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Kyoto was Japan’s political and cultural capital for more than a millennium before the dawn of the modern era. Throughout most of that period, it was home and ritual center to the emperor and the civil aristocracy, the focal point of both sectarian and warrior politics, and the seat of the country’s most successful industries. As an imperial city planned according to Chinese geomantic models and embedded with status-specific architectural codes, the cityscape itself can be read as a text rich in information on politics, religion, and daily life. Understanding the built environment reveals a great deal about the structures of power and social organization in early Japan. Through a synthesis of textual, pictorial, and archeological sources, the research featured on this site explores that environment with the aim of opening up new vistas for thinking about key aspects of Japanese history. Matthew Stavros, The Kyoto Consortium for Japanese Studies Kyoto: The Book Kyoto: An Urban History of Japan’s Premodern Capital (University of Hawai'i Press, 2014) explores Kyoto’s urban landscape across eight centuries, beginning with the city’s foundation in 794 and concluding at the dawn of the early modern era in about 1600. Richly illustrated with original maps and diagrams, this panoramic examination of space and architecture narrates a history... [more]
Product testing is an integral part of inspecting a product. (See Product Testing and Product Inspection – What’s the Difference?). When it comes to cookware testing, the safety of the user is often at stake. Grouping all the items that fall under “cookware” into one category can often be very vague and misleading, since there are so many different types of products. From the view point of cookware testing in particular, a meat cleaver is very different from a Pyrex casserole dish or an electric blender. All of these items come in contact with food and are used by consumers on a day-to-day basis. However, beyond that, the potential quality problems you will encounter and the regulations these items should meet are completely different. Despite this, there are basic tests that you should make sure are performed on all cookware items, even if the more advanced testing may vary from item to item. Cookware Testing for Temperature It is expected that most items used in the kitchen will come in contact with some kind of extreme set of temperatures. Rubber sealing on storage containers shouldn’t crack in the freezer, and ice cream makers should not freeze because of condensation after adding ice. Likewise, an oven mitt shouldn’t burn when you pull a pan out of the oven, and the control panel of an electric pressure cooker should not get too hot for you to touch. The most common temperature tests are: Heat Contact Test for Cookware This is a test commonly performed for pot holders, spatulas, ladles, etc. Heat up a test tool, like a frying pan or hot plate, to a given temperature and then place the item onto the tool for a given time (5min, 10min, etc.). The item must show no changes or deformations in that specific time frame. Thermal Shock Test for Cookware Glass items, pots, pans, and others are often subject to thermal shock testing. Heat the item to a given temperature. Then immediately submerge the item in a cool water bath. The heated temperature and the temperature of the water bath should be determined by calculating the amount of stress the item should be able to withstand. For example, for an item that should withstand a 250°F temperature difference, you might heat the item to a temperature of 285°F. In this case, the item should then be submerged in a water bath with a temperature of 35°F. The item must show no changes or deformations after being submerged. Cold Exposure Test for Cookware Cold exposure testing should be carried out for items that require refrigeration. Place the item in a refrigeration unit set to a given temperature and leave for a set amount of time (typically 6+ hours). The item should show no signs of degradation and still function properly after removal. Real World Function Testing for Cookware Normal function tests are hard to generalize and often specific to the type of item you are inspecting. Items with motors should have a RPM check, containers with seals should have some kind of leakage test, and items with Velcro should have a fatigue test to make sure the Velcro adheres for more than just a few uses. To determine normal function tests, you need to think hard about how your item works and what could go wrong. But real world function tests are much easier to review. The real world function test is used to simulate EXACTLY how your consumer will use the product. The auditor will use the item just as specified in the included instruction manual. If there is no instruction manual included, then they will just use the product as they would in their own homes. For instance, in order to test a butter dish, they will make sure a stick of butter fits in the given container. For a pepper mill, the auditor will fill it with pepper corns and grind them. For a rotisserie oven, they will put a whole chicken in and cook it. You get the the idea, every item will get tested for their specific function. A key aspect of function testing includes verifying any claims made by the product’s packaging. Advertising non-stick coating? Inspectors will make sure an egg does not stick to the pan during use. Advertising a 1 ½ cup capacity for popsicle molds? They will measure out and freeze 1 ½ cups of liquid into the mold just like the advertising claims. This is all done to protect the consumer from any false advertising and, more importantly, a potentially harmful product. There are thousands of different on-site tests that a QC company uses during inspections, but finding the right tests for your item can be a challenge. You, as the buyer, have the difficult task of deciding what tests you want to be performed and what requirements you need your product to meet. Safety and reliability are two important considerations when determining what kinds of cookware testing should be performed. Talk to both your QC company and your supplier in order to find out what tests are vital for your item. Your QC company should be able to advise you of the potential tests you can choose from, while the factory needs to advise what tolerances they are actually capable of meeting. The factory also needs to let you know what tools and other equipment they can provide to the auditor during inspection. To learn more about product testing for cookware, check out Quality Control for Cookware, a video interview with a cookware expert!
Mussolini's views towards Women What beliefs did Mussolini hold towards women? Importantly the main aim towards women was to encourage reproduction. This was to fit with the goals of expanding the Italian Empire, making Italians the dominant race and building a strong military for their expansionist policies. Other beliefs included... Women should be submissive to their husbands. Their work is in the home as they should be raising and looking after their family. Women should be tender, gentle and caring towards their husbands. Women shouldn’t be taken seriously. Women must obey. Women should not be intellectual; not receive higher education. Women should bear children. Women should be good wives and mothers– their main mission should be caring for their families and give birth. Women should be subject to the authority of their husbands. Women should not work as this distracts from reproduction Mussolini had important views and policies towards certain areas of women's lives. - Personal Life: Women should be housewives and give birth in order to increase the population for future military strength. Women should be of well-rounded and sturdy appearance, as he believed this was better for them as mothers. The state criticised cosmetics, high heels, trousers for women, foreign fashion and negro & rhythm dancing. Fascists had a confused attitude towards sport… They supported it due to the various health benefits and the fact that it promoted discipline and national pride. They were against it as distracts women from giving birth, and that it encouraged lesbianism and female liberation. Meanwhile, Mussolini feared and believed that certain sports, such as riding, skiing and cycling caused infertility. Mussolini began to limit job opportunities for women in order to allow for more jobs for men. This is because Fascists believed that women should not work but look after their family. However, they were given some opportunities, such as the chance to serve on committees of The National Agency for Maternity and Childhood, known as ONMI, a state organisation established in 1925 to help disadvantaged mothers. They were expected to study living-related subjects that involved training to stay at home and become a housewife & mother. Female educators were excluded from prestigious teaching positions, such as Latin, Italian, History and Philosophy. The lack of job opportunities increased the number of women at University from 6% in 1914 to 15% in 1938. - Politics (and Religion) In 1925, the Fascist parliament gave women the right to vote in local elections, but as they formed a totalitarian state, women never had the opportunity to practice universal suffrage under the Fascists. Pope Pius XI criticised the declining authority of men and stressed that the focus of women should be on consistently remaining obedient housewives and caring mothers. Mussolini's Personal Relationships with Women Three of Mussolini's relationships with women are most well-known. Firstly, he had a wife, Rachele Mussolini, who he was married to from 1915 until his death, and had 5 children with. Secondly, Margherita Sarfatti, who was actually a radical socialist and feminists, was one of his well-known mistresses. Clara Petacci was the other, who he was with from 1936 until they were executed together on 28 April 1945.
Gonbad-e Ali is another wonderful spot for sight-seeing. It is an octagonal funerary tower made of stone, dating back to the Dylamlyan period in the fifth century AD, and considered as a fine example of Iranian historical architecture. Unlike other funerary towers of this sort that are made from bricks, Gonbad-e Aali is made entirely of stones! Although the date of its construction is known, the design resembles a much older style of architecture. The structure is made entirely of stones that are held together by sarooj. The tower structure is topped off by a unique helmet-shaped dome. Connecting the dome to the body of the building, three layers of very delicate Muqarnas plasterwork beautifully line the exterior. The Muqarnas cornices, here, are the oldest known of its kind in Iran. Just below that, is a band of Kufic calligraphy, inscribed with raised bricks. They tell about the Gonbad-e Aali and it is the tomb of a local ruler from the Dylamian Dynasty. Being from the Seljuq Era, the funerary tower is over a thousand years old now! This makes it a part of Iran’s antiquated history and the building block of the Iranian culture. The octagonal structure is coming out from a thick square-base. Each wall of the building is approximately 5.5 meters wide. The structure, including the dome, is 22 meters high and the base it’s perched upon is two meters high. All of Gonbad-e Aali, except for the Kufic inscriptions and the muqarnas cornices, is plain stone. Simple in its design, the mighty tower is not to be taken lightly. Its strong stature has withstood the test of time, allowing for the memory of the buried Dylamian ruler to stay alive!
How Gantt charts help you manage your research What are Gantt charts? A Gantt chart is a type of visualized bar chart that illustrates a project timeline and progress. This chart lists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis, and time intervals on the horizontal axis. Gantt charts were first created in 1896 and later revised by Henry Gantt in the early 1900s. Once personal computers started to be in use, Gantt charts became one of the most widely used management tools for project scheduling and control. The importance of Planning Preclinical research bares significant costs. Constructing a good research plan helps you clearly define your vision and refine your scientific and business goals. Lack of planning preclinical research projects, may result in considerable time and budget deviation. Therefor, this is highly important for emerging biotech companies especially when budget is limited. When you start planning a research project you need to carefully think of all the details required for succeeding. You need to decide on the project’s time frame and create a proper timeline for each part within the project. It is important to be realistic about your time frames and try to leave buffers as sometimes things do not work as planned. Today, most laboratories, in pharmaceutical companies or academia, use Electronic Lab Notebooks to document their projects. In addition, it is recommended to use Gantt charts to monitor your project progress vs. the plan and to keep your project timeline organized. Tracking Your Projects with Gantt charts Working with Gantt charts will enable you to visually track how a project is progressing in comparison to the plan, and see the full project picture. In addition, you can manage the entire project process and ensure that your research team is in sync and working within the project’s time frame. You can choose to have two separate applications to manage your research projects- ELN and additional project management tool. However this might result in mundane work of searching for changes and redundant documentation by manually updating an Excel sheet or external visualization applications. Implementing an ELN platform that includes Gantt Charts allows you to seamlessly manage cross functional efforts within your lab, all in one application: - Start date and duration of tasks (experiments) in the Gantt chart are added automatically, when the experiments are created in the ELN - Update experiments start date and duration fields on both the Gantt chart and the experiment page in a single action. Updating in one page automatically updates the other - Save time and update the work plan by simply dragging or extending the experiments bar on the Gantt chart and vice versa - Create dependencies by connecting between experiments and folders - Visually see completed experiments and folders to easily track progress Once your Gantt chart is in sync with your ELN it’s fairly easy to keep track of your research progress. Labguru offers a Gantt chart module that will help you organize and plan your research, all in one place. Contact us to learn more.
What is Pupil premium? Pupil premium is government funding to improve education outcomes for disadvantaged pupils in schools in England. Evidence shows that disadvantaged children generally face additional challenges in reaching their potential at school and often do not perform as well as other pupils. Pupil eligibility and funding rates 2022 to 2023 This table shows how much pupil premium funding schools and local authorities will receive for each eligible child in 2022 to 2023. \|Pupil eligibility criteria\|\|Amount of funding for each primary-aged pupil per year\|\|Amount of funding for each secondary-aged pupil per year\|\|Funding is paid to\| \|Pupils who are eligible for free school meals, or have been eligible in the past 6 years\|\|£1385\|\|£985\|\|School\| \|Pupils who have been adopted from care or have left care\|\|£2410\|\|£2410\|\|School\| \|Children who are looked after by the local authority\|\|£2410\|\|£2410\|\|Local authority\| - mainstream infant, primary, middle, junior, secondary and all-through schools serving children aged 5 to 16 - schools for children with special educational needs or disabilities - pupil referral units (PRUs), for children who do not go to a mainstream school Service Pupil Premium Service pupil premium is additional funding for schools, but it is not based on disadvantage. It has been combined into pupil premium payments to make it easier for schools to manage their spending. Schools get £310 in 2021 to 2022 and £320 in 2022 to 2023 for every pupil with a parent who: - is serving in HM Forces - has retired on a pension from the Ministry of Defence This funding is to help with pastoral support. Use of Pupil Premium School leaders are best placed to assess their pupils' needs and use the funding to improve attainment, drawing on evidence of effective practice. It is up to school leaders to decide how to spend the pupil premium. Evidence suggests that pupil premium spending is most effective when schools use a tiered approach, targeting spending across 3 areas, with a particular focus on teaching. Investing in high-quality teaching, for example: - training and professional development for teachers - recruitment and retention - support for teachers early in their careers 2. Targeted academic support Additional support for some pupils focussed on their specific needs, for example: - one-to-one tuition - small group tuition - speech and language therapy 3. Wider approaches Support for non-academic issues that impact success in school, such as attendance, behaviour and social and emotional challenges. For example: - school breakfast clubs - counselling to support emotional health and wellbeing - help with the cost of educational trips or visits Read the Education Endowment Foundation's (EEF) pupil premium guide for information about the tiered approach to spending. Use of funds for non eligible pupils Schools do not have to spend pupil premium so it solely benefits eligible pupils. They can use it wherever they identify the greatest need. For example, they might spend it on pupils who do not get free school meals but: - have or have had a social worker - act as a carer Using pupil premium funding to improve teaching quality is the most effective way to improve outcomes for disadvantaged pupils. By doing so, schools will inevitably benefit non-eligible pupils as well.
Masada— A Place of Sanctuary, Suicide, and Inspiration Towering 1300 feet above the Dead Sea, Masada looks as intimidating today as it did to those who stood at its base thousands of years ago. This natural mesa looms tall across from the Lisan at the southern half of the Dead Sea. Steep cliffs on all sides make the mountain look virtually impregnable. And it was. Getting to the top has always come at a price. For modern visitors, that price amounts to a cable car ticket. But in antiquity, the price was a hard hike up the steep path Josephus labeled the “snake.” In 1867, explorers rediscovered this pathway that lies along the eastern edge of Masada. For most folks, climbing the “Snake Path’’—the serpentine trail that snakes back and forth up the mountain—takes almost an hour. Going down is another story. I can testify that a person with a good set of shoes can run down the snake path in 12 minutes (especially if your group is about to leave you). Masada Means “Stronghold” After Rome made Herod the Great king, he came to the mesa in AD 37 to fortify it, erecting an eighteen-foot high wall around its perimeter. - His made winter palace there, and as was true with all of Herod’s fortresses, had every comfort and convenience he could manage. - The palace clung to the northern cliffs of Masada like a barnacle. - Covered staircases gave access to three levels of terraces and portions of his beautiful mosaics are still visible. The Final Stand against Rome After Rome destroyed Jerusalem’s temple in AD 70, a number of Jewish patriots took refuge in Masada. - Led by Eliezar Ben Yair, they stood firm against Rome for several years. - According to Josephus, on April 15, AD 73, the Romans crested the summit to discover that almost 1000 patriots had chosen to take their own lives rather than surrender their lives and families to the cruelty of Rome (Wars 7:394-397). - The western side of the mesa still shows the spine of Rome’s siege ramp—an earthen incline constructed to breach the defenses of the Jewish fortress. Some historians give serious doubt to Josephus’ fantastic account, even though it offers our only history of the patriots’ demise. His story represents what we would want to believe occurred, whether it did or not. Masada remains a symbol of Israel’s resolve even today. Many Israeli soldiers have stood atop the mountain and uttered the oath: “Masada shall not fall again.” Archaeology and Visiting Masada The celebrated archaeologist Yigal Yadin excavated Masada between December 1963 and April 1965. (He wrote a book about it.) - Two expeditions identified a number of Herodian buildings, as well as bits of clothing, children’s games, writing implements, and household utensils from the time of the Jewish revolt. - The patriots left behind a ritual bath, or mikveh, a synagogue, food stores of corn in sealed jars, and coins dating from year five of the Jewish revolt. Remodeled in 2007, Masada’s visitors center includes a museum that displays a number of archaeological discoveries. - Along with hundreds of artifacts, the museum displays a dozen potshards inscribed with Jewish names. Some consider these the means by which Masada’s Jews drew lots before the mass suicide. - The center tells the story of the siege, including a wall-sized painting of hand-to-hand combat. The renovation has paid off. Masada remains the top tourist site in Israel, grossing $10 million annually. Devotional Thought for Masada Read Psalm 31:1–5. Unless we take Josephus’ account literally, especially the part where Eliezer claims that God’s judgment is the cause for the Jewish defeat under Rome (Wars 7:327, 359), there isn’t a lot of biblical significance to Masada. But the one-inch painted black line across the walls of the ruins illustrates a truth we can apply. The line reveals the separation between the original ruins below the line and the reconstruction on top of it. In most cases, it’s hard to make a distinction between the original and the reconstruction. We have no visible line running down our lives to reveal the partition between the authentic and the fake. We think we can see the line in the lives of others, but it’s tough even to discern it in ourselves. How important to grant the same grace to others that we give ourselves. During his fugitive years on the run from King Saul, David sought sanctuary for his parents across the Dead Sea in Moab. Upon returning to Israel, David took refuge in “the stronghold.” Some scholars identify this with Masada, the Hebrew term that means “stronghold” in 1 Samuel 22:4. If so, then David’s prayer for deliverance and confidence in God becomes more special—read from the top of the mesa: “In You, O LORD, I have taken refuge; Let me never be ashamed; In Your righteousness deliver me. Incline Your ear to me, rescue me quickly; Be to me a rock of strength, A stronghold [metzuda] to save me. For You are my rock and my fortress; For Your name’s sake You will lead me and guide me.” —Psalm 31:1–3 Masada! Just hearing the word brings to mind the sounds of battle, the courage of a few, the passion of a nation, and the reminder that no place on earth is ultimately secure apart from the hand of God in our lives. Question: What strongholds do you see people placing their confidence in today—other than the Lord?
One of the most devastating terms of the Treaty of Versailles was the ‘War Guilt Clause’ which states that Germany and its allies was to blame for the outbreak of the war and required them to pay reparations for the damage and casualties caused by the war. One motive of the reparation payments was to weaken Germany’s economy so that it could not threaten other countries in the future. As Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, they were essentially accepting blame for the war. Due to the complications which led to the war outbreak, it would be unreasonable for Germany and its allies to accept FULL responsibility, the Germans thought so too. Germany’s enemies had suffered greatly due to the war in terms of economy and human terms. France, in particular, demanded compensation as most of the war was fought in French land, ruining a vast amount of their infrastructures. Disagreement of Reparations Wilson (USA) opposed the idea of reparation payment as he claimed that this would cause resentment and urge Germany to get revenge in the future Lloyd George (Britain) was in the middle. Although he was keen on the idea of reparation payment, he wanted to keep them as low as possible so that the German economy could recover quickly, as he was also concerned that this would disturb its trading links with Britain Clemenceau (France) wanted Germany to suffer and pay high reparations. Apart from serving as a compensation, Clemenceau insisted this so that Germany would be kept weak and could never threaten France again. After long discussions, it was finally decided that Germany and its allies were to pay reparations where the amount would be set by the Reparations Commission in 1921. However, it was clear that Germany and Bulgaria would mostly suffer from this as the Treaties of Saint-Germain, Trianon and Sevres acknowledged that Austria-Hungary and Turkey had limited resources and would find it difficult to pay reparations. The Reparations Committee met again in 1921 to determine how much the losing nations have to pay for reparations Austria and Hungary didn’t have to pay reparations due to their major economic problems Turkey had to pay a small amount of reparations according to the terms of Treaty of Sevres, but were eliminated in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 A figure of £100 million was set for Bulgarian reparations but only a fraction had been paid by 1932 until it was cancelled As a result, Germany had to pay the highest reparations of £6.6 billion. This horrified the German representatives and argued that Germany was in no position to pay this as the war resulted into their economy’s devastation → This was unfair to the defeated nations as when they signed the treaties back in 1919-1920, they signed the Treaty without knowing how much they had to pay. It was like signing a blank cheque.
A huge open-pit mine planned for Bristol Bay in south-west Alaska is to be investigated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) following mass opposition from local indigenous peoples. Survival International, the NGO working for the rights of tribal people, report that following a petition signed by nine tribes from the region, the EPA will "conduct a scientific assessment of the Bristol Bay watershed to better understand how future large-scale development projects may affect water quality and… salmon fishery." Bristol Bay is home to the world’s largest sockeye salmon runs which are "essential to the health, environment and economy of Alsaka", according to the EPA’s regional administrator, Dennis McLerran. The Canadian company Northern Dynasty and London based Anglo American are backing the ambitious project to extract the region’s large deposits of copper, gold and molybdenum metals. Locals fear that the mine will dump up to 10 billion tons of waste into the headwaters of the rivers, destroying the environment and salmon population that indigenous people have depended upon for thousands of years. Earthworks, an NGO campaigning against the mine, said last week, "Despite this positive news, the campaign is far from over, and we will be continuing to build the pressure… encouraging more jewellers to sign the Bristol Bay Protection Pledge and working with parliamentarians and anglers (to prevent the mine.)"
The Canadian budgetary policy students are to prepare a properly structured paper that critically evaluates one of the following questions: 1.Explain the major differences between the public and private sectors in Canada and discuss whether or not government in Canada should be run like a business. If yes, why? If no, why not? 2.Should federal and provincial governments in Canada be required by law to run annual balanced budgets? If yes, why? If no, why not? Word Count: Minimum: 1,300 words; Maximum: 1,500 words. Students are to provide documented evidence in the form of at least eight third party citations taken from text books, academic journals, government sources, the news media or other literature to support their work. The academic requirements for the paper are very strict, and many political conclusions need to find out the source to prove, for example： 1, At the top of the political hierarchy is the federal government of Canada whose primary responsibility is to take care of things that affect the entire country such as immigration and defense against external aggression 2, These units of the political organization play roles in the administration of things such as healthcare and education and other areas that are prescribed by the constitution. 3, Such complex relationships have for many years acted as sources of conflict between the state and the provinces, especially in resource allocation. All of the above sentences are required to prove the information. The best things are that all the sentence in this article are from the resources you were found. This is very important for the paper. The word limit is inclusive of quotations and students should present their ideas thoughtfully and succinctly. The bibliography is not counted as part of the word limit. -Clearly stated, creative, original and insightful -Presents a Point of View (POV) based on a critical analysis of factual evidence and relevant theory Background and Course Content -Contains relevant background information -Includes at least six third party citations -Draws upon course text and lecture material Research, Supporting Data and Analysis -Refers to a full range of relevant current resources (course materials, external sources), and other research -Uses relevant data, analyses and conclusions -Includes a critical analysis of the sources used -Minimum and maximum word counts are respected -Are clear, creative, and insightful -Contain a clear, cogent reiteration of, and support for, the central points of the thesis Writing Style and Essay Structure -Essay is very well organized -Central ideas are presented very clearly, cogently, and effectively -There is critical analysis and integration of ideas throughout the paper Grammar and Mechanics -Inclusive of a separate title page -Minimal spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors 12-pt Arial font -One-inch wide margins on all four sides -Written in MS-Word 20190223023620mgmt_2803_ministers_and_cabinet_decision_making_systems_february_2019 20190223023622mgmt_2803_thinking_about_canadian_society_and_government_january_2019 20190223023616mgmt_2803_ideologies_of_government_and_public_service_january_2019 201902230225042803_essay_______ 20190223022509feedback Solution Preview for The Canadian budgetary policy
The History of Coffee in Yunnan A Journey of Exploration The First Coffee in China China’s coffee culture can be traced back to the 1885, the end of the Tonkin War between the French and Chinese. An agreement signed by the Qing Dynasty allowed the French to conduct business in China. Immediately to the North of French Indo-China, the coffee loving French started to move to explore new opportunities in Yunnan. In 1892 Alfred Liétard (天德能), a French missionary, traveled north to settle in Yunnan and established a church in the town of Zhukula (朱苦拉村) near Dali (大理). With his possessions he carried coffee seeds which he planted in the garden alongside his church. These were the first known coffee plants to have ever been grown in China. The coffee that Liétard carried with him was of the Arabica varietal which has remained the dominant coffee bean around Yunnan up until the present. The village in which Liétard also still grows and brews coffee in the same way that they have since it was introduced over a century ago. At an altitude of 2100m with a stable sub-tropical alpine climate the coffee trees florished. While the first planted died in 1997, 24 of the orginal plants still remain as well as thousands of others to supliment them. A Difficult Beginning In 1914, Yunnan’s first small commercial plantations were established in Lujiangba, near BaoShan using coffee introduced by Jinpo border officials. Cultivated in Nongxianshan of Ruili (瑞丽), the coffee was of the Typica and Bourbon varietals imported from Burma. Over the next several decades, an increasing number of this style of plantation started cropping up all through the climaticly appropriate areas of the province. By the 1950s Yunnan’s coffee growing area had increased to 4,000 ha but was soon to decline. Together with other market factors, subsiquent leaf rust outbreaks in the province casued coffee production to decrease to 270 ha by the 1970s. Typica and Bourbon coffee varietals are both known for there low levels of resistance to leaf rust. Commercial Scale Acheived In the early 1980s in an effort to rejuvenate the local coffee growing industry a government program introduced two rust resistant coffee varietals into the province. S.288 introduced from India and Catimor (Caturra 19/1 x HDT 832/1) from Portugal. This effort was greatly expanded when in 1988 a United Nations Development Programme inititive supported the cultivation and distribution of mostly Catimor (CIFC 7963) trees. This brought the cultivated area in the province up to 7800 ha by 1997. During this period, many of the coffee farms that we know today were established including Yi Rong in 1987 and the ManLao River Poverty Alleviation Project in 1997. During this time, the coffees from the region were used primariliy for three-in-one instant coffees in China as well as being exported to soluable plants around the world. Coffee production grew steadily through the 2000s, but also began to change. China, as a nation, was beginning to take coffee more seriously. Cafes around the country started demanding higher quality from overseas and domestic suppliers. While this all started from a very low base, the rate of growth has been increadible. To meet this demand, coffee producers like ManLao River Coffee and our sister manors began producing higher grade speciality coffees using selective harvesting techniques and careful fermentation. Honey and natural processed coffees also started to be produced, offering a wider variety of coffees to suit the pallets of China’s coffee consumers. In 2009, ManLao River became the first coffee producer in Yunnan to become organically certified in China and in 2010 also acheived EU and USDA organic certifications. Further cementing Yunnan’s place as an emerging specilaity origin, in 2012 a ManLao River coffee was used in the finals of the World Barrista Championship. This was followed in 2017 with a ManLao River becoming the the first Chinese coffee to be used in the finals of the World Roasting Championship. Recognition of Yunnan as a coffee origin increased greatly with the Speciality Coffee Acossiation’s decision to use China as the 2018 Portrait Country. This involved a series of promotions at their events and online aimed at introducing coffee professionals around the world to the rising quality of Yunnan coffee. A large portion of China’s high end specilaity coffee is consumed domestically, roasted by companies such as our own. With each passing season we see the quality of crop improve and a growing following of consumers in China and around the world. As the industry here continues to develop, we anticipate that specilaity coffee will become a larger and larger part of the mix to accomodate an ever larger global demand.
When politicians, lawyers, and historians discuss the Constitutional Convention of 1787, they often rely on two sources: The promotional tracts collectively known as The Federalist Papers and James Madison’s Notes of the Constitutional Convention. But what do we know about Madison’s Notes? Did Madison draft them to serve as a definitive account of the Constitutional Convention? Today, we explore James Madison’s Notes on the Constitutional Convention with award-winning legal historian Mary Sarah Bilder, the Founders Professor of Law at Boston College and author of Madison’s Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention. About the Show Ben Franklin’s World is a podcast about early American history. It is a show for people who love history and for those who want to know more about the historical people and events that have impacted and shaped our present-day world. Each episode features a conversation with a historian who helps us shed light on important people and events in early American history. In this episode, we explore James Madison’s Notes on the Constitutional Convention with award-winning legal historian Mary Sarah Bilder, the Founders Professor of Law at Boston College and author ofMadison’s Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention. During our investigation, Mary reveals details about the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and James Madison’s views on government; Why Madison took notes of Convention proceedings; And how Madison used his Notes during and after the Convention. What You’ll Discover - The Constitutional Convention of 1787 - Whether Americans in 1787 understood the significance of the Constitutional Convention as it took place - How citizens learned of government actions and debates in the 18th century - James Madison’s interest in the Constitutional Convention - Why Virginia elected Madison to the Constitutional Convention - Why Madison believed the United States needed a stronger central government than the Articles of Confederation provided - Legislative journals and Madison’s note-taking practices - What Madison’s notes and his handwriting look like - The importance of watermarks - The significance of Madison having written his Notes at different times - Fair copy notes vs. rough notes - How Madison might have revised different copies of his Notes - Madison’s particular interests in the Constitutional Convention - The 3/5ths Clause - How Madison used his Notes - Madison’s Notes and The Federalist Papers - How Thomas Jefferson used Madison’s Notes Links to People, Places, and Publications - Mary Sarah Bilder - Mary's BC webpage - Mary’s Harvard University Press webpage - Madison's Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention - Library of Congress • Episode 055: Robb Haberman, John Jay: Forgotten Founder • Episode 057: Max Edling, War, Money, and the American State, 1783-1867 • Episode 061: Ed Larson, George Washington in Retirement • Episode 062: Carol Berkin, The Bill of Rights • Episode 084: Zara Anishanslin, How to Historians Read Historical Sources In your opinion, what might have happened if Thomas Jefferson had been in the United States during the Constitutional Convention? Would he have served as one of Virginia’s delegates? And if so, how would his presence at the Convention have altered Madison’s Notes? Questions, Comments, Suggestions Do you have a question, comment, or suggestion? Enjoy the Podcast? Why Not Subscribe? Ratings & Reviews If you enjoy this podcast, please give it a rating and review. Positive ratings and reviews help bring Ben Franklin's World to the attention of other history lovers who may not be aware of our show
One of the most critical things we Greens on Leichhardt council have achieved is record investment in community infrastructure like new playing fields and playgrounds as well as increasing child care places and child care facilities in our local community. Most OECD countries offer two years of free pre-school education. Australia is heading towards providing one year, but the NSW Greens want to go further. The NSW Greens pre-school initiative will offer two years of free pre-school education, for two days per week, for all children in NSW. The first stage of the policy will offer 10,000 children the chance to enter a government pre-school for an additional one year. Places will be targeted to Aboriginal families and disadvantaged communities. The Greens will work with the Commonwealth to extend access to two years of preschool for all children by 2018. The estimated additional costs of the first stage of the policy are: $28 million per year for additional teachers; $100 million capital works in the first year to build additional classrooms. - The benefits of two years of pre-school are well founded in international studies and include better learning outcomes, better social adjustment to school life, higher long-term education and income levels. - The benefits that will flow from government investment in two years of pre-school far outweigh the investment costs. - As children attain a better grounding in their social and academic education, there is less chance they will end up unemployed, in the criminal justice system or become a cost the health system through ill health or teenage pregnancy, hence costing the government less in the long run. - The cost of an additional preschool teacher is less than $95,000 a year while the state loses $100,000 per year for every adult in gaol.
