of the variables is restricted. For example, suppose we are interested in finding out the correlation between IQ and salary. If only members of the Mensa Club (a club for people with IQs over 140) are sampled, we will most likely find a very low correlation between IQ and salary, since most members will have a consistently high IQ, but their salaries will still vary. This does not mean that there is not a relationship-it simply means that the restriction of the sample limited the magnitude of the correlation coefficient. Finally, we should consider sample size. One may assume that the number of observations used in the calculation of the correlation coefficient may influence the magnitude of the coefficient itself. However, this is not the case. Yet while the sample size does not affect the correlation coefficient, it may affect the accuracy of the relationship. The larger the sample, the more accurate of a predictor the correlation coefficient will be of the relationship between the two variables. If a pair of variables have a strong curvilinear relationship, which of the following is true: a. The correlation coefficient will be able to indicate that a nonlinear relationship is present. b. A scatterplot will not be needed to indicate that a nonlinear relationship is present. c. The correlation coefficient will not be able to indicate the relationship is nonlinear. d. The correlation coefficient will be exactly equal to zero. If a pair of variables have a strong curvilinear relationship a. False, the correlation coefficient does not indicate that a curvilinear relationship is present – only that there is no linear relationship. b. False, a scatterplot will be needed to indicate that a nonlinear relationship is present. c. True, the correlation coefficient will not be ale to indicate the relationship is nonlinear. d. True, the correlation coefficient is zero when there is a strong curvilinear relationship because it is a measure of a linear relationship. A national consumer magazine reported that the correlation between car weight and car reliability is -0.30. What does this mean? If the correlation between car weight and car reliability is -.30 it means that as the weight of the car goes up, the reliability of the car goes down. This is not a perfect linear relationship since the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is only .30. Bivariate data are data sets with two observations that are assigned to the same subject. Correlation measures the direction and magnitude of the linear relationship between bivariate data. When examining scatterplot graphs , we can determine if correlations are positive, negative, perfect, or zero. A correlation is strong when the points in the scatterplot lie generally along a straight line. The correlation coefficient is a precise measurement of the relationship between the two variables. This index can take on values between and including and +1.0. To calculate the correlation coefficient, we most often use the raw score formula, which allows us to calculate the coefficient by hand. This formula is as follows: When calculating the correlation coefficient, there are several things that could affect our computation, including curvilinear relationships , homogeneity of the group, and the size of the group. Compute the correlation coefficient for the following data: To calculate the correlation coefficient from given data use the formula: Use the following table to organize the information: Substituting these values into the formula, we get: - Give 2 scenarios or research questions where you would use bivariate data sets. In the space below, draw and label four scatterplot graphs. One should show: - a positive correlation - a negative correlation - a perfect correlation - a zero correlation In the space below, draw and label two scatterplot graphs. One should show: - a weak correlation - a strong correlation. - What does the correlation coefficient measure? - The following observations were taken for five students measuring grade and reading level. \|Student Number\|\|Grade\|\|Reading Level\| a. Draw a scatterplot for these data. What type of relationship does this correlation have? b. Use the raw score formula to compute the Pearson correlation coefficient. - A teacher gives two quizzes to his class of 10 students. The following are the scores of the 10 students. \|Student\|\|Quiz 1\|\|Quiz 2\| a. Compute the Pearson correlation coefficient, , between the scores on the two quizzes. b. Find the percentage of the variance, , in the scores of Quiz 2 associated with the variance in the scores of Quiz 1. c. Interpret both and in words. - What are the three factors that we should be aware of that affect the magnitude and accuracy of the Pearson correlation coefficient? For each of the following pairs of variables, is there likely to be a positive association, a negative association, or no association. Explain. - Amount of alcohol consumed and result of a breath test. - Weight and grade point average for high school students. - Miles of running per week and time in a marathon. Identify whether a scatterplot would or would not be an appropriate visual summary of the relationship between the following variables. Explain. - Blood pressure and age - Region of the country and opinion about gay marriage. - Verbal SAT score and math SAT score. - Which of the numbers 0, 0.45, -1.9, -0.4, 2.6 could not be values of the correlation coefficient. Explain. - Which of the following implies a stronger linear relationship +0.6 or -0.8. Explain. - Explain how two variables can have a 0 correlation coefficient but a perfect curved relationship. The figure (insert figure 9.1) shows four graphs. Assume that all four graphs have the same numerical scales for the two axes. - Which graph shows the strongest relationship between the two variables? Which graph shows the weakest? - The correlation values for these four graphs are -0.8, 0, +0.4, +0.8. Match the value to the graph. - Consider the following data and compute the correlation coefficient: - Describe what a scatterplot is and explain its importance. Sketch and explain the following: - A scatterplot for a set of data points for which it would be appropriate to fit a regression line. - A scatterplot for a set of data points for which it is not appropriate to fit a regression line. - Suppose data are collected for each of several randomly selected high school students for weight, in pounds, and number of calories burned in 30 minutes of walking on a treadmill at 4 mph. How would the value of the correlation coefficient change if all of the weights were converted to ounces? Each of the following contains a mistake. In each case, explain what is wrong. - “There is a high correlation between the gender of a worker and his income. - “We found a high correlation (1.10) between a high school freshman’s rating of a movie and a high school senior’s rating of the same movie.” - The correlation between planting rate and yield of potatoes was bushels.” Coefficient of determination
Cystatin C or cystatin 3 (formerly gamma trace, post-gamma-globulin or neuroendocrine basic polypeptide), a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also seems to play a role in brain disorders involving amyloid (a specific type of protein deposition), such as Alzheimer's disease. [wikipedia] The image above shows part of the cystatin C crystal obtained for crystallography and actually shows 8 cystatin C molecules in a complex arrangement of symmetries. In humans, all cells with a nucleus (cell core containing the DNA) produce cystatin C as a chain of 120 amino acids. It is found in virtually all tissues and bodily fluids. It is a potent inhibitor of lysosomal proteinases (enzymes from a special subunit of the cell that break down proteins) and probably one of the most important extracellular inhibitors of cysteine proteases (it prevents the breakdown of proteins outside the cell by a specific type of protein degrading enzymes). Cystatin C belongs to the type 2 cystatin gene family. [wikipedia]
Summer is less than a month away—which means more time for the beach, lounging by the pool and simply enjoying the outdoors. But while basking in the sun feels great, it can do some serious harm to your skin. Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer among Americans, and while sun exposure is the primary culprit, it isn’t the only cause. You may think you know the drill, but here are five simple tips that can help keep your skin safe and cancer-free. Slather up before you buckle up: Most skin cancers occur on the left side of the face—the driver’s side—so be sure to apply sunscreen before you hop in the car. In this video, dermatologist Ellen Marmur, MD, shares some other surprising risk factors for skin cancer. Grab a shot glass: When it comes to sunscreen, you need more, not less — and most people don’t use enough. So try this trick: Fill a shot glass with sunscreen and slather it on. Here’s what else you need to know to get the most from your sunscreen. Take a coffee break: Here’s another reason to enjoy your cup of joe: Coffee can prevent skin cancer. In fact, three or more cups a day can reduce basal cell carcinoma by up to 20%. Dr. Oz explains why in this Health Smarts video. Get out your cell phone: Help your dermatologist spot warning signs of skin cancer by doing regular self exams. Use your cell phone camera to snap photos of moles and other troublesome spots (place a dime next to them to show scale). Not sure what to look for? Follow the ABCs and Ds. Take the SkinAge test: Nothing ages your skin like sun damage. Take our free assessment to see how well you’re protecting your skin. For more tips, check out Sharecare’s Skin Cancer Center.
