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With Hispanics representing one in six Americans in the 2010 census, it’s easy to assume that they are a single, homogeneous group. But nothing could be further from the truth. People who identify themselves as of Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban origin represent the largest segments of the Hispanic market, but emerging groups from Central and South America were among the fastest growing groups from 2000 to 2010. In fact, the number of Hispanics who identified themselves as Central American or South American more than doubled to over 6.7 million during that decade, while the overall Hispanic population grew 43 percent to 50 million. The Mexican origin segment is the largest Hispanic group in the U.S., and its population increased by 54 percent from 20.6 million in 2000 to 31.8 in 2010. Mexicans accounted for three quarters of the increase in the Hispanic population from 2000 to 2010. Puerto Ricans grew 36 percent, increasing from 3.4 million to 4.6 million in 2010. The Cuban origin population increased by 44 percent to 1.8 million in 2010. Growth rates among other Hispanic segments were even higher. The number of Hispanics who identified themselves as of Dominican origin grew about 85 percent to 1.4 million. Central Americans (other than Mexican) grew 137 percent to 4 million. 2.8 million people said they were of South American origin, an increase of 104 percent from 2000 to 2010. Breaking down those figures even further, among Central American Hispanics (other than Mexican), those of Salvadoran origin were the largest group at 1.6 million, growing 151 percent during the decade. That total is close to the population of El Salvador’s largest city, San Salvador. Salvadorans were followed by Guatemalans (1 million) and Hondurans (633,000). Of the South American Hispanic population, those of Colombian origin were the largest group at 909,000, followed by Ecuadorians at 565,000 and Peruvians at 531,000. Categories: NGLC Conference
- Design Friday - 14th, May, 2021 One of the main aspects and components of graphic design is the color scheme you choose to implement. Different colors have been scientifically proven to incite certain emotions in the people they are seen by. Understanding how colors can affect a person’s attention, emotions and psychology can greatly benefit your graphic design. Define Your Audience Depending on who you are marketing your custom graphic design to, it may change which color scheme you choose to go with. The food industry tends to use a lot of red colors in their logos to stimulate hunger, while green represents freshness and nature. If you start combining color schemes without much thought, it may confuse your audience, or they may even ignore your design all together. The study of how colors affect people’s emotions, thinking and attention is called “color theory.” By studying and understanding color theory, your custom graphic design will gain more attention and engagement. Different color pallets are used to evoke different emotions or get an individual to focus on a specific part or section of a custom graphics. The three primary colors are red, yellow and blue. These are the three colors that can be found in nature and are mixed to create every other color on the spectrum. Color schemes for your custom graphic design can range from just one color to incorporating multiple, contrasting colors. Primary colors are just a place to begin, as they can evoke strong emotions such as passion, sadness, or hunger. Monochromatic Color Schemes Monochromatic color schemes can be easy to implement for your custom graphic design, as they really only use one color. While a monochromatic color scheme is based off of just one color, it uses variations of that color through different hues, shades and tints to create a full color scheme that you can implement anywhere you’d like. Analogous Color Schemes Analogous color schemes involve using three colors that are placed next to each other on the color wheel. This differs from a monochromatic color scheme, in that it is restricted to these three colors. Think of a sunset. While the sun may be a bright red as it dips below the horizon, the sky and clouds might be a close orange-red and orange. Using an analogous color scheme is beneficial for cohesive custom graphic designs aiming to use similar colors. Complementary Color Scheme Complementary color schemes can also benefit your custom graphic design so that it catches even more attention. Complementary colors are colors that are opposite of each other on the color wheel. Complementary colors highlight each other for emphasis and catch attention that often leads to engagement. Think of Christmas colors, red and green. Looking at the color wheel, red and green are directly across from each other and are basically “opposites.” However, these “opposites” can emphasize one another, rather than clashing if used correctly. Triadic Color Scheme This color scheme plays off of the complementary color scheme idea by using colors opposite of each other on the color wheel. However, this color scheme involves 3 colors, instead of just 2. The 3 colors are why it is named the “triadic” color scheme, because looking at the chosen colors on the color wheel, they make a triangle. This color scheme has a similar effect as the complementary color scheme by using color opposites and gaining attention. Need a Color Scheme for Your Custom Graphic Design? Design Friday offers a custom graphic design service that is professional and affordable. We can get you your graphic designs in less than 24 hours with free revisions! Visit our website or call (917) 231-3570 today!
Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO, has today revealed details of a $15 million project to develop a national soil information system, aimed at improving the sustainable management of one of the nation’s most precious assets. Supporting the National Soil Strategy, and funded by the Australian Government’s Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, the Australian National Soil Information System (ANSIS) project is a collaboration between government, research organisations, industry, the private sector, and the community. Using innovative processes and technologies, ANSIS will allow improved sharing of nationally consistent soil data and information through online access for users. This will help Australians to better understand our diverse range of soils and make better decisions about managing our important soil resources. Currently, soil data is collected using different methods, by different organisations, and at a range of depths in the soil. This makes it hard to access, compare and use data from different sources. ANSIS project lead at CSIRO, Peter Wilson said improving access to the best soil data and information can help promote digital agriculture innovation and is key to sustainably managing Australia’s soils. “By using ANSIS, farmers and agricultural advisors will have access to more soil data and be better placed to more sustainably manage the soil on which they rely.” “Soil is vital to our agricultural production and natural environments, as well as our health and wellbeing. This information system will help us all care for this important natural resource,” Mr Wilson said. “Productive, healthy and resilient soil means more economic, environmental and social benefits to Australia. Monitoring soil also helps our scientific understanding about how our natural world is changing. “This work gives us insights into biodiversity, water resources, landscapes and coastlines, fauna, climate and geology. By harmonising Australia’s soil data, we can make it accessible across many fields of science and exploration.” The project, being delivered under the Federal Government’s National Soil Strategy, which is about prioritising soil health, empowering soil innovation and stewards, and strengthening soil knowledge and capability. The new ANSIS system will be available for use in 2023. ANSIS is supported by funding through the Australian Government National Soil Strategy (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) in collaboration with CSIRO and partner organisations.
Geologic Mapping Exercise This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Exemplary Teaching Collection Resources in this top level collection a) must have scored Exemplary or Very Good in all five review categories, and must also rate as “Exemplary” in at least three of the five categories. The five categories included in the peer review process are - Scientific Accuracy - Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments - Pedagogic Effectiveness - Robustness (usability and dependability of all components) - Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page For more information about the peer review process itself, please see http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/review.html. This page first made public: Jun 29, 2010 Used this activity? Share your experiences and modifications This exercise is designed to simulate some of the mapping aspects of a basic geological investigation. This mock geological investigation is a good wrap-up exercise because it incorporates a variety of geological concepts such as identifying sediments and rocks, structural geology, and groundwater flow. This exercise was used during an entry-level undergraduate Physical Geology Lab course for both majors and non-majors. Skills and concepts that students must have mastered - identifying unconsolidated sediments and rocks - constructing and interpreting a geologic cross-section - constructing and interpreting a geologic map - constructing and interpreting a groundwater contour map - identifying different structural features in cross-section and map view How the activity is situated in the course This project is a culminating project and is the last project we complete in Physical Geology Lab. Content/concepts goals for this activity - geologic map construction and interpretation - groundwater contour map construction and interpretation Higher order thinking skills goals for this activity This project allows the student to understand how data is collected in the "real world" and applied to create maps. The student must interpret the data they collect in the field and place that information on geological maps and cross-sections so that it makes some kind of sense in the end. Also, one optional task at the end of this exercise is to, based on interpretation of the maps created, summarize the geologic history of this area. This includes understanding in what environments different sediment and rock types are deposited and what regional forces might have resulted in the specific structural features observed. Other skills goals for this activity One optional task is reconstruct the geological history of the area which seeks to develop the student's report writing skills. Description of the activity/assignment This exercise is designed to simulate how a basic geological investigation of a site takes place. A basic geological investigation includes familiarizing yourself with the unconsolidated sediments, rocks, structural geology, and groundwater present at your site. As part of this exercise you will have to properly identify a variety of rock types and sediments, create maps that represent data you collected at each location, and complete a basic report of your findings (optional). Once completed, this exercise should give students a basic understanding of how the various concepts used throughout the semester are applied in the real world in the form of a geological investigation. Determining whether students have met the goals I created a grading checklist based on the description of the assignment that the students initially received. More information about assessment tools and techniques. Download teaching materials and tips
On arrival in Tibet, Atiśa found that Buddhism was only beginning to reassert itself there following the earlier persecution by King Langdarma, and that the monks lacked guidance on interpretation of the ‘old’ tantras such as Atiśa found at Samye, and the ‘new’ tantras being freshly introduced by the great traveller-translators such as Rinchen Zangpo. Atiśa's main task was to correct their superficial interpretations. Atiśa accomplished this essentially by emphasizing monastic discipline, the grounding of Tantrism in the philosophy and ethics of the sūtras, and the need for a pupil to devote himself to a single teacher. Atiśa is credited with the introduction into Tibet of the worship of Tārā, and of the popular system of meditation and philosophy known as Lojong (blo.sbyong, ‘mind training’), which involves such meditations as the consideration of all beings as having been one's mother in a previous existence. Of more than 200 works ascribed to Atiśa, his most famous is Bodhipathapradīpa (A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment), elucidating the correct development of the bodhisattva. "Atiśa." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. . Encyclopedia.com. (August 17, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/atisa "Atiśa." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. . Retrieved August 17, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/atisa Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: Modern Language Association The Chicago Manual of Style American Psychological Association - Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. - In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list.
The benefits of improved production tend to diffuse themselves throughout society. No im provement, discovery, invention, or increase of wealth materials is of advantage to its owner alone, however little he may care for the inter ests of others. An increase of capital benefits first the capitalist in whose hands it is accumu lated, but by the very fact of its employment in industry other factors are made more produc tive, and so share in the benefit. An important invention, even when patented, is of social ad vantage. It diminishes the cost of production, or utilizes new materials, or permits the employ ment of new energy, or otherwise reveals hidden sources of wealth.' The patent cannot possibly secure all of the advantage to the inventor, and it generally secures but a very small part. Books and newspapers and schools and travel increase the rapidity of circulation of such advances in production, but without these aids the operation of economic law would insure a similar result. When a laborer rises from the ranks to become an employer of labor, he promotes the interests of his fellow-laborers if he is efficient and suc cessful.' When laborers add to their product by more energetic and intelligent effort, they not merely increase their own wages (provided they are free to seek their own interest), but they also confer a benefit upon consumers— among whom other laborers form the chief part —and permit a more advantageous investment of the capital engaged in the industry. It is through changes in consumption that the greater part of the process of the diffusion of benefits takes The value of commodities coincides with the expenses of their production. The classical doc trine that cost of production regulates the value of freely produced commodities has been re placed in our discussion of value by the newer explanation which traces value to marginal utility. Cost has been used only in its more accurate sense of actual expenditure of energy or loss of vitality occasioned by active participation in industry. In this sense it is evident that there is no constant relation between cost and value, 1 See general law of distribution in Ch. XVII., especially p. 395. 2 See Chapter VI., " Propositions concerning Consumption." and it is also clear that values can be measured far more easily than costs, and that they can be more easily compared with each other. In order to ascertain the cost of a commodity, it would be necessary to make actual inquiry of all persons, capitalists, or laborers who have con tributed to it directly or indirectly ; to ascertain whether they have made their contribution at any personal cost to themselves, deducting any other benefits that resulted from the same ac tivity. When writers have attempted to establish an equivalence between cost and value, they have not taken the trouble to ascertain actual cost, and so they have not really used it at all in the comparison. They have ascertained only the value, and from this have attempted to deduce the cost. What is possible, however, is to com pare the value with the expenses of production to an individual employer. From his own stand point the employer looks upon all the contri butions of his fellow-producers as so many commodities or services to be secured on as favorable terms as possible, and the sum of his investments in the particular commodity must stand in some definite relation to the value of the commodity at the time when he places it upon the market. would prevent any producer from continuing indefinitely to produce commodities at a greater expense than is warranted by their value. If, on the other hand, the value is greatly in excess of the combined expenses of production, so that there are unusual profits to be made in the manufact ure, an increased competition of others will be attracted, resulting in so great a production that marginal utility will be reduced by the increased supply. If it is practicable to secure concerted action among the entire body of producers of a single commodity, so that competition is abol ished, the value may be kept considerably above the expense of production. This is most easily accomplished in the case of commodities, like coal or oil, where the supply is regulated not so much by the will of the original producers as by those who control transportation facilities. But it is sometimes accomplished even with commodities which would ordinarily be classed among those "freely produced." There is al ways present a potential competition, but the initial obstacles in the way of making it effective allow a wide margin for the rise of values above expenses. A railroad which taps an extensive coal-field may long retain control because of the expense of building a new road and the difficulty of securing a charter and right of way. Profits may be much higher than in other industries without being sufficiently great to justify the building of a competitive road. Many other exceptions and reservations would be necessary to the validity of the law that value coincides with expense of production, if in the latter term we included all the original invest ments. But in real life any unusual gains are rapidly capitalized, and any new investor finds them added to his expenses as well as to the value of his product. The railway shares, for example, increase in value to correspond with the earning power, and the equivalence of expense and value is thus secured by increasing the expenses rather than by reducing value. The general rule for freely produced commodities is that value tends to equal the sum of expendi tures necessary to bring a product finally upon the market, including in the estimate of expenses an allowance for ordinary profit to the final em ployer or dealer. There can be but one price for a given commod ity in a given market. By the market, is meant the area within which there is free competition of buyers and sellers, and within which the con ditions are such that both buyers and sellers may readily compare prices. Wholesale and retail prices are not equal because the wholesale market is distinct from the retail market, even in the same cities and towns. Retail buyers are as much cut off from the wholesale sellers as if they were in a different country, and the only ordinary comparison of prices is among retail dealers who add to the wholesale price, repre senting the entire expense of the product up to that point, an allowance for the expenses of retail ing, including the labor of subdividing parcels, exposing for sale, carrying the stock until sold, insurance, and profit. This calculation is made as a means of estimating the success of the retail store, rather than as a means of deciding what the retail price shall be. The successful mer chant does not fix his prices by adding a fixed and uniform percentage to the cost of his goods.
Future (4e Sourcebook)/Dungeon Master's Guide From D&D Wiki These are notes for Dungeon Masters running a Future campaign. \|Biohazard Sign by Willy Gregersen, on Flickr\| These damage keywords were chosen to thematically distinguish this sourcebook from the fantasy elements of D&D and GW. - Compressive - Compression waves in a medium (air or water) that cause damage at certain frequencies or amplitudes. This includes the concussive blasts from explosions or the disorienting effects of sonic weapons. Compressive attacks cannot function in a vacuum. - Corrosive - Strong acids or bases which can cause chemical burns, in extreme cases dissolving away armor and flesh in seconds. - Ion - Caused by radiation and particle beams, ion damage can be catastrophic to cellular life and magnetic storage. Armor is often inaffective against Ion attacks. - Electric - High voltage contacts and beams cause various burns and neurological effects on living creatures, and can fry electrical equipment. They are effective against energy shields. Exotic magnetic attacks might also use this damage type. - Photon - Lasers, and more futuristic force weapons, use this damage type, and may also be a component of Ion or Electric attacks. - Physical - The default damage type for all weapon attacks; unarmed strikes, guns, melee weapons and falls. - Psychic - Bone fide psionic attacks to the mind, and effects that cause mental fatigue, confusion and other neurocognitive damage. - Thermal - This covers both extremes of thermodynamic energy. Examples include explosions, freezing rays, fire and flamethrowers or extreme wind chill. These are grouped together since if a piece of technology or a trait is insulating you from one, you will be protected from the other. Note that this is separate from the issues of surviving in hot or cold environments. - Toxic - Attacks that deliberately upset the functions of living organisms - diseases, poisons, mutagens. Artificial creatures such as robots are rarely effected by toxic damage. Only three power sources are needed for Powers in Future: - Fusion - This is the assumed power source for all futuristic technology, providing high energy output in a compact form with clean emissions. It is used for all Powers that have a technological theme, from laser guns and power fists, to tanks and battle armor. - Bio - Mutants, aliens and dangerous animals use this power source for their natural attacks and powers, drawing from the creatures own internal energy. - Psi - Powers accessed through the mind: psychic interrogation, pyrokinesis, telepathy, and other weird effects draw from this extra-dimensional source. Creature Origin, Types and Keywords Replacing the humanoid, beast, magical beast and animate Types from D&D, Future creatures have one of: - Animates are things that aren't animals but move around anyway - mostly plants or robots. They don't need to breathe, eat or sleep. - Beasts are ordinary animals, or something close to them. Beasts that have Intelligence scores of 3 or lower act instinctively. Those that have Intelligence scores of 4 or higher approach (or exceed) human intelligence. But they still might eat you. - Humanoids are usually bipedal, intelligent tool-users. They're people, more or less. Replacing aberrant, nature, immortal, shadow, fey and elemental Origins, Future creatures have one of: Creatures may also have a keyword: - Robot (animate) - Reptile (beast) - Insect (beast) - Plant (animate) Skills can be checked against an easy, moderate or hard DC. - Easy DCs are equal to level + 8 - Moderate DCs are equal to level + 12 - Hard DCs are equal to level + 16 Gaining unauthorized access to a computer or comm link requires a Science check. It is an easy check if the target device is simple equipment; a moderate check if the target is average equipment; and a hard check if the device is advanced equipment. The level is equal to the target's level. For example, a field comm is an average level 2 piece of equipment, so hacking into one of its comm channels is a DC 14 task. Specialist equipment cannot normally be hacked into. The hacker also requires a comm link or computer of equal or greater level. Failing the check by 5 or more alerts the user of the target device, and they may immediately try to identify the intruder by making a hacking check against the hacker's device. Future uses a generic unit of currency - the credit. It is assumed that all characters have an account to which they can deposit and withdraw credits at-will as a minor action. A character's credit card can only be used by it's owner. Physical tokens might be found of any value, are formed from pure energy, have zero weight, and do not have ownership. A credit card can create or absorb tokens which debits or credits the associated account accordingly. Tokens do not have any game effect other than for monetary transactions. The purchasing cost of mundane items scales with XP and level - refer to the "Experience Point Rewards" chart of the DMG p. 120. Each piece of mundane equipment has a level from 1 to 10 representing its availability, and has a classification of "simple", "average", "advanced" or "specialist". - Simple equipment has only minor or routine benefits, and use costs for Minions. - Examples: timepieces, meals, small fusion cells, clothing, weapon mods with a minor benefit. - Average equipment has a single, moderate benefit, and use costs for Standard creatures. - Examples: kits that provide a skill bonus to specific tasks, weekly rental of a small location or single-person vehicle, ammunition cache for weapons of equal level, weapon mods that grant a property - Advanced equipment has a single, good benefit or several minor benefits, and use costs for Elite creatures. - Examples: weekly rental of a medium location or vehicle, weapon mods that grant an alpha strike. - Specialist equipment has multiple good benefits, and use costs for Solo creatures. - Examples: weekly rental of a location or vehicle with special functions, kits that provide a broad skill bonus, weapon mods that cause ongoing damage or conditions on an alpha strike or that have encounter powers. Purchasing equipment of a level greater than the PC trying to aquire it requires a skill check. Each potential source has an associated skill, and the DC depends on the relative level of the item. - Conspiracy - Governmental or corporate sources. - Interaction - Black market or other hidden civilian sources. - Perception - Extensive searching through normal channels may be fortuitous. - Science - Educational sources, or sources accessed through computer networks. - Stealth - Stealing the item from a private owner, expending an amount of resources equal to the item's value. - Mechanics - Constructing the item yourself. - Player's level + 1 - Easy DC - Player's level + 2 - Moderate DC - Player's level + 3 - Hard DC The PC may only attempt to aquire one piece of equipment per day with this method, and can only make one skill roll per attempt. - Success: The PC can pay the normal amount of credits to gain the item. - Failure: The item is not available. Other PCs may not attempt to acquire that item using that skill on that day. - Failure by more than 5: The item is not available, and no more attempts to acquire any item with any skill can be made that day. A treasure parcel might be: - Credits equal to the XP value of a standard creature of level equal to the encounter level. Example: A level 2 encounter yields tokens totalling 125 credits. - An ammunition cache. These should be awarded once every 2 to 4 encounters (that is, they are given about 3 times before the PCs level up.) - A Prototype. As with D&D treasure parcels, however, an encounter may give no reward whilst others will have several parcels grouped together. Future uses the vehicles rules for Gamma World, published at WoTC here. Future vehicles are assumed to use fusion power cells that provide non-stop power for years, so all count as having the Fusion Power Kit augmentation. Specific settings might have a resource used for certain modes of transport, such as faster-than-light jumps.
For the active immunisation of sheep and cattle against diseases associated with infections caused by Clostridium perfringens type A, C.perfringens type B, C.perfringens type C, C.perfringens type D, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium novyi type B, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium haemolyticum and against tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani. For the passive immunisation of lambs and calves against infections caused by the above mentioned clostridial species (except C.haemolyticum in sheep). The onset of immunity is two weeks after the primary course. Click here- Product Data Sheet. Sheep – from 2 weeks of age Dose – 1 ml Cattle – from 2 weeks of age Dose – 2 ml Primary vaccination: Two doses should be administered, 4-6 weeks apart. Booster vaccination: A single dose should be administered at 6 to 12 month intervals. Shelf-life after first opening the immediate packaging: 8 hours. Store and transport refrigerated between +2°C and +8°C. Protect from light. Do not freeze. Avoid the introduction of contamination during use. Keep out of sight and reach of children. For animal treatment only.
Deprecated: The PSR-0 `Requests_...` class names in the Requests library are deprecated. Switch to the PSR-4 `WpOrg\Requests\...` class names at your earliest convenience. in /www/docsopinion_230/public/wp-includes/class-requests.php on line 24 Estimated reading time: 8 minutes It is well documented that obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and higher overall mortality. Obesity also correlates with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and many types of cancer. It has been estimated that severe obesity may shorten lifespan by up to ten years (1). This is comparable to the effect of smoking. Obesity is usually defined as an elevated body mass index (BMI). It is characterized by the accumulation of fat in our body. But, what’s wrong with walking around with some extra weight? Why is excess body weight associated with increased risk of heart disease, cancer and premature death? When we discuss obesity, we often tend to look primarily at body weight itself. This may be misguided. In fact, body fat does much more to our health than take up space and increase weight. Fat cells are biologically active, and their function or dysfunction may affect our health in many ways. For example, fat cells produce and secrete important biologic substances. One of these substances is called adiponectin. In fact, adiponectin could represent one of the missing links between obesity and increased risk of diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. The body can store extra energy as fat in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is a loose connective tissue that is mainly composed of cells called adipocytes. It is is mainly located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat) and around the internal organs (visceral fat). It is possible to assess how much of our body weight is composed of fat. Although it may vary a lot, men and women of normal weight have about 15 percent and 30 percent body fat respectively. Adipose tissue appears to be an important endocrine organ. It produces hormones such as leptin and estrogen as well as cytokines that play an important role for cell signaling. Cytokines secreted by adipose tissue are called adipokines. Visceral Fat and Subcutaneous Fat Body shape and the regional distribution of fat appear more important for health than the total amount of adipose tissue. For example, it has been shown that the accumulation of fat around the internal organs may be more harmful than fat accumulation elsewhere. Excess accumulation of this type of fat is termed visceral obesity. In the 1940s, Professor Jean Vague from the University of Marseille noted that women normally had twice as much fat mass as men (2). However, he also found that the metabolic complications associated with obesity were much less common among women than men. Vague defined two different body shapes. Android obesity or apple shape refers to the accumulation of fat in the upper body are. Gynoid obesity or pear shape refers to the accumulation of fat on the hips and thighs. The latter is more common among women than men. This is very well demonstrated in Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s painting above. Visceral fat accumulation is associated with insulin resistance, high blood pressure, high levels of triglycerides, low levels of HDL-cholesterol, small dense LDL particles, and increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, subcutaneous fat appears much more innocent than visceral fat. In fact, recent studies suggest that abdominal subcutaneous fat is not associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (3). This suggests a possible protective effect of subcutaneous fat. In the 1990s, scientists found a protein secreted by adipocytes and named it adiponectin (4). Although adiponectin is secreted only from adipose tissue, the plasma concentration of adiponectin is much lower in obese subjects than in non-obese healthy volunteers. Plasma levels of adiponectin are especially low in individuals with visceral obesity. It is believed that adiponectin deficiency may play an important role for many of the negative metabolic consequences of visceral fat accumulation. The clinical term for low plasma levels of adiponectin is hypoadiponectinemia. So, although adiponectin is produced by adipose tissue, its production is abnormally low in obese individuals, in particular, those with visceral obesity. Some adipokines may negatively affect health. For example, many adipokines are pro-inflammatory and may support chronic low-grade inflammation in the body. On the other hand, adiponectin is protective and appears to reduce inflammation. Studies show that low levels of adiponectin are associated with raised levels of several different markers of inflammation (5). Adiponectin and Obesity Obese people have lower blood levels of adiponectin than normal weight individuals (6,7). Furthermore, reduction of obesity increases adiponectin levels (8,9). Overall, it appears that losing weight through diet, exercise, medications and surgery will increase adiponectin levels in blood. Low adiponectin levels are more strongly associated with the amount of visceral fat than subcutaneous fat (10). Development of subcutaneous fat is is an active process in infancy, adolescence and pregnancy (11). In middle aged and elderly people, over nutrition does not lead to an effective storage of energy as subcutaneous fat (12). Instead, visceral fat accumulation becomes more common. Lifestyle factors such as overeating and physical inactivity in young and middle-age appear to increase the risk of visceral obesity. Dysfunction of adipose cells is more common in visceral fat tissue than subcutaneous fat tissue. Such dysfunction may cause an unbalance in the production of adipokines leading to overproduction of offensive adipokines and under production of defensive adipokines such as adiponectin (11). Adiponectin, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Obesity is associated with high prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Several clinical studies have shown that low production of adiponectin correlates with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (13). Adiponectin appears to promote an insulin-sensitizing effect (14). It has been suggested that downregulation of adiponectin could be a mechanism whereby obesity could lead to insulin resistance and diabetes. Thus, in theory, increasing the availability of adiponectin might reverse insulin resistance and thereby decrease the risk of diabetes. Adiponectin and Lipid Abnormalities High levels of triglycerides and low levels of HDL cholesterol are commonly found in people with obesity or metabolic syndrome. High triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin levels correlate positively with HDL-cholesterol and negatively with triglycerides. Experimental studies have suggested that adiponectin promotes synthesis of HDL cholesterol (15). Therefore, low levels of adiponectin may be important for some of the lipid abnormalities associated with obesity. Adiponectin and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common among people with obesity. It may increase the risk for liver cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. Experimental studies have found that adiponectin antagonizes excess lipid storage in the liver (18). Adiponectin and Cancer Obesity is associated with increased risk of cancer. This relationship has been highlighted by the US National Cancer Institute. Several studies suggest that adiponectin may play a role in cancer. Low plasma levels of adiponectin have been linked to some types of breast cancer (19), endometrial cancer (20), prostate cancer (21) and colorectal cancer (22). It is not known whether adiponectin deficiency plays a causative role when it comes to cancer risk. Furthermore, it has not been shown that increasing adiponectin levels will reduce the risk of cancer. Adiponectin and Coronary Artery Disease Studies also suggest that low levels of adiponectin may be predictive of future coronary events (25). Animal studies indicate that adiponectin administration may protect heart muscle cells from injury from loss of blood flow (26) Clinical Use of Adiponectin Measurements Adiponectin circulates in relatively high concentrations in blood and is easily measured. However, the use of adiponectin measurements has so far been confined to clinical trials and has not yet spread into clinical practice. Nevertheless, the potential to use adiponectin as a biologic risk marker certainly exists. Adiponectin concentrations might also be used to decide on the aggressiveness of interventions and to monitor treatment. For example, it has been suggested that adiponectin levels may be used to monitor the efficacy of interventions in patients with metabolic syndrome (27). Other studies suggest that adiponectin levels may be used to monitor the anti-inflammatory effects of statin therapy (28). Change in adiponectin levels may also reflect the metabolic effects of diabetes therapies (29). Reference Values for Adiponectin The Mayo Clinic (Mayo Medical Laboratories) has presented the following reference ranges for adiponectin measurements in blood. \|Body Mass Index\|\|Adiponectin mcg/mL\| \|Body Mass Index <25\|\|Males 4-26\| \|Body Mass Index 25-30\|\|Males 4-20\| \|Body Mass Index >30\|\|Males 2-20\| Adiponectin as a Therapeutic Target The favorable effects of adiponectin could be increased either by directly administering adiponectin by injection or by using treatment that increases its plasma levels. Manufactured adiponectin has been administered by infusion in animal studies. However, the molecular complexities of adiponectin have made its production as a therapeutic agent difficult (30). Scientists are also looking at agents that could enhance adiponectin secretion from adipose tissue or mimic adiponectin effects on its receptors (31). Statins, thiazolidinediones, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that have been found to elevate circulating levels of adiponectin. Studies have also found that nutraceutical compounds such as fish oil, safflower oil, conjugated linoleic acid, grape-seed extract, green tea extract, taurine and resveratrol are able to elevate plasma levels of adiponectin (32). Losing weight, caloric restriction and physical exercise (33) can raise adiponectin levels. Recently, phenolic compounds such as raspberry ketones have been marketed for weight loss. One of their proposed mechanisms of action is to raise adiponectin levels. However, there is no clinical evidence for such an effect in humans. The Take-Home Message Adiponectin is a protein secreted by adipose tissue. Adiponectin levels are lower among obese people than those who are normal weight. Visceral fat accumulation is associated with lower adiponectin levels than subcutaneous fat accumulation. Low adiponectin levels may reflect dysfunction of adipose tissue among obese individuals. Low levels of adiponectin are associated with inflammation, lipid abnormalities, insulin resistance and increased risk of diabetes, NAFLD, coronary heart disease, and cancer. A causative role of adiponectin remains to be proven. Although adiponectin may be used as a biologic marker to assess risk and monitor treatment, adiponectin measurements are seldom performed in clinical practice. Lifestyle interventions, some pharmaceutical drugs, and a few nutraceutical compounds may raise adiponectin levels.
Get Monarchy of Canada essential facts below. View Videos or join the Monarchy of Canada discussion. Add Monarchy of Canada to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. As all executive authority is vested in the sovereign, assent is required to allow for bills to become law and for letters patent and orders in council to have legal effect. While the power for these acts stems from the Canadian people through the constitutional conventions of democracy, executive authority remains vested in the Crown and is only entrusted by the sovereign to the government on behalf of the people. This underlines the Crown's role in safeguarding the rights, freedoms, and democratic system of government of Canadians, reinforcing the fact that "governments are the servants of the people and not the reverse". Thus, within a constitutional monarchy the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited, with the sovereign normally exercising executive authority only on the advice of the executive committee of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and the sovereign's legislative and judicial responsibilities largely carried out through parliamentarians as well as judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against abuse of power. The sovereign acts as a custodian of the Crown's democratic powers and a representation of the "power of the people above government and political parties". Canada is one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world. Initially established in the 16th century,[n 1] monarchy in Canada has evolved through a continuous succession of French and British sovereigns into the independent Canadian sovereigns of today, whose institution is sometimes colloquially referred to as the Maple Crown.[n 2] International and domestic aspects Overseas territories of Commonwealth realms Elizabeth II is the reigning sovereign of each of the 16 Commonwealth realms. The person who is the Canadian sovereign is equally shared with 15 other monarchies (a grouping, including Canada, known informally as the Commonwealth realms) in the 53-member Commonwealth of Nations. The monarch resides predominantly in the oldest and most populous realm, the United Kingdom; viceroys (the Governor General of Canada in the federal sphere and a lieutenant governor in each province) are the sovereign's representatives in Canada. The emergence of this arrangement paralleled the fruition of Canadian nationalism following the end of the First World War and culminated in the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Since then, the pan-national Crown has had both a shared and a separate character: the sovereign's role as monarch of Canada has been distinct from his or her position as monarch of any other realm,[n 3] including the United Kingdom.[n 4] Only Canadian federal ministers of the Crown may advise the sovereign on any and all matters of the Canadian state,[n 5] of which the sovereign, when not in Canada, is kept abreast by weekly communications with the federal viceroy. The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution and in Canada became a Canadian, or "domesticated", establishment, though it is still often denoted as "British" in both legal and common language, for reasons historical, political, and of convenience. The sovereign similarly only draws from Canadian funds for support in the performance of her duties when in Canada or acting as Queen of Canada abroad; Canadians do not pay any money to the Queen or any other member of the Royal Family, either towards personal income or to support royal residences outside of Canada. Upon a demise of the Crown (the death or abdication of a sovereign), the late sovereign's heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony; hence arises the phrase "The King is dead. Long live the King". It is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be publicly proclaimed by the governor general on behalf of the Privy Council, which meets at Rideau Hall after the accession. An appropriate period of mourning also follows, during which portraits of the recently deceased monarch are draped with black fabric and staff at government houses wear customary black armbands. The Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada states the prime minister is responsible for convening parliament, tabling a resolution of loyalty and condolence from parliament to the new monarch, and arranging for the motion to be seconded by the Leader of the Official Opposition. The prime minister will then move to adjourn parliament. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation keeps a regularly updated plan for a "broadcast of national importance" announcing the demise of a sovereign and covering the aftermath, during which all regular programming and advertising is cancelled and on-call commentators contribute to a 24-hour news mode. The day of the funeral is likely to be a public holiday. The new monarch is crowned in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual, but one not necessary for a sovereign to reign.[n 6] By the Interpretation Act of 2005, no incumbent appointee of the Crown is affected by the death of the monarch, nor are they required to take the Oath of Allegiance again, and all references in legislation to previous monarchs, whether in the masculine (e.g. His Majesty) or feminine (e.g. the Queen), continue to mean the reigning sovereign of Canada, regardless of his or her gender. This is because, in common law, the Crown never dies. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she usually continues to reign until death.[n 7] Certain aspects of the succession rules have been challenged in the courts. For example, under the provisions of the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, Catholics are barred from succeeding to the throne; this prohibition has been upheld twice by Canadian courts, once in 2003 and again in 2014. Canada has no laws allowing for a regency, should the sovereign be a minor or debilitated; none have been passed by the Canadian parliament and it was made clear by successive Cabinets since 1937 that the United Kingdom's Regency Act had no applicability to Canada, as the Canadian Cabinet had not requested otherwise when the act was passed that year and again in 1943 and 1953. As the 1947 Letters Patent issued by King George VI permit the Governor General of Canada to exercise almost all of the monarch's powers in respect of Canada, the viceroy is expected to continue to act as the personal representative of the monarch, and not any regent, even if the monarch is a child or incapacitated. Federal and provincial aspects Canada's monarchy was established at Confederation, when its executive government and authority were declared (in section 9 of the Constitution Act, 1867) "to continue and be vested in the Queen". The Canadian monarchy is a federal one in which the Crown is unitary throughout all jurisdictions in the country, the sovereignty of the different administrations being passed on through the overreaching Crown itself as a part of the executive, legislative, and judicial operations in each of the federal and provincial spheres and the headship of state being a part of all equally. The Crown thus links the various governments into a federal state,[dead link] though it is simultaneously also "divided" into eleven legal jurisdictions, or eleven "crowns"--one federal and ten provincial--with the monarch taking on a distinct legal persona in each.[n 9][n 10] As such, the constitution instructs that any change to the position of the monarch or his or her representatives in Canada requires the consent of the Senate, the House of Commons, and the legislative assemblies of all the provinces. The governor general is appointed by the Queen on the advice of her federal prime minister and the lieutenant governors are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the federal prime minister. The commissioners of Canada's territories are appointed by the federal Governor-in-Council, at the recommendation of the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development; but, as the territories are not sovereign entities, the commissioners are not personal representatives of the sovereign. The Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments, which may seek input from the relevant premier and provincial or territorial community, proposes candidates for appointment as governor general, lieutenant governor, and commissioner. As the living embodiment of the Crown, the sovereign is regarded as the personification of the Canadian state and,[n 11] as such, must, along with his or her viceregal representatives, "remain strictly neutral in political terms". The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence: that of a natural-born human being and that of the state as accorded to him or her through law; the Crown and the monarch are "conceptually divisible but legally indivisible ... [t]he office cannot exist without the office-holder",[n 12] so, even in private, the monarch is always "on duty". The terms the state, the Crown,the Crown in Right of Canada, Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (French: Sa Majesté la Reine du chef du Canada), and similar are all synonymous and the monarch's legal personality is sometimes referred to simply as Canada. As such, the king or queen of Canada is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the viceroys, judges, members of the Canadian Forces, police officers, and parliamentarians),[n 13] the guardian of foster children (Crown wards), as well as the owner of all state lands (Crown land), buildings and equipment (Crown held property), state owned companies (Crown corporations), and the copyright for all government publications (Crown copyright). This is all in his or her position as sovereign, and not as an individual; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper advice and consent of his or her ministers. The Great Seal of Canada used during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. Though it has been argued that the term head of state is a republican one inapplicable in a constitutional monarchy such as Canada, where the monarch is the embodiment of the state and thus cannot be head of it, the sovereign is regarded by official government sources, judges, constitutional scholars, and pollsters as the head of state, while the governor general and lieutenant governors are all only representatives of, and thus equally subordinate to, that figure. Some governors general, their staff, government publications, and constitutional scholars like Edward McWhinney and C. E. S. Franks have, however, referred to the position of governor general as that of Canada's head of state, though sometimes qualifying the assertion with de facto or effective; Franks has hence recommended that the governor general be named officially as the head of state. Still others view the role of head of state as being shared by both the sovereign and her viceroys. Since 1927, governors general have been received on state visits abroad as though they were heads of state. Officials at Rideau Hall have attempted to use the Letters Patent of 1947 as justification for describing the governor general as head of state. However, the document makes no such distinction, nor does it effect an abdication of the sovereign's powers in favour of the viceroy, as it only allows the governor general to "act on The Queen's behalf". Dr. D. Michael Jackson, former Chief of Protocol of Saskatchewan, argued that Rideau Hall had been attempting to "recast" the governor general as head of state since the 1970s and doing so preempted both the Queen and all of the lieutenant governors. This caused not only "precedence wars" at provincial events (where the governor general usurped the lieutenant governor's proper spot as most senior official in attendance) and Governor General Adrienne Clarkson to accord herself precedence before the Queen at a national occasion, but also constitutional issues by "unbalancing ... the federalist symmetry". This has been regarded as both a natural evolution and as a dishonest effort to alter the constitution without public scrutiny. In a poll conducted by Ipsos-Reid following the first prorogation of the 40th parliament on 4 December 2008, it was found that 42% of the sample group thought the prime minister was head of state, while 33% felt it was the governor general. Only 24% named the Queen as head of state, a number up from 2002, when the results of an EKOS Research Associates survey showed only 5% of those polled knew the Queen was head of state (69% answered that it was the prime minister). Canada's constitution is based on the Westminster parliamentary model, wherein the role of the Queen is both legal and practical, but not political. The sovereign is vested with all the powers of state, collectively known as the Royal Prerogative, leading the populace to be considered subjects of the Crown. However, as the sovereign's power stems from the people and the monarch is a constitutional one, he or she does not rule alone, as in an absolute monarchy. Instead, the Crown is regarded as a corporation sole, with the monarch being the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government--the executive, legislative, and judicial--acting under the sovereign's authority, which is entrusted for exercise by the politicians (the elected and appointed parliamentarians and the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from among them) and the judges and justices of the peace. The monarchy has thus been described as the underlying principle of Canada's institutional unity and the monarch as a "guardian of constitutional freedoms" whose "job is to ensure that the political process remains intact and is allowed to function." The Great Seal of Canada "signifies the power and authority of the Crown flowing from the sovereign to [the] parliamentary government" and is applied to state documents such as royal proclamations and letters patent commissioning cabinet ministers, senators, judges, and other senior government officials. The "lending" of royal authority to the Cabinet is illustrated by the great seal being entrusted by the governor general, the official keeper of the seal, to the Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development, who is ex officio the Registrar General of Canada. Upon a change of government, the seal is temporarily returned to the governor general and then "lent" to the next incoming registrar general. The government of Canada--formally termed Her Majesty's Government--is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her Privy Council; what is technically known as the Queen-in-Council, or sometimes the Governor-in-Council, referring to the governor general as the Queen's stand-in. One of the main duties of the Crown is to "ensure that a democratically elected government is always in place," which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet--a committee of the Privy Council charged with advising the Crown on the exercise of the Royal Prerogative. The Queen is informed by her viceroy of the swearing-in and resignation of prime ministers and other members of the ministry, remains fully briefed through regular communications from her Canadian ministers, and holds audience with them whenever possible. By convention, the content of these communications and meetings remains confidential so as to protect the impartiality of the monarch and her representative. The appropriateness and viability of this tradition in an age of social media has been questioned. In the construct of constitutional monarchy and responsible government, the ministerial advice tendered is typically binding, meaning the monarch reigns but does not rule, the Cabinet ruling "in trust" for the monarch. This has been the case in Canada since the Treaty of Paris ended the reign of the territory's last absolute monarch, King Louis XV. However, the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers and the royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations (an exercise of the reserve powers),[n 15] thereby allowing the monarch to make sure "that the government conducts itself in compliance with the constitution." There are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the Queen. The Royal Prerogative also extends to foreign affairs, including the ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and declarations of war, the accreditation of Canadian high commissioners and ambassadors and receipt of similar diplomats from foreign states, and the issuance of Canadian passports, which remain the sovereign's property. It also includes the creation of dynastic and nationalhonours, though only the latter are established on official ministerial advice. All laws in Canada are the monarch's and the sovereign is one of the three components of parliament--formally called the Queen-in-Parliament--but the monarch and viceroy do not participate in the legislative process save for the granting of Royal Assent, which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. Either figure or a delegate may perform this task and the constitution allows the viceroy the option of deferring assent to the sovereign. The governor general is further responsible for summoning the House of Commons, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue and dissolve the legislature, after which the governor general usually calls for a general election. The new parliamentary session is marked by either the monarch, governor general, or some other representative reading the Speech from the Throne. Members of Parliament must recite the Oath of Allegiance before they may take their seat. Further, the official opposition is traditionally dubbed as Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, illustrating that, while its members are opposed to the incumbent government, they remain loyal to the sovereign (as personification of the state and its authority). The monarch does not have the prerogative to impose and collect new taxes without the authorization of an Act of Parliament. The consent of the Crown must, however, be obtained before either of the houses of parliament may even debate a bill affecting the sovereign's prerogatives or interests and no act of parliament binds the Queen or her rights unless the act states that it does. New Canadian citizens in a courtroom displaying on the focal wall a portrait of the sovereign and a rendition of the Royal Arms The monarch does not personally rule in judicial cases; this function of the royal prerogative is instead performed in trust and in the Queen's name by officers of Her Majesty's court. Common law holds the notion that the sovereign "can do no wrong": the monarch cannot be prosecuted in her own courts--judged by herself--for criminal offences. Civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the Queen-in-Council) are permitted, but lawsuits against the monarch personally are not cognizable. In international cases, as a sovereign and under established principles of international law, the Queen of Canada is not subject to suit in foreign courts without her express consent. Within the royal prerogative is also the granting of immunity from prosecution, mercy, and pardoning offences against the Crown. Since 1878, the prerogative of pardon has always been exercised upon the recommendation of ministers. Members of the Royal Family have been present in Canada since the late 18th century, their reasons including participating in military manoeuvres, serving as the federal viceroy, or undertaking official royal tours. A prominent feature of the latter are numerous royal walkabouts, the tradition of which was initiated in 1939 by Queen Elizabeth when she was in Ottawa and broke from the royal party to speak directly to gathered veterans. Usually important milestones, anniversaries, or celebrations of Canadian culture will warrant the presence of the monarch, while other royals will be asked to participate in lesser occasions. A household to assist and tend to the monarch forms part of the royal party. Official duties involve the sovereign representing the Canadian state at home or abroad, or her relations as members of the Royal Family participating in government organized ceremonies either in Canada or elsewhere;[n 16] sometimes these individuals are employed in asserting Canada's sovereignty over its territories.[n 17] The advice of the Canadian Cabinet is the impetus for royal participation in any Canadian event, though, at present, the Chief of Protocol and his staff in the Department of Canadian Heritage are, as part of the State Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Program, responsible for orchestrating any official events in or for Canada that involve the Royal Family. Conversely, unofficial duties are performed by Royal Family members on behalf of Canadian organizations of which they may be patrons, through their attendance at charity events, visiting with members of the Canadian Forces as colonel-in-chief, or marking certain key anniversaries. The invitation and expenses associated with these undertakings are usually borne by the associated organization. In 2005 members of the Royal Family were present at a total of 76 Canadian engagements, as well as several more through 2006 and 2007. Apart from Canada, the Queen and other members of the Royal Family regularly perform public duties in the other fifteen nations of the Commonwealth in which the Queen is head of state. This situation, however, can mean the monarch and/or members of the Royal Family will be promoting one nation and not another; a situation that has been met with criticism.[n 18] Symbols, associations, and awards The flag of the Canadian Forces, bearing the forces' emblem, which has at its apex a St. Edward's Crown, indicating the sovereign as the military's source of authority The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, described as "the personal expression of the Crown in Canada," and her image is thus used to signify Canadian sovereignty and government authority--her image, for instance, appearing on currency, and her portrait in government buildings. The sovereign is further both mentioned in and the subject of songs, loyal toasts, and salutes. A royal cypher, appearing on buildings and official seals, or a crown, seen on provincial and national coats of arms, as well as police force and Canadian Forces regimental and maritime badges and rank insignia, is also used to illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, the latter without referring to any specific monarch. Since the days of King Louis XIV, the monarch is the fount of all honours in Canada and the orders, decorations, and medals form "an integral element of the Crown." Hence, the insignia and medallions for these awards bear a crown, cypher, and/or portrait of the monarch. Similarly, the country's heraldic authority was created by the Queen and, operating under the authority of the governor general, grants new coats of arms, flags, and badges in Canada. Use of the royal crown in such symbols is a gift from the monarch showing royal support and/or association, and requires her approval before being added. A number of Canadian civilian organizations have association with the monarchy, either through their being founded via a royal charter, having been granted the right to use the prefix royal before their name, or because at least one member of the Royal Family serves as a patron. In addition to The Prince's Charities Canada, established by Charles, Prince of Wales, some other charities and volunteer organizations have also been founded as gifts to, or in honour of, some of Canada's monarchs or members of the Royal Family, such as the Victorian Order of Nurses (a gift to Queen Victoria for her Diamond Jubilee in 1897), the Canadian Cancer Fund (set up in honour of King George V's Silver Jubilee in 1935), and the Queen Elizabeth II Fund to Aid in Research on the Diseases of Children. A number of awards in Canada are likewise issued in the name of previous or present members of the Royal Family. Further, organizations will give commemorative gifts to members of the Royal Family to mark a visit or other important occasion. The Canadian Royal Family (French: Famille Royale Canadienne) is a group of people related to the country's monarch and, as such, belonging to the House of Windsor (French: Maison de Windsor). There is no legal definition of who is or is not a member of the group, though the Government of Canada maintains a list of immediate members, and stipulates that those in the direct line of succession who bear the style of Royal Highness (Altesse Royale) are subjects of, and owe their allegiance specifically to, the reigning king or queen of Canada. Unlike in the United Kingdom, the monarch is the only member of the Royal Family with a title established through Canadian law. It would be possible for others to be granted distinctly Canadian titles (as is the case for the Duke of Rothesay (Prince Charles) in Scotland), but they have always been, and continue to only be, accorded the use of a courtesy title in Canada, which is that which they have been granted via letters patent in the UK, though they are also in Canada translated to French. According to the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn--due to his having lived in Canada between 1791 and 1800, and fathering Queen Victoria--is the "ancestor of the modern Canadian Royal Family". Nonetheless, the concept of the Canadian Royal Family did not emerge until after the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, when Canadian officials only began to overtly consider putting the principles of Canada's new status as an independent kingdom into effect. At first, the monarch was the only member of the Royal Family to carry out public ceremonial duties solely on the advice of Canadian ministers; King Edward VIII became the first to do so when in July 1936 he dedicated the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France.[n 16] Over the decades, however, the monarch's children, grandchildren, cousins, and their respective spouses began to also perform functions at the direction of the Canadian Crown-in-Council, representing the monarch within Canada or abroad. But it was not until October 2002 when the term Canadian Royal Family was first used publicly and officially by one of its members: in a speech to the Nunavut legislature at its opening, Queen Elizabeth II stated: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian Royal Family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory." Princess Anne used it again when speaking at Rideau Hall in 2014. By 2011, both Canadian and British media were referring to "Canada's royal family" or the "Canadian royal family". The press frequently follows the movements of the Royal Family, and can, at times, affect the group's popularity, which has fluctuated over the years. Mirroring the mood in the United Kingdom, the family's lowest approval was during the mid-1980s to 1990s, when the children of the monarch were enduring their divorces and were the targets of negative tabloid reporting. Federal residences and royal household Rideau Hall, the principal Canadian official residence of Canada's sovereign, and the sovereign's representative, the governor general The Canadian monarchy can trace its ancestral lineage back to the kings of the Angles and the early Scottish kings and through the centuries since the claims of King Henry VII in 1497 and King Francis I in 1534; both being blood relatives of the current Canadian monarch. Former Prime Minister Stephen Harper said of the Crown that it "links us all together with the majestic past that takes us back to the Tudors, the Plantagenets, the Magna Carta, habeas corpus, petition of rights, and English common law." Though the first French and British colonizers of Canada interpreted the hereditary nature of some indigenous North American chieftainships as a form of monarchy, it is generally accepted that Canada has been a territory of a monarch or a monarchy in its own right only since the establishment of colony of Canada in the early 16th century; according to historian Jacques Monet, the Canadian Crown is one of the few that have survived through uninterrupted succession since before its inception. The latter became in 1939 the first reigning monarch of Canada to tour the country (though previous kings had done so before their accession). As the ease of travel increased, visits by the sovereign and other Royal Family members became more frequent and involved, seeing Queen Elizabeth II officiate at various moments of importance in the nation's history, one being when she proclaimed the country to be fully independent, via constitutional patriation, in 1982. That act is said to have entrenched the monarchy in Canada, due to the stringent requirements, as laid out in the amending formula, that must be met in order to alter the monarchy in any way. Through the 1960s and 1970s, the rise of Quebec nationalism and changes in Canadian identity created an atmosphere where the purpose and role of the monarchy came into question. Some references to the monarch and the monarchy were removed from the public eye and moves were made by the federal government to constitutionally alter the Crown's place and role in Canada, first by explicit legal amendments and later by subtle attrition impelled by elements of the public service, the Cabinet, and governors general and their staff alike. But, provincial and federal ministers, along with loyal national citizen's organizations, ensured that the system remained the same in essence. By 2002, the royal tour and associated fêtes for the Queen's Golden Jubilee proved popular with Canadians across the country, though Canada's first republican organization since the 1830s was also founded that year. Celebrations took place to mark Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee in 2012, the first such event in Canada since that for Victoria in 1897. On 9 September 2015, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in Canadian history (preceded only by King Louis XIV); events were organised to celebrate her as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era." A nickel with the effigy of Elizabeth II on the obverse side of the coin An Ontario vehicle licence plate showing the silhouette of the Crown It has been theorised the monarchy is so prevalent in Canada--by way of all manner of symbols, place names, royal tours, etc.--that Canadians fail to take note of it. Commentators have in the late 20th and early 21st centuries stated that contemporary Canadians had and have a poor understanding of the Canadian monarchy, Michael D. Jackson saying in his book The Crown and Canadian Federalism that this is part of a wider ignorance about Canadian civics. While David Smith researched for his 1995 book The Invisible Crown, he found it difficult to "find anyone who could talk knowledgeably about the subject". Former Governor General Adrienne Clarkson said there is "an abysmal lack of knowledge about the system" and Senator Lowell Murray wrote in 2003: "The Crown has become irrelevant to most Canadians' understanding of our system of Government", which he attributed to the "fault of successive generations of politicians, of an educational system that has never given the institution due study, and of past viceregal incumbents themselves". These comments were echoed by teacher and author Nathan Tidridge, who asserted that, beginning in the 1960s, the role of the Crown disappeared from provincial education curricula, as the general subject of civics came to receive less attention. He said Canadians are being "educated to be illiterate, ambivalent, or even hostile toward our constitutional monarchy".Michael Valpy also pointed to the fact that "The crown's role in the machinery of Canada's constitutional monarchy rarely sees daylight. Only a handful of times in our history has it been subjected to glaring sunshine, unfortunately resulting in a black hole of public understanding as to how it works." He later iterated: "the public's attention span on the constitutional intricacies of the monarchy is clinically short". John Pepall argued in 1990 that a "Liberal-inspired republican misconception of the role" of governor general had taken root, though the Conservative government headed by Brian Mulroney exacerbated the matter. The position of prime minister has simultaneously undergone, with encouragement from its occupants, what has been described as a "presidentialisation", to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state. Additionally, it has been theorised the monarchy is so prevalent in Canada--by way of all manner of symbols, place names, royal tours, etc.--that Canadians fail to take note of it; the monarchy "functions like a tasteful wallpaper pattern in Canada: enjoyable in an absent-minded way, but so ubiquitous as to be almost invisible". David S. Donovan felt that Canadians mostly considered the monarch and her representatives as purely ceremonial and symbolic figures. It was argued by Alfred Neitsch that this undermined the Crown's legitimacy as a check and balance in the governmental system, a situation Helen Forsey (daughter of Canadian constitutional expert Eugene Forsey) said prime ministers take advantage of, portraying themselves as the embodiment of popular democracy and the reserve powers of the Crown as illegitimate.[n 27] In the 2010s, a "growing interest in the Crown and its prerogatives" was observed, as evidenced by "a burst of articles, books and conferences". This was attributed to the coincidental occurrence of publicly prominent events over a number of years, including the 2008 prorogation dispute; an increased use of royal symbols as directed by the Cabinet while headed by Stephen Harper, including two consecutive royal tours; court cases focusing on the Oath of Citizenship; and increasingly active governors. Smith and Philippe Lagassé noted in early 2016 that post-secondary students were giving more focus to the subject of the Crown. ^The date of the first establishment of monarchy in Canada varies: some sources give the year as 1497, when John Cabot landed somewhere along the North American coast (most likely Nova Scotia or Newfoundland) claiming an undefined extent of land for King Henry VII, while others put it at 1534, when the colony of Canada was founded in the name of King Francis I. Although the exact date differs, the fact that a monarchical form of governance has existed since the 16th century is in common agreement. ^The English Court of Appeal ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth ... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada." ^Gary Toffoli of the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust stated that the approval given by the Queen in her Canadian Council in 1981 to the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer separately to the same approval given by the Queen in her British Council illustrated the existence of the Royal Marriages Act in Canadian law. In 1947, the King in his Canadian Council gave the same consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, again separate from the approval he gave in his British Council. ^For example, if a lawsuit is filed against the federal government, the respondent is formally described as Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, or simply Regina. Likewise, in a case in which a party sues both the province of Saskatchewan and the federal government, the respondents would be formally called Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Saskatchewan and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. ^Illustrative of this arrangement is property transfers; of this, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources states: "When public land is required by the federal government or one of its departments, or any provincial ministry, the land itself is not transferred. What is transferred is the responsibility to manage the lands on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen (HMQ). This is accomplished by an Order in Council or a Minister's Order which transfers management of land either from HMQ in right of Ontario to HMQ in right of Canada as represented by a department or to HMQ in right of Ontario as represented by another ministry. The Crown does not transfer ownership to itself." ^The sovereign has been described by Eugene Forsey as the "symbolic embodiment of the people--not a particular group or interest or party, but the people, the whole people"; his daughter, Helen Forsey, said of his opinion on the Crown: "For him, the essence of the monarchy was its impartial representation of the common interests of the citizenry as a whole, as opposed to those of any particular government." The Department of Canadian Heritage said the Crown serves as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians," a concept akin to that expressed by King Louis XIV: "l'État, c'est moi", or, "I am the state".Robertson Davies stated in 1994: "the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada," and past Ontario chairman of the Monarchist League of Canada Gary Toffoli opined: "The Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels ... she is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the state." ^As Peter Boyce put it: "The Crown as a concept cannot be disentangled from the person of the monarch, but standard reference to the Crown extends well beyond the Queen's person." ^The Supreme Court found in the 1980 case Attorney General of Quebec v. Labrecque that civil servants in Canada are not contracted by an abstraction called "the state", but rather they are employed by the monarch, who "enjoys a general capacity to contract in accordance with the rule of ordinary law." ^It is stated in the Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada that "allegiance to the King means allegiance to the Country." ^Former external affairs minister Mitchell Sharp commented on a situation wherein Elizabeth II was in Latin America to promote British goods at the same time a Canadian ministerial trip to the same area was underway to promote Canadian products. Sharp stated: "We couldn't ask Her Majesty to perform the function she was performing for Britain on that Latin American trip because the Queen is never recognized as Queen of Canada, except when she is in Canada." The Queen's participation in Canadian events overseas contradicts Sharp's statement, however.[n 3][n 16] ^For instance, while he never held the style His Royal Highness, Angus Ogilvy was included in the Department of Canadian Heritage's royal family list, but was not considered a member of the British Royal Family. ^Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, said in 1951 that when in Canada she was "amongst fellow countrymen". When queen, she, in 1983, before departing the United States for Canada, said "I'm going home to Canada tomorrow" and, in 2005, said she agreed with the statement earlier made by her mother, Queen Elizabeth, that Canada felt like a "home away from home". Similarly, the Queen stated in 2010, in Nova Scotia, "it is very good to be home". ^While the government houses are the Queen's official residences in Canada, they are almost exclusively occupied by the sovereign's representative in each of those jurisdictions that have a government house or houses. Two government houses--Rideau Hall and the Citadelle of Quebec--are regarded as federal residences of the Canadian monarch and his or her representative, the governor general. ^ abcRomaniuk, Scott Nicholas; Wasylciw, Joshua K. (February 2015). "Canada's Evolving Crown: From a British Crown to a "Crown of Maples"". American, British and Canadian Studies Journal. 23 (1). doi:10.1515/abcsj-2014-0030. ^ abMonet, Jacques (2007). "Crown and Country"(PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Summer 2007 (26): 8. Archived from the original(PDF) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 2009. ^R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998), QB 892 at 928 (English Court of Appeal June 1999). ^Mallory, J.R. (August 1956). "Seals and Symbols: From Substance to Form in Commonwealth Equality". The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. Montreal: Blackwell Publishing. 22 (3): 281-291. ISSN0008-4085. JSTOR138434. ^Chief Myles Venne and all of the Councllors of the Lac La Ronge Indian Band v. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of the Province of Saskatchewan, Q.B. No. 2655 of 1987 (Court of Queen's Bench for Saskatchewan 14 July 1987). ^Legislative Assembly of Ontario (1996). "Committee Transcripts". Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly - 1996-Apr-10 - Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995. Toronto: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Ontario. Retrieved 2015. ^Treble, Patricia (2011). "Royal Redux". Maclean's: The Royal Tour. Toronto: Rogers Media: 66. ^Hall, Trevor (1989). Royal Canada: A History of Royal Visits for Canada since 1786. Toronto: Archive. ISBN978-0-88665-504-4. ^Waite, P. B. (2000). "Campbell, John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland, Marquess of Lorne and 9th Duke of Argyll". In English, John (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. XIV. Ottawa: University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 2009. ^Gillespie, Kevin (2010). "A Uniquely Canadian Crown?"(PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Spring-Summer 2010 (31): 11. Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 2014. Benoit, Paul (2002), "The Crown and the Constitution"(PDF), Canadian Parliamentary Review, Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 25 (2), retrieved 2009 Farthing, John (1957), Robinson, Judith (ed.), Freedom Wears a Crown (First ed.), Toronto: Kingswood House, ASINB002CZW3T2 MacKinnon, Frank (1976). The Crown in Canada. Calgary, Alta.: Glenbow-Alberta Institute: McClelland and Stewart West. 189 p. ISBN0-7712-1016-7 pbk Monet, Jacques (1979). The Canadian Crown. Toronto-Vancouver: Clarke, Irwin & Company Ltd. ISBN0-7720-1252-0. Munro, Kenneth (1977). Coates, Colin (ed.). "The Crown and French Canada: The role of the Governors-General in Making the Crown relevant, 1867-1917". Imperial Canada. The University of Edinburgh: 109-121. Munro, Kenneth (March 2001). "Canada as Reflected in her Participation in the Coronation of her Monarchs in the Twentieth Century". Journal of Historical Sociology. 14: 21-46. doi:10.1111/1467-6443.00133.