The Time Use Survey, conducted in 1992 and 1997, collected information on the daily activity patterns of Australians aged 15 years and over. This chapter examines how people spend their free time using data from the 1997 Time Use Survey. Free time is the time remaining after time devoted to essential activities (such as personal hygiene, paid work, housework etc.) has been deducted from a person's day. Free time spent on Sport and outdoor activity is compared with time spent on other activities. The Time Use Survey defined Sport and outdoor activity as including formal and informal sport, exercise, walking, fishing, hiking and holidays/travel. While most of these are sports and physical recreation activities, the inclusion of holidays and travel does not align with the definitions of sports and physical recreation from data sources presented in Participation. Although many holiday and travel activities include sports or physical recreation (particularly walking for recreation and swimming at the beach), this is not necessarily the case. Data from the Time Use Survey has been published in How Australians Use Their Time (cat. no. 4153.0). Further detail on time spent on culture and leisure activities was released in the brochure Time Use on Culture/Leisure Activities, 1997 (cat. no. 4173.0). Data is available for 'all persons' and 'participants'. 'All persons' refers to everyone in the Australian population aged 15 years and over, while 'participants' refers to those respondents who reported some time spent on a specific activity.
by Jeszayahu TRUNK, New York Translated from Hebrew by Carole Turkeltaub Borowitz I dedicate this work about the community of my birthplace, Kutno, from its beginning to its destruction, to the memory of my mother Frymet, my sisters Prywa and Dobrusz, her infant daughter Lealeh, my brothers-in-law Ber and Dow, who were in the Warsaw ghetto and were slaughtered by the Nazi murderers. Also to my brother Izrael Jehoszua whose life ended in a soviet concentration camp. May God take revenge! When did Jews settle in Kutno? This question is connected to a more general one: when and where did Jews settle at all in Mazowia? From the sources available to us it is not possible to extract information concerning the beginning of Jewish settlement in this province. It is reasonable to merely assume that Jews arrived there from the surrounding Polish areas, that is greater Poland and Kujawia, and later also from lesser Poland, Silesia and areas under the rule of the German crusaders. The most ancient documentation of the presence of Jews in Mazowia dates from 1237 and concerns Jews from Plock. Following this, there is a gap of about two hundred years, until the year 1413 when the name of a Jew from Czersk (near Warsaw) appears in one of the documents. The political and economic situation in Mazowia during the 13th and 14th centuries was not at all ideal for absorbing many Jewish outsiders, since then they were mainly occupied in trade and finance, and they could only make a living in relatively developed places, enjoying political stability conditions such as these were not prevalent in Mazowia. Only at the end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th, during the reigns of Prince Janusz I and Siemowit IV, when ties with the kingdom of Poland were strengthened, did a lasting peace prevail in this area and the grand duchy rose up out of its two hundred year long slump. It is possible, therefore, to assume that Jews started to settle in Mazowia during the second half of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th. And so, in very old documents from law courts in Mazowia from the early part of the 15th century, we come across mention of Jewish communities. In Czersk as noted previously, the oldest source material is dated 1413; Warsaw 1414; Wyszogrod 1422; Płock 1425; Plonsk 1446; Zakroczym 1449; Rawa Mazowiecka 1448; Sochaczew 1443; Błonie 1478; Pułtusk 1420; Ciechanów 1488; and Gostynin. Of course, these years are not associated with the early settlement of Jews in such places, since most of the dates refer to a single event. From this list of towns it can be seen that the Jews settled mainly in the southern and western parts of Mazowia, while in the north and east which were lightly populated and near the border and at all event lacked stability, no Jewish communities could be found in the 15th century. As we know, Kutno is located in the western part of Mazowia.[i] History of the community up till the end of the 18th century The oldest document concerning the Jews of Kutno is dated 1513. In the same year, King Sigismund granted an iron charter to three Jews from Kutno, specified in the document by their given names: Mosze, Solomon (Szlomo) and Lewek. This deed authorizes debtors' freedom from payment of their debts for a period of one year although from the date of this document it should not be assumed that Jewish settlement in Kutno was only established from the beginning of the 16th century. It can be supposed that Jews arrived in Kutno no later than the second half of the 15th century. In the two neighbouring communities Gąbin and Gostynin Jews were already dwelling there in the first half of the 16th century. From the middle of the 16th century Polish documents already mentioned names of Jewish merchants from Kutno, although, until the 18th century, most of the sources concerning all aspects of the lives of the Jews in this town are meagre. Interestingly, in 1685, we can find in Amsterdam a printer named Aszer ben Anszel Kutner, whose name without doubt bears witness to his home town. From the beginning Kutno was a private town, made up of the estates of landowners. In the 16th century it was the private property of the wife of the governor of Rawa Mazowiecka, who according to her personal request, in 1555, was granted by King Sigismund Augustus the right to hold a fair in the town. Undoubtedly, the setting up of a market affected the status of Kutno, but never the less the town remained unimportant, and around the year 1800 the entire population numbered altogether 2,378 souls (Jews and Christians). As noted above, only from the second half of the 18th century do we have documents and historical sources regarding accounts of the Jewish settlement which allow us to paint a fairly clear picture of Jewish life in Kutno. At the beginning of the second half of the 18th century in 1753 Kutno was beleaguered by fire. The wooden huts quickly went up in flames and the town became a complete ruin. Ten years went by before Kutno was rebuilt. Then, the last Polish king, Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski, granted count Zamojski permission to restore the town. According to the census of the Jewish population which was carried out in Poland between the years 1765 and 1766, the Jewish community in Kutno amounted to 928 persons, but, it turns out, this total includes Jews living in the nearby townlets, Żychlin and Gostynin[1-5], and also the Jews dwelling in the neighbouring villages. Therefore, how many Jews lived in Kutno alone cannot be determined for certain. The population census does not indicate the true number of this population owing to the feelings of distrust among the Jews towards every government census, whose aim was none other than to increase the tax burden. In his research, Prof. Rafael Mahler notes the conclusion that the population not included in the census reached an average of 20%. From this, the upshot is that the number of Jews in Kutno and surroundings reached 1,115 souls, apart from infants below the age of one year who were not counted. Prof. Mahler estimates them to account for 6.35% of the population. The end result is that the number of Jews living in Kutno and the surrounding villages in the years 1765-1766 reached a total of 2,000 souls. This corrected figure looks more accurate if it is compared to the number of Jews living there ten years later in 1776. In that year an official document stated that there were 200 Jewish families living in the town and a further 187 in the neighbouring villages. If we calculate that, on the average, each family comprised five persons, we get 1,000 people in the town and 935 in the surroundings. It was also stated in this document that there were 885 books at the disposal of the townsfolk and in the villages, 200 books. The object of this book census, carried out at that time in Poland, was the collection of stamp tax on books which the state treasury imposed on Jews. Thanks to this book tax we know of the existence of a doctor in Kutno, around the year 1775. Stamp tax was collected that year on behalf of six books from this doctor who had a Polish name Mark (probably Mordechai). From the 18th century we have in our possession documentation about two rabbis from Kutno. The first of them, who lived at the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th, was Rabbi Mosze Jekutiel Kaufman HaKohen, author of the book Shrewbread and was the son-in-law of the Kalisz rabbi, Rabbi Abraham Abeleh Gombiner, author of Shield of Abraham. Rabbi Kaufman was born in Krotoszyn and died there in the year 1722 while serving as rabbi of the congregation. His successor is thought to have been Rabbi Arie Lajb, son of the rabbi of Kalisz Rabbi Josef Chaim, who, in 1768, the community of Poznan appointed as a preacher and also at the same time served as a rabbi Jews from Kutno could be found in Warsaw during the second half of the same century. As is known, it was forbidden for Jews to live in this city, and only at the time when the Sejm parliament was meeting were they allowed to visit and trade, on condition that they had a daily pass (which was a special permit) and which had to be purchased. Around the year 1784, a Jew from Kutno, Mosze ben Szlomo (Solomonowicz) served as commercial attaché for the Austrian ambassador in Warsaw and enjoyed his protection and exemption from a permit to be in the city. Another Kutno Jew, Mosze ben Szmuel (Szmulowicz) was an arms supplier during the uprising in the streets of Warsaw (17th April, 1794) at the time of the Kosciuszko uprising and even offered the rebels a contribution two horses and a cart. It turned out that, thanks to his past in politics, in the spring of 1807, Mosze ben Szmuel was appointed by the mayor of Warsaw, Paweł Bielinski, to the post of lobbyist for the Warsaw Jewish community council, the Kahal. However, because of this appointment an argument broke out between the mayor and the Kahal heads who did not approve and rejected him. The affair was discussed at the offices of the central authorities and in the end the mayor was forced to retreat from his intention. Even tradesmen's' apprentices started to come to Warsaw to try their luck. In the year 1787 the Warsaw Gazette printed the following item about one of them, named Dawid: Instead of the homeless vagabond thanking the master tailor for his goodness, he stole from him and ran away. Other wandering Jews naturally chose to travel further away from Warsaw and, in 1820, it was possible to find Jews from Kutno at the famous markets then held in Frankfurt, Breslau and Leipzig. In order to pay for their expensive travels they borrowed money from Polish landowners. The charters of two artisans' guilds were also drawn up at the end of the 18th century (in the two last decades of that century) one of the guilds involved was that of tailors, milliners and furriers, which was made official by landowner Gadomski in 1783. The other guild, the society of butchers, was certified by the landowner in 1791. The charter of the artisans gives us a credible picture of conditions prevailing in this area at the second half of the 18th century. The original charters were drawn up in the Polish language and, after Kutno passed over to Prussian rule (after the second partition of Poland), were translated into German. The charter of the amalgamated guild was typical of the other charters of Jewish artisans of that period. Their principal aim was to avoid competition among the craftsmen and make a reasonable living possible, while requiring strict supervision over the assistants. Paragraph 18 of the charter affirms that a craftsman was forbidden to employ more than one assistant and one young apprentice. However, if his workload was heavy, he was permitted to take on a second assistant, on condition that he was married or too poor to employ others. The craftsman undertook to pay one third of his profit (the third groszy) and if a craftsman should tempt the assistant of another to work for him, he would have to pay a fine to the treasury of the guild (paragraph 23). It was also forbidden for the craftsmen to send their assistants to the villages and markets in order to get hold of work there. Only the craftsmen themselves were allowed to take care of orders. Should a craftsman spoil his work, he would have to pay for the damage out of his own pocket, and not from the guild's account. The aim of this regulation was to maintain a high professional standard and to prevent unqualified persons from entering the guild as craftsmen, and even to work as assistants (paragraph 14). Each contract between the craftsman and his assistant had to be registered by the head of the guild. The length of time of the contract had to be stated and also other work conditions. The contract would be entered in the guild ledger by the secretary, who would receive from the craftsman one copper groszy for his effort (paragraphs 22, 29). The assistant was forbidden to leave during the time of the contract. Should a craftsman employ an assistant without making sure that his previous employer agreed to his leaving, the craftsman would be obliged to pay a fine of four groszy into the guild's account (paragraph 23). Each craftsman was obliged to pay a weekly fee into the treasury of the guild. A craftsman who employed an assistant 4 shilling, and if he did not employ an assistant 2 shilling (paragraph 30). It is not by chance that these charters did not mention contacts with Christian craftsman's guilds or the community leaders, since, unlike in cities of the kingdom, where, as always, the Jews were forced to compete fiercely against the Christian craftsmen, in the privately-owned cities the Jewish craftsmen enjoyed the landowner's protection, and were not subject to regulation, neither by the Christian guilds nor by the community leaders. The word of the landowner was law. From the same period the last decade of the 18th century a very illuminating document has been preserved, from which we are able to learn about the life of the Jewish community. This is a statistical record carried out in 1796 among the Jewish population by the new Prussian authorities in this area, when Kutno was annexed to the kingdom of Prussia, following the second partition of Poland in about 1793. This partition lasted until the year 1807, the year when the grand duchy of Warsaw was declared (1807-1815). This statistical record is fairly accurate and includes several categories. Family members by age Homeowners or tenants House condition and type of building The statistics also included Jews living in 71 villages, giving the names of the villages and the landowners. In addition, the record gives names of those owing taxes and a general survey of the community institutions, financial matters, details on property condition, tax exemption and dwelling problems among 250 families in the town and villages. A protocol signed by the clerk of the authority was added to the statistical record, attesting that the community leaders had sworn to tell the truth when giving information to the authorities. It was also mentioned there that the Prussian official warned them that they would have to pay a fine of 5 taler for every person not reported. The community leaders replied that they are prepared to swear as their words were based on the whole truth. However worse than all the threats and solemn announcements, it appears that their words did not completely describe the reality, and the reasons for this are very clear: the fear implanted in the hearts of the Jews of all the various official censuses. Their instinct was always right in making them aware of the danger awaiting them with every census, since they were carried out for financial reasons. Each tally had its single objective control over tax payments and their increase, especially in their particular case when the census was performed by a foreign, controlling rule whose taxation policy towards the Jews was clearly known to them. It is possible that the community leaders sought ways to lighten the wickedness of the verdict. The leaders themselves were caught in a difficult situation, and were troubled by a tragic conflict between pangs of conscience and demands of society, but apparently the general concern prevailed. Therefore the numbers in the document must be regarded with caution and it should be remembered that the stand of the community leaders would have been to reduce them as much as possible. These methodological precepts are critical before setting out to examine the numbers in detail. We are sure that the picture that we wish to describe was undoubtedly typical of most of the landowners' townships in the 18th century. According to official statistics from 1796, the Jewish population of Kutno was 1087 souls. \|Boys up to age 14\|\|166\| \|Girls up to age 14\|\|152\| \|Boys over age 14\|\|28\| \|Girls over age 14\|\|13\| \|Male servants, assistants, apprentices\|\|25\| From Table No. 1 it can be seen that the number of boys and girls of various ages was 359. Since, according to the list, the number of families totalled 357, it works out that each family had slightly more than one child. This is not at all likely and so it seems that a false report must have been given to the authorities. There are several reasons for this: the number of children was reduced because of the poll tax and, regarding the boys, the fear that they would be enlisted into the army; also, as in Galicia, the threat of compulsory education. If it is remembered that, according to the custom in those days, young boys and girls aged 14-16 got married, it is obvious that the number of unmarried youngsters below the age of 14 was relatively small. If it is assumed that the size of the average family was five persons (and regarding this period that is undoubtedly a low number), a total of approximately 1,760 souls is reached. To this must be added 43 servants, assistants and apprentices. And before us is a population of at least 1,800. This figure, therefore, is greater by 713 than the official number. It is likely that 65 percent of the Jewish population (mostly children) was not included in the official census. If we continue to compare the figures, it can be seen that the number of married men is almost equal to the number of married women. In contrast, the number of boys of various ages is greater than that of the girls: the numbers are 194 to 165. Even though there were more reasons to hide the young boys from the eyes of the authorities than the girls, when the numbers of boys is larger than the girls, there is no room to doubt the veracity of this connection. It is possible to explain this lack of proportion in that the young girls married early and that the relation between boys and girls below the age of 14 was 166:152, while it changes among the older children to 28:13. In answer to the question how many people lived in each house, sadly it is not possible to give an exact reply, because the above statistics only record the home owner's name and not the names of the inhabitants. If it is remembered that among Jews at that time 90 percent would be living in Jewish homes, we arrive at the figure of 1,620 people living in 100 houses, which is 16 persons (three families) to a house. From this the conclusion can be drawn that these houses were really very small. According to the official statistics, 381 Jews lived in the 71 villages on the list (in error the clerk recorded 378), that is, 98 families. Among them are: \|Boys up to age 14\|\|84\| \|Girls up to age 14\|\|63\| \|Boys over age 14\|\|8\| \|Girls over age 14\|\|5\| \|Male servants, assistants, apprentices\|\|19\| As we know now, the correlation between the unmarried children and the number of families was slightly higher among the Jewish villagers than among the townsfolk: 160:98, that is 1.6 children per family; even that figure is too low and should be corrected. The same reasons that persuaded the towns' people to state lower numbers worked also for the villagers. The correct number of Jewish villagers was, apparently, higher than the official number. Even if it is assumed that the village family had five members, the figure of 510 is reached. To this must be added 26 servants, assistants and apprentices a total of 536 people. This figure is therefore 35 percent higher than the official figure. Only about a third of the village Jews was not included in the census. It is simple to understand the large difference in the extent of evasion between the town and the village, since in a village it was not easy to deceive either the community or the authorities concerning the number of children where certainly they were known to everyone, while in the town, where the Jewish population was spread out and larger, evasion was easier. So it can be seen from Table No. 2 that the number of married men is equal to that of the married women. The relation between the girls and boys of various ages is 92:68, which is a larger difference than that found in the town. It turns out that the village Jews tried as far as possible to send their daughters out of the village almost exclusively to protect them. Apparently these girls grew up in their relatives' homes in the town. This disproportion is especially marked among youngsters, girls and boys, over the age of 14: 8:5, and can also be explained by the custom of early marriages. Regarding the number of Jewish families in each village, going by the findings there were one or two families in each country settlement. Only in one village were four Jewish families counted and in three villages, three families. According to the official census, the overall figure of Jews in both the town and villages reached 1,452, and according to our calculations 2,340 people. Dealing with age, the census counted children from a quarter of a year old. According to the official figures, the number of children aged two years and below was 89 (24 in the villages and 65 in town). The number of elderly persons over the age of 60 was 122 (11 in the villages and 111 in town). When comparing the number of elderly with the number of adults (males and females) in town and village, the townspeople had 111:583 and the villagers: 11:184. The number of town elderly persons was three times bigger than that in the villages. It is obvious that the harsh quality of life in the country physical labour and so on did not make it a place for the old. In addition the elderly tended to move to towns for religious reasons. When the number of children under the age of 2 years is compared to that of older children, in the villages the relation is 24:160 and in the town 65:359. These figures give room for conjecture, since there was almost no difference in the number of children between town and village. General remarks: At that time, among the Jews of Kutno there was a conspicuous lack of professional training. In dividing the various wage earners into groups, first of all the main occupation of the bread winner was taken into account, even though his secondary jobs made him also belong to another category. Therefore, each column of occupations must be studied for primary and secondary activities. Artisans can be found who at the very same time were shopkeepers and also the opposite, or a single earner who had many sources of livelihood. In many cases it is not possible to define the slightest economic difference between the various occupations, and even the classification of the different occupations into groups sometimes becomes whimsical. Altogether 31 families were found to have two jobs, that is, more than 8.5%. A bar was a particularly acceptable form of activity on the side. A goldsmith was found who also kept a bar and in addition to that he also dealt in spices; also a hat maker, a dealer in skins, two tailors and three furriers who all kept bars. The preparation of salt was considered a secondary occupation and two barbers did that, also two bar tenders, one nurse, a merchant and a shopkeeper. We also find a goldsmith who at the same time worked as a textile merchant and a shopkeeper; a dealer in skins who also produced candles; a tailor, a furrier and a costume decorator who at the same time were shopkeepers, and a shopkeeper who made hats during the summer season. It was usual that craftsmen such as hatters also sold their products by themselves. Likewise, the wives of the poorer community officials, such as the synagogue singers and the teachers, were stall holders in the market. It is interesting that the only Jewish furrier who had an additional occupation was a hunter and fashioned other corpses (most likely he dyed the skins of the animals he hunted). With regard to his non-Jewish activities, the list informs that his life style was not moral, he was defined as a big wastrel and heavily built and the community was not able to get him to pay his taxes. It should be added that the reason for so many occupations was that a living could be not be made from one occupation by itself. Occupations Among the Residents of the Town According to the official list from the year 1796 the Jews of Kutno were busy in the following occupations: \|Tailor (primary occupation)\|\|74\| \|Hat maker (primary occ:7; secondary: 2)\|\|9\| \|Artisan (non specialized)\|\|3\| \|Candle maker (primary occupation: 2; secondary: 1)\|\|3\| \|Worker in felt\|\|2\| Therefore, 231 Jews made a livelihood from an occupation which was their main one 175 were independent workers and 56 were wage earners: assistants, servants, daily staff and messengers. Ten Jews (about 4 percent) were occupied in labour as a secondary job. Ten Jews were occupied in the free professions: 4 barbers (who also served at the same time as wound dressers), 2 wound dressers and two musical instrument makers. If these occupations are included in the larger categories (primary and secondary) the following table is obtained: \|Free occupation (see detail, above)\|\|10\|\|4.1\| Therefore, about half of all craftsmen worked in the sewing trade. In this trade, the professional structure of the working Jewish population was similar to that prevalent up to the First World War. In contrast, a small place was filled by the haberdashery trade (1.7%), which at a later date increased in importance among Jewish professions. Especially great was the number of tailors, which, together with assistants, reached 70% in the needlework category and 34% of all craftsmen. The number of costume decorators (15), butchers (11) and assistants (18) should be emphasized. These figures should certainly have been greater, but, for reasons which have been mentioned previously, lower numbers were reported. Approximately only five apprentices were recorded. It must be noted that also this figure does not fit the actual situation. Typical for those days, is the group of messengers (4 of them) called by the German name Fuss Bothe, who were employed both by the community and private clients. It is likely that the mail services also used them to deliver mail. In addition, it is usual that cobblers and painters were definitely absent from the list apparently this work was completely in the hands of the Christians. The findings do not show that there was any kind of industrial enterprise then. The Census listed the following categories of trade: \|Small trade (mixed shops)\|\|24\|\|3\|\|1\| \|Liquor, smoking equipment\|\|5\| Four agents should be added to those making a living from trade giving a total of 115 persons, that is, 25 percent of the population. As can be seen from the table, not a small number of persons were employed in trade as a secondary occupation 18% of all the merchants. If we compare these numbers with those occupied in crafts as a secondary job, we will get a relation of 18 : 4 . Therefore, the numbers of those employed in trade as a secondary occupation was 4.5 times greater than those in craft as a secondary occupation. The reason for this is obvious. Persons occupied in crafts have to have knowledge and skill in their special work, whereas vendors in the market or bar tenders in the inn do not need that. Indeed, we find that the bar and market stall owners make up the largest group of those having secondary occupations (14 out of 43). Trade in iron, couriers, and alcoholic drinks such as wine, liqueur and arak, was the monopoly of the land owner and was mostly leased out. Trade in iron was leased out for 1,200 florins a year; courier service 1,500, and alcoholic drinks at various rents. At first, monopolies included a larger number of businesses and, according to records, kept very strictly. Following is a list of types of merchants, their numbers and percentages. \|Traders in wool\|\|18\|\|15.6\| \|Traders in skins\|\|10\|\|8.7\| \|Bartenders, wine merchants\|\|27\|\|23.5\| \|Market stall traders\|\|21\|\|18.3\| It is found that barmen and wine merchants comprise a quarter of the traders since the keeping of bars in the towns and villages was very popular then. Also usual for those times was the relatively large number of traders in spices 10 (they have been included in the group of shopkeepers), such as tobacco and snuff merchants. Community Workers (Clerks) This group of workers could be appended to the free traders, but owing to its special nature and large number, has been itemised in greater detail. It turns out that a sizeable portion of the Jewish population (9.7 percent) earned a living from the community. Especially large is the group of teachers (11), janitors (6) and grave diggers (5). It is likely that that not all of them were actually community employees, but were recorded as such in order to claim exemption from taxes (according to the list, community workers did not usually pay taxes). Also, with the object of being a business man of some sort, presented themselves (by gentlemen's agreement) as community workers. The first column notes the total of servants (slaves) as 25, and in the second column 18 boy and girl assistants and apprentices a total of 43 people. The first column is not exact. Although it is difficult to determine the number belonging to each group, according to our estimates, if the number of servants included 8-10 males, then the number of people engaged in domestic service would be 26-28. If this number is divided among the 352 families, the result is one servant (male or female) for every 13 families. In our opinion this number is also not correct, since for reasons mentioned above concerning the concealing of the actual size of the population. There is another matter to be added: employment of servants indicates a certain degree of status. So even if this number is doubled, only one-sixth of the Jewish population was able to maintain a servant girl or slave - an indication of the economic status of the Jews in the town. Female servants are only recorded among the eighteen higher class families, that is, traders in fur skins, lease holders in the iron and alcoholic drinks trades, goldsmiths, civil representative, butchers, tailors and a teacher who also was a house owner. Even the rabbi had a caretaker. Only three families enjoyed the services of female servants, or a girl and a man. Although they were not the richest they had status a trader in silk and two wool traders. Interestingly, the big landowner of the town (a butcher and rich landlord) did not declare that he had servants. The girl servants were very young girls of twelve years old and apprentices were from ten years old. Into this category fall 19 families, which is 5 percent. Belonging to this group are eight young families (from 13 to 20) who are still living with their parents. It must be noted that most of them will become independent as soon as they have obtained all the necessary equipment, at the end of the dowry chest period about the age of 20. The remainder of the group are the elderly (6) and disabled (5), most of them without children. Some of them are supported by relatives and some by the community. It is permitted to cast doubt on this figure of the unemployed and to suppose that it was greater than five percent. As is known, the Prussian authorities put pressure on unemployed Jews and so there was an agreed reason to reduce these numbers, either by concealing or by fictitious employment. \|Independent: craft and industry\|\|158\|\|41.6\| \|Community clerk; Free trader\|\|47\|\|12.4\| \|Wage earner: Servant; assistant; Apprentice; Daily worker\|\|56\|\|14.8\| Special emphasis must be given to the fact that according to the statistics, some 42 percent of the livelihoods were from crafts and only one quarter from trade. If those engaged in special jobs are added to the craftsmen, independent and wage earners and also the free professions (except for the community clerks), a full 60 percent is reached. About eighty percent are independent and 15 percent are wage earners. In the village the method of livelihood of the Jewish families can be divided as follows: \|Independent: brewer (lease holder)\|\|40\| \|Bar tender (side occupation = 2)\|\|24\| \|Tailor (side occupation = 1)\|\|7\| \|Milkman (lease holder)\|\|1\| \|Not independent: beer and spirits refiner\|\|14\| One hundred and twenty-two persons were occupied in their main job and 5 had a secondary job. If the various activities are put into larger groups, the following picture of the occupational composition of the Jewish village population can be obtained: \|Brewer, spirit distiller\|\|14\|\|11.9\| It turns out, therefore, that brewery activity is the largest group, almost a third of all the occupations. Also large is the percentage of bar tenders (17.9). Independent workers make up more than two-thirds (68.7 percent) and the non-independent are a third (31.3%) of the whole Jewish population in villages. As the previous table shows, more than 60 percent of the Jews in the villages (76 out of 122) earned a livelihood from the bitter drop, as distillery lease holders, bar tenders and brewers. 