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A mobile phone, short for mobile phone or cell phone, sometimes shortened to just cell or just mobile phone, is generally a small portable phone that will make and receive telephone calls over a wireless telephone network while the user is traveling within an interexchange area. Many countries around the world have developed a comprehensive public switched telephone network or PSTN system which provides telephone service to nearly all of their citizenry. This service has become quite expensive in recent years as more people move out to cities or rural areas where there is no public switched telephone network. The public switched telephone network is being replaced by a mobile or cell phone service which is more economical and more reliable than the older PSTN system. There are several different types of mobile phones and they are differentiated by their base frequency as well as their overall size, design and other factors. Basic hand held phones that have a keyboard on the front and a touch screen are categorized as PDAs (personal digital assistants), smart phones or mini laptops. These phones generally run on either a single or two gSM channels and can be placed in one ear or both. These phones are very small and are capable of storing only a small amount of information and can be placed easily in one ear. Next, there are Walkman phones which have three main components: a built-in receiver for reception and transmission, a speaker with adjustable sound levels, and an amplifier for power and signal processing. Handheld devices such as the Walkman also have a miniature CD player with two ears, although these types of cellular systems are not true walkman phones in the true sense of the word since they lack an amplifier. These devices can hold about thirty songs and can detect music from at least nine different audio channels. Mobile phones with a cellular system such as these are often referred to as Pocket PCs. Mobile phones with cellular systems such as these are sometimes marketed as Pocket PC’s since the device itself is essentially a handheld personal computer. Next, we come to the Mini PC or the Micro PC. The Mini PC was designed specifically to function as a portable work station with the ability to access the Internet. This type of mobile phone has the ability to access both the Internet and a host of other features, most importantly, the MTSO (Mobile Telephone System). The MTSO works in conjunction with the PC to allow data to be exchanged between the computer and the handheld receiver. Mobile phones used for business purposes typically have the ability to send and receive calls and text messages. Some of these mobile phones used for business use even have the ability to play videos and to play music CDs. Most of these mobile phones used for business purposes have the ability to work in a variety of different data transmission formats such as GPRS, EDGE and PCMC. As far as the Cellular Systems go, there are two types of frequencies that these mobile phone companies will sell you. There is the base frequency, which is the most commonly used, and then there is the USB based frequency. The USB based frequency can work in conjunction with other telephone systems and will allow the use of alternate frequencies between the computer and the handheld. The advantage of using a combination of base and USB based frequencies is that if the primary frequency is interrupted or changed by an active signal from another source, the frequency used by the other source will continue operating normally.
Nearest neighbor interpolation (blue lines) in one dimension on a (uniform) dataset (red points). Example of nearest neighbor interpolation of a random set of points (black dots) in 2D. Each coloured cell indicates the area in which all the points have the black point in the cell as their nearest black point. Nearest neighbor interpolation on a uniform 2D grid (black points). Interpolation is a process which constructs a continuous function from a set of points. In nearest-neighbor interpolation, the idea is to use the value of the data point or measurement which is closest to the current point. The method is also known as proximal interpolation or, point sampling.
The Traditions of the Hopi, by H.R. Voth, , at sacred-texts.com Halíksai! At Hû'kovi they were living, and at Pivánhonk'api they were also living. At both places there were a great many children, and they always went down to Mumúshva (a spring named after a certain herb and grass that grows in the spring), where they were setting bird traps. They were often at enmity with one another on account of the birds. One morning they again went to trap birds. They again became very angry at one another on account of the trapping, and the Hû'kovi children said to the children of Pivánhonk'api that they should not trap birds there. But they said if they would give them something they could trap birds there. So the children from Pivánhonk'api ran back to the village and got such things as kûtû'ki, píki, and different other articles of food, and gave them to the children of Hû'kovi, so that the latter carried home a great deal of food which they had purchased for the permission given to the Pivánhonkapi children to catch birds there, and after that the children from both villages were always catching birds there, and maybe they are catching birds there still. 154:1 Told by Kwáyeshva (Oraíbi).
The Barddas of Iolo Morganwg, Vol. I., ed. by J. Williams Ab Ithel, , at sacred-texts.com This philosophic but credulous author speaks of the Druidism of Gaul, in his "Natural Philosophy," as follows: "The Druids (so they call their wise men) hold nothing in greater reverence than the misletoe, and the tree on which it grows, so that it be an oak. They choose forests of oaks, for the sake of the tree itself, and perform no sacred rites without oak leaves; so that one might fancy they had even been called for this reason, turning the word into Greek, Druids. But whatever grows upon these trees, they hold to have been sent from heaven, and to be a sign that the Deity Himself has chosen the tree for his own. The thing, however, is very rarely found, and when found is gathered with much ceremony; and above all, on the sixth day of the moon, by which these men reckon the beginnings of their months and years, and of their cycle of thirty years, because the moon has then sufficient power, yet has not reached half its size. Addressing it in their own language by the epithet of all healing, after duly preparing sacrifices and banquets under the tree, they bring to the spot two white bulls, the horns of which are then for the first time garlanded. The priest clothed in a white dress ascends the tree, and cuts the misletoe with a golden knife; it is caught in a white cloak. Thereupon they slay the victims, with a prayer that the Deity may prosper His own gift to them, to whom [paragraph continues] He has given it. They fancy that, by drinking it, fertility is given to any barren animal, and that it is a remedy against all poisons." 1 "Like to this Sabine herb is that called selago. It is gathered, without using a knife, with the right hand wrapped in a tunic, the left being uncovered, as though the man were stealing it; the gatherer being clothed in a white dress, and with bare feet washed clean, after performing sacrifice before gathering it, with bread and wine. It is to be carried in a new napkin. According to the tradition of the Gaulish Druids, it is to be kept as a remedy against all evil, and the smoke of it is good for all diseases of the eyes. The same Druids have given the name of samolus to a plant that grows in wet places; and this they say must be gathered with the left hand by one who is fasting, as a remedy for diseases of swine and cattle, and that he, who gathers it, must keep his head turned away, and must not lay it down anywhere except in a channel through which water runs, and there must bruize it for them who are to drink it." 2 "There is another kind of egg in high repute in Gaul, although the Greeks make no account of it. A great number of snakes in summer time are artificially twisted and rolled together into a mass by the saliva of their jaws and the foam of their bodies. It is called snake's egg. The Druids tell you that it is thrown into the air with hisses, and must be caught in a cloak that it may not touch the ground; that he that catches it must fly on horse-back, for that the snakes pursue him until hindered by the intervention of some river; that the test of it is, if it flows against the stream, even when tied with gold. And, according to the common craft of wizards, shrewd to conceal their cheating, they pronounce that it must be taken up at a particular time of the moon; as though it rested with man's choice, whether that proceeding on the part of the snake should take place or not." 3 Pliny says that he has seen one of these eggs, and that the Druids used them as a distinguishing badge. In the above description there are several new things, that present themselves to our notice, in connection with the Druidism of Gaul. 1. One God. It is remarkable that Pliny speaks of the Gauls as professing one God; for though he had occasion to refer twice to the Deity, he uses the singular number each time. In this matter he differs from Cæsar, and we may be allowed to believe that though much ignorance and error had crept upon the Continent, in later times, relative to the Divine Being, the unity of His nature was to some extent acknowledged. But Pliny, after all, may be only referring to one god in particular, out of many, that is, the one that was interested in the circumstance to which he refers, and therefore names him in the singular number. 2. The oak groves. Though Pliny is undoubtedly mistaken as to the etymology of the name Druid, yet we have the testimony of the Cymric traditions that our remote progenitors did sometimes choose to worship under the oak. This usage they seem to have derived from Seth, who "first made a retreat for worship in the woods of the vale of Hebron, having first searched and investigated the trees, until he found a large oak, being the king of trees, branching, wide-spreading, thick-topped, and shady, under which he formed a choir and a place of worship." 1 3. The misletoe. All admit that this plant was in great repute among the Ancient Cymry. From remote times it has been used by the Bards to decorate their tribunals on Alban Arthan, and even to this day traces of that custom may be found in the country during the Christmas festivities. Three persons, Tydai, the Bard of Huon, Rhuvawn the Bard, and Melgin, the son of Einigan the Giant, are recorded in a Triad as having worn around their heads a garland of misletoe, "darllys awelvar." One of the names by which the Cymry called this plant was Holliach, which answers completely to the "omnia sanantem" of Pliny. We know nothing of the rites which attended its gathering in Britain; and therefore we are not in a position to say in what consisted the resemblance or difference, as the case may be, between them and the ceremonies mentioned above. 4. The white garment of the Druids. Of the same description, as we have seen, was the official dress of the British Druids. 5. The offering of bread and wine. This seems to have come down from Patriarchal times--from Melchizedec, who "brought forth bread and wine," type of the Blessed Eucharist, that "pure offering" which was to take place under the Gospel; and though nothing is positively said of such a rite as existing in the Bardism of the Cymry, it is likely enough that it was practised. The reader is referred to the description given in these pages of the sacrifices of the Bards. 6. Adder's stones or beads--glain nadroedd. The three orders used to wear these beads, of a colour uniform with that of their respective robes; and they generally regarded them as possessed of rare virtues. It is questioned whether they are the production of nature or art. Be that as it may, they are always found in great numbers; and there are people who search for them, and from whom they may be had, but they maintain that they are only to be met with at one season of the year, and that they are blown by a knot of snakes. "Ai chwythu y glain y maent?" "Are they blowing beads?" is a proverbial inquiry applied to persons who lay their heads together in conversation--an expression involving an opinion similar to that of Pliny. But our author is not altogether silent respecting the Druidism of Britain, for he says:-- "Britain even now celebrates it [Magism] wonderfully, with so many ceremonies, that it may seem to have imparted it to the Persians." There is here, however, no mention of any doctrine or usage in particular--Pliny merely intimates that there were many ceremonies in connection with the Druidic worship, which view is not inconsistent with the traditions of the Bards. The Persian, as well as the Gaulish system, might have been received from Britain, both of them, however, being greatly degenerated. Or it may be, that the resemblance, which Pliny perceived between the Druidism of Britain and the Magism of Persia had grown from the same root--the patriarchal religion. lxi:1 Hist. Nat. lib. xvi. sect. 95. lxi:2 Lib. xxiv. ss. 62-3. lxi:3 Lib. xxix. s. 12. lxii:1 Y Cread. Golychwyd, &c.
By: Derek Dong In the upcoming RSA security conference in March in San Francisco, the NSA is looking to release a free, reverse engineering tool for the public. The software, titled “GHIDRA”, works as a disassembler. A disassembler is a piece of software that is able to break down executable files into assembly code that humans are able to interpret and analyze. The NSA had already been working on this piece of technology for nearly a decade, starting all the way back in the early 2000s. It was mostly used by other agencies to analyze malware and other pieces of suspicious software. Although the existence of GHIDRA was never a state secret, Wikileaks confirmed its existence in the March 2017 leak of internal CIA documents entitled “Vault7”. The leak confirmed that the CIA did indeed have access to this tool. According to wikileaks, GHIDRA is coded in Java, has a graphical interface, and is able to work on Mac, Windows, and Linux. GHIDRA has the ability to analyze binaries for all major operating systems, as well as having the option for the user to change the software itself to add or remove features. Some have compared GHIDRA to another piece of reverse engineering software available to the public, IDA. Most users have said that GHIDRA is actually slower and more buggier than its counterpart, but unlike IDA, it is completely free. The purpose of the NSA open sourcing this piece of software is likely to help it catch up to IDA and benefit from all the other positives from the open source communities, like free maintenance and contributions. At the RSA conference on March 5, the agency is expected to demo this piece of technology, and release it shortly thereafter. It will be publicly available on the NSA’s github account.
Canine coronavirus (CCV) is a highly contagious gastrointestinal disease that causes vomiting and diarrhea. It was first identified in 1971 in a group of military dogs in Germany. The virus has since been found in Europe, North America, and Australia and occurs throughout the world. Coronaviruses occur in all kinds of animals and often look similar or cause similar signs. For instance, the canine coronavirus is closely related to the feline forms that cause feline enteric disease and notably sometimes mutates into feline infectious peritonitis. However, CCV causes disease only in wild and domestic dogs, including coyotes, wolves, and foxes. All dogs are susceptible, but the signs are most severe in puppies and may develop suddenly. Studies have shown that more than 25 percent of pet dogs have been exposed to CCV. The disease by itself is rarely fatal and often is a mild disease with sporadic symptoms that you may not even notice. But CCV can prove deadly when the puppy is already infected with intestinal parasites that compromise his health. In particular, dogs infected with both CCV and canine parvovirus at the same time have up to a 90 percent death rate. Signs of Coronavirus Infection Dogs usually are infected through contact with sick dogs or their droppings. A stressed pup may have reduced resistance to infection. The virus can remain in a recovered dog's body and continue to be shed for up to six months, so even well pups could continue to spread the infection. Puppies explore their world by sniffing everything and then tend to lick their nose, and that's a prime way for them to become infected. Once the virus is swallowed, the infection develops within one to three days. Signs vary with adult dogs perhaps showing only vomiting one time (if at all), or a sudden bout of explosive diarrhea--typically yellow-green to orange liquid. Many adult dogs will show no signs, while others become rapidly sick and die. Most cases are seen in kennel situations. Early signs include loss of appetite, rarely fever, and more often vomiting and depression. This is followed by loose to liquid diarrhea which may contain blood or mucus and has a characteristic foul odor. In puppies, life-threatening dehydration can develop quickly. Progression Of The Disease CCV infects a specific part of the lining of the small intestine. The small intestine is lined with hill-shaped structures called villi that are covered with tiny hair-like projections (microvilli) which absorb nutrients. CCV infects the "hilltops" of the villi, compromising the body's ability to process food. The "valley" portion which contains microvilli-producing crypt cells can completely replace the tips about every three or four days. For that reason, the virus tends to produce only a mild to moderate, usually self-limiting disease. In most cases, dogs will recover within seven to ten days. Some dogs may relapse three or four weeks following apparent recovery. Diagnosis is made on the basis of symptoms. However, since vomiting and diarrhea can also point to other diseases, a definitive test may require further tests such as serum (blood) tests or antibody tests. There is no specific treatment for CCV, but supportive care helps speed recovery. Adult dogs may not need medication but puppies require extra attention. Diarrhea in severe cases may continue for nearly two weeks and soft stool for even longer. Antibiotics may be indicated if the disease is severe to counter the possibility of secondary infection. Treatment is mostly aimed at counteracting dehydration from fluid loss, vomiting, and preventing secondary bacterial infection. Fluid therapy helps combat dehydration that often results from the vomiting and diarrhea, and antibiotics reduce the number of bacteria in the bowel so they do not infect the bloodstream through the compromised bowel lining. Medication is often prescribed to control the diarrhea and vomiting. Prevention of the disease is best managed by avoiding contact with infected animals and their droppings. Sanitary procedures, such as picking up the yard and kennel area, help a great deal. Preventative vaccinations are available and may be recommended for high-risk pups such as those exposed through kenneling or dog shows. When you have more than one dog, be sure to quarantine the sick puppy during treatment and recovery, and take steps to keep him from infecting the other pets. Remember that even once he's gotten well, he may continue to shed infective virus for some time. So keep the other pets from making contact with his stool.
The likelihood of developing gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes) increases considerably if the main period of carrying a child are in the summer months. The main negative factor is the heat. It is, in the opinion of the scientists, provoking an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood. The researchers studied 11.5 thousand cases of pregnancy. The majority of pregnancies captured the period from June to August. Women, as expected, passed all the necessary tests. An additional survey was carried out at 28 weeks to determine the level of glucose in the blood. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed in 4.2% of women. On the development of disease influenced by many factors. One of them is hot weather. Scientists suggest that only climate can raise the likelihood of diabetes pregnant women about 20-30%. Women with poor health and a predisposition to metabolic disorders should plan pregnancy so that the last months of gestation accounted for the relative coolness, scientists say.
Antananarivo, better known in the short version Tana, is the bustling capital of Madagascar with about 2,000,000 inhabitants. Situated in the high plateau, the city was founded in 1610 by a Malagasy King. To protect the newly gained territory he left 1000 men behind and that’s how Antananarivo got its name (town of 1000). It has developed to a quite interesting city with a lot of contrasts. The city was captured by the French in 1895 and incorporated into their Madagascar protectorate. After the French conquest of Madagascar when the city had a population of some 100,000, it was extensively remodelled as the population grew to 175,000 by 1950. Roads were constructed throughout the city, broad flights of steps connecting places too steep for the formation of carriage roads, and the central space, called Andohalo, was enhanced with walks, terraces, flower-beds and trees. Water, previously obtained from springs at the foot of the hill, was brought from the Ikopa River, which skirts the capital to the south and west. After independence in 1960 the pace of growth increased rapidly. The city\'s population reached 1.4 million by the end of the 20th century. Industries include food products, cigarettes, and textiles. The city is guarded by two forts built on hills to the east. Including an Anglican and a Roman Catholic cathedral (this is the see city of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Antananarivo), there are more than 5,000 churches in the city and its suburbs, built in 2008.
Circovirus is sometimes the problem - but not always. Production systems with 10-35% death loss in grow-finish, 10-15% mortality in nurseries, and small family farms with continuous-flow facilities and subtle but nagging mortality throughout have all benefitted from the amazing response to commercial circovirus vaccines. Get a proper diagnosis before assuming circovirus is the problem, because sometimes circovirus isn't the culprit after all. Case Study No. 1 A 4,000-head contract finisher called to report his weekly death loss was rising due to circovirus. Working with the producer's fieldman, I necropsied several emaciated pigs with lesions, including adhesions around the heart and lungs, consistent with strep. Other pigs had swollen spleens and livers, indicative of salmonella, while some pigs had very few gross lesions except for swollen lymph nodes and moderate levels of lung consolidation or pneumonia. None were typical of normal circovirus lesions. I treated the pigs for salmonella, since diarrhea was one of the main clinical signs associated with fall-out pigs, and sent in tissues for diagnostic evaluation. I assured the producer and his fieldman that circovirus was not the issue, and reminded them that the pigs in question were vaccinated with a one-dose commercial circovirus vaccine. To my surprise, the diagnostic results yielded high levels of circovirus in lung and lymph tissues. Several other organisms were found, including salmonella and strep. Pigs were negative for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and swine influenza virus. I shrugged off the circovirus results as pigs seemed to improve with the oral water medications for salmonella. Unfortunately, death loss continued to rise after treatment, and I returned to the site two weeks later. Sure enough, there were wasting and fall-behind pigs. Extensive necropsies had lesions similar to the first set and again, did not look like circovirus lesions. Death loss and culls were approaching 10% seen earlier with circovirus. I resubmitted tissue samples with the same results — high levels of circovirus. We initiated basic circovirus treatment — sorting and selling the fall-out pigs as quickly as possible. I visited the nursery and noticed staff reloading vaccine belts with circovirus vaccine just prior to shipping pigs. That's when I found out pigs were being vaccinated for circovirus, but at 8-9 weeks of age instead of 3 weeks of age! We quickly corrected the vaccination timing to 3 weeks of age. I believe the confusing necropsy signs were due to “partial but incomplete” vaccination protection. The remaining 85% of pigs in the producer's barns are performing superiorly. Case Study No. 2 A producer called to report his circovirus vaccine was not working. He said pigs were melting into nothing, suffering from diarrhea and dying left and right on the finishing floor. Over the phone, I reviewed the proper vaccine mixing and timing recommendations with the producer. Everything sounded in order. A farm visit was scheduled and I shuddered to think this was a case of “vaccine failure.” Clinical signs on the finisher floor were just as the producer described: diarrhea with gaunt, emaciated pigs. Necropsies were consistent with signs of porcine proliferative enteritis or ileitis. No tissues were submitted for diagnostic workup. Treatment through feed and water were implemented for ileitis, with good results, and vaccination for future placements was put in place. The producer and I were relieved circovirus wasn't the culprit. Case Study No. 3 A new producer client, who called to say he'd read about circovirus in a magazine, had high death loss within the first two weeks postweaning and some sow breeding problems. He wanted to purchase circovirus vaccine at a time when the commercial vaccine was in very limited supply. I learned from questioning him that no diagnostics had been performed. I explained it was unlikely circovirus was killing pigs so quickly in the nursery, and that I hadn't documented circovirus problems in any reproductive cases. The producer agreed to bring some pigs in for necropsy. Post-mortem lesions with followup cultures were positive for Hemolytic E.coli. Water acidification and antibiotics successfully reduced the producer's postweaning death loss, and no vaccine was “wasted” on pigs that didn't need it. Circovirus continues to “steal the show” from PRRS, but like its pesky counterpart, it is now getting blamed for “crimes” it didn't commit. We all know circovirus is a tremendously devastating disease. But before assuming it is always the issue, perform thorough diagnostics. If circovirus is implicated, work with your veterinarian for effective control strategies.
April 12, 2011 The Manga Guide to Relativity: A Cartoon Guide to Einstein's Revolutionary Theory of Relativity--New from No Starch Press San Francisco, CA, April 12, 2011—The acclaimed Manga Guide series from No Starch Press returns with its most mind-boggling subject yet: a cartoon guide to Einstein's theory of relativity. Hailed by critics as "stimulation for the next generation of scientists" and "a great fit of form and subject," each Manga Guide teaches science and mathematics using original Japanese comic illustration. Readers learn difficult subjects almost effortlessly as they progress through each story, without the drudgery of a dry textbook. With The Manga Guide to Relativity (April 2011, 192 pp., illustrated, $19.95, ISBN 9781593272722), readers master some of modern physics' most profound insights, like unified space-time and the equivalence principle. They see how relativity affects modern astronomy, and discover why GPS systems and other everyday technologies depend on Einstein's extraordinary discovery. Best of all, the cartoon story makes a difficult subject fun: Readers learn alongside the book's main character, Minagi, as his plucky teacher Miss Uraga explains the counterintuitive laws that shape our universe. "Relativity theory really captures people's imaginations," said No Starch Press founder Bill Pollock. "Who isn't intrigued by time dilation and the effects of near light-speed travel? Like all the Manga Guides, The Manga Guide to Relativity draws readers into a difficult subject using a lighthearted and engaging story. Whether it's kids or adults, teachers or students, physicists or manga fans—anyone interested in Einstein's work is sure to have a blast reading this book." In The Manga Guide to Relativity, readers learn how to: - Understand and use E = mc2, the world's most famous equation - Calculate the effects of time dilation using the Pythagorean theorem - Understand classic thought experiments like the Twin Paradox, and why length contracts and mass increases at relativistic speeds - Grasp the underpinnings of Einstein's special and general theories of relativity Co-published with scientific and technical publisher Ohmsha of Tokyo, Japan, The Manga Guide to Relativity is an engaging romp through some of the most revolutionary ideas in the history of science. For more information or to request a review copy of The Manga Guide to Relativity, contact Colt Blackmore at No Starch Press (firstname.lastname@example.org, +1.415.294.3807), or visit www.nostarch.com. A look inside The Manga Guide to Relativity (Click to Enlarge): About the Author Masafumi Yamamoto completed his doctorate at Hokkaido University Graduate School of Engineering, Division of Applied Physics, 1984. He is currently Representative Director of Yaaba, Ltd. Prologue and Chapter 1: "What Is Relativity?" (PDF) Table of Contents Detailed Table of Contents (PDF) Available in fine bookstores everywhere, from http://www.oreilly.com/nostarch, or directly from No Starch Press (http://www.nostarch.com, email@example.com, 1-800-420-7240). About the Manga Guide Series Each volume in the Manga Guide series explains essential scientific and technical subjects using Japanese-style comics. Co-published with Ohmsha, Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan, each guide is written by a scientist or mathematician with expertise in the field and illustrated by a professional manga artist and scenario writer, ensuring the authenticity and accuracy that readers demand. Bestsellers in their original Japanese, these unique books are translated into English with the assistance and oversight of technical experts. Titles in the series include The Manga Guide to Statistics (9781593271893), Databases (9781593271909), Electricity (9781593271978), Physics (9781593271961), Calculus (9781593271947), Molecular Biology (9781593272029), and Relativity (9781593272722). About No Starch Press Founded in 1994, No Starch Press is one of the few remaining independent computer book publishers. We publish the finest in geek entertainment—unique books on technology, with a focus on open source, security, hacking, programming, alternative operating systems, LEGO, science, and math. Our titles have personality, our authors are passionate, and our books tackle topics that people care about. Visit http://www.nostarch.com for a complete catalog. O'Reilly Media spreads the knowledge of innovators through its books, online services, magazines, and conferences. Since 1978, O'Reilly Media has been a chronicler and catalyst of cutting-edge development, homing in on the technology trends that really matter and spurring their adoption by amplifying "faint signals" from the alpha geeks who are creating the future. An active participant in the technology community, the company has a long history of advocacy, meme-making, and evangelism. Return to: O'Reilly Press Room Recent Press Releases Press Release Archive » Media Relations - North America Media Relations - Germany Media Relations - Japan Media Relations - United Kingdom Media Relations - Conferences
The first single celled microorganism came to life in the warm marine environment. Seawater provided minerals and oxygen for the delicate first life to flourish. Over the past millennia countless living organisms have evolved. Minerals contained in cellular fluids, which are indispensable to all life, remain the only common denominator to all organisms to this day. More than 3000 years ago, the minerals found in the saltpans located in Sicily, in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, have been reported by the Phoenician civilization to offer extraordinary cosmetic value. Benedictine Monks discovered that, the secret appears to be the particularly high concentration of minerals in the enriched brine found in the saltpans. This remarkable 100% natural mineral-enriched brine is not only known for enhancing beauty but also for curing psoriasis, eczema, acne, helps reinforce the skin's natural protective function and a variety of other skin conditions. Minerals play a very important role in hydration; increasing the metabolic rate, and ensuring the normal functioning of skin. Five years of research were necessary for Kenkai Biologists to extract this active minerals in extremly pure concentrate through organic traditional way. Finally, a true 100% natual active mineral elixir has been made. KENKAI products are a concentration of the most powerful healing essences of the sea; they leave your skin fresh, alive and silky with longlasting results.
Tell the people of Jerusalem, ‘Look, your King is coming to you. He is humble, riding on a donkey— riding on a donkey’s colt’ (Matthew 12:5 TNLT). The entrance by Jesus into Jerusalem on the week of his death is often referred to as his triumphant entry, and rightfully so. According to the gospel narrative, Jesus was in complete control for the Father had entrusted all authority into his hands (John 13:1-4). The Pharisees had declared; “There’s nothing we can do. Look, everyone has gone after him!” (John 12:19, TNLT) Jesus, however, did not come as a political or militant conqueror. He came as the meek and gentle Savior. Christ entered Jerusalem as the King of Israel according to the scriptures, and as he was approaching the city, Jesus began to weep. And when he was come near, HE BEHELD THE CITY, AND WEPT OVER IT, saying, If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace! But now THEY ARE HID FROM THINE EYES. For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side, And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; BECAUSE THOU KNEWEST NOT THE TIME OF THY VISITATION. (Luke 19:41-44) Jesus looked upon Jerusalem and wept over it because she had missed the time of her visitation and her desolation was near. Jesus then came to the temple, and his presence caused quite a stir among the people and incited the politically and religiously corrupt temple authorities. WHEN JESUS ENTERED JERUSALEM, THE WHOLE CITY WAS STIRRED AND ASKED, “WHO IS THIS?” The crowds answered, “This is Jesus, the prophet from Nazareth in Galilee.”JESUS ENTERED THE TEMPLE COURTS and drove out all who were buying and selling there. He overturned the tables of the money changers and the benches of those selling doves. “IT IS WRITTEN,” He said to them, “‘MY HOUSE WILL BE CALLED A HOUSE OF PRAYER,’BUT YOU ARE MAKING IT A DEN OF ROBBERS.’” The blind and the lame came to him AT THE TEMPLE, AND HE HEALED THEM. But when THE CHIEF PRIESTS AND THE TEACHERS OF THE LAW saw the wonderful things he did and the children shouting in the temple courts, “Hosanna to the Son of David,” THEY WERE INDIGNANT. “Do you hear what these children are saying?” they asked him. “Yes,” replied Jesus, “HAVE YOU NEVER READ, “‘from the lips of children and infants you, Lord, have called forth your praise’?” (Matthew 21:10-16). These children were praising God and declaring that Jesus is the Son of David. The title, Son of David, is a reference belonging to the Messiah. These children in the temple were praising God because the Messiah was there in their presence! This infuriated the temple authorities. After this, Jesus left the temple and the city and went to Bethany where he stayed the night. The next morning he returned to the city. As he approached the city, the Bible tells us he was hungry, and saw a fig tree some distance away. When he came to the fig tree, he found no fruit on it, only leaves. Jesus then said to the fig tree; “Let no fruit grow on thee henceforward forever.” Immediately the fig tree began to withered away. The cursing of the fig tree, would later serve as a parable to the disciples of the destruction which was soon to come on Jerusalem and the temple because of the wickedness therein. The temple authorities were not seeking God and had turned that which was supposed to have been a house of prayer into a den of thieves. Jesus cursed the fig tree which had leaves only and no fruit on it, and this coincides with what was going on within the temple, which had a beautiful appearance but no fruit! Next we read the following: Jesus ENTERED THE TEMPLE COURTS, and, while he was teaching, the chief priests and the elders of the people came to him. “By what authority are you doing these things?” they asked. “And who gave you this authority?”Jesus replied, “I will also ask you one question. If you answer me, I will tell you by what authority I am doing these things. John’s baptism—where did it come from? Was it from heaven, or of human origin?” They discussed it among themselves and said, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will ask, ‘Then WHY DIDN’T YOU BELIEVE HIM?’ But if we say, ‘Of human origin’—WE ARE AFRAID OF THE PEOPLE, for they all hold that John was a prophet.”So they answered Jesus, “We don’t know.”Then he said, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I am doing these things. (Matthew 21:23-27) The chief priests and the elders had no desire to find the truth but only wanted to be in control. Yet, God was taking that control from them and they didn’t even see it coming, because they were blind leaders. On the heels of the question “Who gave you authority?” Jesus then gives them the following parable: “What do you think? There was a man who had two sons. He went to the first and said, ‘Son, go and work today in the vineyard.’ “‘I will not,’ he answered, but later he changed his mind and went. “Then the father went to the other son and said the same thing. He answered, ‘I will, sir,’ but he did not go. “Which of the two did what his father wanted?” “The first,” they answered. Jesus said to them, “truly I tell you, THE TAX COLLECTORS AND PROSTITUTES ARE ENTERING THE KINGDOM OF GOD AHEAD OF YOU. FOR JOHN CAME TO YOU TO SHOW YOU THE WAY OF RIGHTEOUSNESS, and you did not believe him, but the tax collectors and the prostitutes did. And even after you saw this, you did not repent and believe him. (Matthew 21:28-32) Notice that Jesus addresses their question, “who gave you authority?”, by holding them accountable to the preaching of John the Baptist, who was sent to reveal the Messiah to Israel (see John 1:31). Next, Jesus spoke another parable to them. “Listen to another parable: There was a landowner who planted a vineyard. He put a wall around it, dug a wine press in it and built a watchtower. Then he rented the vineyard to some farmers and moved to another place. When the HARVEST TIME approached, he sent his servants to the tenants TO COLLECT HIS FRUIT.” Remember, the fig tree Jesus cursed, had NO FRUIT on it. Jesus continues: “The tenants seized his servants; they beat one, killed another, and stoned a third. Then he sent other servants to them, more than the first time, and the tenants treated them the same way. Last of all, he sent his son to them. ‘They will respect my son,’ he said. “But when the tenants saw the son, they said to each other, ‘THIS IS THE HEIR. Come, LET’S KILL HIM AND TAKE HIS INHERITANCE.’ So they took him and threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. “Therefore, when THE OWNER OF THE VINEYARD COMES, what will he do to THOSE TENANTS? He will bring those wretches to a wretched end,” they replied, “and he will rent the vineyard to OTHER TENANTS, who will give him his share of the crop at harvest time.”Jesus said to them, “HAVE YOU NEVER READ IN THE SCRIPTURES: “‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone; the Lord has done this, and it is marvelous in our eyes’? “Therefore I tell you that THE KINGDOM OF GOD WILL BE TAKEN AWAY FROM YOU and given to a people who will produce ITS FRUIT. Anyone who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces; anyone on whom it falls will be crushed.” When THE CHIEF PRIEST AND THE PHARISEES heard Jesus’ parables, they knew he was talking about them. THEY LOOKED FOR A WAY TO ARREST HIM, but they were afraid of the crowd because the people held that he was a prophet.” Christ is the Son to whom the inheritance belongs, and they to whom he was speaking were the evil tenants. Jesus had entered into Jerusalem just days before his death and resurrection. He came as the King of Israel and entered the temple according to the scriptures. The temple authorities opposed him and became indignant at the praise of children praising him as the Messiah. They challenged his authority because they did not repent and believe when his forerunner, John the Baptist, testified of him. They had rejected the counsel of God by refusing to be baptized by John the Baptist (Luke 7:30) and now they were plotting to kill him. They were the evil tenants in the temple which they had corrupted. They did not recognize the God whom they claimed to represent even when he entered the temple and stood in their midst. Instead, they challenged his authority. Jesus then left the temple with His disciples. As they were leaving the temple, his disciples began to point out the splendor and the magnificent stones of the temple. Jesus responded by telling them “not one stone will be left upon another.” Afterwards, he told them of the coming destruction of Jerusalem and the temple. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE I don’t think many, especially those who have been influenced by the teaching of premillennial dispensationism, have made the connection between Jesus’ words concerning the temple in Matthew 24:1-2 and his words in verse 15. In verses 1&2 we read the following: And Jesus went out, and departed from THE TEMPLE: and his disciples came to him for to shew him the buildings of THE TEMPLE. And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things? Verily I say unto you, there shall not be left here one stone upon another, which shall not be thrown down. In verse 15 we read the following: When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, STAND IN THE HOLY PLACE, (whoso readeth, let him understand:)… Verse 15 has often been interpreted as a reference to the anti-Christ in a third Jewish temple in our yet future. However, there is nothing in the flow of thought to indicate that Jesus is referring to any other temple other than the one he referenced in verses 1-2. If the disciples were attentive to his words, the then standing temple is the one they would have understood to be referred to in verse 15. In verses 1&2, Jesus predicts the destruction of the temple and beginning in verse 15, he describes how the temple will be destroyed. Jesus says, “when you see it,” referring to those during that generation who would see the destruction of the temple. He did not say, “When THEY see it” referring to another temple at another time. In describing the coming destruction of Jerusalem and the temple, Jesus says, “Now learn this lesson from the fig tree.” Jesus was referring to the fig tree he had recently cursed which had no fruit on it, echoing that which was fresh in the minds of his disciples. The fruitless fig tree which Jesus had cursed was a parable of the city of Jerusalem and the then standing temple. The old system was being removed, and the new was coming, and God was the one doing it. By cursing the fig tree, Jesus was also instructing his disciples to look to God and not to any man made temple. Jesus said, “have faith in God!” They did not need the mediation of the temple service, or those who served in the temple, for the Kingdom of God had come in and through Christ. The night Jesus was betrayed by Judas, he stood trial before Caiaphas the high priest and witnesses were sought after so that they could put Jesus to death, yet they found none. Finally they found two false witnesses who said, “This fellow said, I am able to destroy the temple of God, and to build it in three days.” However, Jesus never said such a thing. Instead, Jesus had said, “destroy this temple (a reference to His body) and I will raise it in three days.” (see John 2) At this false accusation, the high priest arose, and said to Jesus, “Answerest thou nothing? What is it which these witness against thee? ”But Jesus held his peace, and the high priest then said to Him, “I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God.” In response to this authoritative demand, Jesus says, “Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven.” Everyone in the room understood that this was Messianic language, and that Jesus had just declared that he is the Messiah, the Son of God, the King of Israel. In response to Jesus’ declaration that he indeed is the Messiah, the high priest then tore his priestly garment – an offence which was punishable by death under the Law. In the presence of Jesus, the King of Israel, Caiaphas had nullified his priesthood At this Point there was only one true high Priest standing in the room, and they did not know him. They did not know that Jesus was both the lamb of God and the high priest who would offer himself without spot to God. Jesus was then accused of blasphemy by the one who had just nullified the old priesthood in the presence of the new! Early the next morning, the Jewish leaders delivered Jesus over into the hands of Pilate, the Roman governor. As Jesus stood before him, Pilate asked Jesus, “Are you the King of the Jews?” Jesus responded to Pilate saying, “it is just as you have said.” Then the chief priests accused Jesus of many things in the presence of Pilate, but Jesus said nothing in response. Pilate then turned to Jesus as said, “Answerest thou nothing? behold how many things they witness against thee.” Jesus remained silent and this astounded Pilate. Shortly thereafter, Pilate asked the mob who had gathered there that day, “Will ye that I release unto you the King of the Jews? Pilate knew that the chief priests had delivered Jesus over to him because they were envious of Jesus. Pilate then brings Jesus before the Jews gathered there that morning, and as they beckon for the customary release of the prisoner at Passover (this time it was Barabbas), Pilate asked the people, “Will ye that I release unto you the King of the Jews?” The Bible says that he asked the people this because he knew the priests were envious of Jesus. The chief priests then persuaded the people to to ask that Barabbas be released. Pilate then asked the people, “What will ye then that I shall do unto him whom ye call the King of the Jews?” Then they cried out, “CRUCIFY HIM!” Jesus had entered Jerusalem as the King of Israel, he had cleansed the temple and pronounced judgment on their leaders who were the fruitless tenants. He had stood trial before the high priest who nullified the old priesthood in his presence, and as he stood trial before a Gentile governor, he was rejected by the Jews who were turned against him by their leaders who vowed their allegiance to Caesar, the worldly King. Consider the significance of the moment. And it was the preparation of the Passover, and about the sixth hour: and he (Pilate) saith unto THE JEWS, Behold your King! But they cried out, away with him, away with him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I CRUCIFY YOUR KING? The chief priests answered, WE HAVE NO KING BUT CAESAR. Pilate, caught in the middle, had already asked Jesus the question, “are you the King of the Jews?” (John 18:33). Jesus answered Pilate, “Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others tell it thee of me?” After another brief question and statement by Pilate, Jesus says, “My kingdom is NOT OF THIS WORLD: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered TO THE JEWS: but now is MY KINGDOM NOT FROM HENCE” (v.36).