The tomato is a versatile plant that grows well in a container when space is limited. Most tomato varieties will grow in a container, but dwarf or cherry varieties are more suitable as they have a smaller plant size. Place the container on a patio or deck that receives at least eight hours of full sunlight. Tomatoes grown in containers will have low blossom and fruit production if not given adequate water during the growing season. Select a planting container that has drainage holes and a minimum of 12 inches in height and 12 inches in diameter. Set a piece of wire mesh or stones over the drainage holes to prevent soil from leaking out with the water. Mix together equal portions of a high-quality potting soil, perlite and peat moss. Fill the container with the soil mixture. Create a hole in the center of the soil that is approximately 3 inches deeper than the size of the tomato plant's root ball. Set the plant into the hole so the lower leaves of the plant are just above ground level. Cover the root ball and stem with soil. Gently tamp to hold in place. Water the soil until it runs out the bottom drainage holes. Continue to water the container through the growing season to keep the soil moist. Monitor the soil moisture, as the soil will dry out quickly during the summer months. Fertilize the tomato plant with a balanced vegetable fertilizer after the tomatoes have formed to one-quarter their full size. Apply fertilizer three weeks after the first application. Water the soil well after applying fertilizer. Place a tomato cage around the plant to provide support as it grows. Adjust the fruiting branches over the cage to make sure they have support as the tomatoes increase in weight. Pick tomatoes when the fruit is fully colored and firm. Allow the fruit to ripen on the vines for best quality.
Around 90 percent of all cancers have the MUC1 antigen on the surface of the cells, making it an obvious target for cancer drugs, and the Israeli company Vaxil BioTherapeutics is making the most of this with its experimental peptide vaccine ImMucin. The vaccine is in Phase I/II trials in 15 patients with multiple myeloma recurring after remission. Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow cancer where the plasma cells grow out of control. The 7 patients that have completed the treatment so far show early signs that the vaccine is working--immune responses after two to four shots of the vaccine, disease markers steadying or decreasing and a fall in the number of plasma cells. Three of the patients are now back in remission. Dr. Kat Arney, science information manager at Cancer Research UK, told the U.K. Daily Telegraph: "There are several groups around the world investigating treatments that target MUC1, as it's a very interesting target involved in several types of cancer. These are very early results that are yet to be fully published, so there's a lot more work to be done to prove that this particular vaccine is safe and effective in cancer patients." This story hit the news worldwide a big way, with journalists talking about miracle cures and drugs that could treat 90 percent of cancers, and online commentators trashing the story and complaining about science, big pharma and the length of time that it will take to reach the market. Realistically, it is a story about interim Phase I/II data, so by its very nature it's unpublished and hasn't been peer reviewed, and is only from a small group of patients with a single type of cancer. And realistically, it is years off the market. But the results are at the very least interesting, and support the other clinical and preclinical research going ahead with MUC1.
Today is the first day of the week-long celebration of Kwanzaa, the holiday celebrating African-American heritage, family, community, and culture. Kwanzaa is celebrated over seven days with each day representing a principle to celebrate and live by. Today is the day of Umoja, the day of unity in family and community. Different colored candles are lit as each day of Kwanzaa passes: black, representing the people, red, representing the people's struggle, and green, representing hope for the future. Kwanzaa was created in 1966 by Dr. Maulana Karenga and has since become a popular holiday and family tradition. Do you celebrate Kwanzaa? Take the poll and and let us know how you commemorate this cultural celebration in the comments below.
1903 – The world’s first successful heavier-than-air aircraft engine, which will power the Wright brothers‘ first airplane in December 1903, runs for the first time in Dayton, Ohio. 1912 – Birth of Fusata Iida, Sino-Japanese and World War II Japanese flying ace. 1945 – Death of Kenji Kato, Japanese World War II flying ace. 1959 – The last Convair B-36 Peacemaker in operational U.S. Air Force service, is retired to Fort Worth’s Amon Carter Field, where it is put on display; the Strategic Air Command is now equipped with an all-jet bomber force. 1985 – First flight of the Aermacchi M-290 TP RediGO (shown), an Italian turboprop-powered military basic trainer aircraft, originally manufactured by Valmet of Finland as the L-90 TP Redigo. 2012 – A Katanga Express Gulfstream IV crashes while landing at Kavumu Airport at Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing four of the seven people on board and two people on the ground and prompting the Congolese government to suspend Katanga Express’s license.
As Arbaeen continues to grow as the most important religious ceremony in the world and a show of force for the Shiite community, the Iranian regime has been trying to gradually take the control of this event and utilizing it for its domestic and regional goals, specifically to solidify its influence in Iraq and dominate the Shiite world. Iraq, a strategic target for Iranian regime In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini, and a group of clergymen affiliated to him, seized power in Iran. From the onset, Khomeini’s regime utilized all means possible to establish its brand of fundamentalism in Iran and export it throughout the Islamic world. In order to consolidate their Shiite base, the Iranian leaders view neighboring Iraq as their prime target due to its majority Shiite population and the fact that the shrines of six Shiite Imams are located in the country, including the most veneered amongst them all, the first Imam Ali and his son Hossein who are buried in the cities of Najaf and Karbala. Following the US invasion of Iraq and the fall of Saddam Hussein, the Shiite majority became the dominant political force in the country. This was a turning point for Iran who used its Iraqi proxies and allies to expand its influence in Iraq and dominate the country’s political and military apparatus. The current Shiite Revival, under the Iranian leadership makes Iran the center of gravity in the region and provides Iran with security and power. We should remember that the Shiite crescent, is not only political, it is an economic power because most of the Middle East energy resources are located in Shiite regions, Iraq was liberated from American dominance after the fall of Saddam thanks to the Iraqi Shiites who relied on Iranian leadership.” Control over the pilgrimage and management of shrines While Iran exerts political and military influence in Iraq, it lacks adequate influence in Iraq’s religious establishments, especially in the seminary of Najaf, the most important center of religious authority for the Shiites and the home to Grand Aytollah Ali Sistani, the most influential Shiite spiritual leader in the world. Sistani and the vast majority of clerics at the Najaf Seminary refuse to recognize the religious authority of Tehran’s rulers and oppose the Velayat al-Faqih, which is the Iranian regime’s model of theocracy based on a jurisprudential interpretation of Islam. The Iraqi government and the law give Sistani the authority over Iraq’s Shiite shrines and his appointed custodians control the pilgrimage observances in Iraq’s shrine cities. Meanwhile, Iran has been pursuing a long term strategy to expand its religious authority in Iraq in three ways. Firstly, by using financial and political leverages to ensure the primacy of clerics trained in the Iranian seminary of Qom and loyal to the Iranian ideology, over clerics trained in the relatively non-political tradition of the Najaf seminary. Secondly, by spending huge amounts of resources to reconstruct the Shiite shrines in Iraq and consequently, take control of their management in the long run. Thirdly, by taking control of the pilgrimage observances in Iraq’s shrine cities, notably the Arbaeen procession. After the fall of Saddam, Iran created a new organization called “The Headquarters for the Restoration of Holy Shrines (HRHS)” to restore and develop Shiite shrines in Iraq and Syria and oversee Iranian pilgrimages to Iraq especially the Arbaeen procession. HRHS is under the Supreme Leader’s supervision and its current chief is Hassan Pollarak, a former Quds force commander. HRHS has spent billions of dollars to restore and expand the shrines in Iraq and is gaining more control over their management. It has also built several hospital and care centers for pilgrims and has acquired a large number of hotels and other facilities around the shrines. The Revolutionary Guard-controlled HRHS works with several government organizations, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Culture and the Islamic Guidance to monitor and coordinate the activities related to the Arbaeen pilgrimage. They encourage and incentivize the Iranians to participate in the pilgrimage, coordinate the activities of religious centers and Mosques involved in the pilgrimage tours to Iraq, monitor and facilitate the legal procedures and provide a wide range of financial and travel assistance to the pilgrims. The Iranian organizations work with their Iraqi counterparts to assist the pilgrims in Karbala and on the road between Najaf to Karbala. Hundreds of rest areas have been established to welcome the pilgrims and provide them with food and resting facilities. Domestic and regional goals By promoting and sponsoring the pilgrimage, the Iranian regime aims to attain several domestic and foreign policy goals. In Iran, it feeds the religious fervor among Iranians and presents the regime as the guardian of their faith, creating a connection between the regime and the population and boosting the regime’s legitimacy. Moreover, by monitoring and coordinating the activities of religious centers involved in the Arbaeen pilgrimage, the regime tightens its control over the religious activities of Iranians across the country. The pilgrimage is also a formidable recruiting tool for the Iranian regime and especially the Revolutionary Guards to find candidates that are ideologically loyal to the regime and ready to fill the ranks of security and military institutions. Arbaeen also serves Iran’s regional policies. The Iranian leaders believe that their military and political influence in the region give them the stature to claim the leadership of the Shiite world and consequently take credit for the Arbaeen show of force. This helps Iran in the current rivalry with Saudi Arabia in the region and it is also used as a propaganda tool to undermine the Haj pilgrimage that is managed by the Saudis. Accordingly, the Iranian regime utilizes this show of force, its role as the leader of Shiite world and its regional influence as a leverage to project its power in Iran and solidify its domestic position. Iran and its proxies’ increasing role in the Arbaeen pilgrimage and the management of shrines helps Iran enhance its religious authority within the Iraqi and other Shiite communities in the region. This religious authority is much needed to assist the Iranian political surrogates and proxy militias across the region. In order to take control of the Arbaeen pilgrimage, Iran tries to turn it to a political event that reflects its anti-American and anti-Israeli narrative. During the pilgrimage and especially the march from Najaf to Karbal, the pilgrims from Iran or Shiites loyal to the Iranian regime carry signs and shout slogans in accordance to this narrative. The clerics and preachers who accompany the pilgrims try to present the event as an illustration of Shiite power in the Islamic world and part of the historic struggle to liberate the Islamic nation from the domination of ”Western crusaders”. The Arbaeen pilgrimage provides Iran and the Revolutionary Guards’ Quds Force with a unique opportunity to recruit foreign Shiites who adhere to the Iranian cause. For several month prior to Arbaeen, the Iranian regime uses its vast network of Islamic centers around the world to find and enroll pilgrims and organizes tours to take them to Iraq. Al Mustafa University with its global network is one of Iran’s organizations abroad responsible for the organization of foreign pilgrims. For the past three years, Iran has been establishing enrollment centers in several European cities. *Hassan Dai is an Iranian-American investigative journalist and political analyst specialized in the Iranian regime’s activities in the Middle East and pro-Iran activities in the West. He is the editor of Iranian American Forum.
Wet, muddy hands might spell trouble in some places, but on the Chesapeake Bay they mean one thing: a sign of a great day! The Chesapeake comes alive at exciting places like Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary, the Chesapeake Bay Environmental Center, and the Virginia Living Museum. Through hands-on activities like fishing, crabbing, paddling, and shoreline exploration, kids of all ages can immerse themselves in nature while making lasting memories and having lots of fun. At these parks, museums, and preserves, you won’t just see the environment, you’ll feel it in your wet, muddy hands. Try to catch a feisty blue crab from the dock at the Annapolis Maritime Museum, where helpful staff will teach you how to get started. You’ll quickly learn why locals call this popular Chesapeake activity “chicken necking”! If fish are more your fancy, bring your little ones to Marshy Point Park for an afternoon of fishing fun. Take a family-friendly adventure along the edge of the Bay in Baltimore, Annapolis, or on the Eastern Shore. Pick up a net and seine for fish in the shallows, or search for shells and tiny crabs in the sand and the marsh. Plunge your hands into a touch tank and feel the Bay’s creatures under your fingertips at education centers in Maryland and Virginia. At the National Aquarium in Baltimore, you can touch the Mid-Atlantic’s native whelks, horseshoe crabs, stingrays -- even a jellyfish! Want to get out on the water? Grab a paddle and follow your guide in a canoe down the Rhode River at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Or hop in a kayak with the Sultana Education Foundation and explore nature on the Chester River. Getting a little dirty makes learning extra fun for you and your family at the top places for getting your hands wet and muddy.
\|Maybe you are all clear where the term Boiler HP came from, but I wasn’t, so I began my quest. I quickly found that one Mechanical HP = 33,000 ft-lb/min and one Boiler HP = 33, 475 BTUH and the similarity of these two number, without units, got my interest. It appears that James Watt needed a marketing piece to sell his steam engines and people of the time could relate to horses. Watt calculated how much work a horse would do turning a mill wheel, which he estimated at 33,000 ft-lbf/min. This was a controversial number, some of his peers thought this too high a number, I guess all horses are not created equal, but Jim ultimately won out. That cleared up mechanical horsepower in my mind. But what about boiler horsepower? Boiler Horse Power was first extensively used in Philadelphia around 1876, where steam engines were being tested. They calculated the average steam consumption per output mechanical horsepower. They established that 34.5 lb of water was evaporated in one hour to make one mechanical Hp in the steam engines, and Boiler Horsepower was defined by ASME in 1884 as “the thermal output required to evaporate 34.5#/hr of water from and at 212°F. Disclaimer: R. L. Deppmann and it’s affiliates can not be held liable for issues caused by use of the information on this page. While the information comes from many years of experience and can be a valuable tool, it may not take into account special circumstances in your system and we therefore can not take responsibility for actions that result from this information. Please feel free to contact us if you do have any questions.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SYNOPSIS – DENTAL MEDICINE STUDENTS 1. Health and disease. Pathologic reactions, processes, conditions. Etiology and 2. Reactivity and resistance of the organism. Factors influencing reactivity and resistance. Types of reactivity and resistance. 3. Allergic reactions – definition, types, pathogenesis. 4. Disorders of peripheral circulation – arterial and venous hyperemia, ischemia, infarction. Thrombosis and embolism. 5. Lipid metabolism disorders – abnormal digestion and absorbtion of lipids in gastrointestinal tract. Lipoproteins – types, metabolism. Disordered lipid transport in the blood. Dyslipidemias. Atherosclerosis. 6. Obesity – definition, types, pathogenesis. 7. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders – abnormal digestion and absorbtion of carbohydrates. Hyperglycemias and hypoglycemias. 8. Diabetus mellitus – etiology, pathogenesis, pathobiochemistry, complications. 9. Protein metabolism disorders - abnormal digestion and absorbtion of proteins. Changes in serum proteins. 10. Water-electrolyte balance disorders – dehydration and hyperhydration. 11. Oedemas – definition, types, pathogenesis. 12. Mineral metabolism disorders (Ca, P). Rickets. Osteoporosis? 13. Acid-base balance disorders – basic characteristics, parameters, compensations. Characteristics of the main acid-base disorders. 14. Hypoxia – definition, parameters. Hypoxia classification. Adaptations. 15. Inflammation – definition and biologic significance. Classification and outcome of inflammation. Cardinal clinical signs of inflammation. 16. Inflammation – phases of imflammation. Inflammatory mediators. Vascular changes. Inflammatory cellular response. Metabolic alterations. 17. Fever – etiology and pathogenesis. Fever significance. Fever stages. Metabolism with fever. Alterations in organ and system functions. 18. Basic mechanisms disturbing lung function and gas exchange – Restrictive disorders. Obstructive disorders. Mixed disorders. 19. Mechanisms responsible for pulmonary gas exchange disorders. Changes in V/Q ratio, pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities, alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, breathing 20. Respiratory failure – etiology, pathogenesis, types. Acute and chronic respiratory 21. Coronary artery disease – definition, types, pathogenesis. 22. Arterial hypertension – essential hypertension. Secondary (symptomatic) hypertension. Etiology, pathogenesis. 23. Acute circulatory insufficiency – syncope, shock – definition, types, etiology, 24. Anaphylactic shock – etiology, pathogenesis, management. 25. Heart failure - definition, etiology, pathogenesis, types. 26. Anemias – definition, etiology, pathogenesis, classification. 27. Leukemias – etiology, pathogenesis, types. 28. Hemostatic abnormalities - hemorrhagic diathesis. 29. Disturbed digestion in the oral cavity. Pathophysiology of dental caries (tooth decay) 30. Gastrites and ulcers – etiology, pathogenesis, types. 31. Etiology and pathogenesis of liver disorders. Hepatitis. Liver cirrhosis. 32. Functional manifestations of liver disease – jaundice, portal hypertension, ascites. 33. Etiology and pathogenesis of kidney disorders. Functional syndromes. 34. Etiology and pathogenesis of acute and chronic renal failure. 35. Etiology and pathogenesis of endocrine disorders. 36. Disturbances in the thyroid gland function. 37. Disturbances in the adrenal glands function. 38. Vascular and degenerative central nervous system disorders. 39. Obstructive sleep apnea. Bruxism. 40. Pain – definition, pathogenesis, types.
Identified individuals are represented by a biographical sketch, a list of connections to other signatures, and, in most cases, an artifact from the Ransom Centers collections. Help us identify more signatures by submitting your suggested identification. The English-born Jewish humorist and playwright Montague Glass (1877-1934) was much less famous than his characters Abe Potash and Mawrus Perlmutter, two successful Jewish tailors whose adventures were published in the New York Evening Post beginning in 1909. Glass began his working life as a lawyer, but soon left to become a full-time writer, publishing stories and poems in a variety of newspapers in his early career, and several novels and co-written plays as his reputation grew. Though some Jewish readers bridled at Glass's dependence upon popular stereotypes, others saw--and see today--his sympathetic portrayal of Jewish characters as an important contribution to popular culture in an era of widespread anti-semitic and anti-immigrant sentiment. As one writer put it in 1911, his Potash and Perlmutter stories "are at times screamingly funny and yet they give us a real insight into phases of life in the metropolis that have heretofore eluded the eyes of literary men and even of journalists." In a 1914 rave review of the play version in McClure's, Willa Cather called attention to the way the play captures the ascension of Jewish immigrants to the status of taste-makers in New York Culture: "People who are on their way to something are always more conspicuous and more potent than poeple who have got what they want and are where they belong. This city roars and rumbles and hoots and jangles because Potash and Perlmutter are on their way to something." An undated publicity photograph for the film In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter Potash and Perlmutter were first dramatized for the stage by Glass and Charles Klein in 1913, and met with great success in the United States and England. Glass and various collaborators produced further successful stage adaptations throughout the 1910s. Samuel Goldwyn made three very successful films featuring the characters of Potash and Perlmutter: Potash and Perlmutter (1923), In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter (1924), and Partners Again (1926). The second, points out Patricia Erens, is "one of the first [films] to deal with the movement of Jews to the film capital."
Research reveals new details of fatal event, potential risks The size of the landslide that took three lives this spring on the north side of Grand Mesa was remarkable in the relatively recent history of the mountain, the U.S. Geological Survey said. A research project headed by Jeff Coe, a research geologist who has studied landslides elsewhere in Colorado and around the world, found that the slide moved in at least five phases when it ran down from the top of the mesa at a speed of about 50 mph on May 25. Three men — Wesley Hawkins, Clancy Nichols and his son, Dan Nichols — died while they were working in the slide’s path. “If we look over geologic time, there have been bigger slides,” said Jonathan Godt, landslide hazards program coordinator for the Geological Survey office in Golden, “but in human time, this slide was really big.” Dirt and debris clinging to the basalt cap of the mesa was already soggy from melting snow when it was pelted with rain falling at a rate of about eight-tenths of an inch per hour for half an hour, setting off a 40-million-cubic yard avalanche of mud, rock and debris down an existing rockslide for more than three miles, overtopping two ridges as it swept down. “The chronological sequence of movement was complex, with at least 5 phases: a debris flow; the catastrophic, high-energy rock avalanche, including the rotational rock slide; movement of the hummock-rich, central core of the avalanche deposit; a second debris flow; and ongoing movement of the upper central core,” the abstract says of the slide. Early movement was noted between 9:30 a.m. and 2 p.m., when residents reported that their irrigation was disrupted and saw trees falling on the face of the old rockslide, the abstract says. “Seismic data indicate that catastrophic movement began at about 3:44 p.m. and lasted about 3 minutes,” the abstract said. A “large, back-rotated, rock-slide block remains at the top of the avalanche,” holding back a lake, the abstract says. There is some concern about the stability of the lake, though it’s unlikely that water will cascade over it this year, Godt said. Continuing threats include the catastrophic failure of the rock-slide block, a large failure upslope from the headscarp, a rapid release of water from the lake, and rapid or slow movement of the avalanche deposit, the abstract said. The slide itself is relatively stable, having settled into a flatter area than the steep slopes from which it tumbled away, Godt said. Researchers hope that continuing study of the slide will yield clues that can prevent tragic losses such as the loss of the three men, who were believed to be working on clearing an irrigation ditch when they were swept under. Hawkins, manager of the Collbran Conservancy District, was remembered Friday by the Colorado Water Congress. Coe will present an abstract of the research in October at a meeting of the Geological Society of America in Vancouver.
Virginians have been harvesting their own crops since the country was first settled. Many vegetables that are commonly grown here may also be adapted to grow in containers, which is good news for city dwellers. Coastal and central Virginia are in USDA hardiness zone 7 and can begin planting crops two to four weeks earlier than eastern Virginia, which is in hardiness zone 6. Bush bean varieties that can be successfully produced in Virginia include Roma, Derby, Kentucky Wonder and Slenderette. Bush beans may be planted in traditional gardens or in two gallon containers. Bush beans will be harvested anywhere from 45 to 60 days after planting. It is recommended that you plant one variety at a time, followed by a different variety two weeks later. Broccoli varieties that do well in Virginia include Packman, Windsor and Green Goliath. Packman and Green Goliath varieties are planted in the spring, while Windsor is planted in the fall in low-lying areas and in the spring in mountainous areas. Packman produces in 60 days, Windsor in 66 days and Green Goliath in 80 days. Packman and Windsor do well in heat, but Green Goliath fares better in moderate temperatures. That fact, coupled with the extended time needed to produce, means that Green Goliath should be planted earlier in the season--late April to early May. Carrots came in Virginia as early as 1609 when settlers in the New World brought it here from Europe. Gold King, Danvers and Imperator are three types of carrots that do well in Virginia. Carrots should be protected from soil where pesticides have been used in the past. Organically grown carrots are high in vitamin A, potassium and magnesium. Virginia carrots may take approximately 75 days from seed planting to harvest. Dasher, Everslice, Sweet Slice and County Fair are good cucumber varieties for Virginia. Fruits may be picked from 55 to 65 days after planting. Dasher, Sweet Slice and Everslice are good for fresh eating and salads, while County Fair is best for making pickles. Cucumbers may be grown in large containers that have a five gallon capacity or larger. Plenty of space needs to be given to cucumber vines as they spread a long distance. A trellis or form of support should be given if these are grown in containers. Sugar Snow, Dwarf Gray Sugar, Queen Anne and Green Arrow are good pea varieties for Virginia. These may be planted in late April in central Virginia and early May in eastern Virginia. A second harvest may be planted if done 10 weeks or more before the date of first frost. They may be planted in full sun or partial shade. Peas should not be grown in the same location for a period of four years. Turnips are best planted in the fall in Virginia. Varieties include Tokyo Cross, All top and Purple Top White Globe. All top turnips are produced only for the greens which grow atop the turnip plant. Tokyo Cross and Purple Top White Globe will produce root crops and greens which are edible. Turnips in Virginia take very little time to produce-some may be harvested as early as 40 days after planting. Turnips can be grown in either full sun or partial shade.
Use your skill and judgement to match the sets of random data. How do you choose your planting levels to minimise the total loss at harvest time? Which countries have the most naturally athletic populations? How is the length of time between the birth of an animal and the birth of its great great ... great grandparent distributed? Use the computer to model an epidemic. Try out public health policies to control the spread of the epidemic, to minimise the number of sick days and deaths. Simple models which help us to investigate how epidemics grow and die out. In this short problem, can you deduce the likely location of the odd ones out in six sets of random numbers? If a is the radius of the axle, b the radius of each ball-bearing, and c the radius of the hub, why does the number of ball bearings n determine the ratio c/a? Find a formula for c/a in terms of n. Estimate areas using random grids A problem about genetics and the transmission of disease. Can you find the volumes of the mathematical vessels? Does weight confer an advantage to shot putters? Investigate circuits and record your findings in this simple introduction to truth tables and logic. Learn about the link between logical arguments and electronic circuits. Investigate the logical connectives by making and testing your own circuits and fill in the blanks in truth tables to record. . . . Can you sketch these difficult curves, which have uses in Estimate these curious quantities sufficiently accurately that you can rank them in order of size What functions can you make using the function machines RECIPROCAL and PRODUCT and the operator machines DIFF and INT? Go on a vector walk and determine which points on the walk are closest to the origin. Explore the shape of a square after it is transformed by the action of a matrix. Explore the properties of matrix transformations with these 10 stimulating questions. Explore the meaning of the scalar and vector cross products and see how the two are related. Is it really greener to go on the bus, or to buy local? See how enormously large quantities can cancel out to give a good approximation to the factorial function. Explore the meaning behind the algebra and geometry of matrices with these 10 individual problems. 10 graphs of experimental data are given. Can you use a spreadsheet to find algebraic graphs which match them closely, and thus discover the formulae most likely to govern the underlying processes? Many physical constants are only known to a certain accuracy. Explore the numerical error bounds in the mass of water and its constituents. Can you make matrices which will fix one lucky vector and crush another to zero? Starting with two basic vector steps, which destinations can you reach on a vector walk? Use vectors and matrices to explore the symmetries of crystals. To investigate the relationship between the distance the ruler drops and the time taken, we need to do some mathematical modelling... Looking at small values of functions. Motivating the existence of the Taylor expansion. How do you write a computer program that creates the illusion of stretching elastic bands between pegs of a Geoboard? The answer contains some surprising mathematics. How would you design the tiering of seats in a stadium so that all spectators have a good view? What shapes should Elly cut out to make a witch's hat? How can she make a taller hat? Which dilutions can you make using only 10ml pipettes? Imagine different shaped vessels being filled. Can you work out what the graphs of the water level should look like? Can Jo make a gym bag for her trainers from the piece of fabric she has? Can you visualise whether these nets fold up into 3D shapes? Watch the videos each time to see if you were correct. Explore the properties of perspective drawing. Can you suggest a curve to fit some experimental data? Can you work out where the data might have come from? In Fill Me Up we invited you to sketch graphs as vessels are filled with water. Can you work out the equations of the graphs? This is our collection of tasks on the mathematical theme of 'Population Dynamics' for advanced students and those interested in mathematical modelling. Invent scenarios which would give rise to these probability density functions. Could nanotechnology be used to see if an artery is blocked? Or is this just science fiction? Which line graph, equations and physical processes go together? Get some practice using big and small numbers in chemistry. Formulate and investigate a simple mathematical model for the design of a table mat. Can you work out which processes are represented by the graphs? Can you work out what this procedure is doing? Explore how matrices can fix vectors and vector directions.
Encyclopedia of Science The fourth geological epoch of the . The Miocene occurred approximately 23–5 million years ago. It was marked by an increase in grasslands over the globe at the expense of forests, and the development of modt of the modern mammal groups. GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy
Reaches a height of 17,5 cm. Its coloration is generally grey with white spots on the stomach and abdomen, and cinnamon-colored sections in the lower stomach. White subcaudal feathers with cinnamon-colored edges. Blackish wings and tail, the end has white spots. Lives in all environments: farms, villages, hills, streams, forests, gardens, and cities. In Chile there are three subspecies. Habitat: all kinds of environments, from camps , villages , hills , streams and forests to city squares
Shelbyville history began with the “New Purchase” of 1820, though the city was not formally incorporated until 1850. The “New Purchase” was a treaty between native American Indians signed in 1818 in Ohio that ceded an enormous amount of land to the then United States. The lands that became Shelbyville, Indiana were opened for pioneer settlers after the original occupants vacated two years later. In the early 1800’s, a gentleman named Jacob Whetzel blazed a wilderness path in the dense woods from Franklin, Indiana, which is now a suburb on the southern side of Indianapolis, to the White River Bluffs not far away. This path became known as the Whetzel Trace, used by many of Shelby County’s first settlers. The county was named for the governor of Kentucky, Isaac Shelby, also well known as skilled soldier in the short-lived Dunmore’s War. Shelby County now encompasses fourteen townships. Shelbyville was the first town on the western slopes of the Allegheny Mountains to install a primitive, horse-drawn railroad, built of wooden tracks. Today, Shelbyville is a successful and typical Midwest town with a population of 18,000. The city boasts several luminaries as past and present residents, including Thomas A. Hendricks, who was Vice President to U.S. President Grover Cleveland in 1884 and held other high political offices, including Governor. Bill Garrett, the first African-American to make basketballs’ Big Ten Conference (current conference of Purdue University and Indiana University), and 1947’s “Indiana Mr. Basketball,” hails from Shelbyville. In other matters in Shelbyville history, the world’s tallest woman, Sandy Allen, spent her last days in the same Shelbyville retirement home as another famous resident, Edna Parker, the world’s former oldest woman. One of the most historic buildings in Shelbyville, recently restored, is the Shelby County Players Community Theatre facility, which originally housed the Christian Science Church in the early 1900’s. For generations, the city lived mainly off its furniture businesses, which used the fine local hardwoods in its manufacturing. Today, however, other, more diversified industries are the foundation of Shelbyville business. If Shelbyville history has anything to tell us, it’s that this small Midwestern town has had an exciting birth and adolescence and will continue to thrive for the next several centuries.
A Greek bowl used for mixing wine and water. The crater had two handles, one on either side, a large body, and a wide mouth. Craters were made of gold, silver, and pottery. They date back as far as the 5th century BC, with the famous black glazed François vase placed c.560 BC. The Athenian calyx craters of the 5th century BC and the simply designed volute craters of the 4th century are excellent examples of this creative craft. Home • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Science • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact
Industrialization has led to many developmental changes around us, but it has induced major environmental changes in our surroundings too. Such massive change in Earth’s environment has triggered many diseases. Impact of climate change on asthma patients one such class of diseases is a respiratory disease. The rapid increase in pollution in the last century has tremendously escalated lung disorders. Lungs are the site of exchange of gases, wherein fresh oxygen from the environment is delivered into the body and carbon dioxide is collected and exhaled out of the body. Due to an increase in the pollutants in the surroundings, not only oxygen but other poisonous gases and chemicals, when gain entry into the respiratory tract, can cause disease. The relationship between environmental factors and asthma isn’t new. Various anthropogenic factors have contributed to a manifold increase in the cases of Asthma over the last few decades. An increase in air pollutants and allergens in the atmosphere is contemporaneously leading to asthma prevalence lately. Several factors might contribute to asthma exacerbations, that include pollen allergies, global warming, increased vehicle emissions, and air pollution. Climate change can increase many types of breathing problems. Effect of altered climate on increased pollen period The release of pollen grains into the air is a necessary event for wind-pollinated flowers, and seasonal allergies were considered moderately regulated. But global warming has increased carbon dioxide levels significantly which in turn has also risen Earth’s average temperature. This change has disrupted the occurrence and duration of pollen season. In response to high temperature and high CO2 levels, plants photosynthesize more and produce more pollens. These pollens remain in the air for quite some time. Pollen when gaining entry into the respiratory tract of humans, act as allergens. Some people are more sensitive than others, and thus start producing allergic symptoms. Prolonged pollen allergy and hypersensitivity can also induce diseases like asthma due to airway inflammation. Dust and Asthma: Asthma once occurs, has a variety of triggers, dust being one of them. Dust particles can cause inflammation in the airway. This is accompanied by excessive secretion of mucus which then creates difficulty in breathing. Smaller dust particles can irritate the lungs and can worsen breathing difficulties. Also, dust can’t just be an asthma trigger, it can cause asthma in young children too. Prolonged exposure to smaller dust particles can cause this disease in children at a very tender age. This asthma causing and trigger factor can simply be avoided by taking precautions if taken care of. Air pollution and Asthma: Particulate matter also goes by the name “particle pollution” is a mixture of extremely small particles with tiny droplets, which include chemicals, dust or soil particles, acids, etc. The particulate matter might vary in size, the smallest particles can reach up to the alveoli, directly affecting the exchange of gases inside the lungs. This environmental factor has the utmost impact on respiratory health. These substances aggravate respiratory issues, such as asthma, by blocking the airways of the respiratory tract due to increased debris and mucus. These substances are increased in the environment due to natural or anthropogenic causes. Urbanization and industrialization affect the concentration of such substances in the surroundings. How asthmatic people take precautions As the environmental conditions are constantly deteriorating, it is mandatory to know the triggers of your asthma conditions and impact of climate change on asthma patients. There is no precise test for the diagnosis of asthma. It is symptomatically diagnosed and is treated based on the symptoms stated. A complete cure for asthma is however not available. Prevention is the best help for asthma patients. Also, the above-mentioned causes and trigger points can be checked. Short-term relief can be provided with the help of inhalers and nebulizers. Keeping an Asthma action plan handy is a must too. If your asthma symptoms uncontrollable and trigger often in most of the day then visit top pulmonologist in Jaipur Dr Sheetu Singh.
DefinitionA migraine is a common type of headache that may occur with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light. In many people, a throbbing pain is felt only on one side of the head.Some people who get migraines have warning symptoms, called an aura, before the actual headache begins. An aura is a group of symptoms, including vision disturbances, that are a warning sign that a bad headache is coming.See also:Cluster headache Alternative NamesHeadache - migraine Causes, incidence, and risk factors Migraine headaches tend to first appear between the ages of 10 and 45. Sometimes they may begin later in life.Migraines occur more often in women than menMigraines may run in familiesSome women, but not all, may have fewer migraines when they are pregnantA migraine is caused by abnormal brain activity, which can be triggered by a number of factors. However, the exact chain of events remains unclear. Today, most medical experts believe the attack begins in the brain, and involves nerve pathways and chemicals. The changes affect blood flow in the brain and surrounding tissues.Alcohol, stress and anxiety, certain odors or perfumes, loud noises or bright lights, and smoking may trigger a migraine. Migraine attacks may also be triggered by:Caffeine withdrawalChanges in hormone levels during a woman's menstrual cycle or with the use of birth control pillsChanges in sleep patternsExercise or other physical stressMissed mealsSmoking or exposure to smokeMigraine headaches can be triggered by certain foods. The most common are:Any processed, fermented, pickled, or marinated foods, as well as foods that contain monosodium glutamate (MSG)Baked goods, chocolate, nuts, peanut butter, and dairy productsFoods containing tyramine, which includes red wine, aged cheese, smoked fish, chicken livers, figs, and certain beansFruits (avocado, banana, citrus fruit)Meats containing nitrates (bacon, hot dogs, salami, cured meats)OnionsThis list may not include all triggers.True migraine headaches are not a result of a brain tumor or other serious medical problem. However, only an experienced health care provider can determine whether your symptoms are due to a migraine or another condition. SymptomsVision disturbances, or aura, are considered a "warning sign" that a migraine is coming. The aura occurs in both eyes and may involve any or all of the following:A temporary blind spotBlurred visionEye painSeeing stars or zigzag linesTunnel visionOther warning signs include yawning, difficulty concentrating, nausea, and trouble finding the right words.Not every person with migraines has an aura. Those who do usually develop one about 10 - 15 minutes before the headache. However, an aura may occur just a few minutes to 24 hours beforehand. A headache may not always follow an aura.Migraine headaches can be dull or severe. The pain may be felt behind the eye or in the back of the head and neck. For many patients, the headaches start on the same side each time. The headaches usually:Feel throbbing, pounding, or pulsatingAre worse on one side of the headStart as a dull ache and get worse within minutes to hoursLast 6 to 48 hoursOther symptoms that may occur with the headache include:ChillsIncreased urinationFatigueLoss of appetiteNausea and vomitingNumbness, tingling, or weaknessProblems concentrating, trouble finding wordsSensitivity to light or soundSweatingSymptoms may linger even after the migraine has gone away. Patients with migraine sometimes call this a migraine "hangover." Symptoms can include:Feeling mentally dull, like your thinking is not clear or sharpIncreased need for sleepNeck pain Signs and testsYour doctor can diagnose this type of headache by asking questions about your symptoms and family history of migraines. A complete physical exam will be done to determine if your headaches are due to muscle tension, sinus problems, or a serious brain disorder.There is no specific test to prove that your headache is actually a migraine. However, your doctor may order a brain MRI or CT scan if you have never had one before or if you have unusual symptoms with your migraine, including weakness, memory problems, or loss of alertness.An EEG may be needed to rule out seizures. A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) might be done. TreatmentThere is no specific cure for migraine headaches. The goal is to treat your migraine symptoms right away, and to prevent symptoms by avoiding or changing your triggers. A key step involves learning how to manage your migraines at home. A headache diary can help you identify your headache triggers. Then you and your doctor can plan how to avoid these triggers.If you have frequent migraines, your doctor may prescribe medicine to reduce the number of attacks. You need to take the medicine every day for it to be effective. Medications may include:Antidepressants such as amitriptyline or venlafaxineBlood pressure medicines such as beta blockers (propanolol) or calcium channel blockers (verapamil)Seizure medicines such as valproic acid, gabapentin, and topiramateBotulinum toxin (Botox) injections may also help reduce migraine attacks.TREATING AN ATTACKOther medicines are taken at the first sign of a migraine attack. Over-the-counter pain medications such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin are often helpful when your migraine is mild. Be aware, however, that: Taking medicines more than 3 days a week may lead to rebound headaches -- headaches that keep coming back.Taking too much acetaminophen can damage your liver. Too much ibuprofen or aspirin can irritate your stomach.If these treatments don't help, ask your doctor about prescription medicines. These include nasal sprays, suppositories, or injections. Your doctor can select from several different types of medications, including:Triptans -- prescribed most often for stopping migraine attacksErgots -- contain different forms of ergotamine Isometheptene (Midrin)Some migraine medicines narrow your blood vessels. If you are at risk for heart attacks or have heart disease, talk with your health care provider before using these medicines. Do not take ergots if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.Other medications are given to treat the symptoms of migraine. They may be used alone or along with other drugs. Medications in this group include:Nausea medicinesSedatives such as butalbitalNarcotic pain relievers Feverfew is a popular herb for migraines. Several studies, but not all, support using feverfew for treating migraines. If you are interested in trying feverfew, make sure your doctor approves. Also, know that herbal remedies sold in drugstores and health food stores are not regulated. Work with a trained herbalist when selecting herbs. Support GroupsAmerican Council for Headache Education - www.achenet.orgThe National Migraine Association - www.migraines.orgNational Headache Foundation - www.headaches.org Expectations (prognosis)Every person responds differently to treatment. Some people have rare headaches that need little to no treatment. Others need to take several medications or even go to the hospital sometimes.Migraine headache is a risk factor for stroke in both men and women. The risk is higher in people who have migraines that occur with aura. People with migraines should avoid other risk factors for stroke, include smoking, taking birth control pills, and eating an unhealthy diet. Calling your health care providerCall 911 if:You are experiencing "the worst headache of your life"You have speech, vision, or movement problems or loss of balance, especially if you have not had these symptoms with a migraine beforeYour headaches are more severe when lying downThe headache starts very suddenlyAlso, call your doctor if:Your headache patterns or pain changeTreatments that once worked are no longer helpfulYou have side effects from medication, including irregular heartbeat, pale or blue skin, extreme sleepiness, persistent cough, depression, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, stomach pain, cramps, dry mouth, or extreme thirstYou are pregnant or could become pregnant -- some medications should not be taken when pregnantSee the general article on headaches for more information on emergency symptoms ReferencesWilson JF. In the clinic: migraine. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(9):ITC11-1-ITC11-16.Loder E. Triptan therapy in migraine. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 1;363(1): 63-70.Silberstein SD, Young WB. Headache and facial pain. In: Goetz CG. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2007:chap. 53.Gilmore B, Michael M. Treatment of acute migraine headache. Am Fam Physician. 2011. 83:271-280.Spector JT, Kahn SR, Jones MR, Jayakumar M, Dalal D, Nazarian S. Migraine headache and ischemic stroke risk: an updated meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2010;123:612-624.
1993 was an interesting year. Bill Clinton became president of the US. Jurassic Park made dinosaur obsessives of us all, and the term knowledge management went public at a conference in Boston. Cue a new world order! But what did knowledge management mean back then? Why was it such as a big deal? More importantly, what has KM evolved into? Put on your checked shirt and your Doctor Martens: we’re travelling back in time to the early 90s! What are the Origins of Knowledge Management? KM was conceived after the invention of the wheel, but before the arrival of the slick LMSs. Like a lot of business concepts that originated in the 90s, KM stemmed from the widespread use of the Internet. The management community recognised the sudden opportunity organisations had to share knowledge worldwide. This started a process which collated and dispensed knowledge across organisations. Naturally, this intranet system saved companies a lot of time and money. The original aim was simply to share information about your company, so all your colleagues could view it. The advances in communications technology furthered the idea of a knowledge sharing culture. This is something we believe in at Growth Engineering. We’re such big fans of social learning! After the near-mythical Boston conference of ’93, legend has it that in ’94, business guru Tom Davenport gave the first description of KM: “Knowledge management is the process of capturing, distributing, and effectively using knowledge”. This still stands as the definitive one-line definition. For a more in-depth explanation, we’ll have to fast forward four years to 1998. The Gartner Group crafted a more detailed definition of Knowledge Management: “Knowledge management is a discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise’s information assets. These assets may include databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously un-captured expertise and experience in individual workers”. This has become the go-to explanation of what knowledge management is. It condenses the learning journey by putting all the materials in one place. What Content is Shared via Knowledge Management? Building a knowledge management organisation is easy. KM oversees the distribution of a variety of content and assets including: - Procedures (compliance) - Expertise, advice and the sharing of workers general experience How LMSs Make Knowledge Management Easier: It started with internal intranet systems, but their KM capabilities were limited. These were followed by legacy LMSs which were a step in the right direction with more knowledge sharing functionality, but it wasn’t until the arrival of the NextGen LMS that knowledge management became an achievable goal for every company. Growth Engineering’s Academy LMS is designed to engage your learners. With it, you can foster a knowledge-sharing culture. Here’s how: Weaving a narrative into your learning is a fantastic way to distribute your company knowledge. Famed Psychologist Jerome Bruner’s research suggested that facts are 20 times more likely to be memorised if they’re part of a narrative. Growth Engineering do this via awesome downloadable learning comics such as ‘Night of the Learning Dead’. A successful knowledge management strategy requires a knowledge sharing culture. This means you need social functionality on your LMS. This might include: - News Feeds - Live Chats - Custom Discussion Groups - Social Media Integration - and much more! Knowledge management has come a long way since the heady days of the early 1990s Intranet systems. The goal is still the same: to capture, distribute and use knowledge. Nowadays the process of doing so is much slicker. We have social learning and narrative to make it a smoother ride!