It's important to know what's causing your symptoms because treatment depends on the type of nasal inflammation. Some of the most important causes of nonallergic nasal inflammation, also called nonallergic rhinitis, include the following: Irritants. Fumes, weather changes, emotional stress, and other factors can cause vasomotor rhinitis, or irritant rhinitis. These symptoms are similar to those of nasal allergies but aren't caused by allergy or infection. Even certain medications, such as the high blood pressure medicines reserpine and prazosin, can result in the stuffy or runny nose of vasomotor rhinitis. Often the cause is not known. While doctors aren't sure exactly why some people develop vasomotor rhinitis reactions, they know the blood vessels in the lining of the nose appear to be extra sensitive and swell up in response to irritants. Vasomotor rhinitis is more common in adults than in children. Eosinophils. These are special blood cells that are part of the immune system. They are sometimes called "allergy cells." They can play a role in nasal allergies, but large numbers are also present in people with nonallergic rhinitis. Neutrophils. Like eosinophils, neutrophils are a type of blood cell. They seek out and destroy harmful substances in the body. As they do their work, they may trigger a stuffy nose and other symptoms. Most often, they're present in large numbers during sinus infections. Structural problems. Problems with your nose structure may cause nasal inflammation. For instance, chronic inflammation from injury can cause allergy-like symptoms. Another cause is incorrect growth of the cartilage between your nostrils, called the septum. Nose injuries often result in a deviated septum, in which the partition of bone and cartilage that divides the nose is pushed to one side or the other, narrowing the passageway on one side. If the passageway is very narrow, it can cause breathing problems and block the normal flow of mucus. Cold or flu. Viruses that cause colds and flu start a defensive inflammatory reaction that results in a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, and watering eyes. These symptoms can be indistinguishable from allergy symptoms.
At the Heritage Foundation website, Carson Holloway, a Visiting Fellow in American Political Thought and an associate professor of political science at the University of Nebraska Omaha, reports on “The Meaning of American Citizenship,” and summarizes his report as follows: Many today think about American citizenship either in terms of rights or of diversity. But recurrence to the American founding can help disabuse us of such distorted views. Citizenship involves governing the community and is therefore as much a privilege as a right. And while the American regime is based on principles that permit and even encourage a certain diversity among its citizens, attention to the thought of the Founders reminds us that citizenship also demands unity among citizens. Citizens must be unified in their commitment to the principles of our government, and, just as importantly, they must share in a capacity to exercise the habits of mind and character that will preserve our political way of life. Professor Holloway identifies three “Key Takeaways” from his report: 1. American citizenship is a responsibility and a privilege based on shared values like individual rights and equality under the law. 2. Regrettably, the meaning of American citizenship has become distorted by political interests. 3. Americans must be called upon to love their country, defend its particular interests, and cherish its unique historical identity. Happy July 4th!
Both proper diet and exercise are vital in sustaining health. If the two complement each other perfectly, it brings considerable benefits to health. On the other hand, an inappropriate diet coming after exercise will do harm. Subsequent to training, we often feel starving as we have consumed a lot of energy. Some of us tend to grab something to eat immediately. However, the post-training diet should be well scheduled, that is, sixty minutes after we have stopped exercising so that our body is able to rest before taking any food. What to eat after exercise is important too. Some may think that as they have consumed a great amount of energy, it is necessary to supplement in time. Eventually, they include a lot of meat into their diet list. The fact is that, following exercise, there is no need to rush into supplements like this. Instead, eating some digestible food is more beneficial to the body. Though our body is in need of a high intake after finishing exercise, we can neither satisfy that impulse recklessly nor ignore it. Also, eating too much increases the burden on the stomach. Given that the blood runs all over our body during exercise, our stomach is not prepared for dealing with that much intake. It would be great to drink some water or have some fruit and vegetables half an hour after exercise to keep our throat hydrated as it may be dry and the body is dehydrated at the moment. Just because of this, taking dry food may hurt our throat. Physical fitness experts recommend that no acid foods such as meat and fish be taken after doing exercise. Foods like these tend to cause our blood acidic, which does no good to relieve fatigue and on the contrary, throws our body into unpleasant soreness and swelling. If you do exercise quite regularly, you can have some foods that supplement microelements. Only by keeping your body sufficiently energized can you avoid a starving feeling. Having physical training with specific goals in mind is especially important. Of course, make sure you will not start your training with an empty stomach. Have no idea what to eat, find out here: WHAT TO EAT BEFORE TRAINING.