78.8 percent earned a living from crafts and industry, and 18.8 percent from commerce. Professional specialization was greater in the village than in the town; the professions were defined in a clearer fashion. Only two families were occupied in two activities at the same time. The list informs of two distillery lease holders who were, at the same time, bar tenders. Also, of the three ritual slaughterers, one of them was also a tanner, another was also a milkman and the third also worked as a teacher. Usually, the contract for leasing a distillery was determined verbally between the owner and the tenant. Some occasions of a written contract were also found. The conditions of all leasing contracts were handed to the Prussian authorities by the landowner. On average, the lease cost 150-300 gold zlotys (the lowest cost 50 and the most expensive about 2,000). The duration of each lease was different mostly one year. Only in one case was a lifelong lease recorded. The number of tanners in the village seven is surprising, while in the town one person was occupied in this craft. The reason for this is that the landowners held the monopoly of the leather trade in town, which did not affect the villages and so there were convenient conditions for tanning. This way it is also possible to explain the large number of ritual slaughterers who took care of the Jews' requirements in the village, in addition to three village slaughterers, there were also two town ones who were employed for the village Jews. One of the tanneries was larger, where, in addition to the owner, three workers could be found. Five out of the 14 brewers were wage earners in the landowners' breweries, two worked for Jewish distillery leaseholders, and the rest in other places. Two of the helpers were heads of families and the other a young man of about twenty years old and another about fifty years old. It is typical that the list of village Jews does not include even a single farmer. In the village 33 people were occupied in domestic service 28 girls and 8 men, which is one servant to four families that is to say, three times more than in town. Most of the male servants were employed by the lease distillers (16 out of 18), who were the highest class among the village Jews. Four of those kept two servants each (a girl and a male) and one, who also had a salt refining business, even had three. The shopkeeper also had two servants. In contrast, in town, only three families had two servants, and three servants were not found in any family at all. Only two of the bar tenders had servants and among the craftsmen, only one tanner had. Typical of the servants in the village was that the number of male servants was 2.5 greater than that of females 18:7. In the town it was an opposite relation 18 girl servants as opposed to 10 males. These differences can be explained by the dissimilar nature of the work. Men were required for the hard work conditions in the village breweries and distilleries, and also it can be assumed that Jewish girls did not tend to work in the villages. Male servants were mainly aged 20-30, whereas the girls were aged 13-16. A fact that is worthy of noting is that in all the villages visited in the census, only one Jewish shopkeeper was found. Apparently the needs of the villagers were satisfied by townspeople on the one hand and by the bartenders on the other. It must also be emphasized that not one unemployed person was recorded among the Jewish villagers. The following table shows the occupational structure of the town Jews in parallel to the village Jews. \|Town Jews: independent\|\|66.5\| \|Domestic staff, assistant, daily staff\|\|14.8\| \|Village Jews: independent\|\|63.6\| \|Wage earners: servants, brewers, assistants\|\|33.6\| In this table the greater percentage of independent workers in the town stands out in comparison to that in the village, in a relation of 66.5/63.6. In contrast to that, the percentage of wage earners is greater in the village 33.6/14.8 that is more than double. The relationship is caused by activities in the village being more laborious, such as in the refinery, brewery or tannery, which employed a larger number of wage earners. Also, improved material conditions in the villagers influenced the employment of wage earners; this subject will be discussed further. The percentage occupied in craft and industry was greater in the village by 3.4, compared to the city where the percentage occupied in commerce was greater by 6.3. If the peddlers are calculated as shopkeepers in the village, the relation is equal. Material Situation of the Jewish Population Additionally, the statistics under discussion surveyed the situation of the Jewish population. The organizer of the survey came to the conclusion that the Jewish situation was very serious following the heavy tax burden imposed by the land owners on the Jews of Kutno, and also due to the commercial monopoly on various necessities possessed by the land owners. As proof of that, the report mentioned the fact that the Jews had been forced to stop building the synagogue which was started thirty years previously, that is, about 1766. The report further notes that since about 1791 the Jews had been feeling more fortunate, because at that time the taxes had been reduced and also since the land owner had received large sums of money from rich house owners for the community loans. In that way the community income had grown, as up till then fees from leasing the ritual slaughtering had been used to cover the debts. Concerning the details of each tax payer's property, we do not have any figures (the statistics deal with occupation and amount of tax of each person). The report notes that the list of the community's taxes, which served as a basis for our evaluation tables, included facts on the possessions of each tax payer, and even of those who were exempt from taxes. To our regret, this list has not been preserved so that in our effort to clarify the economic situation of each family we only have at our disposal the list of taxes. Even the facts concerning the occupants or owners of the homes are not able to be of help to us. The fact of the matter is that the home owners should have been included among the wealthy class, although when coming across home owners who were dependent on assistance, which was a large number of home owners, according to occupation and the level of tax paid, they cannot be included among the wealthy class. House ownership, whether sole or shared ownership, is not an indicator of an individual's wealth. If we remember that most of the houses were made of wood (97 out of 100) therefore in the case of the ownership of a hut of this kind and, in addition, it's being shared, it is more important to show the economic situation of the person living in it. This group comprises 130 families, which is 34 percent of the whole total of Jewish families. Although the list includes wealthy house owners, the rich merchants, only a small number of home owners made a living from rents, and our list does not mention these. Using the level of taxes as a measure of economic situation, we obtain the following table: \|Amount (florins)\|\|No. of \|% of persons \|2 - 20\|\|115\|\|42.2\| \|20 - 50\|\|101\|\|37.6\| \|50 - 100\|\|38\|\|14.2\| \|100 - 200\|\|8\|\|3.0\| The table shows, therefore, that the first type which is classified as not wealthy (paying the minimum amount of tax) contains 115 families. The second type, which comprises groups 2 and 3 and contains, as it happens, families who were moderately wealthy, 139 families. The third type (groups 4 and 5) comprises 16 wealthy families. The remaining 88 families were exempt from taxes: The 72 families who were exempt from taxes can be divided as follows: 32 families (26 + 6) can be classified as poor; 22 community clerks (except for the rabbi), 2 judges and the civil representative can be classified as not wealthy, which group also comprises 7 families of assistants. The remaining 8 families, who were still living at the parent's home, have to be classified according to the parents. This last group is included in the wealthy group where the new son-in-law is offered board and lodging so that he can continue his studies and it can be supposed that wealthy families were able to grant this to their children. Going by this, the following picture of the economic situation of the Jewish population of Kutno can be obtained: \|Group\|\|No. of families\|\|Percentage\| Next, the connection between the levels of this population and their occupation will be examined. This group comprises one tenth of the entire population and contains elderly and sick craftsmen, for example, tailors, mainly repairers and patchers and also daily workers (5); middlemen (1), peddlers (1), messengers (2 out of 4), furriers (2), and so on. Six families of elderly and disabled should be added to this group. This group is a fairly wide one and contains wage earners of all types: craftsmen and other workers 74 families and 33 shopkeepers. Among the craftsmen not considered wealthy are half the number of tailors (36) and half of the costume decorators (8); less than a third of the furriers (8) half of the hat makers and a third of the bakers (2). Among the tradesmen, about half of the small merchants (9), bar owners (6), market stall owners (8), most of the peddlers (5), and middlemen (3) belong to this group. To this group are also appended 22 families of community clerks and five small families who lived off private charity. All these families paid house tax (smoke tax - podymne), and three of them also paid taxes to the community and the land owner. One of them is noted to be bankrupt. Apparently, the boundaries between the poor and the not wealthy were not strict persons in both groups were occupied in the same areas. For example, both messengers exempt from taxes and messengers eligible for taxes, although at low rates, can be found. This is also the case for repairers and furriers. In all instances the movement from group to group is frequent; these two groups are actually made up of two different levels of poverty, especially since they contain about half of the whole population and this is plain proof of the economic situation of the Jews of Kutno during the second half of the 18th century. Moderately Wealthy persons This type is the largest of all in number and incorporates the established persons from the groups of occupation - ninety families of craftsmen and 47 merchants. Among the wealthy craftsmen are half the number of tailors (38), almost all the butchers, most of the furriers (16), all the barbers (4), half of the costume decorators (7) and others. Among the merchants were half the textile merchants (8), most of the leather traders, half of the small traders (13), bar owners (7), market stall owners (8), and others. As mentioned above, included in this group are four families of community clerks and eight young couples who were still living in their parent's homes. Seventeen families belong in this group more than half of the textile traders (9), also included are two goldsmiths, four lease holders of whom the richest of them paid a yearly rent for a sum of 6,000 florins in return for meat slaughtering. Also rich was the costume decorator whose trade connections reached as far as Breslau; he was the only one among the merchants whose trading branched out over the borders of his country. \|Craftsmen (%)\|\|Merchants (%)\| From this table it can be learnt that the percentages of the not wealthy and wealthy merchants and craftsmen are almost identical. Most of the craftsmen are in the wealthy group and a few in the not wealthy, whereas most of the merchants are in the wealthy group. This is not the case in the two smallest groups the poor and the rich. While the percentage of craftsmen in the poor group reached 12.6, among the merchants 2.1 percent were poor. Among the craftsmen and other workers the percentage of poor was six times greater than that of the merchants. Among the rich the situation is just the opposite only 2 percent of the craftsmen are included in this group, in contrast to 13.8 of the merchants, which is seven times greater. Economic State of the Village Jews On this subject the material available is even more defective, since the tax levels cannot be used as a gauge because a third of the village population did not pay any taxes to the community of Kutno (they paid a poll tax to the communities that they belonged to previously). Twenty-six families had settled in the villages and so far no tax had been levied from them.However, it turns out that the economic situation among the village Jews was better than that of the town Jews. First of all, this fact is made clear from the large number of lease holders of distilleries (40 families). As was mentioned, the lease fee reached an average of 150-300 florins a year. No doubt, that these tenants should be more or less included in the wealthy group and six of them in the rich group, since two of the latter paid rents of 2,000 florins, one 1,700 florins, one 820 florins, one 700 florins and one paid 600 florins. To the wealthy group five bar owners have to be added who paid a high rent of up to 100 florins. Another fact which indicates the improved situation of the village Jews is that only seven wage earners as noted in the document before us - were considered poor. Of them, two shopkeepers who became impoverished, of whom one who loaned himself to the land owner as a brewer, three slaughterers in the village, one elderly tailor and a baker who toured the villages with his baked goods. It is strange, therefore, that only two of them the old baker and the slaughterer were totally exempt from taxes. All of the rest had to pay poll tax. Further proof of the better economic situation of the village Jewish population is the fact that, in the village, there was a female servant for every four families and in the town, for thirteen families. Villagers according to their economic status \|No. of families\|\|Percentage\| \|2) Not wealthy\|\|28\|\|36.9\| This table only shows 77 out of 102 families, which is approximately 75% of the population. We are sure that the relation of the percentages between the different groups would not have changed even if the entire population had been included. Should there have been any change, it would have only increased the wealthy group. This is because about half of the families not included in the table were bar owners who it can be assured belong to the wealthy group and of the rest (craftsmen), almost all of them pay the poll tax to the communities they belong to and also rent at an amount between 10-50 florins a year to the lord of the village. If the economic state of the townspeople is compared to that of the villagers, the following table can be constructed: \|2) Not wealthy\|\|42.1\|\|36.9\| This table shows in an outstanding way the assumption concerning the improved economic state of the Jewish village dwellers in contrast to that in the town. First of all, it can be seen that the number of the poor in the town is three times greater than in the village: 9.2:2.3. And is it to be wondered at, that in town, there were various charitable societies enabling a significant number of families lacking means of livelihood to exist? Therefore, in the village not one single person can be found who existed on public funds. The only one was the old tailor who was supported by his son. Also, in the village the number of not wealthy is smaller compared to that in the town 36.9:42.1. There were more rich families in the village than in the town almost double: 7.9:4.6 The village Jews kept up contact with those in the town and the rich villagers owned or were partners of houses in the town. The townspeople: As already noted, a full list of the taxes and those paying them is found in the statistics. Firstly, the taxes will be described. As related in the report, the lists were made up according to a special tax table which was put together by the leaders of the community. In this table were detailed the various types of taxes that each community member was obliged to pay, and also those that according to accepted custom there was exemption from. In addition, there was an estimate of the economic state of the tax payers, setting out the amount of tax. It was also stated that the tax level that each Jew had to pay to the community and the land owner was determined each year by five people selected by lot and under oath. The statistics notes five types of taxes: The kingdom tax included three secondary taxes: The poll tax was paid by all those obliged to pay tax; it amounted to between 3 to 18 gold zloty and was on an average of 6 zloty per family. According to a law passed in parliament in 1775, the poll tax was determined at 3 florins for each person one year old and upwards. Levying and collection of the taxes was the business of the community but they did not actually abide by the amounts and fixed them according to the economic situation of the family. In 1796, in the Kutno community, this tax amounted to 1,654 florins. The army tax was only according to the law, since no Polish Jew was required to pay it. As will be shown, this was not the only tax that Jews did not pay. It turns out that the Prussian official did not know and he recorded in his tables all those taxes that the Prussian Jews were obliged to pay. Only house holders were obliged to pay the chimney tax, which was between 2 to 8 florins. In that year this tax gathered 482 florins. The kingdom tax for the same year amounted to 2,136 florins. The community tax also comprised three sub taxes: From all those taxes the Jews of Kutno only paid the first tax directly. The second was intended to cover the interest on community debt and was not paid as a one-time tax but added it to the ritual slaughter payments according to a fixed levy. The sum of the yearly Synagogale tax was a minimum of 2 florins and a maximum of 390. The same year the income from it was 6,539 florins. Income from the slaughtering tax, transferred in the lease, amounted to 3,200 florins. The total income collected by the community from taxes was 9,739 florins. The third group of taxes paid to the lord of the village - included a direct tax (tlaki) which was compulsory for almost everyone, and also a system of indirect taxes in the form of lease payments. The lowest tax was 2 florins and the highest 80 florins. Annual income was 2,321 florins and 15 zloty. The indirect taxes which the landowner usually transferred in a charter were as follows: In addition to the taxes paid to the various authorities, the community also levied taxes in order to cover civil expenses, payments to the land owner, etc. The list also notes the following leases: The total sum of the various taxes paid to the country, the community and the land owner came to 19,196 florins and 15 zloty. According to the official account this sum can be divided into an average of 17.70 florins per head. Since 270 families were eligible to pay tax, each family paid 71.01 florins. Out of 357 wage earners, 270 were taxable, which is 75.6 percent of the whole population. The various exemptions have already been discussed; they are only listed here: As a group which carried a heavy burden of taxes, the butchers can be selected. In addition to general taxes they made special payments for the benefit of leases in slaughtering and delivery services. The levy of payments for the łopatkowa was on each animal. For an ox 2 florins, 25 zlotyPayments for delivery: For a bull or cow 1 florin, 4 zloty For a lamb 28 zloty For a goat or sheep 12 zloty An ox 3 florins A bull or cow 2 florins, 15 zloty Small animal 1 florin A lamb or sheep 1 florin, 15 zloty Payments for slaughter: An ox, bull or cow 4 florins, 5 zloty A 2-year old animal 2 florins, 25 zloty A 1-year old animal 1 florin, 10 zloty A lamb, goat or sheep 20 zloty As shown, the butchers' fees to the lease holders were fairly large. It should be noted that the extra payment for an ox came to 8 florins and 5 zlotys, and for a cow 7 florins and 24 zlotys. The price of an ox was 80-100 florins and for a cow 50 florins. And from this, part of the various payments totalled 8-10 percent of the value of the ox, and 15-16 percent of a cow. Of course, all this would be paid by the consumer. The income from meat was divided between the community 3,200 florins - and the land owner 2,800 florins. However, it should not be forgotten that the lease owners did not add customs duties to this transaction and this is a modest evaluation if their profit is calculated to be 30-40 percent and that all who had to pay korobka (kosher meat tax) were the same type that understood what was going on. Altogether the Jewish population paid about 8,000 9,000 florins a year in meat tax. From this, it can be concluded that a Jew who was not wealthy could only enjoy eating meat on the Sabbath and festivals. From the three types of taxes the village Jews only paid the state the poll tax, and to the land owner they paid the indirect taxes on the breweries and bars. Unlike the town Jews, the villages did not have to pay house tax, community tax or talaki to the land owner. The levy of the poll tax in the village was approximately the same as in the town, an average of 6 florins per family. The income from this tax amounted to 390 florins. The land owner collected 14,288 florins from leasing the breweries and from bars 256 florins was collected. As already mentioned, 50 florins were collected from leasing the smallest brewery and 2,000 florins from the biggest. Concerning the bars the smallest paid 20 florins and the biggest 100 florins. Money from leasing milk supply came to 20 florins. Only 66 out of 98 village families (65.8%) paid tax. Thirty-two families did not pay taxes; of these, 26 families had only recently arrived; two assistants; two poor families; two families who owed taxes for several years (1 tailor, 1 bar owner). It was usual that out of 22 bar owners, only five paid rent and all of them declared that they do not intend to pay taxes as bar owners, to the lord of the village. There is no way of knowing if this was in fact the way or if it was a whim on the part of the land owner alone. It is likely that the land owner decided this by himself. The two slaughterers paid rent, since they also had occupations on the side. The total sum of taxes levied on the village Jews reached 14,930 florins, which is an average of 39.3 florins per head and 226.3 florins per family. Compared to the town levy, the village levy per person was more than double, and per family it was more than three times greater. Sixty-six families paid only 42.2 percent less than 270 families in the town. The number of Jewish families in the town was four times greater than that in the village and the total taxes amounted to only 28 percent compared to that in the village. The rent for various leases paid to the land owner in the village was twice that paid in the town: 14,564 florins compared to 7,321 florins. Rent from leases on distilleries in the village alone amounted to 14,288 florins. \|Land owner tax\|\|7,321\|\|14,544\| According to the above table, taxes paid to the land owner amounted to 21,865 florins, which were 64 percent of all the taxes, compared to 25 percent collected by the community and less than 10 percent state taxes. The number of families and occupations liable for tax in town and village together reached 337 [Translator's note: Later twice quoted as 336], and from the account made by the Prussian clerk (apparently to be discussed later) the number owing taxes from the town and village population was greater 428. According to our calculations, the number of Jews reached 1452, from this exempted from tax: (1) elderly men aged 60-80 and (2) women with no age limit: 426 persons; (3) youth under the age of 14: 427 persons; (4) girls with no age limit: 230; (5) male servants younger than 14 years: 5; (6) female servants: 25; This gives a total of 1024 persons, leaving a total of 428 persons liable to pay tax (1452 less 1024 = 428). As will be seen, this figure of those liable for tax was only on paper, and undoubtedly changed after payment from each individual. Below the account is the signature of the Regent of Plock, and the date 8.5.1796. Typical of the Prussian taxation system was the clerk's inability to make do with increasing the number of those liable for tax on paper from 336 to 428, but immediately increased the figure with a new account to 878 people, and, a few lines later, to 1251. According to this, everyone was liable for tax, even infants in the cradle. The impression is credible that the two last figures were personal calculations made by an over-zealous and faithful clerk whose intention was to squeeze the population as much as possible. This assumption is supported by the fact that these calculations were not signed by the regent as was the first reckoning. At all events, it is clear that the Prussian authorities increased the numbers of tax payers in comparison with the first list (the official one) if only that number of tax payers was greater by 27 percent than that in the days of the Polish authorities (428 : 337). According to the report, the charter of rights dated 22nd November 1796, given by the King of Poland Stanislaw Augustus to the landlord of Kutno, served as a basis for the special contract (the Pacht Contract leasing contract) between the land owner and the Jews. The date is apparently incorrect since Stanislaw Augustus relinquished his throne in 1795. It is likely that before us is a mistake by an illiterate scribe or a forgery. The contract clearly determines: To our great regret we were not able to obtain this important document. According to the report in the beginning the Jewish residents of Żychlin and Gostynin also belonged to the community, and even paid it taxes. But in the end they rose up and set up independent communities with their own rabbis. The Prussian clerk noted that the Rabbi of Gostynin was not legal as he did not have the relevant qualifications and contrary to the laws of Israel, he also engaged in commerce (!). Jewish residents from 71 villages in the area also belonged to the community and paid taxes to it. They were obliged (under threat of excommunication) to travel to the town to give any information required. According to the Prussian clerk, the Kutno community at that time (1796) did not keep up any contact with communities in other areas of Prussia and not even with other communities in Poland. As noted, there were in Kutno a rabbi Rabbi Tuwia was his name two judges (one called Beisitzer in the original document), a civil representative (syndik), 4 ritual slaughterers (2 for the villages), 4 cantors, 11 teachers, 6 beadles, 5 grave diggers, a scribe, and one prayer summoner. As mentioned, in addition to the teachers from the community there were also private teachers. The number of clerks was very high and it is doubtful if that was indeed their number. As leaders of the community the following appear in the documents: Szalom ben Meir, a rich textile merchant and lease holder for meat slaughter and butchery has been mentioned many times, Hirsz ben Lajbel, bar owner, and Wolf ben Chaim (a free wine merchant owing to special privileges from the land owner); also a tailor from the rich group Szlomo ben Abraham. The statistics also refer to a synagogue and a religious seminary which were inside wooden buildings. Concerning the brick-built synagogue, whose building was started in 1766 and stopped owing to the difficult economic situation, this was already discussed previously (this synagogue was completed in the year 1799). The community also maintained guest houses. The income was derived from a direct tax which brought in 6,539 florins and also from slaughtering tax, which it is remembered, brought in 3,200 florins in 1796. Together the income in 1796 reached a sum of 9,739 florins. Up to that time the land owner had levied the meat tax himself as compensation for the debt owed to him by the community. He collected 2,600 florins a year and only from 1796 onwards the fees from leased slaughtering went to the community treasury. The highest community tax was 390 florins and the lowest was 2 florins. This tax went in parallel with two other kinds of taxes to the state and to the land owner. Whoever paid a lot to the state and the land owner, a lot was also taken from him for the community. However, exceptions were also noted. That is to say, village Jews did not pay community tax, as they claimed according to the report that the landowner forbade his Jews to pay tax to the community, and even, the clerk noted, in order to compromise with the landowner, the community relinquished the income from the settlers. Here certainly the whim of the landowner became a set custom. Although the burial society books have a record that a tenant from the village of Golmbow paid community tax, it is likely it does not mean community but poll tax to the state, which was also levied on village Jews. It must be mentioned that the community suffered from a permanent financial deficit. The Burial Society Two sources are available concerning the burial society at that time: a short report in the Prussian document and the register of the burial society itself. The register is from the year 1808, but there are some entries from earlier dates, from the year 1755. The ledger relates that by secret the previous one was taken from them; the reasons are not noted, but it is reasonable to assume that the matter is connected with the conquering Prussian authorities. The pages from 1755 and afterwards are from the old ledger, and apparently they were torn from the old book and bound together with the new one. During the Holocaust this ledger was lost, together with the community archives and other cultural treasures. The source of the regulations in the ledger is from the 19th century. The records in the ledger are complementary with the report and relying on both, a reliable picture of the organization and activity of this institution is painted. At the head of the burial society stood managers who were elected in elections arranged on the concluding day of the Passover festival. Slips bearing the names of registered voters were placed into a ballot box and it was customary to take out five slips. Those who were selected were deemed legitimate [kosher] and they carried out the position of managers for eight days, which is until the new month of Iyar. Up until that date they were obliged to appoint three managers for a period of tenure of one year and also three substitutes. It was forbidden to appoint the previous managers and also the legitimate selected were not allowed to appoint themselves managers. However they were allowed some rights: they were allowed to let new members join and to add new regulations to the register, and also to fill the position of regulator in other communities. Passive voting rights were granted only after six years of membership and active rights after three years. Up until the same time the member was called Młodz (an initiate) very young and he was obliged to respect the veteran members and to carry out all his obligations as a member. One exception from the rule was that it was customary that outstanding pupils and important persons were released from the Młodz. In contradiction to what was written in the Prussian document, the ledger emphasizes that the managers were obliged to hand over a financial report at the time of the election assembly and that the accounts had to be confirmed by all present. Each month a different manager headed the society. The managers had to be financially stable and with no blemish in their way of life. In addition to matters relating to burial, other duties were imposed on them: visiting the sick, distributing benefits to the poor and festival refreshments to religious staff. The caretaker of the society had to stay overnight in the home of a sick person during the first days of the sickness; after that the society members did it, under the supervision of the monthly manager who summoned the members by little notes. Later on, the burial society also had its own hospital. As already noted, the burial society usually donated money to the poor, widows and also the elderly, caretakers and other lower rank religious staff. Going by the record of 1811, monthly support money amounted to 88 zloty. According to the Prussian document, in 1795-1796, the expenses of the society reached 840 zloty a year. Society income was derived from membership fees, from donations paid into the collection boxes at funerals, from monthly payments made by the members for the poor, from income from the mikveh [ritual bath house] built with money from the society, and also from the sale of burial plots. This last payment was paid according to the financial situation of the deceased. The highest payment made was during the Prussian rule 180 zloty and the lowest was 3 zloty. Of course, funerals were also conducted free of charge. A member of the society did not pay more than 10 zloty even if he was very rich. The subscription fee for the son of a member was also 10 zloty (outsiders paid more); however, this could only be paid after marriage. The salary of the caretaker was paid from income from the ritual bath, from the collection box and an additional 30 zloty a year. From the document, his monthly salary was 300 zloty a year. Typical of the social strictness of the society is an action concerning a member, the son of a butcher who had started to deal in his father's business, in contradiction to his promise at the time of registration in the society that he would not do so. Because of this his voting rights were taken from him (details from 1810). The burial society held an important place in the community and to a certain extent was in competition with the community council itself. At times, the same people headed the two institutions at the same time (in 1808, Mosze Majzler headed the community council and at the same time was the caretaker of the burial society). As mentioned, the income from the ritual bath house was at the disposal of the society, and the society was informed of matters referring to charity, care of the sick, etc. Typical of the competing status of the burial society is a detail in the protocol from the year 1791 that three years previously (that is, in 1787) the poll tax of a village lease holder from Golmbow was reduced following cancellation of a loan of 300 zloty that he had borrowed in order to buy land for the extension of the cemetery. It is characteristic that the guarantee for this loan was the silver finials of the scroll of the Law. The Synagogue Treasury According to the Prussian report this cash fund had no great value since the only person putting money into it for some years was the manager in charge of it. Income was derived from donations made for the participation in readings of the Law in synagogue which brought in an average of 400 zloty a year. The money was used for lighting in the synagogue and for small repairs, and covered expenses. The report relates that the Prussian authorities remarked that an income of 400 zloty a year seemed too small, since in other communities this amounted to several thousand florins. However, the caretakers and leaders explained that, because of the dilapidated condition of the synagogue the public did not attend services in the stormy winter days, and owing to this the income was low. The impoverished situation of the Jewish population at the end of the 18th century was also reflected in the financial state of the communities which sank into debt, which was a burden on their condition. It was their bad luck that their expenses grew at that time. In addition to the taxes which increased from time to time, which the community owed to the state, the town council and the land lords, there were also expenses to the civil representative mainly bribes for the bail of innocent persons in blood libel cases, etc. The promotion of community taxes and introduction of consumer taxes on meat etc. which burdened the poor population was not enough the community treasury was empty and the community was forced to borrow money. Loans were fairly easy to obtain since in Poland banks appeared only at the end of the 18th century and owners of capital did not have anywhere to invest their money. Because the church laws forbade the taking of interest, loans were willingly made to Jews, and especially to the community, which was then considered a more secure loan. Credit was given by the farmers and the land owners, and especially by the rich clergy. However, owing to the impoverishment of the population and the inefficient management of the financial market in the community, the loans could not be paid and in order to pay the accumulated interest the leaders took out new loans. In this way the debts of the community grew and reached hundreds of thousands of zloty. The various attempts that were made by the government of Poland to manage the debts were unsuccessful and the problem was handed down as an inheritance to the countries which divided up the kingdom of Poland between them. The community of Kutno was no exception. Their loan was given by the land owner of Kutno. According to the report, in the year 1791 the Kutno community reached an agreement with the town lord who was then the governor Gadomski by which it had to pay a sum of 3,500 florins interest yearly. His successor, the lord Zantkowski, received as coverage for this sum, the rent from meat slaughtering leases which reached the sum of 2,600 florins a year. In this way, the yearly deficit was 900 florins. However, the Jews claimed to have paid in addition 500 florins, but the accounts were not finalized. An interesting detail has come to light the Jews took the previous land owner to the law court (the Prussian court) in Torun. In this case, the Jews tried to prove that the land owner forced the agreement on them and that he illegally added further sums to the actual debt. The report notes that it is likely that from the outcome of the trial the land owner returned the rent from meat slaughtering for the whole of the year 1796 to the community. The rich in the community bore the burden of the debt. As noted, they paid the land owner various sums on account of the debt. At the same time the lease for meat slaughtering went up in price, to 3,200 florins. However, the report adds that even that still did not bring the community debts to settlement and we are entitled to believe it. The Prussian authorities annexed Kutno to a new territory southern Prussia, which included the province of Poznan. Cut off was Inowroclaw, the whole area of Kalisz, Brześć Kujawski, the area around Sieradz, Łęczyca, Płock and parts of the province of Mazowia Rawa - altogether about one thousand square miles. There is no information available concerning the state of the community of Kutno in the new political situation, since the above mentioned survey only deals with the previous period. The policy of the Prussian authorities towards the Jewish population in the Polish areas was dictated by fiscal motives, on the one hand, and by the character of the enlightened bureaucratic ruling authority, according to the Prussian concept at that time, on the other hand. According to an order from the year 1797, the Jews in south-east Prussia were subject to a list of economic restrictions: trade in the villages was forbidden; wage earners were forbidden to deal in secondary occupations etc. The authorities struck out at Jewish autonomy by limiting the power of the communities and rabbis to religious matters alone, cancelling the boycott and the organizing contacts between the communities. In the same way, the burden of taxes was made heavier. The Polish poll tax was upped from 3 to 10 zloty. New taxes were also added: army tax, tax on kosher meat, wedding payments, burial, etc. Only those over the age of 25 were allowed to marry, and only if they had a steady income (and had capital). The Juden-Reglement (Jewish regulations) of the year 1797 hurt the Jewish population seriously. With the Prussian single mindedness and methods the police state attempted to destroy the Jewish life style, established for generations. Jews were especially hurt by interference into the internal workings of the communities. By a stroke of luck, this rule only lasted fourteen years. The Kutno community in the 19th century and beginning of the 20th During the time of the Grand duchy of Warsaw Kutno belonged to the district of Warsaw and the Jewish community was considered one of the important ones in it. However, the Napoleonic wars caused the Jewish population in the town to dwindle, and in 1808 the official estimate of the Kutno community was no more than 1,357 persons. In the eight years since 1800 the size of the Jewish community had decreased by more than three percent, although among the Polish population the decrease was greater from 877 souls to 748, which is a drop of 18 percent. At that time, the percentage of Jews in the town's population was 64.5. In negotiations with the grand duchy of Warsaw, the representative of the Jews of Kutno stood out: Head of the council, Mosze ben Jerimyahu Majzler. In 1809 he can be found as civil representative of Warsaw district, who, together with the delegates from Łęczyca and Lutomiersk, he fought for decreasing the burden of tax on kosher meat. This tax was implemented by state law on 25th March, 1809, for the amount of 3,300,000 zloty, and replaces all previous taxes. However this amount was beyond all the paying power of the Jewish population which had become impoverished during the wars. The amount of tax was 84 zloty per family, about four times the load that a family under Austrian rule had borne. All attempts by Majzler were fruitless. In his letter to the head of the community council of Poznan, dated 22nd October 1809, he wrote: To hear the reply of the minister of justice, nothing is left but for the mourner to rend his garment to pieces. At the end of October 1809 Majzler attended a meeting of representatives of the Warsaw district communities, where there was a consultation session regarding the steps taken by the government to make changes in the distribution of the kosher meat tax between the various communities and the Warsaw community, in favour of the country towns. The trifling decreases made by the treasury to the Jewish residents in a number of districts (Łomża, Płock, Bydgoszcz) did not satisfy the Jewish delegates and they met once more in Warsaw, in mid July 1810, and paid a fee to have an audience with the prince, the state council and the chancellor. And in the end the chancellor agreed to call a meeting of representatives of the Jewish population in the area of the entire grand duchy, which was held in Warsaw at the end of March 1811. Majzler as present among them, as the representative of Kutno and, together with Eliezer Mosze Efraim from Inowroclaw was received for an interview with the chancellor in the name of the entire assembly. However, all suggestions to lighten the burden of taxes on the Jewish population, and to exempt them from military obligation (arguing that citizens not enjoying equal rights should not have to serve in the army) all were rejected by the government. However, the representatives did not accept the stand of the Principalities' authorities and continued their battle against the injustice. During the second half of the month of July, the