Rian Fried Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Our soils are eroding, our freshwater supply is dwindling, and our atmosphere is warming. Volatility is the new normal. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, at least 33 percent of land is significantly degraded by erosion, salinization, compaction, acidification, and chemical pollution of soils. NASA reports that 21 of the 37 largest aquifers in the world are depleted. Global agricultural emissions from crop and livestock production exceed 5.3 billion tons of CO2e and are rapidly rising. The way we feed ourselves has transformed the planet. Despite agriculture’s heedless productivity, more than 795 million people—49 million of them in America alone—do not have enough to eat. While millions starve, we waste 1.3 billion tons of food globally (35 million tons in the US) each year. Dominant agrifood systems are simply unsustainable. The Rian Fried Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems (RFC) was founded upon reverence and concern for the critical connections between farm, food, and community. America’s great agrarian poet, Wendell Berry, plainly reminds us of these dangerously eroded but fundamentally unbreakable ties. For several generations, most societies have neglected this interdependence at great peril to their physical selves, their identities, their planetary home and cohabitants, and the well-being of their descendants. But before we simply advocate for “sustainability,” we need to make sure that our systems are worth sustaining. The systems we support must be restorative and resilient: diverse and distributed, innovative and inclusive, natural and just. As we pursue a more sustainable food future, we must ask ourselves: What does a healthy and productive agricultural ecosystem look like? What must we do to return the earth to a homeostatic state that supports both human thriving and the persistent evolution of diverse species co-inhabiting this planet? How can we nourish ourselves—body, culture, and community—without impairing the ability of future generations to do the same. Recognizing that building a healthy and just food system is among the most critical challenges facing humanity in the 21st century, the Rian Fried Center for Sustainable Agriculture & Food Systems (RFC) at Sterling College cultivates the next generation of environmental stewards with exemplary education and research opportunities that restore functional ecologies, revitalize connections between people and place, support vibrance and health, and promote regenerative economies of the working landscape. In alignment with the Sterling model of environmental stewardship education, the RFC is the instructional laboratory for an experiential and place-based curriculum that unites the farm, forest, and kitchen. The Center models food and education systems grounded in ecological principles that enhance nutrient recycling, support the biodiversity of species and genetics, increase the socioeconomic viability of communities, and build the practical skills and critical thinking capacities of our students. The RFC also collaborates and develops programs with local businesses, landowners and not-for-profit organizations to build academic partnerships that broaden the College’s curricular offerings and strengthen the regional food and agroecological systems. Because the RFC fosters mindful and active connection among Sterling College’s farm, forest, and kitchen, students experience what it means to be part of a small, integrated, values-driven food system. The RFC also serves to connect Sterling College with the greater community of farmers, food producers, and activists in our region, which gives students frequent and ample opportunity to learn directly from Vermont-based and nationally influential visionaries and change-makers. Through the immersive experience of hands-on education and work in community, Sterling students develop a much more sophisticated understanding of the issues currently facing food systems locally and globally than peers who study similar subjects at more traditional schools. Our students also acquire and hone skills that can be used to revitalize and regenerate the full agri-eco-social system. Because we apply—and eat— what we teach, the opportunities for paradigm-shifting applied farm and food system education at Sterling College are unrivaled. The RFC provides: - Majors in Sustainable Agriculture, Sustainable Food Systems, as well as the option to self-design a major that integrates Ecology, Outdoor Education, and Environmental Humanities - A minor in Draft Horse Management and the opportunity to undertake focused study in agroecology, value-added food production, and food justice - The School of the New American Farmstead, which offers workshops, and certificate programs for agrarians, culinarians, entrepreneurs, and lifelong learners - Integrated Work Program positions that help students defray tuition costs while gaining marketable skills. Through the RFC, students can raise livestock, grow vegetables, fruit, and mushrooms, and preparing food for the campus community - An inspiring and committed group of faculty practitioners who work side by side with students, on the farm, in the lab, developing internships, making lunch, advising, or doing research - The possibility to develop a degree tailor-made for your interests in the environment through a variety Independent Studies and capstoned with a Senior Project that gives to you time to dig real deep
The field of sociology is not very challenging; on the contrary, it is rather simple to understand. This field of study usually deals with human societies and their interaction and most importantly the process through which they can preserve and change themselves. Now at the school level, the course in sociology can just be an overview of different kinds of social relationships and interactions among human beings. Therefore, to opt for this major in college then you must have a basic awareness of how this course will benefit you. Now, this course is not that difficult because there is no higher level of mathematics involved in it there is just the basic level of research skills required to successfully clear this obstacle. The study covers a huge amount of topics relating to human culture and society and is very difficult. Check Out Is Astronomy Hard? Is this field harder than psychology? No, sociology is not harder than psychology only because psychology only deals with human behavior and the mental disorders of people who need help but human behavior are linked with the human brain and which is a complex organ of our body. While the sociology major is, a broad field of study through these majors societies can be transformed. Both of these majors indeed focus on the analysis of human behavior. However, the complexity of different biological concepts related to the brain makes psychology a harder major. Is this harder than engineering? No, Engineering is a part of the STEM courses and we all know that these types of majors are one of the most challenging. Engineering majors usually require a lot of mathematics and physics concepts that can be tough If your foundation in mathematics and physics is not strong then it will be a problem while the sociology major requires less usage of mathematics and physics so it is considered easier as compared to the engineering major. Is this harder than medicine? The answer is NO, becoming a doctor and studying medicine requires a lot of focus, determination, and dedication. A student needs to work hard day and night to understand the deep concepts of human physiology. While the given major can be quite a walk in the park in front of medicine because the given major requires just a little bit of patience. Yes, it also requires tons of reading but compared to the medicine theoretical knowledge it is considered easy. Medicine is considered to be one of the hardest majors in colleges and universities. Is this harder than astronomy? No, astronomy is harder as compared to the given major because astronomy requires advanced concepts of both mathematics and physics. Everyone knows any major involving excessive mathematical calculations is considered to be one the toughest to fully complete. Yes, sociology majors also require extensive study hours but they are close to none if compared to the theoretical knowledge of the sub-branch of physics called astronomy. Astronomy is a field of study that deals with the knowledge of objects present in our infinite outer space. In simpler words, it is the knowledge of stars. Table of Contents
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is a media access control (MAC) protocol for long range, low power networks (LPWAN) based on the LoRa (Long Range) radio modulation technique. It is designed for large-scale public networks with a single operator, connecting Internet of Things devices and sensors for mass deployment. LoRa is developed to provide IoT devices extended battery life in the range of several years. At the same time a LoRa network has extended range and is cost effective to deploy. It has been architected by security experts to ensure reliability and safety. LoRaWAN uses a star topology as it increases battery lifetime when long-range connectivity is used. The LoRaWAN standard is steered by the LoRa Alliance. Local Area Networks have well established standards such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. But the biggest problem with many Local Area Network / Personal Area Networks is the battery consumption. Similarly, cellular networks are also well-established, but fundamentally mobile networks like LTE were developed for better data throughput and these network are not best when it comes to power consumption. Low Power Wide Area Networks like LoRaWAN on the other hand are built from the ground-up. A LoRa network is also more cost effective than LAN or Cellular to deploy in a wide area, for example to cover a whole city. LoRaWAN is being deployed for nationwide networks by major telecom operators, and the LoRa Alliance is standardising LoRaWAN to make sure different nationwide networks are interoperable. Nationwide rollouts to date include the Netherlands and South Korea, while a city-wide experimental rollout is being implemented in London, UK.
Research from the National Literacy Trust suggests that more could be done to engage children with reading at secondary school level. How can we help young people to foster a love of books? Dame Jacqueline Wilson is a popular name in most classrooms, with over 40 million copies of her books sold in the UK alone. The writer urges schools to make time for explorative reading, rather than using books as “testing mechanisms”. Setting aside time for reading books that aren’t necessarily associated with the curriculum will allow immersive experiences that children might not otherwise be able to access. If teachers do chose to engage children with reading, it may have a significant impact on their academic progress. Hypothetically, setting time aside for reading sounds wonderful, but how can you successfully incorporate it into the curriculum? In her Tes article, Freya O’Dell shares her top tips for positively shaping students’ experiences with books. In her first point, she explains the importance of DEAR – Drop everything and read. DEAR is being adopted by plenty of schools to help teachers engage children with reading. Freya mentions that in English, she starts each lesson with 10 minutes of reading, as well as holding library lessons every two weeks. This has impacted on other areas of learning, with children taking out books without being prompted, a practise which was commended by Ofsted. The idea that reading can be slotted into other lessons, as and when appropriate, has proved to be a great way for children to read whilst maintaining their engagement with the curriculum. Following on from this, she mentions the benefits of classroom libraries. Whilst a main library is fundamental to a school’s literacy plan, integrating mini-libraries into classrooms allows pupils to readily access books. Freya has noticed that this has increased reading amongst pupils. It also allows children and parents alike to donate their own texts, further becoming engaged with this communal learning resource. Teachers can get involved with practical activities in order to bring literature into focus. Introducing interest surveys and reading logs at the beginning of the academic year can work extremely effectively. Pupils can note down the sort of books they might be interested in to allow teachers to source appropriate texts, as well as allowing them to really think deeply about what they’d like to read. This autonomy can profoundly increase children’s attitude to reading. Logs can also be produced in order for children to note down their progress. This has been shown to create a more focused approach, mapping out exactly what is being read. Following on from this, staff may also like to share their reading experiences with pupils. When working with young adults, teachers may wish to reflect upon the teen-appropriate books that they’ve been reading. Freya states that this often creates a spark around a particular text, with students arranging their own waiting lists. For further ideas about how to integrate reading into classrooms, click here to access Freya’s brilliant article. How do you engage children with reading? Has it been a struggle? We would love to hear your techniques and share them on our Facebook page. Click here to comment.
Today, almost every state that had Jim Crow laws from 1876 to 1965 now has some form of “shoot first” or stand your ground law. In the history of the United States of America, no practice of law has caused more controversy, grief, injustice, and shame than Jim Crow laws, which were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. The practice existed for 75 years, until 1965, after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and liberties of African-Americans. During it’s time, Jim Crow law encouraged prejudice, enabled discrimination, and deprived Black Americans of even the most basic qualities of life. Segregation by race affected everything from the U.S. military and federal facilities to all public places, including schools, restrooms, restaurants, housing, and public transportation. Even drinking fountains were segregated. The goal of this tweet posted on twitter was to show the irony of having stand your ground laws in today’s racially charged society, and many tweeps noticed it. I didn’t do the graphic. Props to the creator. Among the myriad of stories pouring in about dangerous Pokemon Go game experiences happening in the world of AR (Augmented Reality), along comes news from Florida (of course) about a real-world “stand your ground” type of incident which fortunately was not deadly – but could have been. According to a report from the Flagler County Sheriff’s Office, on Saturday morning (July 16) about 1:30 a.m., a man fired several shots at the car of two young men who were playing Pokemon Go outside his home in Palm Coast, Florida. The 37-year-old man said he was awakened by a noise, looked outside his home, and saw a white car. He thought that two teenagers, 19 and 16-year-old, were burglars ransacking houses when he reportedly heard them ask each other “Did you get anything?” The man told police that he stepped in front of the vehicle and ordered the teens not to move. He said the vehicle accelerated toward him, causing him to jump out of the way. He then fired a gun several times at the vehicle because he thought they were trying to run over him. The teens reportedly later told police that before the shooting they heard someone ask, “Did you catch him?” and one of the teens said, “Yeah, did you?” They heard the gunfire as they sped off. They didn’t call police or tell their parents because they weren’t injured and had not seen any damage to the car. But in the light of day, when the vehicle was found to have a flat tire and several bullet holes, they realized how deadly the encounter could have been, and the mother of one of the teens then called police. Due to Florida’s infamous stand your ground law, it’s unlikely the unidentified homeowner will be arrested or face any charges, but it is possible. law enforcement officials everywhere advise citizens to call 911 immediately with as much information as possible when you suspect someone is trying to break into your home, and avoid leaving the protection of your home to confront suspects. Here are additional tips from Flagler County Sheriff’s Department: Pokemon Go players are urged to follow these safety guidelines Use common sense, be alert at all times and stay aware of your surroundings. In law enforcement, we call this situational awareness. Watch where you are going. Do not drive or ride your bike, skateboard, or another device while interacting with the Pokemon Go app. You cannot do both safely at the same time. Do not trespass, go onto private property or into any area you usually, would not if you weren’t playing Pokemon Go. Understand that people can use your location to lure you to “PokeStops” so they can victimize you. Take a friend with you. If you are a minor, check with a parent before going anywhere and tell an adult or law enforcement officer immediately if anything happens. Parents of Pokemon Go players Talk to your kids about strangers and set limits on where your kids go. Be aware of third-party software apps claiming to enhance the gaming experience. Unfortunately, many of these apps allow access to sensitive personal data. A paradigm of just how badly stand your ground can go wrong is when a Black man brutally attacked by a group of White men is charged with murder, testifies that he didn’t intend to kill one, but did, and then a judge decides he is not immune from prosecution – because the self-defense was unintentional. It happened in Georgia, and the story of Jesse Murray, as revealed in media and police reports, goes beyond blatant disregard for the stand your ground law he tried to use, after becoming the victim of a brutal racist attack. It reportedly all begins at a sports bar in Clayton County, Georgia, where 33-year-old Murray met with his estranged wife, Traci, for a meal, to discuss their relationship and children. The couple had once been regular customers of the business and were known by employees there. After their meal, the Murrays tried their hand at a game of pool while having a few drinks, as a party was taking place nearby. Nathan Adams, a White male who was allegedly drunk, along with a woman, stumbled into Traci, and Murray, who is Black, tried to stop them from falling. Adams – who just happened to be an ex-cop – offered no apologies, but allegedly warned Murray not to touch him again, as Murray stood between Traci and Adams and told him to get away from his wife. A drunken Adams reportedly told Murray, “You need to f*cking leave” as four other White men, apparently Adams’ friends, appeared to surround Murray, and Adams pushed him in the chest. Murray said he walked away from the men, went outside to his car, grabbed his licensed handgun and headed back toward the entrance to go back inside to bring his wife Traci out. He put the gun in his pocket. As he tried to go back into the bar, Adams’ group blocked the door. Murray told the men to let his wife come out of the bar, but they refused, and instead moved toward him into the parking lot. Several men accused of attacking Murray reportedly claimed they were concerned Murray was going to get a gun, had made threatening statements, and had called the woman who was with Adams an offensive name. WSB-TV reports that Murray testified, “I was scared. I was definitely, at that moment, I was in fear. I was scared,” He also said, “They just made trouble happen for no reason.” Adams threw a punch at Murray and all four men jumped in, kicking punching, and tackling Murray to the ground, then choking him as Adams held him by the arm. In chilling court testimony, Murray testified that, “As he [Adams] was pulling on me I just remember him grunting.” Murray said soon after that Adams appeared to reach for (or his hands got close to) the gun in Murray’s pocket. “At that point, when I pulled back, that’s when my gun discharges.” Murray was then able to escape – as one of the men shot at him – and run to a nearby business, from where he called police. When police arrived, Murray surrendered his weapon and tried to explain what happened, but was handcuffed by the responding officer. While Murray was cuffed, one of Adams’ friends allegedly ran up and punched Murray in the head. Responding officers didn’t arrest the man who punched Murray, who was then placed into a patrol car, as a white officer (off-duty and out of uniform) – who was another of Adams’ friends – arrived on the scene, and shouted, “Do you know who we are? We’re going to fry your black ass!” reports rollingout.com. Adams was pronounced dead at a hospital. Murray was transported to jail, where he was charged with first-degree murder and aggravated assault. No one else was charged with a crime that night. After a stand your ground hearing in June, Clayton County Superior Court Judge Albert R. Collier denied stand your ground immunity for Murray, stating that Murray was not in fear for his life. If convicted, he now faces up to 15 years in prison. The judge responded that it doesn’t appear to the court “that the other men in the vicinity were acting in such a way that would cause the defendant to reasonably believe that deadly force was necessary to prevent death or great bodily injury to himself or a third party.” The Judge’s ruling also states that, “The court cannot reconcile the defendants asking for immunity under a self-defense statute, by stating that the use of deadly force was justified, and then also stating that the use of deadly force was unintentional.” Murray’s defense attorney Mawuli Mel Davis plans to file a Motion to Reconsider. Curtis Reeves, Jr. will probably never again be a free man. He will likely die behind bars – or perhaps while out of prison on house arrest – in a stand your ground case that’s taking a noticeably long time to go to trial. Reeves – a retired Tampa, Florida police captain and former SWAT leader – was charged with second-degree murder and aggravated assault. But he asserts that he fired in self-defense and is claiming immunity under Florida’s notorious stand your ground law. If convicted, he faces a life sentence. But at his age, even pleading guilty to a lesser charge could mean that he will die behind bars, reports the Tampa Bay Times. Now, almost three years, dozens of court sessions, and multiple depositions after the fatal shooting, it may seem as if Reeves’ defense team is trying to keep him out of prison as long as they can. “(This case) should have gone a long time ago,” Pinellas-Pasco Chief Assistant State Attorney Bruce Bartlett told the Tampa Bay Times. “Factually, it’s just not that complicated. It happened in a movie theater, in a matter of minutes, and it’s over and done with.” Bartlett said the stand your ground phase of a case like this is typically decided within 18 months or two years at most. A stand your ground hearing was originally set by Circuit Court Judge Susan L. Barthle for January 25, 2016, and postponed to May 26, then postponed again to June 29, 2016. Now, Judge Barthle has set a date of February 20, 2017. Reeves’ defense attorney Richard Escobar denies any deliberate stall tactics and attributes the delays to the complexity of the case and a multitude of some 170 witnesses. Escobar is hopelessly optimistic about what seems to be a clear case of murder, and once said he thinks Reeves has a “pretty solid stand your ground case.” He told the Tampa Bay Times, “We believe that when we go to trial, Mr. Reeves will be acquitted of all charges.” Read the Tampa Bay Times story. NOTE: This article was edited after it was originally posted to include the third paragraph. After a violent week of shootings by and of police in the U.S., government in the Commonwealth of the Bahamas said it has “taken a note of the recent tensions in some American cities over shootings of young black males by police officers”, and issued an unprecedented advisory to its citizens traveling to the United States, just as the islands began a weekend celebration of their 43rd year of independence from the British. In a press release, the Bahamas Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration said they expect many Bahamians to travel abroad, and warns its citizens traveling to the U.S., but “especially to the affected cities, to exercise appropriate caution generally.” The statement goes on to say, “In particular, young males are asked to exercise extreme caution in affected cities in their interactions with the police. Do not be confrontational and cooperate.” The Ministry advises Bahamians, to “not get involved in political or other demonstrations under any circumstances and avoid crowds.” Protests and marches took place throughout the U.S. in the immediate aftermath of deadly police shootings in Minnesota, Louisiana, and New York of unarmed Black men. The Bahamas has consular offices in New York, Washington, Miami and Atlanta and honorary consuls in Los Angeles, Denver, Chicago and Houston. This Bahamian advisory is a bit unprecedented, but there have been warnings in the past from other nations for their citizens to avoid road rage and to watch out for guns in America, or more subtle but obvious safety advisories about air travel, warnings about American rip-offs, or unusual cautions like avoiding U.S. prostitutes, public urination, and nudity. Details are still emerging in the July 4th fatal shooting of an unarmed convicted felon by an off-duty New York City police officer during a road rage incident shortly after midnight. Reports are that, as the two men were at a red light, 37 year-old Delrawn Small, who was driving with his girlfriend, Zaquanna Albert, 35-years-old, and her two kids to a fireworks show, got out of his car and approached a car driven by off-duty Officer Wayne Isaacs, who had just finished working a shift, but was not in uniform. A witness reported that Isaacs’ car had cut off Small’s car as they approached the traffic signal. When Small got to Isaacs’ car, he allegedly punched Isaacs twice in the face. Isaacs responded by firing a gun as many as three times, fatally shooting Smalls. The New York Post reports that Small, a father of three, had been drinking at a barbecue earlier in the night, and has a criminal record with around two dozen arrests, which include armed robbery and drugs. Some reports say Isaacs did not exit his car, but one report quoted a witness, Lloyd Banks. a 43-years-old construction worker, as saying, “Delrawn and the cop’s car almost hit each other. And Delrawn got out of the car and the cop just jumped out and started screaming. He just shot (Small) right there on the street.” Police have classified the case as a road rage incident, but have not released any available surveillance video, and have not stated whether or not the shooting was justified. Isaacs has been placed on administrative leave pending the outcome of an investigation by the state’s Attorney General’s office. Small’s family is enraged, threatening to “hunt him [Isaacs] down”. His niece, Zoe Dempsey, 23-years-old told the New York Post, “We will seek our justice’’ — and get violent if necessary. “This is war, she said, “I’m from Brooklyn. This is our neighborhood.” Dempsey said she and her friends “are hunting [Isaacs] down’’ if justice doesn’t prevail. “So if I’m going to find him, he’s going to get what he deserves . . . If this hits trial and I have to pull up with my homies and we beat his ass, then I’m with that, too,’’ she said. Small’s family has also set up a GoFundMe page to raise funds for his funeral. The city of New York recently settled a lawsuit involving a racially charged false arrest case with Isaacs as one of two officers accused, in which the plaintiff was “punched, kicked and struck several times in the head and body,” and also called a “n—-r”. Even though he faced a minimum of 15 years in prison, Paralympic gold medallist sprinter Oscar Pistorius was sentenced today (July 6) by a South African judge to six years in prison for the 2013 Valentine’s Day murder of his girlfriend, 29-year-old model Reeva Steenkamp. It is the latest ruling in a drawn-out case that transfixed the nation. Sherdavia Jenkins, a 9-year-old girl playing outside her Miami home with her siblings didn’t deserve to die. Especially not the way she did – caught in the crossfire of gang warfare and felled by a bullet from an AK-47. Even more hurtful was the fact that the shooter had the audacity to invoke Florida’s stand your ground law. Her death in 2006 horrified the community and solidified her name as a rallying cry against the gun violence that has plagued Miami for decades. It would later be denied, but the insult of using stand your ground law as an excuse for accidentally taking the life of an innocent 9-year-old was an affront to the futility of having such a law – a law that wastes precious court time, and allows a defendant the luxury of a possible excuse. In observance of July 1st, 2016 – the 10th anniversary of Sherdavia’s death – the Miami-Herald reports on reflections of her family, community, and the remorse of one of the gunmen, as her family is carrying on, preparing to send Sherdavia’s sister to college and wondering what their bright, beloved daughter might have accomplished had she lived. Read the full story at MiamiHerald.com Prosecutors and attorneys for a retired Florida cop who killed a man during an argument over the man texting on a cell phone in a movie theater have agreed to postpone a stand your ground hearing – again, and again, and now again – until next year. A hearing on an immunity claim of self-defense under stand your ground law was originally set by Circuit Court Judge Susan L. Barthle for January 25, 2016, and postponed to May 26, then postponed again to June 29, 2016. This time, Judge Barthle has set a date of February 20, 2017. Retired Tampa Police Captain Curtis Judson Reeves, 73-years-old, of Brooksville, is charged with second-degree battery and second degree murder in the shooting death of 43-year-old Chad Oulson and wounding Oulson’s wife, Nicole. The incident, which some people call the “popcorn shooting”, occurred inside a movie theater in Pasco County on January 13, 2014. Theater surveillance cameras captured multiple images from different angles of the venue seating areas and lobby, with one scene that appears to show popcorn, then what appears to be a cellphone being thrown by Oulson just before Reeves fires the fatal shot. A stand your ground hearing would determine whether or not Reeves is immune from prosecution. If he loses at the hearing the case would then go to trial. If his plea is successful, he will not have to stand trial. SB656, a bill designed to change Missouri’s self-defense laws – and make Missouri the first state since the Trayvon Martin incident to pass a stand your ground law – was vetoed by Governor Jay Nixon today (June 27). After sailing through the state’s Senate and the House, the bill had been awaiting approval or veto by Nixon since May 13. It is possible for a gubernatorial veto to be overridden by the state legislature. Nixon, a Democrat, faced enormous pressure from the Republican-led Missouri legislature to enact the law. The bill has been widely considered “veto-proof”; however, a bill which faces opposition by the Governor after passing through the legislature can be challenged with a veto override in the next legislative session, and still become law in the future. SB656 would have allowed deadly force to be used by anyone who has permission to occupy private property, such as a house guest, and also make it a misdemeanor, and no longer a felony, for anyone carrying a concealed weapon into a place that has restrictions on concealed carry. The bill also would have allowed open-carry without a permit, and expanded the state’s self-defense laws to include the words “does not have a duty to retreat from a dwelling, residence, vehicle, private property that is owned or leased, or anywhere else a person has a right to be – the very definition of stand your ground law – making Missouri the first state since Trayvon Martin incident to pass such a law. Did you know there is at least one municipality in America that requires the head of household to own a gun? It’s just one of the many “gun laws” that the National Rifle Association (NRA) has pushed to enact across the nation. In fact, Thom Senzee reports on Advocate.com that there are other “crazy” gun laws – like stand your ground – that put our lives at risk. The NRA has been so effective at defeating just about every proposed gun control measure in the U.S. Senate, the House of Representatives, and in state houses across the country that it may be time to replace the term “lobbying” with a new one. The NRA and its executive director, the unyielding Wayne LaPierre, have been working hard to enact pro-gun laws. For example, according to Mother Jones, LaPierre and company are bent on bringing stand your ground laws to all 50 states. During the past four decades, the NRA has fundamentally changed the very meaning of the term “gun laws.” If you think “gun laws” refers to laws that limit the availability of guns, think again. This list of absurd legislation (and proposed legislation) shows how some are fighting to extend the right to bear arms to even schools and workplaces. See 7 Crazy Gun Laws That Put Our Lives at Risk on advocate.com South Carolina’s Supreme Court recently ruled that a North Charleston woman legally used deadly force in 2012 when she fatally stabbed her boyfriend at their home. The ruling on May 18, 2016 helps clarify how South Carolina’s “stand your ground” law applies to domestic violence. In October, 2014, a trial judge in Charleston dismissed a murder charge against 26-year-old Whitlee Jones, who claimed immunity from prosecution under the state’s Protection of Persons and Property Act. The law allows people in certain situations to use force when faced with serious injury. Whitlee Jones (photo: Cannon Detention Center) Jones was the first of three North Charleston women charged with murder during a two-year span in the stabbing of a boyfriend or a roommate. Judges dismissed charges against all of them. Read the full story at postandcourier.com
Ireland Gaol (Jail) Registers (FamilySearch Historical Records) \|This article describes a collection of historical records scheduled to become available at FamilySearch.org.\| What is in the Collection? This collection contains records for the years 1798-1928. The records of Irish jails and their prisoners are handwritten on preprinted forms and are generally well-preserved. Approximately 90 percent of the records are general registers that could include any of the following lists and registers: - General Registers - Male Registers - Female Registers - Description Registers - Drunken Registers - Military Prisoners and Convicts - Prisoners committed for trial - Prisoners suspected or known to be discharged convicts •Convicted prisoners’ offences and punishments - Convict classifications - Convict transportations The remaining ten percent consist of indexes, court records, and administrative reports. As soon as jails were opened, their officials began keeping records of the inmates. Beginning in 1836, the jails were overseen by the Government Prisons Office and the Office of Inspector-General of Prisons. Their supervision continued until 1880. The General Prisons Board assumed the supervision for the years 1877 through 1928. The jails were required to send copies of their administrative reports to the appropriate government offices. The National Archives of Ireland has the records of more than 40 prisons and other penal institutions. It is unknown what percentage of the population is covered by these records. \|You will be able to browse through images in this collection when it is published.\| Irish jail registers usually contain the following information: - Inmate number - Date of commitment - Reputed crime of the accused - Release or disposal date Some registers may also include the following - Physical description - Marital status - Last residence Indexes usually contain the following - Inmate number - Year of commitment How Do I Search the Collection? Before you begin your search, you will need to know which jail your ancestor was confined in. If the jail’s records have an index, search the index first. The inmate number will help you to locate the inmate in the registers. Keep in mind that, as with any index, transcription errors may occur. The age listed can be used to determine a birth date. The last residence and occupation lead you to court and census records that may have information on parents and siblings. The religion and marital status will lead you to church records such as baptism and marriage. You may also want to search for court records as they may have additional information about your ancestor such as other residences along with names of witnesses, neighbors, and distant relatives. To browse by image: To search the collection you will need to follow this series of links: ⇒Select "Browse through images" on the initial collection page ⇒Select the “Frame number" category which takes you to the images. Search the collection by image comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine if the image relates to them. You may need to look at several images and compare the information about the individuals listed in those images to your ancestors to make this determination. Tips to Keep in Mind - Use the estimated age to calculate a birth date. - When looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct. - Remember that there may be more than one person in the records with the same name as your ancestor and that your ancestor may have used nicknames or different names at different times. - Titles may be clues to property ownership, occupations, rank, or status within the community. - Be aware that, as with any index, transcription errors may occur. - Check for variant spellings of the names. - Look in the indexes; they will help safe time in your browsing. - Search the records of nearby localities. \|FHL Place Ireland items or FHL Keyword Ireland items in the FamilySearch Library Catalog. For other libraries (local and national) or to gain access to items of interest, see Ireland Archives and Libraries.\| Related Web Sites - Genealogy Toolkit on Irish Prison Registers - National Archives - What Jail Birds were Nesting on Your Family Tree? - Ireland Maps Related Wiki Articles - Ireland, Prison Registers (FamilySearch Historical Records) - Ireland Court Records - Ireland History - Ireland Census - Ireland, Civil Registration Indexes (FamilySearch Historical Records) How You Can Contribute \| We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. We are looking for additional information that will help readers understand the topic and better use the available records. We also need translations for collection titles and images in articles about records written in languages other than English. For specific needs, please visit WikiProject FamilySearch Records. \| Please follow these guidelines as you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. Citing this Collection Citing your sources makes it easy for others to find and evaluate the records you used. When you copy information from a record, list where you found that information. Here you can find citations already created for the entire collection and for each individual record or image. - "Ireland - Gaol (Jail) Registers, 1798-1928." Database. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : accessed 2016. Citing National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. Record Citation (or citation for the index entry): \|The citation for a record will be available with each record once the collection is published.\| \|The image citation will be available once the collection is published.\|
A new report developed by the University of Wisconsin's Population Health Institute and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, compares more than 3,000 counties across the U.S. by how healthy their residents are and how long they live. The 2012 "County Health Rankings & Roadmap" highlights the most and least healthy counties in every state, based on key factors that influence health, such as income levels, and access to healthy foods or medical care. Published online at www.countyhealthrankings.org, the report uses standardized measurement tools to determine how healthy people are based on the categories of Health Outcomes and Health Factors. Health Outcomes measure how long people live and how healthy residents say they feel. Health Factors represent what types of influences impact people's health, and include weighted scores for behavioral, clinical, social and economic, and environmental factors. This year's report also includes several new measures, such as how many fast food restaurants are in a county and the levels of physical inactivity among residents. Using the latest publically-available data for each county, the report reflects what is known about the behaviors that make people sick or healthy, and confirms the important role that external factors such as education, unemployment, income and the environment play in how healthy people are and how long they live. 2012 Columbiana County Rankings Among Ohio's 88 counties, Columbiana County ranks No. 50 for Health Outcomes, according to the 2012 County Health Rankings. Last year, Columbiana County ranked No. 41. Health Outcomes are a measure used to show how long people live (mortality) and how healthy residents said they feel (morbidity). The data includes premature deaths, low birth weights, poor or fair health, poor physical health days and poor mental health days. Under the mortality measure, Columbiana County dropped from a ranking of No. 39 in 2011, to a ranking of No. 52 among Ohio's 88 counties. Opportunities for improvement are needed to reduce premature deaths, which are defined as years of life lost before age 75, per 100,000 of the population. Columbiana County's rate of 7,805 premature deaths per 100,000 is higher than the state's rate of 7,513. Columbiana County also dropped slightly in the morbidity measure of how healthy residents said they feel, with a 2012 ranking of 49th compared to 45th in 2011. Indicators that need improvement focus on how people feel in terms of poor health. For example,18 percent of Columbiana County residents reported themselves to be in poor or fair health, compared to 15 percent of Ohioans. County residents also reported a higher than average number of physically unhealthy days at 4.6 days out of the past 30 days, compared to the state average of 3.6 days. Under the Health Factors category, Columbiana County improved to No. 63 in 2012, compared to a bottom ranking of No. 76 in 2011. Health Factors are a measure of health behaviors, availability of medical care, social and economic factors, and physical environment. Social and economic factors in the 2012 survey account for 40 percent of each county's score, and weigh more heavily than health behaviors and clinical care. Based on the 2012 results, individual health factors that need continued attention include obesity (36 percent of Columbiana County adults have a body mass index of 30 or more as compared to the Ohio average of 30 percent ), and lack of physical activity, with 29 percent of Columbiana County adults aged 20+ reporting no leisure time physical activity compared to 27 percent of Ohioans. Columbiana County (CC) also had lower 2012 rankings than state averages regarding: - Higher motor vehicle fatalities: 17 Motor vehicle crash deaths per 100,000 CC residents as compared to 12 in Ohio. - Lack of access to primary care physicians: A ratio of 1 primary care physician per 1,544 CC residents as compared to 1 primary care physician per 859 Ohio residents. - Higher preventable hospital stays: 98 Preventable hospital stays per 1,000 CC Medicare enrollees, based on the hospitalization rate for ambulatory-care sensitive conditions, versus 49 in Ohio. - More children in poverty: 27 percent of CC children are living in poverty compared to 23 percent in Ohio. - Less higher education: 45 percent of CC adults have had some college versus 60 percent of Ohioans. - Higher rates of diabetes: 13 percent of CC residents have diabetes versus 11 percent of Ohioans. - Less access to recreational facilities: 7 CC recreational facilities are available per 100,000 residents, compared to 10 in Ohio. Areas where Columbiana County performed better than the state included: - Slightly lower smoking rates: 20 percent of CC adults smoke versus 22 percent in Ohio. - Lower STIs: There are 164 sexually transmitted chlamydia infections per 100,000 CC residents versus 420 in Ohio. - Higher graduation rates: 87 percent CC teens graduate from high school versus 78 percent in Ohio. - Less violent crime: There are 59 incidents of violent crime per 100,000 CC residents versus 360 in Ohio. "The County Health Rankings show us that much of what influences our health happens outside of the doctor's office. In fact, where we live, learn, work and play has a big role in determining how healthy we are and how long we live," said Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, M.D., M.B.A., president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. "The good news is that businesses, health care providers, government, consumers and community leaders are joining forces across the nation to change some of the gaps that the Rankings highlight." In Columbiana County, several area community organizations are collaborating on a community health needs assessment to gather information about the heath priorities and needs of people living in Columbiana County and the surrounding area. The purpose of the project is to identify current health problems or issues facing the community and make recommendations for future health planning. Participating organizations in the Columbiana County Health Needs Assessment project include the: Coordinated Action for School Health (CASH) Coalition, Columbiana County Health Department, Columbiana County Jobs and Family Services, Community Action Agency of Columbiana County, East Liverpool City Health Department, East Liverpool City Hospital, Family and Children First Council, Kent State University, Mental Health and Recovery Services Board, Salem City Health Department, Salem Community Hospital and WIC.
Widening I-5 at the Rose Quarter in Portland will produce an addition 17.4 to 34.8 million miles of vehicle travel and 7.8 to 15.5 thousand tons of greenhouse gases per year. These estimates come from a customized calibration of the induced travel calculator to the Portland Metropolitan Area. It’s scientifically proven that increasing freeway capacity in dense urban environments stimulates additional car travel. The explanation is simple: Attempts to address traffic congestion commonly rely on increasing roadway capacity, e.g. by building new roadways or adding lanes to existing facilities. But studies examining that approach indicate it is only a temporary fix. They consistently show that adding roadway capacity in congested areas actually increases network-wide vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by a nearly equivalent proportion within a few years, reducing or negating the initial congestion relief. That increase in VMT is called “induced travel.” The phenomenon of induced demand is so well-demonstrated that its known as the “fundamental law” of road congestion. As the experience with Houston’s 23-lane Katy Freeway shows, no matter how many lanes you add to a freeway in a dense urban setting, added capacity simply prompts more driving Transportation experts at the University of California Davis National Center for Sustainable Transportation have developed an induced travel calculator, based on the best available scientific information on the effect of added freeway capacity on vehicle travel. The developers of the calculator—Jamey Volker, Amy Lee and Susan Handy—have published a peer-reviewed article describing the empirical estimates in the literature showing the connection between capacity and VMT. In their journal article, the authors find that highway departments usually only address induced demand in response to public comments, rarely apply state-of-the-art modeling to their analysis, and routinely underestimate the effects of induced demand, by as much as an order of magnitude. The purpose of this model is to provide an independent, scientifically sound means of measuring the environmental effects of major transportation projects. In addition, because greenhouse gases are directly related to vehicle miles of travel—each thousand mile traveled by a typical automobile produces about .466 tons of greenhouse gases—the calculator also can be used to show the climate change impact of freeway expansion projects. A Portland-calibrated version of the Induced Travel Calculator After consulting with the authors of California calculator, we calibrated the calculator for use in the Portland metropolitan area. The key variables in the calculator include the number of interstate freeway lane miles in the urbanized portion of the metropolitan area, and the number of vehicle miles of travel on those roadways. The literature on induced demand shows that vehicle travel exhibits and unit elasticity with respect to roadway capacity: a one percent increase in road capacity tends to result in a one percent increase in vehicle miles traveled. Using data from the US Department of Transportation (vehicles miles traveled) and from the Oregon and Washington departments of transportation (interstate freeway lane miles) inside urbanized areas, we created a Portland-metro specific version of the California calculator. We computed the induced travel impact of two possible scenarios for the proposed I-5 Rose Quarter Freeway widening project using Portland-calibrated version of the calculator. Option one was expanding the current 1.5 mile stretch of freeway from 4 lanes to 6 (which is how the Oregon Department of Transportation describes the project, although they misleadingly call the added lanes “auxiliary” lanes. Option two is expanding the same stretch of freeway to eight lanes, which is what would easily fit in the 126 foot wide right of way that Oregon DOT proposes to construct. The calculator suggests that the expansion to six lanes would add about 17.4 million vehicle miles per year to travel in the Portland metropolitan area, and that the expansion to eight lanes would add 34.8 million vehicle miles of travel. These additional vehicle miles of travel have many negative effects. As “fundamental law” suggests, they’ll entirely offset congestion reduction benefits of freeway widening. In addition, there will be an increase in air pollution proportionate to the increase in vehicle travel. Additional VMT translates directly into increased greenhouse gas emissions, at nearly a half ton of greenhouse gases per thousand miles, this means that the widened freeway can be expected to increase greenhouse gas pollution in Portland by between 7.7 and 15.5 thousand tons per year. The Volker/Lee/Handy model represents the latest, independent, state of the art method for estimating greenhouse gases associated with freeway expansion projects. This, and not the self-serving and incorrect estimates generated by the Oregon Department of Transportation should be used to define the environmental impacts of this project. Jamey M. B. Volker, Amy E. Lee, Susan Handy, “Induced Vehicle Travel in the Environmental Review Process,” Transportation Research Record, Volume: 2674 issue: 7, (July, 2020) pages 468-479 The author wants to thank Doctor Volker for reviewing the methodology and data used in the Portland version of the calculator. Any errors are solely the responsibility of City Observatory.
Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado is home to the largest archaeological preserve in the United States with incredible cliff dwellings. The Morefield Campground at Mesa Verde National Park is nestled into a scenic canyon some four and a half miles off US 160 from the park entrance. With 267 sites, it seldom fills up. That’s because all but 15 are for dry camping only and of the 15 with full hookups, none accommodate RVs over 45 feet in length. The Class A congestion that turns so many other campgrounds into “tinominium “complexes is refreshingly absent here. Nature & Wildlife Each site at Morefield Campground has lots of space between its neighbors. You’re in a spectacular wooded canyon that abounds with wildlife and native Gambel oaks, tall prairie grasses, and wildflowers. There are also lots of deer in the park who wander freely amidst the campsites. But it’s also bear country, so you need to take precautions. Campers are told at check-in to be sure and put everything away at night, especially and including the white water hoses of those in the full hookup sites use. The mother bears in the area have taught their young that biting into one of those little hoses leads to a nice drink of water. Janet, one of several women who staff the registration desk, told us, “We had one camper who didn’t follow our suggestion and awoke the next morning to find that his water hookup was now a sprinkler hose.” The key attraction here at Mesa Verde is the amazing archeological cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Pueblo people. They lived here between 600 to 1300 in structures built within caves and under outcroppings in cliffs. The ruins are the largest archaeological preserve in the United States, scattered across 81.4 square miles. The park was created in 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt and there are lots of spots to see them and even crawl through them. No one knows why the ancestral pueblo people settled here, in an arid and hot high desert. More mysteriously, no one knows why, after centuries of living here, they suddenly moved. But the sandstone dwellings are amazingly well preserved and the U.S. Forest Service does a great job explaining everything. We did the tours in shifts because of the dogs. I dozed with them in a shaded picnic area while the others toured. Then it was our turn and they watched the dogs. This is a huge park. To get to the cliff dwellings, you drive 23 miles up a winding mountain road, climbing to about 8.500 feet from the 6500 at the campground level. There are several great hiking trails, too, for all levels. Wear lots of sunscreen up here. The air is thin and the UV rays really strong. Sunsets are spectacular. And sunrises are peaceful in the clear, clean mountain air. With a cup of coffee and your dog by your side, as seen in the photo of my son, Jeff, it doesn’t get much better…anywhere. When Jennifer and I first went to Colorado, I felt like I finally understood what John Denver meant by his song: I’ve now been Rocky Mountain High. And like Denver, exploring all that Colorado has to offer made me want to sing, too. This is a fully designed and edited guide that you can download and start reading immediately on your phone, tablet, computer or e-reader. Comments are closed.
By Jacinta Ruru Water governance is tricky at the best of times. As we all know, water is fundamentally important to the welfare of people, plants, livestock, farming activities, industry and power generation, it has an increasing economic value, and it moves in a flowing nature. But water is also uniquely important to Māori for the simple reasons that Māori derive part of their identity from water (tupuna awa – water ancestors) and view water as a taonga (treasure) with its own mauri (life force). For more than 100 years, Māori have politically and legally sought to retain responsibilities to care for water. Several statutes now provide Maori with an anchor to participate in water governance. For example, the Resource Management Act 1991 directs Regional Councils to recognise and provide for the relationship of Māori and their culture and traditions with waters as a matter of national importance. Moreover, there are statutory joint or co-management regimes in place for many waters including the Te Arawa Lakes, Te Waihora (Lake Ellesmere), and the Waikato and Waipa rivers. But all of these statutory mechanisms are silent on the issue of water ownership. Who owns water – Māori or the Crown – has become more of a publicly hot issue in recent decades. In terms of old Māori law and old English law, water could not be exclusively owned. In fact, old Māori law would have said this about land too. But the old English law would not have. The old English common law held that land, and even river and lake beds and banks could be exclusively owned. But not flowing water. However, all laws evolve including Māori and English laws. Is our current Aotearoa New Zealand legal system capable of recognising ownership of water? For many decades, Māori have been urging the Government to address this very question. For example, the Ministry for the Environment report Wai Ora: Report of the Sustainable Water Programme of Action Consultation Hui (2005) clearly records that Maori believe that the issue of water ownership “must be addressed before any major changes to water management can be considered” (page vii). This has yet to occur. Māori frustration at the Crown’s assumption of sole control and power over water (for all intents and purposes ownership) reached its apex when the Government announced the partial sale of some water reliant state-owned enterprises. In 2012, the Waitangi Tribunal accepted to urgently hear a claim from the New Zealand Maori Council that Māori have commercial proprietary interests in water protected by the Treaty of Waitangi and that the Crown would be in breach of the Treaty if it proceeded with the share sales without first negotiating water ownership issues. The Tribunal agreed with the Maori claimants. On the point of ownership, the Tribunal held: “Our generic finding is that Māori had rights and interests in their water bodies for which the closest English equivalent in 1840 was ownership rights, and that such right were confirmed, guaranteed, and protected by the Treaty of Waitangi, save to the extent that there was an expectation in the Treaty that the waters would be shared with the incoming settlers” (page 110). Following the Tribunal’s recommendations to the Crown, and the Government’s short consultation period with Māori, Māori took their case to the High Court and eventually the Supreme Court. In February 2013, the Supreme Court released its judgment. The overriding issue in this Supreme Court case was whether the sale of up to 49% of the shares in Mighty River Power would be consistent with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi? The New Zealand Māori Council argued no; the Crown argued yes. The Supreme Court’s judgment provided an overall win for the Crown: “the partial privatisation of Mighty River Power will not impair to a material extent the Crown’s ability to remedy any Treaty breach in respect of Māori interests in the river.” (at paragraph 8). But there was also a substantive win for Māori: “the proposed sale of shares (on which the claim of material prejudice is based) is reviewable for consistency with the Treaty principles” (at paragraph 7). All persons working with water, including scientists, will be no doubt aware of the importance of water to Māori health, well-being and identity and the associated deep feelings of loss and grievance in witnessing the degradation of water quality and quantities. As Ned Norton and Helen Rouse wrote previously, scientists would do well when they “walk in the communities’ shoes“, and the issue of water ownership would be no exception. Māori are continuing to work with Government on exploring mechanisms to better provide for Māori opportunities to be involved in water governance. The Government is listening as is evident in the recently released ‘Freshwater reform for 2013 and beyond’ proposals. Nonetheless we’re probably still some time away from legally resolving the core issue of who owns water in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is a sensitive issue for us all and one that scientists ought to be aware of when working with water. Dr Jacinta Ruru is an associate professor in the Faculty of Law, University of Otago.
Definition of quadraphonic in English: (Of sound reproduction) transmitted through four channels. - Scientists can't check Ohno's hypothesis by watching the DVD of the Y's life story, complete with quadraphonic sound. - Simplified, Black Box is four giant, central screens in a cube-shaped room decked out with top-gun quadraphonic sound. - It goes beyond quadraphonic, heading for a sound stage of 360 degrees. quadraphonics plural noun - Example sentences - The great orchestral suite was premiered during the First World War and used to show off every recording innovation ever after, from electrical to quadraphonics. Words that rhyme with quadraphonicanachronic, animatronic, bionic, Brythonic, bubonic, Byronic, canonic, carbonic, catatonic, chalcedonic, chronic, colonic, conic, cyclonic, daemonic, demonic, diatonic, draconic, electronic, embryonic, euphonic, harmonic, hegemonic, histrionic, homophonic, hypersonic, iconic, ionic, ironic, isotonic, laconic, macaronic, Masonic, Miltonic, mnemonic, monotonic, moronic, Napoleonic, philharmonic, phonic, Platonic, Plutonic, polyphonic, sardonic, saxophonic, siphonic, Slavonic, sonic, stereophonic, subsonic, subtonic, symphonic, tectonic, Teutonic, thermionic, tonic, transonic, ultrasonic Definition of quadraphonic in: - British & World English dictionary What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. Most popular in the US Most popular in Canada Most popular in Australia Most popular in Spain Most popular in Malaysia Most popular in India Most popular in Pakistan
The Roots of Basque Character and the First Diaspora to the United States By Clare O’Toole The Basque Homeland The Basque homeland has a history and cultural significance that defies its modest geographical area. Barely a hundred miles across, this tiny region spans the forests and the granite crests of the Pyrenees mountain zone between France and Spain and is fringed to the north by the rugged coastline of the Bay of Biscay. Basque Country in its totality is known as Euskal Herria. Its modern composition comprises seven provinces; of these, four are Spanish and three are French. The Spanish provinces, Alava, Vizcaya and Guipuzcoa are collectively known as the autonomous community. The fourth and largest Spanish province, Navarra, was granted status as a separate autonomous community. These provinces were accorded the status of nationality in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. French Basque Country or Pays Basque consists of the provinces of Labourd, Basse Navarre and Soule, they lie at the northeastern reaches of Euskal Herria. Archaeological evidence suggests there has been some continuity in the ethnicity of the population of the Basque Country for thirty five millenia. The region of the Basque people could hold the secret of the oldest known origins of Homo sapiens in Europe. Genetic research points to a unique and ancient line of descent from central Asia dating back to the Upper Paleolithic Age. These Homo sapiens displaced the earlier Neanderthal population. The coastal areas were first to be settled and then later, at the end of the Ice Age, as hunters turned from large animals to smaller prey and fishing and seafood gathering became prevalent, migration spread to the south. Neolithic pottery fragments have been found dating back to this period marking the spread of Neolithic technology. Sheepherding is also known to have been practiced from these early days but, as is usual with massive cultural shift, progression through the Mediterranean regions was slow. Although the precise source of the Basque culture is unknown, it is clear the sheepherding instinct and the crafts and practices that accompanied it, is ingrained at the deepest level of Basque culture. As the millenia progressed, cultural practices developed with waves of migration. The Basque region reveals evidence of family burial chambers, the introduction of agriculture to support animal husbandry and the building of stone gathering circles. Basque forefathers created the Pyrenean cave paintings of the Stone Age period. The Basques are known as Europe’s “Indians” since their language and culture are said to be more ancient than any other in Europe. The Basque language is unique, with its roots showing no connection to the family of Indo-European languages. This uniqueness has been known to stir controversy. Some say the Basques are Atlantians escaped from the lost city of Atlantis; others say they represent the bloodline of Jesus. The romantic images and the ‘who’ and ‘why’ behind them can be misleading. What is clear, is the preservation of Basque society and culture and the ability of these people, over the centuries, to withstand the advance of invading cultures, are quite remarkable. The Basque Diaspora The Basque people were never vanquished by Visigoths, Franks, Normans or Arab Moors. It is possible that to some extent, their small, remote, rugged region never represented a coveted target for acquisition. But, significantly, Basques also appear to have learned the value of political expediency, and offered skills and services in exchange for a degree of independence. Two significant aspects of this independence were the establishment and preservation of Basque common laws “fueros” and the preservation of the Basque language. The fueros and the Basque language are the threads that have held Basque society together over the generations and enabled the region to maintain homogeneity despite localized differences evident in the seven districts of Basque country. The significance of Basque political structure to the success and longevity of the society was not lost on the founders of the American Constitution. The second president of the United States, John Adams, cited Basque fueros as a precedent for the development of the Consititution. Basque society has remained intact despite the interplay between the Basques and other cultures and the internal political strains that ensued. Under Spanish occupation from 1512, when part of the region was ceded to France; the Spanish and French learned to respect Basque requirements for autonomy. Basques were considered noblemen in Spanish society and were accorded prominent positions in the church and state. Medieval Basques were Europe’s first whalers. They were accomplished sailors and navigators and were the first people known to circumnavigate the world by sea and ocean. It was Basque sailors who, in 1492, set sail with Columbus to the New World, where they had pivotal roles in the Spanish colonial government and the expansion of the church for the next three hundred years. Thus, initial Basque immigrants to the Americas were explorers and part of an expansionist culture. They were not downtrodden folk and, in setting out into the wider world, they took with them, their sense of independence. In later years, during the troubled times of the nineteenth century, the Basque country found itself embroiled in the violent affairs of its large neighbors and this sparked another wave of migration. The French Revolution, Napoleonic campaigns and the Spanish Civil War sorely tested allegiances in the tiny Basque region and pitted Basque against Basque. Each region, in a bid to hold on to autonomy, attempted to negotiate the best political outcome for itself. One of the most iconic paintings of the twentieth century, Pablo Picasso’s, “Guernica,” depicts the slaughter of the undefended citizens of Guernica ,in the Basque province of Vizcaya, used by Hitler’s Luftwaffe for target practice to test out his intensive, ”scorched earth” bombing capabilities. The Luftwaffe made their attack at the invitation of Spain’s General Franco. Franco’s Spanish Nationalist ambitions had the support of the region of Navarre and were opposed by Basque regions favoring the Spanish Republic as their means to autonomy. Franco used the raid as a strategy to destroy the spirit of the left wing, Basque nationalists. The raid, of April 26th, 1937, was the first of its kind on this scale of hit and run barbarity, leaving an estimated two and a half thousand inhabitants dead or wounded. The civil war caused terrible divisions in the usually homogenous Basque society and caused many to seek exile, travelling to France, or to the Spanish colonies, or the United States, to escape the turmoil in the home lands. The Basques In Nevada The Basque cultural influence and diaspora in Nevada stems initially and largely from the gold rush era, pre-dating the worst divisiveness of the Spanish Civil War. Young men headed to the American West in a relatively positive frame of mind, to seek opportunity. In many instances, their intention was to raise money overseas and then return to their homeland to settle and raise a family. Those who had already tried their luck raising sheep on the pampas of South America sailed up to California and then followed the immigrant trails over the Sierras into Nevada. They were joined by young Basque coming directly from their homeland. Basque society had a built in bias toward sending younger family members out into the wider world to make their living. It did not take a particular political crisis, a waxing or waning of the Basque homeland economy or a war to drive the migration instinct. As Bill Douglass, founder and former head of UNR’s Basque Studies Program explained; “Those kinds of elements would stimulate more activity, but even in the best of times, there was always a propensity for some members of the family to consider migrating. The Basque family system produced candidates for immigration because the farm was always given to the eldest son. If there were five or six children in a family, the others had to go and do something else with their lives. Typically you might have a daughter who’d marry a neighboring farmer and another daughter might enter the church and become a nun. Remaining sons would likely emigrate -one to Latin America and one to the U.S. or to other parts of Spain.” The young Basque migrants to Nevada came initially to work in the mines but soon found a better life could be had through raising sheep and selling the meat to the mines. They would take employment on the established ranches; working as sheepherders and either save their money to put into their own sheep business, or opt to take payment in sheep so as to quickly establish their own herds. The sheep industry in Nevada and Southern California owes its growth to Basque immigrant labor. As the rangelands of California became overcrowded with the expansion in agriculture, migrants travelled further south beyond the Sierra Mountains into the high desert of the Great Basin. Despite the desert terrain, this arid country with its vast rangelands and snow-capped mountains became a magnet for Basque people in America. In the hundred year period between the commencement of the gold rush and the end of the Second World War, sheep numbers sky rocketed in comparison to cattle. It is estimated there were at least two million sheep grazing the Nevada Sierras in the heyday of migrant Basque sheepherding. Basque sheepherders from South America were already used to the style of animal husbandry necessary to raise animals on wide rangeland. They had developed the ranching and herding skills that allowed them to trail sheep along the long distances necessary to move between lowland winter and high-ground summer pastures. Others, arriving “straight off the boat” from their homeland, experienced a huge culture shock when they arrived in Nevada. Having left the intimacy of their green fields and rainy valleys behind, where sheep were tended on the few acres surrounding the family farm or “basseriak;” they found the lifestyle of the Nevada desert to be an altogether different challenge. New arrivals were amazed at the size and emptiness of the land .Before they knew what had hit them, the young Basques would find themselves alone in the hills with nothing but a canvas tent and tarp, a bedroll of heavy blankets and a gun, for protection from the elements and predators. They would have no more than a pack burro, a dog and a herd of sheep for company. The rancher would provide his new hand with a Dutch oven to cook with, some basic provisions of salt pork, coffee and a bag of beans. And, with that simple and stark introduction to American ways the young sheepherder would be taken to the hills and left to get on with it. These young sheepherders could be left alone for ten days or more before a camp tender would reappear bring fresh supplies in. “Whether in the summer camps set amidst spectacular mountain scenery, or the winter bivouac on the expanse of seemingly endless desert, the herder’s home is but the frailest challenge to the supremacy of the wilderness,” Bill Douglass. Basque Sheepherders of the American West: A Photographic documentary, UNR Press. Basques would generally establish sheep camps close to a source of water and protection from the weather. The many aspen groves on the hillsides were popular places for this reason. The practice of creating “arborglyphs” (carving inscriptions and illustrations into the tree bark) grew from the propensity to set up camp in the aspen groves. The trees were a ready medium for Basques to express their individual voice, leaving their message for those who followed in their footsteps. There is an undeniable element in the practice of tree carving, of creating a connection to their ancient heritage. The messages related to their homeland and the era they stemmed from but the practice itself called back to the pre-Christian era of their culture when the ancient tribes who inhabited the Basque region learned to make their peace with nature. Whispers from an ancient past show themselves again in the “stoneboys,” or “arrimutilak,” erected by Basque sheepherders. As if carrying on in the tradition of their ancestors, the Neolithic herders who left stone monuments in the Pyranees; the American-Basque sheepherder created rock piles for differing practical reasons. Often they served as direction makers to help the sheepherder navigate his way through his isolated environment. Erecting stoneboys also helped pass the time and allowed the creator to leave a humble, human monument to mark his own achievements and pay homage to the natural forces that first forged the rocks in this vast, pristine landscape. The sheepherding life was a lonely and very trying one and not all Basque men were able to cope with the demands. Some turned tail and headed for the town or home. The vast majority stuck it out and turned adversity to profit. The author Robert Laxalt has described how his father became rich in sheep when he first arrived in Nevada. He lost money during the Great Depression years but by that time he was married and was able to lean on the industrious nature of his wife and her business skills in the hotel industry. As sheepherding expanded, there was some inevitable conflict between the interests of sheep ranchers and cattlemen. Itinerant Basque sheepherders would allow their sheep to graze on the open public lands adjacent to settled cattle ranches. As numbers rose, cattlemen showed increasing resentment towards the Basque newcomers. The 1934 Taylor Grazing Act clamped down on itinerant grazing practices and caused severe difficulties for those Basques who could not afford to purchase land of their own. Apart from the politics, there are many stories of friendship between sheepherders and cowboys. Cowboys on the range always knew they could be guaranteed a glass of wine and a decent meal if they dropped in on a neighboring Basque sheep camp. The Second World War saw the last major spate of Basque migration to the United States and by the 1970s the sheep industry had dwindled down to only a shadow of its former self. (See interview with Brent Espil for a description of the decline of the sheep industry in Nevada). Migration moves in both directions, with as many Basque Americans returning to their homeland as newcomers arriving in America from the Basque region. Although it was the men who were first to make the journey overseas, it wasn’t long before women followed. As the men began to get established, they would send for Basque women to marry or take up employment as cooks, housekeepers and hotel workers. Basque Women Migrants Despite this very traditional, patriarchal line of inheritance, the social position of women is considered better in Basque society than in neighboring cultures. Women quite often managed the home finances and were business partners in a marriage with substantial influence on decisions taken in the management of the home and domestic economy. Sheepherding kept the men on the range or up in the hills for the greater part of the year and it took strong minded women to keep the home fires burning and look after the everyday affairs of running a household and family. Matriarchal dominance in the family is credited with instilling strong familial bonds so that Basques in general are known for the qualities of honesty, reliability, stoicism in the face of threat, loyalty and integrity. These are all qualities that stem from cultures that preserve a strong sense of family. The establishment and success of the Basque hotels throughout Nevada, is largely down to the women. These were family run concerns and expressed Basque values through the support they offered to the local community in which they were situated. Robert Laxalt, whose mother opened the famous French Hotel in Carson City, has described the atmosphere and activities that took place at these Basque establishments as they sprung up to become hubs of Basque community activity. Hoteliers passed news and information on to Basque sheepherders when they were able to make their seasonal trips into town. They acted as interpreters and bankers – sending drafts to Europe and extending credit to other Basques down on their luck. Baptisms, weddings and funerals were all hosted by the Basque hotelier. Children from outlying ranches were invited to board at the hotels in order to attend school. Wives spent the final stages of their pregnancies at the safe haven of the hotel and gave birth there in order to be close to medical assistance. The injured and ill stayed in the hotels to convalesce. As well as being central to social necessities, the Basque hotels were for Basque immigrants, the core of their social universe. Many a marital partnership budded from hotel encounters. The Basque hotelier, more often than not a woman, provided a homely atmosphere for her visitors, encouraging them to feel part of a wider family. They could sit at the family sized dining tables, have a home cooked, hearty meal, drink wine, or picon punch and allow their cares to slip away. The Basque card game “mus” and a form of handball,”pelota,” became popular pastimes for those who liked to soak up the convivial atmosphere at the Basque hotel. The hotelier often allowed the hotel to act as a base from where to plan large scale community celebrations such as the Basque festivals that became a popular image of the immigrant culture. Basque festivals are still current in the rural areas of Nevada. They generally start with a Catholic Mass and are followed by displays of folk dancing and general, lighthearted ethnic competitions such as stone lifting, wood chopping, sheep hooking contests and sheepdog trials. There are plenty of opportunities to sample Basque food and libations. Such celebrations provide the opportunity for the descendants of the earlier Basque migrants to keep the feeling of ethnic community alive, even as the Basques have become well assimilated into American culture and may now consider themselves first and foremost, Americans. Archival images courtesy of the Basque Library, University of Nevada, Reno Libraries.
A survey of consumer attitudes concerning both the present situation as well as expectations regarding economic conditions conducted by The Conference Board. Five thousand consumers across the country are surveyed each month. The level of consumer confidence is directly related to the strength of consumer spending. Consumer confidence and consumer sentiment are two ways of talking about consumer attitudes. Among economic reports, consumer sentiment refers to the Michigan survey while consumer confidence refers to The Conference Board’s survey. Why do Investors Care? The pattern in consumer attitude and spending is often the foremost influence on stock and bond markets. For stocks, strong economic growth translates to healthy corporate profits and higher stock prices. For bonds, the focus is whether economic growth goes overboard and leads to inflation. Ideally, the economy walks that fine line between strong growth and excessive (inflationary) growth. This balance was achieved through much of the nineties. For this reason alone, investors in the stock and bond markets enjoyed huge gains during the bull market of the 1990s. Consumer confidence did shift down in tandem with the equity market in 2000 and 2001. Consumer spending accounts for two-thirds of the economy, so the markets are always dying to know what consumers are up to and how they might behave in the near future. The more confident consumers are about the economy and their own personal finances, the more likely they are to spend. With this in mind, it’s easy to see how this index of consumer attitudes gives insight to the direction of the economy. Just note that changes in consumer confidence and retail sales don’t move in tandem month-by-month.
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - A city of south-central Honshu, Japan, east of Osaka. An ancient cultural and religious center, it was founded in 706 and was the first fixed capital of Japan (710-784). Population: 369,000. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - proper n. A prefecture in Japan. - proper n. Prefecture capital of Nara. - proper n. Something related with Nara area. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - n. the independent agency that oversees management of federal government records including presidential libraries and historic collections Sorry, no etymologies found. LOS ANGELES - (Business Wire) Nara Bancorp, Inc. (NASDAQ: NARA), the holding company of Nara Yoshitomo Nara is a Japanese artist who, since the Japanese pop movement of the 1990s, has received international acclaim with his distinct figurative style. Xinhua/Zuma Press Sept. 22: China's delegates to the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum on tourism in Nara, Japan, skip a dinner hosted by Japan's tourism minister, Sumio Mabuchi, who declines a courtesy call by Zhu Shangzhong, vice chairman of the China National Tourism Administration. An eternal flame lamp at the tomb of a Buddhist priest in Nara, Japan has kept burning for 1,130 years. But there is some confusion in its use, for it is applied not only to the supreme being but to a double incarnation of him called Nara-Nârâyaṇa, and images of the pair may still be seen in Vishnuite temples. Slipping away from the Bombers was bliss-makingAya had chanted the name Yoshio Nara about a million times. So he goes down to Nara, which is a city in semi-Southern Japan, for lack of a better description. Thou wert in thy former life a Rishi of immeasurable soul, known as Nara of great might. Thyself, O son of Kunti, and myself are known as Nara and Narayana. There he beheld those ancient deities, viz., those two foremost of Rishis, (called Nara and Narayana), engaged in the practice of penances, observing high vows, and devoted to the worship of their own selves.
Embedded network systems (ENS) provide a set of technologies that can link the physical world to large-scale networks in applications such as monitoring of borders, infrastructure, health, the environment, automated production, supply chains, homes and places of business. This book details the fundamentals for this interdisciplinary and fast-moving field. The book begins with mathematical foundations and the relevant background topics in signal propagation, sensors, detection and estimation theory, and communications. Key component technologies in ENS are discussed: synchronization and position localization, energy and data management, actuation, and node architecture. Ethical, legal and social implications are addressed. The final chapter summarizes some of the lessons learned in producing multiple ENS generations. A focus on fundamental principles together with extensive examples and problem sets make this text ideal for use on graduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science. It will also appeal to engineers involved in the design of ENS.
This test measures the concentration of Organic Acids in a urine specimen against a normal standard. The organic acids excreted in the urine are either products or reactants in relationship to a given enzyme. If an enzyme is not functioning well, then the reactants build up in the cell, spill into the intracellular spaces, spill into the blood, and be filtered by the kidneys, and show up as higher than normal concentration in the urine. Likewise, low levels of a product would indicate that an enzyme was functioning poorly. The same sequence of a poorly functioning enzyme would cause the deficient concentration in a “downstream” molecule. The test can thus serve as an indicator of what vitamins and minerals are possibly missing. And thus, which nutrients should be supplemented to improve the body’s metabolic balance and function. Again, if the reactant molecule (i.e. the molecule coming into the enzyme to be processed) shows up in a high urine concentration, this indicates that the enzyme was ineffective in converting the reactants into products. This serves as an indication of a deficient quantity of vitamins and minerals present in the body to serve as cofactors to change the shape of the enzyme, and thus make it active and effective. Likewise, if there is a low level of The fundamental process of reaction is reactants coming together on an enzyme, which biotransforms the reactants into a product. The enzyme is a protein shaped in a particular way so that the charges exposed on the active site of the enzyme are correspondent to the charge shape configuration of the reactants. The positioning of two reactants in the enzyme causes the reactants to be closely juxtaposed. The shape of the enzyme may be modified by a high energy molecule, which then discharges its energy and brings two reactant molecules The Urine Organic Acid test examines a series of molecules from the important systems of the body: Energy production, Detoxification, Nervous System, Endocrine, Methylation, and GI Dysbiosis. Different molecules are of primary importance in each system’s biotransformation sequence. A rate limiting enzyme would be the most important step to detect. In the cell, there are numerous steps of biotransformation through which a molecule must pass to produce the final structural or functional molecule. Thus, the terminology of “reactant” or “product” is dependent upon which side of the enzymatic reaction the molecule is considered. And, if there are a number of enzymatic steps in the biotransformation, any reactant or product in the middle of the chain could be considered a metabolic intermediate. The Urinary Organic Acid test is done first thing in the morning. A certain number of foods should not be eaten for a few days before the test. The urine is collected in a cup, and a dip stick is wetted with the urine, and immediately put into a small bag filled with a dessicating powder. After letting the urine sit and dry for the required time, the bag and powder are shipped to the lab and the report will come back to the doctor. The report lists the concentration of each urinary acid, and recommends the vitamins and minerals that should be supplemented to help restore the proper function of the implicated enzymes.
Rural Sublette County, Wyo., is home to about 9,000 people, fewer than two per square mile. But as recently as three months ago, the smog in Sublette was worse than in Los Angeles on its worst day last year. One day in March, the ozone level was 124 parts per billion, or some 66 percent above what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers healthy. According to the Associated Press, residents complained of shortness of breath, bloody noses and watery eyes. A day-care center canceled outdoor recess. The bad air was caused by Wyoming's natural-gas industry. Between 2000 and 2008, the volume of gas produced in the county doubled, and the pristine air turned brown. In 2009, the state's Department of Environmental Quality concluded that of the principal pollutants serving as precursors to ozone (basically, smog), 94 percent of the volatile organic compounds and 60 percent of the nitrogen oxide emanated from gas operations. Fort Worth, Texas, has 700,000 people; it also has more than 10,000 gas wells, including some in heavily developed areas. Fort Worth has smog, too, and a 2009 study out of Southern Methodist University concluded that gas and oil production contributed as much to smog formation as did all the metro area's cars and trucks combined. Pennsylvania is experiencing its own natural-gas gold rush. Since early 2008, about 2,500 Marcellus Shale wells have been drilled, many in Southwestern Pennsylvania. And while critics have focused on drilling's impact on waterways, there is also "the potential for significant adverse health effects" from air pollution, says Bernard Goldstein, a public-health scholar at the University of Pittsburgh, among other observers. Air pollution can come from wells themselves, but most seems to waft from adjacent processing and distribution facilities -- things like condensate tanks that vent fumes to keep from exploding, and exhaust from compressor engines. One pollutant is methane, the key component of natural gas. Because methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas, researchers have even suggested that things like pipeline leaks reduce the climate-change benefits that gas is thought to hold over coal. Other pollutants associated with gas operations include particulate matter. Smog, meanwhile, forms when ozone precursors -- including carcinogens like benzene -- combine with sunlight. What this means for Pennsylvania is hard to say: State law considers things like compressor stations "minor sources" of air pollutants, leaving them lightly regulated. As for the wells themselves, "Air-permitting authorities have no idea at all what's going on at these [well] pads," says Joe Osborne, legal director of Pittsburgh's Group Against Smog and Pollution (GASP). Osborne says the state typically regulates emissions only from, say, individual compressor stations -- not from complexes of wells, compressors and pipelines as a unit, which he says would better reflect their true impact. The state's Department of Environmental Protection is examining air pollution at well sites. A series of three air-sampling studies -- the most recent released May 19 -- found pollutants like methane, ethane and benzene, but not in concentrations high enough to threaten human health. The studies, however, were conducted over just four weeks each at only a handful of Marcellus drilling sites in southwestern, northeastern and north-central Pennsylvania. They made no attempt to determine the cumulative impact of such emissions. And GASP has criticized DEP for using monitoring equipment too insensitive to adequately register unhealthy levels of pollutants. Industry representatives note differences between Wyoming's gas fields and ours. Wyoming's, for instance, are further from market, and longer pipelines can mean more leakage, says Chris Tucker, a spokesman for trade group Energy in Depth. Tucker also cites federal limits on nitrogen oxide in engine exhaust and growing use of vapor-recovery units on condensate tanks. Still, unlike Wyoming, urban areas like Pittsburgh had unacceptably high ozone levels before drilling ramped up. With rising numbers of small pollution sources, "There'll be a good chance of a significant increase in asthma attacks from all these different sources added together," says Pitt's Goldstein, formerly dean of Pitt's School of Public Health and now interim director for its Center for Healthy Environments and Communities. Osborne notes that Pittsburgh's air, though dirty, is cleaner than before. "We've made huge progress," he says. "If we don't get a better handle [on air pollution from drilling], it has the potential to not just halt that progress, but maybe reverse it."
By Matt Walker Editor, Earth News Wave the dolphin, tail-walking Wild dolphins in Australia are naturally learning to "walk" on water. Six dolphins have now been seen mastering the technique - furiously paddling their tail fluke, forcing their body out and across the water. The dolphins seem to walk on water for fun, as it has no other obvious benefit, say scientists working for the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. That makes the behaviour a rare example of animals "culturally transmitting" a playful rather than foraging behaviour. Only a few species are known to create their own culture - defined as the sharing or transmitting of specific novel behaviours or traditions between a community of animals. The discovery was made by Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) scientist Dr Mike Bossley, who has spent 24 years studying dolphins living in the Port River in Adelaide, Australia. In past years, Dr Bossley has witnessed two wild adult female dolphins, named Billie and Wave for research purposes, attempting to walk on water. Now four other dolphins, including young infants, have been recorded trying to learn the trick from the two adults, and have been seen practising, less successfully, in the river. The behaviour, when a dolphin beats its tail fluke repeatedly, so it lifts its body vertically out of the water and then along the surface, is more commonly seen among captive dolphins trained to perform tricks. A composite image showing Bianca the dolphin attempting to tail-walk on 10 Oct, 2010 In the wild it is extremely rare. According to the WDCS, apart from Billie and Wave, only one other adult dolphin had previously been seen tail-walking in the Port River during thousands of hours of scientific observations, and then only once. Billie is thought to have learned the trick during a brief period when she was held captive in a dolphinarium, before being released back into the wild. She passed the behaviour onto Wave, and now Billie and Wave appear to be passing on their knowledge of how to tail-walk to their wider community. WDCS dolphin photographers Marianna Boorman and Barbara Saberton have recently documented Wave's calf, named Tallula, also attempting to tail-walk. Other dolphin called Bianca, and her calf Hope, and another calf called Bubbles are also attempting the trick. These dolphins are now being seen trying to tail-walk many times each day. A number of animals are known to culturally transmit novel behaviours to others of their species. Bianca the dolphin photographed tail-walking on 18 October, 2010 Chimps learn to fish for termites with sticks, and orcas learn various techniques to hunt seals, for instance. But few examples have been documented of animals culturally passing on behaviours that are unrelated to obtaining food. Tail-walking appears to have no function other than play, says Dr Bossley. "As far as we are aware, tail-walking has no practical function and is performed just for fun, akin to human dancing or gymnastics," he says. "Culture in the wider sense of the term, defined as 'learned behaviour characteristic of a community' is now frequently on show in the Port River."
Filed under: Uncategorized \| Tags: Barnhart, fracking, hydraulic fracturing, peak oil, Texas, water Yeah, that’s what happens. Barnhart, a small community in West Texas, has run out of water. About 30 communities statewide could run out of water by the end of the year, according to a list compiled by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Filed under: Uncategorized \| Tags: Fukushima, Fukushima Dai-ichi, Fukushima Daiichi, Jackz, Jaczk, Japan, Masayuki Ono, meltdown, NRC, nuclear accident, nuclear accidents, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, radioactivity, tank factory, Tank Game, Tanks, Tepco, wastewater, water Seems pretty clear at this point. In the future all of our time, energy and material resources will go toward making tanks to store an ever-increasing amount of radioactive wastewater that we have dumped in desperation onto melted reactor cores and ‘spent’ nuclear fuel, and which has leaked out of some other tank or tanks. Unfortunately, though we can look forward to full employment, and lots of good times with our colleagues down at the tank factory, the Tank Game is un-winnable. Did Kafka write this passage: Tokyo Electric Power Co. previously said two of seven huge underground tanks at the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant had been leaking since Saturday if not earlier. The latest leak involves a tank that was being used to take water from one of the two that were leaking, TEPCO spokesman Masayuki Ono said. … TEPCO has halted the transfer of water to the third tank, diverting it to a fourth tank that remains intact. Two of the seven tanks are currently unused. Ono said TEPCO has decided to stop using the two most damaged of the three leaking tanks as soon as they are emptied, but will use the other because of a tank shortage. Filed under: Uncategorized \| Tags: biology, China, Chinese energy production, energy, energy production, fracking, oil production, peak oil, water, water pollution Everyone knows that oil and gas are more important than water. Right? If fracking takes off in China as planned, it will likely exacerbate the nation’s existing water crisis. “Most of the nation’s shale gas lies in areas plagued by water shortages,” the report says. With about 20 percent of the world’s population and only 6 percent of the world’s water resources, China is one of the least water-secure countries in the world. Its water shortages are made worse by pollution: According to the Ministry of Water Resources about 40 percent of China’s rivers were so polluted they were deemed unfit for drinking, while about 300 million rural residents lack access to safe drinking water each year. Filed under: Uncategorized \| Tags: environment, fresh water, global water supply, global water volume, H2O, nature, Peak Water, science, USGS, water If all of Earth’s water (oceans, icecaps and glaciers, lakes, rivers, ground water, and water in the atmosphere) was put into a sphere, then the diameter of that water ball would be about 860 miles (about 1,385 kilometers) across, a bit more than the distance between Salt Lake City, Utah to Topeka, Kansas. The volume of all water would be about 332.5 million cubic miles (mi3), or 1,386 million cubic kilometers (km3). The picture at the top of this page illustrates this. A cubic mile of water equals more than 1.1 trillion gallons. A cubic kilometer of water equals about 264 billion gallons. Less than you thought? Filed under: maps, Uncategorized \| Tags: Eagle Ford shale, frac, oil, oil shale, shale gas, shale oil, Texas, tight gas, tight oil, tracking, water Piece in WSJ on oil versus water in Texas. The inconvenient reality of hydro-fracking. The article itself claims 6 million gallons needed for each Frac in the Eagle Ford. (The article is behind the paywall.)
What factors enabled Nazi Germany to sustain its military power during World War II, and what would have been the likely outcome had these factors not been present? Multiple Choice Answer Options: A) Nazi Germany would have won World War II B) Nazi Germany would have lost World War II C) The outcome of World War II would have been uncertain D) The war would have ended in a stalemate
EON eLearning Series Cantonese/Mandarin - 狐假虎威, iPhone Edition Por EON Media Limited Abre iTunes para comprar y descargar Apps. Chinese may look like a difficult language to master. However, you can get a good understanding of the language after learning 100+ Chinese characters. It is a good first step to know how to pronounce a character and its associated meaning. Learning how to write a character in the proper Stroke Order will help you tremendously in remembering the character. Seeing how a character is used in a phrase will greatly expand your knowledge of the character and assist you to construct Chinese sentences. EON eLearning Series aims to teach you both Mandarin (Putonghua) and Cantonese through simple story. It will read out the story in Mandarin and Cantonese with the reading synchronize to text highlighting. You can also tap on any phrase or character in the book to see how that is pronounced individually. In addition, it will provide you the meaning in English to help you understand the phrase/character better. You can see how the character is written using the correct Stroke Order by tapping on the phrase in the annotation. In addition, you can write out the character for yourself or even test yourself to see if you know how to write the character correctly. This book contains both Traditional and Simplified Chinese. 狐假虎威 is the second book in the series. It contains only 97 unique Chinese characters and that is already sufficient to tell the story. After going through the book, you should have a good understanding of how each of the 97 characters as to - How they are pronounced in Mandarin and Cantonese. - How to write them. - The meaning of each character. - The meaning of the phrases they appeared in. At 20 characters a day, it only takes 5 days to learn them. That’s not too difficult a task. After you have mastered them, you can try out our other book 嫦娥奔月which contains 137 unique characters, many of which you will probably know after going through this book. You will be surprise at how you can quickly build up your Chinese vocabulary that will enable you to communicate meaningfully in the language. Novedades de la versión 1.1 Added Autoflip - Story will continue to end when read if Auto Flip is checked in Setting. Added Listening Test based on Leitner system with 5 baskets. Capturas de pantalla del iPhone - USD 1.99 - Categoría: Educación - Actualizado : 13/01/2011 - Versión: 1.1 - Tamaño: 16.6 MB - Idioma: Inglés - Vendedor: Kuen Chau - © EON Media Limited Compatibilidad: Requiere iOS 4.2 o posterior. Compatible con iPhone, iPad y iPod touch.