Ralph was puzzled. While he struggled with social connection his whole life, he was making a conscious effort to be different now. Yet, the harder he tried to connect with his wife, kids, co-workers, and friends, the worse things got. The more he tried to “be real” by openly sharing his thoughts and feelings the more distant others became. His attempt at sharing his thoughts about how to improve his daughter’s art project was disastrous. This only encouraged him to withdraw even further and give up on his chances of connectivity. But there is an art form to connecting with others. It is not just about sharing what you feel or think; rather it is about engaging others into a conversation that is a two-way street where both parties are fully involved. This allows everyone to be more open and transparent which can deepen any relationship, even ones that have been strained in the past. How is this done? It begins by rehearsing ahead of time. The best discussions that lead to the true connectivity require intentional planning. Even though the process might not happen exactly as predicted, having a direction keeps things on track especially when there are periods of awkward silence. So Ralph spent a few minutes thinking through these 10 questions before he began to speak to his daughter. The results were amazing. - How do you want them to think or feel? Begin every attempt at connecting with others with an intentional thought or feeling that you would like the other person to have. Ralph, for instance, wanted his daughter to think he was interested in her life and wanted her to feel like he cared. This simple act changed his opening tone, attitude, and style to something more inviting and approachable. - What do you want you to think or feel? Likewise, it is equally important that you know what you want to think or feel after connecting with others. Once Ralph thought about it, he realized that he wanted to think that he mattered and to feel attached to his daughter. This softened his approach with her even further. - What is happening right now? Take a moment to observe the current environment (what are the physical surroundings), circumstances (are they engaged with others or doing something already), body language (is it inviting or closed off), and other potential problems (they are in a hurry or something is about to happen). Don’t walk into a situation where the other person is already deeply engaged and demand full attention. Rather, wait for a break and plan the timing when things are not so stressful. - How can you engage in this? Use the information gathered above to make an opening statement. If you must engage during a stressful time, say, “I see that a lot is happening right now, do you have a moment?” This is far more polite than ignoring the environment and making an assumption that someone must pay attention to you just because you walked into the room. If you have more flexibility on the timing, ask a question about the environment such as, “That is a beautiful art project you are working on, what inspired you?” - What do you share? Next, try to find some common ground between you. Perhaps you did a similar piece of art. Be careful at this moment however that you don’t come across as trying to one-up the other person or compete in any fashion. This is an immediate turn off and will cause others to not want to engage any further. Ralph frequently made this error. In his effort to connect with his daughter, he would talk too much about his artwork which caused her to view him as self-serving. Instead, use a straightforward sentence to demonstrate commonality. - How can you encourage them? This is a critical point that must not be ignored. Without this simple step, all connectivity is lost. Encouraging another person requires some awareness of the strengths, talents, gifts, and contributions that they make. By saying, “Your artwork is so amazing, you are so talented,” Ralph was able to soften his daughter. This resulted in his daughter being more willing to listen to what Ralph was saying. - What help can you offer? At this point, Ralph’s daughter was more open to listening to his input. However, it is imperative that you ask permission to give any advice before you do it. If you don’t ask for permission, the other person might take offense no matter how well all of the other steps were conducted. It’s as simple as, “Do you want to know what I think?” A “Yes,” is an open invitation to give feedback. Whereas a “No,” is not. Respect the “No” and there will be more yesses. - What do you want to accomplish? For Ralph, he wanted his daughter to learn a new technique that could improve her art project. After getting permission and making the suggestion to use the new technique, Ralph then proposed that they attend an art class together. This accomplished several things: they had discovered a shared common interest, they were now working on it together, and they had started a bond that would last a lifetime. This is precisely what Ralph was hoping for in the beginning. - When do you want it done? Unfortunately, many good ideas or plans are lost due to a lack of some sort of deadline. The idea of taking an art class together is wonderful but if it never happens then all connection that was gained is lost again. To that end, Ralph set a deadline for finding and starting the art class within a month. Make sure that you set a timetable for accomplishing whatever was agreed up even if that time is a false target. - How can you deepen the conversation? This is an extra step that adds some type of perk for all of the effort taken in the above steps. For Ralph, he decided to suggest that after their art class, they go to an art supply shop and buy some new tools. This is an extra added benefit that is helpful to both parties and often serves a good reminder of their on-going improved connection. Even in the simple conversations, connectivity can be improved by utilizing these 10 steps. The more Ralph did these steps, the more natural and fluid they became. Eventually, he was able to improve nearly every personal relationship in his life.
FAQ for Coeliacs / Celiacs Our FAQ is a quick reference info snippet and you can find more details about the signs and symptoms of Coeliac diseae on our main Coeliac Pages What is Coeliac Disease? Coeliac or celiac disease is NOT a food allergy or a food intolerance. Coeliac disease is a condition that causes inflammation in the lining of the small intestine resulting in damage to the villi (in the gut). It is an autoimmune response to gluten, which means that the immune system (which normally protects the body from infections) mistakenly attacks itself. The lining of the small intestine contains millions of tiny tube-shaped structures called villi. These help food and nutrients to be digested more effectively into the body. In Coeliac disease, thes villi are flattened due to the inflammation of the lining of the gut and therefore food and nutrients are not readily digested into the body. Who gets Coeliac Disease? Anyone can get Coeliac disease, adults or children, though it is thought that genetic predisposition is a factor. Coeliac disease can be triggered at a time of stress, viral infection or traumatic event. Dermatitis herpetiformis is a rash found on the skin and is associated with Coeliac disease. If I have a wheat allergy, do i have Coeliac disease? NO. A wheat allergy is very different to Coeliac disease, though may display similar symptoms. Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease and therefore uf gluten is consumed antibodies are produced and attack the body.. What is gluten? Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. For some people oat gluten can also cause an autoimmune response. It is also worth noting that oats are often used on a production line or in a factory where wheat is used and therefore cross contamination can occur. What happens if i get 'glutened'? Eating gluten by mistake or eating something that ha been cross contaminated can have a different effect on different people. The reaction will never be anaphylatic shock but symptoms can be bloating for a few hours or sickness or diarrhoea and lethargy. Symptoms can last a few hours or several days. Being 'glutened' once is not going to destry the villi in your intestines, this happens over a sustained period of time How will I know what foods are safe to eat? Food packing is increasingly becoming more Coeliac-friendly. Look for 'gluten' free on packaging or 'suitable for Coeliacs/celiacs' Who is funding CoeliacKids.co.uk? The website Coeliackids.co.uk is run for non-profit. The website has a few useful links to manufacturers and book sellers of useful Coeliac related useful. Any purchases made from links to other websites results in a small cash back to us at no cost to you. So feel free to follow links and purchase if of use or ignore if not wanted.