heads of the Leszno, Poznan, Inowrocław and Kutno community councils met again in Leszno. Mosze Majzler, the Kutno representative, played an important part in this meeting, which attempted to persuade the government how honourable the demands of the Jewish population were. While carrying out these activities, Majzler moved from Kutno to Leszno, where he fulfilled the post of civil representative for the community which was one of the most important in the grand duchy of Warsaw. At the beginning of 1811 an order was given stating that all questions to the government had to be made in Polish, but not one person could be found in Leszno who had reasonable command of the Polish language. The wealthy community, therefore, turned to the head of the community of Kutno, who was not only fluent in the Polish language but also it turned out that as civil representative for the government he was well known for good connections with influential people. The community of Leszno requested Majzler to become their representative at a salary of 8 taler a week and in addition to that he would receive half a percentage on each wedding tax. And so, in January 1812, Mosze Majzler signed, as one of the delegates for the Poznan district, on an agreement stating that the problems of the slaughtering tax and army service would be settled. In exchange for the Jewish representatives agreeing to put the tax up to 3 million zloty, the Jews were exempted from military service. Majzler also continued in this position, also during the exciting years of Napoleon's journey to Russia. After the abolishment of the grand duchy of Warsaw the district of Poznan was annexed to the large grand duchy of Poznan (1815). Then Majzler was heard of for the last time. On 13th August 1815 he gave a patriotic speech in honour of the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm and his commissioner in the great grand duchy of Poznan, Prince Anatoly Radziwill. The speech was published and printed (Imrei Shefer, Barcelona, 1815)** Mosze ben Jerimyahu Majzler died in Leszno on 14th of Heshvan, 1828. The rabbi of Kutno, Rabbi Eliezer Brisz, was also connected with Leszno. He came from Leszno and served as rabbi in the young Synagogue in Leszno. In 1820 his name can be found among the signatures on The Strong Arm, with the designation: Head of the law court of the Kutno community. Rabbi Eliezer Brisz died in Kutno on 5th Tishri 1830. He was extremely respected among his contemporaries. In a letter from the famous rabbi of Leszno, Rabbi Jakob Lorberbaum, to the citizens of Kutno, he requests them to allocate Rabbi Eliezer Brisz a weekly salary of 5 taler, and he writes about him: The great light, the sharp-minded, the skilled. During the time of the Polish rebellion (1830-1831) it was discovered that a Jew from Kutno, by the name of Szymon Bryn served in the secret Russian police and was a deputy agent of Matias Szlay one of the leading agents in the secret police in Warsaw. Szymon Bryn, or Shymele as he was known in Kutno, studied at the religious seminary in his youth and, since he knew a little Polish, was appointed secretary for the community. On a visit to Warsaw on community business he met Szlay who suggested to him that he should be a spy in Kutno. Szymon agreed and swore an oath that he would be faithful to the police and tell the truth. In reward for his service at first he received 3 red zloty (54 Polish gulden), and later 5 zloty. Apparently he submitted his reports in Yiddish and reported all that he saw and heard in Kutno. But it seems that he did not have anything significant to report. During the uprising the police archives fell into the hands of the rebels and so the name of Szymon Bryn came to light. In the spring of 1831 he was arrested and after interrogation his name was made public as a secret agent. The incident was no small sensation among the Jews of Kutno. Later on the authorities released him and from then on he was under police surveillance. The economic prosperity of Congress Poland also reached Kutno. The first buds of industry which started blossoming in the last decade of the 18th century flourished well in the twenties of the 19th century and the prayer shawl factory was awarded a silver medal at the industrial fair which was held in Warsaw in the year 1828. Following the opening of the Kalisz railway and the Vienna track in 1845, Kutno turned into an important railway junction in the Plock district and also for the district of Kalisz, since these places had been cut off from a direct rail connection with Warsaw. In 1852 Herman Epsztajn, the well known Jewish industrialist and banker, founded the Konstancja plants the largest sugar factories in Congress Poland. After his death the factories passed to his son, Mieczysław Epsztajn who managed them until his death in 1914. His father's enterprise was liquidated after he died. The Konstancja factory served as a source of much related employment for the Jews of Kutno transport of raw materials, delivery of sugar to other towns, etc. Another banker, Szymon Teplic (1822-1894) settled in Kutno after liquidating his business in Warsaw and dealt in supplies for Konstancja, and was also partner in the sugar factory belonging to the well known financier Leopold Kronenberg. His grand-daughter Lily converted to Christianity and entered a convent in France. If converts are being discussed, also the Frankensztajn family should be mentioned. Leon Frankensztajn was a merchant in Kutno in the second half of the 18th century. His son Alexander Leon served as an inspector in the tobacco monopoly for the Congress Poland treasury. His grandson, Edward, held an important post at the Russian embassy in Brussels and was elevated to the Russian hereditary aristocracy. He was also known as a gifted violinist. In the twenties of the 19th century there was a school in the town for Jewish children. There, secular subjects were taught and examinations were held for clerks in the town council. Before the war, certificates relating to this school were stored in the town hall archives. In the 30's the house owners of Kutno usually sent their children to learn secular subjects in Warsaw, and in the years 1830-1831, the brothers Icchak and Naftali Nelkin could be found at a rabbinical school in Warsaw (which got a name among the orthodox as a nest of unbelievers); at that time they were pupils in the second and third classes. Hirsz Kopel, son of the wealthy Kutno merchant, learnt in the 50's at the medical-surgical academy in Warsaw. During the years of the Polish rebellion, in 1863, Dr. Josef Handelsman held an important post in the neighbourhood of Kutno, and this interesting personality deserves attention. Josef Handelsman completed his studies at high school in Warsaw in 1833, and in 1859 at the medical school in Petersburg. During the Crimean war he served as a doctor in the military hospital in Warsaw (Ujazdów), and in 1854 settled in Kutno. The young doctor quickly looked for a respected place in the society of the town, and owing to his specialty in brain inflammation diseases, many patients thronged to him and he gained a reputation among both Jews and land owners. When the rebellion broke out Dr. Handelsman was appointed head of the rebels for the whole area of Gostynin. He was very active in the rebellion and urged the Jews to cooperate with the rebels. One of them was Icik, servant of the Kutno merchant Hersz, who collected fees and donations from the Jews of Kutno for the rebels' funds. He collected 150 roubles from the merchant Senator, and from Kronzylber 120 roubles. It can be assumed that by his influence, feelings of friendship prevailed between the rebels and the Jews in the Kutno area. At the Christmas celebrations a toast was raised towards unity between all the faiths and classes. One of the rebels, by the name of Wiszniewski, was in charge of some craftsmen and among them some Jews; Dr. Handelsman went around the place secretly, tended the wounded in the camps near Gostynin, Łęczyca and Koñsk. In 1863 Handelsman journeyed abroad to look for weapons. There he came into contact with the Jewish agents, Goldsztajn and Kaliszer. On return to Poland he was arrested and sentenced to exile in Siberia. However, Count Graf, the deputy of the Czar, changed his sentence to three months imprisonment in the Dęblin fortress and police surveillance after serving the sentence. We do not know if indeed Handelsman was imprisoned in the fortress, but in any event, after he returned from going abroad, he stood trial again. This time he was sentenced to two years in prison. After serving his time he returned to Kutno; in 1909 he moved to Wloclawek and died there of old age in the year 1911. His eldest son, the Polish historian, Prof. Marceli Handelsman, was born from his Christian wife, and was brought up from birth as a Christian. In 1944 he was murdered by the nationalist Polish underground N.S.Z. The younger son, Josef, was a high school teacher. During the time of Handelsman and shortly afterwards Dr. Feliks Orensztajn (1849-1916) served as doctor in Kutno and was highly esteemed. He was born in Warsaw and completed his studies at the Faculty of Medicine in 1873. The same year he worked in Kutno where he worked as doctor for thirty-four years, until 1907. He died in 1916 from typhus which he contracted while treating his patients. To his special credit is Dr. Orensztajn's development of a therapeutic centre at Ciechocinek. Also his research in the field of medicine won him praise among medical circles in Poland. Among the rabbis in the first half of the 19th century, Rabbi Mosze Aharon Kronzylber should be mentioned, who apparently served as rabbi after the death of Rabbi Eliezer Brisz and also Rabbi Mosze Jehuda Lajb (born in Łęczyca), who was the author of the essays Fresh Olive (Warsaw 1851) and Glory of Jerusalem. At first he served as rabbi in Kowal, Sierpc, Dobrzyn and Łask. In 1857, he emigrated to Israel and settled in Jerusalem where he died in 1879. After Rabbi Lajb left, apparently Kutno remained without a rabbi for two years. However, in the month of Tevet 1860, Rabbi Israel Jehoszua Trunk, the famous genius, formerly rabbi in Pułtusk, was welcomed as rabbi. During the years of the reign of Alexander the Second the legal limitations which had been put on the Jews of Poland were lifted, and on 5th June 1862 a law was declared giving equal rights to Jews. The Revere was cancelled and Jews were allowed to buy land in most of the towns in Poland. On 31st May 1862 Jews were permitted to keep pharmacies and to be craftsmen; on 1st January 1863 the kosher meat tax was abolished, and two days later the day pass was cancelled Jews had been required to hold a pass entitling them to go to Warsaw. The greatest satisfaction was concerning the abolition of the kosher meat tax, which had been a burden on the Jewish population for scores of years. The same year Jews were granted the right to vote in municipal elections. In connection with these events festive prayers were offered in the synagogue and religious seminary in Kutno. The town Rabbi gave a sermon and Szlomo Icchak Oslowinski the cantor did not spare a special chant for the Czar, his representative in Poland the Grand Prince Constantine, and for the head of the civil administration Marquis Wielopolski, who supported the granting of equal rights to Jews at the price of their assimilation. It was he who persuaded the Czar to publish the ukases from 1862 and 1863. In the Hebrew newspapers from the second half of the 19th century details were published about people and incidents characteristic of the way of life in those days. For example, the paper HaMagid, in 1861 (no. 16), in an article from Kutno, related that a new scroll of the law (the fourth) was brought to the synagogue, donated by the widow Bajle Zylberberg. She was a rich enough lady, since the first ones cost 6,000 Polish zloty. The celebration was commemorated generously - first there was a reception for the whole town, where, according to the reporter's notes, more than one thousand were present (men, women and children). Rabbi Jehoszele Kutner, who was then the rabbi, brought the scrolls under a canopy into the synagogue, accompanied by musical instruments. The cantor sang and there was dancing in the streets. As a token of respect and gratitude, the widow was permitted to place the scroll with her very own hands in the Holy Ark. In the evening the donor arranged a feast for the scholars and generously distributed charity. Numbered among the big rich men in the town at this time was the lumber merchant Jacob Erdberg, who had business connections with the land owners and employed many Jewish families. In his will he left 3,000 roubles as a public charity. He died in 1873 and in a letter to HaMagid newspaper his son in law, Fajwisz Weber, wrote that Christian notables from the town and surroundings came to the funeral. His wife Miriam was also very popular in the town. Among the respected home owners at that time the old Zalman Pinkus who would speak Germanised Yiddish and wore a top hat must be mentioned. Also estate owner Lajb Kuszmirak and the Kocker Chassid Jehuda Majer Lipski (later he moved to Gur) who was given special permission to wear the robes of a rabbi. Among the small group of Enlightened Jews Wolf Lajb Lehrer must be mentioned. He taught Hebrew and Bible studies and was one of the few readers in the town of HaTsfira. Also the Kutno reporter for HaMagid, J. Rozencweig, Israel Wolf Gliksman, father of Dr. Abraham and Dr. Icze Gliksman and the stepfather of the leader of the Bund, Wiktor Alter. Authority in the community was, of course, in the hands of the respected house owners, rich men and scholars, although it did happen that the common people rebelled and claimed that their opinion should also be heard in the community. This interesting happening, from the year 1886, was reported in an article in the newspaper Hamlitz: On a certain Sabbath, a new cantor who had come to the town was supposed to lead the prayers in the synagogue, but the heads of the congregation did not agree (the reasons were not given in the article). Therefore the cantor lead the prayer in the seminary and it was very nice. The next Sabbath the common crowd asked that the cantor lead the prayer in the synagogue. The matter was brought before the rabbi and according to the compromise that he suggested, the cantor would only lead prayers for the beginning of the Sabbath and the additional Bible reading in the synagogue. But the common crowd did not give up and a skirmish broke out in the synagogue which resulted in a scrimmage, the old cantor was driven off the lectern and even beaten up, and his condition added the article was serious. It is amazing how the feelings of the crowd got agitated over the prayers of a cantor when even the accepted authority of the town rabbi was not able to placate them. How the quarrel was resolved we do not know. Apparently, at certain times, outstandingly friendly relations existed between Jews and Christians, and this is proved by the catastrophic fire in 1875. On 19th March 1875 a fire broke out in some Jewish houses and six hundred families were destitute. In an article it is reported about the great help extended by the Christians in putting the fire out, and also how a group of amateur Polish actors dedicated the earnings from their show towards the damage. Owners of estates in the area offered flour and potatoes. Normal relations also existed between the community and the last landowners in Kutno, the Zawadzkis. In 1891 when the lawyer Zawadzki died, the community laid a wreath of flowers on his grave. It is very likely that no wreath of flowers was laid on the grave of a young woman from Suwalki who devoted herself to the education of Jewish girls and who, in the same year 1891, killed herself with her own hand. This woman, after teaching at the gymnasium in Vilna arrived in Kutno with the intention of opening a school there for girls. Apparently the townspeople did not support her. Due to a shortage of funds so she wrote in her farewell letter she was unable to realize her wish. So she put an end to her life by swallowing poison. Who was this woman, a pioneer in the field of education in the town? About this, the article we have does not tell at all. Demographic and occupational structure from the end of the 19th century until the first quarter of the 20th century According to a population census carried out in czarist Russia in 1897, 5,345 Jews were living in Kutno 2,611 men and 2,763 women, and the entire population of the town was 11,250 people. The percentage of Jews, therefore, reached 17.5%. Among this number were 1,496 heads of families and 3,849 dependents on them. On the average, there were 2.6 children per family. The number of children in families engaged in trade was greater than the general average and reached 3.5. This was because among the craftsmen the youngsters became economically independent earlier than among the merchants or shopkeepers. \|Craft and industry\|\|436\|\|1210\|\|1646\|\|30.9\| \|State, charity support\|\|9\|\|5\|\|14\|\|0.2\| It turns out, therefore, that nearly one third of the Jews made a livelihood from craft and industry, as opposed to nearly forty percent from commerce. Those marked in the list as owners of capital were, apparently, house owners, interest loan merchants and other who invested money in one way or another in trade. A significant percentage, therefore, of the Jewish population, made a living from commerce and business credit. 5.4 percent were employed in transport and in the free professions 1.2 percent. The census did not record the separation of wage earners into employers and employed. These two groups are included as independent. At any event, surely servants, clerks, scholars and teachers were salaried. All these together come to 12.2 percent, which is certainly correct, since this percentage does not include all the functionaries and clerks, for example, the apprentices, industrial workers. No figures are available for determining the part these groups played in the Jewish wage earners group altogether. It must be mentioned that the list omits agricultural workers completely; it must be imagined that they were not absent among the Jews who leased farms or owners of gardens and fields. But it seems that farming for them was only a secondary occupation during the summer, and the list deals with only one source of income. Below, the various occupations are given in more detail. \|Alcohol & other drinks\|\|49\|\|132\|\|181\|\|11.2\| The livelihood of two thirds of all the wage earners in craft and industry was derived from needlework of all sorts. As in suburbs of other cities and towns, here also tailoring was a typical Jewish occupation. The second place is taken up by processing of alcohol and other drinks. More than ninety percent of those occupied in this did not work in breweries, but they certainly were owned by Jews, and mainly Christians worked in them. Third place in the list is held by the textile industry, and the fourth, building. Fifth place goes to the wood industry and the sixth to food. It must be noted that no Jews at all were found in the metal industry and none either in the chemical industry. The number of independent women, from the economic point of view, is quite negligible. Only in the clothing branch were a few women occupied, 12 out of 286. In contrast, they made up a significant part in mining services 5 out of 13. Very small indeed, according to the table, was the part Jews played in the forest industry; only one man, while in other settlements this was one of the important occupations involving capital-holding Jews. The second largest branch of industry, after craft and industry, was commerce. Division of the branches of commerce are set out below: \|Produce, grain etc\|\|52\|\|235\|\|287\|\|14.5\| \|Skins and furs\|\|19\|\|82\|\|101\|\|5.2\| \|Metal and machines\|\|15\|\|59\|\|74\|\|3.8\| \|Wood and heating materials\|\|12\|\|44\|\|56\|\|2.7\| According to the above table it turns out that about one quarter of all those engaged in commerce (24.7 percent) would not have been able to indicate clearly what merchandise they dealt with, and appear in the table as general merchants. Apparently they were luft menschen people with no definite business, who at that time were quite a routine in suburbs of cities and towns, and who made a living from anything that came their way. Together with family members, they made up 9 percent of all the Jewish population. The large number of agents could be appended to that group (at least, half of them), and also those appearing in the category of undefined employment. Altogether this group, whose economic basis was unsure and was from hand to mouth, amounts to 600 people, including family members, that is, 11.5 percent of the whole Jewish population. This number clearly indicates the rundown economic situation of large sectors among the Jews, especially since it does not include poor craftsmen, disadvantaged religious workers and just poor. Together with all those, the number of economically disadvantaged persons was twice as great, at least. More than half of those occupied in trade were grocers. After them came the textile merchants, produce and skins. In contrast to craft, women held an important place in some types of commerce. More than one fifth of the grocers were women, and also more than one quarter of the traders in drinks 3 out of 11. Out of 15 door to door peddlers, five were women. The number of those engaged in services was 220 155 women and 55 men. On an average, every seventh family could have engaged a male or female domestic servant. According to the list, 134 families, which is 465 people (9 percent), belong to the group which lives off capital. As already noted, these were apparently house owners and money lenders who took interest for mortgage loans. The group of clerks includes community clerks and clerks from the municipal and state administration. Out of fourteen families engaged by the community (a rabbi, two judges, a cantor, slaughterers, caretakers, trustees, etc.), only one Jew was employed by the municipality (apparently dealt with the birth records of the Jews), two were engaged in postal services and one young girl who served as a state secretary. Strangely enough, one Jew appears in the list as a clerk in the Prawosłavic church, and one young man was employed in another Christian sect but nothing is known about the nature of their work. A significant number of Jewish families were occupied in transport 65 families (5.4 percent), since Kutno was a railway junction for the whole area which had been isolated from a railway line (Plock and surroundings, Koło, Konin and parts of Kalisz district). Carters from Kutno apparently played an important part in transporting loads between these places and the railway station of Kutno. Twenty-five families made a living as tutors and teachers and four families were active in the area of science and art. However, the author of this article is not able to identify them. Among those practicing the free professions, the list notes two lawyers and seven doctors and nurses (two women among them); together with the science and art families, a total of 13 families. This accounts for no more than one percent of all the families. Going by the class division of that time, 81 (38 men and 43 women) were merchants. Towns' people numbered 5,226, and seven people were classed as farmers. Concerning the educational standard of the Jewish population, 1,209 people knew how to read and write Russian (760 men and 449 women), which is more than one third of all the Jewish population aged 14 and older (34.3 percent). Their mature national and Jewish awareness is indicated by the fact that only three people recorded their mother tongue as other than Yiddish or Hebrew. Only a very small percentage noted Hebrew as their mother tongue. The list also records one Jewish prisoner locked up (his family name is not entered). Also two prostitutes who supported two children. It is appropriate to mention the changes that took place in the occupational composition of the Jewish population in Kutno over one hundred years 1796 to 1897. \|Craft and industry\|\|41.6\|\|30.9\| \|[ii] (community etc.)\|\|9.7*\|\|1.5\| The changes in the occupational composition of the Jewish population that occurred over one hundred years are extremely obvious: the share of those engaged in commerce grew from one quarter of all the wage earners to nearly 40 percent. In contrast, the number of those occupied in trade and industry went down from over 40 percent to less than a third. But it must be taken into account that a certain proportion of craftsmen at the end of the 18th century were engaged at the very same time in trade, especially bars, and actually the percentage of Jews occupied in trade was higher than that recorded. However, even after this reservation, the fact remains that in 1796 more Jews were engaged in craft than a year later. The number of Jews living off community funds decreased. In 1897 the total number of clerks was no more than 1.5 percent, while in 1796 the number of clerks had reached almost 10 percent of all wage earners. In contrast, in the 19th century the part taken by transport and delivery workers was almost five times greater. Among the servants and female domestic workers no change was recorded 8.4 and 8.6 percent. In 1796 more than five percent of the Jewish population was unemployed and lived off charity, and in 1897 this group was only 0.2 percent. From this it can be learnt that the poverty that the Jewish population was sunk into at the end of the 18th century had diminished. The years before the First World War were boost years for the Jewish population. Between the years 1897 and 1910 the Jewish population in Kutno grew by 3,900 persons, an increase of 73 percent and was, in that year, 63 percent of the population of Kutno. This growth cannot be attributed solely to natural increase which, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, reached an average of 16 per thousand. During these thirteen years, therefore, the natural increase was 1 per 100 persons. If this number is added to the number of Jews in 1897, the figure of 6445 is reached, while, in reality, the number of Jews in Kutno was 9,245 people. It turns out that the remaining 2,800 people represent Jews from other places who resided in Kutno. This large migration in thirteen years proves that Kutno was a place for employment which attracted Jews. In the same years commerce and haulage developed. Jews contributed largely to the building of large mechanical flour mills and other plants for the agricultural industry. Jews from other neighbouring little towns and faraway places settled in Kutno; at the beginning of the 20th century there was a significant settlement of Lithuanians who engaged in trade and industry. \|1808\|\|1357\|\|748\|\|64.5\|\|- 3.1\|\|- 14.9\| \|1840\|\|2635\|\|1425\|\|64.9\|\|- 79.0\|\|- 19\| \|1857\|\|3859\|\|2009\|\|65.8\|\|+ 34.9\|\|+ 14.1\| \|1897\|\|5345\|\|5187\|\|50.7\|\|+ 30.7\|\|+ 158.2\| This most instructive table represents the growth rate of the Jewish population. In the second half of the 18th century, between the years 1776 and 1796, there was a great increase in the size of the Jewish population which reached 80 percent. And in the period from 1796 until 1808 the number decreased by a quarter. The reason for this happening springs from the Napoleonic wars and the political reverberations in the years 1796-1815. The Christian population in the town also decreased during that time. After the stabilisation of the national situation and the preparation of congress Poland (1815), a period of consistent growth took place which lasted the entire 19th century. In the first quarter (1808-1827) the Jewish population doubled in size and in the second quarter (1827-1857), by more than a third. It was similar for the next forty years (1857-1897). The growth rate of the Christian population was almost parallel to that of the Jews, apart for the period 1857-1897 when the growth of the Christian population exceeded that of the Jews, even when the number of Jews grew nearly to thirty percent, the Christians increased by 158 percent. And so, throughout the entire 19th century there was an overwhelming majority of Jews in Kutno. In 1857 they comprised two thirds of the whole population, but at the end of the century the situation changed to the advantage of the Poles, and in the 1897 census the percentage of Jews decreased to half (50.7%). In the first decade of the 20th century the balance changed in favour of the Jews and in 1910 they comprised 63.0 percent of the town's population. However, with the emergence of independent Poland, there was a drastic change. In the census conducted in 1921, the population of the town was 15.976, from which 6,784 were Jews, that is, 42.5 percent. And in the following census in 1931 there was a further decrease. Out of a population of 23,368 souls in Kutno, the Jewish population contained only 6,440 people (according to their estimate), that is to say, no more than 27 percent. In comparison with 1910, a peak year for the number of Jews, in all periods the number of Jews in the town grew smaller. In both actual figures and percentages, this was the result of events from the First World War and emigration to countries overseas in the 20th century. Even so, it must not be ignored that the decrease in the percentage of Jews in the town results from an artificial calculation based on administrative inclusion of areas in the town jurisdiction populated by Christians. Intellectual and social image of the community in the 19th century Kutno is sited on the border of greater Poland and Mazowia and its geographical situation has moulded the stamp of the Jews of this town. The spoken language was a mixture of Polish Yiddish the slang of greater Poland - and the real Yiddish, from Mazowia. Also were sharp Opponents (Mitnagdim) house owners who wore shiny top hats and Chassidim from Kock, and Warka, on the other hand. Mitnagdim, who were intellectuals and read the HaTsfira and Washington Courier newspapers, and Kock fanatics who chased after the rabbis, were in the town. The geographical border line of Kutno expressed itself in the Kutno dialect which contained a mixture of languages. While the spoken language of the old generation was Germanised Yiddish, in the spoken language of the young generation Mazowian Yiddish had already taken over, quite simply. Also there was a clear blend in education and with the popular countries. In town there were scholars who were downright common. The street of the butchers (butcher's alley) of Szalom Asz was not far from the seminary and in the neighbourhood of the court of Rabbi Jehoszele Kutner lived the street organ grinders and the simple people. Like every Jewish town Kutno was rich in types that became a legend in popular folklore like Mordechai and Chaim described by Szalom Asz in his book Motke the Thief and by J. J. Trunk in his book Poyln. The Lithuanians made up a special group; they settled in Kutno after the expulsion from Moscow in 1891. They brought with them the spirit of the metropolis to the quiet atmosphere of the small town and a freer relationship in the religious life. They were large rich merchants and industry magnates who covered the expenses of the community and for this reason were treated tolerantly by the town's people who were not strict regarding their immoral behaviour. Some of them even filled important posts in the community. So, the foundations of the patriarchal society began to shake and new times arrived and with them, new schemes. The new generation got caught up in national and social movements and in 1908 the literary society was founded, affiliated to the centre which is in Petersburg, which opened a library and organized reading evenings with the participation of authors such as Szalom Aleichem (1913), H. D. Nomberg, Hillel Zeitlin, and others. In the elections for the second Duma [parliament] in 1907 a group of Poalei Zion was active in the town. With the outbreak of the First World War the situation of the Jewish population in the town changed and was pushed on to new paths. Jakub Goldberg. Osiemnastowieczne lokacje miejskie w dawnych województwach łęczyckim i sieradzkim. Rocznik Łódzki, tom IX (XII), 1964. p. 82. Return Jewish Studies in Memory of Alexander Kohut, New York, 1935, p. 235. Return JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions. Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited. Kutno, Poland Yizkor Book Project JewishGen Home Page Copyright © 1999-2016 by JewishGen, Inc. Updated 7 Aug 2010 by LA
The Rotocula is a sexually dimorphic creature which makes its home in mud flats. The adult forms of the male and female are so different that they have often been confused for completely different species. As such, they warrant separate monster entries. The male was posted last week. Like her male counterpart, the bulk of the female rotocula appears to be a large pile of sagging mud. The female also shares the male’s unique rolling-orb appendages, which serve as organic wheels that provide the rotocula with mobility. The similarities between the two do not go far beyond that, however. The female of the species has no legs. Nor does it share the male’s tough skull structure. Nor does it spend most of its time at rest while camouflaged. Quite the opposite! From the moment a female rotocula rises in the morning, to the moment it digs a small muddy pit to sleep in, the creature howls across the plains. The female’s constant screeching is meant to terrify its prey into running, as the female actually finds it more difficult to attack creatures at rest. The beast’s mouth completely separates the left and right halves of its head, and can potentially open so wide that the tips of the teeth are behind the esophagus. This, in conjunction with the rotocula’s long prehensile tongue, allows prey to be consumed without subduing it first. The female merely positions itself being a running creature. Then, using her immense speed, she surges forward, trapping the fleeing meat within her jowls. While there is a skull-like bone mass on each side of the female’s head, only one side contains a brain. And, curiously, which side of the head the brain is on varies between individual specimens. The only noticeable effect of this is that one of the rotocula’s eyes (due to the long path the optic nerve must travel) is often much weaker than the other. It sees only vague blurs of color and motion. There is no simple way to determine which eye is weaker, but if it is discovered, it could give those wishing to fight the beast an advantage. Female rotocula have a distinctive patch on their back which is a smooth brown and tan. When they wish to mate, they raise their tail to display its underside (as shown). The sight of this long patch of smooth skin–in conjunction with a differently pitched howling the female emits–entices males to approach. The female then opens her mouth as wide as possible, and the male inserts his snout into her throat. Once the act is complete, the female’s jaws snap closed, killing their mate. A loud screeching howl alerts you to the presence of a mud colored mass with razor teeth speeding towards you. Rotocula; CR 14; [Aberration] [Mud Flats] [Diurnal] N Huge Aberration Init +10; Senses Perception +8 AC 11, touch 11, flat-footed 6 [10 + Dex(-2) + Size(-2) + Natural(5)] HP 217 (16 HD, 16d8 + 176) Fort +21 Ref +3 Will +2; Speed 120ft (1ft on non-flat ground, cannot climb even simple structures) Melee Slam + 24 (2d8 + 10) Melee Bite + 28 (6d10 + 12) [A bitten creature may be grappled as a free action] Str 35 Dex 6 Con 33 Int 2 Wis 3 Cha 4 BAB +16/11/6/1; CMB 28; CMD 36 SQ Running Start, Swallow Whole, Attract Male Biting Charge(Ex) Like her male counterpart, the female Rotocula’s slam attack is greatly enhanced if it has enough space to build momentum. The effect can be even more devastating for the female, given that her powerful jaws are positioned at the front of her mass. If the female Rotocula makes a 50ft charge in a straight line prior to a bite attack, then she is granted an additional +6 to her attack roll. Swallow Whole(Ex) If the female Rotocula begins a turn with an opponent grappled in its mouth, it can attempt a combat maneuver check. If the check succeeds, the grappled character takes bite damage, and is swallowed. Character must be of large size or smaller to be swallowed whole. Swallowed creatures are considered grappled, and take 5d6 acid damage each turn until they die, or escape. The armor class of the inside of a Rotocula is 12. A hole can be cut in the Rotocula from the inside by dealing 20 hit points of damage. Attract Male(Ex) If in dire need, a female Rotocula may raise her tail and issue a mating roar. If the creature is encountered in its natural environment, there is a one-time chance that there is a male Rotocula nearby who will respond to the call and come defend its potential mate. Roll 1d20: - 1-13; No male Rotocula are nearby. - 14-17; a single male Rotocula comes to assist. (Will arrive in 1d6 rounds) - 18-19; two male Rotocula come to assist. (Each will arrive in 1d6 rounds) - 20; three male Rotocula come to assist. (Each will arrive in 1d6 rounds) Environment Mudflats. Very occasionally found in areas of plains. Activity Cycle Diurnal Diet Any living creature of small large or smaller; Natural Enemies Dragons
Local & Regional Wed July 7, 2010 Students Talk to Astronaut By Catherine Roberts Kingston, Okla. – Every so often, the astronauts aboard the International Space Station contact students on Earth, and tomorrow, they will be talking to students from Oklahoma. Amateur Radio on the International Space Station coordinates contacts and provides equipment both on the station and at sites on Earth for conversations between student groups and the astronauts. Tomorrow at about 3:35 p.m., kids from Cavett Kids Foundation's Camp Cavett, for children with life-threatening or chronic illnesses, will have around nine minutes to ask 21 questions of astronaut Doug Wheelock. Usually, groups come up with their own set of questions, but, "Due to the nature of this being kids from all over the state, and hard to get them together and coordinate the questions, we have picked 21 representative questions from a lot of other contacts," said Keith Pugh, who works with ARISS. "It's amazing - we've done 550 of these contacts in the last 10 years, and kids the world wide Europe, Japan, Australia, they all ask about the same questions." In Tulsa, "You can listen in if you've got a two-meter receiver that will tune 145.80," Pugh said. "You won't hear the kids talk on that; you'll hear the astronaut though, the downlink." Equipment on the ground for this particular contact is being provided by the FAA Aeronautical Center Amateur Radio Club out of Oklahoma City.