It is known that the generation of seafarers who will be sailing in the following years, is being born into a world where eSports are as popular as regular sports, work and school can be conducted remotely and the internet can provide everything, from communication, entertainment to food, on-demand. s a result of the digitalization era and due to improved connectivity, remote monitoring, remote-control ships and remote pilotage will become more widespread. At the same time, automation will doubtless change many aspects of life at sea, but for those who remain at sea, many of these changes will be for the better. To remind, between 2003 and 2012, seafarers were 21.6 times more likely to die in workplace accidents than those in the general workforce ashore. As automation takes over the dull, dirty and dangerous tasks, from watchkeeping to tank inspections, seafarers will be free to focus on the safer and more interesting tasks. What is more, according to a report from Inmarsat, the port technologies are expected to reduce port turnaround times and low crewing levels making shore leave impractical. In fact, those who physically go to sea in 2050 will spend most of their time on board. As explained, better living conditions help to mitigate the challenges of being stuck on a ship, but strong people skills are just as important. ‘In the future, going to sea is more likely to be a stepping-stone to a career ashore. With smaller crews, fewer people will have the opportunity for practical seagoing experience; those that do may find their skills are more in demand when they are ready to transition into shore-based roles such as shore control stations. With high-demand for seafarers ashore, it is possible they will no longer be forced to choose between family and career.’ Further on, smaller crews, alternative fuels, wind-assisted ships, and more complex on-board technology will be the norm. This combination means that the seafarers of the future will need a higher level of technical training than seafarers today. Even in 2021, small crews have more interdepartmental cooperation and less job-demarcation than large crews. In 2050, seafarer training will likely reflect this, with less specialization, more flexibility, and more emphasis on continuous professional development (CPD). As Inmarsat explains, seafarer training will therefore likely focus on making the best use of the assistive technologies. ‘Just as celestial navigation is taught as a fallback navigation method today, we could see the basics of electronics and manual fault-finding taught as a fallback in 2050. As the role of seafarers onboard moves to one that is more focused on monitoring, they will have less opportunity to practice and develop hands-on skills. Virtual reality and advanced simulation will help to bridge that gap’. Overall, there is no doubt that industry will need to invest heavily in the skills shift and ensure that everyone involved in the operation or maintenance of the shipping fleet has the hard skills they need to do the job.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Review of the anatomy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: The GI tract is comprised of a hollow tube through which food, fluid, and other bowel contents pass. The “tube” has multiple layers including a superficial layer called the mucosal layer and deeper muscular layers (see figure 1). The mucosal layer contains structures like glands or crypts that are responsible for secretion and absorption. The muscular layers are responsible for moving contents through the bowel (contraction and peristalsis). The GI tract can be broken down into the upper GI tract and the lower GI tract. The upper GI tract is made up of the mouth (oropharynx), swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagous), the stomach, and the first part of the small bowel (duodenum). Two organs, the pancreas and liver, secrete products that help with digestion in the duodenum. Digestion, the breaking down of food into small particles, primarily takes place in the upper GI tract. The lower GI tract is made up of the second and third parts of the small bowel (jejunum and ileum), the large bowel, and the rectum. Absorption of nutrients from food takes place primarily in the jejunum and the ileum, while absorption of water takes place primarily in the colon. Digestive waste (feces) is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What is it and What Causes it? Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract. The exact cause is not yet known. However, research done to date suggests that the disease develops as a result of an interaction between multiple factors including: 1) an individual’s genetic make-up (genes) and 2) environmental factors. Environmental factors can include the type and number of bacteria that live in the bowel, the content of the diet a person eats or whether or not an individual smokes (see Table 1 for environmental factors known to influence the development and severity of IBD). The two most common forms of IBD are Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC). Although these two types of IBD can be distinguished on the basis of signs, symptoms and diagnostic tests, many features can overlap making the diagnosis of CD versus UC challenging at times (see Table 2 for distinguishing features of CD and UC). Risk Factors for IBD - Living in northern region - High levels of cleanliness in childhood Table 2: Crohn’s Disease vs. Ulcerative Colitis \|Crohn’s Disease\|\|Ulcerative Colitis\| Entire GI tract. \|Depth of involvement\|\| May include deeper muscular tissues. Superficial (mucosal) layer only \|Peak age of onset\|\| \|Number of cases per 100,000\|\| \|Can be cured with surgery\|\| How Common is IBD? The number of people affected by IBD varies from country to country and even between different groups within the same country. In Canada, it is estimated that 6 in every 1000 people has IBD, one of the highest rates in the world. Who gets IBD? IBD is more common in people with a family history of IBD. The risk of IBD in an individual with an immediate family member with IBD is about 10% (1 out of every 10 people) compared to 0.6% (6 out of every 1000) in the general Canadian population. IBD is also more common in urban populations than rural populations as well as industrialized nations versus developing nations. It is unclear exactly why this is, but research suggests that it may be a result of living in an environment which is “too clean”, causing the body’s immune system to become intolerant of bacteria in the GI tract (also know as the hygiene hypothesis). IBD is most common amongst Caucasians living in North America, the United Kingdom and northern Europe. However, studies show that rates in other parts of the world, such as southern and central Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America are increasing. People of Asian, Hispanic, and Aboriginal decent living in North America are less likely to get IBD than Caucasian North Americans. However, the rates of IBD in African American populations are similar to that of Caucasian North Americans. Current research studies also suggest that IBD may be more common amongst groups of people living in more northern regions, even within the same country. The reason for the increased rate of IBD in northern regions is not yet understood. IBD is typically diagnosed during the second and third decades of life, but a diagnosis can be made at any age. UC is equally common in men and women; CD is slightly more common in women. How Do I Know if I Have IBD? What are the Symptoms? Ulcerative Colitis (UC) UC is a form of IBD that affects the large bowel (colon) only. The inflammation of UC is confined to the mucosal layer and, as a result, leads to different types of disease-related signs, symptoms, and complications. The inflammation of UC almost always affects the rectum and extends in a continuous fashion involving the surface of the colon to various lengths. The signs and symptoms of UC depend on the severity of inflammation and where it occurs. UC commonly presents with crampy abdominal pain and diarrhea, which may contain blood, pus, or mucus. Some people may have a sense that they have not completely emptied their bowels or that they have to strain to do so. This is called tenesmus. Other signs include loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, nausea, and vomiting. CD is a form of IBD that can affect both the upper and lower GI tract. CD most commonly affects the ileum, colon or both (see figure 1). The inflammation of CD extends through all layers of the GI tract (transmural inflammation) and therefore often results in the development of disease-related complications over time including bowel narrowing and scarring (stricturing) leading to bowel obstruction, ulceration through the bowel wall (perforation), and the development of tracts that connect the bowel to adjacent organs and structures (fistulae). Complications such as these usually require surgery in order to fix them. Similar to UC, the signs and symptoms of CD depend on where the inflammation occurs in the GI tract, and on the severity of the inflammation. Diarrhea is common, often with abdominal pain that is relieved by defecation. Bloody diarrhea is less common in CD than in UC. Other common signs and symptoms are fatigue, decreased appetite, weight loss, and fever. What Are the Complications of IBD? IBD can lead to the development of complications. Complications of IBD can have serious health consequences. Your doctor can help explain how to recognize complications of IBD and how to decrease your risk. Complications of UC Bleeding and iron loss. Inflammation and ulcers of the bowel can cause damage to lining as well as to the blood vessels of the bowel, which may lead to bleeding. This bleeding can be slow or brisk. If severe, the bleeding can be life threatening. Toxic megacolon. Toxic megacolon refers to a significant dilatation of the large bowel. It causes severe pain and may lead to perforation (rupture of the bowel) and serious, life-threatening infection if not treated immediately. Bowel perforation (hole in the bowel). Rupture of the bowel occurs when an intestinal ulcer erodes through the bowel wall and causes the intestinal contents, including bacteria, to leak into the abdominal cavity. This can lead to serious infection and requires immediate treatment usually involving antibiotics and surgery. If the perforation is small (microperforation), usually the body can seal it off and contain the spread of bacteria. Osteoporosis. The disease itself (IBD) in combination with diets low in calcium and vitamin D and the use of certain drugs used to treat IBD significantly increases risk of developing osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak, brittle bones. This increases a person’s risk of breaking a bone (bone fracture). Colon cancer. Individuals with IBD have an increased risk of developing colon cancer. Things that increase an individual’s risk of developing IBD-related colon cancer are listed in Table 3. Regular screening is important to ensure detection of early signs of colon cancer. In the case of IBD early signs of colon cancer are abnormal cells that are detected under the microscope by doctors who examine intestinal biopsy samples. It is gener- ally suggested that patients with IBD for 8 years or more involving significant portions of the large bowel begin a colon cancer surveillance program. However, if you have a diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) you should start to have surveillance performed as soon as your IBD has been diagnosed. Surveillance involves having a colonoscopy with biopsies once every one to two years. Table 3: Risk factors for developing colon cancer in IBD - Family history of colon cancer - Associated diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis - Increased length of time since diagnosis - Increased extent of disease (i.e. how much of the bowel is affected) - Increased frequency and number of exacerbations - Ulcerative colitis is higher risk than Crohn’s Disease Malnutrition. Diarrhea, cramping and pain can make it difficult for some people with UC to eat a healthy diet. Table 4: Signs & symptoms of malabsorption - Diarrhea, especially with pale, bulky, malodorous stools - Unintentional weight loss - Flatulence (gas) - Edema (puffiness, usually in the legs and feet, caused by water retention) Complications of CD Stricture. Over time, CD can cause scarring, leading to a narrowing of the bowel called a stricture. The symptoms of a stricture will depend on the severity, but in extreme cases, can cause obstruction of the bowel. Fistula. CD can cause ulcers that penetrate through the wall of the bowel, creating an abnormal connection between different parts of the bowel, or between the bowel and the skin, bladder, or vagina. Fistulae can cause serious infection if left untreated, and may require surgery. Malnutrition. Diarrhea, cramping and pain can make it difficult for some people with CD to eat a healthy diet. Furthermore, CD can decrease absorption of important nutrients from food, as well as medications used to treat CD (malabsorption). Malabsorption can lead to profound weight loss, the development of other conditions such as osteoporosis and anemia. Please refer to Table 4 for the symptoms and signs of malabsorption. Perianal and Perineal disease. People with CD are at risk of developing perianal fissures (ulcers near the anus), perianal skin tags (enlarged pieces of scar tissue surround the anus), perianal fistulae and abscess (a pocket of infected fluid near the anus), or incontinence (inability to control bowel movements as a result of severe anorectal inflammation). Sometimes patients can develop fistulae and abscesses in the perineal region as well. Bowel adhesions. Adhesions are bands of scar tissue that form between different parts of the bowel, often after surgery. Occasionally, adhesions cause obstruction of the bowel that must be corrected with surgery. Can Other Parts of My Body be Affected if I have IBD? Both UC and CD may present with signs and symptoms that occur outside of the GI tract (extraintestinal manifestations). These are caused by inflammation that occurs in other organs such as skin, eyes and joints. - Erythema nodosum : are hot, red, tender nodules that measure 1-5 cm in diameter and can be found on the lower legs, calves, thighs, and arms. - Psoriasis is a skin condition that presents as a raised, red patch or plaques covered with a scaly, silvery layer of dead skin cells. These plaques are often itchy. - Erythema nodosum & Pyoderma gangrenosum : is an uncommon skin condition that begins as small pustule that develops into a large ulcer. It is more common in UC than CD. Skin conditions like erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum are often mistaken for skin infections. - Arthritis : is an inflammation of the joints. It is more common in CD and may affect more than one joint, different joints on each side of the body, and may affect different joints at different times. It usually affects large joints of the upper and lower limbs, such as shoulders, elbows, and knees. Occasionally, it may affect joints of the spine and pelvis, appearing as low back pain or buttock pain. - IBD may cause symptoms such as eye pain, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and headache. If you experience any of these symptoms tell your doctor or see an eye specialist immediately. - Individuals with IBD are at increased risk of kidney stones. Liver & Gallbladder: - IBD may lead to changes in the liver, causing it to become fatty and enlarged. Some individuals with IBD may develop Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC), a related autoimmune disease that can cause jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes). People with IBD are also a risk of developing gallstones, which may cause abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Can IBD Be Treated? There are many different types of medications available in the treatment of CD and UC. Your doctor’s choice of medication will depend on the severity, location and behavior of your disease as well as the goals of treatment. Treatment options for CD and UC are similar, but the effectiveness of the different medications available may differ between CD and UC. To induce and maintain remission of symptoms, drugs that reduce inflammation (5-ASA) orsuppress the body’s immune response may be used. Immunosuppressant drugs such as Azathioprine (Imuran®), 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate work to decrease the body’s general immune response. Other types of immunosuppressants called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, such as infliximab (Remicade®) or adalimumab (Humira®) act more specifically on parts of the immune system believed to be part of the problem in IBD. Your doctor can help you decide which treatment is right for you. Some of the immunosuppressant drugs may take several weeks or even months to have their full effect while others work quickly. Drugs that work quickly are used to induce remission. Medications such as steroids can have serious side effects if they are used long-term, so they are generally used for shorter periods of time or until another drug has a chance to take effect. Sometimes, despite the best available medical treatment, surgery is necessary. If your IBD does not respond to medication, if complications such as fistulae or obstruction develop, or if the risk of medical therapy is felt to be greater than the risk of surgery, it may be necessary to remove the affected area of the bowel. Some individuals with UC undergo surgery to remove their colon (refer to module 3). Since UC affects only the colon, the GI symptoms of UC might be cured with this surgery. Unfortunately, since CD can affect any part of the GI tract, it usually cannot be cured with this type of surgery and almost always recurs after a surgery. What is the prognosis? IBD (both UC and CD) is a life-long and incurable disease. However, in most patients the symptoms can be effectively managed with the right combination of therapies. The majority of patients with IBD typically experience episodes of disease activity followed by periods of remission, which can vary in length from several weeks to years. It is often difficult to determine how someone with newly diagnosed IBD will do over time. However, some factors have been identified that are associated with more aggressive disease. Please see Table 5 for a list of such clinical predictors. Table 5: Clinical predictors of disease severity: - Age <40 years at time of diagnosis - Need for steroid treatment at time of diagnosis - Perianal disease - High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood at time of diagnosis - Presence of certain proteins (calprotectin, lactoferrin) in the feces - Beaugerie L, Seksik P, Nion-Larmurier I, Gendre JP, Cosnes J. (2006). Predictors of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, 130, 650-656. - Bernstein CN, Wajda A, Svenson LW, MacKenzie A, Koehoorn M, Jackson M, Fedoruk R, Israel D, Blanchard JF. (2006). The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada: A population-based study. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 101, 1559-1568. - Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of Canada. (2008). The Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada. Retrieved Jan 22, 2011 from http://www.ccfc.ca/site/c.ajIRK4NLLhJ0E/b.6431205/k.884D/The_Burden_of_ IBD_in_Canada.htm - Friedman Sonia, Blumberg Richard S. “Chapter 289. Inflammatory Bowel Disease” (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e. Retrieved Jan 22, 2011 from http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2883197 - Loftus EV. (2004). Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence and environmental influences. Gastroenterology. 126, 1504-1517. - Loftus EV, Schoenfeld P, Sandborn WJ. (2002). The epidemiology and natural history of Crohn’s disease in population-based cohorts from North America: A systematic review. Alimentary Pharmacological Therapy, 16, 51-60. - Moore KL, Agur AMR. (2007). Abdomen. Essential Clinical Anatomy. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 117-201. - Zisman TL, Rubin DT. (2010). Novel diagnostic and prognostic modalities in inflammatory bowel disease. Medical Clinics of North America. 94, 155-178. - Cosnes J, Cattan S, Blain A, et al. Long-term evolution of disease behavior of Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002;8:244-50. Handout designed by Jennifer Jones MD, MSc and Bev Wudel MD, University of Saskatchewan. Funding for this project provided by the Interprofessional Health Collaborative of Saskatchewan and the Saskatoon Health Region.
The Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adult Asthmatics* Background: Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often coexist. However, the results of the studies investigating the prevalence of CERD among patients with asthma vary greatly. Study objective: To investigate the prevalence of GERD in adult patients with asthma. Subjects and methods: The basic study population consisted of 2,225 asthmatic patients who were treated in six specialist-headed hospitals during 1 year. From the common computer-based discharge register, every 14th patient was randomly selected for the study. Ninety of the 149 contacted patients (60%) agreed to participate in the study. Twenty-four-hour esophageal pH monitoring was performed on all patients. Results: GERD was found in 32 of the patients (36%). Eight of these patients (25%) were free from classical reflux symptoms. Forty- seven of the 90 patients (52%) presented with typical reflux symptoms. Twenty-four of these patients (51%) were found to have abnormal acidic reflux. Conclusions: According to the current study, one third of adult patients with asthma have GERD. These patients often do not have typical reflux symptoms. However, the presence of typical reflux symptoms in an asthmatic patient does not seem to guarantee the presence of abnormal acidic reflux. (CHEST 2004; 126:1490-1494) Key words: asthma; gastroesophageal reflux disease; prevalence Abbreviations: ATS = American Thoracic Society; GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease: LES = lower esophageal sphincter Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder, with almost 20% of the US population suffering from its classical symptoms at least weekly.1 Using daily heartburn and/or regurgitation as indicators, it has been estimated that up to 10% of Finns may have GERD.2 In adult patients with asthma, GERD appears to be even more common,3,4 and can be present without any classical reflux symptoms in these patients.5 GERD is a potential trigger for asthma.6 However, airway obstruction and some asthma medications may induce esophageal reflux.7-10 The results of the studies investigating the prevalence of GERD among asthmatics vary greatly. The studies11-14 using 24-h esophageal pH monitoring report GERD prevalences ranging from 32 to 82%, and sometimes even higher prevalences have been reported.15 The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of GERD among adult patients with asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The basic study population consisted of all adult patients examined because of asthma in the following specialist-headed (respiratory or internal medicine) hospitals: Tampere University Hospital; Regional Hospitals of Mntt, Valkeakoski, and Vammala; and the City Hospitals of Nokia and Tampere during 1990. The establishment of the study group was based on a common computer- based discharge register. Altogether, 2.225 patients with asthma attended the outpatient clinics or were treated on the wards of the study hospitals during that year. A random sample of 158 asthmatics was formed by arranging the patients in ascending order according to date of birth and social security number, and selecting every 14th patient for the sample. From further investigation were excluded two patients whose asthma diagnosis was not made according to American Thoracic Society (ATS) criteria, three patients because of an erroneous personal code in the register, and tour patients because of death. Ninety of the remaining 149 patients (60%) agreed to participate. Demographic data of the patients are shown in Table 1. Table 1-Demographic Data of the 90 Patients Participating in the Study* After establishment of the study population, the medical records of the patients were reviewed in order to ensure that the diagnosis of asthma was made according to the ATS guidelines.16 The patients were first informed about the study by mail, and were then contacted by telephone and asked to participate in the study. A 24-h esophageal pH monitoring was performed on all patients participating in the study. During the pH monitoring, patients filled in a demographic questionnaire including questions about their pulmonary and gastric symptoms. Among the other questions, patients were asked: “do you have heartburn at least once a week” and “do you have regurgitation at least once a week?” Patients were considered to be free of typical GERD symptoms if they reported heartburn and/or regurgitation less than weekly.14 Pulmonary function tests were done during the same visit when the pH monitoring was completed. All study-related interventions were done during the years 1992 and 1993. The definition for GERD is not unambiguous.17 For the current study. GERD was defined as abnormally high acid exposure time in the distal esophagus during 24-h esophageal pH monitoring. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tampere University Hospital, and every patient gave written informed consent. Twenty-Four-Hour Esophageal pH Monitoring After an overnight fast, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was located by manometry using a solid-state pressure transducer (Sentron 92-3001; Sentron Europe BV; Roden, Netherlands) connected to the LES identifier (Synectics Medical; Stockholm, Sweden). Esophageal pH recordings were made using dual monocrystant antimony pH catheters with 15 cm spacing the two pH electrodes (Synectics Medical), which were calibrated in buffer solutions of pH 1.0 and 7.0 before and at completion of each procedure. The pH catheter was passed transnasally into the esophagus, and the distal pH electrode was positioned 5 cm above the previously manometrically determined LES. An external reference electrode was attached to the skin of the chest wall. Esophageal pH was monitored 5 cm and 20 cm above the LES. and stored at 4-s intervals in a portable recorder (Digitrapper Mk II Gold; Synectics Medical) After the recording, the data were downloaded into a computer using appropriate analysis software (Esophogram 5.50; Gastrosoft; Irving, TX). Esophageal pH monitoring results were considered to be abnormal if total time pH 5.4%. During the pH monitoring, patients carried out their daily routines. All of the patients had been asked to stop possible histamine type-2 blocker or proton-pump inhibitor therapy for at least 1 week, and possible antacid therapy for at least 3 days before the pH monitoring. Pulmonary Function Tests Flow-volume spirometry (Medikro 101; Medikro; Kuopio, Finland) was performed on all patients, and at least two repeatable flow- volume curves were recorded. Finnish reference values were utilized.18 A methacholine bronchial challenge19 was then performed on all patients whose FEV^sub 1^ was > 45% of predicted. During the challenge, methacholine chloride was nebulized in five cumulative doses of 18, 72, 270, 810, and 2,600 g, and spirometry was repeated after each dose. The challenge was stopped when FEV^sub 1^ fell ≥ 20% compared to baseline, or when 2,600 g of methacholine had been administered. A patient was considered to have bronchial hyperresponsiveness if his/her FEV^sub 1^ decreased ≥ 20% during the challenge. Prior to the pulmonary function tests, the patients were not allowed to use inhaled sympathomimetics for at least 8 h. Oral sympathomimetics and inhaled anticholinergics were withheld for at least 12 h, and theophylline was withheld for 48 h before pulmonary function tests. Descriptive analysis was used unless otherwise noted; p Fifty-nine subjects (40%) in the original sample refused to participate in the study. The only difference between the study group and those refusing was that the nonparticipants were younger than study subjects (p = 0.01 with χ^sup 2^ test). Of the 90 patients participating in the study, 75 patients had FEV^sub 1^ > 45% of predicted and were thus challenged with methacholine. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was found in 52 of these patients (69%). Mean duration of the pH monitoring was 22.1 h (range, 19.5 to 23.5 h). Abnormal acidic reflux into the distal esophagus was documented in 32 of the patients (36%). Eight of these patients (25%) were free from typical GERD symptoms. As to demographic data, the patients with abnormal acidic reflux (n = 32) did not differ from those without (n = 58). Due to the small number of patients, the symptomatic (n = 24) and nonsymptomatic (n = 8) patients with GERD were not compared statistically. Detailed results of the pH monitoring are shown in Table 2. Forty-seven of the patients (52%) presented with typical GERD symptoms. Twenty-four of these patients (51%) were found to have GERD in the pH monitoring. The association between FEV^sub 1^ (percentage of predicted) and pH parameters was assessed with the Pearson correlation coefficient. No significant correlation between FEV^sub 1^ and pH parameters in the distal esophagus could he detected. Neither was there a significant association between FEV^sub 1^ and pH parameters in the proximal esophagus, except a weak association between FEV^sub 1^ and the number of reflux episodes (r = 0.29, p Table 2-Results of 24-h Esophageal pH Monitoring in 90 Asthmatic Patients Participating in the Study* This study revealed two important findings. First\ly, there is a high prevalence of GERD among patients with asthma. However, the prevalence of GERD in patients with asthma appears not to he as high as reported by some previous studies.12,14,15 Secondly, substantial acidic reflux can be present in patients with asthma without typical reflux symptoms. However, the presence of classical reflux symptoms in an asthmatic patient does not seem to guarantee the presence of pathologic acidic esophageal reflux. In a previous study14 by our group, 24-h esophageal pH monitoring was performed on 107 patients with asthma, and GERD was found in 53% of the patients investigated. However, since we were not able to investigate consecutive patients, it is possible that the result is biased. After excluding patients who were referred because of typical GERD symptoms, Sontag et al12 performed 24-h esophageal pH monitoring on 104 consecutive asthmatic patients. GERD was found in 82% of the patients. Unfortunately, they did not report how many patients refused and how many patients had to be excluded. Although selection bias was attempted to he avoided in that study,12 it is highly possible that the result may be upwardly biased. In addition to possible selection bias, the high GERD prevalence found in that study might also partly be due to the fact that Sontag et al12 defined abnormal reflux separately for upright and supine positions, not for total esophageal acid exposure time as the other studies11,13,14 did. More recently, Avidan et al20 performed ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring on 128 consecutive asthmatic patients. Unfortunately, that study20 was focused only on the temporal association between reflux episodes and pulmonary symptoms, and no GERD prevalence was reported. Nagel et al11 performed esophageal pH monitoring on 44 patients with asthma, of whom 15 patients (34%) were found to have GERD. Vincent et al13 investigated 105 consecutive asthmatic patients with ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. In their study,13 the prevalence of GERD was found to be 32%. In accordance with these two studies,11,13 the current study, using a random sample of asthmatics, found GERD in one third of the patients. It is of interest that a great number of the patients who were found to have GERD were free from typical reflux symptoms. This is substantiated by other studies.5,13,14 For example, Harding et al5 performed 24-h esophageal pH monitoring on 26 patients with stable asthma without typical reflux symptoms. In that study,5 abnormal esophageal acidic reflux was found in 62% of the patients. In the present study, or in the study by Harding et al,5 no endoscopies were performed, and one could therefore speculate that perhaps the presence of esophagitis might be important for the presence of classical reflux symptoms. However, there appears to be only a poor correlation between esophagitis and classical reflux symptoms.21 The authors accept that there are some limitations in the current study. Firstly, GERD was defined as pH 5.4% of the total registration time. Most of the studies mentioned above used the reference values described by Johnson and DeMeester,22 using a 4.2% cutoff point to determine abnormal esophageal acid exposure time. However, other reference values use a 5.8% cutoff point to determine abnormal esophageal acid exposure,23 and for example the study by Harding et al5 used these reference values. In general, there are several different reference values for 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, and these differ only slightly.22-24 Thus, using our definition for GERD is not believed to be a major source of error in the present study. Secondly, 40% of the original study population refused to participate in the study. Thus, although using a random sample of asthmatic patients, the possibility of selection bias is present also in the current study. However, 60% of the patients participated, which can be interpreted as an excellent result when such a semi-invasive technique as 24-h esophageal pH monitoring is used. Moreover, those participating in the study and those refusing were not found to differ, except for the age. Thirdly, prior to the pulmonary function tests, and at the same time prior to the pH monitoring, a washout period in certain antiasthmatic drugs was held, and this prevented us to investigate the possible effects of these drugs on esophageal acid contact times. Finally, almost one third of the patients challenged with methacholine did not present with bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This might get one to question whether these patients actually had asthma. However, it must be kept in mind that 70% of the patients were receiving inhaled, and 6% were using oral corticosteroids, which are known to reduce bronchial responsiveness.25 Moreover, the medical records of the patients were reviewed in order to ensure that the diagnosis of asthma was made according to the ATS criteria.16 It has been suggested that airway obstruction may increase the negative pleural pressure, thereby increasing the pressure gradient across the diaphragm favoring gastroesophageal reflux, and that air trapping leads to flattening of the diaphragm and possibly weakens the antireflux barrier.26 Therefore, one could have expected to see a negative correlation between the severity of GERD and pulmonary function in the current study. We found no such correlation. On the contrary, there was a weak positive association between FEV^sub 1^ and two pH variables in the proximal esophagus. However, because these associations were very weak, and no other correlations could be found, they are concluded to be due to coincidence. The lack of correlation between asthma severity and the severity of GERD in our study may be due to the fact that the pathophysiology of GERD is very complex, and several other factors than transdiaphragmatic pressure influence the esophageal reflux. Nevertheless, on the basis of the previous studies, it is apparent that increased airway obstruction increases gastroesophageal reflux in asthmatics.7 The role of nonacidic reflux in the pathogenesis of reflux- associated respiratory conditions is yet to be solved. Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH measurement is a promising new technique that hopefully will clarify this issue in the future.27 However, possible nonacidic reflux might, at least partly, explain why in the current study only 51% of the patients who presented with classical reflux symptoms were found to have GERD in the esophageal pH monitoring. Other explanations might include possible alterations in normal eating and activity patterns during the pH monitoring, and possible day-to-day variation of reflux. It is well documented that airway obstruction and some medicines commonly used for asthma treatment can induce esophageal reflux.7- 10 There is also evidence that in asthmatic patients with GERD, more severe reflux disease predicts favorable asthma outcome after acid suppressive therapy.28,29 This tempts one to speculate that mild GERD often found in asthmatic patients could be caused by asthma medication or by asthma itself, whereas only more severe GERD is capable of aggravating asthma. The above hypothesis explains the high prevalence of GERD found in asthmatic patients, but could also explain the inconsistent results of the intervention studies.4,26,30,31 Namely, patients with relatively mild GERD (which could be caused by asthma rather than be a trigger for asthma) have also been included in most of the treatment studies.14,28,32-35 To conclude, according to the current data, one third of adult asthmatic patients have GERD. These patients do not often have typical reflux symptoms such as heartburn or regurgitation. However, the presence of typical reflux symptoms in an asthmatic patient does not seem to guarantee the presence of pathologic acidic esophageal reflux. * From the Departments of Pulmonary Diseases (Dr. Kiljander) and Clinical Physiology (Dr. Laitinen), Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 1 Locke GR, Talley NJ, Fett SL, et al. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:1448-1456 2 Isolauri J, Laippala P. Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in an adult population. Ann Med 1995; 27:67-70 3 Harding SM, Sontag SJ. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95(suppl 8):S23-S32 4 Kiljander TO. The role of proton pump inhibitors in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease-related asthma and chronic cough. Am J Med 2003; 115(suppl 3A):65S-71S 5 Harding SM, Guzzo MR, Richter JE. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma patients without reflux symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:34-39 6 Richter JE. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma: the two are directly related. Am J Med 2000; 108(suppl 4A):153S-158S 7 Zerbib F, Guisset O, Lamouliatte H, et al. Effects of bronchial obstruction on lower esophageal sphincter motility and gastroesophageal reflux in patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1206-1211 8 Lazenby JP, Guzzo MR, Harding SM, et al. Oral corticosteroids increase esophageal acid contact times in patients with stable asthma. Chest 2002; 121:625-634 9 Crowell MD, Zayat EN, Lacy BE, et al. The effects of an inhaled β^sub 2^-adrenergic agonist on lower esophageal function: a dose-response study. Chest 2001; 120:1184-1189 10 Stein MR, Towner TG, Weber RW, et al. The effect on theophylline on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Ann Allergy 1980; 45:238-241 11 Nagel RA, Brown P, Perks WH, et al. Ambulatory pH monitoring of gastro-oesophageal reflux in “morning dipper” asthmatics. BMJ 1988; 297:1371-1373 12 Sontag SJ, O’Connel S, Khandelwal S, et al. Most asthmatics have gastroesophageal reflux with or without bronchodilator therapy. Gastroenterology 1990;99:613-620 13 Vincent D, Cohen-Jonathan AM, Leport J, et al. Gastro- oesophageal reflux prevalence and relationship with bronchial reactivity in asthma. Eur Respir J 1997; 10:2255-2259 14 Kiljander TO, Salomaa E-RM, Hietanen EK, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in asthmatics: a double-blind, placebo- controlled crossover study with omeprazole. Chest 1999; 116:1257- 1264 15 Larrain A, Carrasco E, Galleguillos F, et al. Medical and surgical treatment of nonallergic asthma associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Chest 1991; 99:1330-1335 16 American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:225-244 17 DeVault KR, Castell DO. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:1434-1442 18 Viljanen AA, Haittunen PK, Kreus KE, et al. Spirometric studies in non-smoking, healthy adults. Scand J Clin Invest 1982; 42(suppl 159):5-20 19 Nieminen MM, Lahdensuo A, Kellomaeki L, et al. Methacholine bronchial challenge using a dosimeter with controlled trial breathing. Thorax 1988; 43:896-900 20 Avidan B, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG, et al. Temporal association between coughing or wheezing and acid reflux in asthmatics. Gut 2001; 49:767-772 21 Voutilainen M, Sipponen P, Mecklin JP, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: prevalence, clinical, endoscopic and histopathological findings in 1,128 consecutive patients referred for endoscopy due to dyspeptic and reflux symptoms. Digestion 2000; 61:3-13 22 Johnson LF, DeMeester TR. Twenty-four-hour pH monitoring of the distal esophagus: a quantitative measure of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 1974; 62:325-332 23 Richter JE, Bradley LA, DeMeester TR, et al. Normal 24-hr ambulatory esophageal pH values: influence of study center, pH electrode, age and gender. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:849-856 24 Jamieson JR, Stein HJ, DeMeester TR, et al. Ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH monitoring: normal values, optimal thresholds, specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87:1102-1111 25 Sovijrvi ARA, Haahtela T, Ekroos HJ, et al. Sustained reduction in bronchial hyperresponsiveness with inhaled fluticasone propionate within three days in mild asthma: time course after onset and cessation of treatment. Thorax 2003; 58:500-504 26 Alexander JA, Hunt LW, Patel AM. Prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of patients with asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Mayo Clin Prog 2000; 75:1055-1063 27 Tutuian R, Castell DO. Use of multichannel intraluminal impedance to document proximal esophageal and pharyngeal nonacidic reflux episodes. Am J Med 2003; 115(suppl 3A):119S-123S 28 Harding SM, Richter JE, Guzzo MR, et al. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux: acid suppressive therapy improves asthma outcome. Am J Med 1996; 100:395-405 29 Kiljander T, Salomaa E-R, Hietanen E, et al. Asthma and gastro- oesophageal reflux: can the response to anti-reflux therapy be predicted? Respir Med 2001; 95:387-392 30 Field SK, Sutherland LR. Does medical antireflux therapy improve asthma in asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux? A critical review of the literature. Chest 1998; 114:275-283 31 Coughlan JL, Gibson PG, Henry RL. Medical treatment for reflux esophagitis does not consistently improve asthma control: a systematic review. Thorax 2001; 56:198-204 32 Ford GA, Oliver PS, Prior JS, et al. Omeprazole in the treatment of asthmatics with nocturnal symptoms and gastro- oesophageal reflux: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Postgrad Med J 1994; 70:350-354 33 Teichtahl H, Kronborg IJ, Yeomans ND, et al. Adult asthma and gastro-oesophageal reflux: the effects of omeprazole therapy on asthma. Aust N Z J Med 1996; 26:671-676 34 Levin TR, Sperling RM, McQuaid KR. Omeprazole improves peak expiratory flow rate and quality of life in asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:1060-1063 35 Boeree MJ, Peters FTM, Postma DS, et al. No effects of high- dose omeprazole in patients with severe airway hyperresponsiveness and (a)symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux. Eur Respir J 1998; 11:1070-1074 Toni O. Kiljander, MD, PhD; and Jukka O. Laitinen, MD, PhD Manuscript received September 30, 2003; revision accepted June 1, 2004. Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org). Correspondence to: Toni Kiljander, MD, PhD, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, FIN- 33521 Tampere, Finland; e-mail: email@example.com Copyright American College of Chest Physicians Nov 2004
Millions of Americans have been dealing with unwanted dark patches on their faces for many years. The dark patches you are seeing are called Melasma. Melasma is a tan to brown skin discoloration that causes irregular dark patches of skin, primarily affecting the face, although other areas of the body can be involved. While anyone can get melasma, it is more common in women, and it is thought to be caused by sun exposure, genetic predisposition, hormonal changes, and skin irritation. Treating unwanted pigment is a long term endeavor and while unwanted pigment seems to worsen in the sunny summer months, year round protection is key. Goals of treatment are to limit ultraviolet radiation and to use topical products that prevent melanin production and transfer. Some tricks of the trade: - Protection from UV exposure is key! A broad spectrum SPF 30 or higher, containing mineral ingredients titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide, should be applied every day and every 80 minutes if enjoying yourself outdoors - Mineral-based sunscreen’s are preferable over chemical sunscreens because UVA, UVB and visible lights are all capable of stimulating pigment production - A daily topical Vitamin C should also be used each morning to decrease inflammation and further protect the pigment cells from becoming activated from UV light - Oral daily antioxidants such as Polypodium leucotomas can also be helpful to decrease the inflammatory effects of UV exposure - Hats, sunglasses, umbrellas and other photo protective gear should be used when enjoying the outdoors - Lasers and lights and peels may be helpful for the management, not cure, of Melasma For the record, you are BEAUTIFUL and we are simply looking out for the health of your skin!
Science centers, museums, zoos, parks, and nature centers provide the perfect setting to encourage your students to become lifelong science learners. Television, radio, and the internet also offer opportunities for students to acquire science knowledge. As you teach your students the necessary skills to distinguish science from pseudoscience and to establish the reliability of the information they read, you are preparing them to leave your classroom interested enough in science to pursue additional knowledge through avenues both formal and informal. This issue of Science Class will look at the different types of informal science available and show you how your colleagues are using informal science to supplement their Science in the News Article summaries provided by the NSTA WebNews Digest (visit for national news for science educators). This month’s news stories discuss various opportunities for exploring science outside the classroom, including viewing a television program or visiting a museum exhibit. to learn more. on the Web In this month's high school journal, The Science Teacher, NSTA members can read "Learning Lessons Through Estuaries." The link to that article is http://www.nsta.org/gateway&j=tst&n=51359. Journal Articles on Informal Science The archives of The Science Teacher provide several articles that highlight opportunities to reach students through informal Click here to read more: To read about informal science in NSTA Press and NSTA Recommends Click here for the newest titles from NSTA Press: To receive the latest NSTA catalog for your specific grade level, The December 28 issue of eSchool News featured an article that points out that "while the importance of whole-class learning is hardly new to education, it is more significant than ever… [Today,] an educator failing to reach one student can hurt a school's reputation as much as one who fails to reach the entire class." Visit http://www.eschoolnews.com/resources/reports/wholeclasslearning/index.cfm to read a collection of articles, web links, and other resources related to how technology can facilitate whole-class learning. Three exciting free Web Seminars are being offered in January, 2006: Picture-Perfect Science: January 11 Preparing for the Journey to Space: January 19 Investigating Safely: January 25 These 90-minute live professional development experiences use online learning technologies that allow you to interact with nationally acclaimed experts; NSTA Press authors; and scientists, engineers, and education specialists from NSTA government partners, such as NASA and NOAA—all from the convenience of your desktop! Educators use online tools that allow them to mark up and annotate presenters' slides, share desktop applications, or engage in chats, surveys, and polls with others online. Seminars may be archived and are available for viewing after the live event has occurred. For a full schedule of seminar topics, dates, and times for January and February, and to register, visit http://institute.nsta.org/web_seminars.asp. Registration is free, but the number of participants is limited, so register early. Seeks Elite University Status China wants to transform its top universities into the world’s best within a decade, and the country is spending billions of dollars to attract big-name scholars and build first-class research laboratories to accomplish this effort. China is focusing on science and technology, areas that not only reflect its development needs, but also mirror the preferences of an authoritarian system that restricts speech. Many Chinese academics note that the biggest drawback to this effort is the lack of academic freedom. To read the article by Howard French that first appeared in The New York Times, visit the Register-Guard at http://www.registerguard.com/news/2005/12/13/a1.chinauniversities.1213.p1.php?section=nation_world. THE FINE PRINT e-newsletter is brought to you by the National Science Teachers 1840 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201-3092
“Introduction to the study of Islam”, or any other equivalent introductory level or knowledge about Islam (in agreement with the lecturer) The rise and fall of the Arab Spring, and the eruption of Islamic militancy in the Middle East raises many political and academic questions. Although these events seem revolutionary and new, this course will show that they are indebted to certain trends that have been going on for decades. Special reference will be given to Sunni and Shi’i Muslim thinkers within such trends as traditionalism, salafism, sufism, modernism, reformism and secularism. We will discuss issues of ‘Islamic’ militancy, economics, feminism, politics and law, and study the interaction between the social and political aspects of such religious ideas and institutions on the one hand, and the emergence and developments of the Islamist movements on the other. We will closely examine the interpretations given by modern Muslim thinkers regarding Islamic primary sources (the Qur’an, Sunna, Islamic law, etc.) as responses to contemporary religious, cultural, social and political changes and challenges of modernity. Knowledge: The course offers students knowledge of a) the history of the most prominent and authoritative Muslim figures and movements and their idea developments in modern Islamic thinking, b) a typology of modern trends, and c) the main topics and concepts of Islamic thought. Insight: students will gain insight in the diversity of thinkers and trends, and their views regarding the confrontation of Muslims with modernity on the basis of different subjects, such as reformation of Islam, the relationship with the West, the status of women in Islam, Islam and politics, etc. Skills: upon the completion of the course students are expected to define and recognize the characteristics of such different typologies in Islam. Mode of instruction Lectures: 13 weeks = 26 hours. Preparation lectures and exams (studying the compulsory literature) = 114 hours The final mark is determined as follows: first written exam (40%) and final exam (60%). The resit for the final exam is only available to students whose average mark of the written exam and final exam is insufficient (< 5,49). The resit will then make up 100% of the mark. A literature list will be made available on Blackboard. In addition to the registration in uSis, students are also expected to self-enroll in Blackboard a few weeks before the course starts. Exchange and Study Abroad students, please see the Study in Leiden website for information on how to apply.