Learn something new every day More Info... by email A bleed screw is a screw that allows people to relieve pressure from a closed system by turning it to create a small outlet. This is known as “bleeding” the system, and when the bleeding is done, the bleed screw can be tightened to close the system back up again. A classic example can be found on steam radiators in many regions of the world. They can also be seen in pressurized systems like brakes in cars, as well as some other kinds of hydraulic systems. The bleed screw typically has a specialized head to distinguish it from other system components. People may need a special key or tool to open it, depending on the design. This ensures that it can only be opened up when it is necessary to do so, and will not accidentally released. For radiators, a small key is commonly used to loosen the screw. Closed systems can become contaminated over time, as the seal is not perfect. Water, air, and other materials can enter, making the system less effective and causing problems like clanking and poor performance. The user needs to bleed the lines to relieve excess pressure and eliminate the contaminant. Air in a radiator, for example, can prevent circulation of fluid, keeping a unit cold. Brake fluid can accumulate water over time, or air can end up in the lines after a service appointment. Bleeding is usually messy, as the contents of the system can squirt out at high pressure. The user may place a bag or container around the opening to catch the spray and minimize the mess, especially if the contents of the system are potentially toxic. Once the system is fully vented, the operator can tighten down the bleed screw. It is important to use the right tool to avoid stripping it, as this could make it difficult or impossible to open up the system again in the event of a recurrence of the pressure build up. Replacement bleed screws are available, in the event that someone strips, loses, or damages a screw. It is important to get one of the right size to make sure the seal is tight. Many companies produce standardized screws and openings, and people can bring in the old screw, if possible, to compare it with available replacements. It may also be possible to order a replacement part directly from the original manufacturer to make sure it will be the right component. In cases where it is impossible to remove an old screw, it is possible for a technician to tap a new hole in the system and install a replacement screw. One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
Members visit free all year! Join or renew today. Avoid the line!Print your ticketsat home. Your donation makes a World of Difference. Hamilton: Male, born July 30, 2007 at the Memphis Zoo. He arrived at the Zoo on February 17, 2012. Charlotte and Ruby: Sisters, born June 16, 2002 at the Denver Zoo. Arrived at the Zoo on February 17, 2012. The red river hog is one of the most colorful mammal species in the world. Their coat is bright red with striking white markings on the face and a white stripe of longer hair down the back. Their ears are large and end in tassel-like white tufts. Like all pigs, their nose ends is a sturdy cartilage disc that they use to dig through the soil in search of food. This is the smallest species of wild pig in Africa. Red river hogs can live to 19 in zoos, but a typical lifespan is around 13 years. Their lifespan in the wild is not known, but is likely to be shorter than in zoos. Mainly nocturnal, red river hogs can live in just about any type of habitat that provides food and cover. They are often gather in large numbers along with forest buffalo and other ungulates in rainforest clearings that are kept open by elephants. Normally they live in groups called sounders that consist of around 15 individuals including a male (boar) and several females (sows) with their young. The boar leads the group and stays in contact by making soft grunts as he travels. Red river hogs are good swimmers and are often found in marshes and swamps. A broad range of predators hunt red river hogs, although leopards and spotted hyenas are their most serious threats. The family boar and sows band together to aggressively defend their offspring against predators, and the boar's sharp tusks provide a good level of defense. Red river hogs give birth to an average of 2-4 young after a gestation of 122 days. Females will separate from the group and prepare a nest where she gives birth. Weighing less than 2 lbs (0.9 kg) at birth, for the first 2 months the piglets will stay hidden while the sow is foraging. As they get older and more mobile, the sow and her offspring will join forces with their family group. The piglets often engage in play and will chase eash other and even toss and retrieve objects. The young stay with their family for about a year, although some females may stay with their mothers permanently. Juvenile males are often harassed by the family boar who uses his sturdy snout to push them away from his favored wallowing and foraging areas. 3.3-5 ft. (100-150 cm) head and body length and 1.8-2.6 ft. (55-80 cm) tall at the shoulder. 101-286 lbs (46 to 130 kg) with the males larger than the females. Red river hogs are omnivores and in the wild, eat a variety of foods including grass, berries, insects and carrion. As with other pigs, the red river hogs use their strong snout to root around in the ground in search of food. At the Zoo the hogs are offered a base diet of biscuits specifically formulated for swine. The enrichment portion of the diet includes a variety of root vegetables as well as grass hay. Additionally, the animals are offered different vegetables each day. The red river hog has a wide, but patchy, distribution extending from Senegal in the west, throughout the Guinea-Congo forest, as far east as the Albertine Rift, on the eastern border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 3400 W GIRARD AVEPHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 COPYRIGHT ©2016PHILADELPHIA ZOOALL RIGHTS RESERVED
A surge in deforestation under Brazil’s new president could ‘tip’ the Amazon, affecting weather and water supplies — in Brazil and beyond. BY CRAIG WELCH NOVEMBER 19, 2018 The rate at which rainforest is being cleared in the Brazilian Amazon has increased in recent years — and under the new president, Jair Bolsanaro, it’s expected to accelerate further. The forest is often burned to clear it, with the land then being used for cattle pasture or farm fields. THE PRESIDENT-ELECT OF Brazil has big plans for the Amazon rainforest. He wants to carve more mines and pave new roads. He wants fewer penalties for cutting down trees, and he has promised to halt growth of a network of indigenous forest reserves. By merging the nation’s agriculture and environment ministries, he hopes to make it easier for Brazil’s powerful soy and cattle industries to transform more native jungle into pasture and farms. When Jair Bolsonaro, a 63-year-old retired Brazilian military officer, takes the helm in January of a country that manages 1.5 million square miles of the Amazon, the risks to wildlife and indigenous tribal communities will be clear. If Bolsonaro follows through on his campaign promises, deforestation rates in Brazil could almost immediately triple, according to an assessment by scientists. Bolsonaro, leader of the right-wing Social Liberal Party, stands before the Brazilian flag on election day. But the consequences of Bolsonaro’s policies also would be felt far beyond areas hit by chainsaws. Even modest increases in deforestation could affect water supplies in Brazilian cities and in neighboring countries while harming the very farms he is trying to expand. More massive deforestation might alter water supplies as far away as Africa or California. Most troubling of all: Some scientists suggest the Amazon may already be nearing a tipping point. The region has been so degraded that even a small uptick in deforestation could send the forest hurtling toward a transition to something resembling a woodland savanna, according to an analysis earlier this year by two top scientists. In addition to forever destroying huge sections of the world’s largest rainforest, that shift would release tremendous quantities of planet-warming greenhouse gases, which could hasten the decline of whatever forest remained. “We are already in a very critical situation in terms of climate change,” says Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, a native Brazilian who studies tropical forests at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom. She’s the lead author on a study published this month showing that the mix of tree species across the forest is already shifting in response to rising temperatures. “If we mess up with the Amazon, carbon dioxide emissions will increase so massively that everyone will suffer,” she adds. By some accounts, it could happen quite fast. The rainforest creates rain Bolsonaro, a right-wing congressman from Rio de Janeiro, soundly defeated a former mayor of São Paulo in Brazil’s presidential election late last month. The populist president-elect is so openly hostile to his country’s established order that some call him “Tropical Trump.” His rise comes at a perilous moment for the Amazon. From poison dart frogs and giant anteaters to golden lion tamarins and stinging bullet ants, the South American rainforest is the most species-rich biome on Earth, with more diverse plant life in a single acre than may be found in many American states. It is home to 10 percent of the world’s species, including 2.5 million species of insect. The