Definitions for likingˈlaɪ kɪŋ This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word liking a feeling of pleasure and enjoyment "I've always had a liking for reading"; "she developed a liking for gin" The action of the verb to like. looking; appearing; as, better or worse liking. See Like, to look the state of being pleasing; a suiting. See On liking, below the state of being pleased with, or attracted toward, some thing or person; hence, inclination; desire; pleasure; preference; -- often with for, formerly with to; as, it is an amusement I have no liking for appearance; look; figure; state of body as to health or condition The numerical value of liking in Chaldean Numerology is: 6 The numerical value of liking in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8 Sample Sentences & Example Usage Each man is led by his own liking. I started out as a kid liking to disassemble and assemble things ... Success is liking yourself, liking what you do, and liking how you do it. There are some things you can't share without ending up liking each other. We may like the honey without liking the bee, but this will not be ethical! Images & Illustrations of liking Translations for liking From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary Get even more translations for liking » Find a translation for the liking definition in other languages: Select another language:
In 1209 AD Maios Orsini accepted the rule and the dependence of Zakynthos (Zante) and Cephalonia from Venice. Later, the leadership of these islands fell to the hands of Geoffrey the 2nd Villarduin, ruler of Achaea. Ever after, Zakynthos with Cephalonia together were embodied and remained subordinate to the Principality of Achaea. The last of the Orsinis who set the limits of the power of the Palatinate Counts, was John-Angelos Comnenos, who had become Orthodox, and had made his name Greek, recognised as successor Philip the 1st of Anjou, King of Naples, as successor to the rule of Zakynthos. From 1357 AD the era of the Counts of Toki began to hold the power of these islands, which was maintained for one century and more. During the time of the Toki the County extended to mainland Greece, the population of Zakynthos augments to a great extent and reaches 25,000 people, while a climate of stability and upheaval was created in parallel. The first who started the effort for development was Leonardo the 1st, who historically is characterised as capable and prudent. He was succeeded by his son Charles the 1st, who liked war and was very ambitious. In 1429 AD, he died and left the leadership to his nephew Charles the 2nd, who governed in peace for many years. In 1448 AD, Charles the 2nd died and was succeeded by his son Leonardo the 3rd. In 1454 he reestablished the Orthodox Episcopal throne of Cephalonia Zakynthos, with Gerasimos Loberdos as a Bishop (Episcopos), whom he appointed as a spiritual leader of the islands, a privilege which was kept for whoever was the Bishop, up until 1824. Some years later some 10,000 inhabitants from the Peloponnese pursued by the Turks, found refuge in Zakynthos - Zante. The care of these refugees, and the nonpayment of the tax which Leonardo should have paid to the Turks, became the cause of an expedition of the Turkish fleet against Cephalonia, which they pillaged first, and then turned against Zakynthos. In 1482 Antonios Tokkos, Leonardo\'s brother, easily captured Cephalonia and sent the Turks away. The Venetians though with an opportunist and arriviste movement, aiming at excluding the influence of Naples, sent their fleet, which in the name of St. Mark captured Zakynthos in 1483 AD. In parallel, they asked for the surrender of Cephalonia from Antonius Tokkos. He refused and then the Venetians disembarked their troops on to the island, who captured the castle and killed Antonius. Thus they stabilised their power, finding excuses to Turkish claims to the island that they proceeded to this act fearing the expansion of the pirates. Dealing with the matter of the leadership over the islands of Zakynthos and Cephalonia, the Venetians and the Turks concluded the Treaty of the 22nd April 1484, which defined Cephalonia as a Turkish possession and Zakynthos as Venetian.
Glossary of Terms Relating to Afro-Caribbean Music 1. A secret fraternal society formed in Cuba by descendants of the Calabar tribe, referred to as the Carabalí. 2. The ritual music and dance of the Abakuá sect, which has greatly influenced Cuban secular forms such as rumba. The rim shot and roll of the timbales. A rhythmic style combining adaptations of sacred batá drum rhythms popularized in Cuba in the 1940s, and often used to interpret lullabies. The Yoruba term for a beaded gourd instrument also known as chékere or güiro. An iron bell of Yoruba origin, used in conjunction with iyesá drums. Alternate spelling for "agbe" (see above). Alternate spelling for "agbe" (see above). Arará (drums) -- Ceremonial drums of Dahomean origin, brought to Cuba's Oriente province by Africans of Dahomean descent following the Haitian Revolution. 1. A term derived from the native, indigenous tribes living in Cuba before colonization, (such as the Siboney, Taíno and Guanajatabibe tribes), referring to elaborate religious celebrations of music, dance and theatre; 2. A rhythmic style combining several elements of Cuban carnaval rhythms with the son and rumba, as well as several North American influences, resulting in a free-style, highly-syncopated style. The areíto later evolved into what is now known as songo. A rattle or shaker, made either of metal, wood, gourd, coconut or other material, used to accompany sacred instruments such as batá drums. The African people of Congolese origin, as they are referred to in Cuba. Perhaps one of the most influential African cultures throughout the Caribbean area. The rhythmic pattern played by the timbales in the Cuban style known as danzón. The barracks which were used as slave quarters in colonial Cuba, often surrounding a courtyard. batá (drums) -- The sacred, two-headed drums of the Yoruba people of Nigeria. bembé (drums) -- A set of three drums made from hollowed palm tree logs, with nailed-on skins which are tuned with heat. A slow, lyrical ballad. 1. A barrel-shaped drum of Afro-Puerto Rican origin, similar to the Cuban tumbadora (conga drum), although shorter; 2. A style of Afro-Puerto Rican music and dance which is also commonly found in salsa repertoires. 1. The "and" of the second beat of a measure; 2. The Spanish term for bass drum. bombo criollo -- An adaptation of the European military bass drum, used in Cuba for carnaval in styles such as the conga. Two small drums attached by a thick piece of wood, played while held between the knees. The bongos were developed from African predecessors in Cuba's Oriente province. Originally, the bongo's drum heads (skins) were tacked-on, but later a system of tuneable hardware was attached. Bongos today are made of fiberglass as well as wood. A ceramic jug originally used to import Spanish olive oil, used to provide a bass accompaniment in the son style. Another term for botija. One of the rhythmic parts for the Afro-Puerto Rican style of bomba, which may be interpreted on congas as well as the Puerto Rican bomba drums. The name of the conga drum pattern used in the pachanga style, literally meaning "horse." Wooden box(es) used in early interpretations of rumba, and still popular today. A simple yet fundamental musical form consisting mainly of lyrics, harmony and melody, with very basic rhythmic accompaniment. The most common setting for this style is voice and guitar, and is often referred to as trova. A cowbell (with the clapper removed), struck with a wooden stick. A rhythmic style derived from the early Cuban danzón-mambo, created by violinist Enrique Jorrín (who named the style upon hearing the scraping sounds of dancers'feet). The cha-cha-chá eventually became a separate musical style from the danzón. An early style of the Cuban son, featuring an instrumentation which includes the tres, bongos, güiro, maracas, and the marímbula. A specific style of instrumentation consisting of rhythm section (contrabass, timbales, and güiro), strings (from two to four violins, or any number of violins with a cello), and one wood flute. The piano and conga drum were added in the 1940s. This term (and style of instrumentation) evolved from the charanga francesa, developed in the early 20th century. charanga francesa -- The original term for what is now known as the charanga instrumentation (see above). charanga vallenata -- A style of instrumentation combining elements of the Cuban charanga and conjunto styles with the Colombian vallenato style featuring the accordion. A popular instrumentation in peasant or country music parties (called guateques), consisting of accordion, timbales and güiro. A beaded gourd instrument of African origin used in Cuban sacred music. Also referred to as güiro - for the style of music in which it is used - as well as agbe, agwe or agüe. Term used to refer to a percussion break, as well as a break which may be played by the entire ensemble. A five-note pattern or cell derived from the Cuban contradanza, which is part of the rhythmic figure known as the baqueteo in the danzón style. A five-note, bi-measure pattern which serves as the foundation for all of the rhythmic styles in salsa music. The clave consists of a "strong" measure containing three notes (also called the tresillo), and a "weak" measure containing two notes, resulting in patterns beginning with either measure, referrred to as "three-two" or two-three." There are two types of clave patterns associated with popular (secular) music: son clave and rumba clave. Another type of clave - 6/8 clave - originated in several styles of West African sacred music. Two round, polished sticks which are used to play the clave patterns. A rural style of Cuban rumba containing many African elements in its lyrics, polyrhythmic structure and dance style. An adaptation of the North American jazz combo instrumentation in Cuba during the late 1950s, generally consisting of bass, drums, piano, sax, trumpet, Cuban percussion and electric guitar. comparsa, conga de -- The specific style of instrumentation used in Cuban carnaval music, which plays the conga rhythm. The instruments include conga drums, bombo, cencerros, sartenes (frying pans) and trumpets, or originally, the trompeta china ("Chinese trumpet"). conga (drum) -- A Cuban drum derived from several African predecessors - also known as the tumbadora - originating as a solid, hollowed log with a nailed-on skin. Eventually, tuneable hardware was added and today, conga drums are made out of fiberglass as well as wood. conga habanera -- The style of the Cuban carnaval rhythm called conga, which is played in Havana. conga santiaguera -- The style of the Cuban carnaval rhythm called conga, which is played in Santiago. A specific style of instrumentation developed around 1940, derived from the septeto ensemble, consisting of guitar, tres, contrabass, bongos, three vocalists (who play hand percussion such as maracas and claves), and two to four trumpets. The piano and the tumbadora were added by legendary tres player Arsenio Rodriguez. contradanza criolla -- An 18th century style derived from the European court and country dances, and a predecessor to the Cuban danzón, containing many Creole musical elements in its instrumentation and interpretation. corneta china -- Another name for the trompeta china, or "Chinese trumpet," used in Cuban comparsas for carnaval. coro de claves -- A vocal ensemble originating in the 19th century featuring one vocal soloist and a large chorus, often accompanied by guitars, claves, a viola (without strings, used as a drum) and sometimes a botija. Coros de clave often performed in streets and neighborhoods, interpreting a song form called canto de clave. coro de guaguancó -- A later variation of the type of group known as coro de clave as well as a term used for the instrumentation of groups which interpret rumba. Another term is grupo de guaguancó; (the guaguancó is one particular style of rumba). The call-and-response relationship between the lead vocal soloist, or pregonero, and the fixed choral response, or coro. In salsa song form, this takes place during the open vamp section called the montuno. A Puerto Rican stringed instrument (similar to the Cuban tres), derived from the guitar. "Spoons" (lit.) often used in Cuban rumba to play the clave or palitos ("sticks") patterns. The principal pattern in the Puerto Rican form (and rhythm) known as bomba. 1. The shell or sides of the timbales; 2. The pattern played on the shell or sides of the timbales. A 19th century musical and dance form which serves as a precursor to the Cuban danzón. A Cuban musical and dance form developed in the late 19th century, which is derived from the European Court and Country dances, as well as the contradanza and the danza. The instrumentation which generally interprets this style is known as the charanga orchestra, featuring strings and flute with a rhythm section. The danzón form consists of: an introduction called the paseo (A), the principal flute melody (B), a repeat of the introduction (A), and the violin trio (C). Innovations by several composers led to the addition of a fourth section (D) called nuevo ritmo, later known as mambo. This section added elements of the Cuban son, and established an open vamp over which the flute, violin or piano would improvise. "Unloading" (lit.); a jam session, as well as an improvised tune. The vocal introduction in the genre of Cuban rumba, which "tunes up" the choir by providing a melodic line before the verse(s). A ten-line, octosyllabic verse, typically found in the lyric form of the Cuban son, and in some styles of rumba. Refrain or chorus. Conch shells - used as horns - by the indigenous tribes in pre-colonial Cuba. One of three styles of Cuban rumba, featuring a heightened polyrhythmic structure, and danced by male-female couples (in its traditional folkloric setting). The typical instrumentation (used by all styles) includes: tumbadoras (congas) or cajones (boxes), palitos (sticks) or cucharas (spoons), claves, and marugas (shakers). The repeated figure played by the string instruments in a particular ensemble such as the tres' vamp in a conjunto instrumentation, or the violin vamp in a charanga instrumentation. Also used to refer to repeated horn lines, such as in a layered mambo section. An arpeggiated and floral song form, derived from the Cuban son with elements of the canción form. Traditionally a form of música campesina (peasant or country music) which developed as a form of street music, originally featuring satirical lyrics. Now generaly associated with tunes of moderate tempo. A country party or celebration, where live music is the main ingredient. A term referring to the güiro, a serrated calabash which is scraped with a stick. Also used to refer to a metal version which is scraped with a metal fork. A metal scraper used for Dominican merengue, scraped with a metal fork. 1. A serrated gourd or calabash, scraped with a stick, which is extremely popular throughout Latin America. It has both African and indigenous American roots. 2. A term previously used to refer to the chékere. güiro (6/8 rhythm) -- A rhythmic style, so-named because of its interpretation on the beaded gourds known (at first) as güiros, and later, chékeres. In addition to the chékeres, a bell and a tumbadora may be added. Another term referring to the güiro, particularly a Puerto Rican variety, which is distinguished by thinner grooves than those of a Cuban güiro. A precursor to the Cuban danzón, derived from the contradanza and danza. Itótele (drum, batá) -- The middle drum in the set of three batá drums. iyesá (drums) -- A set of four sacred, cylindrical, two-headed drums of hand-carved cedar, played with sticks. Iyá (drum, batá) -- The largest drum in the set of three batá drums. "Iyá" is "mother" in Yoruba. The chékere part - in a güiro rhythm - which holds the pulse (or beat). The term used (in Cuba) to refer to Afro-Cubans of Yoruba descent, as well as the language and religion of Yoruba tradition. makuta (drums) -- Large, barrel-shaped drums, and one of the precursors to the conga drum. mambo (rhythm) -- 1. The section added to the danzón form (in the 1940s) which featured an open vamp and instrumental improvisation. 2. An up-tempo dance style, developed through the 40s and 50s, which blended several elements of North American instrumentation and harmony with elements of the Cuban son. mambo (section) -- The section of an arrangement which features new material, including layered horn lines called moñas. Hand-held rattles or shakers, made from gourds, coconuts, wood or rawhide and filled with beans. Found throughout the Americas as well as Africa. The repeated pattern of the bongos, which is frequently "ad-libbed," (or, played improvisationally). A metal rattle or shaker, often used in groups which interpret Cuban rumba. A large thumb piano-type box of Bantú (Congolese) origin, used to provide the bass in the changüi style of the Cuban son. A rhythmic style from the Dominican Republic, which is a fast two-step, and is traditionally played on tambora, güira and accordion. montuno (piano) -- The repeated, syncopated vamp secton played by the piano in an ensemble. montuno (section) -- The open vamp section of a song, which features the coro/pregón (call-and-response singing) and instrumental solos. A rhythmic style created in the 1960s by Pedro Izquierdo - also known as Pello el Afrokán - which is a style of Cuban carnaval music, traditionally played only on percussion instruments. The mozambique was popularized in North American salsa music by Eddie Palmieri, and was adapted into ensemble interpretations. A horn line (either written or improvised), as well as a section featuring layered, contrapuntal horn lines. Moñas may occur during a mambo secton, or during the montuno section, such as in a "shout" chorus underneath a soloist. música campesina -- "Country" or "peasant" music, containing many elements of regional Spanish troubador styles, which greatly shaped the popular music throughout Latin America. nuevo ritmo -- "New rhythm" (lit.), referring to the added section of the danzón form in the 1940s by Orestes and Israel "Cachao" López. This section later became known as mambo. Okónkolo (drum, batá) -- The smallest in the set of three batá drums. orquesta típica -- An instrumentation used in the interpretation of the Creole contradanza, consisting of woodwinds, brass, strings, güiro and tympani. By the late 19th century, the tympani were replaced by the Cuban pailas or timbales, and the horn section diminished. A rhythmic style and rigourous dance (featuring skipping and jumping movements), very popular during the 1950s, and originating in the charanga instrumentation. A term for a smaller version of the Cuban timbales. "Sticks" (lit.); specifically, the sticks and pattern played by the sticks in the genre of Cuban rumba. A hand-held drum - similar to a tambourine but without jingles - used in the interpretation of the Puerto Rican plena rhythm, often in a set of two or three. The introduction of the danzón form. An Afro-Puerto Rican rhythm, traditionally played on panderetas, which is an important form of popular music. The plena often serves as a vehicle for the expression of social and politically relevant themes. The fourth beat of a measure (in a measure of four beats), as well as an accent or break which may be played by the rhythm section or the entire ensemble, often used as a transition from one section of a song to another. The lead, improvised vocal which alternates with the fixed choral response, or coro. An instrument originally made from the jawbone of a horse, donkey or mule, and the predecessor of the present-day vibraslap. The highest-pitched drum in a set of three drums used in the styles of rumba, which improvises throughout. One of the tumbadora (or conga) parts in the conga habanera rhythm. The lead drum in the Afro-Puerto Rican style of bomba, which improvises throughout. A Cuban folkloric secular form, consisting of drumming, dancing and call-and-response singing which contains both African and Spanish roots. There are three styles of rumba: the yambú, guaguancó and columbia. rumba flamenca -- The style of rumba from southern Spain, also called rumba gitana (gypsy rumba), which influenced the Cuban rumba form. One of the tumbadora parts in the conga habanera rhythm. Small frying pans used in the conga de comparsa groups for carnaval in Cuba. The middle (or second) drum in the set of three tumbadoras used in Cuban rumba. A style of instrumentation formed around 1927 by the Septeto Nacional, which consisted of the addition of the trumpet to the sexteto. A style of instrumentation founded in 1920 by the Sexteto Habanero, consisting of the tres, guitar, contrabass, bongos, maracas and claves. A style of popular dance music of the peasant or working-class, combining several Spanish and African elements. The son began to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century in Cuba's Oriente province, and gave birth to several hybrids including the afro-son, guajira-son, son-pregón and son-montuno. The son is perhaps the most important form at the root of today's popular salsa music. A contemporary, eclectic rhythm which blends several styles, including rumba, son, conga and other Cuban secular as well as sacred styles, with elements of North American jazz and funk. A two-headed drum from the Dominican Republic, used in the style of merengue. The tambora is strapped around the neck and played with the hands and one stick, which strikes the drumhead and the wooden side of the drum. tambores de conga -- Drums used in the early interpretation of Cuban caranaval music (conga de comparsa), which serve as precursors to the conga drums. A set of two, tuneable drums created in Cuba - derived from the European tympani - mounted on a tripod and played with sticks. The set has been added onto with several accessory items such as cowbells, cymbal and woodblocks. A smaller version of the timbales, tuned at higher pitches, and often added to the timbales to make up a set of four. A small stringed instrument of Spanish origin, derived from the guitar family, and used in Cuba's música campesina as well as other types of Latin American music with Spanish roots. A Cuban stringed instrument derived from the Spanish guitar, consisting of three doble strings and played with a pick. The tres is the signature instrument of the Cuban son. 1. The term which refers to the three-side of the son clave pattern. 2. "Triplet." trompeta china -- A reeded trumpet of Chinese origin, brought to Havana, Cuba during colonial times and played for carnaval. The instrument was brought to the island's Oriente province at the beginning of the 20th century, where it would remain an essential element of the conga santiaguera. A term referring to the style known as cancíon, stemming from the troubador style of singing, featuring such styles as the bolero, guaracha and the son. A style of instrumentation developed during the 1920s, consisting of three singers, with either two guitars and maracas, or three guitars, used in the interpretations of trova (troubador) styles. tumba francesa -- A style of folkoric music, as well as the name of the drums used in the style, created in Cuba's Oriente province by Africans of Dahomean descent, and particularly those Dahomeans who arrived in Cuba following the Haitian Revolution in 1791. A Cuban version of an African drum, consisting (originally) of a hollowed, barrel-shaped log or hand-carved trunk of wood with a tacked-on rawhide head. Later, a system of tuneable hardware was added. The tumbadora is also referred to as the conga drum, and its predecessors include the tambores de conga, used in early comparsas, as well as the makuta drums of Yoruba origin. tumbao (bass) -- The repeated pattern played by the bass, often accenting beats 2+ and 4. The pattern is a mixture of influences from the styles of the contradanza and the son. tumbao (congas) -- The repeated pattern played by the tumbadoras (conga drums), also referred to as marcha (march), emphasizing the fourth beat of the measure, as well as beat 4+. The oldest style of rumba, dating back to Cuba's colonial period, often interpreted on cajones (boxes), and danced by male-female couples. It is the slowest style of rumba. The people (and language) from Nigeria, and one of the most influential African cultures throughout the Caribbean. yuka (drums) -- Long, cylindrical drums of Bantú (Congolese) origin; the term yuka also pertains to the style of music in which these drums are used. Special thanks to Sher Publications for their permission to reprint this glossary which appears in their wonderful book, The Salsa Guidebook for Piano & Ensemble, by Rebeca Mauleón. It is available from Descarga for $24.98
Most people in America don’t realize that Greece is a very new country—its independent-nation status was made official in 1830. Greece is as old as Belgium but far more poor. Even Dubya as president did not know our name. He called us Grecians, like the hair dye, instead of Greeks. We Hellenes are among the oldest civilizations, having invented or perfected such bagatelles as philosophy, science, medicine, astronomy, tragedy, epic poetry and literature, the arts, and classical architecture. We also invented the greatest system of government—selective democracy—based on good citizenship, knowledge, and responsibility. But more than two thousand years since our peak, we Greeks are in deep trouble. After an Ottoman occupation of nearly 400 years that ended with a successful revolutionary war in 1827, the Greeks were as ready for democracy as, say, some African folk back in 1960. Civil disobedience and a deeply ingrained distrust of authority had been considered good for four centuries, but it suddenly was regarded as a crime. Few Greeks understood this. Democratic and liberal ideas had to be scrapped as the people’s newly found freedom turned into lawlessness. The vicious circle of freedom-anarchy-repression has marked modern Greek life up to the present day. Take, for example, taxes. Unlike American WASPS, Greeks do not consider taxes to be a civic duty and mostly refuse to pay them. Politicians choose to ignore this rather important defect, because they in turn get rich in office through bribes and kickbacks. Military coups are not unknown in democracy’s birthplace, having taken place in 1843, 1862, 1909, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1933, 1935, 1967, and 1973. Eleftherios Venizelos—the Greek George Washington, so to speak—led two coups himself after having come in second-best during free elections. See what I mean by a vicious circle? Greek intellectuals and historians have generally blamed the 400-year Turkish occupation for the nation’s ills. It is a fact that, where humiliation persists through several generations, the oppressed begin—in defense of their own dignity—to imitate their oppressors. The cruelty, vindictiveness, and harshness shown by warring political factions testify to this theory. But this is not a sufficient explanation. The volatility of the Greek character, probably the only remaining link with our glorious past of antiquity, is another. The highly individualistic Greek is too self-seeking to submit easily to others’ dictates. His unruliness has helped him survive through the centuries of oppression, as well as to rise above adversity. But it has also made him unaware of the advantages of a communal spirit and true democratic attitudes. This has created a climate where cheating is a way of life, where the highest and lowest of citizens do not hesitate to use dishonesty, especially in politics. Copyright 2016 TakiMag.com and the author. This copy is for your personal, noncommercial use only. You can order reprints for distribution by contacting us at firstname.lastname@example.org.
With the growing recognition of refugee information needs and widespread mobile phone ownership, has come a slew of apps designed to help them out. From official government projects to startups led by refugees themselves, here are some online tools now in use. In October 2015, the appsforrefugees.com website was launched in the midst of the European refugee crisis. Over the summer of 2015, there was a proliferation of mobile apps to support refugees, but no structured collection of the applications. John Tucker launched the Apps for Refugees initiative to showcase the array of free smartphone apps targeted for refugees creating one space for refugees, creators of apps and others to quickly see what is available. Today, the site includes nearly 35 apps that can be downloaded from Google Play Store and the Apple App store. The stock of apps at appsforrefugees.com is still growing. Apps are categorised by topics, ranging from culture (Welcome App Germany) to health (Medical Dictionary by Farlex) to language and translation (Refugee Phrasebook), as well as by region, with the vast majority available in European countries, targeted to cater to the needs of refugees who are settling in these countries. According to John, the peak of new apps being created is now over but there are still new apps coming to the market. Most visitors to the site are between the ages of 18-34, with slightly more female users. One third of traffic is from mobile phones (around half from iPhones and half androids). There are currently three people working part time on Apps for Refugees and the team have plans to improve the site technically to improve the user experience ensuring refugees can access the services they need as quickly and efficiently. An app designed to help Syrians newly arrived in Turkey navigate this new and unfamiliar territory, Gherbtna is the brainchild of Mojahid Akil, 26, a computer programmer who is himself a Syrian refugee. As for so many arriving Syrians, Mojahid found adapting to a strange language, and a foreign legal system overwhelming. He and his colleagues designed Gherbtna while working for a Turkish tech firm, and launched it in early 2014. The app, which translates as exile or a feeling of foreignness, offers newly arrived refugees help in four critical areas: Information, relating to asylum procedures and broadcast via infographics and animation; News; Opportunities, which advertises apartments and jobs legally suitable for refugees; and Help Me, where refugees can ask questions about health, education and other legal services. The app can guide users to everything from a Syrian restaurant to an Arabic speaking doctor and provide advice on a whole range of necessary bureaucratic process beyond registering a marriage and advice on Turkish customs and courtesies. With over 40,000 downloads, 90,000 likes on Facebook, and an average of 3,000 daily page views of the website, Gherbtna is becoming successful. Mojahid and his team have many stories of Syrians finding accommodation, jobs and the services they need through the app. Plans for further development and expansion, including partnerships with key Turkish companies, are under discussion. Ankommen is an official project run by the German authorities to help refugees on arrival in the country. An interactive section designed by the Goethe institute teaches the basics of German, the Asylum, Apprenticeship, Job section helps refugees through the system for registering as refugees and finding employment. The Living in Germany page provides practical information on culture and values. The app operates in Arabic, English, Farsi, French and German and once downloaded can operate offline. Those involved in designing Ankommen stress that it’s not intended to replace more traditional routes to learning a language, such as classroom tuition – rather then app is intended to help teach the basics of social interaction and get users through the first few weeks of complete ignorance of German. This ambitious project was a joint partnership between Google.org and a number of NGOs working directly to provide support to new arrivals in Greece and beyond. Early on in the crisis it became clear that information, especially on asylum processes, border access and navigation was a crucial need among refugees. Providing such information in a crisis that spanned several countries and jurisdictions, and in which policy and practice could change on a daily basis, was extremely difficult. Crisis Info Hub, an open source platform designed to be both accessible and easy to update by those in any given locale, was developed by Google working with Mercy Corps and International Rescue Committee in 2015. It offers basic information on registration processes, transport, medical care and accommodation amongst other topics. Project staff say it is currently used by around 500 refugees a day, lower than at the peak of arrivals prior to the EU-Turkey political agreement in March 2016. Project staff say one of the biggest challenges was providing the necessary connectivity: even though the platform is designed to be light both in terms of data and battery use, many refugees could not afford data plans and instead looked for Wi-Fi access. Tarjemly is a new initiative from the developer of Gherbtna, 26 year old Mojahed Akil. Language is one of the biggest and most complex challenges faced by newly arrived refugees, limiting their capacity to access help or navigate government registration systems. Tarjemly-live is a simple app that connects the user with a translator who is able to provide live, on the spot verbal translation services. The app can also be used to translate SMS. Available in Turkish, Arabic and English, users simply create an account and make an online payment (costs start at $14.99). The service uses freelance translators. The designers say that stories from users include using the service for everything from tracking down a relative in a hospital to handling legal situations in police stations. So far the app is still small, at just under 30,000 users and being financed by Syrian investors. Akil hopes to expand the user base in the future to include tourists, and to incorporate more languages. Navigating Turkey’s legal system is crucial for all arriving refugees, but for most is a daunting prospect. Quite apart from the language issue, Turkey’s legal frameworks are very different to those of Syria and other countries in the region, leaving newly arrived Syrians in danger of failing to complete the right paperwork, or missing support they are entitled to. The solution offered by Souktel– a Palestinian NGO specialising in SMS services, – working with the American Bar Association: a SMS based legal advice centre. Those using the system send their question in via SMS, and backroom systems identify, analyse and sort the incoming queries so they can reach a lawyer with the right expertise who then responds. The project is staffed by people with a humanitarian background who understand the issues faced by refugees, as well as technical specialists and lawyers. Souktel reported more than 30,000 people using the service within the first three weeks and total traffic has now passed more than 200,000 messages. Integreat was conceptualised in August 2015 by Daniel Kehne who saw a flyer for refugees produced in the 1990s by Tür an Tür (an association supporting refugees) and saw an opportunity – as well as a necessity – given the increase in number of refugees arriving in German cities, to bring it into the digital age. In collaboration with students and volunteers across Germany, an app was designed and built to provide incoming asylum seekers in Augsburg with critical information about their new and unfamiliar surroundings, available in 5 languages (Arabic, Farsi, French, English and German). The challenge in cities such as Augsburg is that asylum seekers are distributed throughout the city so social workers face difficulties in quickly and effectively delivering basic information about health services, asylum processes, transport etc. to a widely disbursed group of people, who do not speak the local language. Integreat tackles this by ensuring that social workers in these cities familiarise new arrivals with the app as soon as they arrive. Integreat has to date worked with local social workers, NGOs and other relevant stakeholders in over 80 cities across Germany to create tailored content relevant for each setting. The main challenge has been the huge demand for the service (>5000 downloads to date) and how to scale fast enough to make the service available in new cities in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. Integreat now employs 5 people and has had 20-30 volunteers working with the organisation over the past year. The app is free for the end user, and is based on a subscription model which cities pay for on a monthly basis. Integreat are now looking to expand support services beyond basic information to job creation and language learning.
About the Project As an atoll nation, Tuvalu is very much affected by changes in rainfall distribution patterns. With limited groundwater, people on Funafuti atoll depend heavily on rainfall to supply all their water needs. A period of two to three weeks of no rainfall can cause serious water shortages, reducing water levels in many of the water tanks by 50%. The current water infrastructure is not able to cope with changes in rainfall regime, which has an adverse impact on village livelihoods and agricultural production. The PACC project in Tuvalu focuses on improving the water infrastructure, to assist people to better cope with climate related droughts. The Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change Project in Tuvalu is a combined effort of: AusAID; Global Environment Facility (GEF) – SCCF; Government of Tuvalu; Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP); and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), with support from the UNITAR C3D+ Programme.
Variance vs Standard Deviation Variation is the common phenomenon in the study of statistics because had there been no variation in a data, we probably would not need statistics in the first place. Variation is described as variance in statistics which is a measure of the distance of the values from their mean. Variance is little or small if the values are grouped closer to the mean. Standard deviation is another measure to describe the difference between expected results and their actual values. Though both closely related, there are differences between variance and standard deviation that will be discussed in this article. Raw values are meaningless in any distribution and we cannot deduct any meaningful information from them. It is with the help of standard deviation that we are able to appreciate the significance of a value as it tells us how far we are from the mean value. Variance is similar in concept to standard deviation except that it is a squared value of SD. It makes sense to understand the concepts of variance and standard deviation with the help of an example. Suppose there is a farmer growing pumpkins. He has ten pumpkins of different weights which are as follows. 2.6, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 3.8. It is easy to calculate the average weight of the pumpkins as it is the sum of all the values divided by 10. In this case it is 3.15 pounds. However, none of the pumpkins weighs this much and they vary in weight ranging from 0.55 pounds lighter to 0.65 pounds heavier than the mean. Now we can write the difference of each value from the mean in the following manner -0.55, -0.55, -0.35, -0.15, -0.05, 0.15, 0.35, 0.45, 0.65. What to make out of these differences from the mean. , If we try to find the average difference, we see that we cannot find mean as upon adding, negative values are equal to positive values and the average difference cannot be calculated thus. This is why it was decided to square all the values before adding them up and finding the mean. In this case, squared values come up as follows 0.3025, 0.3025, 0.1225, 0.0225, 0.0025, 0.0025, 0.1225, 0.2025, 0.4225. Now these values can be added and divided by ten to arrive at a value which is known as variance. This variance is 0.1525 pounds in this example. This value does not hold much significance as we had squared the difference before finding their mean. This is why we need to find the square root of variance to arrive at standard deviation. In this case it is 0.3905 pounds. • Both variance and standard deviation are measures of spread of values in any data. • Variance is calculated by taking the mean of the squares of individual differences from the mean of the sample • Standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
These activities aim to maximise the habitats that exist in a modified water body, by allowing vegetation to grow and recolonise where it is able to do so. This is focused in areas where it is not possible to remove FCERM modifications or undertake habitat restoration. This can occur if modifications are still needed to perform their function and there is no effective or sustainable alternative. There are a range of techniques that can be used to implement this activity, depending upon the type and maintenance requirements of the water body in which it is going to be applied: - Retain marginal habitats (including fallen trees and branches) unless they compromise flow conveyance or the effectiveness of the modifications - Use sensitive vegetation management techniques which do not impact upon habitats, and only focus on parts of the water body which affect the way the modifications work. Techniques could include hand-picking or selective cutting of in-channel and bankside vegetation, coppicing or pollarding trees instead of felling them, only cutting the centre of the channel, and using herbicides to control vegetation instead of cutting - Use boat-mounted vegetation cutting or herbicide spraying equipment to allow work to be undertaken in the main channel without disturbing the margins and banks - Change the frequency of maintenance activities, so habitats have time to recover before they are disturbed again - Direct ecosystem benefits associated with the retention of habitats and the maintenance of biodiversity - Aesthetic improvements to the watercourse, by providing a more natural look Case Study Benefits This diagram displays a comparison of benefits scores (using a high-level ecosystem service assessment methodology) associated with the techniques used in each case study. More details on the methodology can be found here.
What is Dyslexia The word ‘dyslexia’ comes from the Greek meaning ‘difficulty with words’ and is a difference in the way the brain processes language. Dyslexia varies in different people, but can mean difficulties with: - Organisational skills - Short-term memory Dyslexia tends to run in families and is NOT related to intelligence or to a person’s background. However, along with the difficulties, real strengths can be identified, including: - Problem solving skills - Enhanced creativity - Strong visual thinking - Verbally articulate - Spatially talented People with dyslexia do not all have the same way of thinking, but there are common patterns. Dyslexia is sometimes diagnosed in children soon after they start school. But quite often it is not recognised until much later in life. There is no cure for dyslexia but with the right kind of support, dyslexics can overcome their difficulties and achieve great things. Dyslexia is one of several specific learning difficulties which come under the umbrella term ‘Specific Learning Difficulties’ (often referred to as SpLD). It means that the difficulties are specific rather than more general learning difficulties. It is estimated that at least 10 – 20% of the population are affected by dyslexia; with 4% being severely affected by dyslexia. Other Specific Learning Difficulties It is common for people with dyslexia to have other specific learning difficulties which also impact on the way information is learned and processed. These are known as co-occurring difficulties and include: - Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Asperger’s Syndrome - Emotional Behavioural Disorder (EBD) - Visual Stress Dyslexia Cornwall can offer specialist advice and support on a wide range of Specific Difficulties. For further information please contact our Advice Team.
The Shale UK Summit conference is underway in London, bringing together geological, petroleum, engineering and energy economics experts. Despite all this expertise, and although much of the fracking technology used to extract the gas from shale rock is well established, there are still a large number of unknowns surrounding fracking, including the potential effects on health. Fracking is still at a very early stage in the UK, with only one exploratory well drilled so far. This provides an important opportunity for scientists to gather information and study the health and environmental effects before any large-scale developments take place. Despite the unconventional oil and gas industry growing rapidly in the US, and gathering momentum elsewhere across the world, scientific study of the health effects of fracking is in its infancy. Yet early findings suggest this form of extraction might increase health risks compared to conventional oil and gas wells. The fracking drilling sites have larger surface footprints, and may be (certainly in the UK) much closer to where people live. The need to transport and store large volumes of toxic chemicals and contaminated water are likely to pose negative consequences for health. Research in the US, where 65,000 shale gas wells have been drilled, suggests the risk of environmental contamination is present at all stages of extraction. These include surface spills and leakages, emissions from gas-processing equipment, and pollution from the large numbers of heavy transport vehicles involved. There is therefore ample opportunity for pollutants to contaminate the air, and ground and surface water. What about those working on the wells? While the toxicological data for the chemicals injected into wells (the fracking fluid) indicate that many of them have known adverse effects on health, there are some for which no toxicological data exists. Making a full assessment of potential risks to health has been difficult in the US because drilling operators are not required to disclose which chemicals are used. Thankfully, the UK Government has accepted the recommendations of the Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering Working Group on shale gas extraction by requiring companies to disclosure the chemicals they use. But detailed studies are needed along the entire shale gas supply chain in order to understand potential health issues. The socioeconomic implications of shale gas development on local communities before, during, and after extraction, and how risks should be communicated and minimised, are especially important tasks that need to be tackled. In addition to local threats to health and environment, another key consideration is the contribution of shale gas to climate change. There is conflicting evidence about whether fracking produces more or less greenhouse gas emissions than coal. In any case, the evidence from the US is that shale gas has developed alongside the use of coal, rather than replacing it, leading to an overall increase in greenhouse gas emissions. When considering the viability of fracking, it will be important for health impact assessments to include the long term implications of waste disposal, fugitive methane emissions escaping from the ground or the well, and other implications for human health – not just analyses of the environmental and public health risks during active development. With a technically challenging and global industry it’s vitally important that data and expertise is readily shared. In coming decades, climate policies and declining fuel reserves will probably drive substantial changes in energy policy. As the development of shale gas plays into questions of alternative sources of energy it can provide a good case study into the challenges ahead. What is important is that all the potential risks – immediate and for the long term – are established quickly so that policy and regulation can be made fit for purpose.
DEFLATE :: Overview Other project properties A VHDL implementation of the open DEFLATE data compression algorithm. The DEFLATE standard is specified in RFC 1951 and was jointly developed by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler. More information about the DEFLATE algorithm is available on the zlib library home page www.zlib.org The full text of the deflate specification and a brief explanation are available on : At the core the algorithm uses LZ77 compression, a veriy nice explanation for which is available on the zlib website and I have quoted below LZ77 compression works by finding sequences of data that are repeated. The term ``sliding window'' is used; all it really means is that at any given point in the data, there is a record of what characters went before. A 32K sliding window means that the compressor (and decompressor) have a record of what the last 32768 (32 * 1024) characters were. When the next sequence of characters to be compressed is identical to one that can be found within the sliding window, the sequence of characters is replaced by two numbers: a distance, representing how far back into the window the sequence starts, and a length, representing the number of characters for which the sequence is identical. I realize this is a lot easier to see than to just be told. Let's look at some highly compressible data: Blah blah blah blah blah! Our datastream starts by receiving the following characters: `B,' `l,' `a,' `h,' ` ,' and `b.' However, look at the next five characters: Blah blah blah blah blah! There is an exact match for those five characters in the characters that have already gone into the datastream, and it starts exactly five characters behind the point where we are now. This being the case, we can output special characters to the stream that represent a number for length, and a number for distance. The data so far: Blah blah b The compressed form of the data so far: The compression can still be increased, though to take full advantage of it requires a bit of cleverness on the part of the compressor. Look at the two strings that we decided were identical. Compare the character that follows each of them. In both cases, it's `l' -- so we can make the length 6, and not just five. But if we continue checking, we find the next characters, and the next characters, and the next characters, are still identical -- even if the so-called ``previous'' string is overlapping the string we're trying to represent in the compressed data! It turns out that the 18 characters that start at the second character are identical to the 18 characters that start at the seventh character. It's true that when we're decompressing, and read the length, distance pair that describes this relationship, we don't know what all those 18 characters will be yet -- but if we put in place the ones that we know, we will know more, which will allow us to put down more... or, knowing that any length-and-distance pair where length > distance is going to be repeating (distance) characters again and again, we can set up the decompressor to do just that. It turns out our highly compressible data can be compressed down to just this: Blah b[D=5, L=18]! Then distance and length pairs have to be encoded into huffman codes that follow all the rules of classic huffman trees but with two extra rules 1. In the variation used by the Deflate standard, there are two additional rules: elements that have shorter codes are placed to the left of those with longer codes. 2. Among elements with codes of the same length, those that come first in the element set are placed to the left. A more detailed explanation is available at the website below: Using the DJB2 hash algorithm, algorithm currently uses 112 slices and outputs a 32 hash key. Now working on search and match using the hash algorithm Improved DJB2 algorithm implemented, some changes made to synchronisie the modules better, algorithm now uses only one slice and is implemented with a 4 byte buffer. Implemented the LZ77 algorithm but haventuploaded it as it needs to be integrated with the huffman tree algorithm and that is still being coded.
Pair Match Window The Pair Match Window allows you to join two tables together side-by-side, aligning rows by matching values in some of their columns between the tables. It can be obtained using the Pair Match () button in the Control Window toolbar or Joins menu. In a typical scenario you might have two tables each representing a catalogue of astronomical objects, and you want a third table with one row for each object which has an entry in both of the original tables. An object is defined as being the same one in both tables if the co-ordinates in both rows are "similar", for instance if the difference between the positions indicated by RA and Dec columns differ by no more than a specified angle on the sky. Matching rows to produce the join requires you to specify the criteria for rows in both tables to refer to the same object and what to do when one is found - the options are discussed in more detail in Section 5.2. The result is created from the Apparent versions of the tables being joined, so that any row subsets, hidden columns, or sorts currently in force will be reflected in the output. Progress information on the match, which may take a little while, is provided in the logging window and by a progress bar at the bottom of the window. When it is completed, you will be informed by a popup window which indicates that a new table has been created. This table will be added to the list in the Control Window and can be examined, manipulated and saved like any other. In some cases, some additional columns will be added to the output table which give you more information about how it has progressed (see Appendix A.8.2.1. The Match Window provides a set of controls which allow you to choose how the match is done and what the results will look like. It consists of these main parts: For information on the Tuning Parameters () and Full Profiling () toolbar buttons, see Appendix A.8.1.3.
Thyme, Ph.D. stud. Mette and Ambus, Dr Per (2002) Production of N2O in grass-clover pastures. In: van Ham, J; Baede, APM; Guicherit, R and Williams-Jacobse, JGFM (Eds.) Non-CO2 greenhouse gases: Scientific understanding, control options and policy aspects, Millpress, Rotterdam, Holland, pp. 149-150. This is the latest version of this item. In organic as well as conventional dairy farming, grass-clover pastures is an important component of the cropping system. This is because grass-clover is an excellent cattle fodder, and because clover has the ability of fixing atmospheric N2. When budgets for N2O emissions are made accord-ing to the IPCC guidelines it is assumed that 1.25 % of added nitrogen is emitted as N2O. This emission factor is used for all nitrogen inputs although the factor relies on experiments with fertilizer and manure, only. The emission factor for biological fixed nitrogen may be lower than 1.25 %, because nitrogen is released only slowly into the soil. However knowledge is very sparse. On the other hand, when the effect of grazing cattle is added the situation might be different. In Denmark organic cattle are supposed to be on grazing fields for at least 150 days a year. Nitrogen returned to the system in urine and dung is likely to locally exceed the needs of the plants and is therefore at risk of being lost as N2O. Thus far, however, there have only been a few detailed estimates of total N2O emissions from grassland livestock productions, and understanding of the factors controlling N2O emissions remains unsatisfactory. \|EPrint Type:\|\|Conference paper, poster, etc.\| \|Type of presentation:\|\|Paper\| \|Subjects:\|\|Environmental aspects > Air and water emissions\| \|Research affiliation:\|\|Denmark > DARCOF II (2000-2005) > I.13 (DINOG) Dinitrogen fixation and nitrous oxide losses in grass-clover pastures\| \|Deposited By:\|\|Ambus, Professor Per\| \|Deposited On:\|\|01 Oct 2007\| \|Last Modified:\|\|12 Apr 2010 07:28\| Available Versions of this Item Production of N2O in grass-clover pastures. (deposited 13 Feb 2003) - Production of N2O in grass-clover pastures. (deposited 01 Oct 2007) [Currently Displayed] Repository Staff Only: item control page
Solving for a divisor of .33 and picking R1 = 100K, we get a value for R2 of 49.25K. You are not going to find a 49.25K, at least not one you can afford. You will need to select a standard value resistor. First, use 1% resistors. Regular 5% resistors will not give you very accurate readings. The nearest standard 1% resistors are 48.7K and 49.9K ohms. We want the lower value because a higher value resistor would deliver more than 3.3V with a 10V battery. The voltage divider with 100K and 48.7K resistors will give a divider ratio of 3.275. You might try other combinations of standard resistor values to see if you can get closer to the desired divisor ratio, but it is not usually that important. Whatever divisor ratio you end up using, you will need to factor that in when calculating the actual battery voltage. For example, if the A/D converter reads 4 volts and the divisor was .5, we have 4/.5 or 8V. So far we had assumed for simplicity that the bottom of R2 was grounded. We would not want to do that in practice because current would also be flowing through the resistors all the time. This will reduce battery life. To prevent this we connect the resistor to a digital I/O pin, P0 in Figure 15-1. Most of the time this pin is set to be an input. This presents a high impedance at the bottom end of R2 and very little current will flow. When we want to measure the battery voltage we first change the pin to an output set low. This will be very close to ground and we can then take our measurement. After the reading is complete, the pin is changed back to an input. There will be a bit of voltage drop from the transistor to ground inside the micro. This will cause some loss of accuracy of the voltage reading. This will probably not be too important since battery life estimates are just that, estimates. If you need higher accuracy you can use a FET transistor to ground and turn that on and off. Pick a FET with a low Rds-on specification. A different version of the battery and regulator is when you use a boost switching regulator. You could for example use a single 1.5V battery with a regulator that bumps the battery voltage up to what the micro can work at, say 3.3V. In this case you could just connect the battery to the A/D input pin. One word of caution though. Switching regulators often generate a fair amount of noise. To get accurate readings you might need a bit of filtering to battery voltage signal to the micro. Part 10 discusses simple RC filtering. Direct Battery power Often it is desirable to power the micro directly to the battery with no regulator. This reduces the part cost and does not waste power in the regulator. Of course you need a battery and micro combination where the micro operates properly in the range of voltages the battery will present during its useful life. We don’t have to worry about putting too much voltage directly to the A/D pin since it will never be higher than the supply voltage. Can we just connect the battery to the A/D pin without the voltage divider?
Sixteen million Americans (6% of the U.S population) have diabetes, but only 8 million have been diagnosed. Diabetes is the fourth leading cause of death by disease in the U.S. Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, blindness, non-traumatic amputation and impotence. Heart disease and stroke are two to six times more common in people with diabetes. Recent evidence has shown that the complications of diabetes can be greatly reduced in severity, if not prevented, when people with diabetes control their blood glucose, blood pressure, and weight, reduce lipid abnormalities, exercise regularly, and stop cigarette smoking. Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) ·Approximately 10% of people diagnosed with diabetes have type 1. ·Onset can occur at any age. ·Weight loss, increased urination, and increased thirst sensation my occur abruptly at onset. The patient produces only minimal amounts of insulin and eventually must depend on insulin therapy to sustain life and prevent diabetic ketoacidosis. ·Etiology is related to beta cell defect of failure. Most common form is autoimmune destruction of islet cells. Rate of beta cell destruction is quite variable, being rapid in some individuals – mainly infants and children, and slow in others – mainly adults. Some forms of type 1 diabetes have no known etiology and are classified as “idiopathic diabetes”. Type 2 Diabetes (Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) ·Approximately 90% of people with diabetes have type 2. ·Onset usually occurs after age 30, but can occur earlier in life. ·There are relatively few classic symptoms and little likelihood of diabetic ketoacidosis. Insulin may be used to control glucose, but is not needed for survival. ·About 75% of patients with type 2 are obese. ·Etiology includes insulin resistance with relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency. There are many different causes of this form of diabetes, and it is likely that the proportion of patients in this category will decrease in the future as identification of specific pathogenic processes or genetic defects permit better differentiation among them and a more definitive subclassification into other specific types. ·Characterized by glucose intolerance with onset during pregnancy. ·All pregnant women should be screened at 24 to 28 weeks gestation with a 50 g glucose challenge test (does not need to be fasting). If the plasma glucose at 1h >140mg/dl, do a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using a 100g load. ·Diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made if two or more plasma glucose levels equal or exceed the following on a 3 h, 100 g load OGTT: Fasting 1h 2h 3h 105mg/dl 190mg/dl 165mg/dl 145mg/dl ·Six weeks after delivery, the woman should be classified by diagnostic testing into one of the following categories: Type 1 Diabetes All patients need training in: ·Serial monitoring of blood glucose with record keeping ·Insulin use (with adjustment & supplementation guidelines). ·Sick day and DKA management ·Hypoglycemia prevention & treatment ·Chronic complications, with screening guidelines to detect early disease ·Ongoing monitoring, with glycosylated hemoglobin four times a year. ·Soluble and very rapidly absorbed ·Onset ~ 15 min, peak 30 – 90 min, duration 3 – 4 hours ·When mixed with NPH, L, or UL must be injected immediately ·Soluble and rapidly absorbed ·Onset < 1h, peak 2 – 3 hours, and usual effective duration 3 – 6 hours for human regular ·Available in buffered form for pump use ·Altered to slow absorption ·Precipitated with protamine ·Onset 2 – 4 hours, peak 4 – 10 hours, and usual effective duration 10 – 16 h for human NPH ·Available as premixed 70 % NPH/30 % regular and 50% NPH/50% regular ·Altered to slow absorption ·Peak and duration of Lente similar to NPH ·More likely than NPH to interact with regular when mixed ·Available in long-acting form (ultralente) which can be used as basal insulin with pre-meal regular or lispro. Insulin therapy should be administered to provide a basal amount, as well as peaks after each meal. The basal amount may vary by time of day. For example, many insulin-dependent patients have an increased early morning need, known as the “dawn phenomenon”. Insulin therapy should mimic the natural release of insulin by the beta cells release. Insulin requirements are as follows: ·Starting dose = 0.2 x body weight in pounds ·Average dose= 0.3 x body weight in pounds ·Administer in two, three or more injections. Insulin dose adjustments for all regimens are based on daily blood glucose levels and on the peak effect of a given insulin dose. Assumed peaks are: ·Lispro 1 – 2 hours ·Regular: 2 – 4 hrs ·NPH: 4 – 10 hrs ·Ultralente: 14 – 18 hrs Adjustments should be made by 20% increments (e.g., 1 U for doses of 5 U; 2 U for doses of 10 U). Should be done the day following a below range blood glucose to avoid repeat hypoglycemia. Should be delayed for 2 days to establish a pattern. People with diabetes should record their blood glucose on a flow sheet with their insulin doses and other comments (e.g., exercise, reactions) Serial monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) Most, if not all, patients with Type 1 should use intensive insulin therapy with the goal of obtaining near-normalization of blood glucose. In order to meet this goal, one needs to monitor blood glucose pre-meal, at bedtime, and periodically at in the morning. These results are used to make daily insulin adjustments to obtain blood glucose within an individual’s target range. Two-hour post prandial (after meal) BG measurements should be added for lispro programs, pregnancy or patients with elevated HBA1c despite good fasting BG. People with hypoglycemic unawareness follow the same SMBG recommendations as other Type 1 individuals, except their target range is set higher. ·Carbohydrate 55 – 60 % ·Fiber 35 – 40 g/day ·Protein 15 – 20% (0.8 g/kg body weight if no kidney disease; 0.4g/kg per day if nephropathy) ·Fat < 30% (of this < 10% should be saturated fat) ·Cholesterol < 300 mg/day ·Sodium < 3g/day Coordinate the insulin regimen with the timing of meals and the distribution of calories during the day. Carbohydrate counting may be used instead of a fixed meal plan. To determine insulin to carbohydrate ratio, insulin must be first adjusted to a fixed carbohydrate meal and once blood glucose is in a normal range, a ratio can be calculated. Patient then free to take insulin based on carbohydrate consumed. On average, 1 unit of insulin covers 7 to 15 g of carbohydrate. ·Ameliorates cardiac risk factors by increasing ·Improves sense of well being and quality of life. ·Improves strength and endurance for conduct of daily activities. ·Hypoglycemia, if the insulin level during and post-exercise is high. ·Hyperglycemia and potential ketosis, if insulin levels is too low. ·May precipitate arrhythmic or myocardial event if patient has significant heart disease. ·May hasten development of significant foot or joint problems if neuropathy or other joint disease is present. ·May precipitate acute vitreous hemorrhage if proliferative retinopathy is present. ·Perform detailed medical evaluation prior to initiation. (Include ECG with determination of workload capacity if patient is over 40 of age, has had diabetes for more than 20 years, or has heart disease). ·Determine target heart rate as 60 – 75 % of maximal heart rate. (Estimate of maximal heart rate is 220 minus age.) ·Patient should exercise 3 times per week to maintain cardiovascular condition and 5 times per week to maintain and promote weight loss. Each session shinclude: ·Warm up period (5 – 10 min) stretching and rhythmic movements. ·Aerobic period (20 – 30 min) at 60 – 75 % of maximal heart rate. ·Cool down period ( 5 – 10 min) ·If proliferative retinopathy or hypertension is present, patient should avoid lifting, straining and intense upper body exercises. ·If feet are neuropathic, avoid running and high impact aerobics. For safe exercise in Type 1, the patient should: ·Carry an ID card and bracelet. ·Monitor blood glucose pre- and post- exercise to determine individual response. Note: Delay exercise if blood glucose is < 80mg/dl or > 250 mg/dl, or if urine ketones are present. ·Watch for hypoglycemia during and for several hours after exercise. ·Have immediate access to readily absorbable glucose (e.g., glucose tablets) during and after exercise. ·Drink plenty of fluids pre- and post-exercise to prevent dehydration. ·Take extra carbohydrates: 10 – 15 g per hour of moderate activity 30 – 59 g per hour of strenuous activity The major side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia. Patients and family/house-hold members should be trained to recognize and treat hypoglycemia. Symptoms of hypoglycemia are: ·Cold and clammy sweating ·Impaired level of consciousness, as the patient becomes more hypoglycemic. If the patient is conscious, the treatment of choice is 10 – 15 g oral glucose (e.g., 2-glucose tablets or 4-oz juice). Repeat in 15 – 20 min if the hypoglycemia persists. If the next meal is more than 1 – 2 hours away, the patient should also eat an extra snack. If the patient cannot safely swallow, parenteral treatment is required. If an IV is in place, the treatment of choice is 25 ml of 50%glucose. If an IV access is not available, 1 mg IM or SC glucagon should be given. It results from lack of insulin. The condition presents with: ·Acidosis (pH < 7.2 or bicarb < 15) ·An increased anion gap [(Na+K) – (Cl + ·Ketosis (ketonemia or large ketonuria) ·Hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dl) Findings include vomiting, abdominal pain, polyuria, hyperpnea, dehydration, and coma in severe cases. Here, the patient needs hospitalization with proper fluid replacement and insulin. Diabetes can affect the mental health of patients. Emotional support is important, especially when there is a major change in the disease course (e.g., diagnosis, initiation of a new treatment regimen, or the development of complications). Good diabetes control requires adherence to a program of diet, exercise, SMBG, and medication, if needed. This requires a great deal of effort, emotional commitment and dedication on the part of the patient. Failure to adhere to the diabetes care program is a common problem, which may present as poor diabetes control. Signs of poor adherence: ·Deterioration of blood glucose control ·Frequent need for hospitalization ·Missing diabetes records Psychological stress may contribute to deterioration of diabetes control. A patient under stress will often vary his/her lifestyle, including schedules and eating habits, and suffer consequent glucose swings. Stress also can affect glucose control directly. Eating disorders are more common in diabetes. Skipping insulin to lose weight is an eating disorder unique to people with diabetes. Enhance patient adherence ·Tailor the diabetes care regimen to the patient and his/her caregivers. Adjust treatment plan for intellectual or financial limitations as needed. ·Discuss recommendations with patient and agree on a treatment plan that the patient is likely to follow. ·Begin with a simple program and increase the complexity as appropriate. Article By: eDoctorOnline.com Staff
\|RHODOPHYTA : GIGARTINALES : Dumontiaceae\|\|RED ALGAE\| Description: Thallus a broad oval frond arising from a discoid holdfast the short stipe expanding into a thick flat frond up to 50 cms long and 10 cms or so broad. Leatherly and deep blood red in colour, older fronds often split down to the stipe. Habitat: Common. Epilithic in deep rock pools of the low littoral into the sublittoral to depths of more than 35 m. Distribution: Around the British Isles including the Shetlands and the Channel Islands. Europe: Portugal, Spain, France, the Baltic, Norway, Spitzbergen and Iceland. Similar Species: Palmaria palmata, the edible "Dulse" is vaguely similar, however Dilsea is much more leatherly and less branched. Key Identification Features: Distribution Map from NBN: Interactive map : National Biodiversity Network mapping facility, data for UK. WoRMS: Species record : World Register of Marine Species. \|Morton, O. & Picton, B.E. (2016). Dilsea carnosa (Schmidel) Kuntze. [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. \| http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=ZM2560 Accessed on 2017-08-18 \|Copyright © National Museums of Northern Ireland, 2002-2015\|
A small proportion of the population cannot see color, instead they view the world as mono-chromatic (shades of grey). One such individual is Neil Harbisson, who was born in Barcelona, Spain. As reported in The Telegraph , when he was in his 20's, Harbisson had a fortuitous meeting with a cyberneticist called Adam Montandon, (who was based at the University of Plymouth, UK). When Harbisson described the way he saw the world the two of them decided to undertake a technological experiment designed to help Harbisson to perceive colors. After considering different options, Montandon was inspired by the physical similarities of light and sound. From this Montadon and Harbisson created a device modelled on a computer webcam which translated the light waves that correspond to different colors into sounds with different pitches. They dubbed the device, according to The Sun , the "eyeborg". By practicing with the device, Harbisson learnt several color/pitch associations. According to The Scientist , Harbisson can hear colors of wavelengths not visible to the human eye, such as those in the infrared. From this pioneering work, Harbisson's has gone to create a series of short films and videoart works based on the relationship between colour and sound and the relationship between humans and colour. Here is one of them:
Most of the people in the world loss their vision due Cataract. It means ope city of the lens. In India this is most common problem, 3 million people are loss their vision because of Cataract. 1/3 rd of blind people living in India, so eye care is very important. With out vision we can’t able to see this beautiful world which is having lought of god things. The people who are blind they know very well regarding vision. Here some of the tips which can help in improve your eye sight in easy way. If we follow this means you can improve your eye sight as well as you can able to prevent the occurrence of blindness. Why because prevention is better than cure. TIP TO ENHANCE THE EYE SIGHT : Most important and fist one is ENSURE THAT YOUR EYES REMAIN HYDRATE : For this you have to take 3-4 liters of water daily. This is improve the hydration of eye, If its not possible take at least 8-10 glasses of water . And don’t forget to wear sun glasses when you are out, It prevent the dryness of your eye because of wind. If your eye is still dry means ask your ophthalmologist to give simple saline solution which can improve hydration of your eyes APPLY 20/20/20 RULE IN YOUR LIFE : Apply 20/20/20, rule in your life if you are working regularly on computer. According to this rule avoid watching computer screen every 20 minutes, and watch 20 feet distance objective from your desk for 20 seconds. this will help you to reduce eye strain as well as blurred vision. TAKE GOOD NUTRITION AND BALANCED DIET AND ENSURE PROPER SLEEP : Good nutrition and balanced diet is important for healthy body as well as healthy eyes. Take plenty of green leafy vegetables and dry fruits & nuts, Vitamin – A containing foods, Non vegetarian foods in your diet. And take antioxidant food high in your diet which helps in improving your eye sight. And also 8 hours sleep is important to prevent eye strain. So give proper sleep to your eyes. WASH YOUR EYE WHEN YOU FEEL STRAIN : Wash your eyes regularly with cold water. When you feel extremely strain take a mug full of water and keep it near to the eyes & rotate your eyes by placing one eye in mug full of water. Repeat this for second eye also. Do this for 20 minutes. Than you will get re leaf from strain. PERFORM EYE EXERCISE DAILY : Performing eye exercise daily is important which not only improve your eye sight, It also improve eye strength. so practice a simple eye exercise. Here simple eye exercise which help in reduce eye strain and improve eye sight, First rub your pams until it’s warm than place your pam on your eye for 10 second. Than slowly open your eyes. And repeat it for 20 times. This simple steps should help you to improve your eye sight, and reduce eyestrain, So follow this tips and enjoy your life.