NCERT Solutions for Political Science Chapter 3 – Constitutional Design Question 1 What would have happened in South Africa of the black majority had decided to take revenge on the whites for all their oppression and exploitation? Answer If the blacks had not forgiven the whites for all their oppression and exploitation and decided to take revenge upon them, there would have been bloodshed everywhere. It could have led to a division of the country and we would not have seen a united and peaceful South Africa that exists now. Fortunately, the black community followed the policy of non-violence in their freedom struggle. (i) Make a poster on the life and struggle of Nelson Mandela. (ii) If available, read some portions of his auto-biography, The Long Walk to Freedom, in the classroom. (ii) Nelson Mandela 1) Nelson Mandela was born on 18th July, 1918. 2) He is a militant anti-apartheid activist and co-founder of ‘Umkhonto We Sizwe’ the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). 3) In 1962, he was arrested and went on to serve 27 years in prison. 4) He released on 11th February, 1990 and led the party in the multi-party negotiations that led to the country’s first multi-racial elections. 5) On 10th May, 1994, he became the first black President of South Africa. He retired in 1999 and decided not to stand for a second term. 6) In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba. 7) He has received more than 250 awards including Nobel Peace Prize (1993). Long Walk to freedom 1) In is an auto-biographical work written by Nelson Mandela. It was published in 1995. 2) The book profiles his early life coming of age, education and 27 year in prison. 3) He described political and social aspects of apartheid in South Africa and his belief that the struggle continues against apartheid in South Africa. Question 1 The image Raptures the spirit at South Africa today. South Africans call themselves a ʼrainbow nation’. Can you guess why? Answer South Africans call themselves a ‘rainbow nation’. Because there are Whites, Black, Coloured people and Indians in South Africa who have different skin colours. But they are living and working together as one people unified like the colours of a rainbow. They have forgotten the racist brutal, repressive past. Now the transformation of South Africa is truly shared by all its people. Question 2 Does the story of South African struggle for freedom remind you of the Indian national movement? Make a list of similarities and dissimilarities between the two on the following points a) Relationship between different communities b) Nature of colonialism c) Leadership: Gandhi/Mandela d) Party that led the struggle: African National Congress/Indian National Congress e) Method of struggle Answer Yes, the story of South African struggle for freedom reminds me of the Indian National Movement. 1. Nature of Colonialism During the 17th and 18th centuries, the trading companies from Europe occupied South Africa forcibly in the same way that they had occupied India. Unlike India, a large number of whites had settled in South Africa and became the local rulers. 2) Relationship between Different Communities The white rulers treated all non-whites as inferiors in both the countries’. The whites regarded Indians and Africans inferior uncivilised people. The relationship between different religions and regional communities in India was cordial. They all believed themselves to be Indians. But in South Africa, different communities like the whites, blacks, coloured people and Indians did not have cordial relations -and respect for each other. 3. Leadership : Gandhi/Mandela \|Both were apostles of truth and non-violence\|\| Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment, though Gandhiji was also put behind the bars several times, but he was not sentenced to life imprisonment. 4. Party that led the struggle ANC/INC Similarities, both the African National Congress (ANC) and the Indian National Congress organisations working national level. (INC) were umbrella. The purpose of both the parties was different. ANC was fighting against apartheid and the segregation policies of the racial African Government, where as the INC was fighting against the British rule in India. 5. Method of Struggle Both the South African struggle and Indian National Movement followed the same policy, i.e., the policy of non-violence. But, in South Africa, there was only one group, that of the moderates, who adopted peaceful means against the government whereas in India besides the moderates, there were also the extremists, who used violent: methods to attain their goal freedom. Question 1 This is not fair! What was the point in having a Constituent Assembly in India if all the basics were already decided? Answer We can not say that there was no point in having a Constituent Assembly to discuss and frame a Constitution if the basics had already been decided. The basics were relating right to freedom, universal adult franchise, rights of minorities which are the basis of any democratic society. These basics were the guiding principles which were further developed and expanded to establish a welfare state. In a democracy, it is the Constituent Assembly which makes the Constitutions with the help of the basics. So, the Constituent Assembly in India was established, even if all the basics were already decided. Question 1 Read the information about the makers of the Indian Constitution given in the side columns here. You don’t need to memorise this information. Just give examples from these to support the following statements 1. The Assembly had many members who were not with the Congress. 2. The Assembly represented members from different social groups. 3. Members of the Assembly believed in different ideologies. 1. Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (1875-1950), Jaipal Singh (1903-70). Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891-1956), Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (1901-53). 2. Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel – Leader of Peasants Satyagraha. Abul Kalam Azad – Theologian, Scholar of Arabic. Jaipal Singh -President of Adivasi Mahasabha. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Social revolutionary thinker and agitator against caste divisions and caste-based inequalities. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Active in the Hindu Mahasabha. 3. Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963), HC Mukherjee (1887-1956) , Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964), Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949), Somnath Lahiri (1901-1984), Baldev Singh (1901-1961). Question 1 Read the three quotations above carefully. \|I shall strive for a constitution which will release India from all thralldom and patronage… I shall work for an India in which the poorest shall feel that it is their country in whose making they have an effective voice; an India in which there shall be no high class and low class of people; an India in which all communities shall live in perfect harmony. There can be no room in such an India for the curse of untouchability or the curse of the intoxicating drinks and drugs. Women will enjoy the same rights as men … I shall be satisfied with nothing else. \|On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter a life of contradictions. In politics we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality. In politics we will be recognising the principle of one man one vote and one vote one value. In our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradiction? How long shall we continue to deny equality in our social and economic life? If we continue to deny it for long, we will do so only by putting our political democracy in peril.\| \|Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. Freedom and power bring responsibility. The responsibility rests upon this assembly, a sovereign body representing the sovereign people of India. Before the birth of freedom we have endured all the pains of labour and our hearts are heavy with the memory of this sorrow. Some of those pains continue even now. Nevertheless, the past is over and it is the future that beckons to us now. That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving so that we may fulfil the pledges we have so often taken and the one we shall take today. The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity. The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over. (i) Can you identify one idea that is common to all these three quotations? Answer The one idea that is common to all these three quotations Is the ending of inequality in Indian society. (ii) What are the differences in their ways of expressing that common idea? Answer In the first quotation, Gandhiji strived for an India in which there should be no higher or lower class of people and all communities should live in perfect harmony. In the second quotation, BR Ambedkar said,”We are going to enter a life of contradictions. In politics, we will have equality but in social and economic life, we will have inequality.’ In the third quotation, Jawaharlal Nehru said about the ending of inequality, “the service of India means the ending of poverty, ignorance, disease and inequality of opportunity.” Question 1 Compare the Preambles to the Constitutions of the United States of America, India and South Africa. (i) Make a list of ideas that are common to all these three. (a) Each of these Preambles starts with, “We, the people.” It means the source of all authority to govern these countries are the people of these countries. (b) In all these three, the idea of justice is embodied. (ii) Note down at least one of the major differences among them. In the Preamble to the Constitution of the United States, there is a statement for the formation of union, which is not there in the Preambles to the Indian and South African Constitutions. (iii) Which of the three makes a reference to the past? The Preamble to the Constitution of South Africa makes a reference to the past. (iv) Which of these does not invoke God? Answer The Preamble to the Constitutions of the United States and India do not invoke God. Both the Preamble suggest that Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. There is no official religion. Question 1 Here are some false statements. Identify the mistake in each case and rewrite these correctly based on what you have read in this chapter. (a) Leaders of the freedom movement had an open mind about whether the country should be democratic or not after independence. (b) Members of the Constituent Assembly of India held the same views on all provisions of the Constitution. (c) A country that has a Constitution must be a democracy. (d) Constitution cannot be amended because it is the supreme law of a country. (a) Leaders of the freedom movement were clear in their mind that the country should democratic after independence. (b) The members of the Constituent Assembly of India held different views on all provisions of the Constitution. (c) A country that is a democracy must have a Constitution. (d) The Constitution needs to be amended because it has to be in accordance with people’s aspirations and changes in society. Question 2 Which of these was the most salient underlying conflict in the making of a democratic Constitution in South Africa? (a) Between South Africa and its neighbours (b) Between men and women (c) Between the white majority and the black minority (d) Between the coloured minority and the black majority Answer (d) Between the coloured minority and the black majority Question 3. Which of these is a provision that a democratic Constitution does not have? (a) Powers of the head of the state (b) Name of the head of the state (c) Powers of the legislature (d) Name of the country Answer (b) Name of the head of the state Question 4. Match the following leaders with their roles in the making of the Constitution \|(a) Motilal Nehru\|\|(i) President of the Constituent Assembly\| \|(b) BR Ambedkar\|\|(ii) Member of the Constituent Assembly\| \|(c) Rajendra Prasad\|\|(iii) Chairman of the Drafting Committee\| \|(d) Sarojini Naidu\|\|(iv) Prepared a Constitution for India in 1928\| Answer (a) iv (b) iii (c) i (d) ii Question 5 Read again the extracts from Nehru’s speech Tryst with Destiny and answer the following (a) Why did Nehru use the expression “not wholly or in full measure” in the first sentence? (b) What pledge did he want the makers of the Indian Constitution to take? (c) “The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye”. Who was he referring to? Answer (a) Pt. Nehru used the expression ‘not wholly or in full measure’ because the pledge that they had taken was yet to be fulfilled, it was yet to be completed but not all at once but substantially and gradually. (b) Pt Nehru wanted the makers of the Constitution to take the pledge of dedication to the service of the nation and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. (c) Pt Nehru was referring to Mahatma Gandhi. Question 6. Here are some of the guiding values of the Constitution and their meaning. Rewrite them by matching them correctly. \|(a) Sovereign\|\|(i) Government will not favour any religion.\| \|(b) Republic\|\|(ii) People have the supreme right to make decisions\| \|(c) Fraternity\|\|(iii) Head of the state is an elected person.\| \|(d) Secular should live like brothers and sisters\|\|(iv) People\| Answer (a) ii (b) ii (c) iv (d) i Question 7 A friend from Nepal has written you a letter describing the politics situation there. Many political parties are opposing the rule of the king. Some of them say that the existing Constitution given by the monarch can be amended to allow more powers to elected representatives. Others are demanding a new Constituent Assembly to write a Republican Constitution. Reply to your friend giving your opinions on the subject. Answer Dear friends, As per your letter, there are two groups in Nepal. One group wants the monarchy to continue but his powers to be curtailed and is in favour of more powers to elected representatives by amending the existing Constitution. The other group wants a new Constituent Assembly to write a Republican Constitution and put an end to monarchy forever. However, in Nepal an agreement has already been signed between the king and the alliance of seven political parties opposing the king. According to this, the form of government in Nepal will be a ‘Constitutional Monarchy’. In my opinion, the rule by the king should be ended and a fresh republican Constitution should Truly yours ……. Question 8 Here are different opinions about what made India a democracy. How much importance would you give to each of these factors? (a) Democracy in India is a gift of the British rulers. We received training to work with representative legislative institutions under the British rule. (b) Freedom struggle challenged the colonial exploitation and denial of different freedoms to Indians. Free India could not be anything but democratic. (c) We were lucky to have leaders who had democratic convictions. The denial of democracy in several other newly independent countries shows the important role of these leaders. Answer Democracy is not a gift of the British ruler. (a) People of India had to fight a long struggle and made many sacrifices to get freedom from the British ruler. But the experience and training gained by the Indians in the working of the legislative institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own (b) Freedom struggle against colonial exploitation contributed a lot in making India a democracy. (c) We are really lucky to have leaders who had democratic conditions, is the most important factor in making India a democracy. Because the absence of this type of leaders made many newly independent countries undemocratic. Question 9 Read the following extract from a conduct book for ‘married women’, published in 1912. ‘God has made the female species delicate and fragile both physically and emotionally, pitiably incapable of self-defence. They are destined thus by God to remain in male protection – of father, husband and son – all their lives. Women should, therefore, not despair, but feel obliged that they can dedicate themselves to the service of men’. Do you think the values expressed in this para reflected the values underlying our Constitution? Or does this go against the constitutional values? (i) No, the values expressed in the above paragraph does not reflect the values underlying our Constitution. (ii) It goes against the constitutional values because in this paragraph women are shown as unequal as weak and fragile who should serve men, whereas the Constitution provides for equality both of men and women. The Preamble of our Constitution starts with the words. (iii) “We, the People of India” Which means both men and women. It suggests that citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. So the values given in this paragraph does not reflect the values given in our Constitution. Question 10) Read the following statements about a Constitution.Give reasons why each of these is true or not true. (a) The authority of the rules of the Constitution is the same as that of any other law. (b) Constitution lays down how different organs of the government will be formed. (c) Rights of citizens and limits on the power of the government are laid down in the Constitution. (d) A Constitution is about institutions, not about values. Follow the newspapers for any report on a discussion on any Constitutional Amendment or demand for any Constitutional Amendment. You could, e.g., focus on the demand for Constitutional Amendment for reservation for women in legislatures. Was there public debate? What reasons were put forward in favour of the amendment? How did different parties react to Constitutional Amendment? Did the amendment take place? (a) Not true An ordinary law is passed by Parliament and can be changed by it at its own will. On the other hand, the rules of the Constitution have greater authority as even the Parliament has to abide by them. For amending these rules, a special procedure has to be adopted. (b) True The Constitution lays down in detail the structure power and functions of the three organs of the government i.e., executive, legislative and judiciary. (c) True The rights of the citizens are laid down in the Constitution as fundamental rights. The powers of the government are divided between the executive, legislative and the judiciary which keep a check on each other thus there are limits on the power of the government. (d) Not true A Constitution is the supreme law of the country. It lays down the composition powers and functions of the various institutions of government. The Constitution is guided by values which are found in the form of the Preamble. Principles and values like, equality, liberty, fraternity, brotherhood, secularism, justice, etc are included in the Preamble of our Constitution.
As defined by the Cleasby & Vigfusson Old Norse to English dictionary: - d, mod. t, [sund], to swim; synti allt út í haf, Brandkr. 60 (paper MS.); ok syndu vestr yfir Jökuls-á, Sturl. ii. 157; the word has prevailed in mod. usage, but is very rare in old writers, who either use the tenses of svimma (q. v.) or more freq. leggjask, see leggja. Possible runic inscription in Younger Futhark:ᛋᚢᚾᛏᛅ Younger Futhark runes were used from 8th to 12th centuries in Scandinavia and their overseas settlements - frequent, frequently. - q. v. - quod vide. Works & Authors cited: - Brandkrossa-þáttr. (D. V.) - Sturlunga Saga. (D. I.) Also available in related dictionaries: This headword also appears in dictionaries of other languages descending from Old Norse.
Tools of the trade for screen printers By Gail Flower Color matching at its best involves both art and science. When a customer demands a quick turnaround requiring a custom color match, it’s important that you have the tools at hand to recreate the desired color using both skill and science. In this article, we ask a cross-section of suppliers about what‘s available for ink mixing/matching/dispensing. Assessing the task at hand Printers are confronted with many difficulties when mixing custom colors with plastisol ink, says Morgan Young, a tech-support specialist at Lancer Group Int’l. The most important question is: How does a printer reproduce Pantone shades exactly? In the past, many printers mixed colors by eye, but human eyes see color differently. What we see depends on the substrate, the available light (pointing to a need for a light box when matching colors), ink density, the printer’s color-vision acuity, and other factors. Printers would start out with a similar color matched to a Pantone numbered print and then tweak it with black, white, and other colors. It was time-consuming and based on trial-and-error. The printer would end up with an excess of mismatched, wasted ink. Most major ink companies offer a color-matching system, and this includes a formulation guide to reproducing Pantone colors. But custom colors, unlike standard Pantone colors, require a little more expertise to create accurately. Kent Hudson, national sale manager at International Coatings Company, explains that a basic understanding of color theory is needed just to begin the process. He says all colors can be created from primary red, blue, and yellow; tinting and shading are done with white and black; and secondary colors represent a mix between the primaries: purple, green, and orange. You can use a simple color wheel to determine color opposites, which make colors look dirty. For example, red and yellow make orange; yellow and blue make green. If you mix green and orange, you come up with brown. The basic tools Pantone formula guides are commonly used by designers, prepress professionals, and printers alike. Some suppliers suggest replacing these guides annually, because colors in the printed format tend to turn yellow over time. A light box provides lighting in a controlled environment for viewing custom colors and displaying possible matches in daylight, fluorescent, and incandescent light conditions. Did you enjoy this article? Click here to subscribe to the magazine.
Through our physical education program students will acquire the knowledge and skills that will benefit them throughout their lives and enable them to thrive in an ever-changing world by helping them develop physical and health literacy as well as the comprehension, capacity, and commitment they will need to lead healthy, active lives and promote healthy, active living. - HPE equips students with the knowledge and skills they need to make healthy choices now and lead healthy, active lives in the future. - Through participation in a wide range of physical activities, students develop knowledge and skills related to movement competence and personal fitness that provide a foundation for active living. - Students understand the factors and skills that contribute to healthy development and learn how their own well-being is affected by and affects the world around them. - Students build their self-esteem and identity, learn to interact positively with others, and develop their ability to think critically and creatively.
GaAs plays a new role in organic spintronics Ohio scientists say that expertise and equipment for compound semiconductor device fabrication is already in place and must be capitalised on. With organic and inorganic materials working together, computer chip technology can move forward straight away. Researchers at Ohio State University have created the first electronic circuit to merge GaAs with organic “spintronics” devices that utilise the spin of electrons to read, write and manipulate data. Ezekiel Johnston-Halperin and his team combined GaAs with a unique plastic material that is under development in colleague Arthur Epstein’s lab at Ohio State University. Last year, Epstein, demonstrated the first successful data storage and retrieval on a plastic spintronic device. Now Johnston-Halperin, Epstein, and their colleagues have incorporated the plastic device into a traditional circuit based on GaAs. Two of their now-former doctoral students, Lei Fang and Deniz Bozdag, had to devise a new fabrication technique to make the device. The researchers transmitted a spin-polarized electrical current from the plastic material, through the GaAs, and into an LED as proof that the organic and inorganic parts were working together. “Hybrid structures promise functionality that no other materials, neither organic nor inorganic, can currently achieve alone,” Johnston-Halperin said. “We’ve opened the door to linking this exciting new material to traditional electronic devices with transistor and logic functionality. In the longer term this work promises new, chemically based functionality for spintronic devices.” Normal electronics encode computer data based on a binary code of ones and zeros, depending on whether an electron is present or not within the material. But researchers have long known that electrons can be polarized to orient in particular directions, like a bar magnet. They refer to this orientation as spin -- either “spin up” or “spin down” -- and this approach, dubbed spintronics, has been applied to memory-based technologies for modern computing. For example, the terabyte drives now commercially available would not be possible without spintronic technology. If scientists could expand spintronic technology beyond memory applications into logic and computing applications, major advances in information processing could follow, Johnston-Halperin explained. Spintronic logic would theoretically require much less power, and produce much less heat, than current electronics, while enabling computers to turn on instantly without “booting up.” Hybrid and organic devices further promise computers that are lighter and more flexible, much as OLEDs are now replacing compound semiconductor LEDs in the production of flexible displays. A spintronic semiconductor must be magnetic, so that the spin of electrons can be flipped for data storage and manipulation. Few inorganic semiconductors are magnetic. Of those that are, all require extreme cold, with operating temperatures below −100 0C. That’s colder than the coldest outdoor temperature ever recorded in Antarctica. “In order to build a practical spintronic device, you need a material that is both semiconducting and magnetic at room temperature. To my knowledge, Art's organic materials are the only ones that do that,” Johnston-Halperin said. The organic magnetic semiconductors were developed by Epstein and his long-standing collaborator Joel S. Miller of the University of Utah. The biggest barrier that the researchers faced was device fabrication. Traditional inorganic devices are made at high temperatures with harsh solvents and acids that organics can’t tolerate. Fang and Bozdag solved this problem by building the inorganic part in a traditional cleanroom, and then adding an organic layer in Epstein’s customised organics lab, a complex process that required a redesign of the circuitry in both parts. “You could ask, why didn’t we go with all organics, then?” Johnston-Halperin said. “Well, the reality is that industry already knows how to make devices out of inorganic materials. That expertise and equipment is already in place. If we can just get organic and inorganic materials to work together, then we can take advantage of that existing infrastructure to move spintronics forward right away.” He added that much work will need to be done before manufacturers can mass-produce hybrid spintronics. But as a demonstration of fundamental science, this first hybrid circuit lays the foundation for technologies to come. For the demonstration, the researchers used the organic magnet, which they made from a polymer called vanadium tetracyanoethylene, to polarize the spins in an electrical current. This electrical current then passed through the GaAs layer, and into an LED. To confirm that the electrons were still polarized when they reached the LED, the researchers measured the spectrum and polarization of light shining from the LED. The light was indeed polarized, indicating the initial polarization of the incoming electrons. The fact that they were able to measure the electrons’ polarization with the LED also suggests that other researchers can use this same technique to test spin in other organic systems. Further details of this work are published in the paper “Electrical Spin Injection from an Organic-Based Ferrimagnet in a Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Heterostructure,” by Lei Fang et al in Physical Review Letters, 106, 156602 (2011) ; DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.156602 This research was funded by the National Science Foundation’s Materials Research Science and Engineering Centres program, Ohio State’s Institute for Materials Research, and the Department of Energy.
Antique Japanese ink and wash painting. This form of painting is also sometimes called simply ‘wash’ painting and in Japanese is called sumi-e or suibokuga painting. Using only brush-applied black ink on paper this type of painting was introduced into Japan in the 14th century by Zen Buddhist monks visiting from China. This type of art is especially well suited to Japanese tastes which tend toward subtle depictions of life and nature often accented with poetry written in beautiful calligraphy. About the Listed Item The composition of this piece is exceptional and the brushwork and shading masterfully applied and executed. This original piece depicts a still-life featuring a hyotan gourd and includes what may be a poem written in fine calligraphy though we are unable to make out the meaning. The painting dates from the early to mid Showa period (1926-1989) or before and is in poor condition with tears, creases and wrinkles as well as stains and discoloration from age. A wonderful candidate for framing and display. Height: 13.1 inches (33.5 centimeters) Width: 2.9 inches (7.5 centimeters) * These measurements are of the paper on which the painting is applied and do not include the border and mounting materials item code: R4S5B2-0003438 category code: nihonga calligraphyart ship code: G6
A signal cell may constitute a whole organism such as bacteria, amoeba and Chlamydomonas. The bodies of fungi, plants and animals are made of millions of cells packed together. The shape and size of cells, in fact , are related to specific function they perform, while number (of cells) is to increase the size of the organ/body Thus small organisms have limited number of cells; larger ones such as elephant, have a countless number of cells. In man, the number of cells is estimated to be about 100 trillion (10 ). Based on the observations of Robert Hooke and their own observations, two German biologists M Scheiden and T Schwann proposed the cell theory in 1838-39. They postulated that all organisms were made up of cells and that the cell was the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms. The cell is made up of “life” giving substance called protoplasm. Protoplasm is an aggregate of molecules of various chemicals. Most of these are organic molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, etc
-Full report- (subscription required) Lawrence B. Finer, PhD Jesse M. Philbin, BA of The Guttmacher Institute Published: April 1st, 2013 in Pediatrics "OBJECTIVE: To present new data on sexual initiation, contraceptive use, and pregnancy among US adolescents aged 10 to 19, and to compare the youngest adolescents’ behaviors with those of older adolescents. METHODS: Using nationally representative data from several rounds of the National Survey of Family Growth, we performed event history (ie, survival) analyses to examine timing of sexual initiation and contraceptive use. We calculated adolescent pregnancy rates by single year of age using data from the National Center for Health Statistics, the Guttmacher Institute, and the US Census Bureau. RESULTS: Sexual activity is and has long been rare among those 12 and younger; most is nonconsensual. By contrast, most older teens (aged 17–19) are sexually active. Approximately 30% of those aged 15 to 16 have had sex. Pregnancy rates among the youngest teens are exceedingly low, for example, ∼1 per 10 000 girls aged 12. Contraceptive uptake among girls as young as 15 is similar to that of their older counterparts, whereas girls who start having sex at 14 or younger are less likely to have used a method at first sex and take longer to begin using contraception. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual activity and pregnancy are rare among the youngest adolescents, whose behavior represents a different public health concern than the broader issue of pregnancies to older teens. Health professionals can improve outcomes for teenagers by recognizing the higher likelihood of nonconsensual sex among younger teens and by teaching and making contraceptive methods available to teen patients before they become sexually active." -from the abstract
Preventing a Brute Force or Dictionary Attack: How to Keep the Brutes Away from Your Loot Posted Date: 1/31/2007 A brute force attack, also known as a dictionary attack, is one of the more uncomplicated attacks available to a hacker. However, the odds of this type of attack succeeding can be very high if a site is not configured properly. Learn more about what can be done to defend a site against a brute force attack -- including implementing incremental delays and carefully wording error messages - and which defensive strategies don't work.
Dolphin assisted therapy is recognized all around the world like a non specific method of strengthens the body’s defenses for people of all ages. Dolphin assisted therapy like a psychotherapeutic method is based on the communication between dolphin and human. For person this communication is a source of colorful and positive emotions that give a powerful push to the recovery. Swimming with dolphins is a measure of treatment by ultrasound vibrations that are reproduced by the most wonderful creatures of our planet. Sound emitted by dolphins influences on the cerebrum and helps to get rid of some diseases. Dolphin is a catalyst starting the mechanisms of a therapeutic process. Courses of dolphin therapy consist of 5 and 10 exercises; duration of exercises is 25 or 30 minutes. Every exercise includes 2 components: - Communicative – communication between dolphin and child in water. - Gaming includes several exercises and tasks, child develops his motor skills and cognitive abilities. Indications for passing a course of therapy: - Infantile cerebral paralysis - Early infantile autism - Minimal brain dysfunction - Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; - Down syndrome; - Psycho verbal development delay; - Behavioral disorders; - Neuroses and logo neurosis; - Psychosomatic disorders; - Post-traumatic stress disorder - Oncological diseases - Infectious skin diseases - Improves the movement coordination; - Increases the speed of learning new motor skills; - Stabilizes the mood; - Increased the self-esteem; - Developing of the communicative sphere; - New knowledge is quickly acquired and develop thinking Dolphin assisted therapy is first of all completely approach, taking attention into the individual patient features. Dolphin assisted therapy effect greatly enhances at carrying out classic kind of physiotherapy in common (massages, physical therapy, laser therapy, electro stimulation and etc.). The scientists also point that classes with speech therapist, psychologist, and pathologist are much more productive and gives the greatest result during and after dolphin therapy.
Everyone knows that if you get really, really drunk, you won’t remember what you did the night before. So on that basis, the suggestion that alcohol might make your memory better would sound counter intuitive. The study, which was carried out by the University of Exeter found that people who drink alcohol after studying information were more likely to be able to recall what they’d learnt. The project involved getting 88 people to do a word-learning task. The group of 88 was split in two, with one group of 44 people being told to drink as much alcohol as they wanted after learning the words. The other half of the group didn’t drink any alcohol after learning at all. The next day, everyone came back together and did the same task again. Magically, the group who’d been drinking actually performed better than the group who hadn’t. The researchers who ran the project also made a point of saying that this potentially positive side to drinking in no way overrules all the negative things that come with alcohol. Yes, it might make your memory a little bit better, but it does also still do all the bad stuff that we try to forget about on Friday night…
Rosetta Goes LEGOÂ® What does a scientist do to visualize a space journey? Build a model, of course. A model of Europe’s Rosetta comet-chaser made out of LEGOÃ‚® blocks started out in this small way and has grown into a high-fidelity Rosetta Lander Education Kit. Engineering and art students of the University of Rome gathered yesterday to test the prototype of the Rosetta Lander Education Kit. Not only did they build the LEGO MINDSTORMS comet lander, they also learnt why ESA’s mission is travelling all the way to Jupiter’s orbit to rendezvous with comet Churyumov”“Gerasimenko. “Chasing comets allows us to look back into the history of our Solar System,” said ESA space scientist Detlef Koschny during the presentation of the Education Kit. “Comets and asteroids represent the leftovers from which the planets of our Solar System formed. “Understanding their composition will teach us about how our own Earth came into being and the ingredients that allowed the formation of life.” So far, comets have only been investigated from a distance but, in November 2014, Rosetta’s Philae lander will touch down on Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s icy surface, allowing the comet’s composition to be directly measured. This is not the first time that LEGO bricks have been used by the Rosetta mission. Detlef once created a LEGO model of the whole spacecraft to visualize its flight path during meetings. Not only did the orbital journey become apparent in those meetings, so did the desire of everyone to own a LEGO version of Rosetta. What started as a small model has blossomed into a high-fidelity education kit. It was obvious on the student’s faces and those of the professors that this was an unconventional “Ëœfirst’ in the history of the ancient University of Rome. “It was quite difficult, because all the moving parts are not so easy to rebuild so we had to figure out something, some way to realize some mechanism that could move,” said Filippo Ales, a student of aerospace engineering. For example, Philae has “Ëœice screws’ on its legs that drill into the comet at impact to stop it bouncing off in the low gravity. A harpoon also holds the lander on the surface. On top of the lander is a small rocket engine that fires to keep Philae in position while the screws and the harpoon finish their job of anchoring it. Some of these features are reproduced on the model. LEGO Mindstorms components allow moving parts to be controlled by a simple home computer. “I liked it a lot to assemble everything, I thought is was real fun,” said student Monserrat Olympia Pineda Arqueros. “I would recommend it to all students to do this assembly exercise with LEGO.” The feedback from the engineering students on the prototype will be used by ESA, the German Aerospace Center DLR, Europlanet, Lightcurvefilms and LEGO to finalize the Education Kit and adapt it to the needs of European curricula. Image 1: “We love Rosetta, we love LEGO,” yelled the 12 students of aerospace engineering of the University of Rome and three students of the European Institute of Design at the end of the event. Credits: ESA/L. van Zanten Image 2: Holger Sierks, Max Planck Institute, Lindau Germany, one of the principal investigators of Rosetta (left) and Detlef Koschny, ESA space scientist (right), watch how aerospace engineering students go about building the landing gear feet of Rosetta’s lander. Credits: ESA/L. Giacomini Image 3: Impressive results in a short time: the landing gear of ESA’s Rosetta lander (left) and the body of the lander with several of its instruments already in place (right), and movements programmed in the computer. Credits: ESA/M. Roos On the Net:
Is there an approximate way to calculate distance between two points? Normally I would use D = sqrt( dx^2 + dy^2 ). But I didn't want to use sqrt(). Note: I have assumed that dx and dy are always positive by using absolute values. Consider a case where dx >= dy: After normalizing by dividing dx and dy by dx, D' = D / dx = sqrt( 1 + (dy/dx)^2 ) Plotting this from 0 to 1 shows a flat-ish curve. It could be approximated by a straight line or, as I have done, by a quadratic. D' = Ax^2 + B Plugging in two extreme points (0,1) and (1,sqrt(2)) When x=0, D'=1 therefore B=1 And when x=1, D'=sqrt(2) therefore A=sqrt(2) - 1 (about 0.4142) So, for dx>=dy (and dx!=0) D = 0.4142 * dy^2 / dx + dx And for dx<dy (and dy!=0), D = 0.4142 * dx^2 / dy + dy (dx and dy are swapped) Average error seems to be less than 1% - good enough for what I want and simple. By using different 'tuning' points, better accuracy can be achieved Another approach (using a linear approximation I suspect) can be found here.
If you don’t know about the liquid nitrogen “Dragon Breath” snack fad, chances are, your kids do—and parents should get to know more about it, too. The U.S. Food and Drug and Administration (FDA) recently issued an alert, cautioning against the consumption of foods that contain added liquid nitrogen. Even though liquid nitrogen is non-toxic, it’s use comes with risks. Whether it’s at a carnival or mall kiosk, at some point your kiddo is likely to run into a liquid nitrogen-infused food product, sometimes called Dragon’s Breath, Heaven’s Breath or Nitro. Even though this foggy food fad seems cool (literally and figuratively), the fad comes with some pretty serious warnings. View this post on Instagram ❄️Ice ice baby❄️ . 🐲This smokey treat is called Dragon’s Breath. It’s a colorful corn cereal treat frozen with liquid nitrogen at −320°F, drizzled with a white chocolate syrup🍫 . 🐉Super fun treat. But it’s pretty tasteless, think of a cheese puff minus the cheese. . ☃️Also, the extreme temperature at which is frozen may cause burns so, make sure you blow on them before eating. . . . . . — #dragonsbreath #nitrogen #asianfood #dessert #miami #chocolate #lovefood #instafood #eatingfortheinsta #foodpics #munchies #foodblogger #feedme #eatitright #foodgram #eeeeeats #foodstagram #miamifoodie #Buzzfeast #cheatmeal #yummy #nom #cheatday #PHAAT #sprinkles #icecream #desserts #caramel According to the FDA’s website, there is the “potential for serious injury from eating, drinking, or handling food products prepared by adding liquid nitrogen at the point of sale, immediately before consumption.” So what type of injuries can liquid nitrogen cause? If mishandled, liquid nitrogen can cause serious skin damage. It can also cause damage to internal organs (if ingested or even breathing problems if inhaled. While people with asthma are at a greater risk for breathing problems related to inhalation of this substance, anyone can have respiratory damage or difficulty after breathing the vapors in before eating foods treated with liquid nitrogen. The FDA recommends that anyone who has been injured by the substance consult a healthcare professional pronto. If you, your child or another family member has already been injured by liquid nitrogen, you can also report the adverse effects to the FDA via their MedWatch Voluntary Reporting Form. Featured photo: DragonsBreathWorld via Instagram
Story URL: http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=216114 Story Retrieval Date: 4/17/2015 11:38:27 AM CST U.S. Department of Agriculture: - Ice cream in the U.S. by definition must contain at least 10 percent milk-fat Researcher Maya Warren unravels the meaning of icy desserts: - Ice creams in the U.S. generally range from 10 percent to 16 percent milk-fat. - “Overrun” is how much air ice cream manufacturers pump into their product. - The legal limit for overrun in the U.S. is 100 percent - Custard by legal definition in the U.S. must contain 1.4 percent or more egg yolk - Sherbert is a combination of ice cream and sorbet. It contains 3 to 4 percent milkfat -Gelato has less air than ice cream, creating a stiffer product - Sorbet does not contain any dairy ingredients; it consists of sugar, water, flavor or fruit International Dairy Foods Association: - Vanilla is America’s favorite flavor of ice cream - America’s top five flavors of ice cream are: Vanilla, Chocolate, Cookie ‘n Cream, Strawberry, and Chocolate Chip Mint - The U.S. dairy industry produced approximately 20 quarts per capita in 2010. That’s 20 x 314 million people in the U.S. = 6.3 billion quarts. - The central region of the U.S. led production of ice cream and related frozen products in 2011 (Source: USDA, National Agriculture Statistics Service) - In 2011, the central region of the U.S. produced 726 million gallons of ice cream - The U.S. ice cream industry generated total revenues of $10 billion in 2010 (Source: MarketLine)
At Seneca Meadows, we hold ourselves to a higher standard, often going beyond the regulatory requirements to protect and preserve the environment. Our Seneca Meadows Wetlands Preserve stands as a testament of this resolve. The industry standard for wetlands mitigation projects is a 3:1 exchange ratio. In 2007, Seneca Meadows raised that standard by designating 8 times the taken acreage for permanent conservation with a 576 acre wetlands creation and enhancement project. The project involved two distinct tasks: to restore and enhance 157 acres of existing wooded wetlands, and to create 419 acres of new wetlands. With a team of experts, and the guidance of the U.S. Corp of Engineers and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, we designed our project and began construction. The restoration effort required few modifications: Vegetative management, seeding and planting would give us a healthier ecosystem, and a greater diversity of wildlife. The creation of new wetlands was much more complex. The design called for a variety of wetland types, including: emergent, wet prairie, wet-mesic prairie, forested wetlands, upland savannas and tall grass prairies. Each of these wetland types requires different elements. Some need more sunlight, some need high soil saturation, and some need to be separated from other wetland types. All wetlands need to be free of non-native, or “invasive” plant species. Invasive species wreak havoc on wetlands. They overpower native plants, destroying the food source and homes of many organisms. Removing them was a number one priority. To provide for the other needs of our wetlands, we had to reshape the landscape. Since the land was formerly used for agricultural purposes, it was relatively flat, and embedded with drainage tiles. We removed the tiles, built up some areas, lowered others, dug ponds, removed trees, and created new drainage channels for the various types of wetlands. Once the earthwork was complete, we took on the most painstaking task of our project: the planting of nearly 200,000 plants, trees, and shrubs, and the seeding of over 400 acres with native plants and trees. It took thousands of man hours, but the results are breathtaking: lush wetlands of diverse beauty, teeming with countless species of wildlife. In addition to our 576 acre wetlands preserve, Seneca Meadows also dedicated 500 acres of floodwater conveyance wetlands for permanent preservation. This land, which was not part of a mitigation measure, runs along a section of stream on our property, and connects to our wetlands preserve, bringing the total preserved land to 1100 acres. Nature preserves require a lot of care, and since this property will be conserved forever, Seneca Meadows needed to find a permanent steward. The National Audubon Society was a perfect fit. Audubon’s mission is to conserve and restore natural ecosystems, focusing on birds, other wildlife, and their habitats for the benefit of humanity and the earth’s biological diversity. Once the Seneca Meadows Landfill is no longer in operation, Audubon will assume the care and management of the wetlands preserve, ensuring that this beautiful habitat retains its ecological vitality for generations to come.