La Palma, one of the Canary Islands, was hit by a series of mini-earthquakes at the weekend, measuring between 1.5 and 2.7 on the Richter scale. Between Saturday 7 and Tuesday 10 October the island experienced 50 tremors, with the biggest taking place on Saturday at 1pm. However, the tremors took place at a depth of around 17 miles below sea level – deep enough that people on the island didn’t feel them. La Palma is the most actively volcanic of the Canary Islands; its most recent eruption took place in 1971, when the Cumbre Vieja volcano spewed lava. The recent set of tremors is catagorised as a “seismic swarm”, a phenomenon that is not considered abnormal, director of the IGN in the Canary Islands, María José Blanco, told Canarias7. She noted, however, that they had “never recorded a similar swarm” since they started monitoring seismic activity on La Palma. The IGN and the Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands (Involcan) are now keeping a closer eye on La Palma’s volcanic activity in light of the swarm. La Palma is the most north westerly of the Canary Islands, home to more than 86,000 residents. Join our commenting forum Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies
Units of time, such as days and years, have distinctive yin and yang properties. And knowledge of these daily and seasonal patterns can help keep you in synch with the rhythms of time and equalize the life energy flowing through your body. A single day is perhaps the smallest unit of time in which we can see the ebb and flow of yin and yang. At night, yin is at its strongest. Night is a time of rest, and the moon, darkness, coolness, stillness and quietness all display yin nature. The rising of the sun signals the beginning of yang time. This is a time of birth; if you are a heavy sleeper, getting out of bed early in the morning may be akin to “going through labor”. As the sun rises higher and the temperature increases, yang becomes more and more dominant and things tend to become more active. Afternoon is a time of growth. Eventually, yang reaches its peak and, from that point on, yin starts to regain its force and things start to wind down. For humans, evening is often a time of relaxation or entertainment. This is the harvest time, where we enjoy the fruits of what we have worked for. Finally as yin becomes more dominant, things return to the state of rest late at night. This daily oscillation of yin and yang is the base of yearly, seasonal change. After a long winter, flowers break through the surface of the ground and begin to grow. The dead yellow grass is replaced with fresh green grass, and new leaves appear on the trees. Farmers sow seeds and the crops begin to sprout up. That’s why the word ‘spring’ means to leap or bound. Spring is the time of birth, where yang energy is full and abundant. Accordingly, people who have high blood pressure have to be especially careful in the spring. High blood pressure is more likely to cause stroke in spring than any other season. In summer, plants grow very quickly and trees full blossom. The intense yang energy present during summer takes on the quality of (and is symbolized by) fire - the dispersed, dissipated state of energy. The blood circulates faster in summer due to augmented yang energy. But many people work or sleep in air-conditioned spaces, which act as a kind of artificial yin environment. Too much cold air can obstruct chi (life force) and cause health problems. Therefore, to prevent this imbalance, energy should be circulated through light exercises intense enough to make you break a sweat. Autumn is the time of maturity and harvest. In this season, chi is gathered and solidified - the trees bear fruit, the flowers produce seeds and the farmers harvest their crops. The yin energy present in autumn takes on the characteristics of (and is symbolized by) gold (metal). This maturing energy of autumn is said “to fall down”. Therefore, fall is another name for autumn. People can easily become depressed because of the falling nature of autumn energy. It is recommended that those affected practice active, moving meditations like Qigong or tai chi, which can help to circulate the energy for a sluggish body. In winter, all beings in nature tend to rest. Just as the nutrients return to the roots of the trees, so the life energy in the human body accumulates in the abdomen. Therefore, heavy exercises that force you to consume much energy should be avoided in winter. If you use up too much energy in winter, you may be susceptible to illness in spring. It is best to go to sleep early and get up late during winter as this will help to accumulate needed energy in the body. By Jaseng Center for Alternative Medicine. Jaseng Center for Alternative Medicine is one of the largest integrative medical facility with 10 medical practitioners and it is a branch medical office of Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine, which is the largest oriental medical hospital specializing in non surgical treatment of spine and joint condition. Please visit our website for more info at
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is treatment provided by a machine worn at night or during times of sleep to treat sleep apnea, a sleep disorder in which a person regularly stops breathing during sleep for 10 seconds or longer. A CPAP machine increases air pressure in the throat, keeping tissues in the airway from collapsing when a person inhales. The CPAP machine delivers air through a mask that covers the nose and mouth, through a mask that covers only the nose (nasal continuous positive airway pressure, NCPAP), or through prongs that fit inside the nose. The mask that covers only the nose is used most frequently. CPAP is the most widely used treatment for sleep apnea caused by blocked airflow in the throat (obstructive sleep apnea). eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
Any business correspondence has to have the right salutation. Without a proper greeting, the letter may seem incomplete and impolite. A common way of addressing professional letters in the past was, “To Whom It May Concern.” It is a broad greeting that can be used when the name or title of the recipient is unknown such as contacting a new client or applying for a job. It can be difficult to understand when to use “To Whom It May Concern” to address your letter. Read on to learn about the situations where it is okay to use this generic greeting and find out some better alternatives that you can use to address your letters. Here's what this article will cover: - Why do people use the phrase “To Whom It May Concern”? - Should one use To Whom It May Concern? - When should you use "To Whom It May Concern - Steps to take before using ‘To Whom It May Concern' - 'To Whom It May Concern' alternatives - When is it right to use 'To Whom It May Concern' - How to write a To Whom It May Concern letter – example Why do people use the phrase “To Whom It May Concern”? The use of this phrase in professional communication has reduced with the increased popularity of the internet. Writing a letter “To Whom It May Concern” was used as a form of corporate communication when the recipient was unknown. This generic salutation was used as a form of greeting at the beginning of the letter when the sender was unaware of who would be reading the letter. It still continues to be used as a formal greeting when the name of the person receiving the letter is not known. For example, when sending out a cover letter along with a job application, you are not sure who is going to read it. In such a case, instead of making a guess about who to address the letter to, you should use “To Whom It May Concern” in the salutation. Since it has already been established that this salutation is only used in formal letters, you need to ensure that you use the correct To Whom It May Concern format in order to form a good first impression. Should one use To Whom It May Concern? While this phrase was commonly used in the past, most corporate communications have now shifted online. This makes it easy to find the name and information of the person you need to contact. This is why it is better to avoid using “To Whom It May Concern” unless it is absolutely necessary to do so. In case you do not have a choice but to use this salutation, know how to use To Whom It May Concern in the right format in your letter to make sure that you sound professional. When should you use "To Whom It May Concern A letter addressed “To Whom It May Concern” is usually written when reaching out to a large company or new department. You can also use this salutation when you are contacting new or potential clients, and you are unaware of their name or position. Some situations that require you to use “To Whom It May Concern” as a salutation include: - Cover letter: Cover letters are usually read by multiple people. These include the HR representative, hiring manager, etc. Since you do not have a single person to address the cover letter to, you can begin it by using a generic salutation such as “To Whom It May Concern.” - Introduction to a new client: When sending out an email to a new client that you do not know the name of, you can use this salutation. Make sure that you use this opportunity to find out their name for further correspondence. - Company feedback: If you are sending out feedback or suggestions that would be viewed by multiple people or departments, it is better to use a generic phrase such as this in your email. - Recommendations/reference checks: If you are providing a recommendation or a reference check for someone, you can use this salutation to start the letter. - Formal complaints: If you have to send a formal complaint to a company, you can use “To Whom It May Concern” to address them. - Introductions: If you have to write a letter to an unknown recipient to introduce yourself, using a generic salutation works. - Prospecting messages: A lot of businesses require sending out prospecting messages to potential clients. Using a “To Whom It May Concern” is deemed acceptable in this case, but it makes for a good first impression if you put in efforts to find out the name of the client. All these situations are the answer to when to use To Whom It May Concern in a formal letter or email. Steps to take before using ‘To Whom It May Concern' Before resorting to addressing a letter “To Whom It May Concern,” it is better to put in some effort into identifying the recipient. The results will be worth your time because this makes you come across as a dedicated and resourceful person. - Check the original job posting- Most companies list the details of the contact person in the job posting or advertisement. Go through it thoroughly to find out the name of the person you need to address your letter. - Visit the company’s website- Most companies list out their employees’ details in the “About Us” section of their website. You can utilize this information to find the name of the recipient. - Check a professional networking website- When you search a company’s profile on a professional networking website such as LinkedIn, it will lead you to the profile of their employees. - Find another contact- If you have a friend or colleague who has worked at the company previously, you can inquire about the name of the recipient from them. - Contact customer service- You can also get the details of the recipient by contacting the company’s customer service directly. Just state your purpose, and you will be provided with the name and details of the contact person. Ideally, you should restrain from using a generic greeting in your letter. But if none of these steps work, then you have no choice but to use “To whom It May Concern” as a salutation in your letter. Knowing how to use To Whom It May Concern letter format is important if you are using this salutation. 'To Whom It May Concern' alternatives Using “To Whom It May Concern” may come across as lazy and outdated. This is why you should use the following alternatives whenever possible. - Dear [Name]: Using the first name in the salutation is an acceptable norm. You can use their last name along with the title if you wish to be more formal. For example- “Dear Mr. Williams.” - Dear [Role]: You can use this salutation when you are only familiar with the job title of the person you are writing to instead of their name. For example- “Dear Project Manager.” - Dear [Department]: In case you are unaware of the main contact person in a department or a team, you can address the letter to the entire unit. For example- “Dear Customer Service Department.” - Dear Hiring Manager: It is better to look for the name of the hiring manager on the company’s website. In case you are cannot find the name, using “Dear Hiring Manager” is also acceptable. - Dear [Department] Manager: You can also address the email to the manager of a single department of the company. For example- “Dear Purchasing Department Manager.” - Dear Customer Service Manager- You can use “Dear Customer Service Manager” as the salutation when contacting the customer support department of a company. - Dear Recruiter: This is a more generic salutation when you do not know what is the name of the position given to the recruiter by that particular company. - Dear Recruiting Manager: When applying for a new job, using “Dear Recruiting Manger” as a To Whom It May Concern alternative salutation is completely acceptable. - Dear Hiring Committee: When applying to a big company, know that your application will be viewed by a large team of recruiters. In this case, it is better to address it as “Dear Hiring Committee” instead of naming a single person. - Dear Search Committee: Let’s say that you have made it to the final round of an interview, and you require to send an email out to the entire panel. In this case, you should use “Dear Search Committee” as a salutation. - Dear HR Manager: When the letter has to be addressed to the Human Resources Manager of the company, you can use this salutation. - Dear Human Resources Representative: If you do not know the name of the representative of the Human Resources Department that you need to contact, you can use “Dear Human Resources Representative” in your letter. - Dear Personnel Manager: Another accepted To Whom It May Concern alternative is “Dear Personnel Manager.” - Greetings: This can be used for sending out an office memo or any other announcement. This is a casual generic phrase which you should avoid using in extremely formal settings. For example, “Greetings, marketing team.” - Good morning/day/evening: These salutations can be used depending on when you are sending the email. - Hi there: Another casual phrase that you can use with colleagues and other business associates that you know well. For example, “Hi there, Moira.” - Hello: “Hello” can be used when you have to carry on an ongoing email conversation. You should also refrain from using “Dear Sir/Madam” as a salutation as it is considered outdated and a lazy way of addressing a letter. When is it right to use 'To Whom It May Concern' It is important that you use the correct format when using any salutation since the correspondence is related to your business or job and is therefore high-staked. If you are wondering when to use “To Whom It May Concern,” the answer is never, unless you wish to sound overly formal. Finding the name and details of the person you have to contact is extremely easy in the era of the internet, which is why using such a generic salutation makes you come across as lazy. Use this salutation when you cannot find the name or position of the recipient anywhere. Some scenarios where it is okay to use “To Whom It May Concern” as the salutation include registering a formal complaint, sending out a cover letter, or prospecting messages to new or potential clients. How to capitalize “To Whom It May Concern”- If you are looking for the correct 'To Whom It May Concern' format- the entire phrase is usually capitalized when using it to address a letter. This is the commonly accepted norm. The phrase is typically followed by a colon. Add a line between the salutation and the body. How to write a To Whom It May Concern letter - example To Whom It May Concern: Body of the letter Another point to remember is that it is appropriate to use "Whom" instead of "Who" or "Whomever" in the salutation. Avoid using a comma, and always remember to put a colon after the phrase. Before sending out any email or letter, you need to do some research to assess the level of formality of that particular company. This will give you an idea about the type of salutation, honorifics, and other details that you need to include. Know How to Use the Salutation “To Whom It May Concern,” if you are adding it to your letter. While there are still some cases where it is acceptable to use “To Whom It May Concern” as a salutation, you make a much better impression when you email/letter is addressed to someone specific. It shows that you have put in the time and effort to find the right person to contact. A lot of recruiters see “To Whom It May Concern” as a lazy way of addressing a job application, which is why you should steer clear of using it when applying for a job. It is better to use any “To Whom It May Concern” alternative such as “Dear Hiring Manager” or “Dear Recruiter” if you do not know the name of the person.
Have you ever experienced a cold or lukewarm shower? It’s an unpleasant experience, isn’t it? If you are tired of constantly adjusting the water temperature as you shower, you may want to consider tankless water heater with a recirculation system. But what exactly is recirculation in a tankless water heater and how does it work? In this article, we’ll explain this interesting topic and how a recirculation system can give you hot water whenever you need it. Keep reading to find out more! What is Recirculation in Tankless Water Heater?Tankless water heaters are a popular alternative to standard storage tank water heaters, offering energy efficient hot water on demand. However, for tankless water heaters to provide the maximum efficiency and comfort, they must have built-in recirculation systems. What Does Recirculation Do?Recirculation is the process of moving hot water from the tankless water heater to the tap point and then back again. This allows users to get hot water faster than if they waited for the water to come out of the faucet cold and then heat up. Recirculation also helps conserve energy by reducing the amount of time it takes to fill a hot water tank, or to heat a larger tank, as well as cutting down on water waste. How Does Recirculation Work? When hot water is requested, the tankless water heater will shut off the cold water supply and divert the hot water to the point of request. The hot water will then be used before being sent back to the tankless water heater, ensuring that there is continuous hot water at the tap point. Types of Recirculation SystemsThere are two main types of recirculation systems: - A Timed Recirculation System – This system is triggered by a timer and activates periodically throughout the day, circulating hot water from the tankless water heater to the tap points in case someone needs hot water. This is the smarter of the two systems as it prevents energy from being wasted keeping hot water in the line when not necessary. - Demand Recirculation System – This system is triggered by a motion or flow sensor and circulates hot water as soon as there is a request, and will continue to circulate hot water until it is no longer needed. This can help save even more energy and is perfect for businesses and homeowners who want to get unlimited hot water. Benefits of Installing Recirculation SystemThe benefits of installing a tankless water heater with a recirculation system include: - Energy Efficiency – The biggest advantage of a tankless water heater with a recirculation system is that it will save energy by not having to heat and reheat the same water multiple times. - Saving Time – With a recirculation system, you will have hot water on demand, cutting out the wait time for the water to heat up. - Energy Savings – The energy saved by not having to heat the same water over and over will add up over time, resulting in significant long-term savings. - Environmental Friendliness – By reducing energy consumption and water usage, you will be doing your part to help protect the environment.
Columbia did not like the terms, and the “Big Stick” came out in full swing, as America backed a Panamanian revolt, and was able to gain the rights to the canal with the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty and the cost of $10 million with $250 thousand annum. This was not the only dealings in Latin America with America and Roosevelt. There was a naval blockade of Venezuela by Britain and Germany due in part to monies owed by Venezuela. Roosevelt and America felt that there was more to this debt than what was being said. Soon later, he had put some men together to go into Panama and one of those people was named Yan Denhartavelt. He was a person who helped the Canal get built, he also got the very first house built on the Canal site. When Teddy sent his men to Panama along with the engineer, they found it a disaster. In Panama, there were rain storms, bugs, forests, fires, earthquakes, and a whole lot more of different disasters. During the 19th century, the American people were experiencing a revolution concerning both the economy and religion, in what is recognized today as the Market Revolution and the Second Great Awakening. A rapid increase in the population within the countryside, and the development of new technology outburst a change in the economy from one of local exchanges to one governed by capital and capitalists. Family owned businesses began to expand and sold their items not only among a small community, but now products were being shipped to different ports along the colonies. The industrialization movement was rapidly approaching that “Indian removal was necessary for the opening of the vast American lands to agriculture, to commerce, to markets, to The Industrial Revolution was a very big part of our History. It brought lots of new inventions and products that society had never thought could be possible. The Industrial Revolution also brought in new medicine and medical equipment allowing people to live longer lives. Before the advancement in medicine if a person was in a coma then they were thought dead, and usually buried alive. In a time, 1865 marked the end of Reconstruction of the North and the South after the Civil War. The start of the Second Industrial Revolution began with the invention of electrical power and mechanical engines. The United States expanded westward like never before with the creation of railroads, oil, and steel. The Election of 1896 marked a critical election when Republican William McKinley, United States President from 1897-1901, defeated his opponent in one of the most dramatic and complex elections in the young country’s history. Using the idea of American Imperialism, the United States aimed to spread their political, economic, and cultural control within the government over areas beyond their boundaries. Between the year of 1865 and the year of 1920, the United States moved towards becoming a more industrialized and developing society. With this change taking place, resulted in improvement with how people live with family and earned money differently. The three major aspects of industrialization during the 1865 and 1920 that influenced the politics, economy and society of the United States are: entrepreneurship, technology, as well as transport and communication network. Entrepreneurship: the period after the Civil War from 1865 to 1920 was characterized by fast economic growth in the country. During Teddy Roosevelt’s first presidency, he attempted to tie with other governments, making this a political impact on the U.S. Therefore, when he noticed a problem or issue in another country, he traveled over there to stop it before it got too out of hand. He did this in order to preserve America and its people. Roosevelt saw the negotiations about the Panama Canal and intervened so it would help out Americans by connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean instead of The life of an industrial worker was very hard. Workers had to work long shifts and get paid very little. Some worked ten to twelve hours a day, six days a week, and made less than one dollar per hour. Along with long hours and little pay, there was no regulation for breaks, safety, or age. Due to this, one in eleven workers died on the job. In a time after the Civil War, when a transcontinental railroad was created connecting the East and West, people began to move and settle across the country, creating new urban cities and manufacturing hubs. It was because of the railroad that the Second Industrial Revolution and the Gilded Age took place which rapidly increased the manufacturing of products through the new machines in factories and the spread of ideas by the telegraph and railroad. It was in this context that many farmers, as well, began to move West and experience a loss in the prices of their crops. It is also in this context that many workers were forced to work long, laborious hours with little pay. Farmers responded to industrialization in the Gilded Age by forming organizations such as the Granger movement and the Farmers Alliance as well as creating the Populist Party. Industrialization and Industrialists had many important impacts on America. The era of industrialization known as the " Gilded Age" opened up many new doors for the American people. The industrialist Andrew Carnegie had one of the biggest impacts on America by far. Carnegie was responsible for the production of steel. The Big Stick Diplomacy was when Colombia said “No” to building a canal, Roosevelt new that if Panama was an independent country that they would want a canal. So he sent American warships to Panama and scared Colombia away and helped Panama became an independent country. Roosevelt knew that they wanted to break away from Colombia. The warships never fired a shot. Theodore Roosevelt: We needed to get the Columbian governments consent to start the process of building the Panama Canal on their land. Mark Twain: And how did that work out for you? They still charged us $40 million for the land, $10 million to secure it, and $250,000 a year for rent! Theodore Roosevelt: Whatever it takes, I will do for my country! In the eyes of the Panamanians, this was militarily helpful. American presence during the Panamanian Revolution showed the Panamanians that the US was reliable and convinced them to allow the building of the Panama Canal. The construction of the canal and the years it took to get there show that Roosevelt did not use the approach of others. He formed his own opinions on the matters of how foreign affairs should be handled, rather than just following in the footsteps of those before him. His use of other countries’ matters of contention in order to put the United States in a position of power had rarely been used before and its repercussions proved to be effective. The American Industrialization was in the late 1800’s making many things to improve the economy. The American Industrialization was caused by multiple factors, some of the factors included a growing population, a willing work force, high tariffs, among many more. These effects made people willing to work at lower wages so they can get jobs and buy American made goods. There were many outcomes of the Industrial Revolution, both positive, like improving people's lives, and negative effects, like exploitation of workers. The positive effects of American Industrialization is how it make work cheaper, employed thousands of workers, and improving people’s lives. During the industrial revolution factories flourished and for many people improved their financial status. Factories and machines that could process food faster and in larger quantities caused some jobs to be obsolete. The umemployed migrated from their rural homes along with others immigrateing from other countries in droves flooding urban areas. Most were seeking employment and the ability to provide a better life for their families,.
Is cooking in aluminum pans bad for you? "Is cooking in aluminum pans bad for you? I use them on the grill for vegetables." Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth’s crust, and it is in the air, soil and plants we eat. It is found in far greater concentration in a single antacid than you are likely to get from food cooked in aluminum pans. Having said that, you should be aware that highly acidic foods, like tomatoes, lemon, most fruits, vinegar and wine, absorb much more aluminum than others. These acidic foods, along with undissolved salt, can cause the surface of uncoated aluminum (whether a pan or foil) to pit, and therefore presumably cause additional leaching. Grilling non-acidic vegetables on aluminum should not be a problem. Cooking on pans with aluminum in them but which are coated or anodized, is also not an issue, because the coating forms a barrier between the metal and the food.
You’ve felt it before: the embarrassed, self-conscious realization that you’ve just committed a major error, made a mistake when you should have been performing better. We all experience this unpleasant feeling. Measuring electrical activity in the brain, researchers call it “error-related negativity,” relating it particularly to a part of the midbrain called the anterior cingulate cortex. New research indicates that religiousness may reduce activity in this part of the brain, physiologically buffering people against their own mistakes. Most interestingly, the source of this effect may be the generation of meaning itself. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a structure located near the front-center of the brain, is involved in alerting people when something is out of the ordinary or unexpected in their environment. More broadly, it’s related to feelings of anxiety – from learning about a natural disaster to realizing we’ve just called an acquaintance by the wrong name, stressful or jarring experiences activate the ACC and generate feelings of anxiety, discomfort, and stress. Unfortunately for the neurotically inclined, our own mistakes and errors are one of the most important sources of ACC-related anxiety. The error-related negativity response is a buildup of negative electrical charge in the brain that shows up on electroencephalograph (EEG) readings about 100 to 150 milliseconds after a person commits an error; for example, error-related negativity signatures show up in brain readouts about a tenth of a second after a research subject errs in, say, completing a math problem. Most researchers believe that this negativity response begins in the anterior cingulate cortex. Knowing the empirical relationship between stress, mistakes, and the ACC, University of Toronto researchers Michael Inzlicht, Alexa M. Tullett, and Marie Good wondered whether religion – which is often related to lower stress levels in epidemiological and psychological studies – might buffer people from the negative effects of their own mistakes. Recruiting a religiously diverse sample that included representatives from most major religions as well as atheists and agnostics, Inzlicht and colleagues had volunteers take a common test that measures how well test-takers can make quick visual decisions about images and words shown on a computer screen. The particular test they chose is notoriously difficult, so nearly everyone makes numerous mistakes when they take it. This gave the researchers plenty of opportunity to measure what participants’ brains were doing when they messed up. In the first test, participants were broken into groups depending on whether or not they scored beforehand as “religiously zealous.” Zealots were those who agreed with such statements as “In my heart I believe that my religious beliefs are more correct than others.” Compared with non-zealots, the religious enthusiasts showed markedly less EEG response to their mistakes on the visual test, suggesting that they were experiencing less anxiety after committing errors. In the next test, the researchers simply asked whether volunteers believed in God – a significantly less dramatic measure of subjects’ religiosity. Again, the results indicated a strong relationship between participants’ belief in God and lack of anxiety after committing mistakes on the test. Interestingly, in addition to showing less error-related negativity on the EEG readouts after each mistake, religious believers and religious zealots alike actually committed fewer errors than their nonbelieving peers. This may have been because the believers, feeling less anxiety after each individual mistake, were less stressed overall and so better able to focus on the task at hand, but the authors of the study couldn’t be completely sure. They were more confident, though, about the reasons for the general connection between lowered anxiety levels and high religiousness. The researchers suggested that the main reason for this association was that religiousness, including belief in God, makes life seem more orderly and meaningful, thus reducing stress at the neurological level. This explanation, which they called the “motivated meaning-making account,” asserts that people are driven to discover order and continuity in the world, and that this need is higher when they feel that their own level of control is reduced – such as when they’re making lots of mistakes. In short, any type of disorder or lack of control makes people feel anxious. Since our own mistakes and errors are registered by our brains as disorder, the order-creating function of religion helps buffer us against the unpleasant neurological effects of our own failures.But Inzlicht and colleagues realized that other explanations might also fit the data, so they examined some alternative hypotheses. The first two suggested that religious people might be less able to pay attention to the test or the errors they were making as they took it. But the fact that religious people tended to perform better on the test led the researchers to quickly reject these possibilities. The third hypothesis postulated that religious people were less cognitively flexible, or able to adapt to new data. This would explain why their brains showed less error-related negativity – they simply weren’t synthesizing the information that they were making mistakes. In blunt language, this would suggest that religious people were a bit too dimwitted to actually realize they were making errors. However, controlling for IQ and for measures of close-mindedness did nothing to eliminate the effect, so the researchers dismissed this hypothesis as well. They concluded that the most likely cause for reduced anxiety response among believers really was that religious belief increased participants’ sense of order and meaning, and thus made them less anxious about their own mistakes. The EGG readings simply showed the byproducts of this effect. In a secondary test of their hypothesis, Inzlicht and colleagues carried out a similar study with the same computerized visual test. This time, though, they also measured participants’ startle blink response along with their brain electrical activity. The startle blink response is an instinctive physical reaction that causes us to flinch, partially closing our eyes, when we’re faced with negative stimuli. These negative stimuli include loud, sudden noises and violence, but also our own seemingly innocuous errors in everyday life. As predicted, religious believers showed less startle response, as well as less error-related negativity response stemming from the ACC. The final study connected all the dots. Each participant in this study read one of three fake newspaper articles that suggested that scientists had met at a conference to decide whether life had meaning and the world was orderly. According to one article, the scientists had decided that life was meaningless and the world was chaotic and fundamentally unintelligible. The other articles both argued that the universe actually was orderly. But one claimed that people could never understand this order, while the other reported that the scientists had decided that understanding was possible. The participants then took a similar visual perception test, and their error-related negativity responses were measured with EEG instruments. The results confirmed the researchers’ expectations: participants who had been led to believe that the world had order and meaning showed significantly less anxiety and ACC activity after committing mistakes than those who had been told the universe was chaotic and random. More interestingly, it didn’t matter whether participants thought that they could ever actually understand that order or not; just the assertion that there was a basic pattern to existence was enough to make subjects less anxious about the mistakes they made. The results Inzlicht and colleagues reported suggest that the need for meaning and order is not to be dismissed as fuzzy, emotional, or subjective. It actually affects people’s neurological functioning, and can have profound effects not only on their inner psychological states, but also their actual performance on difficult tasks. The implications for the evolutionary adaptiveness of religious belief are obvious. And this research may provide a concrete link for researchers who investigate the connection between religion and health – if religious people react less anxiously to their own mistakes and to cognitive dissonance in general, they may be less stressed overall and therefore less susceptible to illnesses, disease, and stress-related disorders. However, like almost anything having to do with religion, there’s also a downside. As mentioned above, innocuous belief in God led to reduced anxiety and better performance among believers… but so did jingoistic religious zealotry. As usual, the uncomfortable truth is that religion can benefit its followers even when it makes them close-minded or prejudiced against outsiders. We seem to need to feel that the world has order and meaning, but religious systems that denigrate outsiders, subjugate women and minorities, and advocate holy wars can provide that meaning just as efficiently as peaceful, inclusive faiths. In the end, it’s probably up to us to balance our various needs. Meaning and order are important, but so are the needs of others to be allowed to live their lives without being judged or assaulted for beliefs that may differ from our own. If we’re lucky, more research into the scientific basis for religious behavior may give us hints into how this balance can be achieved – even if we have to make a few mistakes along the way. Click here for the abstract to Inzlicht et al.’s article, “The Need to Believe: A Neuroscience Account of Religion as a Motivated Process,” in Religion, Brain, & Behavior.
Israel's Population Exceeds 6 Million Israel's population passed the six million mark at the end of September, the Central Bureau of Statistics announced November 4, 1998. Some 4.76 million Israelis are Jewish. Over the last seven years the population has increased by one million. About 59 percent of this is natural increase. When Israel was established 50 years ago, there were an estimated 800,000 people living there. Within a year, that figure had risen to more than one million. By the end of the first decade, the total had climbed to two million. That doubled by 1982; and the five million mark was passed in 1991. Source: Consulate General of Israel in New York.
The Great Rule of Torah Greetings from the holy city of Jerusalem! In this week's Torah portion, we find the famous imperative, "Love your fellow as yourself, I am God" (Leviticus 19:18). Rashi (on Torat Kohanim) cites Rebbe Akiva, who said of this mitzvah, "This is a great principle in Torah" (Zeh klal gadol baTorah). From these few words, a number of questions come to mind: - Why does the verse, "Love your neighbor as yourself" conclude with the words, "I am God"? (This question can be asked every time a verse concludes with the words, "I am God," but for now, we will focus on this verse.) The implication of this statement is, "I am God who commands you to do this mitzvah." Surely we know by now, more than halfway through the Torah, that we perform mitzvot because they are the will of God! What does this statement mean? - What does Rebbe Akiva mean when he says, "This is a great principle in Torah"? Since when do our Sages rate the mitzvot? - Rashi, in many other places, explains that the statement, "I am God" comes to teach us that God is "ne'eman l'shalem s'khar" - that He is believed to pay reward. Why does Rashi use the word "ne'eman," which implies belief, instead of the seemingly more appropriate word "batuach" (sure)? Divinely-allotted reward and punishment is not dependent on our belief; it is guaranteed! Why not say so? Maimonides suggests an idea that will help us resolve these difficulties. He states that two people can perform exactly the same mitzvah, yet be granted entirely different amounts of Heavenly reward. How is this fair? Maimonides explains that one person may have performed the mitzvah with great difficulty, whereas the other person may not have been challenged by it at all. A simple example is with the mitzvah of tzedaka (charity). A rich person who gives a dollar to a needy individual is judged quite differently than a person who is struggling to get by, yet still manages to scrape together a dollar to give to charity. We are rewarded according to the level of effort we put into our performance of mitzvot and the level of difficulty this entails. Now we can answer our third question. Rashi says that God is believed to pay reward, rather than saying He is guaranteed to do so, because we must believe that God takes into consideration the effort we put into our mitzvot. Although the actions themselves do have inherent value, the level of difficulty for us in performing them leads to differing levels of spiritual reward. There is no way we could ever empirically compute this - so we must believe that God knows how to combine all the variables and reward us fairly. HUMBLE AND GREAT In order to answer our two remaining questions, we must explore the accepted concept among philosophers that love can exist between people only when they have many things in common. The Tiferet Shmuel (vol. 1) explains that, based on this idea, one might mistakenly think that it would be difficult for great leaders and scholars to love common, ordinary people. If love depends on similarity, how could a scholar who spends his days delving into the intricacies of Jewish texts possibly cultivate love for the average person? What does an accomplished scholar have in common with a ditch-digger? Although it is true that common ground helps people build relationships, Judaism rejects the hierarchical underpinnings of this idea. The Torah says of Moses that he was the greatest prophet who ever lived (Deut. 34:10), and also that he was the humblest person on the face of the earth (Numbers 12:3). These seem like contradictory statements. Didn't Moses realize he towered over everyone else? How could he be humble? The Tiferet Shmuel explains that, although Moses recognized his unique capabilities, he viewed everyone within the context of their circumstances. When meeting an average person, Moses would think, "Perhaps the five minutes of Torah learning that this water carrier squeezes into the end of his exhausting day are more precious to God than all my achievements!" In this way, Moses maintained his humility. This is exactly Maimonides’ point that we mentioned earlier - that God evaluates the effort it takes to perform a mitzvah. There is no way for us to know whose effort is worth more or less. Every learned person must try to adopt Moses's attitude of humility, and think, "Perhaps this simple, ordinary person is actually greater than me in God's eyes. Perhaps his effort is worth more." The Tiferet Shmuel thus understands the command, "Love your fellow as yourself," to be addressing the leaders and scholars. God tells them, "Love everyone - even average people - as yourself." If the scholar claims that such love is impossible because of the vast differences between him and the average person, God concludes the command with the words, "I am God" - in other words, "I am the one who assigns reward." Why should the scholar assume that he is on a higher level than the average person? The average person might be equal or greater because of the effort he invested! This answers our first question. The verse, "Love your fellow as yourself" does not conclude with the words, "I am God" in order to identify God as the source of the mitzvah. Rather, these words teach us that God can be trusted and believed to reward people according to their effort. This also answers our second question. Rebbe Akiva is not rating or ranking this mitzvah. Rather, his statement must be read as follows: Zeh klal... Gadol b'Torah. In other words, "This principle [is intended for those who are] great in Torah"! The principle "Love your fellow as yourself" is especially relevant to those great scholars who might be tempted to think that they have little in common with the average person. May we all be blessed to make a shift in our thinking and approach each person we meet with the thought, "How would I fare if I were in his shoes?" May we merit to see the atmosphere of camaraderie and love that will arise from this perspective, and may we thus deserve to experience the world coming full circle and returning to its state of paradise.