Finding death certificates for our ancestors is a critically important part of family history research. These important records contain information about when and where our ancestor lived and died and often include names of a spouse, parents, witnesses and, of course, a cause of death. But the causes of death on death certificates are notoriously hard to read. Certainly, the more we research the better we get at deciphering the meaning of these sloppily written medical texts, but, very often, we are still left scratching our heads. Luckily there is a “secret” code on many of these documents that can help you make sense of this information and more fully understand how your ancestor passed. Let’s review a 1920 North Carolina death certificate for a man by the name of Daniel Adams. This document, like so many, is difficult to read due to the less than clear handwriting of the person who completed it. In fact, the index for this record on Ancestry lists the first name as Savill, apparently due to the inability of the transcriber to read the document, which is what we originally also listed here. Thanks to the keen eyes of our commenters this possible error was pointed out to us and after some more research we confirmed that the name should, in fact, be Daniel. We have corrected his name throughout the article and additionally submitted a correction to Ancestry. It is a good lesson in how easy it is to misread a handwritten record, even when you have been doing so for decades – and how often indexes and transcriptions contain incorrect information, which can mislead us if we are not very cautious. The cause of death is particularly hard to decipher. But take a look at the number that is circled underneath this information. You have no doubt noticed codes such as this on death certificates in your own records. This often overlooked number comes from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems as it is now known in full – and is currently maintained and updated by the World Health Organization. The ICD was originally developed in the late 1800s and was known as the Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death, after its developer Jacques Bertillon, and later the International List of Causes of Death. The coding system was designed, in part, to provide a unified way to communicate and track causes of death and was used by a variety of nations. The US began using it in about 1898. For this reason many official US death certificates after this time include these codes, as do certificates from many other countries at various times. The value to researchers today is that when causes of death are unreadable or confusing on a certificate we can look up the code and find the cause of death in a clearly written database. The information is made freely available online by Wolfbane Cybernetic. To find the list of codes visit this page and then choose the revision that encompasses the year of your certificate. Because updates were/are made to the database about every 10 years you will need to access the correct revision. Information can change dramatically from revision to revision, so making sure you have the correct one is very important. Since we want to investigate the code in the death certificate for Daniel Adams above, which was created in 1920, we will need to see which revision was created before this certificate was recorded. Revision 3 was created in 1920, but information from the CDC on the history of the coding system tells us that this revision wasn’t released until Oct of that year – so we will use Revision 2 (1909) since Daniel’s death happened in July 1920. Upon visiting the page for the 1909 Revision we search for code 126 and find that it corresponds to “Diseases of the prostate,” which is very helpful in understanding how this person died. The number often relates to the contributory cause of death, if one is included. In the example below, this person died from myocarditis, damage to the heart, but code 131 corresponds to “Chronic nephritis.”Upon close examination we can see that, in fact, the contributing cause of death was a form of nephritis. Upon close examination we can see that, in fact, the contributing cause of death was a form of nephritis. Unfortunately, many death records do not contain this information. Numerous records that researchers have access to are not official certificates of death, were compiled by various religious or military organizations, are collections of information from other sources, or are simply indexes of the certificates themselves and do not contain detailed medical information. It is important to try and gain access to the original death certificate to gather this information. However, even many official certificates do not make these codes available – and others may contain numbers that are not ICD codes at all. Be careful not to be confused by these. Oftentimes, ICD codes appear directly under or next to the cause of death and are sometimes circled or marked in some other way. Other codes found in this area, or in other locations on the document, many be codes for other information or from another coding system. The best way to know whether a number is an ICD code is to do your best to decipher the cause of death (and any contributing causes) yourself and then look up the code in the database to see if it seems a likely match. The more recent a death certificate, the more likely that it will contain an ICD code. Often, these codes will appear as a two or three digit number, and on later documents they will often appear with a letter after them or even another number, such as 31a or 11a(2). Now that you are armed with this information, why not pull out the death certificates you have already collected and check them for these codes? You might find that you are able to decipher a previously unreadable cause of death or gain more insight into those you have already figured out. The Chattanooga Paint Company specialized in Metallic paints and also Mortar Colors. It was located at west Missionary Ave. and Belt, Ry. The two brands they produced were Eclipse Mortar colors, And Lowe's Metallic Paints. Organized in 1884 they would undergo extensive improvements February of 1895. In their first year (1884) it was said they averaged twenty tons of paint a day. And in 1886 it was estimated that the Chattanooga Paint Company ground about one thousand tons of paint a year. One Of the original Colors they started out with a red tint was said to be a product strictly of Tennessee, because all the ingredients to create the paint came from state. And the product was boasted to have been sold in nearly all states of the Union east to west . In 1908 according to Bulletin 379 - 380 of the United States Geological Survey, it stated they received Oar from the Ooltewah Area . The Red Oar was mined in underground drifts 1 mile from the railroad at the White oak syncline north of Hitches Switch. In 1916 the President of the Company Albert E. Tucker passed away on June 30th. Born in Michigan in 1860 he moved to Chattanooga Around 1880. When he first moved here his interest was in the Lumber trade. At the end of his first year in the Lumber trade he sold it to Messrs Morris & Woodward. Then in 1883 he formed a partnership with Colonel Samuel B. Lowe as a broker in Iron and Steel, brokered under Lowe & Tucker. Then in 1884 he formed the Chattanooga Paint Company with Mr. Lowe and others. He was head of the company until his death in 1916. He was Also a director in the American Trust & Banking Company, a member of the Manufacturing Association and of the Chamber of Commerce. He was also a member of the Mountain City Club and a charter member of the local Elk's Club. He survived by one daughter Miss Helen Tucker, his sisters Mrs Elise Lowe and Mrs. W. E. Dyer. He also had three brothers one of who worked at the Chattanooga Paint Company as its secretary/treasurer J. G. Tucker. His other Two brothers lived out of state. In the beginning of 1918 the company filed Articles of Incorporation with the capital of ten thousand dollars. The incorporators were John R. Marshall , Lena Marshall , Mary A. Marshall and J. Voigt. Advertisements for the Chattanooga Paint Company could be found all the way into the early 1960's All Photos are part of Chattanooga has History collection. The original location of the Confederama was located in Lookout Valley off Cummings Highway from 1957-1962. However, the Confederama moved in 1963 to Saint Elmo where it stayed till 1997. In 1997, it moved to its current location near Point Park on top of Lookout Mountain . Hamilton County Pioneers - The Rogers Family Wednesday, June 13, 2007 - by John Wilson edited by Christopher Dahl Long before Chattanooga had been established as a city, Elisha Rogers owned thousands of acres in the beautiful valley at Mountain Creek at the foot of Walden's Ridge. Some of this land he acquired in 1825 at 12 cents an acre. He was from Bledsoe County, having married Sarah "Sally" Thurman there in 1809 when he was 22 and she was 19. She was one of the daughters of Phillip and Kesiah Kirkland Thurman and was the sister of the wife of Asahel Rawlings, who also moved at an early date from Bledsoe County to Hamilton County.They had 16 known children, the first three of which were born in Tennessee. Elisha Rogers and his Rawlings brother-in-law originally had an interest in a turnpike that was later transferred to Hasten Poe. It was near the present Daisy. Elisha Rogers also had a place on Walden's Ridge. Elisha Rogers was born Dec. 4, 1787, in Montgomery County., Va. His family traced back to Dauswell (or Doswell) Rogers. The name Dauswell was an old one in the Rogers family, and apparently came about when a Rogers married a female Dauswell. The first Dauswell Rogers was born in 1736 and immigrated to Virginia in the mid-1700s. He appears in the records of Halifax County in 1762 in the section that became Pittsylvania County. Dauswell Rogers moved west across the Blue Ridge Mountains to Botetourt County and finally to Lee County near the Tennessee line after the Revolution. One document mentions a transfer from Dauswell Rogers Sr. to Dauswell Rogers Jr. A son of the first Dauswell Rogers was William Rogers, who was born Oct. 14, 1763. He died in White County, Tenn., in 1824 and left a large family, including Dauswell Rogers who was born in 1789 and who lived his later years in Walker County, Ga. He was a Methodist minister, and the first Dauswell Rogers in Virginia was also said by one source to be a Methodist preacher. Dauswell Rogers married Phoebe Smith, daughter of Leighton and Elizabeth Roberson Smith. His second wife was Elizabeth Vaughn Holloway. William Hurd Rogers, son of Dauswell Rogers, was a noted Methodist minister. He married Mary Ann Douthit, then Martha E. Luttrell. Richard N. Price, a Methodist historian, said William H. Rogers was “brainy but eccentric. His principal faults were vanity and affectation. He had an affected style of delivery - a mock solemnity that greatly impaired the usefulness of his sermons, exhortations, and conversations. But he was well read, and his mind was stored with general information. He was robust in body, above the average in size and strength, though not corpulent. He had a strong voice, a ready utterance, some imagination, and sometimes preached a sermon of real eloquence.” Ezekiel Birdseye, a staunch abolitionist, in 1842 spoke of William H. and Dauswell Rogers. He wrote, "Rev. William H. Rogers, whose post office is now at Dandridge, most respectfully requests you to send him papers and documents. If you could add Weld's Bible argument you could not put it in better hands. He is a learned young man ardent in the cause. He says his father, Rev. Doswell Rogers, Delphi, Marion County, is enlisted in the same grand cause and hopes you will remember him.'' The sons of Elisha Rogers included Alfred McKinney, James, John who married Elsie Gaut, Dauswell and William L. Alfred McKinney Rogers married Ann Cobbs and his brother, William L. Rogers, married her sister, Sarah Cobbs. The Cobbs sisters were daughters of Richard and Lucy Harris Cobbs, who were originally from Albemarle County, Va. Elisha also had Jackson who lived from about 1823 to about 1844, Eli who lived from about 1824 to about 1826, and Phillip who lived from about 1825 to about 1828. Alfred McKinney Rogers was born in Bledsoe County Feb. 27, 1810. He stayed on the Mountain Creek home place, which was sold at public outcry in 1858. William L. Rogers moved to South Chickamauga Creek, east of Missionary Ridge. Dauswell Rogers married Elizabeth Bennett of the Sequatchie Valley, and they settled there. James Rogers married Sarah Holloway. Kesiah Rogers, daughter of Elisha Rogers, married James C. Conner, who was Hamilton County sheriff. He bought the old Anderson Turnpike, which led across Walden's Ridge from Sequatchie Valley to Chattanooga. Other daughters of Elisha Rogers included Mary who married Russell M. Martin, Nancy who married William H. Lusk, Sally who married Alexander Martin and Phoebe who married Samuel Ware. Another daughter, Elizabeth, married Jonathan Ragon in 1847. They moved to Yell County, Arkansas, in 1850. Elizabeth Rogers Ragon died in 1884. Elisha Rogers died March 27, 1858, and Sarah Thurman Rogers spent her last days with another daughter, Susan, and her husband, John Vick. Sarah Thurman Rogers died on April 8th 1862, buried in Hamilton county. Near the time of his death, Elisha Rogers still owned land in Lee County, Va., that had been passed on to him. The children of Alfred McKinney Rogers included Madison Rawlings Rogers who lived from 1839 to 1841 and Richard Cobbs Rogers who lived from 1842 to March 13, 1863. Another son, Alfred Jefferson Rogers, was born in 1846 at Mountain Creek. He married Elizabeth Henderson, daughter of Richard Henderson, attorney and one-time mayor of Chattanooga. Henry Fletcher Rogers, another son of Alfred McKinney Rogers, was born in 1848. He was city treasurer for Chattanooga and was county register of deeds for three terms. He also served as prison commissioner at the Brushy Mountain mines. “Fletch” Rogers “for years was one of the most potent influences in political affairs in this section. He had to be reckoned with in county campaigns for over a quarter of a century.” He married Martha Ellen Lattner, a daughter of the early merchant T.J. Lattner. Alfred H. Rogers, another son of Alfred McKinney Rogers, was a county surveyor. He married Tennessee Thomas. Their children were Harry who married Lena Rose, Thomas J. who married Jessie Briggs, Fletcher and Joseph Leander who married May Gahagan. Thomas Jefferson Rogers, son of Alfred H. Rogers, was born in 1879. He became Hamilton County circuit court clerk. He married Jessie E. Briggs. The children of William L. Rogers included Lucy Ann who married William H. Smith, Leona who married Francis Marion Gardenhire, Penelope who married Elisha Taylor Durham, Virginia, Patrick and James. James and Sarah Holloway Rogers had Alfred, Alabama, Virginia, Rufus S. and Charles M. Dauswell and Elizabeth Bennett Rogers had Harriet who married Madison Layne, Sarah E. who married John Welch, Mary who lived from 1855 to 1859, Kesiah Alice who married Clarence W. Palmer, Nancy Jane who lived from 1859 to 1884, Joseph Bennett who married Laura B. Hendrix, and Hester who lived from 1865 to 1887. THERE WAS a William Rogers in early Hamilton County who had property around Moccasin Bend. This was apparently the same William Rogers who married Mary Lauderdale at Rhea County in 1814. Mary Lauderdale Rogers was one of the heirs of Joseph Dunham Sr., who in 1809 obtained 2,500 acres on the north side of the Tennessee River “on both sides of the first creek above the Suck.” The Mountain Creek property was included in this tract. Joseph Dunham Sr. was “an old Indian fighter and companion of Sevier in the early times of East Tennessee.” He died in 1815, and his Mountain Creek property was eventually bought up by Elisha Rogers. Mary Rogers, widow of William Rogers, died in 1872. Their children included Altamyra (Allena) who married Fountain Hale, Mary E. who married George Washington Thomas, Nancy A. who married Isaac G. Thomas, Cynthia A. who married Samuel P. Jones, Sarah J. who married James M. Griffin, Elizabeth S. who married William A. Cathy and Susannah Emmeline who married Charles P. Gamble. The Griffins moved to Alabama, the Cathys to Texas and the Hales to Missouri. There was a son, Monroe Rogers. Another son, William Jefferson Rogers, was born in 1820. He was a deputy sheriff, then was county clerk. A bachelor, he was known as “crippled or limping Bill Rogers.” William J. Rogers was a veteran of the Mexican War, and at the start of the Civil War he organized Co. D of the Fourth Georgia Cavalry. This unit was recruited in Lookout Valley and it marched to Dalton, Ga. William J. Rogers died near Jonesborough, Ga., in the summer of 1866. STILL ANOTHER Rogers who lived in Hamilton County prior to the Civil War was Edley Henry Rogers, son of Joseph and Susannah Shue Rogers of Lee County, Va. He was apparently a kinsman of Elisha Rogers, who was also from Lee County. Edley H. Rogers and his brother, John Henry Rogers, were living near Elisha Rogers at the time of the 1840 census. After Joseph Rogers died, Susannah Shue Rogers married Joseph Walling and they moved to McMinn County, Tenn. They were there at the time of the 1830 and 1840 censuses. Sisters of Edley Rogers were Louisa who married William M. Davis and Lucinda who married Thomas Russell. Joseph Rogers, father of Edley, had a sister, Katherine, who married William Roberts. The Roberts and Rogers families had property on Blackwater Creek at Lee County, Va. Edley Henry Rogers was born Oct. 2, 1814, and his wife was Mahala Amelia Rogers. They were married Feb. 18, 1835. The family lived in Tennessee, then moved to Georgia, and returned to Hamilton County in the vicinity of North Chickamauga Creek just before the war. The children included Joseph Washington who married Missouri Rains, Henry J., Eliza Ann who married Daniel Bradfield, John Benton who married Sarah Sniteman, William Neely David, Susan Emily who married Asahel S. Jackson, Thomas Jefferson who married Nancy Ellen Miller, Edley Anderson, Miranda Lucinda who married George W. Ewing, George Stevens and James Miles who married Elizabeth Fink. Members of this family were active in Burk's Chapel church in Hixson. Joseph Washington Rogers had 18 children - Martha, Jane who married John Rowlet, Sarah E. who married J.R. Fink, Melissa who married William Hicks, George W., Mary I. who married James Wimley, Thomas, Miranda A., Tennie who married Marion Hobbs, Leona who married L.M. Moody, Flora who married Gus Cantrell, Addie who married J.R. Van Matre, Daniel, Juda who married A.J. Shirley, James, Sammie, Ruth and Melvin. The Joseph W. Rogers family moved to Vian, Okla. William Rogers and his wife, Sarah, had W. Elbert, Edley Andrew, James, Martha who married Charles Purse, Mary and Elizabeth. They lived at Havana, Ark. Thomas Jefferson Rogers had William R., James Benton, Joseph, Nervie who married Jack Ritchie, Thomas D., David E., Margaret, Elizabeth, Susan who married James Emerson, and Henry Jackson. They lived at Havana, Ark. Thomas Jefferson Rogers moved to Arkansas. He died there July 27, 1927. Edley A. and Harriet Rogers had S. Wesley, Lee D., Adolphus, Alva, Desey, Esther, Harriet, Vivian, Newton and Elizabeth. They lived at Havana, Ark. George and Martha Rogers had Mahala who married Joseph Wilson, Theara who married James Watters, Edward, Ila who married Henry Smith, Elizabeth who married Will Henson, Altha, Bert, John, William and Robert. They lived at Havana, Ark. James and Elizabeth Rogers had Julia who married Henry Rose, Franklin, Acie, Elmer and Millard, Asbury, Ervey and Oscar. They lived at Millard, Ark. John Benton Rogers and Sarah Sniteman had James Benton who married Arabelle Rogers, Mahala Ann who married John Clark, Melissa who married Everett.E. Swingle, Christian Edley who married Ada Hawley, Daniel T. who married Kearney Stansell, and Emma who married Joseph Ashley. John Benton Rogers was a sergeant with Co. K of the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry. Sarah Sniteman Rogers died in 1911, then John B. Rogers married Mary Ashley in 1920 when he was 80 years old. He died in 1930 when he was 90. One son, J.B. Rogers of Hixson, was on the Quarterly Court. C.E. Rogers and Daniel T. Rogers, were on the faculty at East Tennessee State Normal School. C.E. Rogers was also superintendent of Johnson City School and D.T. Rogers was superintendent of Loudon city schools. ANOTHER ROGERS FAMILY in the Hixson area was that of Joseph Rogers and his wife, Rebecca Hixson. Joseph Rogers, who was born in Greene County, Tenn., in 1803, lived in the vicinity of North Chickamauga Creek. He died in 1855, but his wife lived until 1882. Joseph Rogers “was of Irish descent and a farmer and stock raiser by occupation. He began life in very ordinary circumstances and succeeded in accumulating quite a handsome fortune.” Rebecca Hixson Rogers was born in Greene County in 1803 “and was of Dutch descent.” She was a “zealous Christian worker in the Methodist Episcopal Church.” Their children included Anna who married Wiley Frizzell, Nancy who married E.L. Reagan, Rebecca who married O.S. Green, Rhoda J. who was the second wife of Allen B. Rogers, Sarah who married John M. Hixson, Caroline who married Joseph Fryar and Delilah who married William Fryar. The Reagans, Fryars and Frizzells moved to Arkansas. Pleasant Alexander Rogers, a son of Joseph and Rebecca Rogers, fought for the Union in many Civil War battles, including Stones River, as a member of the 2nd East Tennessee Infantry. He later engaged in the milling business and had a 500-acre farm on the Tennessee River. He married Mary Ella Rogers, a daughter of Henry and Charity Wingo Rogers, in 1869. Their children were Leonora E. who married Napoleon Hixson, Ernest A. who married Leona Gadd, Arabell who married James B. Rogers, Volney E. who married Helen Smith, Lawrence A. who married Bessie Selcer, Leon A. who married Ina Lewis and Gertrude who married William H. Barker. Pleasant A. Rogers died in 1934 at the age of 88. J. Foster Rogers was another son of Joseph and Rebecca Rogers. The owner of several farms, he was a justice of the peace, assistant tax collector and tax assessor. He married Martha Jane Kirklen, daughter of Elisha Kirklen, in 1869. They lived at St. Elmo. Their children were Ida and Arra. HENRY ROGERS was a very early settler in Hamilton County, arriving in the 1820s. Born in Georgia in 1796, he was married to Charity Wingo, who was born in Virginia about 1806. In addition to the daughter who married Pleasant A. Rogers, their other children included John Carroll, Paul M., Emeline, Matilda and Elizabeth. A daughter, Julia A., who was born in 1823, married Franklin Adams. Julia Rogers Adams lived until 1911. Matilda married William Champion, and Elizabeth Caroline married John Rawlston. Charity Wingo Rogers died in 1863 in the midst of the Civil War. Henry Rogers lived until 1876. GEORGE W. ROGERS, who was born in Monroe County in the early 1800s, was a carpenter and Methodist exhorter. He was a justice of the peace and deputy sheriff. His wife was Catherine Jackson of Sequatchie County. Their children included James C., Marianna Isabella who married William Riley Brown, Mary, Anna, Agnes, Catherine Eliza, John H. and Nancy. James C. Rogers was a second lieutenant in Co. D of the Fourth Georgia Cavalry. He fought at Chickamauga and elsewhere for the Confederacy, but he returned home in 1864 and was “forced into service in the regular army of the United States.” He was a farmer and blacksmith. James C. Rogers first married Mary W. Smith, daughter of Elijah and Nancy Smith. After her death in 1867, he married Lydia Barker, daughter of John H. and Nancy Barker. By his first wife, he had Elijah W., James Madison, George A. and William M. By his second wife, he had Ransom and Emma. James C. Rogers was a justice of the peace and school commissioner. John H. Rogers, son of George and Catherine Rogers, was also a Methodist minister. He married Rebecca Sniteman, a daughter of Christian Sniteman. Catherine Eliza, daughter of George W. and Catherine Rogers, married Elisha R. Martin. George W. Rogers died in 1886, and Catherine Jackson Rogers in 1880. She was "a helpless cripple from rheumatism the last eight years of her life.'' WILLIAM ROGERS, who was born in 1800, lived in the Ooltewah area with his wife, Elizabeth. Their son was Jeremiah Rogers. William Rogers listed $10,000 in personal estate and $30,000 in real estate just before the war. Allen B. Rogers, who was born about 1811, was apparently a brother of William Rogers. Allen B. Rogers and his first wife, Sarah, apparently had no children. Shortly after the Civil War, Allen B. Rogers took as his second wife Rhoda J. Rogers, daughter of Joseph and Rebecca Hixson Rogers. He was then in his late fifties and she was in her early thirties. Their children included John Pleasant, William M., Allen and James Foster. John Pleasant Rogers married Mary Fryar, daughter of Sevier Fryar. James Clifford Rogers, who still resides at Ooltewah, is a grandson of John Pleasant Rogers and son of William Lonzo Rogers. William M. Rogers moved to Cohutta, Ga. James Foster Rogers married Mandy Hopper Brogan. William and Allen B. Rogers were active in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church at Ooltewah. After the Civil War, William and Elizabeth Rogers moved to Washington County, Ark., along with the Arnett and Douglas families. SPENCER CLACK ROGERS, who was born in 1816, was a prominent Chattanoogan prior to the war. He was descended from Elijah Rogers, a prominent Baptist preacher, and from Spencer Clack, a hero of the Revolution who entered some 1,000 acres across the Pigeon River from Sevierville. S.C. Rogers was married to Jane Chandler, sister of the merchant Benjamin Chandler. Spencer Rogers was one of the incorporators of the City Water Company, and he was interested in property on Lookout Mountain at the first settlement around Holman Spring (present Commons area). His wife, Jane, died in 1855 and was buried on the mountain. When the casket was dug up in 1871 for removal to another site, it was so heavy that it could hardly be lifted. Spencer Rogers had the casket opened, and it was found that the body had petrified. One of the daughters of Spencer Rogers, Harriet, married James Cravens, a son of Robert Cravens. Other children of Spencer Rogers included John C., Arthur C., Bartley, Jane C., Cornelia A., Emeline, William S. and George M. BARTHOLOMEW ROGERS was born in Kings County, Ireland, and he made his way to Hamilton County. He came to the United States in 1821. Rogers enlisted with the Fourth U.S. Infantry Nov. 25, 1836, at Syracuse, N.Y. His company was involved in fighting with Indians in Florida, then was transferred to Camp Worth and Fort Cass, Tenn. He was discharged Oct. 22, 1838, at Fort Cass by order of Gen. Winfield Scott. Bartholomew Rogers married Rebecca Gibson in 1843. Their children included William, John and Louise Jane who married Edward H. Thompson. "RHEA SETTLER SAMUEL FITZGERALD ONE OF CITY'S 'FIRST 53 CITIZENS' Chattanooga Free Press, September 24, 1994, page 7 by John Wilson "Samuel Fitzgerald was one of Chattanooga's 'first 53 citizens.' His father, the pioneer William Fitzgerald, is buried in a graveyard at the Honors Golf Course in Ooltewah. William and Samuel Fitzgerald were apparently descended from George Fitzgerald, who was living in Virginia in July of 1779 when he enlisted to fight in the Revolution. He fought against the British and Tories at Ninety Six and Eutaw and was discharged at Salisbury, N.C., on Feb. 1, 1781. George Fitzgerald, who was born in 1739, made his way after the war to Franklin County, Ga. William Fitzgerald and some of his kinsmen left Franklin County and settled near the Tennessee River in Rhea County. William, Anderson and Andrew Fitzgerald had tracts near Tavenor Masoner. Margaret Fitzgerald, daughter of William Fitzgerald, became Masoner's second wife. William Fitzgerald about 1840 settled at Ooltewah in the section that later was taken off as James County. He was living there near where a lake is located at Hiawatha Estates when he died of dropsy on March 5, 1850. His widow, Eda Dobbs Fitzgerald, lived until about the time of the Civil War. Samuel Fitzgerald, who was born about 1804, married Nancy Blankenship in 1828 in Franklin County, GA. He was one of the early investors in Chattanooga as well as the village of Cottonport near Washington in Rhea County. Apparently, Samuel Fitzgerald joined his relatives in the West soon after his father's death. His children included Rounse, Eglatine, Clementine, William, John and George. Another daughter, Mary Tennessee, married David Stewart Stokes. A son, Will Stokes, was a leading Chattanooga photographer for Another son of Samuel Fitzgerald was named Hiram Douglas after a well-known preacher at Ooltewah. Hiram D. Fitzgerald stayed in Chattanooga and was a lieutenant on the police department at the time of the cholera and yellow fever epidemics. Then he was chief of the fire department. He married Maggie Vineyard. When Hiram died in 1918, he was termed "the last member of a large family. His parents were pioneers who lived among the Indians." His daughter, Carlia May, married W.A. Degler and they lived on Other children of William Fitzgerald included Mary, Nasa, William Jr. and Woodson. Mary Fitzgerald had a son, Nasa A. Fitzgerald, who was killed on March 26, 1907, when he was hit by a train. Willaim Fitzgerald Jr. occupied his parents' old home at Ooltewah. He married Angeline Denny, whose sister, Nancy, married Woodson Fitzgerald. The children of William Jr. included Elijah, Angeline who married a Jones, Savannah who married a Hixson, and Robert Henry. Another daughter, Emily, married A. Taylor Roy. Elijah and his wife, Cecile Miller, had a son, Frank, and daughter, Dorothy, who was a schoolteacher. Robert H. F Fitzgerald also taught school and was chairman of the deacon board at the Shepherd Baptist Church. He died in 1933 after collapsing while in the procession for the funeral of his cousin, William A. Woodson Fitzgerald was featured in one James County publication as a 'progressive citizen, a strong believer in education, and a member of the Baptist church.' He had 137 acres on the Georgetown and Ringgold Road two miles south of Ooltewah and was a farmer and stock raiser. During the Civil War Woodson Fitzgerald fought for the South with Company F of the 36th Tennessee Infantry. He was wounded during the second day of the fighting at Chickamauga with a minie ball passingthrough the upper part of his right leg, shattering two bones. His wife was able to reach him at Green's Lake and take him home in an ox cart. His children included William Augustus, R.A., Eli B., Jennie, Thomas, Mary, Hiram Douglas and Margaret M. William A. Fitzgerald married Sarah Catherine Chapman, and their children included Elbert Lawrence, Robert L., Tavner Herbert, Addie, Inester, William Garrett and Nancy A. Some of the descendants of the Baptist minister Archibald Fitzgerald also lived in the vicinity of Ooltewah. Archibald was from South Carolina, but he was living on the Duck River in West Tennessee when his son, Asa, was born in 1809. The family moved to Indiana, but later returned to Tennessee. Asa Fitzgerald went in the Baptist pulpit in 1851. He married Judith Warren of Indiana, then in 1874 he married Margaret Whittle, a native of Sevier Several of Asa's sons fought on the Union side. Archibald, Eli B. and Squire joined William Clift's outfit at Huntsville, Ala. John F. , who was later county jailkeeper, was with Company B of the First Tennessee William H. Fitzgerald , the only son of Asa by his second wife, became a prominent minister and at one time pastored the First Baptist Church of Asheville, N.C. Later Dr. Fitzgerald was a missionary to Indians at Cherokee, N.C. Archibald Fitzgerald was born in 1834 in Indiana. He married Susan Mary Melvina Baker and they lived at the railroad stop at Howardsville near Apison. Their children were Eli A. "Dump" who married Susan Garner, Mary Jane who died of typhoid fever in 1880, Squier, Henry Harrison who married Ida Kelley, Evandil who died as an infant, and Callie who was a popular music teacher. Another son, William Luther, married Kate Alexander. Their daughter, Evandil, married Claude Howell and lives in Chattanooga. Elijah, another son of Archibald and Susan Fitzgerald, married Annie McGee. Their daughter, Mabel, married Jack Cornutt. The children of his son, Otto, still living are Lou, Archie and Ruth Buckner. Lou Fitzgerald is a longtime major league baseball scout. Archie Fitzgerald is vice chairman of Cleveland Bank and Trust Co. The Fitzgerald Cemetery in 1938 was 'in the woods with very bad roads leading to it, and the cemetery itself is much neglected and overgrown.' The cemetery is now beside the splendidly manicured 17th green of the Honors Course." BOYDS PAID 50 CENTS – $2 AN ACRE FOR OOLTEWAH LAND IN EARLY 1800s Alexander Boyd settled in the vicinity of Ooltewah before the Indian removal, purchasing his land near White Oak Mountain for as little as a quarter an acre. Several of his grandchildren fought for the The Boyds apparently went from Scotland to Pennsylvania and to frontier Tennessee just after the Revolution. Alexander Boyd was born about 1784. Hugh Boyd, who was born about 1788 and accompanied him to Ooltewah, was apparently his brother. William and Elliott Hodge Boyd may have been brothers also. The Boyds made their way to Jackson and Hall counties in Georgia – probably attracted by the land lotteries. Alexander Boyd was married in Jackson County to Margaret McCarroll in 1808. One Georgia deed that same year is from William Boyd Sr. to Hugh Boyd for and adjoining the lines of William and Alexander Boyd.Some of these Boyds made their way to Bledsoe County about 1818. William and Elliott Hodge Boyd stayed there, while Alexander and Hugh moved to Hamilton County about 1836. Hugh Boyd’s wife was Mary. Their daughter, Cynthia, was born in Georgia. The other children included W. L., John William, James, Hugh A. and Elizabeth. Another daughter, Sarah, married Jonathan Acuff. Alexander Boyd’s youngest daughter, Matilda, was born in Georgia in 1809. She married William Phelps and they lived in Sequatchie County. The other children included Mary who married john S. rains, John Hodge who married Mahala Bush, Clarinda who married Winston Pollard, Elliott Green who married Nicey A Nowlin, Nehemiah Wade who married Susan McCombs, Taylor, William and Margaret who married John B. Acuff. Alexander Boyd had grants of 80, 160 and 80 acres on the road known later as Ooltewah-Ringgold Road. He paid $2 per acre for the 160 acres and 50 cents per acre for the last 80 acre grant. Some of the Boyd family ventured west by wagon train I the 1850s, including the Rains and Acuff families and Elliott, Taylor and Nehemiah Boyd. Most went to Denton County, Texas, while the Acuffs settled at Logan County, Ark. Nehemiah Boyd died soon after the arrival in Texas, but Susan McCombs Boyd lived to be the county’s oldest resident. John Hodge Boyd volunteered at Ross’s landing in November 1837 to assist in the war in Florida against the Seminoles and he was a second lieutenant when he was mustered out at Baton Rouge the following May. He also served as a constable. However, he died at a young age in 1844, leaving his wife with three sons and a daughter, Mary Elizabeth who married Thomas J. Seagle. At the outbreak of the war, the John H. Boyd sons – Francis Marion, Alexander H. and John H. Jr. – all volunteered for the Southern cause. Alexander, who was in Co. B of Carter’s 1st Tenn. Cavalry, died Dec. 27, 1861, from a wound he received at Mill Springs, KY. F. M. and John H. Jr. survived their service with Co. K of the 43rd Tenn. Infantry, which was organized at Ooltewah. John H. Jr. married Rebecca Rogers in 1866. Francis M. Boyd was a justice of the peace after the war. Some of the sons of Hugh Boyd also marched away with the Confederate troops. John W. joined Co. F of the 35th Tenn. Infantry, enlisting Jan. 6, 1863, at Chattanooga. He died at a camp near Tullahoma on April 18 – apparently from pneumonia. He was 37. He had married Mary Ann Acuff in 1848. their children were Margaret Caroline, William Perry, Selecta Adaline, Richard Worth, Letitia, Samuel Green, Jonathan, John Hugh and Robert Franklin. William Perry Boyd married Sally Burke and John Hugh Boyd married Cora Dantzler. Robert Franklin Boyd, a house painter in East Chattanooga, married Mattie Paul. Their children included Charles Hugh who married Melba Smith, Chester Worth who married Ruby Hall, Robbie Adaline who married Jay Hall, Minnie Ella who married Clifford Gault, and Joseph William who married Hugh A., who was a constable at Harrison before the war, was in “bird’s Rangers” in the cavalry, then he joined Co. F. of the 35th Tenn. at Varnell Station, Ga., Oct. 18, 1862. He was later listed as sick when the unit was camped at Tyner Station. Hugh A. was at the home of his daughter, Mrs. T. R. Standifer, in James County when he die din 1909. His sons were listed as Joseph W. of Highland Park and Walter of Alexander Boyd died at the close of the war. Margaret McCarroll Boyd had died in the 1850s. Elliott G. Boyd died in 1855 at age 34, leaving a large family. Nicey Nowlin Boyd passed away three years later at age 40. The orphaned children included the twins Samuel Houston and Mary Jane, John Harmon, Martha Matilda, Monroe Catlett, Anderson LaFayette and Jesse Wade. Another son, Columbus Nowlin, had died as a baby. John Harmon died in 1859 when he was 15. Samuel H. Boyd married Rebecca Jane Poe just prior to the war, and Martha Matilda married John Mattson Poe. Mary Jane married James Taylor.Samuel H. Boyd also was a Confederate adherent. On one of his infrequent visits home, he was seen by a Union soldier, who followed him into the Boyd house. Samuel climbed into the loft to hide and the Union soldier was going after him when Jane Poe Boyd hit the pursuing soldier across his shoulders with a heavy shovel, causing him to retreat. Samuel H. Boyd, who was a carpenter and contractor, moved his family into Chattanooga on Gilmer (Eight) Street in the 1880s. He died at age 45. Rebecca Jane Poe Boyd lived until 1919. The Samuel H. Boyd children included Martha Eleanor “Ellen” who married James Montgomery, Joseph Sherman who married Nettie Crabtree and moved to Missouri, James Benjamin who married Nannie Hixson, Larkin, Jesse Wade, Charles Houston who married Delia Johnson, Jenny May who married James Melrose Millen, and Cora Belle who married Leo John Duffy. Samuel Green died as a small child just after the war. Larkin died when he was 18 and Jesse Wade when he was 23. Larkin and Jesse Wade are buried with their parents at Forest Hills Cemetery. James Benjamin Boyd was a master marble worker and was one of the few men who could build a winding marble staircase. His projects included the Elmira, NY, post office, buildings at Cornell University, the First National Bank at Fort Payne, the Pink Palace in Memphis and the Vanderbilt mansion at Asheville. His Chattanooga work included the Post Office Building, the Auditorium, the Hamilton and American Banks, the Read House and the steps of the Jewish Synagogue. He received 5 per letter for his work on the Illinois monument at Chickamauga Park. His younger brother, Charles Houston Boyd, was another master marble worker. His first big job was the Hogshead Apartments on Georgia Avenue. He later operated the Chattanooga Stone and Marble Co. He also worked on the Biltmore House, and he remembered Mrs. Vanderbilt coming outside and chatting with There was another Alexander Boyd here, who earlier resided at Knoxville. He died in 1867. His daughter, Eliz Ann, married Robert L. McNabb. Many of these Boyds were apparently buried at the Pollard Cemetery at Ooltewah, which was at the old Alexander Boyd place. Joyce Duffy Graves wrote a book on the Boyd and Poe families Tuesday, March 11, 2008 - by John Wilson More info added on by Christopher Dahl Dempsey Tyner was one of Hamilton County's earliest settlers. John S. Tyner, the founder of Tynersville, formed a company to fight for the Confederacy. But the Tyners had disappeared from the county by the end of the Civil War. Tyners are said to go back to England, where they lived near the Tyne River.The relatively rare name of "Tyner," or "Tiner," appears in America as early as 1681, with Nicholas Tyner and, although the family appears most often in neighboring Northampton, Bertie, and Dobbs counties, in Chowan County in 1699. In 1699 he sold 400 acres that he “lately purchased of Thomas Hoskinse” on the Chowan River. Nicholas Tyner Jr., of Isle of Wight County, received several hundred acres in Chowan County from his father, Nicholas Tyner Sr. In 1716, he sold 450 acres of this property, including “all the houses, gardens, orchards, etc.”An Asa Tyner appears on a 1771 tax record in nearby Bute County, North Carolina as a free person of color, which indicates Native American or African American ancestry. A Mulatto family of Dempseys also lived in Bertie County although Dempsey was a common given surname among mixed Indian and white families. The name was sometimes spelled Tynes. A descendant said they were known in England as “shipbuilders and boisterous beer drinkers.” Dempsey Tyner was born in Chowan County on Aug. 4, 1755, and was the son of William and Elizabeth Tyner. Dempsey moved to Edgefield District, S.C., along with some of his relatives. Harris Tyner died at Abbeville in 1844. William Tyner also moved to this section of South Carolina. He died in 1778. Dempsey Tyner joined the Patriot army while at Abbeville. Tyners fought for the King's Cause at Ninety Six, South Carolina as Loyalists or Tories in 1775. As a member of the South Carolina Patriot militia, Dempsey Tyner, would have served between 1776 and 1782, often as a scout and spy. He fought at the battle of Kettle Creek, Long Cane, and Eutaw Springs as a Whig (rebel) but, also in 1780, he fought as a member of the King's restored colonial militia at King's Mountain, South Carolina. His campaigns even included fighting Cherokees. As Patriot, Tory, or neither, he may have been conscripted. One can imagine, due to lack of exact documentation, that Dempsey lived his private life and spent his time as a scout/spy in the American Revolution as black, red, or white depending upon the situation where he found himself. After his Revolutionary War service, he moved to Jackson County, Ga., then he pushed on to Roane County, Tenn. He then moved to Hamilton County. Dempsey Tyner's wife was Obedience “Biddy” Sevier. His sons apparently included John, Hiram, Reuben Jackson, Jackson, Jesse, Nathan, Lewis, Sevier and William H. John was born in 1789 and married Rachel Rider, who was born in 1793 in South Carolina. A daughter, Emaline, was born in Rhea County in 1821. She married Isaac K. Burkhart, who was also from Rhea County. John Tyner died in 1850. Sevier and William Tyner of Hamilton County served in the fighting against the Seminole Indians in Florida in 1837-38. Reuben Jackson Tyner was in the Mexican War. He had married Jenny Carter at Roane County in 1811. Jackson Tyner married Mary Spivey at Putnam County, Ga., in 1826. William Tyner lived from about 1818 to 1861. His first wife was Lucy Ann. His second wife was Catherine Brigmon, whom he married at Walker County, Ga., in 1846. Reuben Jackson Tyner helped build the little log schoolhouse in Chattanooga at Fifth and Lookout streets. A daughter was Martha Tyner Papineau. Her daughter, Mrs. Minnie E. Fanning, lived on Battery Place. Some of the Tyners married into the Indian tribes, and the wife of Dempsey Tyner was apparently from the Cherokees. A number of Tyner descendants later filed claims with the government for funds going to those with Indian ancestors. Dempsey and Lewis Tyner in 1821 in Hamilton County witnessed a deed from William Brown of the Cherokee Nation to John Cornett for property about a mile below the mouth of North Chickamauga Creek. Dempsey Tyner died in Meriwether County, Georgia, on October 13, 1842, likely while living with Jackson Tyner, one of his many children. Ironically, he died only a short distance from where John Stuart Tyner, later founder of Tyner Station, would live and marry nine years later and where J. S. Tyner's widow would marry John D. Gillespie in 1889. Many of the Tyners eventually went to the Indian lands. Jesse Tyner married a Chickasaw woman and lived with her tribe in the West. Lewis Tyner was born about 1800. He acquired several tracts in Hamilton County, including one from Samuel Williams “near Williams' mill.” At the time of the 1850 census, he was still in Hamilton County with his wife, Mary, and their children, Lewis, Mary, Francis and Jessa. Francis Tyner Kirksey was living in Fort Payne, Ala., in 1908 when she wrote, “I claim Cherokee Indian blood. I have always been told this by my folks. I claim this through my father (Lewis Tyner). He lived in Hamilton County, Tenn. I do not know if my father knew the Indian language, but he may have. My father was a farmer.” Lewis Tyner left the East in 1850, and he died in Oklahoma in 1882. Sarah Elizabeth Tyner, who was born in 1848 in Yorkville in Gibson County, Tenn., married Luke Levander Davenport of Marion County at Nashville in 1868. He was a Confederate soldier. She lived her latter years in Hamilton County. John S. Tyner, a grandson of Dempsey Tyner, grew up in the vicinity of Macon, Ga. As a young man in the 1850s he came to Hamilton County. He acquired several tracts near the county seat of Harrison, including a lot near the Varnell store and the “double stables.” His largest purchase occurred in 1859 when he bought 60 acres from Joseph Yarnell. This community was given the name of Tynersville in John Tyner's honor in 1858. It got its own post office on Feb. 1, 1860, with Washington Evans serving as the first postmaster. The name was shortened to Tyner by postal officials on Sept. 13, 1860, but many residents continued to refer to it by the original name. By this time, John S. Tyner was the only Tyner remaining in Hamilton County. He and his wife, S.C. Tyner, were living with their sons, Norwood and Charles, at Tynersville. It was also known as Tyner's Station since it was a stop on the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. John S. Tyner was an engineer. When the war broke out, John S. Tyner followed the family tradition by volunteering. He recruited members of 2nd Co. K of the First Confederate Cavalry at Tynersville, Harrison and Ooltewah. John Tyner was chosen the unit's captain. Several months after the company was formed, Capt. Tyner applied to Gen. P.T. Beauregard for an engineer position at Charleston. He proposed that he dismount his company and bring it to the coast where Beauregard was then in command. Supporting his request was Col. Alfred Colquitt, commander of the Sixth Georgia Infantry. He said Capt. Tyner “comes with the highest recommendation as an engineer and a man of integrity.” Instead, 2nd Co. K remained in the Western theater, fighting at Shiloh and Corinth, then Perryville and back home at Chickamauga. J.S. Tyner was later assigned to special duty for the engineering department of Joseph S. Wheeler's cavalry. His unit was detached as “Tyner's Sappers and Miners” providing engineering services for the famous cavalry raider. During his time with Wheeler he was an explosive expert and map maker. Capt. Tyner was on leave in Troup County, Ga., then he was assigned to special duty with Gen. John Bell Hood during the invasion of Tennessee in November 1864. He was paroled at Gainesville, Ala., on May 12, 1865. James Sevier Tyner was another Confederate soldier from Hamilton County, and he may have been a younger brother of John S. Tyner. James S. Tyner enlisted with Co. I of the 19th Tennessee Infantry at Knoxville on June 6, 1861 . However, he was discharged the following July 23 at Vicksburg on account of his young age. He was only 15 at the time of his enlistment, having been born Feb. 15, 1847 at Ross Landing. While with the army, he was a drummer boy. James S. Tyner had developed malarial fever in the Mississippi bottoms, and he was very ill on his way back to Hamilton County. He had to have someone take care of him for about two months. Then he went to Nashville, where he took up steamboating. At the age of 27 he became a steamboat captain, operating packets on the Cumberland and Ohio rivers. He continued the river life until “old age made him stop” about 1925. He died July 4, 1935, at the age of 88. John S. Tyner did not return to Tynersville after the war. In his absence, his property was sold at public auction in 1867. It was first taken by James A. Rhea and later fell into the hands of A.G.W. Puckett. The store that had been operated by Lafayette Varnell at Tynersville was continued until after the war. Then N.L. Rawlings operated a store there, and H.J. Springfield & Bro. had a grocery and saloon. Foster Carper had a tannery at Tynersville, and G.W. House ran a campground. The Pleasant Grove Academy was established at the campground site. By 1907, Tyner was large enough to have its own high school. In its early years, many of the students reached the school by wagon. During the school day, the animals that pulled the wagons were housed in a barn. It stood on the campus of Tyner High School until 1957. The federal government in the early 1940s pinpointed Tyner for a huge defense plant producing TNT. About 300 families lost their homes when the government acquired over 6,000 acres centering around the old Tynersville. Tyner lost its tiny train depot in 1961 and its post office was discontinued in 1972. A few Tyners who moved here from North Carolina and from Georgia are now local residents. By John Wilson Chattanooga Free Press, TN: Sunday, 21 June 1998, pg. B5 There were two William Hickmans who were pioneers in Hamilton County’s early days. They married daughters of John Russell, who made one of the earliest land purchases inthe future Hamilton County in 1807. Historian David “Red” Gray said the two William Hickmans were cousins, through in deeds the are referred to as “William H. Sr. and William Jr.” William H. was born in Tennessee’s founding year of 1796 and married Elizabeth Russell. The other William known as William Jr., was born about 1803, and his wife was Ibba Russell. Prior to the Revolution, the Hickmans were in Maryland at Sugar Lane Hundred in Frederick county and Frederick County Hundred in the section taken off into Montgomery County. Jesse had 14 slaves, while William had 10 and Elihu six. One of their plantations was “Accord,” while others were “Bassheba” and “Saturday Morning.” In the census of 1776, Henry Hickman was 12 years old living with a brother, Elisha, sisters Nancy and Sarah, and mother, Eleanor. Henry Hickman fought in the Revolution in a Maryland unit, then he made his way to Jefferson County,Tenn. The Hickmans attended the Presbyterian Church 10 miles north of Dandridge. Westminster Presbyterian and St. Paul’s churches had combined in 1818 and a brick church was built near the Nolichucky River. Those mentioned in the early church records are Elias, Joshua and Elisha Hickman. Henry Hickman died in Jefferson County in 1829, leaving a widow, Arabella, and children Joshua, Elias, Sarah Shelton and Mary Walls, William H. may have been another one of his sons. He was married at Jefferson County on Aug. 27, 1823. The Hickmans moved along with the Russells to Sale Creek. In 1827, the Hickman cousins obtained a grant for 100 acres at 12 cents an acre “on Waldens ridge on the waters of Sail Creek and adjoining the lands of John Russell, Charles Gambell and William McGill.” The cousins acquired 250 more adjacent acres the following year, including 200 acres for $1,200 from John Russell and Andrew Kerr at the “cove fork of Sale Creek.” Russell had first acquired the Sale Creek property in 1807 from John Hackett of Knox County. He got 250 acres for $400. When the election districts in Hamilton County were redistricted by the Legislature in 1835, one of the places for holding elections was “at William Hickman Srs.” When the Ocoee Presbytery of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church met at Harrison in October 1844, William Hickman of Sale Creek was one of the delegates. He had two slaves and his cousin, Alexander, had one just prior to the Civil War. At the start of the war, Elias, a son of William H., enlisted at Ooltewah with the Confederacy’s Co. K of the 43rd Tennessee Infantry. He is listed as deserting on June 5, 1862. However, James A., a son of William Jr., chose the Union side. He joined the Sixth Mounted Infantry at Chattanooga on Aug. 2, 1864, when he Elias lived many years with his parents, but he finally married Ellen Mason and they lived on the Dry Valley Road near Daisy near the Hickman Crossing of the Cincinnati Southern Railway. Their children included George who was an ice dealer. Floyd who married Ida Elizabeth Sims, Jesse, Slater, Arabella PIONEER ANDERSON FOUNDED CHURCH By John Wilson Free Press Writer Chattanooga Times Free Press, TN - 1998 When he was 18, William Walker Anderson of Rockbridge County, VA, left his plow in the field at noon and embarked on an adventure in the Tennessee frontier. He became one of the first settlers of Chattanooga and a founder of its Presbyterian Church. Anderson was born June 10, 1804, near the old Rock Church six miles from Lexington. That day in 1822he found his uncle stopping at his home and he decided to go with him to Maryville, where the uncle had a store. W. W. Anderson returned to Virginia long enough to marry his sweetheart Elizabeth McChesney,then they set up housekeeping at Maryville. Anderson began driving horses through the Indian nation, selling them in Alabama and Mississippi. Onone of these trips, his horse became entangled in vines while trying to swim Chickamauga Creek. Anderson lost his saddle bags full of papers and clothing. An Indian witnessed the accident, and a few years later when he spotted W. W. Anderson he returned the bags to him. W. W. Anderson, who was over six feet tall and was called “Skygusty” by the Indians, after two yearsmoved to Athens. For his general merchandise store there, he would annually load up his four-horse wagons with bacon and exchanged it for dry goods at Baltimore. This was a two-month trip, but a set ofcups and saucers would fetch $5 on the frontier and a lady’s Leghorn bonnet was worth $25. W. W. Anderson was “an unusually fine looking man” and was “strictly temperate in all things.” He wasmade colonel of the militia at Athens and “with cocked hat on horseback made a striking appearance.” Three of the five Anderson children died at a young age, leaving James and William Jr. In hopes of benefiting the family’s health, W. W. Anderson in 1840 pushed on to Chattanooga. They occupied a frame dwelling on the southeast corner of Fourth and Walnut. The Andersons were joined by James Berry, whohad married Rebecca McChesney, a sister of Mrs. Anderson. However, Mrs. Anderson became ill and died September 12, 184__. Two years later, Anderson married Louisa Penelope Campbell Smith, widow of James Smith. Her sister, Mary, was married to the Chattanooga merchant D. C. McMillin. W. W. Anderson was clerk of the Presbyterian congregation and would regularly lead the hymns. The visiting minister would often stay in the Anderson home. W. W. Anderson started Sunday School for blacks. Anderson owned several slaves “and always treated them kindly. He would not sell or separate The children of W. W. Anderson by his second wife included Jefferson Campbell who married Mary Ellen Burton, Sarah Anne who married Thomas Rowland, Milo Smith who married Mary Bush, and Mary Louisa who married George Vinson. His eldest son, James, married Mary Morrow, daughter of the Indian agent Dr. William Morrow. James Anderson became a physician and went to California in 1850. Two years later he started home for his family on the streamer Philadelphia. But the cholera broke out off the coast of Havana and he died at sea. The other son, William Jr., attended Burritt College and in 1857 he was returning on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. There he renewed his acquaintance with Lydia Cravens, daughter of the ironmaster Robert Cravens. They were married in 1859 and set up housekeeping at the old Anderson place at Fourth and Walnut. However, the health of Lydia Cravens Anderson became bad and they moved to the side of Lookout Mountain to the cabin that Robert Cravens had first occupied. A son, Charles Cravens Anderson, was born there, and a second son, William Franklin Anderson, came along in 1862.W. W. Anderson Sr. was “a decided Whig and thought it best for the South to make the fight in the Union, but when his state seceded he went with it in good will.” He was too old to fight, but he “took great interest in the Southern cause.” Following a skirmish on Citico Creek, he found a Confederate soldier badly wounded and hid him upstairs until he recovered. The Yankees later found revenge by filling his well with rocks and tearing down his W. W. Anderson Jr. in the early part of the war with Robert Cravens manufactured saltpeter in a furnace at the mouth of a cave near Moccasin Bend. Then he joined the Lookout Artillery and was made first sergeant. When his wife’s health worsened, he took a leave of absence and found his wife had hired a substitute for him. He then shipped coal and coke to Confederate authorities in Memphis. Just before the Battle Above the Clouds, the Andersons fled the mountain, hauling their goods in wagons to Chickamauga Station and taking the train to Dawson, GA. W. W. Anderson Sr. went with them and the following January his second wife died at Dawson. Three months later, Lydia Cravens Anderson died also. Then two-year-old Frank became sick and died. He was given a “repugnant” black medicine and the doctor said it was “pure ink.” W. W. Anderson Jr. later surmised the doctor may have been “merely After the war, W. W. Anderson Jr. made his home at Forsyth, GA. He had a number of children by his second wife, Louisa Estelle Sharp. His son, Charles Cravens Anderson, moved to Chattanooga and in 1888 married Mary Bachman, daughter of the Presbyterian minister Dr. Jonathan Bachman. After her death, he was a widower about seven years before marrying Julia Leach in 1901. C. C. Anderson resided just below the old Cravens property on the mountainside, and he discovered “Mystery Falls,” an underground waterfall. This was developed as a water source for St. Elmo. Anderson was also an investor in oil well drilling, but his syndicate was unsuccessful in a project at Franklin County,TN, and he was forced to declare bankruptcy. He was so distraught that he shot himself with a revolver on November 20, 1902 – hours before his creditors were set to meet. MONGER FAMILY SETTLED AT SNOW HILL by John Wilson posted September 28, 2005 http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_73357.asp Peter Monger joined the migration to the recently opened Indian lands at Snow Hill in 1843. He took the Union side in the Civil War, though his wife's brother, William Snow, was a violent Confederate. The Monger name is an English one meaning “one who sells.” Louise F. Wilcox of El Reno, Okla., who wrote a book on the Mongers, said the Roman name for a dealer in slaves was mango. The family is said to trace back to John Munger, who arrived in Virginia in 1638. In 1650 he received 1,100 acres on the north side of the Rappahannock River in the section that became Lancaster County. This was in payment for transporting groups of settlers to the colony. The descent goes from John to Robert and to Robert Jr., who got a grant of 300 acres on Kerbey Creek north of the Meherrin River in 1745. Robert Jr. died in 1752 in Southampton County, Va. One of his sons, Joseph, was born about 1710. After his first wife's death, in 1769 he married Martha Vick, widow of Richard Vick. Joseph's sons by his first wife are said to include Henry and Jethro. Henry married Elizabeth Harris in 1767 in Southhampton County, Va., and Jethro was security for the marriage. Henry Monger made his way to Anson County, N.C., then to Wilkes County, Ga. At Bute County, N.C., in February 1778, Jethro Monger took the oath of loyalty to the state of North Carolina to “support, maintain and defend the Independent Government thereof against George the Third, King of Grate Brittain.” His wife's name is believed to be Tabitha. She may have been a Kimball since the names Spell and Peter were used in that family and afterwards in the Monger line. Henry, who is believed to be a son of Jethro and Tabitha, was born in North Carolina in 1781. He married Alcey Jones in 1803 in Northampton County, N.C., and took Nancy Haun McKinney as his second wife in 1836. She was the widow of John McKinney. Henry Monger made his way to Tennessee to Anderson County, then Roane County. He was in Roane in 1830 when he signed his name “Hennery Munger” to a petition to form the first school district. He was a slaveowner, including the purchase of “the slave girl” Martha for $375 in 1842. Henry Monger died in 1855. His children included Joseph John who died of yellow fever in New Orleans, Priscilla, Mary Garland, Peter, James K. Polk, Catherine, Sampson who was a tanner in Kingston, and William. The Mongers were neighbors with the Snows in Roane County with both living near the Clinch River. The father of the Snows, Thomas, drowned in the Clinch River in 1818 when many of the children in his large family were small. Mary Garland Monger married Fielding Snow and Peter Monger married Elizabeth Jane “Betsy” Snow. Her twin, Emily Snow, married James Monger. Priscilla Monger married Dudley Snow. Emily Monger married William Snow, but she soon died. He was remarried to Mary Waller and moved to the section that was named Snow Hill for his family. Peter Monger settled about two miles north of Ooltewah on the west side of Snow Hill Road near Wolftever Creek. When the war broke out, he was a delegate to a convention that petitioned that Unionist East Tennessee be allowed to separate from the rest of the state. He was appointed a magistrate by military governor Andrew Johnson. William Snow organized a cavalry company for the Confederates. However, Peter Monger remained loyal. Near the end of the war, Peter Monger had 435 acres valued at $5,000 and his annual property tax was $27.50. But he wound up with the nearby farm lands of Confederate sympathizer Thomas Shirley. By the 1866 tax year, Peter Monger had 1,035 acres valued at $10,000 and his tax had risen to $60. Shirley returned from refugeeing in Georgia, filed suit and won back his land. Peter Monger died about 1887. Betsy Snow Monger spent her last years with her son, Bird Snow Monger, in Avondale. The other children were Spell, Rufus, Thomas, John, Jane, Alfred King, Elizabeth, Fielding Snow and Maryline. Spell Monger was born about 1834 in Roane County, and he married Martha Teenor. When he was a young man, he was killed after a ruckus broke out at a dance. A woman had refused to dance with him, and when he tried to disrupt her and her dancing partner the fight began and he was knifed to death. His children were Mary J., A.P. and John. Thomas Monger married Sarah Jane Elder. Their children were Alfred Robert who married Zerelda Smith, and Nancy Irene who married Arthur Thomas Edwards. John Monger married Nancy Luvenia Matthews in 1866. Bird Snow Monger married Sally Jane Hess and then Lena Belvin Barnard. He is buried with both wives at the McDonald Cemetery on Snow Hill Road. Bird was a drayman in James County and with Davenport Brothers. His children were William C., Myra, Dollie, Rufus Snow, Gus J. and Bird Orlena. William C. Monger was elected county clerk in James County, but he was accidentally electrocuted in 1906 before he could take office. Rufus Snow Monger married Alley E.M.A. Davis and then Cleopatra Robertson. Gus Monger married May Sylar, and Bird Orlena Monger married Ernest Fann and moved to Marietta, Ga. Alfred King Monger was named for a Baptist minister at Ooltewah. He lived portions of the time at Magazine, Ark., and finally settled at Purcell, Okla. He married Lois Thaney Hicks. Their children were Lillie, Elsie, William Peter, Stella, Alma L., Grover Cleveland, Bessie M., Eva Lucille, Maud S. and Eunice. Maryline married Thomas J. Bean. Fielding Snow Monger married Margaret M. Cannon. He bought a farm on Snow Hill Road from the Shirley family in 1919. That property later passed to his grandson, Claude Monger. Children of Fielding Snow Monger were Luther Elvin, Charles L., Elizabeth J., Robert Pete, Mary L. and Berdie. Elizabeth J. married Thomas Griffin Shirley - ending the old Monger-Shirley feud. Robert Pete Monger married Sarah A. Bettis in 1919. Their children included Charles Quinton, James Richard, Claude, Glenn Franklin, Joe Edwin, Lillian Margaret and Raymond Snow. Charles Q. married Joyce Fitzgerald. Lillian married Gordon Gilbert. Raymond S. married Joyce Murray. Claude Monger was living at the old Spell Monger place when artist Ben Hampton painted several popular scenes there, including one titled “Claude's Creek.” The old house on the property was torn down in 1973. Claude Monger was killed in a tractor accident in 1994. The property was sold at auction and it was developed for homes and a golf course as the Hampton Creek development by Phil Martin. Raymond Monger remained on Snow Hill Road