forest also influences the water cycle on a regional and perhaps even global scale. As moisture comes off the Atlantic Ocean it falls on the forest as rain. This water gets sucked up by deep roots, then moves through plants and across the surface of leaves before returning to the atmosphere. Winds blowing over the uneven forest canopy create turbulence, which allows the atmosphere to absorb more moisture. All this water then moves like a giant flowing river in the sky, falling as rain and then evaporating again and again until it reaches the Andes. Ultimately, the forest produces at least half of its own rain. “One water vapor molecule may be recycled five to seven times before it leaves the system, either through the atmosphere or the Amazon River,” says Carlos Nobre, a climate scientist with the University of São Paulo’s Institute for Advanced Studies. But experts increasingly fear this delicate exchange could collapse. The loss of just a fraction more of this moisture-creating forest could lead far more of it to dry out, which would reduce rainfall even more, in a self-reinforcing spiral. Already, climate change, decades of logging, and land-clearing by intentionally set wildfires have sparked record-setting droughts in 2005, 2010, and 2015–2016. “That suggests the system is flickering,” says Thomas Lovejoy, a George Mason University professor and senior fellow at the United Nations Foundation, who is widely considered the godfather of biodiversity studies. Lovejoy and Nobre recently tried to estimate how close to the edge the Amazon really is. Their projection, published earlier this year as an editorial in Science Advances, suggests that in the most susceptible parts of the rainforest — the southern, eastern and central Amazon — loss of as little as 20 to 25 percent of original forestland could tip the system into an unstoppable transition to a drier, savanna-like ecosystem. Already, by the Brazilian government’s own estimates, 17 percent of the Amazon forest system has been lost — not including the parts that are still largely intact, but degraded. How likely is the scenario Lovejoy describes? “It’s not something we know with any confidence, but it’s a possibility — and not just a crazy, harebrained possibility. It’s a very real one,” says Abigail L. S. Swann, a University of Washington eco-climatologist who is contributing to a chapter on abrupt landscape changes for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s next assessment. While no one knows precisely where the Amazon’s tipping point may lie, “it makes no sense at all to discover the tipping point by actually tipping over it,” Lovejoy says. The forest is changing already Even as Bolsonaro prepares to take office, the Amazon is already changing. The dry season is lengthening and rainfall has dropped by a quarter in some regions. Meanwhile, precipitation, when it comes, sometimes arrives in more intense bursts, leading to massive floods in 2009, 2012, and 2014. The region’s climate system is oscillating more wildly. In the study she led, published in the journal Global Change Biology with more than a hundred other scientists as co-authors, Esquivel-Muelbert found that during the past 30 years, more drought-tolerant plant species have appeared in the Amazon, while species that predominantly emerge in wet areas are declining. Fast-growing trees and taller trees that are better at accessing the sun are outcompeting shorter, damp-loving species. Another study shows the rate of tree deaths is increasing. It’s not clear whether all this is the beginning of the shift Lovejoy and Nobre predicted — or something else. “But it’s still important because the species are beginning to change, and that can change how the forest behaves,” Esquivel-Muelbert says. How will that change the interactions among tens of thousands of species within the jungle? No one yet knows. “It’s sending ripples through the system, and we have no idea where they are going to lead,” Lovejoy says. “It could become a much simpler ecosystem, and what that means in terms of its overall stability is a real question.” If Lovejoy is right, and heat and deforestation lead to less rain and a transition to a different type of landscape, consequences will be felt far and wide. For starters, it’s impossible to quantify the true value of lost diversity. In one recent review, a team found evidence that 381 new types of plants or animals had been discovered in the Amazon during a single two-year period from 2014 to 2015 — the equivalent of one new species every other day. “It’s kind of a cliché that the cure for cancer might be in the Amazon, but it’s also kind of true,” Esquivel-Muelbert says. Moisture from the Amazon also nourishes the winter rains that supply Uruguay, northern Argentina and Paraguay with water. The recent drought that led to water shortages in São Paulo, Brazil’s largest city, were likely exacerbated by rainforest shifts. In some places, rainfall in the Amazon also helps supply water to the very soy farmers and beef ranchers who are clearing the forest. Brazilian agriculture, it seems, actually needs the Amazon. “We need to have forest in order to have the rain necessary to plant crops,” Esquivel-Muelbert says. Massive deforestation of the Amazon could change weather outside South America as well. Because water vapor heats the air as it condenses high in the sky to form liquid raindrops, a significant reduction in rain caused by deforestation would actually cool the atmosphere above the region. That cooling perturbation would leave the southern hemisphere in atmospheric waves — generating untold ripple effects around the planet. According to one modeling study, for example, if the Amazon were ever completely deforested, the snowpack in the Sierra Nevada mountains — a crucial water reservoir for California — would be diminished by half. That’s without even considering the effect on CO2 and climate. “The Amazon stores a tremendous amount of carbon,” Nobre says. Instead of sucking CO2 from the sky, a deforested Amazon could instead begin releasing stored greenhouse gases. If 60 percent of the forest were to degrade to a savanna, Nobre says, that could unleash the equivalent of five or six years’ worth of global fossil-fuel emissions. Michael Mann, a climate scientist and director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, called it “another aggravating climate feedback” loop, where drying rainforest leads to less absorption of CO2, which in turn promotes more climate change, drying more forest. “We depend quite a bit on the continued functioning of key carbon sinks,” he says. “That’s just one of the many things that makes climate change a global problem.” In fact, deforestation, fire, and climate change already work synergistically in the Amazon. In recent years, climate change has sparked droughts that let wildfires burn bigger and longer. Between 2003 and 2013, forest clearing dropped by 76 percent, but the increase in wildfire, especially during the drought of 2015, erased half the increased absorption of CO2. That’s why Lovejoy and Nobre conclude that — contrary to Bolsonaro’s campaign promise — what the Amazon needs is not deforestation, but a massive campaign of tree planting. “It really makes sense to do some active reforestation to build that margin of safety,” Lovejoy says. “It doesn’t have to be the forest primeval, but you need something with trees and relatively complex communities.” At the very least, says Esquivel-Muelbert, Brazil should avoid clearing more. Asked what message she would send to Brazil’s new president, she said: “Please, don’t make things worse.” Craig Welch writes about the environment for National Geographic.
Edibles have long been the health conscious cannabis fan's delivery method of choice. But it turns out that ingesting marijuana comes with its own set of risks, at least according to a new study published April 16, 2019 in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine. Visits to emergency rooms attributable to inhaled cannabis are more frequent than those attributable to edible cannabis, although the latter is associated with more acute psychiatric visits and more ER visits than expected. People who get high through inhalation are more likely to seek emergency room medical treatment for related health concerns, the research team found. But those who come looking for medical help after ingesting their weed complain of more severe problems like psychosis and cardiovascular issues. Mitch Earleywine, a psychology professor at the University at Albany, says it likely has something to do with the way that marijuana moves through the body when ingested. It can take hours for the stomach to pass Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the chemical that gives weed its psychoactive properties, through the liver. The body also converts THC to 11-hydroxy-THC during that time, giving it a stronger impact. "The process literally takes hours longer than the smoking approach, but the impact is invariably more dramatic and enduring," Earleywine, who focuses on addiction and marijuana policy, says. "11-hydroxy-THC crosses the blood brain barrier more readily than THC, leading to subjective effects that dwarf the impact created by smoking the same amount of THC." The Colorado study comes as cities and states around the country are moving to relax restrictions on marijuana use. Colorado is among 10 states that has put a legal stamp of approval on the recreational use of cannabis, treating it much like alcohol. Another 23 states have legalized pot for certain medical purposes.