Council of Trent a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers Diet of worms A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw. the remission of temporal punishment resulting from sin for oneself and also for the souls in purgatory. Justification by faith God's gracious act of rendering a sinful human to be holy and endowed with grace (in Catholic and Orthodox doctrines) or as acceptable to God (Lutheran) martin Luther's statement of principle's regarding penance and the abuse of indulgences A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches. An agreement between the pope and a head of state identifying the role that each would play in Church governance in that country The 17th and 18th century movement in Europe during which reason and science grew in importance as sources of truth a movement which started among the Catholic clergy in France. It was rooted in an exaggerated sense of nationalism, and claimed that national rulers had authority over Church governance in France. a gift of the Spirit whereby the pope and bishops are preserved from error when proclaiming a doctrine related to Christian faith or morals a theory that nothing is true unless founded on scientifically demonstrable proofs based solely on reason and the five senses; condemned by the first Vatican council Reign of Terror the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed. A method of intellectual inquiry dominant in western Christian civilization from the Middle Ages until the seventeenth century, and into the twentieth century among catholic scholars Belief, often in an exaggerated form, that the pope alone has ultimate authority for Church governance in all countries Act of Tolerance a law enacted in Maryland in 1649 declaring that all Christian denominations have a right to practice their faith A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. Reductions of Paraguay Jesuits worked with many native american groups and transformed them into self-sufficient farming communities that celebrated the catholic feasts. Reduction was bringing together tribes that didn't speak together German Augustinian friar who wrote to the local archbishop outlining his position on a number of theological issues St. Ignatius Loyola A young soldier who wanted to become a saint ho then formed the Jesuit order and Jesuit universities Saint Charles Borromeo the nephew of Pope Pius IV is the patron saint of seminarians. He took an active role at the council of Trent in 1562. He composed the Roman Catechism. Catherine of Aragon When Henry VIII needed a son to continue the Tudor dynasty, and he found out his wife Catherine of Aragon could not give him one (only a daughter, Mary), he sought an annulment. Of course, the Catholic Church denied him one, and in return Henry VIII split England from the Catholic Church. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) created to be an elite teaching, missionary force in the Catholic Church; founded by a former Spanish soldier Ignatius Loyola, organized along military lines, spread the Catholic message and slowed the growth of Protestantism, it stressed education and founded many colleges (many Protestants hated and fears the Jesuits; in England Jesuit priests were killed) (it was made during the Counter-Reformation)
Posted by Mary on Tuesday, March 30, 2010 at 12:28am. Inferences about Two Proportions technique (Chapter 9): There is a claim that proportion of successes increased in 2009 compare to 2008. For data given in Table 1 Number of cases Number of successes 2008 400 180 2009 500 235 Calculate pooled sample proportion and z-test statistics Use a significance level of á = 0.05 to make decision if there is a considerable change of proportion of successes. - STATS - MathGuru, Tuesday, March 30, 2010 at 7:41pm This would fit a one-tailed proportional z-test (using proportions). The test would be one-tailed because of the alternate hypothesis (p2009 > p2008). Here is one formula: z = (p2009 - p2008)/√[pq(1/n1 + 1/n2)] ...where 'n' is the sample sizes, 'p' is (x1 + x2)/(n1 + n2), and 'q' is 1-p. I'll get you started: p = (180 + 235)/(400 + 500) = ? -->once you have the fraction, convert to a decimal (decimals are easier to use in the formula). q = 1 - p p2008 = 180/400 p2009 = 235/500 Convert all fractions to decimals. Plug those decimal values into the formula and find z. Once you have this value, compare to the critical value from a z-table using 0.05 significance for a one-tailed test. If the test statistic exceeds the critical value from the table, reject the null and accept the alternate hypothesis (p2009 < p2008). If the test statistic does not exceed the critical value from the table, then you cannot reject the null and you cannot conclude a difference. I hope this will help. Answer This Question More Related Questions - Math - 1. The table shows the growth in the number of Mcdonalds restaurants ... - AP Statistics - 12) Which of the following statements is true? a) The sampling ... - stats 3 - 2. Collect the data pertaining to the number of customers serviced (by... - Statistic - TABLE 12-3 A computer used by a 24-hour banking service is supposed ... - Math - A surgical technique is performed on 7 patients. There is a 70% chance of... - STATS - 7. Calculate b0 and b1 and make an equation of regression line for the ... - comprehension:make inferences - make inferences about the situations or ... - stats - 7. Calculate b0 and b1 and make an equation of regression line for the ... - Math - For a binomial distribution with n=20 trials and probability of success p... - statistics - I have just a couple questions I have trouble understanding... can ...
Do you know what power is? But super important for Karate! Because, let’s face it: if you don’t have power in your techniques, your Karate is pretty much only for show. In traditional Karate, especially the kind still practiced in Okinawa & Japan, power is of utmost importance. Yet, many people have a hard time generating power in their techniques. Even basic punches! Partly because they don’t really understand what the term “power” means, but also because it requires a lot of scientifically correct training. So check this out… Today I would like to help you achieve massive power in your Karate techniques by using a little bit of science. (If you ask me, science should be applied much more in today’s Karate.) Let’s make one thing clear though: I’m no scientist. I don’t even know how the lamp in my fridge works. But I’ve been using scientific principles for years to optimize my understanding of Karate, and hopefully I can share some of that with you today. Let’s get started! Force = Mass x Acceleration The first thing you should know is this: No matter how much you practice, you can’t defy the laws of physics. That includes Newton’s second law. F= m x a (Force equals mass times acceleration) This formula is fundamental to your punching power and will be the basis of the rest of this article. But, you should know that a punch requires multiple accelerations of different masses working together simultaneously (a.k.a “technique”), and the dynamics of a something like a punch are fairly complex as we are dealing with many levers, forces and torques. So, even though the physics of a punch is not as cut and dry as F = m x a, it covers the basics of what you need to know. You see, the power of your punch depends mainly on how fast you can accelerate your mass. The quicker you accelerate your mass into the target, the more powerful your punch is. So now, let’s look at those two components. Mass & acceleration. Step 1: Understand “Mass” The first thing you want to increase is your mass. (And no – not by getting a loyalty card at Dunkin’ Donuts.) More mass equals more potential punching power. You want to increase the amount of mass you can manage to transfer into the target. - If you are a beginner in Karate, the only mass you’ll be able to move into the target is basically your hand. - If you train a little longer, you might get the whole arm behind the punch. That’s a few more pounds! - And if you train even more… you might finally get your whole body’s mass behind the punch. Awesome! When you reach that last stage, you’ll be able to generate legendary amounts of power – even if you’re a tiny person. Like Bruce Lee. The idea is to put every percent of your body’s mass into your punch. To do this, you need to combine correct technique with a good understanding of your own body. Then comes the next step; hurling that body mass away. Step 2: Understand “Acceleration” The second step is acceleration. (F = m x a – remember?) Most people think acceleration is equal to speed, but it’s not. Acceleration is how fast you increase the speed. That’s the difference. You need to increase the speed of your mass in as few seconds as possible. It’s not enough to have speed in your technique. You need to actually reach that speed super fast too – otherwise you won’t get insane power! For this to happen, your muscle fibers need to be sizzling hot and ready to fire in perfect sequence (= good technique) in order to accelerate your mass from a state of relaxation to tension (impact) as quickly as possible. Again, it all comes down to correct technique. This depends greatly on your ability to recruit fast-twitch muscle fibers through your central nervous system. In other words, you cannot be lazy. Step 3: Put It Together You can have perfect understanding of how to use your mass, and be able to accelerate that mass at supersonic speeds, but if you don’t have this ONE final component it all falls down: You need to have the warrior mindset. In order to achieve the power you want, you need to enter each punch with total focus and unwavering commitment. In Japanese, this mindset is known as “fudo-shin”, or ‘immovable mind’. Basically, your mentality needs to be strong enough to move mountains. The harder you can push yourself mentally, the harder you can punch physically. Sadly, many people have weak minds. This holds them back from reaching their potential more than any of their physical or technical attributes. It’s just that simple. You need to align all three components of shin-gi-tai (mind-technique-body) to perform at top level, no matter if you’re punching, kicking or blocking. Then just add a little science to it – and you have a deadly cocktail. Good luck & thanks for reading. May the power be with you!
Alpacas are a member of the camelid family which also includes llamas and, as the name suggests, camels. There are two types of alpacas; Huacaya and Suri. We breed Huacaya. Countries of Origin – Peru, Bolivia, and Chile; first imported into Australia in 1858. Size – A mature alpaca weighs 60 to 100kg and is 85 to 95cm tall at withers (top of the front shoulder). Crias normally weigh 6 to 8kg kg at birth. Lifespan – 15 to 20 years, with some living to 25 years of age. Reproductive lifespan of females – Approximately 2 to Reproductive lifespan of males – Approximately 3 to Gestation – 11 to 12 months. Healthy females can produce cria approximately once each year. Single births are the norm with twins reported once in 50,000 births. Colors – There are more than 22 natural shades of alpaca fleece ranging from white to black. Fleece annual growth rate – 80 to 150 mm. Weight of fleece – A junior (first fleece) is often about 1.5kg. Some mature individuals can yield up to 8kg. 1. When do you mate alpaca? Female alpacas are induced ovulators. This means that they do not have a specific season. They have a 12-14 day cycle and therefore pregnancies can result at any time of the year. In Australia the majority of mating takes place in Spring and Autumn. 2. Can I have just one alpaca? Alpacas are herd animals and are instinctively gregarious. They feel secure and content when with other alpacas. 3. Can I run alpacas with other livestock? Herd Guards? Yes alpacas can bond well with other types of animals and are often used as herd guards for sheep, goats and chickens. If you would like to read more we would be pleased to forward you a copy of the Australian Alpaca Association’s Alpaca Note 6 “Alpacas as Herd Protectors”. Due to the risk of the alpacas being kicked you will need to be careful if mixing with horses and cattle. We run our males alpacas with two horses and there have been no problems. 4. Do alpacas spit? Yes spitting is one of the few defence mechanisms an alpaca has and as you can imagine it is a very effective deterrent. They spit regurgitated or recently chewed grass and it brushes off when dry. The odour is distinctive and does not smell pleasant so best to avoid being the target. Alpacas spit at each other as a pecking order mechanism and it is rare that they spit directly at people. 5. Do alpacas kick or bite? Alpacas are usually sensitive around the hind legs and will instinctively kick backwards if they sense a threat from the rear. The alpaca foot is a soft pad and hence injuries from kicking are minimal. Most alpacas can be desensitized to being touched around the hind legs if they receive good handling as youngsters. Alpacas rarely bite, if biting does occur it is generally done as attention seeking behaviour by 6. What do alpacas eat? Alpacas are principally grazers but sometimes they enjoy casual browsing. They are fastidious food selectors that are highly adapted to eat small amounts of a variety of plants. Although they can survive very harsh conditions, alpacas do best on good quality pasture and benefit from having access to plant material with long fibres: eg. hay. There are a number of commercial alpaca mixes available but these are best thought of as supplying vitamins and minerals rather than the bulk feed which is obtained through grazing. One important rule to remember is to introduce any changes to the diet gradually, over a period of a couple of weeks. This way, the microbes in the gut have time to adjust to any feed changes. Some gardens contain a number of plants that are toxic to most livestock (oleander, rhododendron, laburnum etc). Care should be taken when fencing off gardens that such plants do not overhang into alpaca areas. Likewise, there is a long history of calamities with other livestock that have inadvertently been fed prunings from such plants. Local nurseries can provide good advice on poisonous plants or alternately click on the following link Poisonous Plant List Although some people think alpacas don’t drink huge amounts, they do need to have ready access to good quality, fresh drinking water. 7. Health and Husbandry. Below are links to further reading provided by the Australian Alpaca Association:- 8. How often do you need to shear an alpaca? Alpacas are shorn once a year, usually in spring. Shearing is the biggest maintenance required and usually takes around five to ten minutes per animal for an experienced alpaca shearer. If you are purchasing your first alpacas, ask the vendors for the name of a recommended shearer, or ask if you can bring the alpacas back to the property on their shearing day. Most AAA regions hold regular workshops and demonstrations on shearing alpacas. A very small percentage of alpacas are shorn standing up, but the preferred method of shearing is to lie the animals on their side and restrain their legs with a tether at each end. This protects both the shearer and the alpaca from being accidentally cut. One side of the animal is shorn and it is then rolled over and shorn on the other side. Depending on the density of the fleece, alpacas cut anywhere between 1 1/2 and 4 kg of fleece. Some of the high quality stud males will cut higher weights. 9. How do you transport alpaca? Alpacas travel very well in a van, covered trailer or horse float. Most alpacas will sit during the journey and travel best in the company of another alpaca. On long trips over two or three hours it is advisable to plan for a stop so the alpacas can have a toilet break. Clean hay on the floor of the vehicle helps to absorb jarring on rough roads and also provides feed for the journey.
Family: Catostomidae, Suckers view all from this family Description The longnose sucker, Catostomus catostomus, is a freshwater species of fish inhabiting cold, clear waters in North America from northern USA to the top of the continent. In addition, it is one of two species of sucker to inhabit Asia, specifically the rivers of eastern Siberia. The body of the longnose sucker is long and round with dark olive or grey sides and top and a light underside. They are typically 15 - 25 inches long and weigh between one and two lb. The longnose sucker is a bottom-feeding fish, eating aquatic plants, algae, and small invertebrates. They are preyed upon by larger predatory fish, such as bass, walleye, trout, northern pike, muskellunge, and burbot. They are fished for game and food and also used as bait to catch the larger predators. Longnose suckers are often confused with white suckers, as they appear very similar. Dimensions Up to 25 1/2" (64 cm). Habitat Lakes & ponds, Rivers & streams. Range Plains, Great Lakes, New England, Mid-Atlantic, Rocky Mountains, Southeast, Northwest, Eastern Canada, Western Canada, Alaska.
What is the body water content of females? ~50% water (higher fat content, less skeletal muscle mass). What are the distinctive pattern of electrolytes in ECF? Major Cation: Na+, Major anion: Cl- (chloride). What are the distinctive pattern of electrolytes in ICF? Low Na+ and Cl-. Major Cation: K+, Major anion: HPO42- (hydrogen phosphate). Why are sodium and potassium nealry opposite in ECF and ICF? Reflects the activity of cellular ATP- dependent sodium -potassium pumps. What are the hypothalamic thirst center osmoreceptors stimulated by? Declined plasma osmolality of 2 - 3%, Angiotension II or Baroreceptor input, Dry Mouth, Substantial decrease in blood volume or pressure. What are the inhibitory feedback signals of water intake? Relief of dry mouth, activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors. What is Obligatory water losses? Insensible water loss from lungs and skin, feces, and minimum daily sensible water loss of 500 ml in urine to excrete wastes. What other facts may trigger ADH release via large changes in blood volume or pressure? Fever, sweating, vomiting, dirrhea, blood loss, and traumatic burns. What is a Negative Fluid Balance: Dehydration? ECF water loss due to hemmorrpahge severe burns, prologned vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, diurectic abuse. What are the signs and symptoms of Dehydration? Thirst, dry flushed skin, oliguria (decreased production of urine). What can dehydration lead too? Weight loss, fever, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock, and loss of electrolytes. What happens if the ECF is diluted? Hyponatremia (no enough sodium in the body fluids outside the cells). What does swelling of cells lead too? Severe metabolic disturbancea such as nausea, vomiting, muscular cramping, cerebral edema - possible death. What is Edema due too? Anything that increases flow of fluids out of the blood or hinders its return - high blood pressure, capillary permeability (usually due to inflammatory chemicals), incompletant venous valves, localized blood vessel blockage, congestive heart failure, hypertension, high blood volume. What does hindered fluid return occur with in Edema? An imbalance in colloid osmotic pressures - hypoporteinemia (decreased plasma proteins). How can blocked (or surgically removed) lymph vessesl result in Edema? Cause leaked proteins to accumulate in IF, increased colloid osmotic pressure of IF draws fluid from the blood, results in low blood pressure and severly imparied circulation. What are salts important for? Neuromuscular excitability, secretory activity, membrane permeability, controlling fluid movements. What does JGA secrete Renin in response too? Sympathetic nervous system stimulation - decreased filtrate osmolality, decrease stretch due to low blood pressure. What does renin do to angiotensin II? Catalyzes it, which prompts aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex. What are the effects of ANP? Decreases blood pressure and blood volume. Decreases ADH, Renin and Aldosterone production. Increases excretion of Na+ and water. Promotes vasodilation directly and also by decreasing production of angitensin II. What is Calcium ion Ca2+ in ECF important for? Neuromuscular excitability, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, secretory activities. What does PTH do to Small Intestines? Enhances intestinal absorption of calcium (indirect through vitamin D). What does inhibited PTH secretion result in? Release of calcium from bone is inhibited, larger amounts of calcium are lost in feces are urine, more phosphate is retained. What is H+ produced by? Metabolism. - Phosphoric acid from breakdown of phosphorous containing proteins, lactic acid from anaerobic respiration of glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies from fat metabolism, H+ liberated with C02 is converted to HC03 in blood. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions regulated by? Chemical buffer systems, respiratory centers, and renal mechanisms. What is a Chemical Buffer? System of one or more compounds that act to resist pH changes when strong acid or base is added. What is Bicarbonate Buffer System? Mixture of H2C03 (weak acid) [carbonic acid] and salts of HC03- (e.g., NaHC03, a weak base) [sodium bicarbonate]. Buffers ICF and ECF. What happens to bicarbonate buffer system if a strong acid is added? Bicarbonate ties up Hydrogen and froms carbonic acid. pH of solution decerases only slightly. What happens if a strong base is added to Bicarbonate buffer system? Causes Carbonic Acid to dissociate and donate Hydrogen, pH of the solution rises only slightly. What are the components of Phosphate Buffer System? Sodium salts of Dihydrogen phosphate (H2P04-) [weak acid], Monohydrogen phosphate (HP042-) [weak base]. What is an effective buffer in urine and ICF where phosphate concentrations are high? Phosphate Buffer System. What do Kidneys eliminate? Other fixed metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, lactic acids, and ketones) and prevent metabolic acidosis. What are the most important renal mechanisms? Conserving (reabsoring) or generating new HC03-, Excreting HC03-. What is Respiratory Acidosis? Most common cause of acid-base imbalance. Occurs when a person breathes shallowly, or gas exchange is hampered by diseases such as pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, or emphysema. - HYPOVENTILATION.
Word families are groups of words that have a common pattern in them. They are groups of letters with the same sound. The words are classified into three major categories depending upon the sounds they have. The words have starting, middle, and ending sounds. This worksheet has common words with _air sound. It will help the child identify the sound and patterns as they begin learning to read and write. Word family worksheet helps students to develop phonological awareness as well as improve reading and spelling skills Download “Worksheet : Grade 2 word family word list – air”Grade-2-Word-Family-air-word-list.pdf – Downloaded 637 times – 324.27 KB Time needed: 10 minutes. Spell out and read _air ending words - Use your forefinger to point the letters as you read. - Read the letters correctly with their individual sounds and _air sound together as you spell the word. - Learn words from air word family and try to find their meaning
To completely disintegrate plastic may take up to 1000 years, during this process it aids to carbon emissions, majorly contributing to global warming and climate change. That makes replacing plastic bottles with reusable ones an urgent need of the hour. Humans tend to indirectly consume microplastics, which are small left out pieces of plastic in landfills and oceans. Animals mistake them for food and eat. Meat and seafood are widely consumed by humans. Thus, acting as a harmful substance for both of them. To break this chain, we need to bring some small habit changes. Coming to the solution, reusable bottles are more fun and creative to use with a wide range of designs and styles you can choose any and express yourself through your choices. Mostly, the plastic ends up being dumped into oceans & rivers thus poisoning aquatic life very badly. Therefore, think before using plastic bottles and the impact it will create on aquatic life. Plastic is not all a good choice when it comes to durability. Whereas, materials like metal, glass or bamboo are both durable and good for your health. Reusable bottles can be used to carry coffee, tea, juices or any other liquids. Don’t pay the extra 5-10 rupees per bag they charge you at the grocery, retail store. Save your money and save our planet by bringing some reusable bags when you go food shopping, to the pharmacy, or out for a day shopping with friends. Next time you are out for drinks or grabbing a cold coffee at your local cafe, ask to skip the straw. If you rely on straws because of a disability, you can buy a reusable straw made out of stainless steel, bamboo to bring with you on the go. They even make ones with handy packs and cleaning brushes so you can stay clean and eco-friendly.
Posted by pat on Thursday, October 28, 2010 at 8:59am. can you draw an isosceles triangle that ia not equilateral? draw me sclene triangle ? please !draw me so ,i will get today for my preview .thanks!!! - 5th math - bobpursley, Thursday, October 28, 2010 at 9:02am isosceles: Try 10,10,2 . That is not equalateral. sclene: Sides unequal. 5, 6, 7 - 5th math - jai, Thursday, October 28, 2010 at 9:08am you just have to measure the lengths of the sides of the triangle you want to draw. for instance, if isosceles, choose the length of the two sides which must be equal (any length, like 3 cm or 5 cm) using your ruler, then the length of the last side must be different from the first one you chose. *remember isosceles = only 2 lengths equal, the last length is different scalene triangle = the lengths of the three sides are NOT equal ; they have different lengths for instance, if scalene, choose three different lengths, for instance 2, 3 and 4 cm so there,, hope this helps~ :) - to jai - Writeacher, Thursday, October 28, 2010 at 9:28am We would appreciate it if you would discontinue the "so there" at the end of your posts. It's flippant and could be interpreted as sarcastic -- definitely NOT appropriate when working with younger students. Thank you so much. - 5th math - jai, Thursday, October 28, 2010 at 10:01am i'm very sorry, mr. Writeacher! i didn't know that, because i'm also a student. i promise not to do it again. - 5th math - Writeacher, Thursday, October 28, 2010 at 10:33am We know your answers are very good, and we hope you'll continue posting good explanations, especially for younger students. Answer This Question More Related Questions - Geometry - Let ABC be any triangle. Equilateral triangles BCX, ACY, and BAZ are... - geometry - Draw an equilateral triangle ABC with side length 4cm to scale and ... - Precalc/Triangles - Draw and solve any triangles satisfying alpha = 29 degrees a... - Math - Can someone please check to see if I answered these true and false ... - MATHS-geometry - how do you draw an obtuse angle triangle, construct the ... - Geometry - Can anybody help me with this word problem? A homeowner, who loves ... - trigonometry - draw a triangle that maps their route. label the lengths and ... - Math-CHECK PLEASE - Which of the statements is ALWAYS TRUE? A-A right triangle ... - Math - A triangle has 2 angles that measure 60 each. Which of the following best... - Math - True or false and if false write a true statement 1. A right triangle has...