The yucca plant is a popular indoor and outdoor plant. One problem in caring for yucca plants that indoor owners have that outdoor owners generally do not is that indoor plants can grow too tall. They need to be trimmed back. Pruning a yucca may look harsh, but it is an excellent way to not only keep your yucca plant manageable but propagate the plant. Yucca Plant Care and Pruning With yucca plants, care and pruning are easy. When your yucca plant becomes too tall for the space it is in, gently remove it from the pot. Determine where the halfway mark is on the trunk or a point where you wish to be pruning a yucca that is above the halfway point. Using a saw or a sharp pair of loppers, cut the trunk in half. Repot the bottom, rooted end of the trunk. Water well and then you are done with your pruning. While the plants are recovering, continue caring for the yucca plants as you normally would. In a short time, the plant will produce new leaves. It will recover to look as good as it did before, except that it will be much shorter and more appropriately sized. Propagating a Yucca Plant If you wish to produce more yucca plants, take the top half from pruning the yucca and use a marker on the trunk to indicate where the leaves are. After you have marked the trunk, cut off the leafy top. Plant the trunk in potting soil, making sure to have the end that previously had the leaves pointing up. Check the mark on the trunk if you have forgotten which end is which. In a few weeks, the trunk will have rooted itself and a few weeks following this, the trunk will start producing new leaves. Continue caring for the yucca plants as they grow. Best Time for Pruning a Yucca Like most plants, the best time for pruning a yucca is right before it goes into its growth period. This will be in early spring. While early spring is the ideal time, a yucca can be pruned anytime. Just make sure the yucca plant gets plenty of light while it is recovering. Pruning Yucca Flower Stalks Though not exactly pruning, many people wonder about cutting off the yucca’s flower stalk after the blooms have faded. The flower stalk can be pruned off at any time, even before it is done blooming. Simply cut the stalk off with a sharp pair of pruning shears or cutter at about 3 to 4 inches above where the stalk emerges from the main stem. Like all things about yucca plants, care and pruning is very easy. It may seem drastic, but I assure you that your yucca plant considers this to be a very normal thing.
The La Brea Tar Pits are located smack in the middle of the Los Angeles' financial district. With all the things to do in California this unusual sight could easily be overlooked. There is also a bit of an irony here... executives running multi-national oil corporations who are bidding oil futures in modern office buildings have to go around oil seeping out of the ground... just to get to work! This area used to be known as the Salt Creek Oil Fields. In 1910 these fields were considered to be 7 miles west of Los Angeles. It goes without saying, things have changed. So, what makes the La Brea Tar Pit One Of The Attractions In Los Angeles? Los Angeles circa 1900 - 1910 Before our modern excavation efforts, it was thought that these bones were the bones of unlucky cattle. However, opinions changed when UC Berkeley began the first scientific excavations in 1901. This got peoples' attention back in the early 20th century. A lot of what we consider settled science today was, in fact, not settled at all in the early 20th century. Basically, Plate Tectonics was still a debated theory in this country until after the 1960's. Remember, Darwin's Theory of Evolution was postulated around 1850. Paleontology as a science became established in the 18th century and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The point being, these tar pits were a big deal in the early to mid 20th century. Los Angles has not changed all that much Now, however, things have started to settle down just a bit. Science has begun extracting smaller micro-fossil remains of plants, including pollen, insects, etc. This gives a very good snapshot of life in the L.A. basin going back 40,000 years. It seems the plant life has changed very little in that time. The area surrounding Los Angles has not changed all that much. It was a little cooler and a little wetter some 40 thousand years ago. The La Brea Tar Pits is a collection of small pools of tar, or a type of natural asphalt. The asphalt (la brea in Spanish) has been seeping up from below the surface for thousands of years. Actually, it is a crude oil that seeps into these pools. However, after the light oils evaporate there is a more solid tar like substance that remains. Water, leaves, and possibly dirt partially covered these pools and offered enough camouflage to create a trap that allowed animals to become stuck in the goo. These various animals would, over time, then sink into the tar and become preserved. Interestingly, it would take time for these animal to sink entirely... sometimes over a year. Because of this, the soft tissues were either consumed by other predators or several types of bacteria. This would include all the soft tissue stuff like hair, cartilage, feathers, etc. If these trapped animals would have become immersed in this goo faster, we probably would have examples of completely preserved extinct specimens going back thousands of years... like the dire wolves or a saber-toothed cat. This Is How The La Brea Tar Pit Looks Today The Page Museum Is Where You Will Find The Good Stuff The 57,000 square foot Page Museum, located at the La Brea Tar Pit, is another of the many attractions in Los Angeles and surrounding areas. Named after philanthropist George C. Page this museum currently has more than one million bones categorized and labeled. This represents 231 species of vertebrates, 159 kinds of plants, and 234 kinds of invertebrates. In total, it is estimated that this museum contains around three million items that were, and continue to be, excavated from the La Brea Tar Pits. As a note, wheelchairs are available on a first come first served basis, and can be checked out by the Staff Entrance. This entrance is located on the north side of the building, which is adjacent to the handicapped spaces. Today, there are between 8 and 12 gallons (32 - 48 liters) of goo oozing and bubbling to the surface each day. This stuff still traps whatever happens to get caught... lots of insects, mice, rabbits, various birds, and an occasional dog. People have also been known to get stuck in this muck, but I'm not sure how... I assume they pull them out! Another interesting bit of information is that it is estimated that only 10 animals were caught in this stuff every 30 years. Why Aren’t There Dinosaurs Stuck In The Tar? One last comment... the Los Angeles basin and, therefore, the La Brea Tar Pits were underwater during the age of the dinosaur. This is why there are no dinosaur bones on display in the museum. These dinosaurs had been extinct for about 65 millions years by the time this "modern era" of entrapment began. So if dinosaurs are on you list of things to see... well, I guess you will need to go to the Natural History Museum (NHM). Actually, if you have visited the Page Museum, you have seen part of the LA County Natural History Museum. The NHM family consists of three separate museums in three locations: Contact Number Phone: (213) 763-DINO To Sum this up Most of us would consider the La Brea Tar Pits, with a 40,000 year time capsule span to be a good tool to help understand this geological location. But... to put this in perspective, if you used a 100' long time-line to represent the age or history of the Earth, the La Brea Tar Pits would have begun entrapping mammals and other stuff within 1/100th of an inch from the end of this time-line... this is the thickness of a hair! A LOT has gone on in our distant past... maybe this is why we have three separate museums to try and explain it all. They do have a gift store on site. While you are not able to purchase any real artifacts, you are able to get realistic replicas of stuff like the large saber tooth of the Saber Tooth Cat, or event a replica of the whole skull! Kids love this place! Below: For An Alternative Destination... You My Want To Stay On The Beach Jalama Beach Is 17 Miles West Of Highway One... Way Out In The Middle Of Nowhere Watching The Surf Go Back Out... They Can Have LARGE Surf Here! There are almost 30 lighthouses located up and down the California Coast. Pigeon Point is one of 12 that is open to the public. Wind Surfing Along The Santa Cruz Shore A High Surf Can Churn Up A Lot Of Foam
- Photocopiable study guide for Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol - Packed with cross-curriculum activities, covering English, history, drama and art - CD includes an electronic version of the study guide for whiteboards laptops and digital printing - Created for Grade 5 and up. Suitable for teaching ages 10-17 (This study guide includes activities for all skill levels, providing many opportunities for differentiated teaching and for the tailoring of lessons to meet individual needs) - Illustrated with images from the Classical Comics graphic novels but it can be used alongside any version of the book - 8.5 in x 11.0 in A Christmas Carol – Teaching Resource Pack • US Edition Designed for the classroom, this resource book (spiral bound for easy photocopying) contains activities and exercises to help the teaching of Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol. Dickens’s holiday classic has captivated readers since its first publication in 1843. Although it was designed to be used alongside the Classical Comics graphic novels, this teaching guide uses the novel as a springboard for learning and it can be used with any version of the book. The exercises have been approached from a cross-curriculum perspective so that they cover not only literature and literacy, but also history, technology, drama, reading, speaking, writing and art. The book is divided into such categories as Charles Dickens: His Place in English, Understanding the Novel, Character, Language, and Creative Writing. Students get to design their own Christmas card, write a modern version of the story, write a book review, color pages, solve anagrams, and more while they learn. The age range is 10 to 17 (Grade 5 and up), but of course within that span exists a broad spectrum of skill levels. Therefore, this study guide includes activities for all, providing many opportunities for differentiated teaching and for the tailoring of lessons to meet individual needs. Examples of some of the activities include: A CD is included that contains the pages in PDF format so that they can be used on any whiteboard or local intranet system. US Letter Concealed spiral & CD-ROM
Technology in which a device can determine the characteristics of an attached device and configure itself accordingly. For example, a port on an autosensing 10/100-Mbps Ethernet switch can automatically detect whether the attached station has a 10-Mbps or 100-Mbps network interface card (NIC). This is a useful feature that allows a combination of 10BaseT and Fast Ethernet connections in a single local area network (LAN). Often during migration and system upgrades you’ll find a combination of slower, legacy networking equipment and faster, more modern devices. These devices might need to coexist together for months or years, depending on the budget available for upgrades. Using autosensing hubs and switches makes this coexistence cheap and simple, and allows a full upgrade to the faster configuration later—without purchasing additional equipment.
This is a guest post from Charles Duhigg, the author of The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do and How to Change. Learn more at www.ThePowerOfHabit.com. When you get to the cash register, what do you do first? Do you imagine the balances due on various credit cards, and choose the one with the smallest outstanding debt? Do you mentally compare APRs and make the optimal financial choice? Do you calculate whether you actually need the product in your hands, versus its cost, versus the lost opportunity of using those dollars on something else? Or do you just grab whichever card is on top of your wallet, and spend? Most of the choices we make each day may feel like the products of well-considered decision making, but they’re not. They’re habits. And though each habit means little on its own, over time, how we spend our money — as well as the meals we order, how often we exercise, and the way we organize our work routines — have enormous impacts on our health, productivity, financial security, and happiness. One paper published by a Duke University researcher in 2006 found that 45 percent of the actions people performed each day weren’t actual decisions, but habits. And it’s not just individuals. Procter & Gamble, Starbucks, Alcoa, and Target have seized on habits to influence how work gets done, how employees communicate, and— without customers realizing it — the ways people spend their money. In the last decade, our understanding of the neurology of habit formation has transformed. We’ve learned how habits form within our brains — and why they are so hard to break. And as a result, we now know how to create good habits and change bad ones like never before. At the core of this understanding is a basic framework that explains how your spending habits emerge — and how to change them. RULE ONE: You must identify your habits The tricky thing about habits is that they often feel almost unconscious. That’s because habits occur in a nearly unconscious part of our brain: the basal ganglia, one of the oldest neurological structures and the area where ‘unconscious thought’ occurs. In the last decade, studies have taught us that there is a basic pattern at the core of every habit, a kind of neurological loop that has three parts: A cue, a routine and a reward. To figure out how you spend, you have to identify your spending habits — the cues and routines and rewards — that drive how you handle money. As an example, let’s say you have a bad habit, like I did when I started researching my book, The Power of Habit, of going to the cafeteria and buying a chocolate chip cookie every afternoon. Let’s say this habit has caused you to gain a few pounds. In fact, let’s say this habit has caused you to gain exactly 8 pounds. How do you start diagnosing and then changing this behavior? By figuring out the habit loop. And the first step is to identify the routine. In this cookie scenario — as with most habits — the routine is the most obvious aspect: it’s the behavior you want to change. My routine was that I got up from my desk every afternoon, walked to the cafeteria, and bought a chocolate chip cookie and ate it while chatting with friends. So that’s what I put into the loop: When it comes to spending money, something similar often occurs when people walk into a store, or feel hungry and pass a fast-food restaurant, or receive their paycheck and automatically decide how much to save for the future and how much to spend next week. A routine takes over — and they act, almost unthinkingly, in ways that either fatten or deplete their bank accounts. To take control over these habits, you have to identify them. And to do that, you need to look for patterns in your spending. Download your credit card data and ask yourself: - When do you spend? Is it more often on weekdays or weekends? Mornings or afternoons? - Do you make a few big purchases or a lot of small ones? - Do you spend more when you are with your friends or alone? It won’t take long to find some basic patterns — and those patterns will highlight the routines that shape your financial life. Next, some less obvious questions: What’s the cue for this routine? Is it boredom? Genuine needs like food and rent? Do you spend to socialize or entertain yourself on your own? Do you crave the things you buy, or the shopping experience itself? To diagnose my cookie habit, I had to ask myself some similar questions. Was I eating because I wanted the cookie itself? A temporary distraction? Or the burst of energy that comes from that blast of sugar? To figure this out, you need to do a little experimentation. RULE TWO: Look for rewards Rewards are powerful because they satisfying cravings. But we’re often not conscious of the cravings that drive our behaviors. To figure out which cravings are driving particular habits, it’s useful to experiment with different rewards. If you, like me, were trying to change a cookie habit, I would suggest that on the first day of your experiment, when you felt the urge to go to the cafeteria and buy a cookie, you should adjust your routine so it delivers a different reward. Go outside, for instance, and walk around the block, and then go back to your desk without eating anything. The next day, go to the cafeteria and buy a donut, or a candy bar, and eat it at your desk. The next day, go to the cafeteria, buy an apple, and eat it while chatting with your friends. Then, try a cup of coffee. You get the idea. What you choose to do instead of buying a cookie isn’t important. The point is to test different hypotheses to determine which craving is driving your routine. Are you craving the cookie itself, or a break from work? If it’s the cookie, is it because you’re hungry? (In which case the apple should work just as well.) Or is it because you want the burst of energy the cookie provides? (And so the coffee should suffice.) Or, are you wandering up to the cafeteria as an excuse to socialize, and the cookie is just a convenient excuse? (If so, walking to someone’s desk and gossiping for a few minutes should satisfy the urge.) Spending is the same way: when you would normally spend away, try something else. One day, when you would normally take a break by buying an expensive latte, have a diet coke instead. The next day, take a walk and don’t buy anything. By experimenting with different rewards, you can isolate what you are actually craving, which is essential in redesigning the habit. In my case, when I went to a colleague’s desk to gossip for a few moments, I found the cookie urge disappeared. What I was really craving, I realized, wasn’t cookies, but socialization. That was my habit’s real reward: RULE THREE: Isolate the cue Experiments have shown that almost all habitual cues fit into one of five categories: - Emotional State - Other People - Immediately preceding action So, if you’re trying to figure out the cue for the ‘going to the cafeteria and buying a chocolate chip cookie’ habit, you write down five things the moment the urge hits (these are my actual notes from when I was trying to diagnose my habit): - Where are you? (sitting at my desk) - What time is it? (3:36 pm) - What’s your emotional state? (bored) - Who else is around? (no one) - What action preceded the urge? (answered an email) After just a few days, it was pretty clear which cue was triggering my cookie habit — I felt an urge to get a snack at a certain time of day. The habit, I had figured out, was triggered between 3:00 and 4:00. Similarly, when you spend (or save), write down those five things. What is triggering an unnecessary flow of dollars out of your account? RULE FOUR: Have a plan Once you’ve figured out your habit loop — you’ve identified the reward driving your behavior, the cue triggering it, and the routine itself — you can begin to shift the behavior. You can change to a better routine by planning for the cue, and choosing a behavior that delivers the reward you are craving. What you need is a plan. A habit is a formula our brain automatically follows: So, I wrote a plan of my own: It didn’t work immediately. But, eventually, it got be automatic. Now, at about 3:30 everyday, I absentmindedly stand up, look around for someone to talk to, spend 10 minutes gossiping, and then go back to my desk. It occurs almost without me thinking about it. It has become a habit. Changing some habits can be more difficult. But this framework is a place to start. Sometimes change takes a long time. Sometimes it requires repeated experiments and failures. But once you understand how a habit operates — once you diagnose the cue, the routine and the reward — you gain power over it. And study after study shows that the same is true with spending and saving: Once you figure out the cues triggering unnecessary spending, and the rewards it is delivering, the behavior can be changed. Once you learn to create cues and rewards to encourage automatic saving, studies say, our savings accounts expand. GRS is committed to helping our readers save and achieve their financial goals. Savings interest rates may be low, but that is all the more reason to shop for the best rate. Find the highest savings interest rates and CD rates from Synchrony Bank, Ally Bank, GE Capital Bank, and more.
The Starfleet Tricorder is a multi-purpose tool designed to be carried by personnel either whilst aboard ship or on away missions. The basic functions of a tricorder involve collecting data via a variety of sensors, analysing and processing the data via a compact onboard computer system, and presenting it to the user via a visual display and/or auditory cue. But this is barely the start of the capabilities of this amazing device.The sensor capabilities of a tricorder are awesome. From scanning a planetary core from the surface at one extreme2down to checking a room for listening devices at the other3, tricorders can do an amazing variety of things. They can record visual information,4, detect neutrino emissions5, determine the structural stability of caves5, scan electronic systems to determine their functions6, download or upload information to computer systems, bypassing normal access methods to read and alter memory or storage directly from the tricorder7, analyse and if necessary disrupt powerful electromagnetic field effects8, scan for lifeforms9 and if necessary emit false lifeforms based on an analysis of DNA traces10, they can determine how people have moved in an enclosed location by analysing molecular displacement traces even many hours afterwards11, or even detect the thermal traces left by a person sitting down hours before and estimate the species from this data!12 Medical tricorders can scan a person at a distance and collect detailed physiological data, including all of their vital signs13In a more active role, tricorders can disrupt certain types of forcefield barrier14, project holograms15, or act as a distress beacon16 They can even be networked together to combine the processing power of their systems, allowing them to be used to control systems such as transporters.17Over the years Starfleet has used many different models of tricorder; the standard model in use during the mid 2360s was the TR-580. This unit measured 8.5 x 12 x 3 cm and had a mass of 353 grams. The two-part case was constructed of duranium foam, which was resistant to a wide range of environmental conditions. When opened the TR-580 presented a 2.4 x 3.6 cm display screen and a set of twenty four control buttons - the use of a full touch-sensitive screen was avoided to improve ease of use under potentially difficult field situations. Power was provided through a sarium crystal similar to those used in standard phasers, and was rated as sufficient for eighteen hours of continuous use of all sensor systems. Such levels of use are unlikely within the field, and in fact the average power consumption of a TR-580 was found to be slightly over 15 Watts. Within the TR-580 were sensor assemblies which covered a total of 235 mechanical, electromagnetic and subspace devices. Of these, 115 were located in the directional sensor cluster at the top of the device, with the remaining 120 scattered throughout the body for all-around coverage. The unit was fitted with a detachable handheld scanner unit which contained 17 high resolution devices for detailed readings. The tricorder could combine input from any or all of these sensors in order to give the most complete possible image of the object being scanned. Data processing on a TR-580 was provided by a distributed network of 27 Polled Main Computer Segments (PCMS) which co-ordinated all tricorder functions. Together these segments were capable of 150 GFP calculations per second; multiple functions can be run simultaneously, limited only by processing speed. Communications with other tricorders and compatible systems were carried out via a subspace transceiver assembly. Transmission rates were somewhat variable, but achieved a maximum in Emergency Dump mode of 825 TFP. Communications range was limited to 40,000 km - similar to the standard comm badge. Data storage was provided by 14 wafers of nickel carbonitrium crystal and three isolinear chips; the former totalled 0.73 kiloquads, the latter 2.06 kiloquads each for a total of 6.91 kiloquads. The swappable library crystal chips were each formatted to hold 4.5 kiloquads.18The TR-590 replaced the 580 in the 2370s. This model was somewhat smaller at 7.62 x 15.81 x 2.84 cm and massed 298.3 grams. Part of the reduced mass was been achieved through switching to a polyduranide casing, although this is slightly less resistant to adverse environmental conditions than the duranium casing of the 580. Within the tricorder the layout of buttons and display device was retained, allowing this model to be issued without any changeover training. The typical power usage was 16.4 watts, a 6% increase over the TR-580; nevertheless, an uprated power cell increased total endurance with all systems active by 100%. The available sensor units were also increased to 315, of which 189 were located in the directional sensor cluster. The detachable high resolution hand unit was been eliminated from the TR-590, the resolution of the onboard sensors having increased sufficiently to make the unit obsolete. Processing speed was increased to 275 GFP calculations per second, an 83% increase. Total memory was increased by 32% to 9.12 kiloquads.19By the late 2370s Starfleet had moved on to a new generation of tricorder. The majority of the buttons were eliminated in favour of touch-screen controls20 , developments in touch screen technology having made them robust enough to deal with field conditions. The new unit had no less than 500 sensor units, all of them of a new generation of high-resolution devices. Processing speed reached 500 GFP calculations per second, while total memory increased to 25 kiloquads. The sensor and processing power of the unit was so improved that Starfleet considered this an "all purpose" tricorder, and did not produce a medical version as had been standard practice previously.
Gluten intolerance is a fairly common problem. It is characterized by adverse reactions to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. Celiac disease is the most severe form of gluten intolerance. Both forms of gluten intolerance can cause widespread symptoms, many of which have nothing to do with digestion. Here are the 14 main signs and symptoms of gluten intolerance. Although bloating is very common and can have many explanations, it may also be a sign of gluten intolerance. One study showed that 87% of people who had suspected non-celiac gluten sensitivity experienced bloating (8). Bottom Line: Bloating is one of the most common symptoms of gluten intolerance. It involves the belly feeling swollen after eating. Occasionally getting diarrhea and constipation is normal, but it may be a cause for concern if it happens regularly. These also happen to be a common symptom of gluten intolerance. Individuals with celiac disease experience inflammation in the gut after eating gluten. This damages the gut lining and leads to poor nutrient absorption, resulting in significant digestive discomfort and frequent diarrhea or constipation (9). More than 50% of gluten-sensitive individuals regularly experience diarrhea, while about 25% experience constipation (8). Furthermore, individuals with celiac disease may experience pale and foul-smelling feces due to poor nutrient absorption. Frequent diarrhea can cause some major health concerns, such as loss of electrolytes, dehydration and fatigue (14). Bottom Line: Gluten-intolerant people commonly experience diarrhea or constipation. Celiac disease patients may also experience pale and foul-smelling feces. Abdominal pain is very common and can have numerous explanations. Bottom Line: Abdominal pain is the most common symptom of gluten intolerance, experienced by up to 83% of gluten intolerant individuals. Many people experience headaches or migraines once in a while. If you have regular headaches or migraines without any apparent cause, you could be sensitive to gluten. Bottom Line: Gluten-intolerant individuals seem to be more prone to migraines than healthy people. Feeling tired is very common and usually not linked to any disease. However, if you constantly feel very tired, then you should explore the possibility of an underlying cause. Furthermore, gluten intolerance can also cause iron-deficiency anemia, which in turn will cause more tiredness and lack of energy (24). Bottom Line: Feeling extremely tired is another common symptom, affecting about 60–82% of gluten-intolerant individuals. Gluten intolerance can also affect your skin. A blistering skin condition called dermatitis herpetiformis is the skin manifestation of celiac disease (25). Everyone who has the disease is sensitive to gluten, but less than 10% of patients experience digestive symptoms that indicate celiac disease (25). - Psoriasis: An inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by scaling and reddening of the skin (27, 28, 29). - Alopecia areata: An autoimmune disease that appears as non-scarring hair loss (28, 30, 31). - Chronic urticaria: A skin condition characterized by recurrent, itchy, pink or red lesions with pale centers (32, 33). Bottom Line: Dermatitis herpetiformis is the skin manifestation of celiac disease. Several other skin diseases may also improve with a gluten-free diet. Depression affects about 6% of adults each year. The symptoms can be very disabling and involve feelings of hopelessness and sadness (34). People with digestive issues seem to be more prone to both anxiety and depression, compared to healthy individuals (35). There are a few theories about how gluten intolerance can drive depression. These include (40): - Abnormal serotonin levels: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that allows cells to communicate. It is commonly known as one of the "happiness" hormones. Decreased amounts of it have been linked with depression (37, 41). - Gluten exorphins: These peptides are formed during the digestion of some of the gluten proteins. They may interfere with the central nervous system, which may raise the risk of depression (42). - Changes in the gut microbiota: Increased amounts of harmful bacteria and decreased amounts of beneficial bacteria may affect the central nervous system, increasing the risk of depression (43). That suggests that gluten exposure on its own may induce feelings of depression, irrespective to digestive symptoms. Bottom Line: Depression is more common among individuals with gluten intolerance. An unexpected weight change is often a cause for concern. In one study in celiac disease patients, two-thirds had lost weight in the six months leading up to their diagnosis (17). The weight loss may be explained by a variety of digestive symptoms, coupled with poor nutrient absorption. Bottom Line: Unexpected weight loss may be a sign of celiac disease, especially if coupled with other digestive symptoms. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world and accounts for anemia in 5% and 2% of American women and men, respectively (47). Iron deficiency causes symptoms such as low blood volume, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, pale skin and weakness (48). In celiac disease, nutrient absorption in the large intestine is impaired, resulting in a reduced amount of iron being absorbed from food (49). Iron deficiency anemia may be among the first symptoms of celiac disease that your doctor notices (50). Bottom Line: Celiac disease may cause poor absorption of iron from your diet, causing iron-deficiency anemia. Anxiety may affect 3–30% of people worldwide (53). It involves feelings of worry, nervousness, unease and agitation. Furthermore, it often goes hand-in-hand with depression (54). Additionally, a study showed that up to 40% of individuals with self-reported gluten sensitivity stated that they regularly experienced anxiety (8). Bottom Line: Gluten-intolerant individuals seem to be more prone to anxiety than healthy individuals. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that causes your immune system to attack your digestive tract after you consume gluten (59). This also makes celiac disease more common in people that have other autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, autoimmune liver diseases and inflammatory bowel disease (61). Bottom Line: Individuals with autoimmune diseases like celiac disease are more likely to get other autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid disorders. There are numerous reasons why people experience joint and muscle pain. There is a theory that those with celiac disease have a genetically determined over-sensitive or over-excitable nervous system. Moreover, gluten exposure may cause inflammation in gluten-sensitive individuals. The inflammation may result in widespread pain, including in joints and muscles (8). Bottom Line: Gluten-intolerant individuals commonly report joint and muscle pain. This is possibly due to an over-sensitive nervous system. Another surprising symptom of gluten intolerance is neuropathy, which involves numbness or tingling in the arms and legs. This condition is common in individuals with diabetes and vitamin B12 deficiency. It can also be caused by toxicity and alcohol consumption (69). While the exact cause is not known, some have linked this symptom to the presence of certain antibodies related to gluten intolerance (73). Bottom Line: Gluten intolerance may cause numbness or tingling in the arms and legs. "Brain fog" refers to the feeling of being unable to think clearly. People have described it as being forgetful, having difficulty thinking, feeling cloudy and having mental fatigue (74). Bottom Line: Gluten-intolerant individuals may experience brain fog. It involves having difficulty thinking, mental fatigue and forgetfulness. Gluten intolerance can have numerous symptoms. However, keep in mind that most of the symptoms on the list above may have other explanations as well. Nevertheless, if you regularly experience some of them without an apparent cause, then you may be reacting negatively to the gluten in your diet. In this case, you should consult with a doctor or try temporarily removing gluten from your diet to see if it helps.
InventorsThe Discovery of Insulin - The History of Diabetes Treatment Banting discovered insulin was a treatment for diabetes. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas. It was isolated in 1921-22 at the University of Toronto. The scientists involved in the research were Dr. Fredrick Banting, Charles Best (a medical student at the time of the discovery), Professor J. J. R. Macleod and Dr. James Collip. On June 3, 1934, Dr Frederick Banting the co-inventor of insulin was knighted for his medical discovery. of Insulin Brief biographies of the scientists (Banting, Best, Macleod and Collip) surrounding the discovery of insulin and treatments for diabetes. It provides descriptions of their experiments via a scrapbook of old newspaper clippings, pictures, and a voice recording. There is a list of books,videos, and links available on the subject of Process Banting, Macleod, Best and Collip invented the process for insulin in 1922 which became the treatment for Great Canadian Breakthrough: The Discovery of Insulin Free and the Home Diabetes Test Helen Free Helen Free invented the home diabetes Free In the mid-1940s, Alfred Free and Helen Murray were both chemists working together in the biochemistry research group at Miles Laboratories, Inc. Married in 1947, they continued their collaboration, becoming two of the world’s leading experts on urinalysis the highlight of which was Helen Free's invention of the home diabetes Seeking Medical Knowledge about Diabetes and at About The best of online resources for diabetes patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers, from your Guide to diabetes, Paula Ford-Martin. Insulin Use A collection of relevant, timely, and informative internet resources on insulin use from your About Guide to Diabetes. Diabetes Overview Before the discovery of insulin in 1921, everyone with type 1 diabetes died within a few years after diagnosis. Although insulin is not considered a cure, its discovery was the first major breakthrough in diabetes treatment. Information about the risks of diabetes on the health of seniors. Includes information about the complications of diabetes, including periodontal disease, heart disease, foot care and stroke. Diabetes and Eating Disorders have discovered a link between Eating Disorders and Diabetes.
The No-Nonsense Guide to Indigenous Peoples. The No-Nonsense Guides. London and Oxford, UK: New Internationalist Verso. A short non-academic guide to indigenous peoples of the world. Indigenous peoples have long suffered from exoticization. Outsiders find their beauty, remoteness or 'difference' fascinating, and do not see beyond this to the real problems they face. This book looks beyond the exotic images, tracing the story of different indigenous peoples from their first (and often fatal) contact with explorers and colonisers to the present day. \|\|indigenous peoples; colonialism and conquest; land and nature; problems facing; resistance; development; justice; future challenges \|\|Arts > History \|\|07 Jun 2007 \|\|02 Dec 2010 19:59 \|Share this page: Actions (login may be required)
An introduction to letterpress printing and bookmaking and writing for the artist book, focusing on the history of the artist book, competence in letterpress technique, print composition and design skills, and alternative book binding. Course readings will focus on the work Johanna Drucker and Jerome Rothenberg, an overview of the history of “the grotesque” in art, and the examination of multi-media works. Fieldtrips to local artist book collections will supplement course reading, projects, and the final project. The entire class will be taught, and practiced, through the lens of “the grotesque” in art and literature. The definitions of “ugly” or “grotesque” vary widely across cultures and time periods. Much of what we understand about historical cultural norms of beauty and acceptability is learned from the way that artists have portrayed the grotesque. We will explore art as destroyer of norms, the shocking, perverse, repulsive, disgusting or fear-inducing, and evaluate how contemporary cultures enact their fascination and repulsion with their own grotesques. As a final project, each student will make their own limited-edition artist book that considers the course theme of “the grotestque” through writing, image, printing and binding.
Healthy and Safety has played an important role in the day-to-day running of schools and colleges for many years now, with regular testing of electrical appliances becoming an intrinsic part of creating a safe environment for students, whilst also ensuring compliance with the Healthy and Safety at Work Act. PAT Testing For SchoolsImproperly maintained electrical equipment has the potential to cause electric shock and even fire, so regular testing is particularly important for any educational institute. PAT testing in schools is often similar to that which is carried out in commercial buildings and office suites, focusing on the testing of class I or II electrical items such as PCs, laptops, monitors, printers, fax machines and other communication equipment. As such, PAT testing in schools is often focused around the IT department, with the biggest danger when testing this kind of equipment being the risk of damaging electronic circuits during the test, resulting in a loss of data. This issue is easily avoided with correct preparation prior to PAT testing, with suggested precautionary measures including speaking to the IT Department Manager or whoever is responsible for the area and requesting that they shut down all systems before you begin testing. Requesting that they restart the systems once PAT testing is complete will serve to prove that testing has been successful and that is has not resulted in any loss of data. PAT testing is also required on portable appliances such as kettles, vacuums and floor cleaners, tools, extension leads, mobile phone chargers, heaters, fans and televisions. With a large number of electrical appliances usually kept on site, schools and colleges often find that keeping on top of PAT testing is a huge task. Testing must usually be performed during school holidays, when the students are not on the premises and easy access to electrical appliances is available in all areas. In some cases, such as low risk school environments, it may be sufficient for a competent and suitably qualified member of school staff to take responsibility for PAT testing to an adequate level of compliance. In other instances, a school’s Local Education Authority (LEA) may insist that all electrical testing is performed by an independent contractor, such as ourselves. We are able to provide a range of services to suit all requirements for PAT testing in schools including: Regular inspection and testing Consultancy services for Healthy and Safety compliancy Supply and maintenance of PAT testing equipment Short training sessions for all school and college staff in ongoing ‘user checks’ If you have decided to employ the services of a contractor, or have had this requirement imposed on you by your LEA, please do not hesitate to contact us for a quotation. PAT testing in schools is almost always less expensive than initially anticipated and we are confident that we can beat any quotation, offering the safest and most effective service based on our extensive knowledge. Although we would always suggest employing a suitably qualified contractor to perform all PAT testing, it is important to ensure that you are not paying unnecessarily for appliances that do not need to be tested every single year. Whilst some appliances may require very frequent testing, others may only need to be checked every two, three or even four years. When staff are adequately trained to look for obvious faults (known as ‘user checks’), such as frayed or exposed wiring, overheating plugs and similar, it can help to greatly minimise the risks associated with using electrical equipment between testing. The ultimate aim for any school that is conscious of complying with the Health and Safety at Work Act is a succinct and simple programme that brings all electrical checks in line. Our extensive knowledge of PAT testing allows us to offer honest and informed advice on the best service to suit the individual needs of your school or college. We have advised many organisations and educational authorities on the implementation of a successful PAT testing programme that meets national safety standards. By employing W Burns & Son (Electrical) to review your electrical testing processes, you could save money, raise safety standards and improve the electrical safety knowledge of your staff.
Kwanzaa might feel unfamiliar if it's not part of your family heritage—but the holiday is more accessible than you might think. Today I'll break down the principles of Kwanzaa so you can incorporate some of its traditions and takeaways into your own seasonal pastimes. The holiday is not directly tied to any one religion, so while traditionally acknowledged in African American communities, it can inspire anyone to embrace unity and purpose for the New Year. If you're looking for a crafty way to celebrate Kwanzaa, I've created a vibrant and meaningful crochet Kwanzaa mat (mkeka) to get you started. Before we jump into to the DIY, though, it's important to understand what the holiday is all about. Video of the Day What Is Kwanzaa? Let's start with the basics: The word Kwanzaa (and its seven accompanying principles) comes from Swahili and means "first fruits." Kwanzaa pays homage to harvest festivals found throughout Africa and was created during the Black Power Movement of the 1960s as a way for African-Americans to reclaim and explore their heritage. On a personal level, Kwanzaa reminds me that we can celebrate and give power to the many positive aspects of being Black. When we celebrate, we move beyond painful statistics and stereotypes reflected upon us by media platforms and racist systems. And for one moment, during Kwanzaa, we unite to remind ourselves and others how beautiful, resilient and dedicated we are to creating a better future for our community. Much like Hanukkah, Kwanzaa calls for the lighting of seven candles in a kinara (candleholder)—one each day to honor the seven principles of Kwanzaa. The kinara is displayed on a mkeka (mat), which represents the strong foundation of African heritage upon which these principles are based. Honoring the Seven Principles of Kwanzaa During each day of Kwanzaa, I journal as a way to reflect and create personal ownership of each principle. I have found that it makes brainstorming New Year’s resolutions more attainable and allows me to focus on where I see myself during the upcoming year. I love having prompts for my goals, and Kwanzaa is the perfect time to encourage myself and others to look beyond surface-level resolutions. Each of the seven principles comes with its own questions, considerations and reflections. Day 1: Unity (Umoja) The first day of Kwanzaa traditionally honors unity in family, community and race. I ask myself how I can build connection with family (close or distant) and what I want to learn more about regarding my Black heritage. In doing so, I feel more connected to both past and present. Day 2: Self-Determination (Kujichagulia) This principle has become more important to me as I enter my late twenties. It asks us to define ourselves and write our own stories. I believe everyone deserves autonomy in telling their story so that our histories are not lost. Day 3: Collective Work and Responsibility (Ujima) This principle places value in seeing others' problems as your own and in turn asks for a collective solution to problems in the Black community. I'm reminded to fight for people who might have grown tired of fighting for themselves and not to turn a blind eye to issues that don't directly affect me. Day 4: Cooperative Economics (Ujamaa) Ujamaa empowers us to invest in ourselves (quite literally) with our finances. Operating or supporting Black-owned businesses is a wonderful way to embrace the meaning! As an online shop owner myself, this one is especially meaningful. I value owning my small business and "shopping small" as often as possible. Day 5: Purpose (Nia) Purpose sounds like a pretty simple principle, but this day is traditionally spent encouraging us to restore our people to greatness. The only amendment I add is writing a list of things I'm proud of myself for. We as African Americans are still great for what we can do, despite our history being riddled with so much blood and injustice. It does not mean we are less than we were when we belonged only to our home continent. Our present purpose can be just as important. Day 6: Creativity (Kuumba) As a creative, this is my favorite principle. I enjoy reflecting on how I can use my talents to inspire, teach and express myself. At the same time, I give thought to the fact that it's truly a skill and gift to create on a daily basis. This day offers an ideal time to consider the importance of helping creativity flourish across the earth, giving life to future generations. Day 7: Faith (Imani) This day asks us to believe with all of our hearts in our people and in victory from our struggle. We are free to love, laugh, sing and—most important—exist. I know all too well that daily life demands we continue speaking up for our lives and safety, but this unified effort to create family and flourish is well worth the work. How to Crochet a Mkeka Creating a DIY "woven" Kwanzaa mat with crochet techniques can be done using a mini basket weave stitch. For a meaningful mkeka, incorporate symbolic colors that stand for the people (black), the bloodshed of the past (red) and the abundance of our future on Earth (green). I also incorporated yellow in this craft because ears of corn are traditionally placed on the mkeka to honor the prosperity of children and their future in a household. A Mini Guide to Crochet Your mkeka should measure 12 in x 18 in. to serve as a place mat, but feel free to make it as long as a table runner if you wish! This project requires a "Front Post Double Crochet" and "Back Post Double Crochet," both of which will become second nature with practice. A set of two stitches creates the mini basket weave stitch. Things You'll Need 5.0 mm crochet hook Yarn needle for weaving in ends Big Twist yarn in Varsity Red, Varsity Green, Mustard and Black 1. Crochet a red row To start your mkeka, chain 30 loops with the first color (red), skip two and turn. Next, double-crochet the first row across, creating 28 stitches. 2. Add other colors After creating a red base, it's time to add other colors to your crochet mkeka. Chain two loops and turn, "Front Post Double Crochet," then "Back Post Double Crochet" across. "Double Crochet" in last chain two; "14 Front Post Double Crochet"; "13 Back Post Double Crochet" and "1 Double Crochet" total (green). Make sure to alternate each stitch to create a “woven” effect! 3. Repeat pattern to complete Chain two loops and turn, "Back Post Double Crochet," then "Front Post Double Crochet" across. Repeat from the first step. Start with opposite stitch from previous row—if using "Back Post Double Crochet," opt for "Front Post Double Crochet" in the next row. You'll have a mkeka mat in no time! Continue with red, black, green and yellow until your mat measures 12 in x 18 in.—or until your heart is content! The mkeka is still a craft, and there's truly no wrong way to measure art. The mini basket weave stitch is also known as the rice stitch, which I believe fits perfectly with Kwanzaa's harvest theme. If you're a beginner, don't forget to weave in your ends. If you're an experienced crochet artist, you know it will be worth it to do this now instead of putting it off until later. With the ends woven in, your mkeka is complete and ready to serve as the foundation for a lovely and meaningful Kwanzaa display. Don't be afraid create a Kwanzaa celebration of your own for the first time this year. After all, the holiday is all about claiming your heritage, honoring the past and embracing opportunities to build a better future. Happy Kwanzaa, happy holidays and—as always—happy crafting!