Teen mothers on three American Indian reservations improved on several measures of parenting capability after participating in Family Spirit, a home-visiting intervention developed with NIDA support. At 12 months postpartum, the women’s children exhibited reduced rates of emotional difficulties that predict later drug abuse and other serious behavioral problems. The infants at highest risk—those whose mothers had histories of drug abuse—benefited the most. Study leaders Allison Barlow, M.P.H., Ph.D., associate director of Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health, and John T. Walkup, M.D., adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins and director of child and adolescent psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College, and their colleagues expect the intervention’s benefits to compound as the children traverse childhood and grow into the teen years of heightened emotional and behavioral risks. The researchers suggest that the Family Spirit design and approach can be applied widely and adapted to mitigate the risks of teen pregnancy in diverse populations with limited resources for health promotion. Young Mothers, Helping Neighbors Some 40 percent of American Indian women give birth while still in their teens, a much higher percentage than among women in the general population. As a group, children of teen mothers bear heightened risks for delinquency, teen pregnancy, substance abuse, and other problems. The Family Spirit intervention aims to reduce these risks by enhancing adolescent mothers’ parenting skills and psychosocial development. The intervention comprises 43 structured lessons that take place in the adolescent mother’s home (see Figure 1), weekly while she is pregnant and with tapering frequency during her child’s first 3 years. Testing and implementing health services in American Indian communities generally are complicated by two considerations: scarcity of resources and strong cultural sensitivities. To mitigate the impact of these issues, Dr. Barlow and colleagues trained and employed American Indian family health educators to deliver the Family Spirit curriculum. These women, from the same three Arizona reservations as the intervention’s recipients, attended more than 80 hours of instruction and passed written and oral examinations before making any home visits. They also received weekly supervision and quarterly quality assurance observational assessments. “These Native American paraprofessional women are culturally competent, bilingual, and extremely compassionate concerning their participants’ needs,” Dr. Barlow says. “They have the potential to fill gaps in the health care system, especially in communities that are very underserved.” Enhanced Mothering and Better Behaved Infants The researchers recruited 322 pregnant adolescents, aged 12 to 19, to participate in the study. Three-fourths of the young women were pregnant for the first time, and all but a few were unmarried. The researchers randomly assigned 159 of the women to receive Family Spirit and the remaining 163 to a control group. Both groups received transportation to prenatal and well-baby visits, informational pamphlets on child care, and referrals to community resources. At 12 months postpartum, the researchers assessed the teen mothers’ parenting knowledge and found that the mothers in the Family Spirit group had made greater gains than those in the control group. The Family Spirit group also scored higher on standardized measures of self-confidence about childrearing, on commitment and ability to manage their child’s behavior, and on attitudes toward home safety. Also at the 12-month mark, the mothers completed a standardized assessment of their children’s emotional development (the Infant and Toddler Social Emotional Assessment; ITSEA). The results indicated that the Family Spirit children exhibited better adjustment across the board. Most reduced were externalizing behaviors, which generally manifest as defiance, temper tantrums, and/or hyperactivity. The Family Spirit advantage was greatest for the 145 children of women who had entered the study with histories of substance use. On average, these infants were only about half as likely as those in the control group to have ITSEA scores predictive of future clinically significant externalizing or internalizing problems (see Figure 2). Text Description of Graphic The researchers suggest that Family Spirit’s greater efficacy for children of women with drug abuse histories indicates that improved parenting skills may buffer children against negative effects of their mothers’ substance abuse. Although the differences attributable to the intervention were small (the effect size for externalizing behaviors was –0.26), Dr. Walkup says they are significant from a public health perspective. “The intervention is doable, reasonably affordable, and has the capacity to multiply itself over time,” Dr. Walkup says. He notes that once a mother has learned the skills taught by the intervention, she can apply them in raising subsequent children. Adjusting and Advancing Although more than three-fourths of the mothers in the study reported having used drugs in the past, only 10 percent reported that they were currently doing so when they enrolled during their pregnancy. However, at 12 months postpartum, 21 percent of the women reported having used an illicit drug during the past month. To address this negative trend, the researchers added new content focusing on substance abuse prevention to the curriculum for the next 2 years of the intervention. “In future replication, we will start the substance use prevention lessons as soon as mothers enroll,” says Dr. Barlow. “So many things make this work hard to do: very rural settings, the mothers’ economic disadvantage, and tribes’ mistrust of outsiders arising in part from a history of exploitation,” says NIDA Program Officer Dr. Aria Crump. “I’m incredibly impressed with this team; they recognize the potential obstacles but don’t shy away from doing the work.” Nineteen other tribes are implementing the Family Spirit curriculum and delivery model, and the Indian Health Service, serving 561 tribal nations, plans to scale it up even further. The Family Spirit trial in Arizona has now completed its 36-month assessments. In a paper pending publication, the researchers report further evidence that the intervention can help to interrupt the cycle of teen pregnancy and inadequate prenatal and child care among Native Americans. “It’s a multigenerational challenge,” Dr. Walkup says. “We hope to break the cycle with this generation of mothers.” This study was supported by NIH grant DA019042. Barlow, A.; Mullany, B.; Neault, N.; Compton, S.; Carter, A.; Hastings, R.; Billy, T.; Coho-Mescal, V.; Lorenzo, S.; Walkup, J.T. Effect of a paraprofessional home-visiting intervention on American Indian teen mothers’ and infants’ behavioral risks: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 170(1): 83-93, 2013. Abstract Drugs of Abuse Get this Publication Cite this article NIDA. (2014, February 7). Intervention Strengthens American Indian Teen Mothers’ Parenting. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2014/02/intervention-strengthens-american-indian-teen-mothers-parenting