Fluorescent nanoparticles produced in our lab are used for imaging ion concentrations and ion fluxes in biological systems such as cells during signaling and interstitial fluid during physiological homeostasis. Date Published: 7/04/2011, Issue 53; doi: 10.3791/2896 Keywords: Bioengineering, Issue 53, nanoparticles, nanosensors, polymer, fluorescence, imaging, intracellular, in vivo, sodium Dubach, J. M., Balaconis, M. K., Clark, H. A. Fluorescent Nanoparticles for the Measurement of Ion Concentration in Biological Systems. J. Vis. Exp. (53), e2896, doi:10.3791/2896 (2011). Tightly regulated ion homeostasis throughout the body is necessary for the prevention of such debilitating states as dehydration.1 In contrast, rapid ion fluxes at the cellular level are required for initiating action potentials in excitable cells.2 Sodium regulation plays an important role in both of these cases; however, no method currently exists for continuously monitoring sodium levels in vivo 3 and intracellular sodium probes 4 do not provide similar detailed results as calcium probes. In an effort to fill both of these voids, fluorescent nanosensors have been developed that can monitor sodium concentrations in vitro and in vivo.5,6 These sensors are based on ion-selective optode technology and consist of plasticized polymeric particles in which sodium specific recognition elements, pH-sensitive fluorophores, and additives are embedded.7-9 Mechanistically, the sodium recognition element extracts sodium into the sensor. 10 This extraction causes the pH-sensitive fluorophore to release a hydrogen ion to maintain charge neutrality within the sensor which causes a change in fluorescence. The sodium sensors are reversible and selective for sodium over potassium even at high intracellular concentrations.6 They are approximately 120 nm in diameter and are coated with polyethylene glycol to impart biocompatibility. Using microinjection techniques, the sensors can be delivered into the cytoplasm of cells where they have been shown to monitor the temporal and spatial sodium dynamics of beating cardiac myocytes.11 Additionally, they have also tracked real-time changes in sodium concentrations in vivo when injected subcutaneously into mice.3 Herein, we explain in detail and demonstrate the methodology for fabricating fluorescent sodium nanosensors and briefly demonstrate the biological applications our lab uses the nanosensors for: the microinjection of the sensors into cells; and the subcutaneous injection of the sensors into mice. 1. Preparation of optode Before making the optode, aliquots of the components are need so that they can be easily measured and stored. - A 50 mg Sodium Ionophore X (NaIX) vial and a 50 mg sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (NaTFPB) will each be brought up in tetrahyrdofuran (THF) and aliquoted into 1.5 ml polystyrene centrifuge tubes. In a chemical fume hood, dissolve the 50 mg of NaIX in 1 ml of THF in the shipping vial and mix to ensure that the solid has completely dissolved. Transfer 100 μl of this solution into 10 separate centrifuge tubes. Repeat for NaTFPB. Allow the THF to evaporate in a chemical fume hood overnight, label the centrifuge tubes and place them in a 4 degree refrigerator for storage. This creates 5 mg aliquots of dry NaIX and NaTFPB. - Dissolve the Chromoionophore III (CHIII) in 1 ml of THF and transfer to a 3 ml glass vial. Add another 1 ml of THF to the CHIII shipping vial to dissolve any residual CHIII and add this to the 3 ml glass vial. There will be a total of 2 ml now. Transfer 1 ml of the CHIII in THF solution to two separate 1.5 ml glass vials with a Teflon coated caps. Store the CHIII solution in a 4 degree refrigerator at the final concentration of 5 mg/ml. These aliquots and solutions will be used to make the optode material. - Pipette 66 μl of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (DOS) into a 1.5 ml glass vial with a Teflon coated screw cap - this is the optode vial. DOS is a viscous solution so care must be taken to ensure the proper amount of solution is transferred to the vial. The volume corresponds to ˜ 60 mg of DOS. - Weigh out 30 mg of high molecular weight poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) and transfer this to the optode vial. - Now add the aliquoted functional components to the optode vial to create the desired optode. The relative concentrations of CHIII, NaIX, and NaTFPB will determine the response of the sensor to sodium. These concentrations can be adjusted to have a sensor that ideally responds to intracellular concentrations, with a Kd of 10 mM, or extracellular concentrations, with a Kd of 150 mM. Additionally, there will likely be batch to batch variability of the chemicals from the vendor and calibration of the sensors is necessary to determine if the correct response is occurring for each new batch of chemical components. Here we describe the method to create a sensor with concentrations that are typically used for intracellular sodium measurements. - In a chemical fume hood, transfer 100 μl of the 5 mg/ml CHIII in THF solution to the optode vial. - Dissolve 5 mg of NaIX in 300 μl of THF and transfer 300 μl to the optode vial, this correlates to 5 mg of NaIX. - Dissolve a 5 mg aliquot of the NaTFPB in 500 μl of THF and transfer 20 μl of the solution to the optode vial, this correlates to 0.1 mg of NaTFPB. - Add 80 μl of THF to the optode vial. - The solution in the optode vial contains 30 mg of PVC, 60 mg of DOS, 5 mg of NaIX, 0.2 mg of NaTFPB, 0.5 mg of CHIII in 500 μl of THF. Gently vortex this vial until all of the PVC has dissolved. The optode should be a red color. The total amount of THF added to the vial should be 500 μL regardless of the ratio of components used. - Allow the remaining THF in the NaIX and NaTFPB aliquots to evaporate overnight and re-label the tube with the correct amount of chemical. 2. Creating nanosensors - Pipette 100 μl of 10 mg/ml 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine-N -[Methoxy(Polyethyleneglycol)-550] in chloroform (PEG-lipid) into a 4 dram glass vial. Allow the chloroform to evaporate in a chemical fume hood This process can be expedited by drying the solution with nitrogen gas or house air. - Add 4 ml of the desired aqueous solution to the vial with PEG-lipid. Place the vial on a laboratory jack underneath the sonicating tip and raise the vial until the tip is about 7 mm deep in the solution and sonicate at a low sonication power for 30 seconds. Here we use a Branson digital sonifier set to 15% amplitude with a ½ inch tip diameter step horn. The aqueous solution can be any solution. For example, to determine the response of the sensors we use 10 mM HEPES pH 7.2 with trizma base. - While the solution is being sonicated, mix 50 μl of the optode material with 50 μl of dichloromethane in a 0.6 ml microcentrifuge tube. Mix with the pipette to ensure even mixing. - Adjust the sonifier control to sonicate for 3 minutes. Start the sonication and while sonicating add the optode mixture solution to the vial by immersing the pipette tip into the solution and dispensing the 100 μl of solution in one quick, even injection. The solution should turn blue, depending on the aqueous solution used. - Allow the sonication to continue for about 30 seconds then lower the jack so that the sonicating tip is about 2 mm deep in solution. This should begin to aerate the solution and the solution will become opaque. This step helps to remove the residual THF and dichloromethane from the solution. - Once sonication is complete, pull up the nanosensor solution into a 5 ml syringe. Attach a 0.2 μm syringe filter and dispense the nanosensor solution into a glass vial with screw top cap. The solution should be clear and blue if an aqueous solution that contains less than 10 mM sodium and has a pH less than about 9 is used. Otherwise, it should have no color or be pink. 3. Determining nanonsensor response This method is used to determine the response of nanosensors designed to measure intracellular sodium. Different concentrations are recommended to be used for extracellular sodium concentration nanosensors. - Make stock solutions of 10 mM HEPES (0 Na) and 1M sodium chloride (NaCl) in 10 mM HEPES (1 M Na) and pH each of these solutions to 7.2 using trizma base. Mix stock solutions of 0 Na and 1 M Na in 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes to create solutions with: 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 mM NaCl concentrations. - Use an optical bottom 96 well plate to determine the response. Add 100 μl of each concentration of sodium to 3 wells in a column. This will produce an array of 3 x 10 wells. - To each well add 100 μl of freshly prepared nanosensors and load into a microplate fluorometer. We use a Molecular Devices Spectramax M3. - Read each well with the following wavelengths: The nanosensor intensity at each wavelength is dependent on the sodium concentration. The use of the wavelength depends on the applications. For intracellular slow dynamics measurements, we use 488 nm/570 nm (excitation/emission) and 488 nm/670 nm which allow us to ratio the two wavelengths and reduce noise. - Traditionally, optode data is converted to a values which are: α = (I - Imin)/(Imax - Imin), where I is the intensity at a given sodium concentration, Imin is the lowest intensity in the response measurements, and Imax is the highest intensity in the response measurements. Convert either the ratio of intensity at 570 nm divided by the intensity at 670 nm or the intensity at 680 nm to α. - Use plotting software, either Excel or Origin are typically used in our lab, to plot α versus the log of the sodium concentration, setting the log of zero sodium concentration to -1. Fit a sigmoidal curve to the response. From the curve, calculate the sodium concentration at α = 0.5 which represents the concentration at which the sensor optimally responds. - Adjust the ratio of CHIII, NaIX, and NaTFPB in the optode to create nanosensors with optimal response around the sodium concentration of interest. 4. Intracellular imaging - For intracellular measurements, the nanosensors are made in 5 mg/ml glucose in water and microinjected into the cells. - Grow or transfer cells to a glass bottom dish or an imaging chamber with a glass coverslip bottom. - Incubate the cells in clear media or Tyrode's solution. Mount the imaging chamber or dish onto an epifluorescence microscope. We use a Zeiss LSM 7 confocal microscope. - Pull capillary glass with a pipette puller. We use a sutter flaming brown p-97 with 1 mm OD, 0.78 mm ID glass, to a final tip diameter around 300-500 nm. - Backfill the pipette with nanosensor solution using a syringe and a Hamilton needle, or a microtip loader and a pipette. - Mount the pipette into a holder that is attached to a micromanipulator and connected to a pressure controlled injection system. Here we use a Burleigh EXFO PCS 6000 micromanipulator and a medical systems corporation injector. - Lower the pipette on top of the cell and into the cytoplasm, sometimes it is necessary to "tap" the manipulator holder to pierce the membrane. Inject the nanosensor solution and quickly withdraw the pipette. 5. In vivo imaging All procedures have been reviewed and approved by Northeastern University's Animal Care and Use Committee. - Nanosensors for in vivo, extracellular imaging are made in phosphate buffered saline and adjusted to have an optimal response to sodium at a sodium concentration of 135 mM. - For the injection set-up and imaging of the fluorescent nanosensors in mice, we use the IVIS Lumina II and its associated anesthesia unit. Disinfect the induction and imaging chambers. Place CD1 nude mice (approximately 20g) in the induction chamber and expose them to isoflurane. The percent of isoflurane and oxygen flowrate administered will vary depending on the species and weight of mice. Wait for the mice to become fully anesthetized. - After the mice are anesthetized, remove the mice from the induction chamber and place into the imaging chamber. Keep the mice under anesthesia. For each mouse, disinfect the desired injection areas. - Fill a sterile 31G insulin syringe with 10 μL of nanosensors making sure to remove all air bubbles. - Using forceps, grasp a small fold of skin along the back of the mouse at the desired injection site. While grasping the skin, insert the syringe into the skin with the bevel facing up and the needle parallel to the skin. - Prior to injecting the sensors, pull back on the syringe plunger to ensure the needle is not inserted into a blood vessel. Then, gently move the needle right and left to create a pocket within the skin. This will minimize the back pressure which causes the sensors to leak out of the injection site. Inject the sensors and gently remove the syringe. - Gently apply pressure to the injection site and wipe away any solution that may have leaked out of the injection site. This will minimize fluorescence from sensors that are not injected into the skin. - Repeats steps 5.4 through 5.7 until the number of desired injection areas is reached. Six injection sites evenly spaced on the left and right side of the back are recommended. For each individual mouse, change needles if the needle becomes difficult to insert into the skin. Needles should not be shared between mice. This will minimize disease transmission or cross-contamination amongst mice. - For imaging the sodium fluorescent sensors, we acquire both brightfield and fluorescent images of the mice using filter sets that most closely matched the 640 nm/680 nm (excitation/emission) spectrum of the nanosensors and that also minimize the autofluorescence of the skin. 6. Representative Results Figure 1. Response curves of five different nanosensor sets to sodium. Each set represents nanosensors from different optode formulations that had the same amount of CHIII, NaTFPB, PVC and DOS but varying amounts of NaIX . The data were converted to α values using the 639/680 nm intensities. Data are an average of 3, error bars omitted for clarity, with a fitted sigmoidal curve using Origin. In this response curve, the maximum concentration of sodium used was 500 mM. The Kd of the sodium nanosensors for sodium ranged from 10 mM (orange diamonds) to about 150 mM (black squares). Figure 2. Injected neonatal cardiac myocytes. Cells were cultured on coverglass, mounted on a microscope and injected with sodium nanosensors. Shown are fluorescent (639 nm excitation), brightfield, and overlay. Note that some sensor clustering occurs but the cells have normal morphology, sensors have diffused throughout the cytosol and there is no nuclear loading. Figure 3. Subcutaneous injection of mice with sodium nanosensors. Nine different injections of sodium nanosensors were made into the subcutaneous space of nude mice. Both bright field and fluorescent images (640/680) are overlaid. The formation of nanosensors should take no longer than 10 minutes once the optode solution has been made and the PEG lipid dried. Optode can not only be made quickly when needed, but when stored at 4 degrees Celsius, they can be stable for months. We have shown that the nansensors, once formed, are stable in solution for at least a week; however, care must be taken to prevent photobleaching over this time by blocking the nanosensors from light.6 While sodium nanosensors were demonstrated here, optodes have been created for most biologically relevant ions such as potassium and chloride.10,12 We have also extended this technology to small molecules such as glucose.13 In addition to generating nanosensors to monitor different analytes, these nanosensors are amenable to other changes that will make them useful in most biological experiments. For example, the surface coating, in this case poly(ethylene glycol), can easily be changed using any amphiphilic molecule that is water soluble. This enables the possibility of functionalizing these nanoparticles for different applications or targets. The size of the nanoparticles can also be adjusted by altering the surface coating, the sonication intensity or the solvent used. Calcium fluorescent indicators have been invaluable in determining intracellular calcium signaling; however, no available sodium sensitive dyes have the same ideal characteristics. Optode nanoparticles intended to provide an alternative method for imaging ions intracellularly have been in development for years.14 We have built upon this previous research to create nanosensors specific for intracellular sodium imaging that will hopefully provide a means to understand how sodium signaling affects cellular function and alterations in signaling which lead to certain diseases. The use of fluorescent nanosensors in vivo offers a real-time minimally-invasive alternative for monitoring analytes over other methods such as blood draws.3 Sodium and glucose nanosensors based on the technology above have been shown to track changes in sodium and glucose, respectively in vivo.3,13 However, there currently exist limitations to this method as a monitoring tool. For example, the sensors must contain a fluorophore with a spectrum sufficiently shifted towards the near infrared red in order to minimize background autofluorescence from the skin.15 Second, the current injection technique does not produce uniform injection of the nanosensors which may be caused by such errors as variation in injection depth. Despite these limitations, the development of these fluorescent nanosensors and their successful demonstration could make these sensors an invaluable research tool and method for monitoring patient health. No conflicts of interest declared. JMD and MKB are funded through the IGERT Nanomedicine Science and Technology program at Northeastern University (funding from NCI and NSF grant DGE- 0504331). This work was also funded by National Institutes of Health National Institute of General Medical Sciences Grant R01 GM084366. We also thank Saumya Das and Anthony Rosenzweig of BIDMC in Boston for providing cardiac myocytes and Kevin Cash for his contribution in the animal protocol development. \|IVIS Lumina II Instrument Package \|\|Caliper Life Sciences \|CD-1 Nude Mice \|\|Charles River Laboratories \|\|Strain Code: 086 \|\|3/10 ccmL , 8mm, 31G \|High Molecular Weight PVC \|Thin walled capillary glass \|\|Sutter Instrument Co. \|\|Avanti Polar Lipid, Inc \|Table 1. Provides a list of chemicals and equipment used in this procedure. All common chemicals not listed were purchased from Sigma. - Adrogue, H. J., Madias, N. E. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 342, 1581-1589 (2000). - Kim, D. Y. BACE1 regulates voltage-gated sodium channels and neuronal activity. Nat Cell Biol. 9, 755-764 (2007). - Dubach, J. M., Lim, E., Zhang, N., Francis, K. P., Clark, H. in vivo sodium concentration continuously monitored with fluorescent sensors. Integr Biol (Camb). (2010). - Minta, A., Tsien, R. Y. Fluorescent indicators for cytosolic sodium. J Biol Chem. 264, 19449-19457 (1989). - Dubach, J. M., Harjes, D. I., Clark, H. A. Ion-selective nano-optodes incorporating quantum dots. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129, 8418-8418 (2007). - Dubach, J. M., Harjes, D. I., Clark, H. A. Fluorescent ion-selective nanosensors for intracellular analysis with improved lifetime and size. Nano Letters. 7, 1827-1831 (1021). - Schaffar, B., Wolfbeis, O. A sodium-selective optrode. Mikrochim Acta III. III, 109-109 (1989). - Seiler, K. Characterization of sodium-selective optode membranes based on neutral ionophores and assay of sodium in plasma. Clin Chem. 37, 1350-1355 (1991). - Zhujun, Z., Mullin, J., Seitz, W. Optical sensor for sodium based on ion-pair extraction and fluorescence. Anal Chim Acta. 184, 251-251 (1986). - Bakker, E., Buhlmann, P., Pretsch, E. Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 1. General Characteristics. Chem Rev. 97, 3083-3132 (1997). - Dubach, J. M., Das, S., Rosenzweig, A., Clark, H. A. Visualizing sodium dynamics in isolated cardiomyocytes using fluorescent nanosensors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 16145-16150 (2009). - Harjes, D. I., Dubach, J. M., Rosenzweig, A., Das, S., Clark, H. A. Ion-Selective Optodes Measure Extracellular Potassium Flux in Excitable Cells. Macromolecular Rapid Communications. 31, 217-221 (2010). - Balaconis, M. K., Billingsley, K. L., Dubach, J. M., Clark, H. A. Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied, Forthcoming. - Park, E. J., Brasuel, M., Behrend, C., Philbert, M. A., Kopelman, R. Ratiometric optical PEBBLE nanosensors for real-time magnesium ion concentrations inside viable cells. Anal Chem. 75, 3784-3791 (2003). - Frangioni, J. V. in vivo Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging. Curr Op Chem Biol. 7, 626-634 (2003).
The 2009 ISDDE Prize for Design in Education (The Eddie) Lifetime Achievement Award: Paul Black The award recognizes excellence in design of educational products and materials in science or mathematics. The 2009 award, “for a substantial body of work over a period of years” has been awarded to Paul Black of Kings College London. Professor Black (pictured, left) has made major innovative contributions of four different kinds. He led the revolution in UK science education. He pioneered the development of a design-focused approach to Design and Technology, a field that had been largely craft-based. As chair of the Task Group on Assessment and Testing (TGAT), he led the design of the assessment system for the UK National Curriculum. He launched the current movement to recognize and exploit the potential of formative assessment in improving student learning. His work recognizes the importance of all levels of design from the student and teacher in the individual lesson to the tactical and strategic aspects that are essential to the large-scale impact his work has achieved. His designs are based on careful research, much of which he himself has carried out, elaborated through systematic development. While he works with teams of able collaborators, his design leadership is widely recognized. The materials produce ‘surprise and delight’ in various ways, while weaving topics together to make a coherent connected course. Prof. Black’s work has ranged across five main project areas: Nuffield Advanced Physics The physics materials he designed with Jon Ogborn have had major influence in the UK and beyond, both in their use by a substantial proportion of schools and in their influence on subsequent authors. The emphasis on the processes of scientific reasoning was as innovative as the introduction of 20th century topics including quantum mechanics, electronics and relativity. He has written: “A key feature for both of us then was the intellectual excitement of putting some of the key ideas of 20th century physics into the A-level, a field in which the study had hitherto stopped at the 19th century. This involved pedagogic transformation, i.e. finding ways to present advanced and complex ideas in ways that would be both authentic and intelligible.“ The Higher Education Learning Project in Physics reflects the university teaching background from which he came into full-time science education. It built on his earlier work on the teaching of Physics at the University of Birmingham introducing, for example, six-week “group study” research projects in the final year. Nuffield Primary Science played an important role in taking the study of science in the elementary school beyond the traditional “nature study”. Nuffield Design and Technology Project enabled teachers to move beyond the craft tradition (woodwork, metalwork, cooking…) to include the processes of design. Formative assessment Through an extensive and careful research review, he launched the current recognition of the potential of formative classroom assessment in promoting student learning. He then went on to develop tools for teachers to use in realizing some of its potential in the classroom. This work continues. All these projects combined principled innovation in design with large-scale impact. The design concepts are as profound as the resultant materials are effective – and delightful. Paul Black has written: “The construction of a course is itself a piece of engineering, a job to be done despite inadequate knowledge of how some of the basic components in the learning process work. We have conceived the task as one of weaving topics together to make a connected story which makes sense and arouses interest in its own right, which has discernible themes and connects these in fruitful ways, and which at the same time serves these deeper aims of learning in the future, of understanding physics, of understanding how physics works, of learning to inquire oneself, and of seeing applied and social implications. The success of the course will be judged, at least by its authors, by its success in achieving these aims, although we would also include one other – that of arousing interest and enjoyment in the majority, and not just the able minority, of those who study it.” He discusses much of this work in an article in Educational Designer: Black, P. (2008) Strategic Decisions: Ambitions, Feasibility and Context. Educational Designer, 1(1). Retrieved from http://www.educationaldesigner.org/ed/volume1/issue1/article1 Click here to download the press release for the 2009 ISDDE prize. A-level is the school leaving examination in England, based on study in the final two years of high school, ages 16-18. - 2023 Prize Patrick Iroanya - 2021 Prize Charles Lovitt - Call for Nominations - 2022 Prize Sofia Tancredi - 2020: Joseph Krajcik - 2018: Nick Jackiw - 2017: Kaye Stacey and Zalman Usiskin - 2016: Uri Wilensky - 2015: Solomon Garfunkel - 2014: Christine Cunningham - 2013: Hugh Burkhardt - 2012: Jacqueline Barber - 2011: Jan de Lange - 2010: Michal Yerushalmy - 2009: Paul Black - 2008: Malcolm Swan, Glenda Lappan, Betty Phillips
TECHNO-SAPIENS: Human Evolution in Technological Era Technology and science impact our daily lives in every field, from the cars we drive, cell phones we use, computers and networks we access and power we consume! In fact humans have always been greatly affected with the developments in new technology. Famous Poet Thoreau once said 'improved means to an unimproved end'. There is no escape from technology. In most cases this is not a problem though. Many people respect and admire technology because it is there to benefit them. Without the technological advances we have had over the years, the world would not be what it is today. With the advancement in technology, human life is more comfortable like never before. There is almost no place that you can go where technology hasn't been used. Technology affects our daily lives in everything that we do; it saves time (time is money-more so these days),creates a world of endless learning and makes travelling to halfway around the world effortless. Technology has effected in almost every single respect one can think of, be it communication, entertainment, studies, industrialization, food industry, social efforts, business, comfort, luxury, efficiency etc., however there is also possibility to be misguided by technology. In those circumstances, people think that it is better to be without technology. But I think that it is not possible, because this rapid growth of technology has not just come up like a shoot in a night, rather, it is gradual process, a process in the human evolution. Therefore this scientific paper is an attempt to prove that technology is a stage in the human evolution. For this cause, I would also explore in to the famous evolution theory propagated by Charles Darwin, for which the proofs would appear. Besides this, I would also do a relevant study on one of the famous quote of Vallalar, a famous Tamil poet. ‘To be Unique, be hungry and stay awakened’. I would try to bring out the misinterpretation of the quote to the present scenario. As I have already presented a philosophical article on the same topic at our philosophical academy, this paper is only a deeper probe into the same. PLATO - A Holistic Philosopher Christianity owes much to Plato, because it is on his concepts its doctrines and teachings remains intact till today. Next to the epistles of St. Paul, Platonic theories play the role of spinal cord for Christian traditions. It was St. Augustine, an initial doctor of the church who made this possible. Being a Neo-Platonist before his conversion, he adopted the concepts of Plato and Christianized it to authenticate the Christian aspect of ‘faith’ scientifically and logically. It is irrefutable that no other religion except, Christianity has a firm scientific explanations and certainly the tribute goes to Plato. Being a believer of Christianity, I wanted to ensure deep root in my faith aspect. To know about a tree, we need to scrutinize the root of it. Platonic concepts are in a way part of the root of Christian tree. Henceforward, I took interest in doing my scientific paper on Plato. Even though my intention is to know the fundamentals of Christian faith, in no way, I have adopted it or biased in the progression of the paper. I gratefully remember and vouchsafe a bouquet of thanks to Fr. Vincent Babu OFM Cap., my moderator and professor, who encouraged and lent a helping hand in my first endeavour in doing a scientific paper. In addition, I also acknowledge my gratitude towards the community members and my companions who are supporting me in all the ways possible. MILESIAN PHILOSOPHERS - Methodology Assignment The history of philosophy aims to give a connected account of the different attempts that have been made to solve the problem of existence, or to render intelligible to us our world of experience. In solidarity with this and aiming to contribute to this, for my assignment on methodology, I have researched and presented my scientific paper on ‘the milesian philosophers’. Even though it does not require much of conceptual work, I have dealt it with much endeavor, being my first attempt in this realm. Few of the ancient peoples advanced far beyond the mythological stage, and perhaps none of them can be said to have developed a genuine philosophy except the Greek. They not only laid foundations upon which all subsequent systems of western thought have been reared, but formulated nearly all the answers with which European civilization occupied itself for two thousand years. In spite of their being not very authentic, I was very much impressed and inspired by their first innovative and scientific approach into this new venture of philosophy. This is what made me to cling to this topic. I gratefully remember and dedicate this-my first effort in doing scientific paper to Fr. Britto, my methodology professor, who patiently taught me the ABC of this subject, and also encouraged me and helped me to accomplish this work successfully.
Bone marrow aspirate concentrate is made from fluid taken from the bone marrow of the back of the bony pelvis. The bone marrow aspirate contains stem cells that can help the healing of some bone, joint and tendon conditions. What conditions will might be helped by stem cells? Stem cells can be used to help with bone healing, cartilage repair and new blood vessel growth. Using stem cells may treat delayed union or nonunion of bone fractures, cartilage defects, osteonecrosis, chronic tendon problems or chronic wounds. This method is avoided in patients who have an infection or cancer. The Bone Marrow Aspirate Procedure A needle is used to remove bone marrow from within the bone. This is typically done under local anesthesia. We can also provide oral Xanax to take prior to the procedure. IV sedation is rarely used. Most people describe the initial aspiration of the bone marrow as feeling like an ‘internal barometric pressure change’ that lasts for less than 30 seconds. The sample of bone marrow is removed and then spun down in a centrifuge to separate the cells. A liquid is produced that has a high concentration of stem cells. Dr. Barr then injects the stems cells directly into the target tissue. The pelvis is marked and prepped to keep the site sterile. A hollow needle is inserted into the bone using a small drill and a syringe is used to withdraw fluid from the bone marrow. After enough fluid has been collected, the needle is removed. Pressure is applied to the needle site to stop the bleeding. A small dressing is then applied. After aspiration, there usually is pain at the pelvis that goes away within several days. A small dressing or bandage is kept at the aspiration site until it has healed. Potential complications may include pain, bleeding, infection and nerve injury. Intra-abdominal injury may occur because of the needle. The aspirate site may be painful for approximately one week.
India is set to overtake China as the world’s most populous country this month! The United Nations has been keeping an eye on global populations and they predict that India will hit a population of 1.425 billion this month. That’s a big deal because it means India will have more people than China, which has been the world’s most populous country for a long time. China’s population growth has slowed down because of a policy they had where families could only have one child. That meant their population wasn’t growing as quickly as India’s, which has been steadily increasing in size over the years. China’s population is actually expected to start declining soon for the first time since 1961 because of this. Being the most populous country in the world comes with its own set of challenges though. India will need to make sure everyone has access to healthcare, education, and job opportunities. It will also need to figure out how it fits into the global political and economic landscape. But it’s not just India and China that are growing in population. The UN predicts that other developing countries, particularly in Africa, will also see a lot of growth. By 2100, five African countries are expected to be among the world’s 10 most populous countries. All of this growth means we need to start thinking about how to manage resources, promote sustainable development, and make sure everyone has access to things like education and healthcare.
Food and good nutrition are important aspects of a child’s ability to learn and take an active part in life, as well as creating healthy habits for their futures. Our schools and homes recognise this and offer a range of freshly-prepared meals designed to both support the children’s nutrition and health, but also offer foods they enjoy. Menus are created in a way which not only meets national nutritional guidelines, but also offer children options so they will always find a choice they enjoy. In our day schools we offer breakfast clubs as well as a freshly-prepared two-course lunch as well as snacks at break time. This ensures young people are properly nourished throughout the day to give them the optimum opportunity to learn in class, as well as the chance to socialise and interact with peers and staff at communal meal times. In our residential settings, all meals are provided. Many meals are whole-school activities but children are actively encouraged to help plan and prepare, with support as necessary from staff, their own meals within their home. We also focus on providing a full morning break within our residential school settings, bringing together the whole school to enjoy tea and toast mid-morning, allowing a short break from learning and to refuel for the rest of the morning’s activities. This has proved to be very successful in helping children maintain their focus and concentration through a morning’s work. All dietary and health needs are taken into consideration and meals and menus prepared accordingly to make sure each young person enjoys a well-balanced menu and range of healthy meals.
The term “child development”, refers to the changes that occur as a child starts to grow and develop, in terms of their physical health and wellbeing, their social awareness, being mentally alert as well as emotionally sound - and ready to learn. It is now recognised that the formative years of a child’s life between 0-8 years are the most crucial time for learning. This is a period of a rapid cognitive, social, emotional and physical growth; in fact, children learn much quicker during their early years than they do at any other stage of life. With recent research showing that the first five years are of even greater importance for the development of the child's brain, it’s clear that these moments are critical, providing the base for the brain's organisational development and functioning, later in life. With that in mind, it’s essential that parents and carers note their role in educating children during their formative years. This is important when it comes to deepening and extending the knowledge, understanding, values and skills that they already have. Read on to learn more from Kids’ Kampus. 5 highly effective play and experiential learning activities: It’s vital that children are given the opportunity to participate in new and engaging activities, such as exploring art, role play, music, literature, problem solving and more. Dress up & role play: This helps children to begin to understand aspects of the adult world, such as job roles and interest. This also boosts social interaction and encourages them to dress themselves – an important aspect of growing up. Art: Giving kids the opportunity to get creative with paints and drawing tools allows them to experience the world in a sensory manner by developing a level of self-expression. This also helps to develop their pre-writing skills. Problem solving: Utilising tools such as blocks, jigsaws and shape sorters lays the fundamentals of problem solving, spatial thinking, logical reasoning, ordering, and recognising different shapes, sizes, and colours. Sensory play: This refers to any activity that involves touch, smell, taste, sight and hearing. From plates of jelly and play dough to aqua beads and even ice, sensory play stimulates exploration and lays the foundations of science and investigation. Cooking/ Pretend-Cooking: Playing chef is a brilliant play scenario for children, as it combines the basics of sensory play, mathematical concepts, safety and even following processes. Here at Kids’ Kampus, we believe that your little ones deserve the very best out of life. That’s why we work in partnership with all of our families in order realise the full potential of every child by creating a homely, nurturing, safe and stimulating environment. If you’re interested in learning more about our childcare centre, contact us online or give us a call on (09) 630 1454.
Water is everywhere in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and many visitors come to see the waterfalls and streams in the park. Although beautiful, these waters can also be dangerous. Water sports, such as swimming, kayaking and tubing, are not recommended in the park because of hazards. Every year, an average of five people get seriously injured while tubing in the park. Drowning is one of the leading causes of death in the park, second to motor vehicle accidents. Hiking Near Water Be careful when hiking. Almost all trails cross or are near water in some form. When crossing streams be aware that the rocks are often covered with algae and moss making for a slippery surface should you step on them. Before you do a water crossing, test the depth of the water. It can help to have a walking stick. Never cross a stream at a point where the water is above knee height. And avoid crossing a stream that has surged because of rainfall. Another thing to consider is that often a river will swell from rain that fell far above the river in a localized rainstorm. So, while you are completely dry, it could be raining elsewhere in the park. This rain water racing down the river can lead to dangerously fast-moving water in lower elevations. Be aware of the weather conditions around you and in in the park. If you accidentally fall into fast-moving water, do not try to stand up as most drownings takes place when a person's foot gets wedged in rocks. Float on your back feet first, using your arms to direct you to shore. Use Caution near Waterfalls Great Smoky is full of incredible waterfalls, many of which have inviting pools beneath. Some are popular swimming and wading sites, but stay away from the base of the waterfall itself as it may have a strong undertow. Furthermore, do not attempt to climb on or near waterfalls. The rocks on and around the waterfalls can be extremely slippery because they covered in moss and algae. People in the park have died or been seriously injured trying to climb waterfalls in the park. Ever year, an average of nine people get seriously injured in Great Smoky after falling from waterfalls.
The Unintended Consequences of Reflective Pavements Among the most interesting exhibitors at the recent Greenbuild International Conference and Expo in Philadelphia may have been the Asphalt Pavement Alliance challenging what we thought we knew about urban heat island effect with new research from Arizona State University. The term "heat island" describes urban areas that are hotter than nearby rural areas. The new research from ASU calls into question many common assumptions about the ability of reflective pavements to mitigate urban heat island effect. Reflective surfaces redirect solar energy and for this reason high albedo, reflective, or "cool" roofs have been suggested as an important tool for urban heat island effect mitigation. However, efforts to apply the same principle to non-roof hardscapes, including pavements, overlook the complexities of urban geography and how ground level reflections interact with pedestrians, vehicles, and the built environment. The report, "Unintended Consequences: A Research Synthesis Examining the Use of Reflective Pavements to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect," authored by Jiachuan Yang, Zhihua Wang, Ph.D., and Kamil E. Kaloush, Ph.D., P.E., of the ASU National Center of Excellence for SMART Innovations, pulls together research from around the world, including previously unpublished data from the team’s field research, that demonstrates the limits and side effects of relying upon reflectivity to reduce urban heat island effect. Specific areas of concern identified include increased cooling loads (and energy costs) for buildings subjected to solar reflections, increased light pollution from illumination at nighttime, increased wintertime snow and ice buildup even with additional deicing salts, and even human health concerns from UV radiation to visual glare. "Unfortunately, efforts to promote reflective pavements have moved more quickly than the scientific and engineering research. As this report indicates, reflective pavements may cool a pavement’s surface but there can also be negative environmental and social impacts on the areas adjacent to the pavement," said Heather Dylla, Ph.D., Director of Sustainable Engineering for the National Asphalt Association. The International Green Construction Code mandates heat island mitigation for not less than 50% of site hardscape, including that the hardscape materials be light colored with a Solar Reflectance Index of at least 29. LEED credit SSc7.1 Heat Island Effect — Non Roof contains substantially the same requirement for 1 credit. And Green Globes offers 1 credit for at least 25% of a site hardscape having an SRI of 25. Read more from our affiliate, Clean Techies. Pavement image via Shutterstock.