Until about five years ago, the moon was thought to be bone dry. Practically all of volatiles, especially water, were thought to have been lost when the moon formed from debris after the impact of a Mars-size body with the proto Earth, the favored moon formation scenario. Shortly after its formation, the moon (or at least the outer portion) was thought to be molten, forming a lunar magma ocean. As solidification of the magma ocean proceeded, different minerals crystallized from the magma. The minerals denser than the magma (e.g., olivine and pyroxene) sank to form the lunar mantle, while plagioclase, a less dense mineral, floated to form plagioclase-dominated (anorthositic) highlands rocks and the original lunar crust. Such an energetic origin for the moon is consistent with its volatile depleted nature. However, the anhydrous view of the moon has been challenged by detections of water on the lunar surface and in rocks and soil returned by the Apollo missions. While a significant part of this water is thought to have been brought to the moon through solar wind implantation and the impacts of volatile-rich comets long after the primary lunar crust formed from the cooling magma ocean, the detection of water in volcanic rocks derived from the lunar mantle is both exciting and puzzling at the same time. We have been fortunate that some lunar anorthosites were returned to Earth during the Apollo missions, as we have samples of the primary lunar crust. Plagioclase grains in these anorthosites were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and approximately 0.0006 percent water by weight was detected in the crystal. This is a significant amount because it is known that water is not readily included in the plagioclase structure, so the magma it crystallized from would have contained much higher abundances. Therefore, the implication of our results is that the initial water content of the lunar magma ocean would have contained approximately 0.032 percent by weight; water accumulating in the final residuum of the lunar magma ocean could have reached 1.4 percent by weight, an amount sufficient to explain water contents measured in lunar volcanic rocks. While the presence of water in the early moon needs to be reconciled its supposed energetic origin and the isotope results for Chlorine and Zinc (both of which are volatile and support a "dry moon"), the presence of water in rocks from the primary lunar crust demonstrates the early moon contained significant amounts of volatiles.
Planes and wings, construction of.—An aeroplane wing is composed of a number of indeformable sections which are threaded on a spar or spars and are connected together on assembly by rivets or similar means. In each section 3 a covering of sheet metal or plywood, stiffened by corrugations or ribs, is fixed to the leading edge member 4 and to a sectional dummy spar 13 or to the trailing edge if no aileron is fitted at that point. Marginal angle strips 6 form a means of attachment for sheet‐metal plate ribs 7 which close each section. These plate ribs are strengthened by upright members 8 and are pierced with apertures 9 for the insertion of spar 1. The flanges of the spar 1 are accommodated in channel guides 10 riveted to the inner faces of the covering. Each section is threaded along the spar and secured by angle plates 11 riveted to the plate ribs, and to gussets 12 riveted to the spar web. The marginal angle strips 6 of adjacent sections are riveted together and the lading and trailing edges connected up to complete the assembly. (1929), "Month in the Patent Office: A Selection from Important Recently Published Aircraft and Aero Engine Specifications", Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, Vol. 1 No. 7, pp. 262-262. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb029184 MCB UP Ltd Copyright © 1929, MCB UP Limited
Origin and History of Easter in Hungary Hungary is a small but beautiful country in central Europe. This country is one of the few European countries that follow the Eastern Orthodox Church for its holy rituals and norms. Easter, being the most important festival of Eastern Orthodox Church, is celebrated with religious fervor and jauntiness. It is a two-day holiday in Hungary during which many cultural events and special services are organized in the holy church. The occasion marks the resurrection of Jesus Christ, three days after His crucifixion on Good Friday. This is the day when the Hungarians break their long fast of Lent which is considered holy for Easter. During Lent, people abstain from consuming meat. For this reason, meat abandoning Tuesday called húshagyó kedd is observed. It falls a day before Ash Wednesday. On holy Easter Saturday (Nagyszombat), people gather in the church and take part in the resurrection ceremonies at night, after which they take out a procession carrying Christ’s Statue, chanting religious hymns. Many people follow modern customs and rituals, while others prefer to stick to older traditions being followed since prehistoric pagan time. Local name: Húsvét Ways to celeberate Húsvét in Hungary Hungarian Easter celebrations are one of the most remarkable celebrations to witness in the whole of Europe. Easter is known as Húsvét in Hungary which literally means ‘taking of the meat’, bringing an end to the Great Lent fasting period. The two main traditions of Hungarian Easter make it distinct from other countries. One is painting eggs in different traditional patterns and colors, while the other is ‘sprinkling’, also known as Ducking Monday or Easter Monday. On Easter Monday, young men pour buckets of water over young women's heads, or spray perfume, cologne or just plain water, and ask for a kiss and a red egg in return. This historic tradition relates to cleaning, healing, and fertility effects of water. Since then, it is followed, though it is most prominent only in villages and small towns. People wear monster masks and carry out a unique procession in the Mohacs district. The grand traditional Hungarian Easter feast includes luscious delicacies made from different meats, like pork, poultry, lamb, rabbit, etc.
The bigger, hotter fires that are occurring in the southwestern US present some real challenges for both forests and society. In many of the more recent big fires, about 20-40% of the area burned is really hot and kills the overstory trees. This changes the environment because the overstory trees that provided shade are no longer alive. One of the things that we’re trying to understand is how tree seedlings survive (or don’t) in this hotter drier environment. To begin, we wanted to start a pilot project so we could collect some preliminary information and figure out some of the logistical challenges. One thing that I’ve learned in my research career so far is that about half of what seem like good ideas in the lab don’t work in the field and that things almost always take 50% longer than I figured they would. On 1 April, Dunbar and I drove up to Santa Fe to pick up 196 seedlings to begin a pilot regeneration study in the footprint of the Las Conchas fire on the east flank of the Jemez Mountains. While there hadn’t been much in the way of precipitation since early February, we headed northwest out of Santa Fe to find it snowing hard at about 7000 feet. We arrive at the forest road to find the gate locked until 15 April and all I can think is – it will be much warmer sleeping in my bed tonight if we can’t get through this gate. My hopes for a warm night of sleep were quickly dashed as the good folks at the USFS Jemez Ranger district let us through the gate. C’est la vie. As we ventured down the road, we found lots of fire-killed trees that came down during the winter. So we got to work clearing as we went so we could locate places to plant the seedlings. After getting as far down the road as we needed to get to reach the lowest elevation we planned to plant, we began the slow process of scoping out locations that met the various criteria we hypothesize are important for influencing seedling survival and growth. From this pilot project we are hoping to get some preliminary data on how seedling survival and growth vary depending on which aspect they are planted. We know that a big, hot wildfire that kills large patches of overstory trees changes the conditions on the ground. Specifically, without the shade that the large trees provide, the conditions at ground level get hotter and drier. Since north facing slopes receive less of the Sun’s energy and south facing slopes receive more energy, we think that seedlings will have a better chance of surviving and will grow faster on north facing aspects and a lower chance of surviving and less growth on south facing aspects. That day we identified a number of locations that met our criteria and decided it was time to set up camp for the night. We found a great spot on the edge of a canyon to spend the night. Of course it was a cold night, with temperatures in the teens. That is when I figured out that my 15 degree sleeping bag no longer lived up to its temperature rating. It was a looooong night. After we each had a large bowl of oatmeal (mmmm, like I didn’t eat enough of that every day for four months each field season during grad school) we headed out to start planting. We began planting and deploying the sensors to measure temperature and relative humidity (you can read about building your own space mushrooms here). Since we think that seedling survival and growth will be largely a function of how hot and dry the environment is, we need to measure how temperature and relative humidity vary by aspect. Now, for the things not working and taking longer than I expected part… I figured that planting seedlings would require a good shovel with a long, narrow blade. I was right, I just chose incorrectly when I purchased the shovel that I thought would do the job. Those long, narrow blade shovels they sell at the home improvement store probably work real well if you are trying to plant in your yard, but when the soil is rocky, they are a challenge to get into the ground and the blade tends to flex A LOT (and bend) when you are trying to create a hole for your seedling. That leads me to the taking longer part. I figured that it would take 4-5 hours and we would head out around 12 or 1pm. Well, add 50%. In research we typically develop pilot projects so we can obtain preliminary data to refine our hypotheses. In this case we’ll probably find that temperature and relative humidity only explain part of survival and growth. Some other things we plan to measure will hopefully explain the rest of the variability. The other thing that pilot projects are really useful for is figuring out how poorly conceived your approach is and how LONG something is really going to take. As it turns out, several companies make robust metal shovel looking things that are made especially for planting seedlings in rocky forest soils. Imagine that. And, while my mind tells me that I can surely be hunched over all day wrestling with rocky soil and a shovel, my body told me that afternoon that there was no way it was going to happen two days in a row. Lessons learned! Stay tuned for future planting adventures because we were recently awarded a grant from the Joint Fire Science Program to implement the full-fledged planting experiment. We just ordered about 600 trees to plant this coming fall and of course I’ll be purchasing several of those special planting shovels and an economy size bottle of ibuprofen.
Optimization Versus Flexibility — An Example Last week, I discussed how optimization can sometimes mislead programmers into writing code that works better in the lab than in the field, perhaps because the problems that programs encounter in the field are larger than those that are used during testing. As luck would have it, since I wrote that article, I encountered a real-world example of that phenomenon. White PapersMore >> - Intrusion Prevention Systems: What to Look for in a Solution - Real results: Speeding quality application delivery with DevOps [in financial services] I put a fair amount of energy into electronic music, which, these days, often means dealing with sample libraries. A sample library is a collection of files, each of which represents a sound. There are many programs on the market that take such sounds and combine them in musically interesting ways. It is not unusual for each sample in a library to be in a separate file. As a result, the samples on my computer are scattered among literally hundreds of thousands of files. Most of these files are tiny, although a few are quite large. This situation naturally raises a question: How does one back up such data? More generally, how does one go about backing up a few hundred thousand files? The author of every backup system must decide how to store the data that it backs up. For example, does each original file have a corresponding file in the backup archive, or are multiple files combined into a smaller (or larger!) number of backup files? Does the folder structure in the original have a counterpart in the backup? Different authors answer such questions in different ways. One factor that affects the answer is how the operating system behaves when you put a lot of files in a single folder. For example, if a backup program has to store 1,000,000 files, it might put them in 100 folders, each of which contains 100 folders, each of which contains 100 files. Alternatively, it might store chunks of 1,000 files each in archives (such as Zip files), and then put those archives in a single folder. At an extreme, it might even try to create a single folder with 1,000,000 files in it. The choice of strategy affects the backup program's performance in a way that might be dramatic if the operating system doesn't perform well with very large folders. A particularly important factor is what happens when a program tries to create a new file in a folder that has a lot of files in it already. The system has to search the folder to see whether there is already a file with that name, and that search time depends on the number of files already in the folder. To see why this dependency is crucial, think about what happens if the system looks at every file in a folder to determine whether the newcomer is a duplicate. The first file in a folder takes one comparison to check; the second takes two comparisons, and so on. So the number of comparisons needed to put n files in a folder is 1+2+…+n, which is O(n2). If, on the other hand, the system can check for duplicates in constant time, then putting n files in a folder takes only O(n) time. Now let's return to the concrete problem of backing up several hundred thousand files. If such a task is to complete in a reasonable amount of time, it is essential for the time that it takes the operating system to add a file to a folder to grow much more slowly than the number of files already in the folder. One backup program I tried simply copies all of the files to be backed up into one of 16 folders, apparently at random. More precisely, it somehow (perhaps by hashing the file's contents) creates a name for the copy of the file. This name includes a long string of hex digits. The first of these digits is used to select a folder with a single-hex-character name; each of these folders contains a bunch of files. One of my backups using this program had about 30,000 files in each folder, which covered my nearly half a million files overall. Watching this backup program at work convinced me that the file-system designers must have done quite a bit toward allowing the file system to handle a large number of files in a single folder. However, when I switched from using a directly connected external disk to using a network storage unit, the roof caved in. I'd start running my backup, and 18 hours later, I'd see that it was still running. Moreover the data-transfer rate had slowed from tens of megabytes per second to a few thousand bytes per second. The source of the problem became clear when I looked at one of the folders on my network storage device: It had the expected 30,000 files or so in each of its 16 folders, and when I tried to create a new file in one of these folders, it took nearly five seconds. In other words, adding another 1,000 files to these 30,000 would take well over an hour just to create the files, not counting transferring any data into those files. In short, some aspect of the network storage device is killing performance for folders with a large number of files. At the moment, I don't know which aspect it is: It might be the device itself, or the network protocol, or something else I haven't anticipated. What is important for the purpose of this article is: - The operating-system developers decided that creating lots of files in a single folder should run quickly. - The backup-program developers observed that the operating system handled this operation efficiently, and took advantage of that efficiency. - The efficiency does not carry over to the network-storage device. - As a result, it is unacceptably slow to use this particular program to back up a very large number of files on this particular network-storage device. Two interesting questions come out of this state of affairs, one general and one specific. The general question is what assumptions software developers should make about how facilities such as file systems perform. Wouldn't it be nice as a user to be able to assume that you can put as many files as you like in a folder without worrying about performance degradation? If it's not fair to make that assumption, wouldn't it be nice for file-system developers to be able to assume that folders won't grow to absurd sizes? Unfortunately, like most general questions, these have no easy answers. No matter what you do, a network file-storage device is not going to have exactly the same performance characteristics as a disk directly attached to the computer. So the question is not whether there will be performance tradeoffs, but rather which performance tradeoffs are acceptable. In this case, the backup software designers and the network storage designers made decisions about these tradeoffs, each of which was reasonable by itself, but which interacted with each other in unfortunate ways. All I can do about it is to report this problem to the authors and hope for the best. Here is the specific question: What options do I have if I want my backups to run more quickly? After thinking about for a bit, I realized that I could subdivide my collection of files into eight smaller collections, each roughly the same size. As a result, instead of having 30,000 files in each backup folder, I now have about 4,000 files in each. I haven't measured precisely yet, but if adding each file takes an amount of time proportional to the number of files already in the folder, I would expect this subdivision to reduce the total overhead by a factor of eight or so. That pragmatic strategy will at least let me back up my files while I figure out whether to file a bug report with the manufacturer of the backup software or the network storage device.
From climate and wildlife to citizen science and vegetation, Glacier is a thriving laboratory home to over 1200 plant species, 240 bird species, and 65 species of native mammals. Its habitat extends well beyond the park’s borders, making the Crown of the Continent one of the most biologically intact ecosystems in North America. The Conservancy funds research on priority issues that help us understand Glacier and inform conservation decisions that protect Glacier’s future. At the Conservancy, we fund the following: - Create a Leading Native Plant Nursery Facility for School Groups and Volunteers - Saving Threatened Native Bull Trout in Akokala Lake - Engaging Visitors in Citizen Science to Promote Stewardship While Monitoring Species of Concern - The Private Lives of Grizzly Bears – A Family Tree to Evaluate Effective - Population Size - Hawk Owl Breeding Habitat Study Find out more about our 2015 Funding Priorities for Research!
Could the 'Ulcer Bug' Guard Against Obesity? THURSDAY June 5, 2014, 2014 -- Countries with low rates of the ulcer-causing bacterium H. pylori tend to have high rates of obesity, a finding that researchers say they see as more than a chance correlation. Looking at 49 studies from Australia, Europe, Japan and the United States, the review authors found that in several countries such as Italy, Japan, Portugal and Spain, the majority of the population carried H. pylori. And those countries had relatively low rates of obesity, ranging from 3 percent in Japan to about 15 percent in Spain. That was in contrast to the United States, for example, where about one-third of adults are obese and around the same percentage carry H. pylori. None of that, however, proves cause and effect, cautioned an obesity expert who was not involved in the study. "This study found a simple correlation, at the population level," said Christopher Ochner, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine in New York City. "This does not mean H. pylori is your friend, and will keep you slim," he stressed. And even if the bug does have some direct effect on weight, it would likely be small -- and no reason to refuse antibiotics if you have an H. pylori-related ulcer, Ochner added. "Would you hang on to something that's doing you harm, so you can lose a pound or two?" he asked. Dr. Gerald Holtmann, the senior researcher on the review, agreed. "This study does not question the established indications for H. pylori eradication," said Holtmann, of the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. There are, though, reasons to believe that the bug can affect weight, Holtmann's team reported recently in the journal Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Although H. pylori is a major cause of stomach ulcers, most people who harbor the infection -- at least half the world's population -- do not develop ulcers. And some researchers have speculated that H. pylori has benefits as well as costs. Holtmann pointed to a couple studies showing that after people take antibiotics to get rid of H. pylori, they have more weight gain than those with untreated infections. And some animal and human research suggests that the bacteria can affect appetite-regulating hormones. But whether H. pylori makes a real difference in the battle of the bulge is hard to pin down, according to Holtmann. For example, the gut is home to trillions of bacteria that are thought to affect digestion, immune function and possibly weight control. And people with and without H. pylori may have a generally different gut-bacteria makeup, Holtmann's team pointed out. "The data suggests that either H. pylori itself or other infectious factors linked with H. pylori are significant," Holtmann said. Ochner called the new findings "very interesting," and he agreed that it's plausible the ulcer bug could have some positive effect on weight. But he doubted that it could make a big difference on anyone's bathroom scale. "Body weight is incredibly complex," Ochner said. "It involves so many factors. And in my opinion, this will not turn out to be one of the big ones." The U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases has more on H. pylori. Posted: June 2014
The Machinery Directive (2006/42 / EC) sets out the safety and health requirements, including minimum requirements, for machines, lifting and lifting tools, cables and more. This directive is required to apply CE marking to such devices and consists of a number of components. First of all, it must be determined whether the product falls under the machine directive, taking into account all possible exceptions (commonly referred to as other directives). It also looks into the category of the product (machine, hoist or lifting tool, unfinished machine, etc.). As a second step, the risk assessment follows, reflecting the essential requirements, including the residual risks. This maps both the boundaries and potentially dangerous situations. Repeating the risk assessment, including adjustments, will make the machine safer. There may also be additional requirements, such as lifting and lifting cases (see section 4, Appendix I). These steps, including the risk assessment and analysis, must be documented and placed under the technical construction file. The essential requirements also provide an overview of what's all in a user manual. The next step is to set up the technical construction file. This includes all important data about the machine, such as a description, (technical) drawings, risk assessments (as described above), operating instructions, applied standards, etc. This collection of data from the machine is for personal use only and therefore does not have to be shared With the customer. However, the dossier must be shown to inspection bodies in the short term. The file must be kept for a period of 10 years. Finally, a Declaration of Conformity is drawn up. Articles 12 and 13 of the Directive describe which modules to be followed for machines and unfinished machines, respectively. The designated attachments are then described in which legal requirements must be met. First of all, the scope is considered, including the exceptions, to determine whether the machine directive applies. Scope and exceptions of the directive The machine directive applies to the following products: • interchangeable equipment; • safety components; • hoisting and lifting tools; • chains, cables and tires; • removable mechanical transmission systems; • Uncompleted machines. In the CE Tool you will be guided through the essential requirements.
Switch to 'Light' Cigarettes Makes Quitting Tougher TUESDAY Nov. 3, 2009 -- Experts have long known that "low-tar" and "light" cigarettes aren't any healthier than regular cigarettes, and new research suggests they have another drawback: People who switch to them are less likely to quit, even those who switch specifically because they want to stop smoking. In fact, "switching to ['light' cigarettes] for any reason is associated with continuing to smoke," said study author Dr. Hilary Tindle, a researcher at the University of Pittsburgh's Division of General Internal Medicine. However, she acknowledged that the research does not prove that switching leads directly to a lower rate of quitting. According to the authors, an estimated 84 percent of cigarettes sold in the United States are so-called low-tar and low-nicotine, with many of them called "lights." Some smokers may assume they're healthier than other cigarettes, but medical researchers say smokers still suck in about the same level of carcinogens. And research has shown that "lighter" cigarettes don't reduce smoking-related illness and death. Regardless of what brand they smoke, "the average smoker dies 13 to 14 years earlier than he or she would die if he or she did not smoke," Tindle said. In the new study, published online Nov. 3 in the journal Tobacco Control, researchers examined the results of a 2003 survey of 30,800 people in the United States who had smoked within the past year. Thirty-eight percent of them had switched to "lighter" cigarettes, with the largest percentage of those -- 26 percent -- saying they'd done so for better flavor. Forty-three percent mentioned one, two or three reasons for switching, with quitting smoking being one of those reasons. However, those who had switched were 46 percent less likely to have quit smoking. Why might switchers be more likely to continue smoking? "Prior research suggests that switching may resolve smokers' cognitive dissonance about smoking -- something along the lines of, 'Well, since I'm smoking a [supposedly] healthier cigarette, I really don't have to worry about lung cancer, heart disease, impotence, wrinkles, early death [fill in the blank] because my health is not at risk,'" Tindle said. "This type of rationale may keep more health-conscious smokers smoking." But there are other possible explanations, added Robert West, a researcher who studies tobacco use at University College London in England. It's possible, for example, that people who switch are already more dependent on cigarettes and less able to quit, he said. What to do? "In Europe, tobacco companies are not allowed to call cigarettes low tar or imply that they are in any way safer," West said. Regardless of how cigarettes are marketed, Tindle said, "the best solution for the problem of how to live longer and healthier is to quit smoking now." In related news, a study published Nov. 3 in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health finds that smoking during pregnancy is linked to a higher level of behavioral problems in offspring later in life, even among those as young as 3. A team from the University of York in the England tracked 14,000 mother-and-child pairs and found that maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with significantly higher odds for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other behavioral woes, compared to children born to nonsmoking mothers. Find out more about smoking and its consequences at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Posted: November 2009
One thing most of us Earthlings may not realize is that outer space smells. Thanks to a Kickstarter campaign, so can you. Over a decade ago, NASA chemists developed a scent that mimics the “smell of space” in order to give astronauts a whiff of the cosmos before they left Earth’s atmosphere. Now, the company Eau de Space has gotten its hands on that scent, and you can order a bottle (or ten) through its Kickstarter. In a video shared by Eau de Space, NASA astronaut Tony Antonelli says space smells “strong and unique,” unlike anything he has ever smelled on Earth. According to Eau de Space, others have described the smell as “seared steak, raspberries, and rum,” smokey and bitter. NASA has reportedly been working on the scent for over a decade, but it was trapped behind red tape and bureaucracy. The Eau de Space team got its hands on the recipe -- thanks to “determination, grit, a lot of luck, and a couple of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests.” So this is the first time the general public will have a chance to experience the smell. A $29 pledge will get you one bottle of Eau de Space and the company will donate a bottle to a K-12 STEM program. There are slight discounts if you buy in bulk, and for each bottle you purchase, Eau de Space will donate one. Eau de Space does not have plans to mass produce the scent after the Kickstarter campaign, so if you’re thinking about pledging, don’t wait too long.
Is Agricultural Pollution Getting Worse? Jan 04 2023 Agriculture is undoubtedly key to the survival of the human race. With a ballooning global population, more sophisticated methods of farming (supplemented by scientific and technological breakthroughs) have helped us produce more crops with fewer pests and less effort. However, the pollution that has come as a by-product of this agricultural activity cannot be ignored. Despite the fact that COP27 on climate change and COP15 on biodiversity have only recently taken place, the contamination being produced from agriculture does not seem to be improving at the pace required. With a variety of different types, sources and effects of agricultural pollution, it’s going to be a monumental challenge to bring this damaging practice to heel. Here’s a quick rundown of how we are progressing at the moment. Greenhouse gas emissions Agriculture is a chief source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the UK and beyond; domestically, it accounts for around 10% of all emissions. In 2008, the Climate Change Act introduced a legally binding target of reducing agricultural GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. In 2020, the goal was to release 5.2 million tonnes of carbon equivalent, but that target was missed significantly; only about a third of the targeted reductions were achieved. Alongside the methane produced by livestock and dairy farming, the emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural land and the carbon spouted from the exhaust pipes of tractors, combine harvesters and other machinery are the main culprits behind this missed target. In 2014, almost 200 governments and corporations from around the globe signed up to the New York Declaration on Forests, which aimed to halve deforestation by 2020 and stop it completely by 2030. However, five years after those objectives were announced, the rate of deforestation had accelerated by 40%, with clearing the land for sowing crops the biggest reason behind the rise. In 2021, COP26 saw a breakthrough when 141 nations signed up to the Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forest and Land Use, which also pledged to bring deforestation to an end by 2030. Crucially, those signatories represented 85% of the planet’s forests, including the biggest culprit in terms of deforestation, Brazil. Despite that encouraging news, little progress was made at last year’s COP27 and a huge effort will be needed as a matter of urgency if we are to meet those goals. Another significant cause of agricultural pollution is the use of fertilisers. Global consumption of these chemical products has risen by almost four times in the last 50 years; in 1965, 46.31 million metric tonnes of the stuff were consumed. By 2019, that figure had risen to 190.81 million metric tonnes. While it should be noted that fertiliser consumption has largely plateaued in the last five years, and that the use of these chemicals is absolutely crucial to generating enough produce to feed the world’s population, more can be done to curb the harmful effects of its application. This includes employing precision agriculture, rotating crops and the widespread adoption of buffer plants at the fringes of fields to prevent agricultural runoff from contaminating nearby bodies of water. In This Edition STA Annual Guide - Read it Here Water/Wastewater - Continuous remote water quality monitoring networks Environmental Laboratory - The Important Role of ICP-MS in Unde... View all digital editions Dec 12 2023 Nuremberg, Germany Jan 17 2024 New Delhi, India Jan 22 2024 Port of Spain, Trinidad Jan 23 2024 Manchester, UK Jan 24 2024 Nantes, France
Diverticulae are little outpouches (sacs) that can develop in wall of the colon. They resemble the ‘blisters’ that one might see on a bicycle inner tube as a result of overinflation. They are thought to be due to high pressures within the colon, the result of spasms of the colon wall muscle. A person with more than one diverticulum (most people with diverticulae have several) is said to have ‘diverticulosis’ or ‘diverticular disease’. Occasionally a diverticulum can pop (perforate), and this leads to the leakage of gas and stool into the abdominal cavity, and the development of inflammation adjacent to the perforation. Inflammation associated with a diverticulum is called diverticulitis. Usually the inflammation is mild and heals with the help of antibiotics. Sometimes, however, the perforation may be larger and more dramatic and the patient may need life-saving surgery to deal with the hole in the bowel. Given that 50% of individuals in North America over the age of 50 have some diverticulae, the risk of perforation is actually quite low, even though, given the sheer numbers of people with diverticulosis, General and Colorectal Surgeons deal with perforated diverticulitis all the time. So, diverticulosis is common, diverticulitis is much less common. Diverticulae occur most commonly in the sigmoid colon, the portion of the colon in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen, and so the pain of diverticulitis is usually felt in the left lower quadrant. Some people feel that diverticulae are more likely to perforate if the patient eats nuts and seeds, which, theoretically can get caught in the diverticulae and lead to inflammation. But there is very little good evidence to support this. Most medical websites suggest that a high fiber diet reduces the chance of developing diverticulae and diverticulitis. But the data here is also lacking. © Pezim Clinic, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Organization is a complex task that involves a human’s activities that produce profits and utility. Whether it is selling or making, trading in money or a cooperative task, organization activities serve a need of people. The main goal of any financial activity is profit maximisation. Therefore, the terms business and profit are typically utilized mutually. It is also crucial to recognize the distinction between an organization and profession. In this post, we will certainly discuss the distinctions in between these 2 terms. A business is a business activity or company that produces or disperses items and solutions commercial. This can include any activity that is conducted for the function of production and distribution. Several of these activities are related to banking, insurance, product packaging, transportation, as well as advertising. The meaning of service is wide as well as can include various types. Some tasks are for-profit as well as some are not, yet in either instance, the business is a company. This article will certainly focus on just how to compare a for-profit as well as a not-for-profit venture. The definition of a company differs commonly. Necessarily, an organization is any kind of task carried out to provide products or services to culture commercial. There are no charitable companies that function as companies. Nevertheless, a company must be consistent in its dealings with goods and also solutions to receive its designation. A single purchase, for example, may not make up an organization; nonetheless, a service that sells furniture regularly is taken into consideration a company. A service can be defined as any type of kind of organization where the goal is to make revenue. It might be a profession, a career, or a charitable company. An organization can not be defined as an activity that is except earnings. Furthermore, a service should be consistent in its transactions with items and also services. As an example, a single transaction between a business as well as a customer can not be a service. However if a firm markets as well as purchases furniture regularly, that is a business. According to the interpretation of business, a company is a task that entails the production and distribution of items and also solutions. This activity may be commercial or non-profit, but is always intended to make profit. It does not need to be profitable, however it must be consistent. If a firm markets furniture regularly, it is a company. It is important to compare a business and a nonprofit organisation. It is not the same to run a company as a charity. A business is an activity that generates and sells items as well as solutions commercial. The most essential requirement of a service is its earnings. There are no exemptions to this policy. Even if the company is a tiny one, it should not be treated as one. And it must just be run for earnings. In other words, a service that sells furniture is an organization. Its primary purpose is to make money. Additionally, the activity ought to be consistent. A business is a task that creates and also disperses items and solutions. It has numerous parts. Its main goal is to earn a profit. Along with the sale of goods, it additionally sells solutions. An organization can be a not-for-profit. Its goal is to serve its customers. Its earnings are not always cash. In a for-profit company, it can additionally supply other types of benefits. However, it can’t exist without a good method. A service is a task that generates goods as well as gives services. Its profits are generally not cash. However they may be advantages that the company receives from its procedures. Generally, organization is a profit-generating business. Despite the dimension of the business, it has numerous various types of possession. A for-profit business has a details objective, and also a non-profit company has a social function. This type of venture isn’t a purely industrial task. An organization is a task that entails offering goods and solutions to people. The term is also utilized to describe a company that has its own identity. For-profit organizations can have a minimal variety of employees, while charitable ones can have numerous employees. To put it simply, they can have lots of owners and also have different organization purposes. Despite the fact that companies can be successful, they can still fall short. They must have a goal as well as strategy to attain their objectives. A service may have several activities. Some activities might pay, however they do not generate any revenue. Other activities are not considered organizations. A business can include an activity that gives a service for a fee. It can consist of an organization that markets items and solutions. This sort of organization is often called a for-profit enterprise. While the purpose of an organization is not the exact same for every single organization, it can still pay. An organization may be a profession, a career, or a venture. Its objectives depend on the nature of the business. For example, it may be a solution that supplies an item to clients. Sometimes, a company might be a for-profit entity. Likewise, a company might be a not-for-profit organization. No matter the kind of company, it is necessary to ensure that workers recognize the objective of the task. A company can be a small business or a big company. An organization can be a for-profit entity or a not-for-profit company. Its revenue might come from a sales procedure or a solution that pleases a requirement. In either instance, a service’s objective is to produce earnings for the owner. In many cases, earnings is an advantage, however it does not assure a return on investment. In general, a service is an occupation or career that creates items and/or services. The major purpose of a company is to maximize revenues, however it can likewise be a way to accomplish a better life. A successful business can be an effective one that has a favorable effect on the world as well as the economic situation. This can be a good thing if it benefits culture. It is not simply a task, however an occupation. Find out more An organization is a kind of undertaking that produces products and/or services commercial. A service’s purpose is to make profit via a revenue. There are numerous kinds of organizations: minimal responsibility firms, collaborations, as well as even firms. For-profit entities are those that offer items and/or services for the public. A small-business can also belong of a larger business. Its business is a form of entertainment, a social cause, and a profession.
I use this image as my desktop, so each day I gaze at it in wonder. It’s natural art and design, somehow mysterious, somehow sensual. This extraordinary – and much-publicised – image is from Mars, captured by the high resolution orbiter, and reveals the tracks of dust devils, whirling miniature tornado dervishes of wind engraving their way over the dunes. But exactly how these dark tracks form has been something of a mystery: is it to do with composition, that light dust is removed to reveal sand of darker materials beneath? Ironically, more observations had been made of this phenomenon on Mars than on Earth – orbiters and rovers have gathered a gallery of images and movies of dust devils on the Red Planet: Earlier this year, Dennis Reiss, a geographer at Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster in Germany, together with his colleagues, reported on their earth-bound fieldwork in the Turpan Desert of northwestern China. Dust devil tracks are small and ephemeral things here, whereas the Martian designs are larger and last far longer. But the workers in China were able to observe dust devils at work and examine the character of the dark trails left behind. What they showed was that the appearance of the tracks was dependent on the size of the grains. The sand grains outside the tracks were coated with fine dust that brightly reflects the light. Within the tracks the blast of the passing dust devil blew the sand along, tumbling and saltating, with the result that the dust was picked up by the vortex and clean sand grains were left behind. Smaller grains appear lighter than coarse ones – they reflect more light and their albedo is higher – and so the tracks appear darker than the surrounding sand. So far, so good. But there are examples, as recently reported by Mary Pendleton Hoffer and Ronald Greeley at Arizona State University, of dust devil tracks on Mars that are lighter than their surroundings: Reiss and his colleagues have now reported on light-coloured tracks from the Turpan Desert. These appeared in sand that had been darkened by a brief rain shower the previous night. But invoking rain on Mars is clearly a non-starter, so what is going on? Well, it turned out that the sand within the light tracks was no different from usual – millimetre-sized grains cleansed of finer material. But, the darkening of the surrounding sands was a result of the grains being cemented together by the rain into clumps up to a centimetre across. Big clumps = low albedo = dark appearance. The dust devil had broken these up, brightening the sand left behind in its track. OK, but there’s still no rain on Mars. However, there are forces that can clump sand grains together – electrostatic forces. Such clumping has been observed by the field geologists on Mars, the indomitable rovers. In 1979, Greeley conducted lab experiments showing that charges build up on dry, wind-blown sand particles in a similar manner to the way charge builds up on a balloon when you rub it on your hair. Just like the charged-up balloon can stick to the wall, charged sand grains pull together to form delicate, “popcorn ball” aggregates. “The destruction of aggregates on Mars would lead also to bright dust devil tracks,” Reiss said. Greeley thinks the idea makes sense. “This is a plausible model for the formation of the bright tracks on Mars,” he said. “This is a very nice study, a very nice result.” So, through questions raised on Mars we are better understanding processes on our own planet. The wonder of Martian calligraphy is, however, by no means diminished. [See the amazing gallery of Mars high resolution images at the HiRISE site. Images courtesy of NASA/JPL/University of Arizona HiRISE]
I've always been impressed with my roommate's watch: It powers itself using a gyroscope that generates electricity as he moves around. Now, Japanese company Brother--best known in the US for its printers--has developed a device that can be recharged just by shaking it, according to BBC News. What makes this device special is that it can be used in place of traditional AA batteries. So far, the device has been seen powering a TV remote, a LED flashlight and a remote switch for a lamp. Obviously, Brother's battery replacements have the benefit of cutting down on the waste of batteries and with the added benefit of using less electricity than rechargeable batteries. They're designed to work with lower voltage (4-8 Hz) appliances, it seems like a great start to another type of conservation technology. The technology may have a way to go before it's ready for use in actual products. BBC's Michael Fitzpatrick reports that the TV remote control would require a shake after 10-30 button presses. That said, the technology is exciting, especially considering my wireless mouse's batteries died while I was writing this. The thought of shaking to get an immediate charge sounds especially appealing. An application that would make perfect sense would be using the Brother batteries is to power a Wiimote for the Nintendo Wii, a device that is already shaken normally. So far, Brother doesn't have plans to sell the batteries, saying that they need to wait on developing a business plan. What do you all think? Appealing product as is? Or would the technology have to be developed further?
A long-standing mystery about the tomb of King Philip II of Macedonia has finally been solved, showing the father of Alexander the Great was buried with his wife Cleopatra and their infant. Philip II was assassinated in 359BC in the ancient capital of the kingdom of Macedon by one of his seven bodyguards, the reason for which has been long debated. Three Royal Tombs were discovered in the Great Tumulus in Vergina in the 1970s and two proved to be of particular interest on account of the treasures held inside. Tomb I contained a man, woman and a newborn baby, while Tomb II contained a man and a woman and a huge array of grave goods, including two golden larnakes and armour. Despite mounting evidence that the latter was not the tomb of Philip, "the archaeological establishment still maintains that Tomb II belongs to Philip II". One of the reasons for this was that an early text had suggested Philip was cremated – and the bodies in Tomb I had not been subject to this funerary practice. Publishing their findings in the journal PNAS, Juan-Luis Arsuaga, from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Antonis Bartsiokas, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, have now analysed the tombs with scanning and radiography to show Philip is indeed buried in Tomb I with Cleopatra and their child. The researchers were looking to find the identities of the man, woman and baby by establishing their ages and comparing them with figures from ancient literary sources. The baby was found to be 41–44 weeks, so either newborn or still in utero. The woman was around 18 years old – the same age as Cleopatra would have been when she died (shortly after Philip) – and far closer than that of the female body found in Tomb II. More convincingly, however, was the analysis of the male skeleton. He was judged to be around 45 when he died, matching the age at which Philip was killed, but he was also found to have suffered a severe wound to his knee three years before his death. This is consistent with reports of Philip's life: "As Philip was returning to Macedonia from the Scythian campaign against Ateas, the Thracian tribe of Triballoi met him and refused to allow him passage unless they received a share of the spoils," the researchers wrote. "Hence, a dispute arose and afterward a battle, in which Philip received so severe a wound through his leg by a lance that his horse was killed by it. Analysis showed the male in Tomb I had leg bones with a stiffened knee joint, signs of bone fusion and a hole through the knee indicating a piercing wound. "Therefore, Philip's lameness is conclusive evidence for the identification of one tomb occupant as Philip." Bartsiokas told IBTimes UK their findings should "definitely" lead to a general consensus on the tomb of Philip: "The evidence this time, is overwhelming" he said. "The knee ankylosis, together with the bone hole caused by the lance, indicates a penetrating wound, and thus shows that the bone belongs to King Philip II. Furthermore, the two other skeletons, a young woman's and a neonate's, are absolutely consistent with the historical evidence, since we know that Philip was assassinated with his wife Cleopatra and newborn child." Bartsiokas has been working on the identities of the Royal Tombs for over 15 years and previously showed the skull thought to be that of King Philip was not his. He said it was good to finally put the mystery to bed: "Now we know for certain that Tomb I is Philip's and Tomb II is Arridaeus's (Alexander the Great's half-brother). "And that we have the bone of Philip's leg with its famous injury. It is an extremely rare thing that a bone can carry with it so much historical evidence for thousands of years."
Appeared on DemocracyNow on DECEMBER 11, 2013 As the world focuses on Tuesday’s historic handshake between President Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro, we look back at the pivotal role Cuba played in ending apartheid and why Castro was one of only five world leaders invited to speak at Nelson Mandela’s memorial. In the words of Mandela, the Cubans ‘destroyed the myth of the invincibility of the white oppressor … [and] inspired the fighting masses of South Africa.’ Historian Piero Gleijeses argues that it was Cuba’s victory in Angola in 1988 that forced Pretoria to set Namibia free and helped break the back of apartheid South Africa. We speak to Gleijeses about his new book, “Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976-1991,” and play archival footage of Mandela meeting Fidel Castro in Cuba. This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form. NERMEEN SHAIKH: We turn now to the historic moment Tuesday when President Barack Obama shook hands with Cuban President Raúl Castro as both men participated in the memorial service for anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela in South Africa. The White House said the handshake was unscripted. It marked the first time a U.S. president has shaken hands with a Cuban leader since 2000. In Washington, Republicans expressed outrage over the exchange. During a hearing in the House, Republican Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida sparred with Secretary of State John Kerry, who said it did not represent any change in U.S. policy toward Cuba. REP. ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN: Mr. Secretary, sometimes a handshake is just a handshake. But when the leader of the free world shakes the bloody hand of a ruthless dictator like Raúl Castro, it becomes a propaganda coup for the tyrant. Raúl Castro uses that hand to sign the orders to repress and jail democracy advocates. In fact, right now, as we speak, Cuban opposition leaders are being detained, and they’re being beaten while trying to commemorate today, which is International Human Rights Day. They will feel disheartened when they see these photos. Could you please tell the Cuban people living under that repressive regime that a handshake nonwithstanding, the U.S. policy toward the cruel and sadistic Cuban dictatorship has not weakened? Thank you. SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN KERRY: Ladies and gentlemen, today is about honoring Nelson Mandela. And the president is at an international funeral with leaders from all over the world. He didn’t choose who’s there. They’re there to honor Mandela. And we appreciate that people from all over the world and from all different beliefs and walks of life who appreciated Nelson Mandela and/or were friends of his came to honor him. And I think, as the president said—I urge you to go read his speech, or if you didn’t see it or haven’t read it, because the president said in his speech today honoring Nelson Mandela, he said, “We urge leaders to honor Mandela’s struggle for freedom by upholding the basic human rights of their people”— REP. ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN: And would you say Raúl Castro is upholding their basic human rights? SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN KERRY: No, absolutely not. AMY GOODMAN: The uproar over President Obama’s handshake with President Raúl Castro has drawn attention to the close relationship between the South African anti-apartheid movement and Cuba. In 1991, Nelson Mandela visited Cuba with then-President Fidel Castro. This is a clip when they first met. NELSON MANDELA: Before we say anything, you must tell me when you are coming to South Africa. You see—no, just a moment, just a moment, just a moment. PRESIDENT FIDEL CASTRO: [translated] The sooner the better. NELSON MANDELA: And we have had a visit from a wide variety of people. And our friend, Cuba, which had helped us in training our people, gave us resources to keep current with our struggle, trained our people as doctors, and SWAPO, you have not come to our country. When are you coming? PRESIDENT FIDEL CASTRO: [translated] I haven’t visited my South African homeland yet. I want it, I love it as a homeland. I love it as a homeland as I love you and the South African people. AMY GOODMAN: Well, for more on Cuba’s key role in the struggle to end apartheid in South Africa, we’re joined now in Washington, D.C., by Piero Gleijeses, professor of American foreign policy at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. He uses archival sources from the United States, South Africa and Cuba to provide an unprecedented look at the history in his latest book, Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976-1991_. You can read the book’s prologuepretoria on our website at democracynow.org. Professor Gleijeses, welcome to Democracy Now! Talk about this key relationship, why Cuba was so seminal to the anti-apartheid movement. PIERO GLEIJESES: Cuba is the only country in the world that sent its soldiers to confront the army of apartheid and defeated the army of apartheid, the South African army, twice—in 1975, 1976, and in 1988. And in Havana, when he visited Havana in July 1991—I won’t to be able to repeat exactly the words of Nelson Mandela, but Nelson Mandela said, “The Cuban victory,” referring to the Cuban victory over the South Africans in Angola in 1988, “destroyed the myth of the invincibility of the white oppressor and inspired the fighting masses of South Africa. Cuito Cuanavale,” which is a victory of the Cubans in Angola, “is the turning point in the liberation of our continent and of my people from the scourge of apartheid.” So, in— AMY GOODMAN: For a country that knows very little, Professor Gleijeses, about the Cuban experience, its military intervention in Angola, can you step back for a moment and explain what President Castro—what Fidel Castro and these Cuban soldiers did? PIERO GLEIJESES: Sure. In 1975, you have the decolonization of Angola, Portuguese colony slated to become independent on November 11, 1975. There is a civil war between three movements: one supported by the Cubans, the Cubans that supported over the years in its struggle against the Portuguese; the other two supported by South Africa and the United States. And the movement supported by the Cubans, the MPLA, which is in power in Angola today, having won free election, was on the verge of winning the civil war. And it was on the verge of winning the civil war—a paraphrase from what the CIA station chief in Angola at the time told me—because it was the most committed movement with the best leaders, the best program. And in order to prevent their victory, the victory of the MPLA, in October 1975, urged by Washington, South Africa invaded. And the South African troops advanced on Luanda, and they would have taken Luanda and crushed the MPLA if Fidel Castro had not decided to intervene. And between November 1975 and April 1976, 3,6000 Cuban soldiers poured into Angola and pushed the South Africans back into Namibia, which South Africa ruled at the time. And this had an immense psychological impact—talking of South Africa—in South Africa, both among whites and among blacks. And the major black South African newspaper, The World, wrote in an editorial in February 1976, at a moment in which the South African troops were still in Angola, but the Cubans were pushing them back—they had evacuated central Angola. They were in southern Angola. The writing was on the wall. And this newspaper, The World, wrote, “Black Africa is riding the crest of a wave generated by the Cuban victory in Angola. Black Africa is tasting the heady wine of the possibility of achieving total liberation.” And Mandela wrote that he was in jail in 1975 when he learned about the arrival of the Cuban troops in Angola, and it was the first time then a country had come from another continent not to take something away, but to help Africans to achieve their freedom. This was the first real contribution of Cuba to the liberation of South Africa. It was the first time in living memory that the White Giants, the army of apartheid, had been forced to retreat. And they had retreated because of a non-white army. And in a situation of internal colonialism, this is extremely important. And after that, the Cubans remained in Angola to protect Angola from the South African army. Even the CIA acknowledged that the Cubans were the guarantee for the independence of Angola. And in Angola, they trained the ANC, the African National Congress, of Mandela. And very close relations developed between the two. I don’t know if you want me to go on and talk about the next moment, or you want to interrupt me with some questions. NERMEEN SHAIKH: Yes, Professor Piero Gleijeses, if you could speak specifically about the role of Che Guevara in Africa? PIERO GLEIJESES: Yeah, Che Guevara had nothing to do with South Africa. The role— NERMEEN SHAIKH: In Africa, though, in the Congo and Angola. PIERO GLEIJESES: Yes, I understand. The role of Che Guevara in 1964, 1965—in late 1964, Che Guevara was sent by Fidel Castro as Fidel Castro’s top representative to Sub-Saharan Africa—it was the first visit by a top Cuban leader to Sub-Saharan Africa—because the Cubans believed that there was a revolutionary situation in central Africa, and they wanted to help. And Che Guevara established relations with a number of revolutionary movements. One of them, the MPLA, the Movement for the Liberation of Angola, that was based in Congo-Brazzaville. And in 1965, the first Cubans fought in Angolan territory together with the MPLA. But the major role played by Che Guevara is that he led a group of Cubans into Congo, the former Belgian Congo, where there was a revolt by the followers of the late Lumumba against the central government enforced by the United States. And the United States had created an army of white mercenaries, the White Giants, mainly South African and Rhodesians and then Europeans, to crush this revolt. And the Cubans went at the request of the rebels, at the request of the government of Egypt, Algeria and Tanzania to help the rebels. AMY GOODMAN: Uh— PIERO GLEIJESES: And—yes? AMY GOODMAN: Professor, I wanted to go back to Angola— PIERO GLEIJESES: Yes. AMY GOODMAN: —and this time bring in former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. This is Kissinger explaining why the U.S. was concerned about the Cuban troops that Fidel Castro had sent to fight in Angola. After Kissinger, you’ll hear Fidel Castro himself. SECRETARY OF STATE HENRY KISSINGER: We thought, with respect to Angola, that if the Soviet Union could intervene at such distances, from areas that were far from the traditional Russian security concerns, and when Cuban forces could be introduced into distant trouble spots, and if the West could not find a counter to that, that then the whole international system could be destabilized. PRESIDENT FIDEL CASTRO: [translated] It was a question of globalizing our struggle vis-à-vis the globalized pressures and harassment of the U.S. In this respect, it did not coincide with the Soviet viewpoint. We acted, but without their cooperation. Quite the opposite. AMY GOODMAN: That was President Fidel Castro and, before that, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger from the film CIA & Angolan Revolution. Professor Gleijeses? PIERO GLEIJESES: OK, two points. One, Kissinger didn’t mention that the Cubans intervened in response to the South African invasion and that the United States had connived with the South Africans and urged the South Africans to invade. So here, there is a rather important issue of chronology. The second point is that in the last volume of his memoirs, Kissinger, who in general is a very arrogant person, acknowledges that he made a mistake. And the mistake he made was in saying that the Cubans had intervened as proxies of the Soviet Union. And he writes in his memoirs that actually it had been a Cuban decision and that the Cubans had intervened and confronted the Soviets with a fait accompli. And then he asks a question in his memoirs: Why did Castro take this decision? And Kissinger’s answer is that Fidel Castro was probably—I’m quoting—”was probably the most genuine revolutionary leader then in power.” So, there are two Kissingers, if you want, and there is the Kissinger of his memoirs, where he says a few things that actually are true. AMY GOODMAN: Piero Gleijeses, what do you make of the furor right now? You just heard Congressmember Lehtinen from Florida attacking John Kerry, you know, the significance of the handshake between President Obama and President Raúl Castro right there at the Soweto stadium at the memorial service for Nelson Mandela. PIERO GLEIJESES: I think it’s pathetic and reflects the ethics of the United States and the policy of the United States. Obama, President Obama, was received with applause in South Africa when he spoke, etc., because he is the first black president of the United States. But the role of the United States as a country, as a government, past governments, in the struggle for liberation of South Africa is a shameful role. In general, we were on the side of the apartheid government. And the role of Cuba is a splendid role in favor of the liberation. This handshake—going beyond this particular issue, the handshake was long overdue. The embargo is absurd, is immoral. And we have here a president who bowed to the king of South Africa—of Saudi Arabia, I’m sorry, which certainly is no democracy. I mean, even Obama should know it. So it’s an absurd situation. The problem with Obama is that his speeches are good, his gestures are good, but there is no follow-up. So, unfortunately, it is just a gesture, a long-overdue gesture that does not change a shameful U.S. policy. NERMEEN SHAIKH: Professor Piero Gleijeses, before we conclude, let’s turn to Fidel Castro speaking in South Africa on his visit in 1998. PRESIDENT FIDEL CASTRO: [translated] Let South Africa be a model of a more just and more humane future. If you can do it, we will all be able to do it. NERMEEN SHAIKH: That was Fidel Castro speaking in 1998 in South Africa, with former president, who just passed away, Nelson Mandela applauding him. Piero Gleijeses, we just have a minute. Could you talk about what most surprised you in your research in the Cuban archives about this history? PIERO GLEIJESES: Well, there are a lot of things. One is the independence of Cuban policy vis-à-vis the Soviet Union. There are clashes between Fidel Castro and Gorbachev. There are clashes between the leaders of the Cuban military mission in Angola and the Soviet leaders, which I quote actually in my book and which make really fascinating reading. This is one thing. But another thing that impressed me very much is the respect with which the Cubans treated the Angolan government. This is very important, because the Angolan government really depended on Cuba for its survival, the presence of the Cuban troops as a shield against South African invasion, which was a constant threat, and the very large and generous technical assistance that Cuba was providing to Angola. And the tendency would be to treat a government that’s so dependent with some kind of superiority. And this is something I’ve never found in international relations, this kind of respect with which Cuba treated what, by all objective counts, should have been a client government. And it’s particularly striking for someone who studies the United States and lives in the United States, because seriously the United States government does not treat government that depends on Washington with much respect. AMY GOODMAN: Piero Gleijeses, thank you so much for being with us. PIERO GLEIJESES: My pleasure. AMY GOODMAN: Professor of American foreign policy at SAIS, the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. We will post the prologue of your book on our website. The book is just out; it’s called Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976-1991, just published by University of North Carolina Press. Go to democracynow.org to read that prologue. When we come back, we’ll talk about Russia and gay and lesbian policy. Stay with us. The original content of this program is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Please attribute legal copies of this work to democracynow.org. Some of the work(s) that this program incorporates, however, may be separately licensed. For further information or additional permissions, contact us.