Latest Systems ecology Stories Over the years ecologists have shown how biological diversity benefits the health of small, natural communities. A previously undetected type of wildfire occurring in the Amazon region is responsible for far more rainforest loss than deforestation in recent years. NASA's Aqua satellite collected this natural-color image with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS, instrument on June 05, 2013. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. All three fires noted here are more than 100 hectares in size (>247 acres). In 2013, Alcoa Foundation and American Forests are partnering to plant 175,000 trees in 19 forest restoration projects around the globe. Washington, DC (PRWEB) Over the last century, the disappearance of large, fruit-eating birds from the tropical forests of Brazil has caused the region’s forest palms to produce smaller, less successful seeds, according to an international team of researchers. A new study, published 28 May in the open access journal PLOS Biology, has revealed the potential importance of rare species in the functioning of highly diverse ecosystems. What people take from nature – water, food, timber, inspiration, relaxation – are so abundant, it seems self-evident. Until you try to quantitatively understand how and to what extent they contribute to humans. Allied Environmental Services, Inc. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is widely considered to be the most comprehensive inventory of endangered and threatened species and the international organization is currently working on developing a similar list for the world’s fragile ecosystems. Rainforests are forests that are characterized by high levels of rainfall, with definitions based on a minimum usual annual rainfall of about 68 to 78 inches. The monsoon trough, or otherwise known as the intertropical convergence zone, holds an important role in producing the climatic conditions that are essential for the Earth’s tropical rainforests. About 40 to 75 percent of all biotic species are native to the rainforests. It’s been estimated that there might be many millions of... Taiga, or otherwise known as boreal forest, is a biome that is characterized by coniferous forests made up mostly of spruces, larches, and pines. The taiga is the world’s largest terrestrial biome. In North America, it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as portions of the extreme northern continental United States and is known as the Northwoods. It covers most of Sweden, Finland, much of Norway, lowland/coastal areas of Iceland, much of Russia, northern Kazakhstan, northern... Environmental science is a science that contains a wide range of scientific disciplines. These disciplines are grouped together based on the natural environment which they encompass and interact with. These sciences include physical, chemical, and biological components. Environmental science provides an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the environmental systems. The most common way environmental science is studied is through the work of one individual or small team drawing on the... - A trick or prank. More Images (87 images) »
With the disturbing news today that a nurse has contracted Ebola from an infected patient in Spain, a new study that reveals the early spread of HIV can be explained by transport networks and social change is a chilling reminder that far greater vigilance and appropriate action based upon science rather than politics or misguided sentiment will be needed to ensure Ebola does not become a truly global pandemic. The study by a multinational team led by the University of Oxford and the Rega Institute for Medical Research (Belgium), used molecular genetics to establish that HIV originated in Kinshasa during the 1920’s (in what is now D.R. Congo). This area was the focus for early transmission up to the 1960’s, when major epidemiological transitions occurred that resulted in different forms of HIV. The “M” type of HIV-1 is the variant that led to pandemic HIV and has caused over 75 million infections worldwide to date (the non-pandemic “O” variant remains relatively local). Their estimate of the pandemic origin explains why Kinshasa supports the greatest contemporary diversity in HIV-1, and why several early cases of AIDS (the disease caused by HIV) were diagnosed in this area. This is a major addition to our understanding, and arguably the most significant since earlier studies suggested that cross species transition from chimpanzees to humans originated in southeast Cameroon (which was connected to Kinshasa by a ferry route during German colonial rule at the time of its spread). The study indicates genetic biogeography of contemporary HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa is strongly influenced by development of transport networks from the D.R. Congo, and also explains non-local infections in Haiti as a result of returning migrant workers who had previously flocked to Kinshasa in the newly independent D.R. Congo during the 1960’s. Interestingly transport networks were not the only factor strongly correlated with the spread of HIV; social practices also emerged as a strong predictor. Public health records suggested that use of unsterilized needles in sexual health clinics, coupled with changes to the organisation of commercial sex work that resulted in increased partner exchange are likely a strong contributor. That this study was able to link the spread of HIV to transport networks should be a wake-up call that unless more globally responsible management of Ebola is forthcoming, there is a risk that the disease will become pandemic. The latest response from the White House: The President is “considering” extra screening at airports for those people arriving from the worst-affected countries in west Africa – I hope for everyone’s sake this does not end up being a case of “too little too late”. The HIV study is published in this week’s edition of Science:
kaushalshriyan at gmail.com Tue Apr 11 11:19:37 CEST 2006 I am referring to http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/thinkCSpy/chap09.htm >>> tuple = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e') And the slice operator selects a range of elements. But if we try to modify one of the elements of the tuple, we get a error: >>> tuple = 'A' TypeError: object doesn't support item assignment Of course, even if we can't modify the elements of a tuple, we can replace it with a different tuple: >>> tuple = ('A',) + tuple[1:] ('A', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e') How does tuple = ('A',) + tuple[1:] this work ???? Please explain me with an example More information about the Tutor
More generally, a homomorphism is a function between structured sets that preserves whatever structure there is around. Even more generally, ‘homomorphism’ is just a synonym for ‘morphism’ in any category, the structured sets being generalised to arbitrary objects. of the underlying sets that respects the binary operation in that for all in we have This definition gives us the correct notion of magma homomorphism, semigroup homomorphsim, and group homomorphism, but it is actually a bit of a coincidence that it works for groups. It does not give the correct definition of monoid homomorphism, since it doesn't properly treat the identity elements. (However, the correct notion of monoid isomorphism can still be constructed from this inadequate definition of homomorphism.) A homomorphism between two monoids and is a semigroup homomorphism It is a theorem that a semigroup homomorphism between groups must be a monoid homomorphism (and additionally must preserve inverse elements, which is also necessary to be the correct definition of group homomorphism.) A ring homomorphism is a function between rings that is a homomorphism for both the additive group and the multiplicative monoid. Traditional ring theory sometimes actually uses rng homomorphisms even when the rngs in question are assumed to have identity elements, so be careful when reading old books. Generalizing further, we may simply treat ‘homomorphism’ as a synonym for ‘morphism’ in any category, although there is a strong tendency to use ‘homomorphism’ in the case of ‘algebraic’ categories: for example, nobody seems to speak of a homomorphism between topological spaces (continuous maps), or between manifolds. Here we put ‘algebraic’ in scare quotes to indicate the field of algebra; even morphisms in algebraic categories from other fields (such as the category of compacta) are not usually called homomorphisms.
Periodic Reporting for period 1 - D BIOME (Deep Biosignatures on Mars and Earth) Periodo di rendicontazione: 2017-10-01 al 2019-09-30 Sintesi del contesto e degli obiettivi generali del progetto "This research addressed fundamental science questions about the distribution of life on Earth, the history of life on Earth, and the ongoing multi-billion dollar search for life on Mars.It has become clear in recent decades that living organisms thrive throughout the Earth's crust to depths of several kilometres. Many subsurface ecosystems are sustained by chemical reactions between water and basaltic rock and do not require sunlight or any input of organic matter from the surface. These same conditions could have supported life on Mars long after the surface became uninhabitable. Thus, there is considerable interest in how current and future Mars missions may identify the traces of ancient subsurface life preserved in rocks now exposed on the martian surface. At the same time, the realisation that a sizeable proportion of terrestrial life resides underground motivates questions about the role of deep life in the history of our own planet. Answering these questions requires us to identify robust evidence of ancient subsurface life in rocks, and to piece this evidence together into an integrated archive: a fossil record.Against this background, the present work was originally directed towards four main objectives:1. To identify and describe ancient deep biosignatures (""fossils"") in both marine and terrestrial rocks on Earth, showing how their origin can be interpreted and confirmed, and extending the deep fossil record.2. To determine experimentally whether ancient deep biosignatures in rocks on Mars could be detected by rover instruments if they are exist and are exposed on the surface, particularly using the European Space Agency’s ExoMars rover (now named Rosalind Franklin).3. To simulate the crustal subsurface (~100–1000 m deep) experimentally and discover which environmental parameters most strongly affect the growth of microorganisms and the production of biosignatures in these conditions.4. To model how the rock- and sediment-hosted deep biosphere has changed in size and activity over the history of the Earth, and show how an analogous biosphere could have done so if it ever existed on Mars.The main conclusions of the work were:1. A fossil record of the deep biosphere exists but is more difficult than previously thought to distinguish from non-biological microscopic structures (pseudofossils).2. Calcium sulfate veins, which are widespread on Mars, have the potential to yield organic residues and other chemical (isotopic) evidence of ancient subsurface life.3. The biomass of life on Earth was dominated by subsurface organisms for at least two billion years.4. Sediment-dwelling microbes may have played key roles in the preservation of fossils of early macro-organisms on Earth." Lavoro eseguito dall’inizio del progetto fino alla fine del periodo coperto dalla relazione e principali risultati finora ottenuti "The following work was performed using a variety of field, lab, analytical and numerical techniques:1. The fossil record of Earth's subsurface ""deep biosphere"" was surveyed and reviewed, showing it to be extensive but poorly understood.2. New samples were collected from sites of ancient subsurface fluid flow in Italy and the UK and analysed with a variety of methods for the presence of signatures of ancient subsurface life. 3. Quantitative reasoning was used to investigate the size of the ancient deep biosphere on Earth.4. Abiotic processes capable of mimicking fossils of subsurface-dwelling microbes were discovered and investigated.5. Implications for the search for ancient life on Mars were drawn out using Mars-analogue sample materials and mission-analogue analytical techniques.6. Minerals formed by microbial activity in sediment were found in association with fossils of early soft-bodied animals, helping to explain their preservation.At the end of the fellowship period, the work had resulted in 11 articles in scientific journals (of which 1 was in review and 1 was in press); further articles based on the work are anticipated.Results were also disseminated at international conferences and meetings: the Scottish Planetary Science Research Network meeting 2017, the European Geosciences Union meeting 2018, the European Astrobiology Network Association meeting 2019, the Palaeontological Association meeting 2018, and seminars at the Universities of Leeds, Oxford, Cambridge, and Uppsala.Non-academic audiences were engaged through 3 articles for popular magazines (of which 2 were for children), widespread media coverage of several papers, and public talks." Progressi oltre lo stato dell’arte e potenziale impatto previsto (incluso l’impatto socioeconomico e le implicazioni sociali più ampie del progetto fino ad ora) This work succeeded in expanding our knowledge of the fossil record of deep life and of the uncertainties associated with it. Several of the published outputs made explicit recommendations about sampling strategies for the benefit of future Mars missions. Mineralised and carbon-rich filaments from an ancient Mars-analogue subsurface environment: fossils?
Presidential elections tend to stir up heated debates, mixed emotions, and increased political participation. Today, we hold rallies to show support for the candidate of our choice, but what did people do during the Civil War? The Presidential election of 1864 was the first to be held during a time of war and it resulted in a heated battle between the incumbent and his challenger. This lesson will look at Emilie Davis’ account of the 1864 elections, as well as the propaganda surrounding the election and campaign strategies. Students will see a variety of primary sources relating to this turbulent year in history and assess how things have changed, or have not changed, in the past 150 years.
Being proactive, according to Merriam-Webster, implies “acting in anticipation of future problems, needs, or changes.” Being proactive is planning for the future and concentrating on the things you can control rather than the things you can’t. It also entails accepting accountability. Being proactive entails planning ahead of time and taking action in response to upcoming occurrences. It’s not only a smart way to avoid extra work down the road, but it can also be crucial for preventing complications. Taking action, accepting responsibility, and managing your responses are the needs to be proactive. When you choose to be proactive rather than reactive, you plan and work ahead of time to reduce the risks you may face in the future. When you think proactive, you are actually spending your time and energy on the appropriate things, which are the actions or thoughts that you have control over. You can keep a brighter and more proactive mindset by projecting your future and focusing on solutions rather than issues. A proactive mentality begins with the realization that you are not a victim of your circumstances, but rather of your choices. One of the most crucial qualities of a proactive mentality is focusing on things within your control. For example – you can’t control the weather, but you can decide whether you’ll carry an umbrella and wear waterproof footwear and, ultimately, whether you’ll return home dry or with wet socks. Things happen to us that isn’t always our fault, but they are always our duty, and proactive people understand this. The proactive attitude and the growth mindset are frequently linked. If you have a growth mindset, you will not give up when faced with a difficulty, you will not perceive failures as a negative experience, but as an opportunity to learn, you will be encouraged rather than envious of others’ success, and your objective will be to continuously grow and develop yourself. Are you willing to adapt to new situations? People who take action are proactive. They’re also not scared to make great adjustments for themselves rather than waiting for whatever they desire to arrive in front of them magically. When a reactive person makes a mistake, they will make excuses or blame everyone but themselves, their circumstances, their environment. When a proactive person makes a mistake, they admit it, accept responsibility for it, make the necessary corrections, and learn from it. They understand that they are in charge of their own lives and that they can regulate their reactions to unpleasant or stressful situations rather than allowing their emotions to rule them. When an unforeseen event arises, there are two options: blame the situation and hopelessly wait for someone to act, or analyze the situation thoroughly and reply in a timely and reasonable manner. The second way of thinking is what we refer to as proactive thinking. Being proactive is making your own decisions rather than relying on fate or circumstance. It’s about taking control of the circumstance rather than just waiting for things to happen. Even when not asked, a proactive individual is a competent problem solver. It all boils down to your mentality. But, thankfully, it is also a skill that can be learned and improved. Discover your proactivity skills, even if they’re buried deep within you. Few ways towards being proactive can be- Keep your attention on a solution rather than a problem Any problem becomes nearly impossible to solve if it readily depresses you and causes you to dwell on all of the unpleasant consequences it brings. Stop blaming yourself or others and start looking for solutions to the situation. Don’t waste your time worrying about things you can’t change, it’ll simply lead to a deeper melancholy. Accept the truth that everyone experiences challenges, issues, and barriers. However, only successful and proactive people can effectively deal with problems because of their problem-solving abilities. Put Your Trust in Yourself Do you believe someone else would be willing to help you with issues, achieve anything, or solve your problems? Your loved ones will undoubtedly support you, but you must take responsibility for your own achievement. Remember that working on something yourself is the quickest and most effective method to get it done, even if it involves other individuals who can assist or encourage you along the way. Stop putting your faith in your good fortune or your strong determination. Expect the appropriate time to pass you by. Those who persevere in the face of adversity are rewarded with success. It’s not enough to have a strong desire for something. You must put in a lot of effort to achieve it. Prepare by analyzing your steps ahead of time Actions taken on the spur of the moment may cause more harm than good, whereas well-thought-out and well-planned actions will explain the situation and move you closer to a solution. Before you do something, think about the consequences. Make use of your analytical abilities or work on improving them. You’ll need a lot of it if you want to be proactive. Do you want to get to the bottom of the issue quickly? The more serious the situation is, the more in-depth analysis you’ll need to do. A proactive person must be able to forecast outcomes and take into consideration the actions of others. You’d be better off taking tiny measures that you can control. If something goes wrong, you’ll be able to go back and adjust the strategy more easily. You must also understand that failure is unavoidable, even if you plan everything ahead of time, so be prepared to shift course if it occurs. Establishing clear objectives There’s nothing wrong with dreaming, but does it make sense to dream if you can’t make it happen? Your ambitions can be big, but you should set goals that have the least likelihood of being realised. It’s a waste of time to dream without action. If you want something, go ahead and grab it. How? As if you were putting together a puzzle, create the minor goals that will need to be met along the way to achieving your ambition. Reduce the size of the puzzle pieces to make them more manageable. Unrealistic objectives, according to psychologists, lead to disillusionment and a refusal to create new ones. Meanwhile, setting realistic goals gives you the confidence and determination to work on whatever you’re working on. Remember how excited you were when you finally accomplished something and exclaimed to yourself, “I did it!” You realise it wasn’t as difficult as you thought, and you believe you’re capable of more. Anything you do or say should be consistent People will stop trusting you if your words and actions are inconsistent. Even more dissatisfying is the fact that you will be unable to rely on yourself. Your time management skills will improve, you will be able to get more things done faster, and you will always take your own promises seriously if you learn to do as you say. If you want to be proactive, you must be consistent, whether you made promises to others or to yourself. As a general guideline, refrain from expressing things you aren’t sure you’ll want to do. Set reasonable timeframes to avoid overpromising, and stick to the plans once they’ve been validated by others. Your leadership talents will be streamlined if you adopt a proactive approach. You may impact the outcomes of talks with your team by how you participate in them. Rather than just reacting to other people’s answers, make sure you come up with your own. A proactive individual will never be uninterested in anything that has to be done as part of a team, instead, he or she will take an active role in finding a solution. Don’t be reluctant to communicate your observations, thoughts, or predictions with your bosses or coworkers, even if you perceive areas in the firm that need to be addressed. Also read: Significance of Yoga During this Pandemic Being proactive in life entails taking care of oneself and those around you, as well as building positive habits because you recognize that your life is the sum of your daily actions. “To do something” is what active means. “Before” is the meaning of the prefix pro. As a result, if you are proactive, you will be prepared before something occurs. Having a proactive mindset will have an impact on various aspects of your life. Increasing stability will increase your motivation to participate in sports on a regular basis and keep promises to friends, while self-reliance will assist you in navigating through various situations in your life. For example, active participation can help you become a better parent to your children. Always keep in mind that proactivity is something you can learn and practice. Proactive people don’t wait for things to happen to them, instead, they make a conscious effort to take the right steps to achieve their goals. They have the correct mindset, are proactive, and plan ahead. Each of the above steps toward proactivity will help you get closer to the mentality you need to live the life of your dreams.
Sea cucumbers are some of the weirdest creatures on Earth. They look like giant sea urchins, but they taste like chicken. What does sea cucumber taste like? Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrates that belong to the phylum Echinodermata. The word “sea cucumber” comes from the Greek words kuon sea and cucumber cucurbit. These animals are found in tropical waters around the world. Sea cucumbers are known for their medicinal properties. They contain nutrients such as protein, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. Some species also produce toxins that can cause allergic reactions Nutritional Benefits of Sea Cucumber Sea cucumbers are one of the oldest sea creatures on Earth. They were first discovered in 1801, when an Englishman named William Smith was exploring the coast of Chile. He found a creature that looked like a giant slug, and he called it “sea cucumber” because its body resembled a cucumber. The name stuck, and today we call this animal a sea cucumber. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. Today, scientists still don’t know exactly how many different types of sea cucumbers exist. Culinary Uses of Sea Cucumber Sea cucumbers are popularly known as sea cucumbers because of their resemblance to cucumbers. However, these animals are actually marine invertebrates, meaning that they are neither fish nor mammals. They are considered a type of holothurian a member of the phylum Echinodermata. In addition, they are closely related to starfish and sea urchins. Sea cucumbers are usually eaten whole, although they can also be cut into pieces and served as appetizers. Some people believe that eating sea cucumbers helps prevent cancer. What is the History of Sea Cucumber? How to Procure It? The history of sea cucumber goes back thousands of years. It was first discovered in China during the Tang Dynasty 618–907 AD. During this period, sea cucumbers were used as medicine and food. Later on, sea cucumbers became an important source of income for Chinese fishermen. Today, sea cucumbers are still harvested from the ocean floor using nets. How to Cook Sea Cucumber? Why Are Sea Cucumbers So Expensive? Sea cucumbers are expensive because they are rare and hard to find. Most people who buy sea cucumbers do so because they love eating them. However, if you are looking to make money off of your sea cucumbers, then you might consider selling them online. You can sell your sea cucumbers through eBay, Amazon, Etsy, Craigslist, and other websites. Fact You Don’t Know About Sea Cucumber Sea cucumbers are actually edible. They are usually sold as an appetizer, but they can also be used as a main course. They taste similar to shrimp, although they have a milder flavor. The texture is firm and chewy, and they are best when served raw. What happens when you eat a sea cucumber? Sea cucumbers are one of the most expensive animals on earth. The reason for this is because they are harvested from the ocean floor where they grow. It takes an incredible amount of effort to harvest these creatures. In addition, they are extremely delicate and fragile. Because of this, they are very expensive. What does sea cucumbers do for you? Sea cucumbers are soft, slimy creatures that look like large eels. They are found in warm waters all over the world. The only place where they do not occur is Antarctica. They are usually found on sandy bottoms, although they can be found in muddy areas too. They are covered in tiny hairs called cilia, which allow them to move through the water. They use these cilia to swim slowly along the bottom of the ocean floor. Why do sea cucumbers spit out organs? Yes, it is perfectly safe to touch sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers are soft, slimy creatures that look similar to jellyfish. They are actually marine animals, and are related to starfish. You can find them on beaches all over the world. They are usually found near the shoreline, and are commonly seen washed up on the beach after storms. The best way to handle sea cucumbers is to wash them off first before handling them. Are sea cucumbers poisonous to humans? Sea cucumbers are actually edible. However, they are considered an invasive species in many countries, including Australia. It is illegal to import them into these places. You can find them on sale in pet stores, but only if they are from a reputable source. Are sea cucumbers good to eat? Yes, sea cucumbers are toxic to humans. The toxins found in these animals are similar to those found in other marine creatures such as jellyfish. Sea cucumbers contain an enzyme called “sticholysin II” which causes severe pain when ingested. It’s this same enzyme that gives jellyfish stings their sting. In addition to being painful, sea cucumber toxin can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and muscle spasms. These symptoms usually last about 24 hours. Is it safe to touch sea cucumber? Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrates animals without backbones that spend most of their lives buried in sand or mud on the ocean floor. The only way to move these animals from one place to another is through water. When they are ready to leave the seafloor, they expel all their internal organs except for the gonads. As soon as they reach the surface, they begin to regenerate their body parts. What happens when you touch a sea cucumber? Sea cucumber is an herbaceous plant that grows on the seabed. It has a soft body and tentacles that resemble those of jellyfish. Sea cucumbers are marine animals that feed on other organisms such as worms, mollusks, crustaceans, fish, and algae. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for various conditions including cancer, arthritis, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, and liver disease. Why are sea cucumbers so expensive? Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrates animals without backbones that are found in shallow waters worldwide. The sea cucumber has no bones, no muscles, and no organs. It is made up of two parts: an outer protective covering called the tunic, and an inner tube called the body. The body is soft and gelatinous, and is filled with water. The sea cucumbers use their tentacles to catch prey. When caught, the prey is pulled into the mouth of the sea cucumber where it is digested.
Dengue or Dengue fever is an infectious disease. It can cause high fevers, headaches, rashes, and pain throughout the body. Dengue fever is not contagious, so it can't spread directly from person to person. There's no vaccine for dengue yet However, precautions to be taken. When a mosquito bites a person who has dengue fever, the mosquito becomes infected with the virus that causes the disease. It can then spread the virus to other people by biting them. These mosquitoes lays eggs on accumulated fresh water. The trash near lakes & rivers, tyres, roofs, surroundings can clog rain water attract mosquitoes which can spread the deadly infections. The trash also causes foul smell around the area. Human Ambulance's volunteers have recently cleaned 'DEBIGHAT' a pond near Dakshindari where people go to spend evenings for relaxation and religious events. These rituals made this place almost a dumping zone. Focusing on, Human Ambulance has taken an initiative to clean this area with the help of volunteers. Keeping your surroundings and your area clean can help a ton in preventing the chances of Dengue and other food borne diseases. Eg. Diarrhea, cholera, Malaria, Dengue etc. Kolkata is a city where most people get infected with dengue as there's lack of proper cleanliness especially in some slum areas of Kolkata. Slum areas are more likely to expose this kind of infectious diseases. Hence, it's really crucial to keep your areas clean. And it starts with you. Dengue fever used to be called "breakbone fever," which might give you severe bone and muscle pain. A person with dengue fever may notice: Some people can get a more serious form of the infection called dengue hemorrhagic fever. They may have these additional symptoms: If you think you might have dengue fever, call a doctor right away. You also should call a doctor if you develop symptoms of the infection. A doctor will examine you. He or she will ask you questions about how you're feeling, your medical history, and recent travels. Your doctor might want you to give a blood sample to test for the disease. Most cases of dengue fever will go away within a couple of days But dengue hemorrhagic fever requires treatment in a hospital with intravenous (IV) fluids and close monitoring. If not treated right away, a person can have heavy bleeding and a drop in blood pressure, and could even die. You can help keep yourself free of dengue fever by avoiding mosquito bites. If you live in or will be visiting an area where there's dengue fever:
If you have ever seen the look on a toddler’s face when they hold a few dollars in their hands, you know that kids love money! While most daycares and schools tend to avoid the topic of money with children, here at Cornerstone, we believe greatly in the process of developing skills that children will have for life in addition to their ABCs and 123s and money is one of those skills! A study in the Journal of Consumer Affairs found in fact, that financial education early in life benefits people in adulthood. But many parents aren’t sure where to start with the topic. How do you teach you kids the basic skill they need without making the process complex or difficult to understand? Starting with the basics One of the very first lessons that children should learn about money is simply the fact that it exists and it plays a role in our day-to-day lives. Experts believe that children as young as 3 years old have the ability to understand money and how you trade it for goods and services. The sooner your child is introduced to the concept of money, the sooner they will be able to pick up on more concepts that are very important. A good place to start is by allowing your kids to help you make small purchases. Next time you are about to buy something small (like some gum or a drink) allow your child to hold the money and hand it to the clerk explaining along the way what is happening. That small exercise done enough times will help the basic concept of money take shape in their heads and allow them to understand handing over the cash gets you something in return. It’s never too early to teach them about saving and delayed gratification One of the key things that many parents want to teach their children about money is how to save it. When a child has a birthday or other celebration that suddenly gives them an influx of cash, they tend to get excited to spend it all faster than they got it! While it is great to still let your child buy themselves a few things with that money, it is also important to teach saving habits very early on. From the beginning, many parents will either help their child set a percentage that they will save, or teach them about saving a flat amount every time. Either way, those saving habits are starting to develop. When kids are little, setting up a piggy bank is a great way to do this. That way, a child can see the actual money entering the bank to help them grasp the concept of the money being saved. As they get older, bring your child along to open up their first bank account and show them exactly how the money gets saved in their accounts. Through these habits, your child will learn the importance of not spending money right away and the benefits of saving up now, to get something even bigger later. This idea of “delayed gratification” is a skill that will not only help them with money when they are older but also other areas as well. It’s all about helping them find the balance! Money doesn’t grow on trees, it is earned! The final thing that helps teach your child the value of money is by showing how it is earned. I think we can all agree that it would be nice if money grew on trees, but unfortunately, we need to work to get it. For children, this idea is a foreign idea at first. You might drop them off at daycare and they may know that you go to work, but they might not understand the fact that going to work is how money is earned. Most parents tackle this idea the old fashioned way – assigning chores. For the little ones, something as easy as “helping” with dishes or picking up toys is enough to earn a dollar or two. As the kids get older, tasks like cleaning, vacuuming, and helping in the yard are all great options to teach the process of how money is worked for and earned. Be patient in this process as some children still struggle to see the benefit of the payoff at the end, but with enough time, you can show that working hard has big benefits! Teaching kids about money as soon as possible help set them up for great success in their futures. Money is one of the biggest stresses of adult life and the lessons you teach them now can better prepare them for handling money in their adult life!
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN Hydrogen and Oxygen are necessary to NPK uptake. N = Nitrogen, P = Phosphorus, and K = Potassium. All three are the main components of fertilizer. Adding H2 and O2 to the soil would seem to be the reason significantly increased growth and better overall health of plants is noticed after a thunderstorm, where lightning brings increased levels of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen to the soil. While our atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, it’s in a form plants can’t use. Instead, plants rely on microbes that produce nitrogenase, an enzyme that takes nitrogen from fertilizer or the atmosphere and converts it to ammonia, which is a nutrient plant can take up through the roots and turn into protein. Hydrogen is a necessary component to this process – the reduction of nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) . “Nitrogenases are enzymes that are produced by certain bacteria, such as cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). These enzymes are responsible for the reduction of nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). Nitrogenase is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing nitrogen fixation, which is the reduction of nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). The process is coupled to the hydrolysis of 16 equivalents of ATP and is accompanied by the co-formation of one molecule of H2. Phosphorus is taken up mostly as the primary orthophosphate ion (H2PO4-). As shown in the chemical equation, hydrogen and oxygen are a part of the necessary conversion of phosphorous to orthophosphate, which is how the plant uptakes P. “High-affinity K+ uptake from micromolar external K+ levels is coupled to H+ transport…” Sulfur utilizes Oxygen for reduction to Sulfates Several of the 17 essential elements plants need to grow either need oxygen or hydrogen for uptake.
If there’s a way to prevent injuries and accidents in the workplace, you’d definitely do it without a question. First aid and CPR training can reduce the number of accidents and injuries in the workplace by up to 50 percent. This is the reason why first aid and CPR training course at the workplace is so important. According to studies, the chances of sustaining serious injuries or deaths in workplace accidents are considerably reduced if every person is trained at how to provide first aid. This does not only apply to workplaces with dangerous nature. Emergencies can occur even in workplaces that are considered “safer.” For example, heart attack can happen in offices. If someone knows first aid, the chances of surviving a heart attack is up by four times; moreover, the survival rate increases by up to 75% in workplaces with AEDs. Time is essential In case of emergencies, time is not on your side. Even minute details such as the distance of the nearest first aid-trained employee or the proximity of the First Aid Kit can make a huge difference in the outcome of the victim. This is another reason why first aid training at the workplace is essential. If everyone knows basic first aid, then initial first aid can come in instantly. No need to waste time waiting for the health and safety officer or emergency services. Preparation and training are the first line of defense in preventing serious complications due to work-related accidents. Having a first responder right away Construction sites and workplaces located in remote areas require first aid and CPR training. Since these workplaces have poor accessibility, it can take emergency medical services twice as long to reach the victim. Every minute expended decreases the victim’s chances of survival. Usually, it takes around 10 minutes for an ambulance to respond in urban centers. The estimated travel time for poorly marked places is considerably longer. Protecting each and every worker Studies show that workplace safety training can help decrease injuries in jobsites by up to 20 percent. In first aid training courses participants do not only learn first aid skills, they also become aware of how to ensure safety in the workplace. This results in reduced injuries in the jobsite. By minimizing injuries, the company benefits by preventing unwanted costs and increasing confidence among teammates. Protecting yourself and your workers is essential for the success of a company. Regardless of the size and nature of your company, you should consider incorporating first aid and CPR training courses in your standard safety training. Train all employees in first aid and see how it can help improve your workplace culture. Contact your local workplace approved chapter now to learn more about first aid training at the workplace.
By William Pearce In June of 1832, Thaddeus Fairbanks patented the platform scale which would be the foundation of Fairbanks & Company. Back then, scales were integral to business as marine and railway shippers charged by weight. Fairbanks became the leading scale manufacturer in the United States and sold thousands of scales in the US, Europe, South America, and China. In the 1870s, Charles Morse, a Fairbanks & Company employee, was responsible for adding Eclipse Windmills and pumps to the Fairbanks & Company product list. Charles Morse became a partner, thus beginning Fairbanks Morse & Company. In the late nineteenth century, Fairbanks Morse & Company continued to expand its now very diverse product line. The Company began producing oil and naptha engines in the 1890s. The Fairbanks Morse gas engine became a success providing power for irrigation, electricity generation, and oilfield work. Small power plants built by Fairbanks Morse were popular and evolved by burning kerosene in 1893, coal gas in 1905, and semi-diesel in 1913. After the expiration of Rudolf Diesel’s American license in 1912, Fairbanks Morse entered the large engine business. Introduced in 1914, the company’s large Model Y semi-diesel stationary engine became a standard workhorse used by sugar, rice, and timber mills; mines, and other applications. The Model Y was available in sizes from one through six-cylinders, or 30 to 200 horsepower (22 to 149 kW). Successor to the Model Y, the Y-VA engine was developed in Beloit, Wisconsin and introduced in 1924. It was the first high compression, cold start, full diesel developed by Fairbanks Morse without the acquisition of any foreign patent. The Y and Y-VA engines were made to run for long periods without stopping. By 1925 there were over 1,000 American cities generating electricity with Fairbanks Morse engines. Around 1925 the Y-VA diesel was improved and renamed the Model 32 engine. The Model 32 was the culmination of many years of improvement upon the initial Model Y design. The improvements included various cylinder head designs, increased compression, and the eventual adoption of high-pressure injection and differential fuel injectors. To differentiate various cylinder heads and methods of induction on the Model 32 engine series, letter designations A thru E were used. The Model 32 was available in two cylinder sizes: 12 in (305 mm) bore with a 15 in (381 mm) stroke and 14 in (356 mm) bore with 17 in (432 mm) stroke. The 12×15 engine, known as -12, was available in one- through three-cylinder versions with each cylinder displacing 1,696 cu in (27.8 L) and producing about 40–50 hp (30–37 kW). The 14×17 engine, known as -14, was available in one- through six-cylinder versions with each cylinder displacing 2,617 cu in (42.9 L) and producing 60–75 hp (45–56 kW). Normal operating speed ranged from 257 to 360 rpm. The two-stroke, water-cooled diesel of all cast iron construction was air started with 250 psi (17.2 bar). The only moving parts in the Model 32 were the pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, oil pumps, fuel pumps, flywheel, and governor. The engine had no intake or exhaust valves. Air was drawn through the crankcase and into the cylinder when the piston uncovered an induction port. The air was then compressed by the piston as fuel was injected into the cylinder at 2,000 psi (137.9 bar) and ignited by the heat of the 500 psi (34.5 bar) compression. As the cylinder moved down on the power stroke, the piston uncovered the exhaust port, expelling the burnt gases. Fuel consumption was around 0.39 lb/hp/hr (237 g/kW/h). The Model 32 engines were in service for years in power stations, manufacturing plants, ice plants, flour mills, rock crushing plants, cotton gins, seed oil mills, textile mills, irrigation and drainage pumping stations, and many other locations. To give some idea of the service life of the engine, at 10,000 hours of operation the needle rollers on the piston pin should be replaced. At 20,000 hours the needle rollers should be replaced again and the piston pin should be rotated 180 degrees. At 40,000 hours, or 4.57 years of continuous operation, the piston pin and bushing should be replaced. The Model 32 was built at least into the 1940s. A number of engines were still in regular service at various locations into the 1970s, with at least one being run until 1991. The Indian Grave Drainage District in Quincy, Illinois still has three operational Model 32 engines, and three engines are on standby as back-up power generators in Delta, Colorado. Today, stationary diesels are still used for power generation, pumping, and other purposes. Fairbanks Morse still exists in this field and also manufactures marine and locomotive diesels. As far as the Model 32 is concerned, some still exist in abandoned factories and power stations, while others have been saved and preserved. A few Model 32s are run for special events, enabling them to shake the ground once again. Here is a video of 1936 four-cylinder Fairbanks Morse 32D-14 (but might be a 32E-14) by accessgainer8. This engine is owned and occasionally operated by the Pottsville Historical Museum near Grant’s Pass, Oregon.
Technology is rapidly changing, and the latest innovations are pushing the boundaries of what is possible. From artificial intelligence to virtual reality, the world of technology is constantly evolving and advancing. As a result, it’s important to stay up to date on the latest developments and explore the potential of these new technologies. One of the most exciting areas of technology is artificial intelligence (AI). AI is being used in a wide range of applications, from self-driving cars to facial recognition software. AI is also being used to develop machines that can learn, think, and act like humans. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with machines and the way we do business. Another area of technology that is rapidly evolving is virtual reality (VR). VR is being used to create immersive, interactive experiences that allow users to explore and interact with virtual environments. From gaming to education, VR is being used to create new ways of experiencing the world. Augmented reality (AR) is also becoming increasingly popular. AR is a technology that overlays digital information onto the physical world, allowing users to interact with virtual objects in the real world. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with the world around us. The internet of things (IoT) is another exciting area of technology. IoT is a network of physical devices that are connected to the internet and can communicate with each other. This technology is being used to create smart homes, connected cars, and other applications that can make our lives easier. Finally, blockchain technology is one of the most promising new innovations. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can be used to securely store and transfer data. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with digital assets and could change the way we do business. Exploring the latest innovations in technology can be an exciting and rewarding experience. By staying up to date on the latest developments, you can get a better understanding of how these technologies are changing the world and get a glimpse of the potential of these new technologies.
This web site offers information about the Rio Tinto in Andalucia, Spain. It describes the opencast mine structures, landscape, rich history, and regional influence of the Rio Tinto mines. Part of a structured site for those interested in Southern Spain and Andalucia Culture, it includes links to other areas of the Huelva Province. Subject: Biology, Microbiology Resource Type: Scientific Resources:Overview/Reference Work Grade Level: General Public, College Lower (13-14), Middle (6-8), High School (9-12) Extreme Environments: Altered by Humans, Acidic Topics: Biosphere:Microbiology, Ecology CMS authors: link to this resource in your page using [resource 2431]
In computer networking a routing table is a data table stored in a router or a networked device that lists the routes to particular network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes. Static routes are entries made in a routing table by non-automatic means and which are fixed rather than being the result of some network topology “discovery” procedure. Static route on MyPBX is used to configure to route the connection, packets to particular network destinations, usually a specific gateway. In some countries, the SIP provider could provide SIP service by providing users a gateway and require the MyPBX to connect to the gateway directly. The problem is that the gateway is for SIP only but no other internet application. At this time, if users would like to synchronize time from NTP server, send voicemail to email or using remote extensions for example, it would be difficult without configuring static route. At this moment, we can connect the LAN port to the SIP gateway provided by the SIP provider and the WAN port to the internet. After that, we need to set up the static route to route the SIP trunk connection to the SIP gateway. Assume the IP address of the SIP server is 188.8.131.52 and the SIP gateway is 192.168.4.1:
PATIENT INFORMATION: Skeletal System Implants (“Endoprosthesis”) WHAT … FOR? (Indications) Bone implants are used to replace bony structures, e.g. in case of bone fractures and specific diseases. The joints between the bones, e.g. at the hip or knee, can also be replaced by so-called hip or knee endoprostheses in the case of very painful or significant joint changes. Other reasons may include: limitations in walking and climbing stairs, a misalignment of the legs, an unstable joint or weak muscles, problems walking, kneeling or sitting down, limitations at work, at home and during leisure time, or dependence on support from others. Knee 49%, Hip 42% (global, 2012) 310.800, hip endoprostheses, U.S.A. (2010) 400.000, joint implants (220.000 hip, 150.000 knee, Germany 2014) Diseases that increase the risk of surgery. short term: Inflammation, thrombosis, hematoma, injury of nerves or vessels, hemorrhagia, metal hypersensitivity, metal toxicity, leg length inequality. long term: Loosening, dislocation, osteolysis, inflammation, chronic pain, death (<1%). 5% after 1st surgery Hip replacement lasts 25 years in around 58% of patients (The Lancet, 2019) 95% more than 10 years 90% 20 years, 95% are satisfied, 2017: failure rate 2,2 – 3,2% (3rd year)(hip, Germany, Dtsch Ärzteblatt 2018) Patient Information (manufacturer/Zimmer)(english) Endoprotheses: regaining independence and mobility(english) Endoprothetik – Zwischen Anspruch und Realität(german) Canadian Joint Replacement Registry (Canada) Czech National Register of Joint Replacement (NRKN, Czech Republic)Deutschland Endoprothesenregister (german) Romanian Arthroplasty Register (Romania) Slovak Arthroplasty Register (Slovakia) Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register (swedish) UK National Joint Registry (UK) Gelenkersatz: Anwendungsstandards und Register verbessern Qualität (german) Register und Netzwerke: Zusammenarbeit ist wichtig für den Erfolg (german) The information and links and whatsoever shown on this page are compiled with care. However, Implant-Register can´t take any responsibility for the information given, nor their content, nor their up-to-date nature, particularly in interlinked pages. You may help us with your contribution, granting us the decision to publish or not. Be careful with conclusions for yourself, in doubt double-check and consider medical solutions are individual and have to be found with an educated medical person.