Seed tape is just a fancy term for seeds (usually very small seeds) attached to paper to make planting easier. You lay the seed tape in the soil, cover it with a bit more soil, and boom, you’re done. Super gratifying. You can buy seed tape from most seed suppliers, but it’s $$, and seed suppliers have very limited varieties of seed tape. If you make your own seed tape, it means you aren’t limited by what the seed houses carry – you can have any seed you desire! This project is pretty simple, and one the kids can help with 😉 Seed tape is usually reserved for very small (easily lost/hard to see), direct sow seeds. It’s definitely not necessary for larger direct sow seeds, like peas. What do you need to make seed tape? To get started you’ll need: - seeds! your choice 😉 - “paper” – newspaper (avoid colored ink), toilet paper, paper towels, or tissue paper - ruler – to measure spacing - marker – to mark seed spacing - small plate (for seeds) - small bowl – to mix paste - flour and water (2 to 1 ratio) – consistency of thick pancake batter - envelope(s) (labeled) to keep seeds until planting time - damp cloth for cleaning up any drips Let’s start with the paper. Even though newspaper is about the simplest (and usually free!) to obtain, it’s not my favorite for this project (but it does work). In my experience, newspaper tends to get “brittle”, making the seeds want to pop off, even with adequate paste; and it doesn’t press into the soil as nicely as other materials. My favorite paper (though admittedly, it’s a sensitive topic right now) is toilet paper. Toilet paper will break down much faster than the newspaper (after all, that’s what it’s designed to do 😉 ). Use what you have and are comfortable with. Cut the paper into strips about 1-1 1/2” wide. I like to cut the strips to fit the length of the bed I’m going to plant in, but if you don’t know what the size of your planting area will be, I’d start with 12-18” strips. You can always tear them to size at planting time. Seed tape works best for tiny seeds that can be easily lost in the soil, and for crops like root vegetables that can’t be transplanted. It’s also wonderful for keeping your plant spacing spot-on. There are always a few seeds that don’t germinate, so you might want to plant knowing you’re planning on thinning the seedlings later. About 2x the recommended rate would be plenty (unless you’re dealing with very old seed). Use a ruler to make marks that following the spacing recommended on your seed packet. In a small bowl, mix a bit of flour and water in a small bowl to make a paste. It should be about the consistency of a thick pancake batter. A little paste goes a long way. One teaspoon of flour mixed with about 1/2” teaspoon of water is about right. Using a toothpick, put a small drop of paste on each of your marks. Use enough paste for the size seed you’re using. If you have something small like carrot or lettuce seed, a small drop is usually enough. For something larger, like beet seed, you probably want a drop of paste about the size of a small pea. Put one seed on each drop of paste. I like to use a toothpick with a tiny bit of paste on the end to pick up the seed, and place it on the paste drop. Place the seed on the paper, and while the paste is still damp, fold the paper in half over the seed to seal it in. Label your seed tape! Allow them to dry completely. Store your labeled homemade seed tape for up to 1 year in a cool, dry place. When the time comes to plant your seed tape, one thing to remember – seed tape will need some extra water, because you aren’t only keeping the seeds most, but the seed tape, as well. Good luck, and have fun! And if you’d like to share pictures of how your seed tape turns out, I’d love to see it. until next time, keep the green side up,
Tobacco use remains the single largest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the U.S., yet about 43.8 million Americans still smoke cigarettes - nearly 1 in every 5 adults. According to the Knox County Behavioral Risk Factor Survey, 21.5 percent of Knox County adults were smoking cigarettes in 2008. In addition, approximately 18.5 percent of Knox County Schools high school students reported they smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days, according to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Kick Butts Day is a national day of activism that empowers youth to stand out, speak up and seize control against tobacco. Observed nationally on March 19, Kick Butts Day is designed to raise awareness about the problem of tobacco use and to encourage youth to stay tobacco free. The Knox County Health Department is working with the Smoke-free Knoxville coalition, the University of Tennessee Greek system and the Youth Health Board to coordinate two local events: Knox County Youth Health Board Tombstone Demonstration Members of the Youth Health Board will hold a sobering public display to demonstrate the rate in which people die from tobacco-related illness in the U.S. Students, dressed in black, will lie down in front of a tombstone every 77 seconds. The demonstration will also feature tobacco-related statistics and a booth with information on quitting. When: Saturday, March 22 from 1 to 3 p.m. Where: Market Square Smoke-free Knoxville and the University of Tennessee Greek System Students in UT’s Greek system will participate in a cigarette butt cleanup competition at four area parks in March. Armed with gloves and trash bags, each organization will compete to win trophies and recognition. When & Where: - Friday, March 7 from 3 to 6:30 p.m. at Tyson Park - Saturday, March 8 from 9 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at Lakeshore Park - Saturday, March 8 from 2 to 5:30 p.m. at Victor Ashe Park - Sunday, March 9 from 1 to 4:30 p.m. at West Hills Park
The condition is “silent” in terms of visibility, but the physical pain of neuropathy can be explained in graphic detail as stabbing, piercing, tingling, and painful numbness. Believe me when I tell you that even the numbness can be painful; a conundrum that I experience but cannot explain. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to remain silent while in the throes of neuropathic pain. What is Neuropathy and What are the Symptoms? Neuropathy is a term that refers to general diseases or malfunctions of the nerves. Nerves at any location in the body can be damaged from injury or disease. Neuropathy is often classified according to the types or location of nerves that are affected. It can also be classified according to the disease causing it. People first become aware of peripheral neuropathy with symptoms often beginning in the feet as a gradual onset of loss of feeling or numbness, tingling or pain. Types of Neuropathy: Until I set out to research the topic, I was unaware of the several types of neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy affects the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. This type of neuropathy affects the extremities: toes, feet, legs, fingers, hands, and arms. Peripheral neuropathy is not a single disease. It’s a general term for a series of disorders that result from damage to the body’s peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the nerves running from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, the arms and hands, legs and feet, internal organs, joints, and even the mouth, eyes, ears, nose, and skin. Peripheral neuropathy occurs when nerves are damaged or destroyed and can’t send messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, skin and other parts of the body. Peripheral neuropathy can affect multiple nerves (polyneuropathy) or only one nerve or nerve group (mononeuropathy) at a time. Mononeuropathy can affect multiple nerves (polyneuropathy) or only one nerve or nerve group (mononeuropathy) at a time. This is usually the result of damage to a single nerve or nerve group by trauma, injury, local compression, prolonged pressure, or inflammation. Examples of mononeuropathy are carpal tunnel syndrome, affecting the wrist and hand, and Bell\’s palsy which affects facial nerves. Mononeuropathy can also cause pain in the shoulders, thighs, hips, or buttocks. Cranial neuropathy occurs when any of the twelve cranial nerves (nerves that exit from the brain directly) are damaged. Two specific types of cranial neuropathy are optical neuropathy and auditory neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy is damage to the nerves of the involuntary nervous system. These nerves that control the heart and circulation, digestion, bowel and bladder function, sexual response, and perspiration. What Causes Neuropathy? There are many causes of peripheral neuropathy, including diabetes (referred to as Diabetic Neuropathy), chemo-induced neuropathy, hereditary disorders, inflammatory infections, fibromyalgia, auto-immune diseases, protein abnormalities, exposure to toxic chemicals (toxic neuropathy), tumors, trauma, injury, poor nutrition such as Vitamin B12 deficiency, kidney failure, chronic alcoholism, and certain medications especially those used to treat cancer and HIV/AIDS. In some cases, however, even with extensive evaluation, the causes of peripheral neuropathy in some people remain unknown, this is called idiopathic neuropathy. Treatment of neuropathy can consist of over-the-counter pain medication such as acetaminophen, NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen; topical