Simplify, Emphasize, Exclude in Composition As you are getting ready to take your picture, ask yourself some questions. What's most interesting to you about what you're shooting? Is it the colors? Is it the texture of the subject or the way it's lit? Is it a pattern or design that strikes you? Is there a message you want to convey or a story you want to tell? If you can isolate what you think is important about the scene you're shooting, you then can emphasize those things and exclude all those things that distract from what you find most important, interesting or pleasing about the image. - Are you mostly interested in the textures of your photograph? If so, perhaps a black & white image will highlight the textures and simplify the composition by removing distracting color. - Is there clutter in the background? Try shooting with a very narrow depth of field to blur it so that it's not noticeable. Is you interest in the grand expanse of a landscape? Make sure you have a lot of depth of field to have it all in focus. - Is there a pattern that has caught your eye? Try zooming in around that pattern so it fills up your frame as much as possible. - Perhaps you've found a very interesting subject--try shooting from an angle with a lot of distance between the subject and background so that the background can be a solid color and the subject will stand out.
Over the centuries the Royal Mint has made all United Kingdom coinage. It is known worldwide for the high quality of its coins, and a long tradition of craftsmanship, heritage and artistry. The Royal Mint has evolved to become a sophisticated industrial concern operating today as a government company. The 1,100 or so years of its existence track the history of Britain through its wars and political upheavals, its social and economic progress, its technological and scientific advances. Its history is in short woven into that of Britain itself. Minting began in Britain around the end of the second century BC. The earliest coins, crude imitations of Continental coins, were cast in moulds, but later coins, also imitations of Continental types, were struck by hand in much the same way as they were to be made for the next 1500 years. The coinage of Iron Age Britain ceased with the Roman conquest and thereafter Roman coins, the universal currency in the Western Empire, circulated in Britain. For a time at the end of the third century Roman coins were actually struck at a mint in London. This London mint set up by the Romans is the earliest recorded mint in the capital, but it functioned for no more than 40 years. Although it reopened in the year 383, it must have closed again almost at once. For some 200 years or so after the withdrawal of the Romans no coins appear to have been struck in Britain. Following the consolidation of the English Kingdoms a London mint was in operation again from soon after 650. At first its existence was somewhat precarious but from about the time of Alfred the Great (871-899) its history became continuous and increasingly important. At that time London was merely one of many mints. There were by then about 30 mints and by the reign of Ethelred II (978-1016) the number had grown to more than 70. These were mostly in the southern half of the country and there can have been few market towns of any consequence where coins were not struck. By the Norman Conquest their number had begun to decline and from the early part of the 13th century minting was mainly confined to London and Canterbury. The precise location of the London mint at that time is doubtful but it is placed by one account in Old Change, conveniently close to the goldsmiths’ quarter in Cheapside. To view all available Royal Mint products, click on the category header below, or in the left-hand navigation.
Your daily lifestyle habits have a direct impact on your overall health. If you lead some bad habits like smoking, it will indeed have a repercussion on your health. It can be challenging to maintain a healthy lifestyle perfectly. However, adopting good habits daily will benefit you to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Guide: Healthy Habits to adopt daily. Enjoying Quality Sleep According to medical experts, it is recommendable for a person to have at least eight hours of sleeping time. This is more than enough for you to re-energize yourself physically and mentally. However, to enjoy quality sleep, you can take a bath before bedtime to refresh yourself. In addition, enjoying quality sleep will help you to focus on your daily routine. Consuming a Balanced Meal It is good to consume fast food once a time, but high consumption is bad for health. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, it is wise to take a balanced diet every day. A balanced diet includes all the essential nutrients which help your body and organs to function correctly. Exercising for Twenty Minutes You can indeed have a tight schedule. But exercising for a minimum of twenty minutes every day or every two days will do you much good. Exercising will help you to stay fit and also allow you to forget about your stressful day. Drinking a Lot of Water Water is like medicine. It is vital to drink as much as three liters of water per day. Water acts as a carrier transporting essential nutrients throughout your body. Moreover, water helps you to stay hydrated. Dehydration can cause digestive issues, headache, dizziness, and kidney failure. The little daily habits will bring in substantial positive changes in your well-being. These habits will help you for a short time and in the long run. Other practices you can consider are waking up early and eating more vegetables.
The following points highlight the four methods of price level accounting, i.e., 1. Current Purchasing Power Technique (CPP) 2. Replacement Cost Accounting Technique (RCA) 3. Current Value Accounting Technique (CVA) 4. Current Cost Accounting (CCA). Method of Price Level Accounting # 1. Current Purchasing Power Technique: Current Purchasing Power Technique of accounting requires the companies to keep their records and present the financial statements on conventional historical cost basis but it further requires presentation of supplementary statements in items of current purchasing power of currency at the end of the accounting period. In this method the various items of financial statements, i.e. balance sheet and profit and loss account are adjusted with the help of recognized general price index. The consumer price index or the wholesale price index prepared by the Reserve Bank of India can be taken for conversion of historical costs. The main objective of this method is to take into consideration the changes in the value of money as a result of changes in the general price levels. It helps in presenting the financial statements in terms of a unit of measurement of constant value when both cost and revenue have been changing due to changes in the price levels. This technique of price level accounting has been followed by a number of companies in Germany, Australia and U.S.A. But although this method is simple, it may be considered as only a first step towards inflationary accounting. The major weaknesses of these techniques are as follows: (i) As it takes into account the general price index, it does not account for changes in the individual assets of the company. Sometimes it is possible that there may be an increase in the general price index, but there may not be any increase (rather there might be a decrease) in the value of a particular asset of a certain company. (ii) The technique seems to be more of theoretical nature than of any practical utility. (iii) In a country like India, even the price indices may not be correct and it may further cause inaccurate presentation of the financial statements. Mechanism of Preparing Financial Statement under CPP Method: (a) Conversion Technique: Current Purchasing Power Method (CPP) requires conversion of historical figures at current purchasing power. In this method, various items of balance sheet and profit loss account are adjusted with the help of recognized general price index. The consumer price index or the wholesale price index prepared by the Reserve Bank of India can be taken for conversion of historical costs. For this purpose, historical figures must be multiplied with the conversion factor. The conversion factor can be calculated with the help of the following formula: (b) Mid-Period Conversion: There are several transactions which take place throughout the year such as purchases, sales, expenses, etc. For conversion of such items, average index of the year can be taken as the one index for all such items. If such an average is not available, the index of the mid-year is taken for this purpose. And, if the index of the mid year is also not available, then the average of index at the beginning and at the end of the period may be taken. (c) Monetary and Non-Monetary Accounts (Gain or Loss on Monetary items): For the conversion of historical costs in terms of current purchasing power of currency, it is useful to make a distinction between: (a) Monetary accounts, i.e., money value items; (b) Non-monetary accounts, i.e., real value items. Monetary accounts are those assets and liabilities which are not subject to reassessment of their recorded values owing to change of purchasing power of money. The amounts of such items are fixed, by contract or otherwise in term of rupees, regardless of change in the general price level. The examples of such items are cash, debtors, bills receivables, outstanding incomes, etc., as assets and creditors, bills payable, loans etc., as liabilities. Such items whose amounts are fixed and do not require reassessment are also known as money value items. Other assets and liabilities, the values of which do change or are subject to reassessment along-with the change in the purchasing power of money are called non-monetary items or real value assets and liabilities. Non-monetary: items include items such as stocks, land, building, plant and machinery, etc. It must be noted that, in the process of conversion, it is only the non monetary items which are adjusted to the current purchasing power of money. Further, if assets and liabilities are converted as stated above, it may be found that a loss or gain arises from the difference of the converted total value of assets and that of liabilities. This loss or gain arises through monetary items or money value assets and liabilities i.e., cash, debtors, receivables, creditors, bills payable, etc., and not through real value assets and liabilities or non-monetary items. The computation of monetary gain or loss can be followed with the help of the following illustrations. A company has the following transactions at the given dates and price indices for the first quarter of 2008: (d) Adjustment of Cost of Sales and Inventory: As inventory is purchased in period n and sold in (n + x) period, there is a time gap between purchases and sales. During this time, there might be changes in the price levels. Because of inflation, the selling prices would indicate the value realized in terms of the increased price levels and costs which relate to the earlier periods would imply lower values. This results in over-statement of profits which are often misleading. The same is true is in deflation also, as current revenues are not matched with current costs. Hence, adjustment of inventory and cost of sales is very important. This adjustment depends upon the method adopted for the outflow of inventories, viz., first-in-first-out or last-in-first-out. Under first-in-first out method (FIFO) cost of sales comprise the entire opening stock and current purchases less closing stock. The closing inventory is entirely from current purchases. But under the last-in-fist-out method (LIFO) cost of sales comprise mainly of the current purchases and it is only when the cost of sales exceeds current purchases, opening stock enters into cost of sales. The closing stock enters current purchases opening stock enters into cost of sales. The closing inventory in LIFO is out of the purchases made in the previous year. For adjusting the figures for price level changes the following indices are applied: (a) For current purchases—the average index of the year. (b) For opening stock—the index at the beginning of the year. (c) For purchases of previous year—the average index of the relevant year. This process of adjustment of cost of sales and inventory has been explained in the following illustration. From the information given below, ascertain the cost of sales and closing inventory under CPP method, if (i) LIFO and (ii) FIFO is followed: Profit under Current purchasing Power (CPP) accounting can be ascertained in two ways: (i) Net Change Method: This method is based on the normal accounting concept that profit is the change in equity during an accounting period. Under this method, the openings as well as closing balance sheets are converted into CPP terms by using appropriate index numbers. The difference in the balance sheet is taken as reserves after converting the equity capital also. If equity capital is not converted, it may be taken as the balancing figure. It must be remembered that in the closing balance sheet, the monetary items will remain unchanged. Profit is calculated as the net change in reserves, where equity capital is also converted; and will be equal to net change in equity, where equity is not converted. (ii) Conversion of Income Method: Under this method, the historical income statement is converted in CPP terms. Purchases, sales and other expenses which are incurred throughout the year are converted at average index. Cost of sales is adjusted as discussed in point (d) above. Depreciation can be calculated on converted values. Monetary gain or loss is also ascertained as explained in point, (c) The process of ascertainment of profit under the CPP accounting can be followed with the help of the following s Arjun Ltd. furnishes the following income statement for the year ending 31st December 2007, prepared on the basis of conventional accounting. You are required to adjust the same for price level changes under CPP method. The Glamour Corporation has prepared the following comparative position statement (unadjusted): Assuming that all sales and purchases were made at an average of the period, beginning and ending price indices. (a) Prepare comparative position statements for January 1,2011 and December 31, 2011, where all items are expressed in terms of rupees of the value of December 31, 2011; (b) Compute monetary gain or losses; (c) Prepare an income statement that shows all items in rupees of year-end purchasing power. This statement should include the monetary gain or loss and a reconciliation of changes in the stock equity. Method of Price Level Accounting # 2. Replacement Cost Accounting Technique: Replacement Cost Accounting (RCA) Technique is an improvement over Current Purchasing Power Technique (CPP). One of the major weaknesses of Current Purchasing Power technique is that it does not take into account the individual price index related to the particular assets of a company. In the Replacement Cost Accounting technique the index used are those directly relevant to the company’s particular assets and not the general price index. In this sense the replacement cost accounting technique is considered to be a improvement over current purchasing power technique. But adopting the replacement cost accounting technique will mean using a number of price indices for conversion of financial statements and it may be very difficult to find out the relevant price index to be used in a particular case. Further, the replacement cost accounting technique provides for an element of subjectivity and on this ground it has been criticized by various thinkers. Depreciation and Replacement of Fixed Assets: Another problem posed by the price level changes (and more so by inflation) is that how much depreciation should be charged on fixed assets. The purpose of charging depreciation is twofold: (i) To show the true and fair view of the financial statements and the profitability of the concern, and (ii) To provide sufficient funds to replace the assets after the expiry of the life of the asset. Depreciation charged on historical or original cost does not serve any of the two purposes. Suppose a machine was purchased in 2000 for Rs 1, 00,000 having a life of 10 years. In case depreciation is charged on original cost, after 10 years we shall have Rs 1, 00,000 from the total depreciation provided. But due to inflation the cost of the machine might well have gone up to Rs 2, 00,000 or even more in 2011 when the machine is to be replaced and we may find it difficult to replace the asset. It proves that we have been charging less depreciation which resulted in overstatement of profits and higher payment of dividends and taxes in the past and insufficient funds now to enable the replacement of the asset. Hence, to rectify this, it is necessary that fixed assets are valued at replacement cost values and depreciated on such replacement cost values. But adopting replacement cost method is also not free from difficulties. The main difficulties are as follows: (1) It is not possible to find accurately the replacement cost till the replacement is actually made. (2) The replaced new assets are not of the same type and quality as old assets because of new developments and improved qualities. (3) Income Tax Act. 1961 does not provide for any other method than the actual cost method. (4) The fixed assets should not be written-up in the balance sheet when the prices are not stable. Hence, it may not be possible to charge depreciation on replacement cost basis. However, it is still advisable to retain profits ad restrict dividends so as to enable funds for replacement of fixed assets. For this purpose. ‘Specific Capital Reserves’ or ‘Replacement Reserves’ should be provided in addition to the normal depreciation provided on actual cost of the asset. The following information has been extracted from the books of a company. The general price index in 2000 (base year) was 100: in 2006,200 and in 2011 it was 300. The replacement cost of the assets on 31st December is Rs 80,000. Rs 1, 00,000 and Rs 1, 50,000 respectively. You are required: (i) To calculate the amount of depreciation up to 2000 on Historical Cost and Current Purchasing Power basis and (ii) To make necessary entries for recording the changes in the ledger using the index numbers and the replacement cost. Method of Price Level Accounting # 3. Current Value Accounting Technique: In the Current Value Accounting Technique of price level accounting all assets and liabilities are shown in the balance sheet at their current values. The value of the net assets at the beginning and at the end of the accounting period is ascertained and the difference in the value in the beginning and the end is termed as profit or loss, as the case may be. In this method also, like replacement cost accounting technique, it is very difficult to determine relevant current values and there is an element of subjectivity in this technique. The following are the Balance Sheets of XYZ Company Limited. Method of Price Level Accounting # 4. Current Cost Accounting Technique: The British Government had appointed a committee known as Sandilands Committee under the chairmanship of Mr. Francis C.P. Sandilands to consider and recommend the accounting for price level changes. The committee presented its report in the year 1975 and recommended the adoption of Current Cost Accounting Technique in place of Current Purchasing Power of Replacement Cost Accounting Technique for price level changes. The crux of the current cost accounting technique is the preparation of financial statements (Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account) on the current values of individual items and not on the historical or original cost. The essential characteristics of current cost accounting technique are as follows: 1. The fixed assets are shown in the balance sheet at their current values and not on historical costs. 2. The depreciation is charged on the current values of the fixed assets and not on original costs. 3. Inventories or stocks are valued in the balance sheet at their current replacement costs on the date of the balance sheet and not cost or market price whichever is lower. 4. The cost of goods sold is calculated on the basis of their replacement cost to the business and not on their original cost. 5. The surpluses arising out of revaluation are transferred to Revaluation Reserve Account and are not available for distribution as dividend to the shareholders. 6. In addition to the balance sheet and profit and loss account, an appropriation account and a statement of changes is prepared. The current cost accounting (CCA) technique has been preferred to the current purchasing power (CPP) technique of price level accounting as it is a complete system of inflation accounting. The financial statements prepared under this technique provide more realistic information and make a distinction between profits earned from business operations and the gains arising from changes in price levels. As depreciation under CCA is provided on current cost, the method prevents overstatement of profits and keeps the capital intact. The effect of holding monetary items in terms of gains and losses having an impact on the finance of the business is also highlighted. However, there are many difficulties in the operation of CCA technique: (a) It is very difficult to determine the ‘value to the business’ of a real asset. (b) There is an element of subjectivity in this technique. (c) It does not hold good during the periods of depression. Some Important Adjustments Required under the CCA Technique: (i) Current Cost of Sales Adjustment (COSA): Under the CCA technique, cost of sales are to be calculated on the basis of cost of replacing the goods at the time they are sold. The important principle is that current costs must be matched with current revenues. As for sales are concerned, it is current revenue and out of the costs, all operating expenses are current costs. But in case of inventories, certain adjustments will have to be made, known as cost of sales adjustment. Cost of sales adjustment can be calculated with the help of the following formula: Calculate the ‘Cost of sales adjustment’ (COSA) from the following: A machine was purchased on 1.1.2004 at a cost of Rs 10, 00,000 and its useful life was estimated to be 10 years. Its replacement cost was Rs 18, 00,000 on 1.1.2009 and Rs 20, 00,000 on 31.12.2009. Calculate the amount of depreciation adjustment. (iii) Backlog Depreciation: Whenever an asset is revalued, the profit on revaluation is transferred to Revaluation Reserve Account. But, the revaluation also gives rise to backlog depreciation. This backlog depreciation should be charged to Revaluation Reserve Account. The concept of backlog depreciation can be followed with the help the following illustration: Compute the backlog depreciation from the information given in illustration 14. (iv) Monetary Working Capital Adjustment (MWCA): Working capital is that part of capital which is required to meet the day to day expenses and for holding current assets for the normal operations of the business. It is referred to as the excess of current assets over current liabilities. The changes in the price levels disturb the working capital position of a concern. CCA method requires a financing adjustment reflecting the effects of changing prices on net monetary items, leading to a loss from holding net monetary assets or to a gain from holding net monetary liabilities when prices are rising, and vice-versa, in order to maintain the monetary working capital of the enterprise. This adjustment reflects the amount of additional finance needed to maintain the same working capital due to the changes in price levels. The method of calculating MWCA is the same as that of COSA. Symbolically. Calculate the Monetary Working Capital Adjustment (MWCA) from the following data: (v) Current Cost Operating Profit: Current cost operating profit is the profit as per historical cost accounting before charging interest and taxation but after charging adjustments of cost of sales, depreciation and monetary working capital. (vi) Gearing Adjustment: During the period of rising prices, shareholders are benefitted to the extent fixed assets and net working capital are financed while the amount of borrowings to be repaid remains fixed except interest charges. In the same manner, there is a loss to the shareholders in the period of falling prices. To adjust such profit or loss on account of borrowings, ‘gearing adjustment’ is required to be made. ‘Gearing adjustment’ is also a financing adjustment like COSA and MWCA. This adjustment reduces the total adjustment for cost of sales, depreciation and monetary working capital in the proportion of finance by borrowings to the total financing. Gearing adjustment can be calculated with the help of the following formula:
New Kings and Kingdoms Short Answer Type Questions Question 1: Write about the uses of the resources during the period. Answer: The resources were put to the following uses: - Financing the king's establishment - Building temples and forts - Fighting wars which were expected to lead to more wealth by way of plunder and access to land and trade routes. Question 2: Write a note on how resources were obtained during the period. Answer: The resources were obtained from producers who were often persuaded or compelled to surrender their produce partially. Sometimes their produce was claimed as ‘rent’ due to a lord who asserted that he was the owner of the land. Revenue was also collected from traders. Question 3: Who were samantas? What was expected of them? Answer: During the seventh century, there were many big landlords or warrior chiefs in the subcontinent, who were often acknowledged by the kings as their subordinates or samantas. The samantas were expected to bring gifts for the kings or overlords, attend their courts and provide them with military support. Question 4: Briefly describe prashastis. Answer: Prashastis contain details which may not necessarily be literally true. They tell us the way the rulers wanted to depict themselves; for example as great achievers, victorious, fearless, valiant etc. Brahamanas composed the prashastis, who occasionally helped in the administration also. Very Short Answer Type Questions Question 1: Were the kings independently very powerful? If no, with whom did they share their powers? Answer: No, they were not fully independent. They shared their power with samantas and associations of peasants, traders and Brahamanas. Question 2: What were the sources used by the author Kalhana in the twelfth century for composing his poem? Answer: The sources Kalhana used for the Sanskrit poem were inscriptions, documents, eye witness accounts and earlier histories. Question 3: What was the role of Vijayalaya during the period? Answer: In the mid-ninth century Vijayalaya captured the delta from the Muttaraiyar and built the town of Thanjavur and also a temple of Goddess Nishumbhasudini there. Question 4: Who was Rajendra I? What were his achievements? Answer: Rajendra I was Rajaraja’s son. He continued his policies and even raided the Ganga Valley, Sri Lanka and countries of south-east Asia; developing a navy for these expeditions. Long Answer Type Questions Question 1: Describe the kings who were involved in warfare for wealth. Answer: The following kings were involved in warfare for wealth: Mahmud of Ghazni: The period of his rule was from 997 to 1030 and his control extended over parts of Central Asia, Iran and north-western part of the subcontinent. Almost every year he raided the subcontinent, mainly targeting wealthy temples as mentioned above. One of such temples he raided is that of Somnath, Gujarat. He used the wealth he plundered to create a splendid capital city at Ghazni. Since he was interested in knowing more about the people he conquered, he entrusted a scholar named Al-Biruni to write an account of the subcontinent. His Arabic work called Kitab al-Hind is still an important source for historians. To prepare this account he consulted Sanskrit scholars. Chahamanas: The Chamanas, later known as the Chauhans ruled over the regions of Delhi and Ajmer. Their attempt to expand their territory in the west and the east was opposed by the Chalukyas of Gujarat and the Gahadavalas of western Uttar Pradesh. Prithviraja III, who ruled during the period 1168 and 1192, was the best known Chahamana ruler. He defeated an Afghan ruler, Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191. But he lost to him the next year. Question 2: How did the Cholas rise to power? Answer: In the Kaveri delta a minor chiefly family known as the Muttariyar held power. They were subordinate to the Pallava kings of Kanchipuram. The control of the Cholas from Uraiyur to Thanjavur was done by Vijayalaya who belonged to the ancient family of the Cholas from Uraiyur. In the mid-ninth century he captured the delta from the Muttaraiyar and built the town of Thanjavur and also a temple of Goddess Nishumbhasudini there. The kingdom grew in size and power with the conquest of neighbouring areas by the successors of Vijayalaya. The Pandyans and Pallava territories to the south and north became part of the Chola kingdom. Rajaraja I was considered the most powerful Chola ruler. He became king in 985 and expanded control over most of the areas mentioned above. He reorganized the administration of the empire, and his son Rajendra I continued his policies and even raided the Ganga Valley, Sri Lanka and countries of south-east Asia; developing a navy for these expeditions. Question 3: Write a note on administration of brahmadeya. Answer: An assembly or sabha of popular Brahamana landowners looked after the affairs of the brahmadeya. These worked very efficiently and their decisions were recorded in detail in inscriptions often on stone walls of temples. Occasionally, the administrative functions in towns were performed by associations of traders known as nagarams. The details of the way in which sabha was organized are given in the inscriptions from Uttaramerur in Chingleput district of Tamil Nadu. The sabha had separate committees to look after irrigation, garden, temples etc. The names of people who were eligible to become member of the sabha were written in small tickets of palm leaf and these were put in an earthenware pot. A young boy was asked to take out these tickets one by one for each committee. Question 4: Describe agriculture during the Chola period. Answer: New developments in agriculture made many of the achievements of the Cholas possible. The river Kaveri (which was a part of the regions controlled by the Cholas) branches off into several small channels before entering the Bay of Bengal. The overflowing of the channels deposits fertile soil on their banks and also the water from them provides moisture needed for agriculture, particularly for rice crop. Only in the fifth and sixth century large scale agriculture was started in Tamil Nadu. For this purpose forests were cleared in some regions and land was levelled in some areas. Flooding in the delta region was prevented by building embankments and canals were constructed for carrying water to the fields. Two crops were grown annually in many areas.
Although you will undeniably see many Millennials with their faces stuck to the screen of their smartphones or iPads, they still a generation that grew up without touch screens; with the tactile feel of reading a book made from paper. As the Millennial generation ages and finds themselves with children of their own, there will surely be some concern that their digital native children are not in touch with the real world. While it may not be healthy to shelter your children too much, you can always try and lead them towards activities that allow them to engage with the material world in a meaningful way – rather than filtering it through a screen at all times. In his book, Tools for Conviviality, Croatian philosopher Ivan Illich makes the point that between commerce and technology, we are increasingly alienated in modern capitalist society. This isolation can lead to depression and despondency, which is ironic since western society is so affluent and secure. Finding activities in which you can lose yourself, whereby you can build something real and tune in to your community, is more and more difficult these days. Here are four activities that may help your child stay sane in the increasingly shifty terrain of our wired culture. One key thing that differentiates a book – a real paper book, with pages you can dog ear – from an article online, is that you can’t follow hyperlinks in a book. The act of reading fiction simultaneously increases your capacity for empathy and your ability to focus for long periods of time. Reading to your kids before bedtime when they are young will turn them on to the magic of stories, and with any luck they’ll be eager to develop their own reading skills. Learning an Instrument Learning an instrument, much like learning a foreign language, is a great way to help your child’s mind expand and grow strong. Playing in a group setting, like jazz band, is also a great way for your child to learn about team-work and develop social skills. Music lessons at Long & McQuade are always a great option, and if you’re lucky enough to live in a district that still receives funding for school music programs, encouraging them to study music in school is a no brainer. Painting and/or Sculpting Music is great, but it’s a bit ethereal; painting and sculpting encourages your child to manipulate solid matter with their hands. As they develop artistic skills they will gain confidence, since the fruit of their labor will gradually improve. As with playing an instrument, making art stimulates a broader, more malleable mind that will be quicker and sharper as your child moves towards college and the real world beyond. While this may be a bit of a tough sell, as your child grows into a teen, they may show some interest in gardening. Gardening is the ultimate convivial activity because it forces you to interact with nature and take notice of your surroundings. If your kids develop a green thumb early, it could turn into a lifelong passion or even influence a career choice in the field of agricultural innovation. So pass your kid a trowel, you never know what it might lead to! • Disclosure • I have hungry teenagers. Who eat constantly. As a result, you may find affiliate links to products and services in this post. If you click on one of our links and make a purchase, we will earn a small commission that will enable me to feed the bottomless pits or buy myself a glass of wine to keep my sanity intact. We also don't want to anger the Federal Trade Commission so in accordance with the FTC Guidelines, we want you to know that we may receive products, money, or other forms of compensation for reviews, posts and/or advertisements. All opinions are 100% our own and simply put, if we don't like it, you won't find it here because we won't endorse it. We bring you valuable, informative information and fun products to enhance your life because we're all about sharing the cool stuff. • We Appreciate Your Daily Vote • • Don't Miss the Killer Deals Below •
Get Your Degree! Find schools and get information on the program that’s right for you. Powered by Campus Explorer An ultrasound technician, sometimes referred to as a Diagnostic Medical Sonographer, is someone who has been trained to use special imaging equipment that directs sound waves into a patients body. This process is often called an ultrasound, sonogram, or echocardiogram and it is used to diagnose and assess a variety of medical conditions. In order to become an ultrasound technician, you must first attend an ultrasound technician training program. What is Ultrasound? Ultrasound is a pressure sound wave that operates at frequencies above human hearing. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. When an ultrasonic wave is transmitted into the human body, the ultrasound equipment picks up an image of the objects with which the sound collides. Ultrasound equipment is used to view tendons, muscles, and internal organs and can capture their size and help identify any possible lesions. Ultrasound technology is relatively inexpensive and recent breakthroughs allow the technology to be very portable, in some cases fitting in a backpack or small carrying case. Many colleges and universities offer both associate’s and bachelor’s programs in sonography. There are also one-year certificate programs for individuals that have already received formal medical training, such as nurses and medical assistants. Once you have completed the ultrasound technician training program from an accredited educational institution, you will be required to pass an exam. Most exams are focused on a specific type of sonography (abdominal, breast, etc.). After successfully passing the exam, you will receive your certification or license and are able to join the workforce as a professional ultrasound technician. Ultrasound Technician Salary The United State Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) identified the average annual salary to be $64,380 or about $30/hour. Indeed.com gives a lower average of the ultrasound technician pay. Regardless, with the state of the economy, both salaries are quite enticing and the job outlook for ultrasound technicians is good. The BLS has indicated that between 2010 and 2020 the United States will see a 44% growth in ultrasound technicians, a rate much higher than many other occupations! This is good news for students who are just starting their education and are worried about finding a job when they graduate. For more detailed information about wages in specific areas, please see our ultrasound technician salary by state table. Ultrasound Technician Jobs So the salary is decent, the job sounds interesting, and the education is accessible. But what about ultrasound technician jobs? Well, according to Indeed.com, one of the largest online job sites, there are a good number of ultrasound technician jobs available, which pay an average salary of $54,000 annually. Ultrasound Technician Job Description An ultrasound technician is mostly responsible for maintaining and operating ultrasound equipment. However, there are some other responsibilities required by an ultrasound tech on a regular basis. Before equipment can be used, an ultrasound tech may need to prepare the patient for the exam. In some cases this can be very intimate, depending on what part of the body is being examined. Normally ultrasound images are used to make an immediate discovery or observation, which is usually communicated to the patient at the time of the observation. Having good communication skills and a keen ability to “translate” the ultrasound images is very important.
The background luminance and colour ”to lay down the appropriate luminance levels at different colour temperatures for ambient lighting within working areas” New research in lighting has shown that light is not only influencing the visual system – it also affects the whole body. For more than 150 years we have considered rods and cones to be the only photo-receptors in the human eye and that these only affect the visual central areas. Four years ago a new 3rd receptor was found by David Berson at Brown University USA which in fact was the missing link in how the human health is influenced by lighting . It is now shown that light influences different hormones in the brain where the pineal gland plays an important role in controlling the sleep hormone melatonin which is provided to the blood in the body at low light levels or in darkness. At high light levels the stress hormone cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex which contributes to alertness. Volledige titel: THE BACKGROUND LUMINANCE AND COLOUR TEMPERATURES INFLUENCE ON ALERTNESS AND MENTAL HEALTH Tommy Govén, Fagerhult Fagerhult, Åsögatan 115, SE-116 24 Stockholm, Sweden Thorbjörn Laike, Lund University Department of Architecture and the Build Environment, Sölvegatan 24, SE-222 62 Lund, Sweden
Sojourner is visible in this image, one of the first taken by the deployed Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) on Sol 3. The rover has moved from this position into one that later facilitated its using the Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) instrument on Barnacle Bill. The APXS, located at the rear of the rover, is not visible in this image. The image was taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) after its deployment on Sol 3. Mars Pathfinder was developed and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The IMP was developed by the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory under contract to JPL. Peter Smith is the Principal Investigator. Photojournal note: Sojourner spent 83 days of a planned seven-day mission exploring the Martian terrain, acquiring images, and taking chemical, atmospheric and other measurements. The final data transmission received from Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia Mianus is a recently discovered moon nearby the planet Uranus. At the same time it is one of the 25 other brothers and sisters of Uranus, who cannot let them go to find some work in that whole wide wild world universe. It was discovered by four Finnish persons nearby a McDonald's in Texas where they ware training to get to Uranus with a homemade rocket. They brought a telescope with them to search for some stars and falling burgers in the sky. Mianus is the largest moon of Uranus and is eight times smaller than Uranus, which makes it all embarr assing for the person who is watching Mianus. In 2010, a miracle happened: a new moon was found by four Finnish astronauts in training. It happened by accident after there were troubles with the telescope, which was malfunctioning. Three of the Finnish spacecrew where getting hungry and one stayed behind, that moment when the moon suddenly caught the eye of the Finnish person. He was screaming to his friends, but they were eating and had no interest. After munching the munchies they looked at it, but they found it boring, and were leaving pretty quick because they were thinking that it was one of the infinite stars and other "things" in the universe. After telling it to a person who dó had the knowledge for it who knew a lot of things about the universe, he got excited and went to the NASA space station Cape Carnival to tell the great news. They threw the big news to a couple of newspapers and the TV, claiming that it was NASA who discovered it. The four Finnish astronauts in training didn't care about that and were trying to get to Uranus, which failed. Obviously. Mianus is a one of it's kind moon which is not to be confused by Uranus, her parents. Mianus has a rough, uneven and mounty surface with there and there a few bumps. Many people are amazed at the most commonly known spot of Mianus where everyone knows Mianus from: the large gap what you can see clearly from space, at a special angle, with a satellite containing good camera's. Probably it is the result of when her mean big brother Titania smacked Mianus' butt when they crossed each other's path on a very unlucky moment when nobody watched. Also, Mianus is very grey at most of the pictures, while it is more like beige for real. It is very hot in Mianus. The chance is very small that anyone could ever live on the surface at Mianus because: - There is no oxygen, so you cannot breath - It stinks in Mianus - There is only an unknown gas with carbon dioxide Because of there are no visible clouds at Mianus, it is a moon, and there isn't any rain. Actually, because of there aren't clouds, we couldn't see the Famous Hole of Mianus, so that is actually a good thing. The only possible chance of finding any living creatures, is to go search underground. It is much cooler there then at the surface. As for tourism in Mianus, it is going very bad. Simply because nobody knew that there was excisting a moon like Mianus, nearby Uranus, at all. Now, some people want to see Mianus, but they have to pay a lot of money to see Mianus. Except for the fact that everybody is getting very old while they are going to Mianus, there isn't a lot of entertainment in Mianus, except some geyser eruptions and the Famous Hole of Mianus. They are always good for some awesome photography, but nobody had ever reached Mianus. We all got to do it with the excisting pictures, sadly. The same old question returns: was there any life? We all don't know because nobody wants to spend their life long time to go to Mianus and look for something that is left there, that didn't get off with the geyser eruptions. Mostly that is searching for bacteria, but some scientists came with the conclusion that if there was any form of life, they all died from their own gas with that of two cows who were possibly there and diseases like diarrhea. Surprisingly there has been a breakthrough when a satellite passed Mianus, zoomed too far in, and saw a living creature that looks like a human, but had the face of a butt. Here on earth we call that disease solumoristosis, when people have a butt as their face (but not a face as their butt). edit See also - ↑ Yes, it's a woman!
Hydrologic Research and Development Program The program currently has six major goals: - To understand ecological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems in order to discriminate between natural and human-induced changes and ensure effective water-quality and ecosystem management. - To understand chemical and biochemical processes affecting organic and inorganic solutes and gases in aquatic systems in order to evaluate water quality and help managers make informed water-management decisions. - To understand the physical processes controlling the distribution and quality of the Nation's surface-water resources in order to improve flood and drought management. - To understand stream-channel morphology and erosional processes governing the source, mobility, and deposition of sediment to ensure scientifically-based management of rivers, dams and reservoirs. - To understand the movement, availability, and transport of subsurface water in order to minimize further contamination of the Nation's ground waters, optimize aquifer remediation efforts, and ensure effective ground-water management. - To understand long-term processes in small watershed, including the effect of atmospheric and climatic variables, and provide water and land managers with information needed for water resources management. For current activities being done under these goals and for publications that are the result of full or partial support from the HRD program, see the National Research Program (NRP).
[Episcopal News Service] The Diocese of Olympia has launched a video series that collects the first-person stories of Episcopalians who were among the Japanese-Americans sent to internment camps during a period of heightened xenophobia and racism at the start of World War II. The federal policy was enacted by President Franklin Roosevelt by executive order on Feb. 19, 1942, and it uprooted 117,000 people of Japanese descent, about two-thirds of them U.S. citizens. Men, women and children were relocated out of what the government defined as the Pacific military zone along the West Coast to inland “assembly centers” and eventually relocation camps. The forced exodus from Seattle prompted the temporary closure of St. Peter’s Episcopal Church, a historically Japanese-American congregation that 75 years later helped spearhead the Diocese of Olympia’s video series. The diocese’s videographers recorded hours of footage, interviewing 17 people for the series, “Justice Interrupted.” The result is five 10- to 15-minute videos, the first of which was released Feb. 22. “I was actually 4 years old, riding on the trains, which were dirty,” Jan Kumasaka says, describing in the first video how her family was taken with other Japanese families to one of the camps by railroad. “There was really no water, windows were closed. They were blacked out as we’re traveling to the first camp.” Her family spent four months in a camp before taking advantage of an opportunity to resettle in Montana. The government would allow release from the internment camps if families were willing to resettle further inland and could find jobs, but the other families spent most of the war at camps scattered around the country, from Idaho to Arkansas. The Japanese internment camps are a significant part of the history of the Pacific Northwest because of its large Asian-American population, Olympia Bishop Greg Rickel told Episcopal News Service, and the passage of time has not minimized the injustice. “It’s easy to sweep it under the rug and think that we’ve moved on,” Rickel said, but “we’re living through a time where we’re, I believe, making some of the same errors in judgment of people based on some of our fears.” He pointed to the Trump administration policies seeking to curtail immigration and refugee resettlement. The Diocese of Olympia joined the American Civil Liberties Union in filing a lawsuit in February 2017 opposing President Donald Trump’s ban on refugees from seven majority Muslim nations. Such federal policies may not rise to the level of the Japanese internment, Rickel said, “but we’re certainly headed down some of the same roads we went down.” Some of the internment camp survivors expressed such fears in their interviews for “Justice Interrupted.” During World War II, proponents of internment justified it as a military precaution, guarding against Japanese immigrants and Americans of Japanese descent who might secretly work to support Japan in the Pacific theater of the war. Defenders of internment also argued that it also would protect those detained from racial attacks, though such arguments were undercut by conditions at the internment camps, which resembled prisons more than safe havens. “As four or five families with their sparse collections of clothing and possessions squeezed into and shared tar-papered barracks, life took on some familiar routines of socializing and school,” the National Archives says in an online article summarizing the Japanese relocation. “However, eating in common facilities and having limited opportunities for work interrupted other social and cultural patterns.” St. Peter’s Episcopal Church has been highlighting some of that history since last year to mark 75 years since Roosevelt’s executive order. The congregation was formed in 1908 by a group of Japanese Anglicans, who met in houses until raising enough money to buy property in Seattle in 1932 to build a church. When the congregation’s families were forced to relocate to internment camps, the church closed on April 26, 1942, and didn’t reopen for more than three years. “St. Peter’s people found their faith in God and their country tested,” the congregation says in an online history. “Nevertheless, along with other Episcopalians in camp, they continued to be the church, worshiping together and persevering until the day when they could return home.” Other historically Japanese-American congregations have similar stories of upheaval during the war, such as Christ Church Sei Ko Kai in San Francisco and St. Mary’s Episcopal Church in Los Angeles. Two priests from St. Mary’s, the Rev. John Misao Yamazaki and his son, the Rev. John H. M. Yamazaki, followed the majority of their congregation to the camps and continued to lead worship services there. The Episcopal Church also celebrates the work of the Rev. Hiram Hisanori Kano, who ministered to fellow internees and the guards at four internment camps during the war. He is included in the calendar of commemorations known as “Holy Women, Holy Men” on Oct. 24. Rickel noted how the Japanese internment’s impact on such congregations also highlights how Episcopalians have been divided too often along ethnic lines. “We as the church, too, segregated people and still do,” he said. “We don’t come off totally innocent in this.” The video series, then, is an opportunity to expand the Episcopal Church’s work toward racial reconciliation, Rickel said. St. Peter’s Episcopal Church, a more diverse parish today, is proud of its Japanese-American roots, and Rickel hopes Episcopalians of all backgrounds will learn more about the history of that era through “Justice Interrupted.” “We regret the actions of our country then and pray regarding similar actions being taken today, praying that we as a people do not make a similar mistake in this generation,” he said in an introductory video for the series. Future installments are expected to be released throughout the year, about every two months. – David Paulsen is an editor and reporter for the Episcopal News Service. He can be reached at email@example.com.
A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol, or a design that individualizes the goods and services of an enterprise and distinguishes them from those of others. Trademarks play an important role as a communication tool with customers and give the enterprise an identity, which makes it a valuable asset. A trademark not only gives its owner the exclusive right to use it, but also enables the owner to inhibit others from using a similar mark that may be confusing for the general public. Nevertheless, a trademark does not have a function of preventing another person or company from manufacturing or selling the same goods or providing the same service under an unambiguously different mark. In this respect, it is important to know how to exercise and protect the legal rights relating to trademarks, as well as not to be subjected to sanctions due to trademark infringements. The broad application and the minimum criteria for the protection of trademarks is set out in the Paris Convention for the Industrial Property Rights (“Convention”) to which Turkey is a contracting party along with 176 other countries.(1) The legal rules in Turkish jurisdiction relating to trademarks are embodied in the Code of Industrial Property numbered 6769 (“CIP”). Types of Trademarks Trademarks are classified under three different types depending on their owners; namely (i) individual trademark, (ii) collective trademark and (iii) guarantee trademark. Individual trademark is the conventional trademark type consisting of the trademarks belonged to real or legal persons, and those being subject to joint or condominium-principled ownership. Collective trademark is the type differentiating the goods or services of the business within a group company or enterprise from the products or services of other businesses. Guarantee trademark is the last type of trademarks, securing that the manufacture of goods and delivery of services by several different business organizations are in compliance with the technical specification under the control of the trademark owner. Registration and Protection of Trademarks The legal protection of trademarks provided by CIP begins with the registration application; accordingly, unregistered signs do not benefit from trademark protection under Turkish law. However, it should also be noted that an exception is provided in CIP and in the Convention for “well-known trademarks”, allowing their owners to object to registration applications for marks correlated to identical or similar goods. Nonetheless, such an objection must be supported with a lot of documentary evidence proving the well-known status of the relevant mark. For this reason, it is crucial to register trademarks for business owners for the purpose of securing their maximum profit regarding the marks they use in the practice. Trademarks can consist of any symbols such as words, shapes, sounds, colours or letters. In order to be registered as a trademark, a sign must: ♦ have a distinctive character which makes it possible to distinguish the goods and services it represents from others, and ♦ represent the subject matter of the trademark in a clear and precise manner. The Registration Process Registration applications for trademarks are made to the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (“TPTO”). At first, applications go through a formal examination, data capture, classification and search procedures. If all necessary documents are not provided in the registration application, an additional period of 2 months is given to the applicant to provide the missing documents. The documents required for a trademark application are stated below: ► Application form, ► Sample of trademark, ► List of goods and services being subject of the application, ► Proof of the payment of the application fee, ► Technical specification (if the application is made for a collective or guarantee trademark), ► Proof of the payment of request fee for pre-emptive right (if any), ► If letters other than roman alphabet are used in the sample of trademark, the correspondent letters of those in roman alphabet. If there is no absolute ground for refusal detected in the application, TPTO accepts the registration request once the formal procedures are done. Accepted applications are declared in the Trademark Bulletin of the TPTO to let third parties submit their objections, if any, to the registration within 2 months commencing from the date of the declaration of the registration of the trademark. Once successfully registered, the term of protection for trademarks is 10 years from the date of the submission of the application and is renewable every 10 years. Registered trademarks are also published in the Trademark Bulletin of TPTO. Grounds for Refusal of Registration Where there is an absolute ground for refusal, TPTO ex officio refuses trademark applications. Third parties can object to a trademark application on both absolute grounds and relative grounds for refusal. Notable absolute grounds for refusal of trademark applications are as follows: ♦ It does not have a distinctive character, which is likely to cause confusion among other similar products, ♦ It is very similar to or indistinguishable from an earlier trademark representing same class of products or services, ♦ It contains a sign or signs which are commonly used in commerce or specifically by groups representing an occupation, a field of art or trade, ♦ It contains religious symbols or it contradicts with public order or public morality, and ♦ It contains a geographical indication. Notable relative grounds for refusal of trademark applications are as follows: ♦ It is likely to cause confusion due to its similarity to another registered trademark of similar goods or services, ♦ It is an unauthorized application of a similar trademark, made by the agent or representative of the trademark owner in their own name, ♦ It is similar to an unregistered, yet well-known trademark under the Convention, ♦ The content of the trademark infringes copyrights or industrial property rights of a third party, and ♦ The application is filed in bad faith. In principle, the trademark rights of the first applicant for a registration are protected in terms of CIP. However, trademark applicants in one of the contracting States to the Paris Convention or to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization have a right of priority in Turkey for trademark applications. This means that within six months commencing from the date of the submission of an application in one of the member States, the registration request of the same trademark in Turkey cannot be refused on the grounds that a similar trademark application has been made in Turkey in that period. If an application for the registration of relevant trademark is not made within the abovementioned period of time, then the pre-emptive right cannot be benefited from anymore. The applicant must obtain an official document regarding the pre-emptive right from the competent authority in the country where he made the first application in order to avail himself of the pre-emptive right in Turkey. International Trademark Registration In principle, trademarks are protected only in the country in which they are registered. In this sense, if a trademark owner wants to obtain trademark protection in multiple jurisdictions, he has to register his trademark in multiple countries. The International Trademark System (“Madrid System”) allows trademark applicants to do this in a much more convenient and cost-effective manner. By submitting a single application and paying one set of fees, applicants may have their trademarks registered in up to 116 countries.(2) In order to use the Madrid System, trademark owners must either be a citizen, be domiciled or have an industrial or commercial establishment in one of the member countries of the Madrid Protocol. The cost of an international trademark registration contains the basic application fee and additional costs depending on the nature of the trademark, the region where it is requested to be registered, and how many classes of goods and services will be covered by the registration. Additional fees may come into question where the modification, expansion or renewal of the trademark portfolio is requested. Actions which are considered to be infringing trademark rights are stipulated in CIP. Notable examples of trademark infringements are as follows: ♦ Imitating a trademark by using a sign indiscernible from the said trademark without the authorization of the trademark owner, ♦ Selling, distributing or releasing in the market products or services by using the similarity of a sign, on the products and services, to a registered trademark, ♦ Expanding the rights granted by the trademark owner through licensing and/or transferring these rights to third parties, and ♦ Using a sign similar to a registered trademark for different goods or services not represented by the trademark to the detriment of the distinctive character of the said trademark. Although the formulation of CIP is fairly simple, trademark infringement can appear in a variety of ways in different mediums that are not specifically regulated in law. Especially with the incremental use of the internet, online trademark infringement cases have induced a diversity in the jurisprudence and the case law. Unlawful use of domain names in deceptive manners and imitating other enterprises’ trademarks, or the use of trademarks in meta-tags(3) to attract customers to one’s website have also become prevalent trademark infringement examples. Online infringements can be especially troublesome as they are more difficult to detect. Sanctions and Remedies The remedies for trademark infringements are stipulated in CIP. The authority of hearing trademark cases is belonged to Specialised Courts of Intellectual Property Rights. Trademark owners can seek before these courses the rulings stated below: ♦ prevention of infringing acts, including the use of signs on products and services causing the infringement, release of products and services carrying these signs, use of signs for advertising purposes or as a trade name, ♦ compensation for damages (if the infringer is at fault), ♦ confiscation or the transfer of the ownership of products or the equipment used for the infringing act to the trademark owner, and ♦ publication and declaration to those concerned of the court decision given against the infringer, with the publication and declaration expenses being covered by the infringer himself. An interlocutory injunction can also be given by the court, in case the situation calls for urgency and there is a risk of irreversible loss of rights. The claimant has to bring enough evidence to the court to support his claim that the conditions for an injunction are fulfilled. Requests for interlocutory injunctions are examined separately by the court, before the main hearing of the case. Apart from the remedies, criminal sanctions are also stipulated in CIP. These include: ♦ 1-3 years of imprisonment and judicial fine for producing, storing, selling, importing or exporting products infringing trademark rights, ♦ 1-3 years of imprisonment and judicial fine for removing a trademark sign from a package without authority, and ♦ 2-4 years of imprisonment and judicial fine for transferring or pledging trademark rights without authority through licencing. Other measures may be applied to legal persons being responsible for trademark infringements. Termination of Trademark Right In Turkish law, trademark rights can terminate mainly in four different ways; namely nullity, annulment, renouncement, and expiry. Those having an interest, public prosecutors, or state institutions and organizations concerned can bring a lawsuit against the trademark owners, claiming nullity of the relevant trademark, where absolute or relative grounds for refusal exist. When a court rules for the nullity, the protection of the nullified trademark is deemed to have never been come into existence. The annulment of trademarks come into question in three different situations. If the trademark has not been used in Turkey for 5 years commencing from the date of registration; or it turns into a conventional name for the goods or services it was registered for; or it deludes the public regarding the features, quality or the geographical source of the goods or services it was registered for, then the court rules for the annulment of the relevant trademark. When a trademark owner renounces his right on the trademark he has registered, the trademark right terminates. However, it should be noted that unless all persons officially having a right or owning a license regarding the relevant trademark permit for such a renouncement, the trademark owner cannot apply this method to terminate the trademark. Lastly, if the trademark is not renewed within the time stipulated in CIP, upon the expiry of the protection term, the trademark right terminates. (1) To see the list of all member States, please click here. (2) To see the full list of member States to the Madrid Protocol, please click here. (3) A meta-tag is a tag placed within the head section of the code which helps define the contents of a website. A website is likely to come up in the search results if the key words are found in the meta-tags. Websites often use well known trademarks in their meta-tags in order to appear in the search results. Though sometimes inadvertently, this action may violate the IP rights of trademark owners.
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Increasing water shortages in China could have implications for cotton and wheat production in the U.S. and elsewhere, USDA analysts say in a report released at the annual Agricultural Outlook Forum at Arlington, Va. China is the world's largest wheat-producing country and a decrease in production could have a significant impact on international markets. “Cropping patterns in China will likely change as farmers address water conservation issues,” says the Interagency Agricultural Projections Committee, which outlined its projections for the period to 2013. “Effective conservation policies will induce farmers to use water in ways that are more in accordance with its economic value in production.” Water uses that bring a low return, such as wheat irrigation, are likely to be replaced by uses that provide higher returns, such as cotton, with lower irrigation needs. The introduction of Bt cotton in the North China Plain region has also made cotton much more profitable in that area. “Because of the profitability of Bt cotton, and low wheat prices, increasing numbers of farmers are forgoing winter wheat and planting full-season, spring-sown cotton instead, which they irrigate one to three times before the rainy season begins. In addition, cotton tends to be more salt-tolerant than wheat, and much of the North China Plain's shallow water table has salinity problems.” Additionally, the analysts say, some irrigated wheat land could be switched to vegetable production, using modern water-saving practices. “A shift to vegetables would also be in accordance with China's underlying resource endowment, which is labor-abundant and land-scarce.