Year 10 Social Studies Teacher in Charge: Mrs C. Hunt Year 10 Social Studies The Social Sciences learning area is about how societies work and how people can participate as critical, active, informed, and responsible citizens. Contexts are drawn from the past, present, and future and from places within and beyond New Zealand. There may be an opportunity to sit a level one research standard during the course of the year. Year 10 Social Studies focuses on level 5 achievement objectives of the NZ curriculum. These means that students will gain knowledge, skills, and experience to: - Understand how systems of government in New Zealand operate and affect people’s lives, and how they compare with another system. - Understand how the Treaty of Waitangi is responded to differently by people in different times and places. - Understand how cultural interaction impacts on cultures and societies. - Understand that people move between places and how this has consequences for the people and the places. - Understand how economic decisions impact on people, communities, and nations. - Understand how people’s management of resources impacts on environmental and social sustainability. - Understand how the ideas and actions of people in the past have had a significant impact on people’s lives. - Understand how people seek and have sought economic growth through business, enterprise, and innovation. - Understand how people define and seek human rights. Students will need a large lined activities book (the size of a scrap book), pens, pencils, rubber and ruler. Coloured pencils, scissors and glue would also be beneficial. Total Credits Available: 4 credits. Internally Assessed Credits: 4 credits. Town Planner, Teaching, Demographer, Tourist Operator, Tourism Industry, Archaeologist, Anthropologist, Meteorologist, Policy Analyst, Resource Management, Diplomat, Sociologist, Archivist, Film maker, Lawyer, Historian, Social Work, Geologist, Academic Advisor, Account Coordinators, Administrative Assistant, Assistant Business Manager, Campaign Manager, Case Manager, Disability Services, Claims Adjuster, Commercial Underwriter, Consultant, Correctional Worker, Customer Advocate, Director of Sales, Disabilities Determination Sp,
Marking out or layout is the process of transferring a design or pattern to a workpiece, as the first step in the manufacturing process. It is performed in many industries or hobbies although in the repetition industries the machine's initial setup is designed to remove the need to mark out every individual piece. The actual method is unique for each field of expertise, some common areas and their needs are listed below as examples of the variation in an otherwise simple process. In the metal trades area, marking out consists of transferring the dimensions from the plan to the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture. Tools that are peculiar to the engineering/machining area are typically - Surface plate or marking out table — provides a true surface from which to work - Angle plates — assist in holding the workpiece perpendicular to the table - Scriber — is the equivalent of a pen or pencil. It literally scratches the metal surface leaving behind a fine, bright line. - Vernier height gauge or scribing block — allows lines to be scribed at a preset distance, from the tables surface. - Surface gage — an ungraduated comparison measuring tool that performs much the same function as the vernier height gage. It is often used in conjunction with a dial indicator and a precision height gage. - Marking blue — to provide a usable writing surface by covering any existing scratches and providing a contrasting background. - Protractor — to assist in the transfer of angular measurements - Combination square — an alternative tool for transferring angular measurements - Square — to transfer 90 ° angles to the workpiece - Punches — either prick or center punch to create permanent marks or dimples for drill bits to start in. - Ball peen hammer — used in conjunction with the punches to provide the striking blow needed. - Dividers or measuring compass — for creating circles or arcs. - Automatic center punch — a spring loaded punch that creates prick punch marks without the need for a ball peen hammer As welding does not always require the use of fine tolerances, marking out is usually performed by using centre punches , tape measures The "chalk" is actually a small pre-cut block of talc (soapstone). These talc blocks can be sharpened to a stronger point than the softer blackboard chalk. The color of the chalk provides good contrast against the dark color of the hot rolled steel that is generally used. A sharp scriber along with try squares and tape measures are generally sufficient for this field In carpentry and joinery practice a pencil is used for marking while in cabinetmaking a marking knife provides for greater accuracy.
The oscillating electrical subject concerning the sheets ionizes the low pressure gas in the two extended Geissler tubes he is holding, leading to them to glow by fluorescence, similar to neon lights, without the need of wires. The principal capacitor is frequently manufactured from quite a few dozen caps wired inside a sequence / parallel configuration named a Multi-Mini Capacitor (MMC). An individual pulse style capacitor can be employed, but They're harder to find, can not be modified and so are more difficult to replace. Inside a dual resonant stable-state Tesla coil (DRSSTC), the electronic switching of the sound-point out Tesla coil is coupled with the resonant Principal circuit of a spark-gap Tesla coil. The resonant Major circuit is fashioned by connecting a capacitor in sequence with the principal winding from the coil, to ensure The mixture sorts a sequence tank circuit with a resonant frequency in close proximity to that in the secondary circuit. Because of the extra resonant circuit, one particular manual and 1 adaptive tuning adjustment are necessary. Also, an interrupter is often used to decrease the obligation cycle with the switching bridge, to enhance peak energy abilities; in the same way, IGBTs tend to be more common Within this application than bipolar transistors or MOSFETs, due to their outstanding electricity managing qualities. Two coil or double-resonant circuits - Virtually all current Tesla coils use The 2 coil resonant transformer, consisting of the Most important winding to which present-day pulses are applied, along with a secondary winding that provides the higher voltage, invented by Tesla in 1891. The phrase "Tesla coil" normally refers to these circuits. The oscillating currents in the primary and secondary little by little die out ("ring down") resulting from energy dissipated as warmth while in the spark gap and resistance of the coil. Tesla invented the Tesla coil through endeavours to develop a "wireless" lighting system, with fuel discharge mild bulbs that would glow within an oscillating electric subject from the significant voltage, large frequency electricity supply. For a substantial frequency resource Tesla powered a Ruhmkorff coil (induction coil) together with his significant frequency alternator. He located which the Main losses because of the higher frequency present overheated the iron core from the Ruhmkorff coil and melted the insulation involving the primary and secondary windings. To fix this problem Tesla adjusted the design to make sure that there was an air gap as an alternative to insulating substance in between the windings, and manufactured the iron Main adjustable so it could be moved in or out on the coil He ultimately important site uncovered the highest voltages could possibly be developed in the event the iron core was omitted. THHN wire has developed in popularity because it can be a cost effective choice compared to other types of building wire. For indoor and out of doors programs where by longevity is valued, THHN wire offers the assurance that contractors and homeowners demand from customers. A 1 to 10 Mohm bleeder resistor needs to be wired across Each and every capacitor to avoid the caps from holding a perilous demand. The bleeder resistors really should not be in direct connection with the situation of the capacitor as arcing can happen. One resonant sound condition Tesla coil (SRSSTC) - In this particular circuit the first doesn't have a capacitor and so is not a tuned circuit; just the secondary is. Through the 1920s and 30s all unipolar (single terminal) large voltage professional medical coils arrived being identified as Oudin coils, so modern unipolar Tesla coils are occasionally called "Oudin coils". The volume of electrodes will must be picked out to offer a hundred and twenty BPS dependant upon the motor RPM. The following chart lists the required electrodes to make 120 BPS with diverse motor RPMs. Bipolar - Neither end of the secondary winding is grounded, and both of those are brought out to higher voltage terminals. The principal winding is found at the middle with the secondary coil, equidistant concerning The 2 substantial possible terminals, to discourage arcing. NSTs tend to be fairly simple to obtain and are rather robust when used with the correct protection circuit. Utilized NSTs will often be less expensive than new types. They are available at indicator retailers and salvage / recycling facilities. The hazards of contact with large-frequency electrical present are sometimes perceived as staying a lot less than at reduce frequencies, because the subject generally will not experience ache or maybe a 'shock'. This is often erroneously attributed to skin effect, a phenomenon that tends to inhibit alternating present from flowing inside of conducting media.
This section provides useful resources and guidance materials for both employers and workers. - Lead. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Provides information on environmental lead poisoning and prevention for health professionals and the public at large. - Lead Hotline - The National Lead Information Center. Provides information on lead exposure and related links to several U.S. agencies, allowing the general public and professionals to find information about lead hazards and their prevention. - Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing (2012 Edition). U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Provides detailed, comprehensive, technical information on how to identify lead-based paint hazards in housing and how to control such hazards safely and efficiently. - About Lead-Based Paint. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Provides access to regulations and documents related to lead in public housing. - Laboratories performing analyses in support of Title X surveys should be accredited under the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program. There are currently two organizations that provide this accreditation: - Occupational Chemical Database. OSHA maintains this chemical database as a convenient reference for the occupational safety and health community. It compiles information from several government agencies and organizations. This database originally was developed by OSHA in cooperation with EPA. - State programs for certification of lead workers, lead inspections, etc., see State Occupational Safety and Health Plans. - The Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (OLPPP) . California Department of Health Services. Provides a listing of many documents related to lead. - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149, (September 2007). Provides a physical description, exposure limits, measurement method, personal protection and sanitation, first aid, respirator recommendations, exposure routes, symptoms, target organs, and cancer. - EPA webpage on lead in drinking water. - NIOSH safety and health topic web page. This web page provides numerous resources related to occupational exposure to lead. - Blood Lead Testing. Information on blood lead tests by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry. - Rapid Lead Screening Test. Information on rapid lead screening test by FDA. - Blood Lead Levels. Handout on blood lead levels by Medline Plus. - CDC Lead Topics Page. Provides numerous publications related to lead. - NIEHS lead topics page. Provides numerous information and resources related to lead. Accessibility Assistance: Contact OSHA's Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management at (202) 693-2300 for assistance accessing PDF materials. All other documents, that are not PDF materials or formatted for the web, are available as Microsoft Office® formats and videos and are noted accordingly. If additional assistance is needed with reading, reviewing or accessing these documents or any figures and illustrations, please also contact OSHA's Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management at (202) 693-2300. *eBooks - EPUB is the most common format for e-Books. If you use a Sony Reader, a Nook, or an iPad you can download the EPUB file format. If you use a Kindle, you can download the MOBI file format.Back to Top
Watching her son Ian wiggle and play with his fingers while the rest of his kindergarten class sat quietly in the library listening to their teacher read aloud, Rachel Hastings, 46, had an epiphany. "It was a moment that told me that his inability to sit still was beyond his capability," Hastings said. Soon after, her son was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), a condition characterized by poor concentration, hyperactivity, impulsivity and impulsiveness. Because the condition can be associated with learning disorders as well, children with ADHD often have difficulty performing well in school. Hastings sought treatment and opted to put her son on medication for ADHD as a way for him to control his inability to sit still during class. Within a week, Ian's teacher told Hastings how differently he was behaving. "There was a clear benefit," Hastings said. "Before, even though he was learning to some degree, he still couldn't sit." And there may be even greater academic benefits for children like Ian as they grow up. Grade schoolers who take medication for their ADHD can improve their long-term academic success, particularly in math and reading comprehension, compared to children with ADHD who do not take medication, according to a new study published today in the journal Pediatrics. Using data from the U.S. Education Department's Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, researchers compared standardized math and reading scores of nearly 600 children over six years, beginning in kindergarten at age 5. Out of the 7 percent of this nationally representative group that was diagnosed with ADHD, 57 percent began taking medication. Over time, the children with ADHD who took medication for it scored 2.9 points higher in standardized math tests and 5.4 points higher on standardized reading tests than their unmedicated peers with ADHD. "For many decades we've known that the medications used to treat ADHD help in about 80 percent of cases with attention, impulse control and problem behavior," said Stephen Hinshaw, a professor and chairman of the Department of Psychology at the University of California at Berkeley and one of the authors of the study. "What's not been known is whether the medication has significant impact on learning and achievement in school." Normal academic progress at a young age is important for later academic success. Falling behind by failing to learn basic math, reading, reasoning or play skills can make it difficult to catch up to peers as a child gets older. In this way, the behavioral symptoms children with ADHD display when they are young -- inattentiveness, constant moving, daydreaming -- can translate to performance problems as they progress in school and academic requirements become more sophisticated. "If we find in first and second grade a child who is having significant problems associating symbols with sounds or reading basic sight words, the common assumption may be to wait a couple of years," Hinshaw said. "Now in fourth grade, they are reading at a first grade level. That has been costly." Hinshaw stressed that it is not necessary to teach every three-year-old to read or to medicate all children who progress slowly in school. Rather, early detection and treatment of ADHD based on a child's history and class observations for the classic symptoms, coupled with significant academic struggles, can significantly impact their future academic success. The study has the potential to quiet some of the controversy surrounding ADHD, both as a diagnosis and for the way it is treated. There are camps of experts and parents who believe an ADHD diagnosis is simply a label for a child who is lazy, unmotivated or developing slowly. Others are not convinced that medication is the proper treatment for people with ADHD, suggesting behavioral therapy and tutoring as alternatives. A federal study from the 1990s called the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) generated controversy earlier this year when some suggested that the results showed that treating ADHD with medication had almost no beneficial effects over eight years. "There is a resistance to medicating your child," said Richard Scheffler, professor of health economics and public policy at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health and another author on the study. "And some think you need to get the old ruler out." In fact, the MTA study showed that, during 14 months of controlled trials with ADHD medications, talk therapy and routine medical care, those who received drugs showed fewer symptoms of ADHD than their peers. Data collected during follow up studies showed tapering in the beneficial effects of ADHD medication because the patients were released from the confines of a controlled trial into community care where there was less oversight. "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence," said L. Eugene Arnold, professor emeritus of psychiatry at Ohio State University and one of the authors of the MTA study. "To deny that there is a problem does not seem to be the sensible approach." And the MTA study proved this principle. In one group of same-sex children, all in the same school and classroom, those with ADHD showed decreased symptoms in a follow up study eight years later, but they were still not as advanced as their peers, both behaviorally and academically. By contrast, Hinshaw said that children with ADHD gained about one fifth of a school year almost immediately after starting medication. The children gained even more in reading skills -- about a third of a school year -- but those skills took a year longer to acquire because they are more complicated and require practice. "The one thing that works for attention deficit is medicine, like it or not," said Dr. Gary Trock, director of Pediatric Neurology at Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Mich. But Trock added that for most, a combination of behavioral therapy or tutoring and other one-on-one assistance produced the best outcomes. Though it is difficult to compare the results of a controlled study to one that pulls data from the natural population, Arnold said that the Berkeley study findings were even more unusual because of where the data came from. In the general population, a child receiving treatment for ADHD is likely in worse condition than someone who does not need treatment or needs less aggressive treatment. "The fact that [these kids] made gains over kids who didn't get medications is interesting," Hinshaw said. Will Drugs Work Over Time? The researchers did admit potential problems with their data set because they could not control the parameters for who took medication for ADHD and how. For example, people who were being treated for ADHD may have had more motivated parents. In addition, black and Hispanic communities typically are under diagnosed with ADHD despite equivalent incidence of the condition, affecting about 3 to 7 percent of school age children in the United States. Also, medication can be cost-prohibitive for low income families or those without access to health insurance. And Hinshaw's findings are not a silver bullet technique for treating children with ADHD. "Neither in reading nor in math were the gains associated with starting medications big enough to catch kids with ADHD up to kids without ADHD," he said. Hinshaw said the study will continue, and he and his colleagues hope to follow up with their subjects as they go through middle and high school to see if medication will benefit those with ADHD as academic skills become more sophisticated.
What are Guided Discovery Problems? Deep down inside, why are you a scientist? I'll bet you will answer, "Because it's fun!" And what makes it fun? Why, it's the thrill of discovery, of course. Those "Aha!' moments are what keep us going as we spend tedious hours traveling to distant field sites, collecting and processing samples, entering data, making and plotting measurements, debugging computer models, and racking our brains trying to explain it all. Through intriguing puzzles to solve, structured hands-on activities, carefully worded leading questions, crucial hints, and just-in-time presentations of information, guided discovery problems escort students step-by-step through the discovery process, giving them a tantalizing taste of the most delicious part of science. Students working on guided-discovery problems, like true scientists, sequentially uncover layers of scientific information one step at a time and learn new concepts as they do so. To get a taste of a student's experience of guided-discovery problems, I invite you to complete the activity Altitude of the Moon, and # of Hours it is Up (Acrobat (PDF) 159kB Nov30 08) which explores a topic that may be new to you. This guided-discovery problem is included in Advanced Moon Project, a series of activities that I wrote for the CSU Chico Concepts in Earth and Space Topics course for future elementary school teachers. The advanced moon project activities build on prior activities on the phases of the moon and seasons. Reflecting on the Guided-Discovery Experience - Could you solve the puzzle before completing the activity? - What question(s) in the activity led you to experience an "Aha!" moment? - Did you understand the answer to the puzzle after completing the activity? Notice that this problem is structured so that it gives students the help they need in order to solve each puzzle without solving it for them. This type of help, called scaffolding (Hogan and Pressley, 1997; Hmelo-Silver and others, 2007), keeps students within their "zone of proximal development," the zone between what they can do on their own and what they can't do, even with help (Vygotsky, 1978). By working through a guided-discovery problem, students gradually expand what they can accomplish on their own, pushing their zones of proximal development further out into former "can't do even with help" territory. The scaffolding in this activity is accomplished by leading the students through a series of doable steps in which the task at hand is clear. Students are supported in their discovery efforts with simple graphs and illustrative diagrams. They are asked to answer specific questions and complete partial diagrams in a particular way. Only after completing a series of small steps are students asked the bigger overarching questions.
Share with us your top 5-10 code of ethics statements for using technology in the classroom or your professional workplace. - Respect y.. Create or find a classroom resource that teaches students about creating strong passwords, passcodes or pass-phrases. This website tell.. We have shared a few examples of how information can be extracted from data (such as in your images). What are other ways humans can leave.. Explain what you think are some of the key differences between cyber security, cyber awareness and cyber safety. Cyber security means t.. When students are learning online it is important to keep them motivated in what they are doing and so they can learn to the best their ab.. An activity with primary school students is to order their nighttime routine. The students will have cards they need to out in their corre.. Being able to create and share work online is very important to students and staff as it is a way to collaborate and find new ideas and wa.. How has the development of technology changed the way we live? Think about topics such as the development of self-driving cars and the .. This is a fun interactive game aimed at year 2s. The goal is to catch different coloured fish, at the en.. When teaching students online it is really important to keep them engaged with the class. A way the teacher could implement data activitie.. A job that involves digital technology is interior design. Many people in this area of work use CAD related technology to map out areas of.. My name is Megan and I am in my second year of primary education in Adelaide 🙂
Anger is a normal human emotion and a reaction to having desires thwarted, feeling we have been wronged, witnessing injustice being done on a grander scale, or an escalation of frustration when we fall short of achieving success in any given endeavor. When things aren’t the way we think they SHOULD be, we may react angrily. The amygdala is the part of the brain that processes fear, triggers anger, and motivates us to behave in certain ways that we may end up regretting. It is an early warning system that tells us there is danger ahead and triggers the fight, flight or freeze response. It doesn’t understand the logic that the person who is driving slowly in front of you is likely not intentionally attempting to make you late to an important meeting. Remember the Disney Pixar movie Inside Out? Each character had a committee in their heads that included the emotions of Joy, Sadness, Fear, Disgust and Anger that would be triggered by the various scenarios which presented themselves in the life of a tween girl named Riley. Riley was in upheaval when her family moved to a new environment and she was expected to adjust. Anger was a normal reaction to change that she hadn’t asked for. Author, Tom Ziemann refers to that sometimes out of control emotion as his ‘anger dragon.’ He describes it in vivid detail in his book called Taming the Anger Dragon: From Pissed Off to Peaceful. He came to an understanding that the cumulative pain he experienced in childhood evolved into this expression of untamed emotions and destructive choices. It was when he learned to befriend the anger dragon rather than slaying it that he could keep it from burning down the village. You may want to do an exercise in which you imagine your anger in physical form. Make it a full sensory experience. What does it look like, sound like, smell like, feel like and if you are willing, what does it taste like? Have a conversation with it, inquiring how it came to be, what it wants to say, how the two of you can work together rather than be at odds with each other. Journal about it so you can look back over time and remind yourself of the interaction when you forget. A therapist friend, well versed in the dynamics of anger but who is anger avoidant in her own life, described to me an exercise in which she sat opposite another participant in a workshop, willing to interact with the emotion she had kept under wraps for so long. She explained, “We engaged in a conversation in which I had the opportunity to ask that aspect of myself who had not been permitted to speak very often, just what it wanted. What came out was that it wanted to be recognized as valid and not kept in the dark, drippy cave, festering underground, waiting to pounce on any unsuspecting passerby. It asked me to trust that it had a right to exist and could be used as a constructive force and not simply destructive. It said it was not only a weapon, but a useful tool. It reminded me that it was sometimes a catalyst for positive action. I agreed to find a way to co-exist with it.” How can we use anger as a tool and not a weapon? - Knowing that we are not always angry for the reasons we think we are, ask yourself what is under the anger. Is it sadness, grief, disappointment, frustration, or fear? - Inquire if whatever presents itself is ‘worth getting worked up over?’ It takes a great deal of energy to remain angry. The aforementioned therapist allows herself a mini and ever so brief internal temper tantrum and then releases it and moves on. - Recognize what you can and can’t control out in the world. We have no control over anyone else’s beliefs or actions. The Serenity Prayer written by Reinhold Niebuhr comes in handy here. “God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, courage to change the things I can and wisdom to know the difference.” - Follow the wise words, “Your life is in the hands of anyone who makes you lose your temper. What angers you controls you.” - Try to physically discharge your anger by running, throwing darts at a dartboard, pounding a pillow, etc. - Use anger as impetus to take positive action. A social justice activist takes her anger about the state of the world and writes commentary pieces, signs petitions, votes in every election, donates to charities, volunteers, and attends vigils and rallies. - Create time daily to immerse in peace, whether it is through meditation, prayer, being in nature, journaling, listening to music or connecting with people who bring that desired feeling out in you. “It is wise to direct your anger towards problems — not people; to focus your energies on answers, not excuses.” -William Arthur Ward
White-nose syndrome emerged as a devastating new disease of North American hibernating bats over the past four winters. The disease has spread more than 1,600 kilometers (1,000 mi) since it was first observed in a small area of upstate New York, and has affected six species of bats in the caves and mines they rely on for winter survival. A newly discovered, cold-loving fungus (Geomyces destructans) causes the characteristic skin infection of white-nose syndrome and can infect presumably healthy bats when they hibernate. Although clear links between skin infection by G. destructans and death have not yet been established, the fungus is the most plausible cause of the disease. Thousands of caves and mines are administered by the National Park Service. Although bats testing positive for white-nose syndrome have been detected only at two sites in the National Park System thus far, the National Park Service (NPS) has been preparing for the spread and effects of white-nose syndrome through a proactive national program of response coordination, research support and interpretation, and education. National park areas across the nation are uniquely situated to help understand white-nose syndrome and its ecosystem impacts, and assist in the conservation and recovery of affected bat species. Additional publication details White-nose syndrome in bats: a primer for resource managers
Reconnaissance of radioactive rock of the Hudson Valley and Adirondack Mountains, New York Trace Elements Investigations 70 Prepared by the Geological Survey for the United States Atomic Energy Commission - Perry F. Narten and Francis A. McKeown In August 1949 a carborne reconnaissance for radioactivity was made along 3,750 miles of road in the Paleozoic rocks of the Hudson Valley and the pre-Cambrian rocks of the Adirondack Mountains in eastern and central New York state. In the Paleozoic rocks the average radioactivity of the most strongly radioactive rocks is 0.003 percent equivalent uranium. The area underlain by pre-Cambrian rocks in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the Adirondacks contain the greatest concentration of abnormally radioactive rocks and glacial materials. This radioactivity is most apparent near the contacts of the igneous and metamorphic rocks where the average range of equivalent uranium content is estimated to be 0.003-0.004 percent. Pegmatites contain as much as 0. 043 percent uranium and 0.62 percent thorium. Iron slag containing 0.030 percent equivalent uranium was found near Moriah Center, and uranium and thorium in iron minerals have contributed to the radioactivity at several other abnormally radioactive localities. Additional publication details - Publication type: - Publication Subtype: - USGS Numbered Series - Reconnaissance of radioactive rock of the Hudson Valley and Adirondack Mountains, New York - Series title: - Trace Elements Investigations - Series number: - Year Published: - U.S. Geological Survey - Report: 54 p.; 1 Plate: 15.35 x 21.58 inches - United States - New York - Other Geospatial: - Adirondack Mountains;Hudson Valley
In all of time, only 24 human beings have flown to or around the moon, looked back, and seen Earth as a small blue sphere in the blackness of space. Their numbers are dwindling. Of the 12 who walked on the moon's surface, only nine are alive today, and the youngest is 71. So British director David Sington and his crew set out to seize the moment -- now, before the opportunity passes, to bring the Apollo astronauts together in one film, and ask them how the experience affected them. "I think these guys are very sane individuals. They are very down to earth, because, in some sense, they really know what Earth is," says Sington. "There are 7 billion of us on the planet, and nine of those 7 billion have stood on another heavenly body." From Buzz Aldrin, who made the first landing with Neil Armstrong, to Gene Cernan, who made the last landing in 1972, Sington and his colleagues got 10 Apollo astronauts to share some of their deepest thoughts. "I called the moon my home for three days of my life, and I'm here to tell you about it," said a pensive Cernan as the camera rolled. Then he shrugged as if he didn't believe himself. "That's -- that's science fiction." The documentary is called "In the Shadow of the Moon." Having already been voted best documentary at the Sundance Film Festival, it is opening this weekend in New York and Los Angeles. It will spread to theaters around the country by early October. The film consists entirely of interviews with the astronauts. The filmmakers added pictures from the Apollo flights, much of the visuals recently restored and copied in high definition. Looking back now, several astronauts say they learned far more about themselves than about the moon. "My father was born shortly after the Wright brothers. He could barely believe that I went to the moon," says Charles Duke, who flew on Apollo 16 in 1972. He pauses and wrinkles his nose. "But my son Tom was 5 -- and he didn't think it was any big deal." "I think if you do something as drastically different like flying to the moon and coming back again," says Michael Collins, who orbited the moon in Apollo 11's command ship while Armstrong and Aldrin landed, "then, by comparison, a lot of other things that used to seem important don't seem quite as much so." In the years after their travels, a few of the men struggled with depression. Some became environmentalists. Some turned deeply spiritual. "I felt that the world," says Gene Cernan at one point, "was just too beautiful to have happened by accident. There has to be something bigger than you and bigger than me." He continues, "And I mean this in a spiritual sense, not a religious sense. There has to be a creator of the universe who stands above the religions that we ourselves create to govern our lives." The men remark how desolate the moon seemed, how delicate Earth seemed -- and how very, very good it was to come home to it. "Since that time," says Alan Bean, who flew the second moon landing on Apollo 12, "I have not complained about the weather one single time -- I'm glad there's weather. I've not complained about traffic -- I'm glad there are people around me." Bean became a painter after he left the space program, and he closes the film with a broad smile. "I feel blessed every single day. Not a day goes by that I don't think this is great. This was wonderful. Somebody had to go, and they happened to pick me."
There are several obvious and not-so-obvious effects that a person’s alcoholism may have on the children dependent on them. The obvious effects are much widely spoken about and discussed wherever alcohol addiction is a topic. Alcoholics are not able to spare the right kind of emotions and time for their children. They are mostly consumed with their own habit, due to which their children get neglected. This happens even if the other adult in the house is a nonalcoholic. The person’s alcoholic habit will mostly be the topic of hot discussion in the house most times. This could lead to altercations among the adults. Such issues will definitely take their toll on the children. Children who feel neglected, mentally abused and insecure can develop several problems of their own. They may undergo bouts of depression initially and may want to spend more time out of their home. They may rely more on outsiders than their own caretakers. Their depression may show in their poor academic performance and they will likely develop a shy, reticent nature. But, there is another side to this that is not so obvious. In a few families with at least one active drinker, the children become encouraged to try the drink themselves. They think that it will be acceptable in their house because there’s already an adult who does it. This may bring the children to the brink of alcohol abuse. Years of neglect and mental abuse can cause the children to revolt by resorting to criminal activities themselves. It becomes very difficult for the caretakers to control their children if they are alcoholics themselves. Such regressive behaviors in children are quite often seen in families with alcoholics in them. This is a serious issue that is discussed by several alcohol addiction treatment programstoday.
Drivers ignore wildlife crossing signs. So says the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), although the situation is certainly not unique to the Badger State—distracted drivers are a threat to humans and non-human creatures alike, regardless of their states of residency. We don’t intentionally ignore warning signs out of blatant disregard for our fellow Earthlings. It’s just that our brains evolved to notice novelty and ignore everyday sights and sounds. Think you’re the exception? Ask yourself if you’ve ever arrived at work and had the unsettling realization that you don’t remember anything between leaving your driveway and pulling into the office parking lot. Add to our evolutionary adaptations the fact that capturing a driver’s attention is even more challenging in the 21st century, complete with ringing and pinging cell phones, navigation displays, and in-car entertainment systems. Installing flashing lights, high-tech motion detectors, wildlife overpasses and underpasses, fences and other barriers on our roads is expensive and hard to maintain. Not to mention, research data on these methods suggest they’re not very good at competing with the sounds and flashing lights inside our vehicles. With all of this in mind, Wisconsin’s concerned citizens and wildlife rehabilitators in Waukesha County decided to put their heads together and apply a little creativity to the problem of asking motorists to give turtles a "brake"… and they came up with a low-cost, decidedly low-tech approach that appears to be working. Lisa Rowe, Director of Operations at the Wildlife in Need Center in Oconomowoc, reports there’s been a significant drop in admission of turtles injured by automobiles since these painted turtles began hanging out on the highways and byways. Waukesha’s innovative approach to road signs could be combined with another Wisconsin turtle initiative to even greater effect. Conservation biologist Andrew Badje’s Wisconsin Turtle Conservation Program (WTCP) received a grant from WDNR in 2011-12 and began collecting road and railroad crossing observations submitted by citizen scientists. Anyone can report turtle sightings and share photos on the WTCP website or by mailing a printable reporting form. The database has been used to create a statewide map of high turtle mortality areas and roads that could really use a new coat of paint.
Your child may be the first human to live to 150 Scientists and health professionals believe the first human to live to 150 has either recently been born or is about to be. This means your little bundle of joy might be the first person to celebrate their own sesquicentennial. It may not always feel like it, but the world is the most stable it’s ever been, the healthiest, and best fed and connected. The march of progress, particularly in science and technology will make the world nearly unrecognizable in the future and with it will come massive health improvements. In the last 100 years average life expectancy has doubled and many believe it will again in the next century. Right now, the world has not only the highest population ever, but also the lowest incidences of famine, disease, and war it’s ever seen. In the early 20th century war was a constant fear and while it still may be one, today’s wars impact far less of the global population than those of 100 years ago. Most humans on this planet don’t have to worry about troops trampling through their fields on a daily basis now. It can sometimes feel like we are on the precipice of a huge war, but in reality this is extremely unlikely. The kind of huge world altering wars between neighboring countries that embroil the entire world are likely over. The last 60 years are proof of this. With this reduction came a similar, but even bigger reduction in plague and disease. For much of the course of human history, massive infectious events like the Black Death and smallpox’s devastation of North American indigenous people could reduce populations by as much as 50%. Thanks to massive improvements in health science including vaccination and better hygiene, these events no longer happen. In fact smallpox has been so effectively eradicated by modern science that we no longer even need to vaccinate against it. Smaller outbreaks like Ebola and Swine Flu still garner headlines, but compared with the population destroying plagues of the past, these are small by comparison. The world is also the best fed it has ever been thanks to huge improvements in global logistics and connectivity. Yes, many people still go hungry in remote regions or ones with political climates that prevent effective distribution of food. Thanks to advances in fertilization technology, improved crop resiliency, and global shipping, the world has more people than ever and the vast majority are well fed. In fact, the world population is so well fed that this century marked a turning point where more people now die from too many calories - through heart disease, diabetes, or other disease - than die from too few calories. Much of the world is now struggling with trying to figure out how to deal with overeating and poor nutrition due to too many choices. Keeping the population fed however is not an issue in many places. With these massive advances in worldwide stability and health, not only are people living longer, but have more time to continue improvements. Without having to worry about where the next meal was coming from or if a marauding army or plague would destroy the food or family, people can now spend their time on pursuits such as scientific research or technology. This in part is responsible for the dramatic scientific breakthroughs of the 20th and 21st centuries. Discoveries such as penicillin and live vaccines have greatly reduced deaths from infectious disease and increased life expectancy. More recent advances such as gene therapy, mitochondrial DNA replacements, and nuclear DNA transfers show promise in their ability to detect and eradicate mutations that lead to disease or lower life expectancy. Google for example believes so strongly in this mission that it has invested the most money for any of the Google Ventures fund on Calico, a company within the company focussed on eradicating death. The founders have publicly stated that they expect to live forever. Technology and health have always played a complementary role with each other but look to fuse together even more in the future. Electronic devices like prosthetics and more recent tools like cybernetic skeletons that help improve mobility may trickle down to everyone, not just the impaired. Increasing strength and resiliency, these devices may pave the path for augmented humanity leading to cyborgs that combine the natural and digital. Many in the technology industry also believe we are approaching a moment in time called the singularity when our consciousnesses will be uploaded digitally and we will effectively live forever in the cloud. Technology doesn’t advance in a straight line, it progresses in jumps. Over the next several years, we may not reach the singularity, but a series of small but incremental progressions are sure to arrive. These small improvements will have a huge but not immediately obvious impact on global health and life expectancy, increasing it slowly but surely, and increasing in effectiveness more and more over time, like a snowball building into an avalanche. This progression will mean continued increases in both length and quality of life. Your kids will lead a healthier and happier life than you, and that’s a good thing for the species. The inexorable march of progress will give your kids an even better world and life to look forward to which should be celebrated.
Jachin and Boaz 346; "Guardians of the Temple" at Smokefoot's; named after the two pillars at the front of Solomon's Temple 14; Jacob's Ladder is a portable ladder made of rope or metal and used primarily as an aid in boarding a ship. Originally, the Jacob's Ladder was a network of line leading to the skysail on wooden ships. The name alludes to the biblical Jacob, reputed to have dreamed that he climbed a ladder to the sky. Anyone who has ever tried climbing a Jacob's Ladder while carrying a seabag can apreciate the allusion. It does seem that the climb is long enough to take one into the next world. (Courtesy of The Goat Locker) "Jake with me" 105; musician lingo for "okay with me" 5; Henry James, OM (April 15, 1843 – February 28, 1916), son of Henry James Sr. and brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James, was an American-born author and literary critic of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Wikipedia entry 691; The Jameson Raid (December 29, 1895 - January 2, 1896) was a raid on Paul Kruger's Transvaal Republic carried out by Leander Starr Jameson and his Rhodesian and Bechuanaland policemen over the New Year weekend of 1895-96. It was intended to trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate workers (known as Uitlanders) in the Transvaal but failed to do so. The raid was ineffective and no uprising took place, but it did much to bring about the Second Boer War and the Second Matabele War; Wikipedia entry 258; "character for 'four' being same as that for 'death'"; Japanese trade delegation 292; at the Cosmopolitan 1066; a.k.a. Mélanie l'Heuremaudit, a character from chapter fourteen of V. ("V. in love"), where she was killed during a ballet performance in 1913. Apparently her death was merely staged, and Mélanie survived. "'Jass,'" 370; "the tiny 'jazz' orchestra," 400; Jenny Rogers's House of Mirrors 276; brothel on Market Street in Denver; owned by "hot-tempered six foot tall Jennie Rogers, who recognized that Denver needed a brothel for a sophisticated clientele. Thus in 1889 she constructed the two story structure at 1942 Market Street, using $17,780 earned from blackmailing a businessman. She named her place "The House of Mirrors" for its mirror-covered front parlor walls and it became the swankiest parlor house between Kansas City and San Francisco, housing a dozen or so of Denver's most nubile young women providing companionship for the newly rich miner down from Leadville or for the lonely businessman visiting from the East." External link 198; "the place where they brought the ones they didn't want found too soon" 210; Governor, 210, 212 ("something pre-human in the face"). Biblical origin (see Num. 21:20; 23:28; 1 Sam. 23:19, 24) meaning "the waste" or "wilderness". 826; proselitizing operatives "Christ's return," 127; "a three-dimensional image in full color, not exactly of Christ but with the same beard, robes, ability to emit light," 153; "'Where is our Christ, our Lamb? the promise,'" 333; 363; "Christ," Good Friday, 376-78; 455; 260; The last brothel to close in Silverton, Colorado. Madame Jew Fanny's brothel closed two years after the end of World War II. Jigdag, Rimpung Ngawang 766; A 16th-century Tibetan prince, Rinpung Ngawang Jigdag, obtained his glimpse of paradise by summoning a yogi in a meditative visualisation. - Among the paths along which Bernbaum guides the reader in the search for Shambhala is that of death and rebirth: a “fourth kind of journey” beyond the physical, mental or spiritual. Bernbaum’s quotations from magical guidebooks convey poetic images of extraordinary dimensions. The Knowledge-bearing Messenger by poet-prince Rinpung Ngawang Jigdag of Tibet visualizes a yogi messenger going to meet the prince’s father in Shambhala: “Then you will see, at last, the cities of Shambhala, gleaming among ranges of snow mountains like stars on the waves of the Ocean of Milk. - From a review of The Way to Shambhala: A Search for the Mythical Kingdom beyond the Himalayas, Edwin Bernbaum. Anchor Books, Garden City, New York, 1980. 983; and meteorites; In 1852, two meteorites were found about 16 miles from Jimenez (formerly Huejuquilla), Chihuahua, Mexico. The two masses were removed in 1891 to the School of Mines, Mexico City. As for Cortés, read on... 385; El Nato's parrot Johansen, Frederik Hjalmar (1867-1923) 138; Norwegian explorer who shipped as fireman on the Fram, with Nansen. 169; largest city in South Africa, it is still sometimes known by its Zulu name eGoli which means "City of Gold"; Wikipedia entry Jones, Mother (Mary Harris) (1837-1930) 1004; aka "The Miners' Angel", a prominent American labor and community organizer, and Wobbly. Wikipedia Journey from Aztlan, The 925; one of the "brightly-colored pamphlets" Frank reads while high on hikuli; 289; Spanish: young; 208; song Reef Traverse suggests Cooper play for the ladies; 827; Judeo-Spanish is a language used by Jews originating from Spain. It flourished in the Ottoman Empire after the expulsion from Spain and continued its existence there. Some of the expelled Jews settled in North Africa and used the Judeo-Spanish variety known as Hakitia (Haketia). In the beginning of the 21st century, Judeo-Spanish is an endangered language for lack of new native speakers. Jewish Language Research Website 31; Scarsdale Vibe's private train; 1001; Julius (Groucho Marx) 467-468; 15-year-old boy in hotel Frank Traverse is staying in, in Cripple Creek; Julius Henry Marx, aka Groucho Marx (1890-1977) would have been a young vaudevillian in 1905 when Frank encounters him. And it is true that he performed in Cripple Creek in the early 20th century. 912; manager of Deux Continents, the bar where Kit works in Constantinople
Across the globe, the individuals whose human capital potential is most commonly under-deployed across the labour market are those at either end of the working-age spectrum: young workers and older workers at the higher end of the working age population, hinting at a slow transition into the labour market for young people and poor mechanisms for utilizing the skills and human capital potential of older workers. Details of the scale of these gaps across countries are visualized in Figure 11. These gaps speak to structural challenges blocking entry and retention, poor incentives for workers from younger and older generations to participate in the labour market, and inefficient skilling and re-skilling systems. Figure 11: Deployment subindex score, by age group In addition, low deployment of human capital across the formal labour market is often characterized by rigid gender roles, insufficient opportunities, low fit of opportunities and the changing nature of work globally. For example, worsening global unemployment figures have been underscored by the swell of the working-age population in emerging economies, and a slow-down in the growth of employment opportunities.14 Such trends may exacerbate over time as the dynamics of a global, technology-enhanced, inter-connected labour market allow firms to manage the skills and costs of their talent pool through both traditional global value chain infrastructures as well as through the emerging digital or ‘gig’ economy. This presents both new opportunities and new concerns about income inequality and the polarization of employment opportunities within and between countries. As seen in Figure 12, countries can be analyzed by classifying them in one of four categories. One set of countries have significantly expanded their human capital by developing their talent capacity and their people are able to find productive employment; another set are yet to develop greater talent capacity but are deploying a significant share of their workforce across the economy; a third set have made significant capacity investments but are not leveraging this talent through deployment in the workforce; finally, a number of countries exhibit low capacity and deployment of their human capital. For example, in the second category, many Sub-Saharan African countries have limited capacity but high deployment, driving economic value, on the one hand, through the sheer quantity of labour deployed in the economy and, and on the other hand, through skills gained in informal on-the-job learning. Figure 12: Relationship between Capacity subindex and Deployment subindex These different human capital potential profiles present distinctive opportunities for intervention. Among those with high capacity and low deployment, more focus is needed on understanding the structural issues that hold back greater utilization of high-skilled talent pools across the economy. One such factor is commonly gender, another the fit between employment available and workers’ specialized skills. For countries with low capacity and low deployment, one promising approach to realizing greater human capital potential consists in reviewing the minimum re- and upskilling needed to enable the deployment of talent across the economy, and expanding the availability of work opportunities. For those with low capacity and high deployment, it can prove fruitful to expand both the availability of re- and upskilling opportunities and, if appropriate, the availability of high-skilled labour.