medications and TENS treatments (transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation). There are many prescription drugs available to treat the condition including low doses of antidepressants. If you or someone you love experiences any of the symptoms related to neuropathy, your first course of action is to see your health practitioner to discuss the best treatment plan. This is also including alternative therapies such as acupuncture and biofeedback. Severe nerve damage is not usually reversible, but preventive measures can be taken, and the condition can be managed with prompt treatment. Neuropathy is preventable only to the extent that the underlying condition or cause is preventable. For those with diabetes, studies have conclusively shown that long-term control of blood glucose levels is critically important in preventing the development of neuropathy and other complications of diabetes. It is especially important that diabetics receive regular check-ups by a podiatrist and endocrinologist. A podiatrist will examine the feet for irregularities, unhealed or slow-healing wounds, ulcers, and fungal infections and will keep toenails trimmed. Patients with varying degrees of diabetic neuropathy may be unaware of painful and potentially dangerous symptoms. Left untreated these conditions could lead to amputation of toes or other limbs. An endocrinologist will carefully monitor patients\’ glucose levels and prescribe diabetes medications in doses that will control glucose and insulin levels. Consistent medical checkups are integral to treatment, control, and prevention of further complications. Take Charge of Your Health: There is a wealth of current information online about Neuropathy. Learning the causes, symptoms, and treatment is imperative to effectively manage the chronic pain of Neuropathy. Understanding leads to graceful acceptance and facilitates management. Give yourself permission to be gentle with yourself. Exercise as you are able. Refrain from foods prepared with processed sugar as it causes inflammation. Eat nutritious foods, especially seasonal vegetables, either raw, steamed, or roasted and include plant-based protein if you follow a vegetarian or vegan diet. Fruit is the perfect choice to satisfy your sweet tooth. After reading through this information you deserve a treat! You will be happy to note that dark chocolate is so good for you that I encourage you to indulge in small amounts. If you need solid medical proof, I\’ve provided you with the following link to read an article written by Dr. Josh Axe, DNM, DC, CNS: https://draxe.com/benefits-of-dark-chocolate/ How did this article make you feel? Leave your comments for Diane below. Please share this if you liked it. Thank you! * Please See Our Disclaimer Below * Find great products and services for your well-being from members of The Wellness Universe! I am passionate about helping people, especially those born into the Baby Boomer generation who find themselves overweight, overstressed and not physically fit.
This lesson explores how to find the exact trig values of certain angles. You are an archer at the center of a circular medieval village under siege. Drag the red point around the village walls to take aim. To activate prior knowledge, make personal connections, reflect on key concepts, encourage critical thinking, and assess student knowledge on the topic prior to reading using a Quickwrite. To stress understanding of a concept by summarizing the main idea and applying that understanding to create visual aids and generate questions and comments using a Concept Matrix.
- Keywords: reinforce, multiple samples, baseline, sequence generation, structured prediction, travelling salesman problem - TL;DR: We show that by drawing multiple samples (predictions) per input (datapoint), we can learn with less data as we freely obtain a REINFORCE baseline. - Abstract: REINFORCE can be used to train models in structured prediction settings to directly optimize the test-time objective. However, the common case of sampling one prediction per datapoint (input) is data-inefficient. We show that by drawing multiple samples (predictions) per datapoint, we can learn with significantly less data, as we freely obtain a REINFORCE baseline to reduce variance. Additionally we derive a REINFORCE estimator with baseline, based on sampling without replacement. Combined with a recent technique to sample sequences without replacement using Stochastic Beam Search, this improves the training procedure for a sequence model that predicts the solution to the Travelling Salesman Problem.
, 17th century Black and gold lacquer on wood 10 x 3 3/4 inches (25.4 x 9.5 cm) 125th Anniversary Acquisition. Purchased with the Hollis Family Foundation Fund and with funds contributed by the Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary Griggs Burke Foundation, The Annenberg Foundation, Priscilla Grace, Colonel Stephen McCormick, the Honorable Ida Chen, Mr. and Mrs. Gary Graffman, Hannah L. and J. Welles Henderson, 2002 [ More Details About This Drum This lavishly decorated carved wood object is a small hand drum that was used in Buddhist ceremonies and traditional Japanese theater. The lacquer artist created a bold design of pear leaves and fruit in varying shades of gold against a deep black background. The fruit and veins of the leaves are outlined in thin gold lines and filled in with a light dusting of gold powder called makie-e (ma-KI-ee), or "sprinkled picture." In some places, the powder is applied densely to give a deep gold color, and in other places more sparsely, showing a soft reddish glow. The designs crowd the surface of the drum, making it seem much larger than it actually is. Originally, this drum had two circular drumheads made from horsehide pulled tightly against the ends by long cords. Players would hold the drum in their left hand with one end pressed against their right shoulder and strike the opposite end with their right hand. The horsehide drumheads and linen cords of this drum wore away long ago. The wooden drum itself has been protected from decay by its surface covering of lacquer, which was made from the sap of the Japanese Rhus vernicifera (lacquer) tree. Once refined to remove impurities, black color was added to the sap, and then it was applied to the wood surface in many thin layers. Just before the final layer was dry, the artist set in the gold decorations. Once dry, lacquer is resistant to water, insects, and other damaging effects, and gives the drum an elegant, shiny surface. Drums of this type were used in two different kinds of traditional Nō is a classical Japanese theater art developed in the fourteenth century combining dance, drama, music, and poetry into a highly stylized stage art. Nō plays are short, plotless, and tragic in mood. The actors speak and move extremely slowly. Nō performances consist of a modest stage and present a main character called shite a few supporting characters, a chorus, and instrumentalists. All the elements of the stage work in unity without one dominating the others. Today, Nō is not a popular theater art among the Japanese, yet its supporters are enthusiastic and its performers are highly trained, busy entertaining and teaching throughout the country. Approximately 1,500 actors make their living largely through performing and teaching Nō. Kabuki is a major Japanese urban commercial theater art, founded in the early seventeenth century. In contrast to Nō, Kabuki performers present more action on the stage. Kabuki was created by a woman named Okuni; however, as in Nō, all the roles, male and female, are performed by male actors. Performers of Kabuki depend on a popular audience so they constantly create plays with new stories, music, characters, and costumes to meet the demands of the times. In Kabuki the plot is heavily emphasized, as well as the conflicts between characters. Musical instruments like this hand drum are played on stage and offstage along with percussion, string instruments, and flutes. The magnificent blend of movement, music, and drama is still recognized as one of the world’s great This object is included in Learning from Asian Art: Japan , a teaching kit developed by the Division of Education and made possible by a grant from the Freeman Foundation of New York and Stowe, Vermont.