Learning from natureJune 26th, 2012 in Chemistry / Materials Science Using lotus leaves and tea tree oil researchers at Swinburne University of Technology are working to prevent infection and improve outcomes for people requiring medical implants, such as hip replacements. Led by Professor Elena Ivanova and Dean of the Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Professor Russell Crawford, the goal of the research team, which includes Swinburne postgraduate students and collaborators from James Cook University in Townsville and Laser Zentrum in Germany, is to develop a product and process that can be readily used in implant surgery. Working at the micro and nano-scale level with components of tea tree oil and by mimicking the characteristics of the surface of the lotus leaf, the researchers are developing ground-breaking techniques to change the surface of titanium implants and develop bioactive coatings to reduce the risk of infection and rejection in implant patients. "The problem is that because titanium is an attractive surface for growing human tissue, it is also attractive to bacteria, " said Professor Crawford. "We want to find a way by which we can change surfaces so they are less attractive for the bacteria but still retain their biocompatibility." Using imaging and analytical instruments in Swinburne's Advanced Technologies Centre, the team has developed new insights into how bacterial cells interact and attach to surfaces. Professor Crawford said the bacteria attach to the surface by secreting an extracellular polymeric substance, which enables them to form layers as they multiply, creating a biofilm. "Normal disinfection processes will often only kill the surface layer of bacteria in the biofilm," Professor Crawford said. This is where the surface of the lotus leaf is proving to be an invaluable tool for the researchers. "With a lotus leaf, a droplet of water will not attach, but roll off. If we can replicate this to create hydrophobic surfaces, any bacteria that might be present can't wet the surface and therefore can't attach," Professor Crawford said. "If we are able to stop bacteria attaching on titanium surfaces, we know that these implants will be safer. " Tea tree oil is another vital component of the research, due to its ability to kill bacteria. The researchers have taken a component of tea tree oil, and used it to create a coating for titanium implants in a process called plasma polymerisation. "The vision is that we will one day have a device in hospitals that would allow surgeons to put this coating onto the titanium before it is surgically implanted, vastly reducing the risk of infection," Professor Crawford said. "When people have to get hip implants replaced, it becomes a drain on the health-care system, and we hope our research can make a difference and reduce this pressure." Provided by Swinburne University of Technology "Learning from nature." June 26th, 2012. http://phys.org/news/2012-06-nature.html
History classes can be an enjoyable journey through time for students. However, history is often presented in a dry and/or non-experiential manner. Music history can be one of the areas of study that the second paradigm often holds true. When I take a look back on the my own music education, most lessons that focused on composers and their historical context were the least enjoyable and most quickly forgotten. I am surely not alone. In a 2007 study, Campbell, Connell, and Beegle found that one area of concern middle schooler noted about their music classes was “boring music” they learned about that did not relate to their musical taste. So, why is it that music history and “classical” music, in general, is regarded as boring areas of study for so many students? The problem could lie in the way in which such lessons are presented. How can music educators expect students to enjoy learning about and retain information on music history when, all too often, it is presented in the form of outdated, lecture style lessons that do not seem relevant to students’ lives, their educational needs, and personal preferences? For my music history domain, I tired to find a way to present Western Art Music History to my students experientially in an interdisciplinary manner so that they would find enjoyment and relevance in what they learned. I regularly include classical music in my lessons and fifth grade students are expected to experience a survey and display a basic level of understanding about four periods of Western Art Music History; Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and 20th Century/Modern. Yet, I have always struggled with marking these types of lesson highly engaging. Therefore, I developed some methods, tools, and projects that would assist me in teaching this part of my curriculum in a way that would be well received by my students and also leave them with a developing body of knowledge. In doing this, I attempted to change the way I taught to help develop my students’ “21st Century Skills” of collaboration, critical thinking, making global connections, self-direction, and use of technology as a learning tool, as described by Ravitz, Hixson, English, and Mergendoller (2012). Two methodologies utilized as guiding concepts to achieve these ends are Project-Based Learning (Solomon, 2003) and flipped learning as advocated by Kahn (2011).
Fairness for All “At-A-Glance” Fairness for All Act: “At-A-Glance” FairnessForAll.org / #FairnessForAll - Sponsored by Rep. Chris Stewart (R-UT) - Supported by a broad coalition of LGBT and religious leaders - The Federal Fairness for All Act is a balanced legislative solution that protects LGBT civil rights and preserves religious freedom. - If passed, it will represent the largest ever expansion of LGBT rights, the largest expansion of civil rights since 1964, and the largest expansion of religious freedom since the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) in 1993. - Fairness for All is centered on two core beliefs: - No American should lose their home or job simply for being lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender; and - No religious person should be forced to live, work, or serve their community in ways that violate their faith. - LGBT and religious Americans increasingly find themselves in a lose-lose conflict with one another, resulting in ongoing lawsuits and endless cultural clashes. - There is no federal law providing basic civil rights protections to LGBT Americans across all 50 states. - In 29 states, LGBT Americans are at risk of being fired from their job, evicted from their home, or denied basic services because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. - Religious Americans are increasingly forced into protracted legal battles simply to exercise their First Amendment rights. - Religious charities, schools, hospitals, individuals, and businesses are in increasing jeopardy of losing core protections. - The Fairness for All Act amends the Civil Rights Act to add sexual orientation and gender identity as a protected class - The Fairness for All Act modifies the Civil Rights Act to provide corresponding strong protections for religious exercise, religious institutions, and free speech. How Does the FFA Act Affect High Profile Disputes? - The cake baker?Wedding vendors with fewer than 15 employees will not be a public accommodation except for race.Larger vendors will need to have someone on staff to fulfill same-sex marriage requests, but their employees will have stronger rights not to participate. - Transgender individuals in restrooms? FFA increases restroom privacy for everyone by expanding the number of single-user restrooms. Illegal behavior in restrooms or locker rooms remains illegal. - Transgender athletes in women’s sports? FFA maintains Title IX intact and keeps a clear distinction between sex and gender identity. Eligibility for women’s sports will continue to be determined by the governing bodies of sports. - LGBT adoptions and faith-based adoption agencies? FFA ensures faith-based agencies and LGBT families have maximum choice, via an indirect funding approach where federal funds are given to families instead of institutions.
Shopping for Sunscreen by SPF is the most important part of sun care. All broad-spectrum sunscreens protect the complexion from some amount of ultraviolet A and B (UVA and UVB) radiation; however, products differ in their levels of protection. The amount of protection that sunscreens provide is measured with the Sun Protection Factor or SPF system. Products with higher SPF ratings keep your skin safe from a larger percentage of UVB rays than lower SPF products. For example, an SPF 15 sunscreen protects you from 93 percent of UVB, while an SPF 30 product shields the skin from 97 percent of UVB. Experts recommend that most people wear a minimum SPF level of 15, while some people may need to use products with a higher SPF level. You can use the menu at the left to quickly shop for sunscreen by SPF rating. Sun Protection for Every Need Today, there are sunscreen options available to suit every lifestyle and need. Extra gentle products made especially for children can be used to protect babies and kids from the harsh effects of UV rays. Water resistant formulas are recommended for activities that involve water, such as swimming. Regular sunscreens can wash off immediately in water. Reapplication is especially important after each time a person goes swimming or is exposed to water, even with water-resistant formulas. For adults, highly sweat- and water-resistant sport sunscreens are available for swimming, working outside in the heat and outdoor exercise. Facial sunscreens are ideal for shielding the complexion from the sun every day and on those occasions when you'll be outdoors for long periods of time, although regular reapplication is still important. Caring for Your Skin Post Sun After a day in the sun, skin requires special care to help it recover from the dehydrating effects of the heat. After sun creams, lotions, balms and butters can be applied to replenish lost moisture and soothe feelings of tightness and itching that can arise due to sun exposure. If you happen to get sunburned, you can use an aloe vera product or another sunburn soothing product to alleviate the soreness while your skin heals. Your pharmacist may have additional suggestions to help with your sunburn symptoms as well. Getting a Golden Glow Many people today love the way their skin appears when it's tanned, and there are sun care products available to help you get that golden look if you desire. Bronzers can be applied to give the skin a temporary faux glow, while self tanners provide an artificial tan that can last for several days. back to top »
Paper Trails: Deshima Island: A Stepping Stone between Civilizations Marc Jason Gilbert Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay (approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu. From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan, and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was Japan's only major link to the European world. Though Dutch merchants were generally confined to the island, it nonetheless served as a conduit of considerable culture exchange in both directions. The exchanges ranged from hydrangeas to knowledge of electricity and paralleled a similar exchange passing between the Japanese and Chinese merchants, who were also permitted to trade at Deshima under similar controlled circumstances. Though it was destroyed during the modernization of Nagasaki harbor in the 20th century, the significance of Deshima has since been recognized. There are now plans to reconstruct the island to attract both European and Asian tourists drawn by its historic role as a meeting place between East and West. \|The Establishment of the Dutch Trade with Japan\| Europeans began trading with Japan and engaging Japanese society in 1600, when a Dutch ship, the Liefde, arrived in Usuki Bay on Kyushu with 24 half-starved men, seven of whom later died from the effects of malnutrition. The ship, piloted by an Englishman, Will Adams, had reached Japan during the second year of his mission to seek out and destroy Spanish and Portuguese settlements in Africa and Asia and return with the much prized pepper of Southern Asia. Adams won the confidence of Tokugawa Ieyasu in spite of (or perhaps because of) the attempts of the Catholic Portuguese to denounce their Protestant Dutch commercial rivals as pirates. Of course, this was not far off the mark as the Dutch were engaged in piratical attacks on the Portuguese. However, Tokugawa Iyesu was coming to view the Portuguese as a more serious threat to his own ambitions than any pirate might pose, because they were determined to convert and assert political control over as many Japanese as possible. These activities ultimately led him to ban European missionary activity and offer their converts the choice of recanting their faith or death. In contrast, Adams was granted privileged status. Adams was perceived as a businessman rather than a missionary and as a representative of a Protestant rival of the Catholic nation had no intention of meddling in Japanese internal affairs. He was thus regarded as a valuable asset, a possible European counterweight to the Portuguese. As such, he was not allowed to leave Japan, though as with any other court favorite, he was given a grant of land and revenue from a village for his support. He is still annually honored today in Japan by a celebration on the street in Edo where he lived. There is also a roadway in Tokyo honoring him by the title by which he was known, An-jin (An-jin Cho or Pilot Street). \|In 2005, a celebratory festival was held in Adams' home county of Kent, featuring Japanese music, dancing, martial arts and other aspects of Japanese culture.1 Adams' relations with the Tokugawa were immortalized, if also highly fictionalized, by the late James Clavell in his popular novel, Shogun (1975). The novel ultimately served as the basis of a television miniseries and a Broadway play. A more reliable rendition of his experiences is Adam's own account, an excerpt of which is offered below as a student exercise. Whatever the actual relationship that existed between Tokugawa Iyesu and Adams, it laid the foundation for a unique association of the Dutch with the bafuku, or Japanese ruling court, that was to last almost two and a half centuries.\| In 1641 a new phase of this relationship began when the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or V. O. C in Dutch) transferred its business from Hirado south to the island of Dejima in Nagasaki harbor. The island had originally been built in 1636 for Portuguese traders, but the Dutch were able to enjoy the use of its facilities when the Portuguese were finally expelled from Japan for their interference in Japanese affairs. The Dutch had no such intentions. They were happy to fulfill the role as a counter-weight to Catholic political ambitions during a revolt by Christian samurai (the Shimbara Rebellion, 1637-38). The Dutch assisted in the suppression of the revolt by providing ships at the bafuku's request to bombard the rebel positions. Nonetheless, they were closely watched by the Japanese authorities. Their property was often (rightly) searched for signs of smuggling and they were permitted to make only limited visits to the mainland from a complex of offices, warehouses, and other dwellings that made up a European overseas trading station or "factory." These visits included an annual trip of the entire staff (12-15 agents) living within the Dutch factory to offer presents to the Tokugawa Shogunate in their capital city of Edo (modern Tokyo). These visits offered an opportunity for the Japanese to "assure themselves of their loyalty and to weaken them by putting financial burdens on them." They also offered the Dutch the opportunity to impress the Japanese. Among the gifts they presented the court were elephants and camels and a magnificent copper lantern that has survived to this day: \|The visits often included entertainments at which the agents, usually after much drinking, were encouraged by the court to dance and sing in their national idiom. The political subtext of this activity is indicative of the servant-to-patron relationship these visits were designed to cement.\| \|At the change of factory directors that coincided with the arrival of the annual trading fleet of ships from Holland there was also a meeting with Japanese officials. Fresh from Europe, the new director was expected to report not only on the factory's activities, but on recent global affairs. It has been suggested that it was primarily for the latter reason—and the intelligence it provided—that the Japanese permitted the existence of the factory.\|\|4\| Scholars are fortunate that the correspondence of Isaac Titsingh (1740?-1812) is now available in print (Frank Lequin, ed., The Private Correspondence of Isaac Titsingh, Volume 1 (1785-1811), and Volume 2 (1779-1811) (Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 1990, 1992) and on microfilm. This Dutch explorer, diplomat, and administrator went to Japan as the Dutch Envoy in 1778 and served as Director of the Dutch East India Company factory at Deshima Island for three periods between 1779 and 1784 (for a list of all Dutch East India Company's chief mangers in Japan from 1600 to 1860, see http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Japan.htm#Dejima). Titsingh wrote widely on Japan in several languages and was among the first Europeans to collect Japanese artifacts, thus becoming Europe's first Japanologist. He may have also have been the first to introduce the Tale of 47 Ronin to Europe in his work, Illustrations of Japan (London: Ackerman, 1822).3 His over 300 letters offer an intimate account of the customs and events associated with the Directors' annual pilgrimage to Edo (pictured above). According to the publishers of his letters, these observations "range from wedding ceremonies to the conduct of the Edo court, and from the cultivation of Bonsai trees [see under "Cultural Exchange" below] to the suicide of a prominent Japanese scholar of the West."4 His work also provided insight into the activities of the Chinese factory at Deshima: \|Another blessing is the wide availability of the actual daily registers of the Deshima factory, called Dagregisters, which have been published through 1760.5 The editors and translators of the published version of the first nine years of registers (Cynthia Vialle and Leonard Blussé, The Deshima Dagregusters, Volume XI, 1641-1650, 2001) note the great value of the contents of these registers for students of world history. They contain not only lists of trade items, but also accounts of Japanese efforts to be sure the Dutch remained outside of any alliance of Catholic nations and held themselves aloof from the trouble caused by unauthorized visits of other merchants on Japanese soil. As the editors of this work and some of its reviewers have noted, the translations of these registers must be used with care. For example, an entry discussing a shipment to the royal court suggests that sake was part of shipment. However, an error in translation disguises the fact that the sake was not part of the delivery, but part of the refreshment provided for the shippers en route!6 These difficulties should not discourage the use of the published version of the registers in the classroom. An example of their use in a classroom setting is provided at the conclusion of this essay.\|\|6\| Many Dutch East India Company day registers are available on-line as a result of the efforts of Henny Savenji (Henry Kang Lee). His site permits students of the period to trace the travels of the Marco Polo of Korea, Hendrick Hamel. It also offers a plethora of resources including an index to Daregisters and journals of Dutch shipping in the Indies and individual day-registers (http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/Dutch/bijlagen.htm) that have been translated into English (see the exercise provided below). \|Neither of these sources surpasses the usefulness of two accounts of the Blomhoff family based on family records as well as Dagreisters. The first of these is Matthi Forrer and Fifi Effert's (trans. and eds.), Court Journey to the Shogun of Japan: From a Private Account by Jan Cock Blomoff (Amsterdam: Hotei Publishers, 2000), which offers an account of Jan Cock Blomhoff's(1779-1853) career as Director at Deshima. During his career, he wrote many letters to his wife Titia in Holland and kept a record of his visit to Edo in 1818. This work is a major source for Tokugawa Japan, enriched by images of the cultural objects he collected while in Japan.\|\|8\| A more personal account of the Dutch-Japanese encounter as viewed by the Blomhoffs is the story of Titia Blomhoff (1786-1821), who along with the wet-nurse for her son, came to Deshima to join her husband, then Director of the factory. Because European women had been previously banned on the island, on her arrival in 1817 she and her wet-nurse became the first Western women to visit Japan. She was expelled after nearly four months, but not before making an impact at least in the form of 500 paintings, etchings, prints, and dolls the author has found were introduced into the nineteenth-century Japanese market. One example of these images appears above right (note the possibly Javanese servant from the Dutch base at Batavia, today Jakarta in Indonesia). It is adapted from a photograph taken by Kathleen Cohen from a wall hanging entitled "Edo Anonymous Netherlandish Women," dated 1817. It now hangs in Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum Stadhouderskade in the Netherlands. (For this and similar images, see http://gallery.sjsu.edu/encounters/orient/orient-Thumb.00003.html). This is so dramatic a story that neither an academic review,7 nor the following publisher's summary can dull a reader's interest in René P. Bersma's study of her life (Titia: The First Western Woman in Japan (Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing (imprint of KIT Publishers), 2002): \|Both works help illuminate the practice of court visits that the Tokugawa employed for much the same purposes as King Louis IV employed his palace at Versailles: to help control and weaken the nobility, due to the costs of the visits in terms of travel and local housing, and to gather intelligence on their activities.\|\|11\| \|Postcards from the Edge: Nagasaki-e\| The presence of the Dutch sparked much interest among the Japanese, only a few of whom caught a rare glimpse of the red-haired Gaijin. The desire to know more about the appearance and manners of these barbarians created a market niche for Nagasaki-e, a series of popular woodblock prints depicting the Dutch merchants, their vessels, and the exotic animals that were part of their annual tribute (see the exhibition on Red-Haired Barbarians at http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/japaneseprints/index.html). The Dutch were nearly always portrayed as red-hared, big-nosed and blue eyed. Given the isolation in which the Dutch lived their everyday lives, it is not surprising that Japanese artists portrayed the forks the Dutch used at meals as small garden rakes. \|Richard Illing suggests that the Nagasaki-e industry, which flourished from 1800 to 1860, was something of a sideline for the artists the Japanese government employed in Nagasaki to copy western images brought to Japan by foreigners.9 That the prints were unsigned further suggests that they were produced locally more as quality souvenirs than as high art. Like the parallel Yokohama-e, which showed "foreigners and their technical achievements" in that enclave, these prints "were not produced with elaborate techniques like mica or embossing as they were targeted at a broad Japanese public more on a coffee table book level."10\|\|13\| \|Trade and Cultural Exchange\| \|One of the chief trade items that passed through Deshima was silk from China. This import was indicative of the "country trade" or the means by which European traders profited not by command of the internal economies of subordinated Asian states, but by serving those economies as transporters of their products. The Dutch also imported goods from Southeast Asia and Europe. Dennis O'Flynn provides a succinct analysis of this trade in the Journal of World History (see an even more succinct abstract of Flynn's essay, which is currently available at no cost from JSTOR at http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v013/13.2flynn.pdf).11\|\|14\| The country trade gave the Dutch access to Japanese silver and gold and also porcelain, such as Arita, Imari and other fine Japanese ceramics that were in high demand in the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe. While "the Japanese artisans catered for their European clients with Dutch motifs. . . [w]hen demand could not be met by imports, the Dutch copied Japanese porcelain in large quantities."12 In fact, the cross-cultural flow was rich and complex. The illustration above is of Chinese export 'Van Frytom' dishes designed, as the name suggests, by Frederick Van Frytom (1632-1702). This pattern, long known as "Deshima Island," actually describes a scene in the north of Holland. Chinese artisans copied this pattern from the Japanese Arita-ware versions of the Dutch Delft artist's work! A pair of these plates, originally traded sometime between 1730-1740, is currently listed for sale at $3,200. Deshima fostered other more culturally significant forms of exchange. Some Japanese students were exposed to the Dutch language at the enclave, though legally speaking, the learning of a foreign language was legally prohibited until after 1745. Still, considerable knowledge of Japan passed to Europe via Deshima. The Japanese gained some knowledge of Western science via the settlement.13 Bavarian biologist/botanist Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796-1866) served at Deshima as the factory's medical officer from 1823 to 1829 and may have transferred considerable knowledge of Western medicine to the Japanese and of the Japanese to the West. He brought over 500 Japanese books back to Europe. He certainly worked with many Japanese translators and students. His multipart book, Nippon (Leiden, 1832-1858), was instrumental in spreading knowledge of Japan to the West. This work was among the first to explain Japanese Buddhism to the West. It remains of value to scholars of that period and has been the subject of a recent analysis of cross-cultural exchange suitable for students.14 Because he was a trained botanist, Siebold also left an early record of Japanese bonsai to add to that of Titsingh. This practice of miniaturizing trees and shrubs requires minute and repetitive pruning that can be used as a form of Zen meditation, among other cultural functions. Siebold, a student of Japanese Buddhism, greatly admired this practice, as can be seen from the following excerpt from the English translation of his Manners & Customs of the Japanese Students of ecological or "plant imperialism" will note that Siebold smuggled tea plants out of Japan and used them to start the tea plantation economy in Dutch Indonesia. He also set up a greenhouse at his estate in Holland (appropriately called "Deshima") where he naturalized Japanese plants, such as the hosta and hydrangea, to European soils and climate. Though Japan attempted to protect its plant catalog, it still considers Seibold a culture hero (as Siborut-san).16 This honor is all the more generous given the circumstances of his departure \|William Ten Rhyne (1647-1700), was the first university-trained medical doctor to serve at Deshima. On his arrival in 1673, he is thought to have advised the very ill Japanese emperor, who subsequently recovered. Rhyne went on to introduce the medicine and culture of Japan to the West. He was the first physician to publish a detailed description of the indications for and practices of acupuncture, published as Transisalano-Daventriensis Dissertatio de arthritide: Mantissa schematica: De acupunctura: et Orationes tres, I. De chymiae ac botaniae antiquitate & dignitate: II. De physiognomia: III. De monstris / Singula ipsius authoris notis illustrate (London: R. Chiswell, 1683).\|\|20\| Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716), a well-educated and well-traveled German scientist, arrived in Deshima in 1690, where, like Siebold, he served as medical officer. Kaempfer, "whose only wish was to study the country and its people, despaired at his confinement" there. However, his fluency with languages led to his rapid command of Japanese, which "soon won him the friendship of the Japanese interpreters and officers of the island, who were under solemn oath not to talk with foreigners or discuss the affairs of Japan." According to his account of what proved to be a two-year sojourn in Japan, one of these officers was "a discreet young man, by whose means I was richly supplied with whatever notice I wanted [including Japanese books], concerning the affairs of Japan . . . He was about 24 years of age, well vers'd in the Chinese and Japanese languages, and very desirous of improving himself. Upon my arrival he was appointed to wait on me as my servant, and at the same time to be instructed by me in Physick (medicine) and surgery." Kaempfer also paid him a handsome salary and taught him Dutch. This officer's superiors must have countenanced this "animated and highly fruitful exchange," as they permitted him to accompany Kaempfer on "visiting" trips (1690-2) to Edo.18 \|Students of the place of food in world history should take note that Kaempfer "played a key role in introducing the soybean and soy-based foods to the Western world." His book Amoenitatum Exoticarum, published in Germany in 1712, "contained the first written description by a Westerner of the soybean plant and seeds (accompanied by the first Western illustration of these), plus the most detailed descriptions to date of the process for making miso and shoyu (Japanese-style soy sauce)."19\|\|22\| Figures such as Titsingh, Siebold, Rhyne and Kaempfer were merely a few among the many contributors to a much larger process of cultural exchange known as the Dutch Studies or manner of knowledge (in Japanese, Rangaku or "the study of Dutch," which included medicine, military technology, the natural sciences and language studies). The impact of this school of knowledge at a time when the Japanese were in an anti-Confucian mood and focusing instead on a school of Japanese history and tradition called "National Learning" is discussed in leading world history survey for an illustration of how Deshima facilitated the encounter between Japanese scholars and Enlightenment science in books written in Dutch and the nature of the initial Japanese response to that knowledge, there is no better example than the transmission of the idea of electricity to Japan cited by William R. Everdell in his review of Scott L. Montgomery's Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge Through Cultures and Time (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000): \|The Reclamation and Restoration of Dejima Island\| \|The resourceful Dutch benefited even from the American Admiral Perry's second trip to coerce Japan into opening its trade to the West. Perry's trip secured the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854), the first of many such treaties that ended Japan's self-imposed isolation from the world beyond China. However, that treaty marked the end of the Dutch monopoly of Western trade and there was no longer any reason for foreign traders to operate from enclaves such as Deshima. Accordingly, the factory was closed in 1860. In time, Nagasaki became better known as the site of a nuclear attack than a historic trade entrepot. Yet, perhaps as a result of the recent prolonged Japanese recession of the 1990s, civic leaders in Nagasaki came to view the location of the former Deshima Island as offering considerable opportunities for economic growth through tourism. For a long while, only ground markers denoted the location of most of the Dutch structures, but several buildings have already been reconstructed from old records and wood-block prints. Museums and other related sites have also opened. March-April of 2006 will mark the opening of the second phase of the planned total reconstruction which was formally begun in 1996.22\| \|Resources and Questions for Further Study\| What knowledge of Japanese plants, food and other practices was transmitted to the West through Deshima? What knowledge of Europe was gleaned by the Japanese from contacts at Deshima? Discuss the views of an advocate of Dutch and/or National Learning. Explain the global and local religious and political context which led to the Dutch succeeding the Portuguese in Japan. What aspects of Dutch life at Deshima indicate the inferior position of Europeans in Asia prior to the nineteenth century? \|Document and Map Based Exercises\| There is a small, but useful, group of documentary sources that can be derived from accounts of the Dutch at Deshima. Document No. 1: Will Adams Arrives in Japan A letter written by Will Adams in 1611 describing part of his voyage to Japan and his reception there is easily accessible. The source of this letter is Eva March Tappan, ed., The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song, and Art, Volume I: China, Japan, and the Islands of the Pacific, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), pp. 325-331. The following excerpts were scanned by Jerome S. Arkenberg, of California State University, Fullerton. The text has been modernized by Prof. Arkenberg and offered online as part of the on-line Modern History Sourcebook project created by Paul Halsall. The study questions which follow have been developed by this writer. After reading these excerpts, students may be directed to answer the following questions. In view of his mission as described above, how candid is Adams in his description of his past actions and motives? What was the likely statement he might have made to the Japanese about political conditions in Europe and, assuming he told the truth of conflict between Catholic and Protestant nations, why would the Japanese be satisfied with that account? Research the conflict being played out between these European nations and relate them to Adam's European enemies' speaking against him in court. How did the Japanese court treat Adams and his men? What favors did he perform for his Japanese overlord? How did he adjust to the place he had found himself occupying there and what were its costs? \|Will Adams, My Coming to Japan, 1611\| \|Document No. 2: An Image of a "Visiting" Procession\| \|Thanks to Henny Siveniji, we have a large number of journals, dagregisters, maps, and illustrations of Dutch operations in the East Indies accessible on-line. One of these offers an account of the procession accompanying a Korean mission to the Court at Edo, which can be used to accompany the images and accounts of "visiting" processions discussed and illuminated above and pictured again below (see this document dated September, 1666 at http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/Dutch/dag6614se.htm). Students can be directed to closely examine the image below for elements of European and Japanese customs and dress and the differential in status between the two.\| \|Document No. 3: Life within the World That Trade Created\| \|A six meter Japanese silk screen mural (called a makimono) produced between 1840-1850 illustrates the interior of the Dutch factory at Deshima. Students can be directed to the use of skin and hair color as defining characteristics of the anonymous painter's subjects. The Dutch are stereotyped here and in other Japanese mediums as all having pure white skin; the darker figure with long hair in the center is likely a Thai servant (the Dutch long had a factory at Ayuthia in Siam), two men of possibly African descent (African slaves were not uncommon in Asia) are pushing a bale of what may be Chinese silk, while two servants are seen engaged in other activities. There are further details students can be asked to identify and explore as signifying this early phase of globalization by trade.\| \|Document Exercise No. 4: Persecution of Catholics in Japan\| \|What follows is an account of a very different procession, the arrival in Nagasaki of a group of Roman Catholic missionaries who entered Japan despite the Tokugawa ban on Europeans of that faith. Their arrival and trial is recorded in the day register at Deshima for August 21, 1642. Small notational changes and some less literal translations of the Dutch into English have been added to the text for clarity. For the original in Dutch, see http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/Dutch/daghreg21a42.htm. The original English translation (Copyright Henny Saveniji) can be found at http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/Dutch/daghreg21a42e.htm.\| \|This document can be used to measure student understanding of the reasons why the Japanese sought to ban contact with most Westerners. Students might usefully explore why the Dutch might be less impressed with the confessions of the arrested Catholics than the Japanese apparently were. They could address why Japanese officials might have been emotionally moved by their bravery, yet, while so moved, why would these same officials still torture the missionaries to death? Why did the Japanese feel such persecution was justified? What steps did they believe their government had taken to make such punishment unnecessary? How does the list of captured Catholics, and one in particular, reflect the breadth of the Western colonial enterprise in early modern Asia? Students might also explore why there might be more than one reason the assimilated former Christian Jaon seemed "touched" in his mind and walked away without comment after his attempt to save his former co-religionists lives failed.\| \|Thanks to the work of Gerald Danvers and others there are now new and more productive ways of using maps to examine world historical processes. However any map of Asia can be employed to direct students to the "country trade," the means by which Europeans acted as transporters of the merchandise of Asian trading nations. The Dutch trade with Deshima was a classic example of this trade, which enabled the Dutch, who could not otherwise afford much trade due to the lack of domestic goods that were desirable in Asia, to buy cheap goods elsewhere in Asia and trade them at Deshima for Japanese silver in excess of the cost of the original trade item. The profits in silver could be repatriated to Holland or used to purchase otherwise costly items in Asia where silver, unlike merchandise from Holland, was in demand. The Casteneda collection at the University of Texas provides a host of free maps tracing this trade. See, for example, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/asia_mediaeval_commerce.jpg.\| \|Lesson Plans and Other Classroom Approaches\| Students can replicate the procession of the Dutch factory to the Tokugawa Court using Matthi Forrer and Fifi Effert's The Court Journey of the Shogun of Japan: From a Private Account by Jan Cock Blomhoff (Amsterdam: Hotei Publishers, 2000). Their study can be enriched by taking a visit of their own to Edo via a spectacular virtual tour provided at http://www.us-japan.org/edomatsu/. The images of the Dutch participation in Japan's "visiting system" to the Court of the Tokugawa can also be viewed and used as a basis for a discussion of "Journey as Narrative" at http://www.fulltable.com/vts/j/jn/jn.htm. For further comparison studies, see A Bibliography of Travel Literature in Asia prepared by Bryn Mawr College at http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/travel/asia.html. A bibliography on Tokugawa Japan features study guides, topical questions, projects and other student activities related to this period. See http://www.nvcc.edu/home/jebraden/Tokugawa/tkgstudyguide.htm. Students can be assigned a reading of René Bersma's Titia: The First Western Woman in Japan (2002) as a book review assignment or as the source of an essay exam question. Using the works of the Blomhoff's or the day registers, students can examine these sojourners' perceptions of Japanese society. This can be accomplished individually or in study groups. Teachers may find Henry Smith (ed.), Learning from Shogun: Japanese History and Western Fantasy (Santa Barbara: University of California, Santa Barbara, distributed by the Japan Society of New York, 1980) a useful tool. This book is available online for personal and instructional use at http://www.columbia.edu/%7Ehds2/learning/Learning_from_shogun_txt.pdf. It includes articles about James Clavell's novel Shogun by Elgin Heinz, William Lafleur, Susan Matisoff, Chieko Mulhern, Sandra Piercy, David Plath, Henry Smith, and Ron Toby. The literature on the impact of Japanese woodblock prints on Western art can be used alongside lesson plans on Impressionist paintings (see, for example, that at http://www.impressionism.org/teachimpress/browse/lesson7.htm). For material usefully drawn from that literature, see Charlotte van Rappard-Boon, Willem van Gulik, Keiko van Bremen-Ito, "Catalogue of the Van Gogh Museum's Collection of Japanese Prints (Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, 1991) and major sites on cultural exchange fostered by woodblock prints at http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/japaneseprints/ and Ukioy-earts at http://www.cjn.or.jp/ukiyo-e/index.html. A Lesson Plan on the Coming of Admiral Matthew Perry to Japan can be found at: http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/teach/ends/opening.htm. Lesson plans that address the Dutch in Japan can be found at: \|Students can be assigned to analyze the content of an exhibit currently sponsored by The Netherlands Economic History Archive entitled "Red-Haired Barbarians: The Dutch and other foreigners in Nagasaki and Yokohama, 1800 1865." This exhibit examines 40 woodblock prints (Nagasaki-e and Yokohama-e,) sold to Japanese who were curious about the Dutch community on Deshima Island. This digital presentation is self-described as highlighting "the amazement with which the Japanese looked at Westerners. The Dutch are depicted as pale, ugly, red-haired barbarians with large noses. The ships the Dutch used and the exotic animals they brought caused much astonishment and admiration." In 1858, Americans and other Europeans were granted the same rights as the Dutch. The Dutch settlement in Yokohama is also the subject of the popular illustrations on view as part of a virtual version of this exhibition at http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/japaneseprints/index.html or http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/japaneseprints/.\| Bersma. René P. Titia: The First Western Woman in Japan. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing (imprint of KIT Publishers) 2002. Blussé, Leonard, Remmelink, Willem and Smits, Ivo (eds.). Bridging the Divide: 400 Years The Netherlands-Japan. Leiden: Hotei Publishing, 2000. Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice M.;Vialle, Cynthia ;Blusse, Leonard, trans., eds, The Deshima Dagregusters, Volume XI, 1641-1650. Leiden: Intercontinenta No. 23, Universiteit Leiden, 2001. Boxer, C. R. A True Description of the Mighty Kingdoms of Japan and Siam. London, The Argonaut Press, 1935. Flynn, Dennis Owen. Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-Eighteenth Century in the Journal of World History, Volume 13, Number 2 (Fall 2002): 391-427. Forrer, Matthi and Effert, Fifi (eds.and trans.). Court Journey to the Shogun of Japan: From a Private Account by Jan Cock Blomoff. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishers, 2000. Haberland, Detlef. Translated by Peter Hogg. Engelbert Kaempfer–a Biography. London: The British Library 1996. Hyma, A. The Dutch in the Far East (1942, repr. 1953); study by B. Gardner (1972). Kaempfer, Engelbert. The history of Japan, giving an account of the ancient and present state and government of that empire; of its temples, palaces, castles and other buildings; of its metals, minerals, trees, plants, animals, birds and fishes; of the chronology and succession of the emperors, ecclesiastical and secular; of the original descent, religions, customs, and manufactures of the natives, and of their trade and commerce with the Dutch and Chinese. Together with a description of the kingdom of Siam. Written in High-Dutch by Engelbertus Kaempfer ... and translated from his original manuscript, never before printed, by J. G. Scheuchzer ... With the life of the author, and an introduction. London: Printed for the translator, 1727. A copy is at Bryn Mawr College Library at DS808 .K127 1727 v. 1-2. Milburn, William. Oriental Commerce Containing a Geographical Description of the Principal Places in The East Indies, China, and Japan with their Produce, Manufactures, and Trade, including the Coasting or Country Trade from Port to Port also The Rise and Progress of the Trade of the Various European Nations with the Eastern World Particularly that of the English East India Company From the Discovery of the Passage Round the Cape of Good Hope to the Present Period with An Account of the Company's Establishments, Revenues, Debts, Assets, & c. at Home and Abroad Deduced from Authentic Documents, and Founded upon Practical Experience Obtained in the Course of Seven Voyages to India and China. London: Black, Parry and Co., 1813 rpt. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1999. Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie, The Deshima Dagregisters: Their Original Tables of Contents. Leiden: Leiden Centre for the History of European Expansion, 1986-. Volumes 1-2 (published in 1988 and 1989) were edited by Toni Vermeulen; Volume 3 (1989) was jointly edited by Toni Vermeulen and Paul van der Velde; Volumes 4-7 (1989-1993) were edited by Paul van der Velde; Volume 8 (1994) was edited by Paul van der Velde and Cynthia Vialle; Volume 9 (1996) was edited by Cynthia Vialle and Leonard Blussé; Volume 10 (1997) was edited by Cynthia Vialle; Volume 11 (2001) was edited by Cynthia Vialle and Leonard Blussé. Series contents: Dagregisters Volume 1 (1680-1690), Volume 2 (1690-1700), Volume 3 (1700-1710), Volume 4 (1710-1720), Volume 5 (1720-1730), Volume 6 (1730-1740), Volume 7 (1740-1760), Volume 8 (1760-1780), Volume 9 (1780-1790), Volume 10 (1790-1800), Volume 11 (1641-1650). Siebold, Dr. Philipp Franz von. Manners and Customs of the Japanese [in the Nineteenth Century from the accounts of Dutch residents in Japan and from the German work of]. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1841; Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Company; 1973, 1977. Totman, Conrad. Tokugawa Ieyasu Shogun. Kyoto: Heian International Inc., 1988. van der Velde, Paul and Bachofner, Rudolf. The Deshima Diaries Marginalia, 1700-1740. Tokyo: Japan-Netherlands Institute, 1992. van Gulik, Willem. A Distant Court Journey, Dutch Traders visit the Shogun of Japan. Amsterdam: Amsterdam: Stichting Koninklijk Paleis 2000. _____The Dutch in Nagaskai: 19th Century Japanese Prints. Amsterdam: 1998. _____In the wake of the Liefde. Cultural relations between the Netherlands and Japan, since 1600. Rotterdam: Museum voor Volkenkunde / De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1986. Vialle, Cynthia and Leonard van der Velde, Paul and Bachofner, Rudolf. The Deshima Diaries Marginalia, 1700-1740. Tokyo: Japan-Netherlands Institute, 1992. A Bibliography of travel literature in Asia prepared by Bryn Mawr College: http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/travel/asia.html.A World of Difference: The VOC and Japan's Economic Policy, 1640-1715: http//: www.iias.nl/iiasn/22/theme/22T7.html. Christianity in Nagasaki: http://www.tca-japan.com/en/htmle/pagej04-6.html. Chronology of Dutch Colonial History: http://www.colonialvoyage.com/NLpoAsFarEast.html. Commerce and Culture: A Reader on Japan edited by Alex Redetich: http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/commerce_culture/index.htm. Dejima Comes Back to Life at http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/dejima/en/history/index.html. Deshima Re-Emerges at http://www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/earns/deshima.html. Dutch accounting in Japan 16091850: isolation or observation? http://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/acbsfi/v11y2001i3p369-382.html. The Dutch and other Foreigners in Nagasaki and Yokohama, 1800-1865, 40 Japanese Prints from the National Economic History Archive at http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/japaneseprints/index.html. Dutch in Japan: http://firstname.lastname@example.org?http://batavia.rug.ac.be/Japan/Desjima.htm. http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=bergen&book=japan&story=dutch. The Dutch-Japanese Relationship: http://www.holland-expo2005.com/1036/Dutch-Japanese.Relations.html. Dutch Japanese Relations (Netherlanden Consulaat): http://www.oranda-cg.or.jp/english/index.html. The DutchTtrade with Japan: http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/webviews/ead/ead_scopecnt.webview?eadid=NL-HaNA_1.04.21&id=1082461644453.110. Dutch and Japanese in Taiwan: http://www.cbs.org.tw/English/TDF/EP1-INT.asp. The Dutch in Nagasaki: http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/nagasaki/6.html. The Dutch in Nagasaki: http://www.artelino.com/articles/dutch_nagasaki.asp. Inventory of Pictures of Deshima at http://flcsvr.rc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~michel/serv/eujap/voc/dejima/. East Meets West: Original Records of Traders, Travellers, Missionaries and Diplomats to 1852 Original Records of Western Traders, Travellers, Missionaries and Diplomats to 1852 Part 3: Papers of John Scattergood (1681-1723), Isaac Titsingh (1740?-1812), Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1783-1835) and other early materials from the British Library, London, at http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/collections_az/EastWest-3/description.aspx. Englebert Kaempfer, a bibliography at http://www.fl.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~michel/se*rv/ek/lit1946_1999.html. Englebert Kaempfer, a biographical essay in William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi. "The History of Soy Pioneers Around the World", Unpublished Manuscript at http://www.fengshuitours.com/MOSkaempfer/kaempferpg1.asp. Japan-Netherlands Relations at http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/22/theme/22T7.html. Philipp Seibold at http://www.users.qwest.net/~rjbphx/1800Refs/Siebold.html. Reconstructions of VOC establishments at http://www.tanap.net/obp/help/. Shogun, the novel, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun_(novel). The Oldest Share (Dutch East India Company): http://www.oldest-share.com/. Will Adams at http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0802443.html \|Biographical Note: Marc Jason Gilbert is Professor of History at North Georgia College and State University, and is a University System of Georgia Regents Distinguished Professor of Teaching and Learning. He is also co-director of the University System of Georgia's programs in India and Vietnam. He has published several books about Vietnam, and is co-author with Peter Stearns, Michael Adas and Stuart Schwartz of the third revised edition of the world history survey text, World Civilizations: The Global Experience (2000).\|\|24\| 1 See news reports at http://www.medway.gov.uk/index/leisure/localhistory/timeline/17900/26373.htm. 2 See http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/nagasaki/6.html. 3 For the manner of the introduction of the "Tale of 47 Ronin," see http://www.columbia.edu/~hds2/chushinguranew/retelling/47_ronin.htm. 4 See "East Meets West: Original Records of Traders, Travelers, Missionaries and Diplomats to 1852 Original Records of Western Traders, Travelers, Missionaries and Diplomats to 1852 Part 3: Papers of John Scattergood (1681-1723), Isaac Titsingh (1740?-1812), Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1783-1835) and other early materials from the British Library, London," at http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/Collections_az/EastWest-3/description.aspx. 5 Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie, The Deshima Dagregisters: Their Original Tables of Contents. Leiden : Leiden Centre for the History of European Expansion, 1986- Volumes 1-2 (published in 1988 and 1989) were edited by Toni Vermeulen; Volume 3 (1989) was jointly edited by Toni Vermeulen and Paul van der Velde; Volumes 4-7 (1989-1993) were edited by Paul van der Veld; Volume 8 (1994) was edited by Paul van der Velde and Cynthia Viallé; Volume 9 (1996) was edited by Cynthia Viallé; Volume 10 (1997) was edited by Cynthia Viallé and Leonard Blussé; Volume 11 (2001) was edited by Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice M.,Cynthia Viallé and Leonard Blussé. Series contents: Dagregisters Volume 1 (1680-1690), Volume 2 (1690-1700), Volume 3 (1700-1710), Volume 4 (1710-1720), Volume 5 (1720-1730), Volume 6 (1730-1740), Volume 7 (1740-1760), Volume 8 (1760-1780), Volume 9 (1780-1790), Volume 10 (1790-1800), Volume 11 (1641-1650). 6 See https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/611/1/V10N2Bailey.pdf. 7 Harold Bolitho, review of Titia: The First Western Woman in Japan By René P. Bersma, (Amsterdam: the Netherlands: Hotei Publishing (imprint of KIT Publishers). 2002) in Pacific Affairs, vol. 76, no. 4(Winter,2003/2004: . 8 See http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/9074822533/104-8736248-1524769?v=glance&n=283155. 9 Richard Illing, The Art of Japanese Prints, Gallery Books, 1980: 155. 11 Flynn, Dennis Owen, "Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-Eighteenth Century," Journal of World History, Vol. 13, No.2, (Fall 2002): 391-427. 12 See http://www.running-battle.com/porcelain.html. 13 See http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/nagasaki/6.html. 14 Fumihiko Sueki, "Civilizations: How We see Others, How Others see Us," Proceedings of the International Symposium Paris, 13 and 14 December 2001 at http://www.unesco.org/dialogue/en/Regard1sueki.htm. 15 From "Philipp Seibold, "Dwarf Trees" at http://www.users.qwest.net/~rjbphx/1800Refs/Siebold.html. 16 See http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/ref/philipp_franz_von_siebold. 17 From "Philipp Seibold, "Dwarf Trees" at http://www.users.qwest.net/~rjbphx/1800Refs/Siebold.html. 18 William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, "The History of Soy Pioneers Around the World," Unpublished Manuscript at http://www.fengshuitours.com/MOSkaempfer/kaempferpg1.asp. 20 See, for example, Peter Stearns, et. al, World Civilizations: The Global Experience (new York: Longman, 4th ed., 2004): 653. 21 For this review, see http://www.maa.org/reviews/scitrans.html. 22 See the Nagasaki City webpage at http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/dejima/en/index.html. \|Home \| List Journal Issues \| Table of Contents\| \|© 2008 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois\|
Cook Safely with Appliances with your Children March break is rapidly approaching and you'll have your kids home with you again. While this may seem like something rowdy and difficult, you can use this week to help your kids understand how to use your kitchen appliances. Baking is a great way to keep your kids occupied during the March break. Not only will they be busy mixing and stirring and cutting out cookies or kneading bread, they will really enjoy the results. Plus, the ability to bake their own food is a skill that shouldn't be underestimated. Starting them young is a great way to ensure they can take care of themselves once they reach adulthood, but don't waste this valuable opportunity to teach your children yet another important skill . . . correct use of kitchen appliances. This is the ideal time to show your children how to stay safe in the kitchen, whether they are baking in the oven, heating something on the stove or in the microwave, or using the garbage disposal. These are skills that will stay with them for years to come and keep them safe as they prepare their own food. Hot Appliances Microwaves and stoves are particularly dangerous for kids who may not realize the grave danger they pose. Right from the start, teach your children not to touch anything on the stove without supervision. If you are going to show them how to cook something in a pot, make it a rule that the handle be turned it to prevent the possibility of a smaller child grabbing at it and pulling hot food down on themselves, a very common cause of burns in small children. Kids should also be taught to use the proper utensils with kitchen appliances that heat food. Oven mitts and pot holders are a vital part of keeping the heating containers and pans from burning tender skin and it's also important to note that utensils made of plastic should never be left in the pot, as they will melt. For microwaves, teach them to use shorter times and add more time if necessary. This is important to avoid over heating food, which can cause a fire. Also, it's a good idea to have a discussion this March break about what containers can safely be put into the microwave. As you bake, you will likely be heating milk and melting butter, so this is the ideal time to talk about choosing the right items to enter the microwave without causing damage. Cold Appliances Fridges and freezers are actually a major hazard for children, particularly smaller ones who may get inside the appliance and close the door. While it isn't necessary to frighten them, let you kids know that cold can be just as dangerous as heat over longer periods of time. Teach them to never lean into the freezer, if they need help reaching something, it's a good idea to call an adult. Other Kitchen Appliances Using other kitchen appliances such as the garbage disposal or dishwasher can also be dangerous to kids who may not realize what they are doing. Teach them how to measure the dish soap into the dishwasher, the right way to stack the dishes so they won't break during the wash cycle and how to ensure that no hard objects are being dumped into the garbage disposal, since these could fly up and hurt someone. Kitchen appliances are useful and your kids need to learn how to use them, but safely teaching them by having fun is a great way to go. And what could be more fun than baking up a storm for March break?. Cooking with your kids can be a great way to spend time with them and bond. For safety reasons, it's important to be careful when using kitchen appliances. Boston Free Gay Phone Chat Line Numbers - Please consider the most excellent free gay phone chat line numbers around Boston MA Nashville Gay Chat Phone Numbers - View our preferred gay chat phone numbers inside Nashville TN How to write Online Casino Reviews - The most important aspect of writing an online casino review is honesty. Selecting The Right Online Casino - Ah, online casino selection. Raising Poker Tips - Online Poker Tells Poker is a game of skill, observation, and anticipation.
Taxes are complicated, but that’s no excuse to be ignorant about them. With the November election approaching, now is a good time to evaluate the candidates’ positions on taxes. Regressive Taxes Versus Progressive Taxes A large percentage of the populace does not pay any federal income tax. However, you might correctly observe that many of these folks are still “taxpayers” because they pay other types of taxes, some of which are “regressive.” A regressive tax is one that takes a higher percentage of income from those with modest earnings than from those who make more. However, the oft-expressed notion that regressive taxes are automatically “unfair” to those with modest incomes isn’t correct. For example, all wage earners and self-employed individuals pay Social Security and Medicare taxes (more about them later). Both taxes are regressive, but they pay for programs that deliver major benefits to people with modest incomes. So they are not unfair to those people. Federal and state gasoline taxes may be regressive, but they are only paid by people who use the roads the taxes are intended to pay for. So they are not unfair either. In contrast, our federal income tax system is very “progressive” because, overall, higher-income folks pay much higher percentages of their income than the rest of us. In fact, lots of lower-income and middle-income individuals pay little or nothing even though they too benefit from what the federal government does. Higher-income folks face a maximum federal income-tax rate of 39.6%. So really, if anyone has reason to complain about the federal income tax system being unfair, it’s higher-income people. Bottom line: Whenever you hear the word “taxpayer” being thrown around in conjunction with the words “fair” or “unfair,” make sure you understand what kinds of taxes are being talked about. Regressive taxes are not necessarily unfair, progressive taxes are not necessarily fair, and emoting about taxes while refusing to deal with specifics is downright uncool. Marginal Tax Rates Versus Average Tax Rates Your marginal income-tax rate is the percentage of your last dollar of income that gets eaten up by taxes. If you live in a state with a personal income tax, you should include it in the calculation. Figuring your marginal federal income-tax rate is a tricky business. As your income goes up, the marginal rate can oscillate unexpectedly because various tax breaks are reduced or eliminated over various ranges of income. For example, say you’re a married joint filer with $170,000 of taxable income after subtracting allowable deductions. Your advertised marginal federal income-tax rate is “only” 28%. However, if you have two college kids whose education tax credits are being phased out, your actual marginal federal rate could be 53%, because the phaseout rule adds 25% to your effective marginal rare. So if you can somehow earn an extra $10,000, you might lose over half of it to the IRS. Ouch! But once your income exceeds the level where the education tax credits have been completely phased out, your marginal tax rate might drop back to the advertised 28%. Confused? Don’t blame the IRS. The fault lies with your beloved members of Congress who have created a tax system so complicated that nobody fully understands it. Even me, and I’ve been dealing with this stuff for decades. Your average income-tax rate equals your income tax bill divided by your total (gross) income. Your tax bill is based on taxable income after subtracting allowable deductions. Then the bill is reduced dollar for dollar by allowable credits. Therefore, your average rate is much lower and usually much more conducive to good humor than your marginal rate. For example, the average federal income-tax rate for a married joint-filing couple with taxable income of $170,000 will usually be in the 18% to 20% range, while the same couple’s marginal federal rate might range from 28% to over 50%. If your state has a personal income tax, both rates will be higher. Social Security And Medicare Taxes If you have wages or self-employment income, you must pay Social Security and Medicare taxes. Although you don’t usually give them much thought, they can take big bites out of your wallet. - On 2016 wages up to $118,500, 6.2% is withheld for Social Security tax. On wages up to infinity, another 1.45% is withheld for Medicare, with the rate increasing to 2.35% at higher income levels. Your employer must pay matching amounts, which also come out of your wallet (albeit indirectly). - On 2016 self-employment income up to $118,500, you must write checks to pay 12.4% for Social Security via the self-employment tax. For Medicare, you must pay another 2.9% on self-employment income up to infinity, with the rate increasing to 3.8% at higher income levels.
NASA sees Tropical Storm Kai-tak brushing the PhilippinesAugust 13th, 2012 in Earth / Earth Sciences NASA's Terra satellite captured an image of Tropical Storm Kai-tak, located just off the east coast of the Philippines on Aug. 13 at 0230 UTC (Aug. 12 at 10:30 p.m. EDT). Credit: Credit: NASA Goddard MODIS Rapid Response Team NASA's Terra satellite captured an image of Tropical Storm Kai-tak affecting the northern Philippines on August 13 as the storm heads toward China for a final landfall. Warnings are already in effect in part of the Philippines. Tropical storm Kai-tak is the fourteenth tropical cyclone of the western North Pacific season. On August 13 at 11 a.m. EDT, Kai-tak had maximum sustained winds near 40 knots (46 mph/74 kmh). It was located approximately 290 nautical miles (334 miles/ 537 km) east-Northeast of Manila, Philippines, has tracked west-southwestward at 11 knots (12.6 mph/20.3 kmh). The storm is called "Helen" in the Philippines, and its close proximity has caused the issuance of warnings. Public storm warning signal #1 is in effect for the Luzon provinces: Apayao, Cagayan, Babuyan, Quirino, Aurora, Isabela, Kalinga, and the Batanes and Calayan group of islands. Public Signal #1 means winds between 28-37 mph (45-60 kmh) can be expected. Public Storm Signal 2 is in effect for Isabela and Cagayan, where winds between 37-62 mph (61-100 kmh) can be expected. The Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Adminstration, known as PAGASA, caution residents living in low lying and mountainous areas that flash flooding and mudslides are possible from the heavy rainfall. In addition, residents living along the coasts are being cautioned against large waves or storm surges. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard NASA's Terra satellite captured an image of Tropical Storm Kai-tak, located just off the east coast of the Philippines on August 13 at 0230 UTC (Aug. 12 at 10:30 p.m. EDT). Satellite imagery showed that the convection (rising air that forms the thunderstorms that make up the tropical storm) have strengthened around the center of the storm. The MODIS image was created at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. by the MODIS Rapid Response Team. Kai-tak is moving along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge, which is an elongated area of high pressure. Kai-tak will move northwestward and slowly intensify, passing through the Luzon Strait, while its center stays at sea, north of Luzon, the Philippines.Kai-tak is expected to make landfall north of Hong Kong on August 16. Although forecasters at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center expect Kai-tak to strengthen, it is expected to weaken before making landfall because of cooling ocean heat content and wind shear. Provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center "NASA sees Tropical Storm Kai-tak brushing the Philippines." August 13th, 2012. http://phys.org/news/2012-08-nasa-tropical-storm-kai-tak-philippines.html