I don’t want to give you the usual spiel on why Beowulf is worth reading. Chances are, you’ve heard that already (it’s a favourite pastime of English teachers, and we’re all better off for it!). I’d much rather tell you something you don’t already know. But, in case this is your first encounter with the poem, and to fulfil the promise of the title, I’ll say a few words here before we go on to look at what makes the poem – in the original Old English – tick. This poem – in just over 3000 lines – shows us the roots of our language, traces the tension between the pagan and the Christian ethos, and teaches us about the choices a translator must make. Last but not least, it’s where many of the elements of our modern fantasy genre come from: elves, orcs, dragons guarding treasure – it’s all here. Tolkien, who was the authority on Beowulf in his day, used it as a major inspiration for Lord of the Rings. So even if you haven’t read Beowulf itself, you’ve probably read some of its spiritual children or grandchildren. Today I want to give you a taste of what Beowulf is like, with the hope of whetting your appetite to go off and read it yourself. Since I’m a linguist, I’ll do this mostly through the lens of language. Speaking of language, the poem is written in Old English – a form of English a thousand years older than the one you’re reading now. But English has changed a lot in the past thousand years. To see what I mean, try reading the first 11 lines of Beowulf (if you’d like to hear it spoken, I’ve made a recording here, along with some in-depth grammatical analysis). Hwæt, wē Gārdena \|\| in ġēardagum þēod-cyninga \|\| þrym ġefrūnon, hū ðā æþelingas \|\| ellen fremedon. Oft Sċyld Sċēfing \|\| sċeaþena þrēatum, moneġum mǣġþum \|\| meodosetla oftēah, eġsode eorlas \|\| syððan ǣrest wearð fēasċeaft funden. \|\| Hē þæs frōfre ġebād: wēox under wolcnum, \|\| weorðmyndum þāh, oð þæt him ǣġhwylċ \|\| þāra ymbsittendra ofer hronrāde \|\| hȳran sċolde, gomban ġyldan. \|\| Þæt wæs gōd cyning. Here’s a translation into Modern English, one more literal than literary: Lo, we have heard of the glory of the kings of the Spear-Danes in days of yore, how the noblemen performed deeds of courage. Scyld Scefing often deprived many peoples, bands of enemies, of their mead-benches and terrified warriors, since he was first found destitute. He received consolation for that: He grew under the heavens, prospered with honours, until each of the neighbouring peoples over the sea had to obey him, to pay him tribute. That was a good king. These 11 lines are a trove of buried treasure: but their value is not always so obvious to the untrained eye. Let’s take a look at a few together. The first treasure is hidden in the form of the poem itself. One of the things that makes poetry poetry is that the form of the language used is always constrained in some way: this is one thing that distinguishes poetry from prose. In Modern English, the most common constraint we place on poetry is that it should rhyme. Roses are red, Violets are blue, Why do you laugh? Am I a joke to you? Old English poetry – like the poetry of other early Germanic languages (such as Old Norse) – did not employ rhyme. Rather, it employed alliteration. Alliteration occurs when successive stressed syllables begin with the same sound. For example, the p sound repeats in the tongue-twister Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. In the Old English poetic tradition, this alliteration wasn’t just something you added for effect. It was a crucial component of the poetic form. Each line of Beowulf, like the vast majority of Old English poetry, consists of two half-lines (called hemistichs, if you’re curious) which had to alliterate with each other. Let’s go back to the text so I can show you an example. Here’s line 8 of Beowulf, with the boundary between the two lines (the caesura, if you want the technical term) marked using two vertical lines (i.e. \|\|) and the alliterating words in boldface: wēox under wolcnum, \|\| weorðmyndum þāh, grew under heaven, \|\| with honours prospered, In the first half, we have the words wēox ‘grew’ and wolcnum ‘heaven’: in the second half, we have weorðmyndum ‘honours’. They all start with the letter w, which, in Old English, sounded much like it does in Modern English: the w-sound at the start of wizard. This alliteration makes line 8 a valid line of Old English poetry. There are more details and complications in the way Old English poetry works but that should give you a taste. Every single line of Beowulf works this way! At first it can be jarring to hear this very different poetic form, but after a while it gets under your skin. The alliterative verse has a driving insistence that we can even replicate in Modern English poetry, as Tolkien did in Lord of the Rings: Arise now, arise, \|\| Riders of Théoden! Dire deeds awake: \|\| dark is it eastward. Let horse be bridled, \|\| horn be sounded! Now we’re in a position to discuss today’s second treasure. Because of the alliterative nature of Old English verse, there are heavy constraints on what you can mention in a line. Say you’ve started a line like this: he went westward. If you want the rest of the line to say across the sea, you’re out of luck. Unless you can come up with a word for ‘sea’ that starts with w. Then you’d have a nicely alliterating line. The solution that Old English (and Old Norse) poets came up with was to come up with roundabout ways of referring to things called kennings. A kenning was a special type of metaphor composed of a compound word: so, instead of sea, you might say something like water-home or wave-field to alliterate with w. He went westward \|\| over the water-home. Now that’s a good alliterative line. Our selection from Beowulf has a great kenning that also means ‘sea’ on line 10: the word is hronrād, which literally means ‘whale-road’. But because it starts with an h, it can alliterate with the other half of the line, which has the word hȳran ‘to obey’: ofer hronrāde \|\| hȳran sċolde, over the whale-road \|\| to obey were obliged It’s great fun to go through Beowulf collecting kennings as you go, and it gives you a great appreciation for the artistry of the Beowulf poet (whoever that may have been). We have some kennings in present-day English too: if you’ve ever called a raccoon a “trash panda”, you’ve used a kenning yourself. For our third treasure, let’s turn to the content of the poem itself. It’s worth noting that the only manuscript of Beowulf that we have was produced between AD 975–1025. But it is possible – perhaps even likely – that the poem was composed at a much earlier date. Part of the debate over the date of Beowulf’s composition centers around the roles of pagan Germanic elements and Christian elements in the text. Both are unmistakably there. Given that England was Christianized around AD 700, two possibilities suggest themselves: either the poem was composed before or within living memory of Christianization, with the Christian elements perhaps added later; or the poem was composed late, and the pagan elements were added as a kind of historical window-dressing. Tolkien argued for an early date, given the mood of pessimism that hangs over the poem, which is one of lamentation over the inevitable perishing of all humanity’s works: As the poet looks back into the past, surveying the history of kings and warriors in the old traditions, he sees that all glory… ends in night. Tolkien believed this worldview was a pagan one because, for a Christian, the fact that “each man and all men, and all their works shall die” would not be a cause for such despair: The tragedy of the great temporal defeat remains for a while poignant, but ceases to be finally important. Whatever the truth of the matter, we are treated to a helping of both the martial, heroic ethos of the pagan age. The character of Scyld Scefing (literally, ‘Shield son of Sheaf’), as mentioned in our brief excerpt gives a good example of what made a gōd cyning ‘a good king’. We learn that Scyld Scefing “performed deeds of courage”, “terrified earls”, “deprived many peoples… of their mead-benches”, until “each of the neighbouring peoples over the sea had to obey him, to pay him tribute”. But it may be worth noting that our excerpt mentions that Scyld Scefing was fēasċeaft funden ‘found destitute’. This refers to the fact that Scyld Scefing was first found abandoned in a boat as a young child. The child of unknown origin who washes ashore and later rescues his people is a motif we see in many other stories from different cultures, the most famous of which being the story of Moses. I have only begun to scratch the surface of everything of interest in Beowulf. This poem repays the time spent reading it a hundredfold. If you’d like to read it yourself, you may be interested in joining me for an upcoming Interintellect salon series called Reading Beowulf, where we’ll read the poem in (your choice of) translation from start to finish in four salons over the course of two months. I will be there to contextualize the language and history of the text as well as help compare translations to the original. I hope to see you there!
International Day of Neutrality 2022 is on Monday, 12th December 2023. The United Nations observes this day every year for the promotion of peace and challenges settlement between the nations. The day got its first recognition after Turkmenistan’s resolution on the significance of neutrality in international relations. Theme of the day “Promote peace and avoid violence: war is not the answer to any challenging situation.” is the day’s theme of International Day of Neutrality 2022. This theme explains that peace in countries makes a different world; everyone wants a peaceful life and promotes Neutrality. It tends to find methods to help every country become peaceful and prosperous. The theme explains that life is more important in this world than war, so spread a friendly environment through decisions, behavior, and opinions to achieve peace in life. History of the day On 2 February 2017, the UN General Assembly adopted, without a vote, resolution 71/275 introduced by Turkmenistan, recognized by the UN as a permanently neutral state since 12 December 1995, which noted the link between preserving peace and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It declared 12 December as the International Day of Neutrality. How to celebrate the International Day of Neutrality? Activities of the day Discuss it with others Neutrality is an exciting concept but can overall peace prevail between countries? Discuss it online on forums or debate this concept with your peers. During discussion, you may find solutions for the countries to adopt neutrality in their policies. People from various states can join this discussion online and may express their views over the execution of neutral policy. Be a mediator and maintain peace in any conflict you or someone you know is facing. During this process, you can learn many things like justice, equality, and Neutrality. It will help you in the future while making big decisions in life. Involve friends in your period of meditation so that they also could be able to learn something in their life. Learn from history History serves to prevent us from repeating mistakes. It gives us practical and good decision-making ideas so that we cannot do again mistake in our life that happened in the past. If you want to know more about the United Nations and the policies adopted in the past, then Learn about the United Nations peacemaking missions since its formation in 1945. Visit different websites where the history of the UN is present, and learn and share those websites with your friends and family. It might be possible that this information will guide and help you. Through all this Guinness information, you may never repeat those mistakes you have made in the past. Write essays and speeches On this occasion, express your thoughts and opinions by writing essays and motivational speeches. Use simple and effective words in your writing that everyone can easily understand. Share them on google or social; someone may have picked your writing and given a speech at a school, university, or college. Share posts and videos on social media with quotes and wishes. It is the time of social media, and everyone is busy with it and spends much of their time on it. Make videos according to the day’s theme, which can give lessons and teach people how to maintain Neutrality in their life and society. Furthermore, share beautiful wishes and quotes on social media. - To detect hypocrisy, armed Neutrality makes it much more manageable. - Take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. - Anything that is too many turns adverse .shift your behaviors to their Neutrality, and they become your power. Why do we celebrate International Neutrality Day? Model states as an example Neutral countries are an example for other nations on International Day of Neutrality. It is good to learn from these states and realize that war is not the answer. Those countries can encourage and guide the other nations with what type of strategies they use and how other nations can apply them to their countries. Every government wants peace and success in life, and through this celebration, they learn everything from those countries, which shows Neutrality. Neutrality is essential for humanitarian reasons. Neutrality not only serves the country that is implementing it but during times of armed conflict and war, it is also essential for NGOs and other humanitarian agencies to take proper care of casualties. With the help of Neutrality, a country saves its nation because nations want peace, and peace is present in Neutrality. Let there be peace The concept of a utopian world without conflicts is explored and discussed on forums and events on the International Day of Neutrality. Such dialogues are more important than ever in present times. Speeches teach us many things we might have forgotten in our busy lives. A nation can succeed when it lacks prejudice in its behaviors and thinking. Life is too vital for neutral countries, and they believe that war is not the answer to any stupid situation; they want peace in their nation’s minds and life. Facts about Neutrality - In 1884, Neutrality was used at the Berlin Conference to resolve conflict during the colonization of Africa. - In 1914, World War-I began, with Switzerland maintaining Neutrality. - On 24 October 1945, The United Nations was established, gaining worldwide sovereignty. Which European countries and states did not in WW-II? Switzerland (including Liechtenstein), Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Ireland, and the Vatican. What is the policy of international Neutrality? Neutrality is defined as the status of a country in which it declares itself as a non-participant in war or conflict between belligerent states. Write facts about neutral countries around the world. - Switzerland maintained its armed forces and became a famous region for its establishment. - Serbia may change its neutrality status after joining NATO or CSTO. - Ghana’s government implemented a closed-neutral policy. - Japan is ready to defend. What are the types of Neutrality? Conventional Neutrality and voluntary are the main types of Neutrality. Quotes of the day “Undoubtedly, neutrality is such a context that only subsists and twists in the dictionaries and books, not in the minds practically.” Ehsan Sehgal LjupkaCvetanova said, “I do not represent anyone’s opinion. Not even my own. I am neutral.” “Our world does not need tepid souls. It needs burning hearts, men who know the proper place of moderation.” Albert Camus. “I like the Dutch, they are quite neutral as a people, although even that is in and of itself something to adjust to.” Katie Kitamura “The hottest places in hell are reserved for those who, in times of great moral crisis, maintain their neutrality.” Dante Alighieri “If you truly want to be respected by people you love, you must prove to them that you can survive without them.” Michael Bassey Johnson “Washing one’s hands of the conflict between the powerful and the powerless means to side with the powerful, not to be neutral. ”Paulo Freire “ We do not need bombs and guns to b ring peace, we need love and compassion.” Mother Teressa.
Stop Passing Buses For the past month or so taking my children to school I’ve witnessed several drivers passing stopped school buses with their red lights flashing, and drivers passing these busses not only in one direction but both ways. The school that this occurs near is P.S. 225. I’ve enclosed some safety tips that may be informative to your readers. - When traveling in your car, recognize your responsibility when you approach a stopped school bus. Come to a complete stop, watch for children near the road, and don’t pass the bus while it’s stopped. - All school buses are surrounded by a 10-foot area known as the Danger Zone. In this area, it can be difficult for the driver to see, especially small children. The most dangerous parts of the Danger Zone are immediately in front of the bus and from in front of the rear wheels to the rear of the bus. Teach your children how to avoid these areas. - When leaving the bus, students should never cross the street behind the bus. In closing, I believe the 100 Precinct should have a sector car parked at this school. Just think of all the money the city can make. ANDREW M. CRUZ
OSHA, or Occupational Safety and Health Administration is an organization that regulates and sets standards for medical care facilities. If you work in the medical field, you’ve likely heard of them in training. Due to these regulations, it is important that healthcare professionals are tested to make sure that they have an understanding of how to comply with OSHA. A common requirement for healthcare professionals before hiring is a respirator fit test. A respirator fit testing is done to test if an employee can properly use respirator mask and if it fits their face. This is done to ensure that the employee would know how to use it in an emergency situation. How Will I be Tested? When working properly, the mask must be tightly fitted onto the face, creating a tight seal. Without a tight seal, the employee may not be fully protected. While it may seem meaningless, this test is done to prevent accidents in an actual emergency situation. The staff member administering the test will make sure that you have the correct knowledge of how to quickly and safely put the mask on with a tight seal. Different Types of Testing The different types of testing are helpful in preparing the employee with understanding the different situations they may need a respirator mask. In qualitative testing, employees are tested for the reaction to a taste or smell that may be leaking into a mask with a weak seal. The results of this test are subjective so sometimes you may be required to do quantitative testing as well. Quantitative testing uses machines to monitor any substances that may be leaking in, which can help administrator report the test results with more accuracy. If you are starting a new job in the medical field, contact Springfield Urgent Care today to learn more about our occupational testing services. We offer a wide variety of convenient testing services here Springfield Township for both medical and government professional.
How Much Water Do I Use? This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Reviewed Teaching Collection This activity has received positive reviews in a peer review process involving five review categories. The five categories included in the process are - Scientific Accuracy - Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments - Pedagogic Effectiveness - Robustness (usability and dependability of all components) - Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page For more information about the peer review process itself, please see http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/review.html. This page first made public: Jun 22, 2009 This activity provides an opportunity for the student to collect data on their individual water use to set the stage for a unit on water resources. - Provide an individualized context for water resource use and availability to help the student understand the importance and limitation of water resources as well as strategies for sustainable use; and - Provide the student the opportunity to develop data collection methods. - Analyze data. Integrate individual data with larger scale data. - Collect water-use data. Search the WWW, write personal reflection, exchange ideas orally.
Chemistry is the study of connections between the everyday world and the molecular world, the structure and interactions of matter. It examines the smallest components of matter (atoms) and how atoms bond with each other to combine elements into compounds. Then it looks at chemical reactions: how energy is involved, the transfer of electrons or hydrogen ions, and factors that affect reaction rate. This course provides students with an understanding of chemical principles and skills that are needed for college. The study of chemistry includes laboratory investigation, problem solving activities, textbook study, lecture, and class discussion. The structure and properties of matter, organic and inorganic chemistry, energy, thermochemistry, nuclear reaction, electrochemistry, acids, bases and salts, and chemical bonding make up the content of this class. Approximately a dozen hands-on experiments will augment the core concepts studied and fulfill the lab requirement for a high school science credit. These experiments can be completed at home (adult supervision is advised). About one month before class begins, a full list of lab supplies and materials will be provided with the course syllabus. Since effective scientific writing is a vital skill required for success in college science courses, instruction and practice in the process of writing a formal chemistry lab report will be a significant part of this course. Following this course, the motivated student will be well prepared for the Chemistry CLEP test, and/or a future AP Chemistry course. The qualified student will spend 5-7 hours per week on this class. Each week, students will have pre-recorded video lectures with concept questions to watch and answer, readings and problem solving in the textbook, electronic review questions, and scanned worksheets to submit. Chapter tests occur every two to three weeks, while labs are sprinkled throughout the course. There will be optional CLEP practice after the course closes for those students interested in taking the tests. Live class sessions will be held weekly to reinforce concepts learned that week and to practice answering questions together. Submitted worksheets will be due after class time to allow students to ask questions before turning in those assignments. This Honors Chemistry course is designed to prepare STEM-interested students for college-level sciences. This class is for students who have exceptional abilities, a strong math foundation, and high achievement levels. While covering the same topics as Chemistry, we will place emphasis on quantitative analysis in problem solving and in lab reports. In addition, the writing of formal lab reports will be taught, more labs will be assigned, and several formal reports will be required throughout the year. A cumulative final exam will be required at the end of the year. Who should enroll? The well-prepared applicant is in grades 9-12 and has completed a physical science or general science course and has a good foundation in algebra. Also, online learning requires a great degree of organizational and time management skills on the part of the student. Students who are ready to improve in this area and can take responsibility for initiating interaction with the instructor for help should register for this course. The honors level is for students in grades 10-11 who have exceptional abilities, a strong math foundation and high achievement levels. Prerequisite: Pre-algebra or equivalent 8th grade math - High speed, broadband Internet - Web cam, sound card, and microphone (for live sessions) - Streaming video capabilities to watch recorded lectures - Scanner or smart phone for submitting tests and homework Evaluation and Feedback Students will be graded on homework, labs, professionalism, and exams. The homework will be a combination of multiple choice and short answer questions done on the course website, and handouts to be completed, scanned, and uploaded. Timely submissions and feedback will be emphasized in this course and student submissions will be graded within one week of the assignment due date. Students are encouraged to ask questions in class, but may contact me with questions or concerns on the Canvas website outside of class times. Grades are perpetually available throughout the course and parents may contact me through Canvas messages on the course website. Parent- teacher conferences will be offered in the fall and spring of the year.
Carpenter ants are the largest species of pest ants found in Georgia. They get the name from their habit of chewing wood to create nesting sites. Carpenter ants do not eat wood; they simply excavate cavities in trees and wood products for nesting areas. These ants can be a nuisance in and around the home because of their large size and their abundant numbers. There are two types of carpenter ants: black carpenter ants and Florida carpenter ants. Black carpenter ants have a dull black coloring and are covered by yellow hairs. Florida carpenter ants have a red head and black abdomen. There are ants of several different sizes in carpenter ant nests, ranging from .25 to .5 inches. Carpenter ants are active from March until October. They survive the colder months by hibernating in their nests. These ants are most active at night, starting just after sundown. They emerge about 15 minutes after sunset and leave the nest to forage for food. Unlike other ant species, carpenter ants create semi-permanent trails which they use often for gathering food. They feed mainly in the tree tops, consuming “honeydew” produced by aphids and scale insects. Honeydew is rich in sugar and can sustain the entire ant colony. Carpenter ants can make nests both outside and inside of houses. Inside the home, nests are often found in areas containing moisture-damaged wood. The damp wood and warm temperatures inside a home is also conducive to carpenter ant colony survival. Most outdoor carpenter ant nests are located in tree holes and wounds in the tree trunk. Most mature hardwood trees have holes which make safe, protected nest sites for the ants. Black carpenter ants are found almost exclusively in tree holes, whereas Florida carpenter ants are more opportunistic and may be found nesting in ground debris. Finding the nests is the key to controlling carpenter ants. Look for small piles of wood debris resembling sawdust. Carpenter ants found in the home can often be traced back to nests outdoors in nearby trees. Scout for ant movement 15 to 20 minutes after sunset. Use a flashlight to search for the carpenter ants moving along their pathways. These pathways will lead you to their food source and the nest. To treat carpenter nests indoors, either physically remove the nests or treat them with insecticides labeled for indoor ant control. Insecticidal dusts can be used in places where nests are suspected or where ants are foraging. Always wear a protective mask when applying dusts. Aerosol formulations are also handy in helping to eliminate carpenter ant colonies indoors. Avoid water-based and wet insecticide formulation on indoor colonies, as they can damage wood materials in the home. When treating outdoor nests, use liquid insecticide formulations. Apply the product directly to the nest in a tree hole, making sure to saturate the entire nest and all visible ants inside. Most available insecticides will work well on carpenter ants. If the nest cannot be found, ant baits can be used next to carpenter ant trails. To protect a house from ant entry, use a liquid insecticide and apply 2 to 3 feet up on outside walls, as well as up to 5 feet away from the house. Tripp Williams, Columbia County’s agriculture and natural resource extension agent, can be reached at (706) 541-4011,
Recurring tooth pain is never normal. When a tooth hurts, it means something is wrong and dental treatment is needed as soon as possible. The most common cause of tooth pain is a cavity. Although tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body, it is still vulnerable to erosion by oral bacteria. Cavities form if a portion of a tooth becomes demineralized by lack of brushing and failure to receive regular dental cleanings. Demineralization of tooth enamel is exactly that — loss of minerals essential to enamel health. Demineralized enamel will weaken, dissolve, and eventually form a hole in the tooth. When a cavity is deep enough to reach the nerves in the tooth’s inner pulp, these nerves will react to cold, heat, pressure, and sugary foods by triggering pain and sensitivity. In addition, a tooth with a cavity may slowly turn dark yellow or brown as the cavity enlarges and the enamel decays. If enough bacteria reach a tooth’s pulp, the pulp could become infected. In this case, a dentist will need to remove the infected pulp to prevent extracting the tooth. This process is known as a root canal. Can I get a filling instead of a root canal? Whether you need a filling or a root canal often depends on the severity of the cavity. Neglecting to get a cavity filled only increases the risk of a pulp infection. Composed of capillaries and nerves, dental pulp keeps a tooth “alive” and functioning normally. If your dentist determines the cavity has reached the pulp and allowed an infection to occur, you will likely need a root canal to save the tooth. Signs of infected tooth pulp include: - Darkening of the tooth - Gum inflammation and soreness around the tooth - A pimple-like abscess around the tooth that may leak fluid - Difficulty sleeping due to severe, throbbing pain - Pain radiating into your ears, lower or upper jaw (depending on which tooth is infected), and head - Swelling of the gums Whenever possible, dentists will always try to save an infected tooth with a root canal. The loss of a tooth not only causes the nearby teeth to shift position, but also promotes gum shrinkage and possible loss of jaw bone density. Filling vs. root canal: 2 basic differences 1. Materials used Made of silver amalgam, composite resin, gold, or other hard, enamel-like material, a filling is placed inside a cavity to prevent the cavity from growing any larger. Fillings conform tightly to the shape of the cavity so that bacteria can’t infiltrate the filling and further decay the tooth. Root canals involve a dentist removing a tooth’s infected pulp and replacing it with dental putty called gutta-percha, a substance made from a Malaysian tree. Teeth undergoing a root canal are much weaker than healthy teeth or teeth with fillings. Consequently, dental crowns are necessary to reinforce teeth without their natural pulp. 2. Number of visits The process of filling a cavity typically takes less than an hour after the dentist has cleaned and prepared the cavity. A root canal may require two or more visits. During the first procedure, the dentist removes the pulp, cleans the cavity, and places a temporary crown over the tooth. During the second visit, the gutta-percha is inserted in the root cavity and a permanent dental crown is then placed on the tooth. In cases of root canal treatment where infection is severe, a dentist may need to prescribe antibiotics to control the infection before performing the actual root canal. Root canal vs. extraction When a dentist says a tooth can be repaired with a filling, that means the tooth is healthy enough to be saved. Root canals are the last resort for saving a tooth before it must be extracted. In some cases, a root canal may fail, and the next course of action is likely to be removal of the tooth. What happens if you don’t get a root canal? Choosing not to abide by a dentist’s recommendation to have a root canal could result in one or more of the following: - Continuation of pain and swelling severe enough to interfere with sleep and daily activities - Worsening infection that could spread into your bloodstream and cause sepsis or even a heart attack - Losing part of your jaw to an untreated pulp infection If you don’t want a root canal, the best thing to do is to simply have the tooth extracted to avoid potentially serious health problems. How do you know if you really need a root canal? Not all tooth pain indicates a cavity. For example, tooth sensitivity occurs when the inner layer of a tooth (dentin) becomes exposed. Tooth sensitivity is usually due to overbrushing, age-related gum recession, or the simple wearing away of dental enamel. Feeling sharp pain only when biting down could indicate a cracked tooth instead of a cavity. Other reasons for tooth pain not involving a cavity include abscesses, sinusitis, or temporomandibular jaw disorder. If you have a toothache or it hurts when you bite down on a tooth, make an appointment with a certified pain-free dentist as soon as possible. A dentist will examine the tooth and take x-rays to determine if a root canal, a filling, or other dental procedure can prevent extraction of the tooth. With advanced endodontic tools and effective numbing agents available today, root canals and fillings are much more comfortable procedures than they were years ago.
It is usually very difficult to control a pest using chemicals without causing damage to non-target animals. Of course, we can minimize the non-target damage by careful application of pesticides with proper guidelines. Rodenticides are one of the major pesticides we use in our space to get rid of rodents. So, we need to know about the environmental risks of using rodenticides and the ways to minimize them. What Is A Rodenticide? Rodenticides are toxic products that may cause severe health damage and even death. There are several types of rodenticides are available in the market. Most of them are highly toxic and have weak safety standards for use and distribution. The most dangerous one among them is the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. It is also called ‘super toxic’ rodenticides. Rodenticides commonly contain anticoagulants which are substances that reduce blood clotting. Most of the anticoagulants are persistent in the environment and accumulate in the organisms. In addition, it affects the food chain. So, it is important to reduce the environmental risks of using rodenticides. How to Use Rodenticides Effectively? The significance of non-target damage depends upon the number of individuals who are affected. It is difficult to notice the presence of rodents because they are nocturnal animals. So, we can’t locate them easily. The physiology of rodents is very similar to that of non-target mammals and birds. So, they in a high chance to get affected by using rodenticides. If they can access poisoned bait these competitors may be killed. The use of poisonous bait to control rodenticides may lead to several unintentional issues for pets and other wild animals. The chemicals used in rodenticides are very persistent in the environment. It also leads to severe environmental risks of using rodenticides. Hence, if you are applying them by yourself, you need to take a large number of risk mitigation measures to prevent the occurrence of these problems. The Need of a Professional Pest Control Controlling rodents with chemical rodenticides according to best practice is expensive and requires a level of expertise. So, even if you can use rodenticides yourself, try to reduce the environmental risks of using them. For a professional service, you can call any pest control companies nearby you. They use methods that are safe to use in the current situation. The procedure for new pesticides and biocides to get registration for use in agriculture is to satisfy safety criteria for those applying them, the consumers eating the crop, and the environment. This use of Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) is to predict the environmental fate and also potential effects of pesticides on non-target species by a stepwise process. The New star pest control at UAE provides professional pest control and cleaning services across Dubai, Ajman, Sharjah, and also in Abu Dhabi. What Can I Do To Reduce The Risks? Even though rodenticides are poisonous, you can use them safely by following the guidelines given below. To reduce the environmental risks of using rodenticides, - Always follow the label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure - Keep all rodenticides out of reach of children and pets - Choose the right bait stations for your needs around the home - To choose a rodenticide for outdoors, always follow label instructions to minimize the toxic effect on wildlife - Search for, collect and dispose poisoned rodents to reduce the secondary poisoning for pets and wildlife. - Use gloves while disposing dead rodents - Secure trash can lids to minimize pet or wildlife access to poisoned rats.
Not long after the War of 1812, when trade between Britain and the United States resumed, pottery factories in Staffordshire, England, began to design lines of tableware especially for the American market. The pieces were decorated with American imagery: historical scenes, portraits of heroes like Washington and Lafayette, and picturesque views of notable places. On this Staffordshire platter, produced in the 1830s, the steamboat The Pennsylvanian dominates a view of Pittsburgh. Images of Pittsburgh have always been inseparable from images of its industry. Pittsburgh has been known as “Iron City” and “Steel City,” but its first industry was transportation. Situated at the head of the Ohio River, it was the gateway to the West in the early nineteenth century, when the Ohio and the Mississippi were the West’s main highways. The first steamboat on the Ohio was built in Pittsburgh in 1811, when the town had a population of some 1,500, many of whom were traders and migrants just passing through. By the time of the Civil War, Pittsburgh was a manufacturing center with a population of 50,000. Historical Society of Western Transfer from the South Carolina
Medical Content Created by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School A surgical biopsy is done in an operating room. An IV line is placed in your arm so that you can receive medicines through it. The doctor may use local anesthesia with sedation to help you relax during the procedure, or general anesthesia. Surgical biopsies take about an hour, and the recovery period is less than two hours. An open biopsy that removes only part of a lump of suspicious tissue is called an incisional biopsy; one that removes the entire lump is called an excisional biopsy. An incisional biopsy is usually done when the lump is quite large, since removing a larger lump completely can alter the appearance of the breast. This procedure is appropriate for larger lumps in order to secure a diagnosis while minimizing the effect on the breast's appearance. If the tissue proves to be cancerous, the remaining portion of the lump will be removed surgically during a second surgical procedure that may be more extensive and involve removal of lymph nodes to determine whether the cancer has spread. When a breast mass or an area of calcification cannot be felt, the surgeon may choose to use a procedure called needle localization (or wire localization) to help identify the tissue for later surgical biopsy. The first part of this procedure is a mammogram. After applying a local anesthetic, the doctor inserts a hollow needle into the breast and, guided by ultrasound or mammography, places the tip of the needle in the suspicious area. He or she then inserts the front end of a thin wire with a hook on the end through the hollow needle and into the breast alongside the suspicious area. The doctor then removes the needle, leaving the wire in place to serve as a guide to help a surgeon find the area of breast tissue to be removed later.
Download E-books Principles of Literary Criticism (Routledge Classics) PDF By I. A. Richards Ivor Armstrong Richards used to be one of many founders of recent literary feedback. He enthused a new release of writers and readers and was once an influential supporter of the younger T.S. Eliot. ideas of Literary feedback was once the textual content that first tested his attractiveness and pioneered the circulation that turned referred to as the 'New Criticism'. hugely arguable while first released, rules of Literary feedback continues to be a piece which nobody with a major curiosity in literature can have enough money to disregard. Read Online or Download Principles of Literary Criticism (Routledge Classics) PDF Similar Literary Studies books To jot down or learn a poem is frequently to imagine in distinctively poetic ways—guided through metaphors, sound, rhythms, associative circulate, and extra. Poetry’s stance towards language creates a specific intelligence of idea and feeling, a compressed articulation that expands internal adventure, imagining with phrases what can't continually be imagined with no them. In 1815, Goethe gave symbolic expression to his extreme courting with Marianne Willemer, a lately married lady thirty-five years his junior. He gave her a leaf from the ginkgo tree, explaining that, like its deeply cleft but nonetheless entire leaf, he was once "single but twofold. " even though it isn't really recognized if their dating was once ever consummated, they did trade love poetry, and Goethe released a number of of Marianne's poems in his West-East Divan with no crediting her authorship. The form, lineation, and prosody of postmodern poems are extravagantly creative, imbuing either shape and content material with that means. via a survey of yankee poetry and poetics from the top of global warfare II to the current, Michael Golston strains the proliferation of those experiments to a growing to be fascination with allegory in philosophy, linguistics, severe thought, and aesthetics, introducing new thoughts for interpreting American poetry whereas embedding its formal ideas in the historical past of highbrow notion. Chaucer's Canterbury stories is likely one of the oldest and most generally studied works of English literature. The stories offer a glimpse of medieval existence, and the professions of the pilgrims determine prominently within the poetry. To have a transparent knowing of Chaucer's paintings, the reader must find out about the vocations of the pilgrims. Extra resources for Principles of Literary Criticism (Routledge Classics) He may have loved classifying the fashionables and intellectuals, the etiolate cultured sessions, one of the insane. the second one situation of infectiousness, the larger or much less clearness of the transmission of the feeling, is extra very important. find out how to receive transparent transmission is strictly the matter of conversation. we've seen that it's a subject of the supply of universal reviews, the elicitation of those by means of an appropriate motor vehicle, and the keep an eye on and extrusion of beside the point parts, as far as they come up, throughout the complexity of the automobile. The 3rd situation, the sincerity of the artist, is extra vague. Tolstoy’s personal elucidation consists of us yet a bit approach. what's this strength with which an event happens? definitely stories can be of the maximum depth with no thereby being from now on effortless to express. A lightning ﬂash, for instance, 173 174 rules of literary feedback which simply misses one upon a summit, is far extra diﬃcult to explain than a similar ﬂash obvious from the valley. Tolstoy, besides the fact that, is conversing of the event as evoked by means of the artist during communique, of the ‘emotion, kindred to that which used to be prior to the topic of contemplation’, which then ‘is steadily produced and does itself exist within the mind’, to cite Wordsworth’s celebrated account of the resource of poetry. he's talking of the fullness, balance and clearness with which the adventure to be communicated develops within the brain of the communicator for the time being of expression. Inrushes of emotion, observed by means of scraps and abnormal bits of images, suggestion and incipient task, aren't unusual, and the method of jotting down what involves brain in the interim is all that the would-be poet can in achieving. around him a lot embryo, a lot abortion lay, a lot destiny ode and abdicated play: Nonsense precipitate like working lead, Which slipped via cracks and zigzags of the top. against him is the poet who ‘described in excellent perfection, brings the total soul of guy into job. . . . ’ His is ‘a greater than traditional kingdom of emotion, with greater than traditional order; judgement ever wide awake, and regular self-possession, with enthusiasm and feeling profound or vehement. ’1 As so usually, Coleridge drops the worthy trace virtually inadvertently. The wholeness of the brain within the inventive second is the basic attention, the unfastened participation within the evocation of the adventure of all of the impulses, wakeful or subconscious, appropriate to it, with no suppressions or regulations. As we've seen, this completeness or wholeness is the rarest and the main diﬃcult situation required for excellent communicative skill. the way it works we've got additionally 1 Biographia Literaria, Vol. II, Ch. XIV, p. 12. tolstoy ’s an infection conception visible, and if this is often, as without doubt it has to be, what Tolstoy intended by way of sincerity, although queer a few of his exams for it have been, we now have stumbled on yet one more indication of the way nice his contribution to serious concept, lower than happier conditions, could have been. one hundred seventy five 24 THE NORMALITY OF THE ARTIST Prose is an uninterrupted, well mannered battle with poetry .