Free Capital Punishment Essay Sample \|← Forensics Investigation\|\|LGBT →\| Buy Cheap Capital Punishment Essay Capital Punishment or the death sentence has been an issue of concern in our society for quite sometime. It has further gone to divide our society with some supporting it and others calling for its abolition with both sides citing reasons as to why it should continue or why it should be stopped. October 10th 2010 was the day set aside by those against capital punishment to peacefully protest for its abolition in the USA. The significance of this day can't go un-noticed. The USA ranks fourth in the world every year when it comes to capital punishment; as of 2009 there were 3,237 in mates sentenced to death 45% being white, 41.5% being black and 11% being Hispanic. While we should all suffer the consequences of our actions, death penalty or capital punishment is simply wrong because it doesn't solve anything. The issue of capital punishment has been there for quite sometime with some states in the USA abolishing it and others actually supporting it for a number of reasons as will be shown in the essay (Amnesty international). The death penalty in every society is a reserve of the worst crimes known to man. These crimes therefore vary from community to community but murder has stood out as the most common crime deserving a death penalty once one is proven guilty. The arguments for the death penalty have evolved over time but what stands out is the reference from the Bible 'an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth'. This phrase denotes that the punishment should fit the crime, in other words if a person has committed murder then he should also be killed so as to restore the balance within the community. The idea behind this is that we should all be held responsible for our actions (Naik). Though this argument for capital punishment may seem convincing, it still goes against the universal human rights that the USA signed and has promoted all over the world. While it is true that the Bible states that we should all be held responsible for our crime, religion goes a head to even strongly promote the value of life within every society. The universal declaration for human rights as ratified by the United Nations states that life is a fundamental human right; therefore all human beings have a right to life despite the crimes committed. Taking the life of a person is wrong in all essence and therefore taking the life of an individual because he or she has done the same entangles us in a vicious circle with no end. Further more many communities that practice capital punishment have executed many people for lesser crimes like mutiny within the army; the USA has been known in the past to exercise death penalty among army deserters. What if that individual doesn't believe in what that particular army is doing does this mean that he continues to serve. Therefore capital punishment doesn't justify the essence of responsibility as many may claim but rather it shows how archaic a particular society can be (Siegel 578-585, Amnesty International). In some states the death penalty has been described as a deterrent because of the effect it has on the potential capital offenders and consequently on all thee other offenders in the community. The collected statistics has shown that the number of people sentenced to death and the number of people actually executed differ to show a drop in capital offences. This shows the deterrent nature of actual capital punishment; in most cases the execution is normally widely broadcasted further amplifying the deterrent effect of capital punishment within our societies. Statistics within the USA show that the number of murders decreased from over 24,000 to slightly over 15,000 within a period of 10 years between 1993 and 2003. Also within the same period within the USA the number of executions increased significantly. This shows that the intended impact successfully reached all the potential capital offenders within the USA further amplifying the deterrent nature of capital punishment (Pro Death Forum). To deter means to stop something from happening. Executing capital offenders unfortunately has failed to do so. The statistics above show that the number of capital offences within the USA has significantly reduced over a 10 year period and further claims that this is because the state has been executing people increasingly over the same period. This doesn't show the deterrent nature of capital punishment; capital offenders are still murdering people i.e. in 2003 over 15,000 people were murdered across the USA. Secondly with the coming of DNA testing and other technologies that can be used to further improve investigations in such cases as murder, the system has been found to be flawed. Therefore many people who have been executed may have been innocent. This is therefore a weakness within the justice system and further shows why capital offence should be abolished from our society (Amnesty International, Siegel 620-625) . The Issue of cost also comes into the picture when we think about this issue. Once an offender has been sentenced, then he/she will spend an average of 12 to 15 years in prison before the actual execution takes place. Within the prison this offenders will still have all their rights i.e. they will enjoy all the privileges the other prisoners enjoy despite the fact that they will be executed. All their expenses will therefore be met by the public through the prisons expenditure therefore straining the already limited resources further. This according to many is quite unacceptable because these individuals are not being rehabilitated so that they can benefit the community in other way rather they are 'dead men walking' as they are normally being referred to. Therefore they are a waste of public funds that could be used on other very important issues such as education or health care. Executing them as soon as possible is therefore cheaper and more efficient compared to other prolonged sentences (Naik). Unlike the offenders, the state must ensure that humane methods are used to execute offenders. This means employing people to ensure the whole process goes smoothly. All in all the state has to commit resources towards the execution of capital offenders. Therefore claiming that tax payer's money will be used to maintain the same offenders is orthodox because the same finances will go towards executing the same offenders (Siegel 463-470). Another argument for the death penalty is that eliminating all capital offenders promotes a crime free society. An ethical approach to this argument is that even if a murder completes a sentence, this is not a guarantee that the offender will not commit the same crime again. There have been cases of numerous repeat offenders within the USA alone. Therefore executing them ensures that the same people are not roaming freely in our society where they can easily repeat the same offence thus ensuring a crime free society where our children can be free and safe from such offenders (Pro Death Forum). To eliminate crime is foremost in many communities in the world. Living in crime free cities or societies is an ideal that many want to achieve. But achieving it through capital punishment is extreme and violent. Rather there are many other ways of ensuring a crime free society such as ensuring that all are employed and therefore earning a decent living or ensuring the security of the citizens of the USA through the various systems that are in place. Capital punishment is therefore not a way of doing this. In reference to the arguments stated above against death penalty, there could be a mistake and therefore the state could end up executing the wrong individual further continuing the imbalance. Within the USA alone the number of individuals who are executed varies. Statistics has shown that it is the ethnic community offenders and the poor who in most cases end up being executed. This is because of the inherent suspicion that comes with them being either different and/or them being unable to access the same services that the able can afford. This therefore creates a bias even within the justice system along race and class lines. This is therefore another reason to abolish the death penalty (Amnesty International). In conclusion, capital punishment has been practiced for quite some time to a varying degree of effects. Though many may argue for it this still doesn't prove its importance within the society due to a number of reasons key being that life is fundamental and therefore a key human right. To take the life of a murderer or rapist for that matter doesn't take away the fact that the crime was committed; taking the life of the offender may seem as the only solution but many victims will still suffer the effects of a loved one. Further more it only increases the number of people suffering because the offender is either someone's son or daughter.
Berlin (Oct. 25) Adolf Hitler sharply attacked Great Britain for demanding a thousand pounds capital for Jews proceeding to Palestine, while Germany keeps her gates open to any one in spite of overpopulation. He delivered the attack while addressing a monster pre-election meeting at the Sport Palace in Berlin last night. “It is very kind of England to declare that she is ready to receive the Jews with open arms,” Hitler declared, “but why should England make the admission of the Jews dependent upon a thousand pounds?” The Chancellor challenged the world stating that “only fifty Jews were killed in Germany and these were Jewish scoundrels killed during the Nazi revolution. If we had wished we could have shown what form atrocities can really take.” He asserted that the Jews were still retaining a proportionately high percentage of positions in Germany, while only Jewish criminals escaped abroad from German justice and that the majority of Jews continue to live in Germany unmolested. Vehemently denouncing the boycott against German goods, Hitler ridiculed the suggestion that his government was unable to stop the spread of the Jewish boycott, maintaining that such a boycott was merely damaging the governments that permitted it and reducing German purchasing power. Hitler also asserted that he sees symptoms that the boycott is declining in England and the United States and that the governments of both countries have turned their backs on the inciting elements promoting the boycott.
Corticosteroid (Otic route) Uses of This Medicine: Otic corticosteroids (cortisone-like medicines) are used in the ear to relieve the redness, itching, and swelling caused by certain ear problems. Otic corticosteroids are available only with your doctor's prescription. Before Using This Medicine: Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to medicines in this group or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully. There is no specific information about the use of otic corticosteroids in children. Children born to mothers taking otic corticosteroid therapy during their pregnancy should be observed for decrease in growth and for hypoadrenalism (anorexia, low blood pressure, and weakness). Although there is no specific information about the use of otic corticosteroids in the elderly, they are not expected to cause different side effects or problems in older people than they do in younger adults. Studies with otic corticosteroids have not been done in pregnant women. However, in animal studies, corticosteroids have been shown to cause birth defects. Before taking this medicine, make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or if you may become pregnant. Corticosteroids pass into breast milk. Be sure you have discussed the risks to the child and benefits of the medicine with your doctor. Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. Tell your healthcare professional if you are taking any other prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicine. Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco. Other medical problems— The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of medicines in this class. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially: - Type 2 diabetes mellitus or - Epilepsy—Using otic corticosteroids may worsen this condition. - Fungal infections or - Tuberculosis or - Viral infections or - Otitis media, chronic or - Any other ear infection or condition (or history of)—Otic corticosteroids may worsen existing infections or cause new infections. - Glaucoma or - High blood pressure—Otic corticosteroids may increase the pressure in the blood vessels of the eye and throughout the body. - Heart disease—Irregular heartbeat and change in blood pressure are more likely to occur. - Osteoporosis—Otic corticosteroids increase the risk of bone fractures. - Punctured ear drum—Using otic corticosteroids with a punctured ear drum may damage the ear. Proper Use of This Medicine: To use ear drops: - Lie down or tilt the head so that the affected ear faces up. Gently pull the earlobe up and back for adults (down and back for children) to straighten the ear canal. Drop the medicine into the ear canal. Keep the ear facing up for several (about 5) minutes to allow the medicine to run to the bottom of the ear canal. A sterile cotton plug may be gently inserted into the ear opening to prevent the medicine from leaking out. At first, your doctor may want you to put more medicine on the cotton plug during the day to keep it moist. To keep the medicine as germ-free as possible, do not touch the dropper or applicator tip to any surface (including the ear). Also, keep the container tightly closed. Do not use corticosteroids more often or for a longer time than your doctor ordered. To do so may increase the chance of side effects. Do not use any leftover medicine for future ear problems without first checking with your doctor. This medicine should not be used if certain kinds of infections are present. To do so may make the infection worse. The dose medicines in this class will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of these medicines. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so. The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. - For redness, itching, and swelling: - Adults and children—Use two or three drops in the ear every two or three hours. After symptoms are relieved, your doctor may lower the dose. - For redness, itching, and swelling: - Adults and children—Use three or four drops in the ear two or three times a day. After symptoms are relieved, your doctor may lower the dose. If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses. Keep out of the reach of children. Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing. Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. Precautions While Using This Medicine: If your condition does not improve within 5 to 7 days, or if it becomes worse, check with your doctor. While you are being treated with otic corticosteroids, and after you stop treatment, do not have any immunizations (vaccinations) without your doctor's approval. Otic corticosteroids may lower your body's resistance and there is a chance you might get the infection the immunization is trying to prevent. In addition, other persons living in your household should not take or have recently taken oral polio vaccine since there is a chance they could pass the polio virus on to you. Also, avoid other persons who have taken oral polio vaccine. Do not get close to them, and do not stay in the same room with them for very long. If you cannot take these precautions, you should consider wearing a protective face mask that covers the nose and mouth. Side Effects of This Medicine: - Less common - black or tarry stools - bone fractures - breathing difficulties - burning or stinging of the ear - chest pain - continual stomach pain or burning - decreased or blurred vision - excess hair growth in females - frequent urination - high blood pressure - impaired wound healing - impotence in males - increased sweating - increased thirst - irregular heartbeat - low blood pressure - menstrual changes - muscle cramps - muscle wasting - nausea or vomiting - persistent fungal infections of the ear - rapid weight gain - stomach bloating - suppressed growth in children - suppressed reaction to skin tests - swelling of feet or lower legs - thin fragile skin - tingling in arms and lower legs or feet - weight loss Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them: There have not been any other common or important side effects reported with this medicine. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. Last Updated: 11/4/2014
Low Iron during Pregnancy Iron is an important element of hemoglobin, which is the protein in RBCs and carries oxygen to the body’s tissues. Iron is present in each cell of the human body. It boosts the immune system of the body and so is a very crucial for fighting against infections and diseases. It helps to produce WBCs and aids in producing energy. Iron deficiency is called anemia. A person who is anemic gets tired very easily and may faint at times. The face of an anemic person is often pale and the person always feels weak. They have frequent hair loss and suffer from lack of concentration. Why are women at a higher risk of iron deficiency? Research has found that women are more susceptible to iron deficiency. One in every four women is anemic. This is so because women lose a lot of blood every month during their menstrual cycle. During menstruation, most women bleed for about 3 – 4 days and a lot of blood is lost. Women require more iron in their diet than men do. But often, they do not get the required quantity of iron and this lowers the iron content in the body further. Women may also become anemic due to low vitamin C in their diet. This is because Vitamin C helps a great deal in the absorption of iron in the body. So, even if you include iron – rich foods in your diet, but you don’t have vitamin C in it, the iron will not get absorbed in the blood properly. Going on frequent diets can also lead to iron deficiency. By dieting, you prevent your body from getting the required nutrition. The intake of certain foods also affects the absorption of iron. These foods include tea and coffee, cheese and milk. These foods are rich in calcium which interferes with the absorption of iron in your body. Iron deficiency during pregnancy Many women become anemic during pregnancy and lactation. During pregnancy, your body’s iron requirement doubles, since double the amount of blood is flowing through your body to support you and your baby. You need extra iron for your growing baby. Iron deficiency is also caused due to lack of folic acid and vitamin B. This is because iron, folic acid and vitamin B work together in the production of RBCs. Your medical practitioner will check your hemoglobin at the onset of pregnancy and during the pregnancy term. She may also prescribe you iron and folic acid supplements, along with vitamin supplements, so that you don’t get iron deficient. Iron and calcium supplements should not be taken together, as calcium interferes with the absorption of iron. You must eat foods that are rich in iron and vitamin C so that maximum iron gets absorbed in your body. Green leafy vegetables, cereals, dry fruits, red meat, tofu and soybeans are very rich in iron. Make sure you include any of these in each meal in some form or the other. If, however you become deficient in iron, during pregnancy, you may experience some or all of the following symptoms: - Excessive fatigue - Dizziness and fainting - Excessive stress - Light – headedness - Pale face - Irregular heartbeats Anemia during pregnancy can adversely affect the growth of your baby. The baby’s growth may be slowed down in case of severe anemia. Women who are anemic during pregnancy are at a higher risk of delivering a premature baby. Your baby may have low birth weight or suffer from other infections during infancy. The development of your baby may be affected due to this and he/she may also be anemic. If you lose a lot of blood during the delivery and become anemic, it may lead to many other infections and cause other complications. Many a times, it becomes very difficult to regain the blood that you have lost. This can affect your entire life. Though it is not very common, but at times, the mother may lose her life due to excessive loss of blood during delivery. It is very important to frequent blood tests during the pregnancy to check against anemia and eat a healthy diet so that so you always have enough iron. Even after delivery, when you are breastfeeding your baby, iron supplements should be taken regularly. The baby may draw upon maternal iron and the mother can still become iron deficient.
By Ayushi Budholia Published on: May 10, 2022 at 20:02 IST After Independence, the first Companies Act introduced in India was the Companies Act, 1956. It was enacted on the recommendations of the Bhaba Committee set up in 1950 with the object to consolidate the existing corporate laws and to provide a new basis for corporate operation in independent India. This Act repealed the already existing India Companies Act, 1913. In the present scenario, the companies are governed by the Companies Act, 2013. The Section 2 (20) of the Act defines company as – “(20) “company” means a company incorporated under this Act or under any previous company law;” Every company is established with certain goals which it wishes to achieve in the long run. The achievement of those goals requires the company to carry on the daily operation of the organization. There are a number of transactions in which a company enters while conducting its business. With increased number of transactions, the company faces the risk of becoming a victim of some fraudulent activities, entering wrong transactions in the books of account, etc. These risks are prevented by the auditor of the company. He not only protects the company from fraudulent activities and assesses the financial records of the company but also helps the company in complying with the tax laws. An auditor is a trained individual who reviews, checks, and verifies the accuracy and genuineness of financial records maintained by companies. These individuals also help companies ensure that they comply with Indian tax laws and protect businesses from fraud. They also highlight discrepancies in businesses’ financial documents and accounting methods and help maintain overall compliance. Any auditor who works as an employee of an organisation is referred to as an internal auditor. The role of an internal auditor in a company is to help the business stay compliant and manage its taxes effectively. The Section 139 to 148 (Chapter X) of the Companies Act, 2013 deals with the Audit and Auditors of the company. It lays down the provisions related to the appointment, removal and resignation of directors, eligibilities, qualification and disqualification of directors, remuneration of directors, power and duties of directors, etc. APPOINTMENT OF AUDITORS The provision relating to the appointment of auditors is given under Section 139 of the Companies Act, 2013. - Clause 1 of Section 139 of the Act The Section 139 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013 states that – “(1) Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, every company shall, at the first annual general meeting, appoint an individual or a firm as an auditor who shall hold office from the conclusion of that meeting till the conclusion of its sixth annual general meeting and thereafter till the conclusion of every sixth meeting and the manner and procedure of selection of auditors by the members of the company at such meeting shall be such as may be prescribed: Provided that the company shall place the matter relating to such appointment for ratification by members at every annual general meeting: Provided further that before such appointment is made, the written consent of the auditor to such appointment, and a certificate from him or it that the appointment, if made, shall be in accordance with the conditions as may be prescribed, shall be obtained from the auditor: Provided also that the certificate shall also indicate whether the auditor satisfies the criteria provided in section 141: Provided also that the company shall inform the auditor concerned of his or its appointment, and also file a notice of such appointment with the Registrar within fifteen days of the meeting in which the auditor is appointed. Explanation.—For the purposes of this Chapter, “appointment” includes re-appointment.” According to this Section, the company should appoint an auditor in its first annual general meeting (AGM). The auditor shall hold the office from the conclusion of the first annual general meeting to the conclusion of the sixth annual general meeting. According to this Section, the appointment should be made with the written consent of the auditor, and a certificate, which satisfy the criteria given under Section 141 of the Act should be obtained. Further, once the appointment is made, a notice regarding such appointment shall be filed before the Registrar within fifteen days of such appointment. - Clause 2 of Section 139 of the Act The Section 139(2) of the Companies Act, 2013 states that – “(2) No listed company or a company belonging to such class or classes of companies as may be prescribed, shall appoint or re-appoint – (a) an individual as auditor for more than one term of five consecutive years; and (b) an audit firm as auditor for more than two terms of five consecutive years: (i) an individual auditor who has completed his term under clause (a) shall not be eligible for re-appointment as auditor in the same company for five years from the completion of his term; (ii) an audit firm which has completed its term under clause (b), shall not be eligible for reappointment as auditor in the same company for five years from the completion of such term: Provided further that as on the date of appointment no audit firm having a common partner or partners to the other audit firm, whose tenure has expired in a company immediately preceding the financial year, shall be appointed as auditor of the same company for a period of five years: Provided also that every company, existing on or before the commencement of this Act which is required to comply with provisions of this sub-section, shall comply with the requirements of this subsection within three years from the date of commencement of this Act: Provided also that, nothing contained in this sub-section shall prejudice the right of the company to remove an auditor or the right of the auditor to resign from such office of the company.” This Section prohibits the following categories of companies from appointing / re-appointing an audit firm for more than two terms of five consecutive years, and an individual auditor for more than one term of five consecutive years: - listed companies; - unlisted public companies having a paid-up share capital of INR 10 crores or more; - all private limited companies having a paid-up share capital of INR 20 crores or more; and - all companies (private and public) which do not meet the thresholds mentioned in (ii) and (iii) above, but have public borrowings from banks / financial institutions or public deposits of more than INR 50 crores. - Clause 3 of Section 139 of the Act The Section 139(3) of the Act states that members of a company can provide for following by passing a resolution: (a) In the audit firm appointed by it, the auditing partner and his team shall be rotated at such intervals as may be resolved by members; or (b) The audit shall be conducted by more than one auditor. A transition period of 3 years from the commencement of the Act has been prescribed for the company existing on or before the commencement of the Act, to comply with the provisions of the rotation of auditor. - Clause 4 of Section 139 of the Act This Section provides that the Central Government may, by rules, prescribe the manner in which the companies shall rotate their auditors in pursuance of sub-section (2). - Clause 5 of Section 139 of the Act This Section 139(5) states that – “(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), in the case of a Government company or any other company owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Central Government, or by any State Government or Governments, or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall, in respect of a financial year, appoint an auditor duly qualified to be appointed as an auditor of companies under this Act, within a period of one hundred and eighty days from the commencement of the financial year, who shall hold office till the conclusion of the annual general meeting.” This section provides that in case of a government company, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India shall appoint an auditor within 180 days of the commencement of the financial year, who shall hold the office till the conclusion of the annual general meeting. - Clause 6 of Section 139 of the Act This section provides that the Board of Directors shall within thirty days from the date of registration of company appoint an auditor for the company. In case the board fails to do so, it should immediately inform the members of the company about such failure. The members of the company are then responsible to appoint an auditor within ninety days of the receipt of such information. - Clause 7 of Section 139 of the Act This section provides that in case of a government company, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India shall appoint the first auditor within sixty days of the date of registration of the company. In case they fail to do so then it is the duty of the Board of Directors to appoint an auditor within next thirty days. In case the Board also fails, then the members shall appoint an auditor within next sixty days. - Clause 8 of Section 139 of the Act This Section provides that in case there is a casual vacancy in a company whose accounts are subject to audit by an auditor appointed by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the vacancy is to be filled by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India within thirty days. However, if they fail to fill the vacancy, then the Board of Directors shall fill the vacancy within next thirty days. Furthermore, if the vacancy is in a company whose accounts are not subjected to audit by an auditor appointed by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, then the Board of Directors shall fill the vacancy within thirty days. - Clause 9 of Section 139 of the Act This section states that – “(9) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1) and the rules made thereunder, a retiring auditor may be re-appointed at an annual general meeting, if— (a) he is not disqualified for re-appointment; (b) he has not given the company a notice in writing of his unwillingness to be re-appointed; and (c) a special resolution has not been passed at that meeting appointing some other auditor or providing expressly that he shall not be re-appointed.” - Clause 10 of Section 139 of the Act This section states that – “(10) Where at any annual general meeting, no auditor is appointed or re-appointed, the existing auditor shall continue to be the auditor of the company” - Clause 11 of Section 139 of the Act This section states that – “(11) Where a company is required to constitute an Audit Committee under section 177, all appointments, including the filling of a casual vacancy of an auditor under this section shall be made after taking into account the recommendations of such committee.” An auditor has a very important role in the company. It assesses the financial records of the company, helps it in complying with the Indian tax laws, protect businesses from fraud. They also highlight discrepancies in businesses’ financial documents and accounting methods and help maintain overall compliance. For the appointment of an auditor, the provision of Section 139 of the Companies Act, 2013 is to be followed. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ayushi Budholia is a third-year, B.A.LL.B Student of Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida. Edited By: Advocate Ramsha Shaikh, Associate Editor at Law Insider - Companies Act, 1956 (Act 1 of 1956). ↑ - Ministry of Corporate Affairs, “Report of expert committee on Company Law”. ↑ - Indian Companies Act, 1913 (Act VII of 1913). ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013). ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013), s. 2(20). ↑ - Vakil Search, “An Auditor’s Role In A Company” ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013), s. 139(1). ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013), s. 139(2). ↑ - Lexology, “Rotation of audit firms under the Companies Act, 2013 – a closer look”. ↑ - The Institute of Company secretaries of India, “AUDIT AND AUDITORS”. ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013), s. 139(4). ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013), s. 139(5). ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013), s. 139(9). ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013), s. 139(10). ↑ - Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013), s. 139(11). ↑
Perhaps we just acknowledge that math isn’t really our thing. U.S. teenagers bombed on an international test for 15 years olds, with scores declining in math compared to 60 other countries. Reading and writing results weren’t anything to write home about, either, assuming people could write. On a scale of 0 to 1,000, U.S. students scored a 470 on the tests, the Associated Press reports, dropping the nation to 35th on the list of nations. In other words, most students wouldn’t be able to figure out what percentile the nation is in now. “The U.S. would be well served to take a hard look at the strategies used by the top-performing education systems and adapt lessons learned from them to fit the U.S. context and needs.” said Marc Tucker, president of the National Center on Education and the Economy. “It has always been the most difficult subject for Americans,” said Andreas Schleicher, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s director for education and skills. Students were allowed to use calculators to figure out the math problems, although the test was designed so that the need to use them was unlikely. Like this one, for example: The correct answer is it’s not a reasonable conclusion because the graphic focuses on a very small part of the graph. Another correct answer is “I don’t know” because one would need more data to determine if an increase is huge or not. The testing agency also pointed out that “no, it’s not correct because reporters always exaggerate” is not a correct answer. That clarification was for you, America. This one was particularly geared toward a good guess if nothing else. The answer is 10 o’ clock for the first question. For the second, the correct answer is: Sydney: 4:30 PM – 6:00 PM; Berlin: 7:30 AM – 9:00 AM Sydney: 7:00 AM – 8:00 AM; Berlin: 10:00 PM – 11:00 PM Some of the questions require real math chops. The answer is 144 and 6. Here’s the whole sample test. In the past, by the way, its been easy to see how Minnesota students fared against the international competition. But in the latest test, Massachusetts and North Carolina were the only states to participate as their own entities. “We’re losing ground – a troubling prospect when, in today’s knowledge-based economy, the best jobs can go anywhere in the world. Students in Massachusetts, Maryland, and Minnesota aren’t just vying for great jobs along with their neighbors or across state lines, they must be competitive with peers in Finland, Germany, and Japan,” U.S. Education Secretary John King said. Related: What do international tests really show about U.S. student performance? (Economic Policy Institute)
A study conducted by the Canadian Malnutrition Task Force showed a disturbingly high percentage of seniors in Canada, who are admitted to hospitals for other conditions, are suffering from some degree of malnutrition. 39% of admitted patients 65 or older were classified as moderately malnourished, and 12.5% were severely malnourished. These numbers are significantly higher than those of the admitted patients in the study under the age of 65. This data makes it very clear that many seniors are not receiving adequate nutritional care. It is also reasonable to suggest that this is contributing, in some measure, to many of the conditions (gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular) that lead to hospital admissions. Seniors, and everyone involved in their care, need to develop a greater understanding of the unique nutritional dynamics of this age group. But there also needs to be a sensitivity and knowledge of the challenges many seniors have with the eating process itself. 32% of the seniors surveyed had problems with cutting, chewing or swallowing their food, and 12% said that there was not enough time to eat a full meal. After being discharged from the hospital and returning to their previous living situation, an alarming 32% of seniors surveyed lost over 5lbs within one month. Dr. Heather Keller, co-author of this study notes that within our healthcare system, “nutrition is often seen as a lower priority therapy”, with fewer than 1% of government homecare visits involving dieticians. There is a monumental opportunity for properly trained caregivers and home care nurses to assist with meals and make a truly significant difference at mealtime for seniors living at home. At Qualicare Ottawa we can help Ottawa seniors meet their nutritional needs at home. Please contact us for more information.
The coronavirus has impacted our world more than one would have guessed. Not only are hospitals overflowing, schools closing and countries going on lockdown, but our minds are confused with the mixed information being spread on the internet. Today, people receive their news from Twitter and Facebook, sometimes not even bothering to check the facts they read against reliable sources. In order to spread truth about the global pandemic, an organization called ONE created a small movement called #PassTheMic on social media. The movement began on May 21, 2020, and it lasted through June 11, 2020. Celebrities gave their platforms over to health experts, front line workers and policy experts as a way to spread facts instead of fiction. ONE is a global movement co-founded by Bono and other activists who believe fighting against global poverty is about justice and equality for all. The global #PassTheMic movement aims to end extreme poverty and preventable disease by the year 2030. ONE has raised $37.5 billion in support of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and to fight against AIDS, TB and malaria. ONE has also participated in passing poverty-reducing legislation. This has included the Electrify Africa Act of 2016 and other laws ensuring money from gas and oil revenues be used to fight poverty in Africa. The Age of Information In past decades, our grandparents would sit at the kitchen table every morning with a cup of coffee in one hand and a large newspaper in the other. This is how people would receive their daily news, and they were confident that their news came from a reliable source. Fast forward a bit; our parents would sit in front of the television after dinner, the 5 o’clock or 7 o’clock news blaring with talk of war, politics and the weather. This is how they would receive their news. Today, we lie in our bedrooms and scroll for hours on social media. We have no clue if these posts are fact or fiction. All we know is that our favorite celebrity is talking about it, so it must be a big deal. ONE took notice of this new way of receiving information and took action. As a way to spread awareness on the current pandemic, celebrities are handing their social media accounts over to those more qualified to speak on the topic. Celebrities participating in the #PassTheMic movement include Hugh Jackman, Shailene Woodley, Penelope Cruz, Sarah Jessica Parker, Julia Roberts and many more. Experts Weigh In Participating experts included Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, former president of Liberia, who learned from the Ebola pandemic of 2014-2016; David Anderson, Director of Quality at Nightingale Hospital in Manchester; Aya Chebbi, Youth Envoy of the African Union; and many more. Each expert discusses a new topic revolving around our healthcare systems, sanitation, poverty, how to handle a pandemic and where to donate. All of the experts have shared that the world needs a global response to COVID-19, as this is affecting each and every one of us. Dr. Anthony Fauci was the first to participate in the movement on May 21, 2020. Fauci is director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and he took part in Julia Roberts’s Instagram and a YouTube interview. Fauci shared that the United States had made little progress flattening the COVID-19 curve. At the end of May, the U.S. had more than 1.5 million infections and 100,000 deaths, and these numbers have only grown. Fauci noted the importance of listening to health experts and the practice of social distancing. In addition, he has posted on his personal Instagram about vaccine research and how to cope with COVID-19. Many experts have taken a moment to discuss the importance of helping those who may not be able to help themselves. Gayle Smith, president and CEO of ONE, stated that the virus is outrunning us, meaning that countries and leaders need to share strategies and expertise with each other. Additionally, she said something to consider is the economic impact this pandemic has had on every nation. Healthcare and supply chains alike have taken major hits. Smith noted that not every country has the ability to prevent and protect the virus. At the same time, many have become unemployed and are unable to provide food for the table. Thus, the world needs to come together and fight rather than countries fighting for themselves. These experts will reach millions through various social media platforms as they speak directly to celebrities’ followers. As an organization created to fight global poverty, ONE understands the importance of sharing resources. Through the #PassTheMic movement, people worldwide will have access to scientific facts about the coronavirus and information about staying safe, providing for their families and helping their communities. – Ciara Pagels
A browser or web browser is a software application for navigating the web. It is used to request, fetch, and display information hosted on the World Wide Web (WWW). The information can be in the form of text, images, videos, and any other assets. A browser operates on a computer or mobile device and interacts with the web server using HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol) for the information requested by the user. The web server then responds with the data to the browsers that display the search query results on the computer or mobile devices. Top tech giants like Google and Microsoft run their mainstream search engines: Google Search and Bing. However, there is a slight difference between a search engine and a browser. A web browser is a client application that displays the web pages, whereas a search engine is a web-based system that searches for and identifies items in the database based on the search queries (or keywords). Now that you have a good gist of what is browser, let’s focus on its components. - User interface: It is a space where the user can interact with different options like address bar, backward and forward buttons, bookmarking, etc. - Browser engine: It is the core component of a web browser that connects the user interface and rendering engine. The browser engine translates HTML documents and web page assets into an alluring visual representation. - Rendering engine: It renders a specific web page requested by a user. Rendering engines transform the HTML, XML documents, and CSS-styled images into a layout and display it on a user’s screen. - Networking: It fetches the URL using standard protocols like HTTP or FTP. Networking takes care of Internet communication and also looks for security issues. - UI backend: It is used for drawing combo boxes and basic widgets for Windows. - Data storage: The browser uses data storage to store all types of information locally, such as cookies. The data storage is a persistent layer. The browser must be compatible with data storage mechanisms like WebSQL, IndexedDB, etc.
This post will help you to understand about AI in Education Enhancing Learning and Teaching. If you are interested in learning, Request you to go through the below recommended tutorial.DevOps Full Course Tutorial for Beginners - DevOps Free Training Online Docker Full Course Tutorial for Beginners - Docker Free Training Online Kubernetes Full Course Tutorial for Beginners - Kubernetes Free Training Online Ansible Full Course Tutorial for Beginners - Ansible Free Training Online Openstack Full Course Tutorial for Beginners - Openstack Free Training Online Lets Get Started. AI in Education: Enhancing Learning and Teaching The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the field of education has created a buzz and has made a substantial impact on various aspects of learning. AI refers to the imitation of human intelligence by computer systems, including processes such as learning, reasoning, and self-correction. Its integration into the education sector is aimed at enhancing the quality of education and has revolutionized the methods of teaching and learning. In this article, we will examine how AI is transforming education and the benefits it offers. One of the most significant impacts of AI in education is through its implementation of adaptive learning. This approach, driven by AI, tailors the learning experience for each student based on their specific needs and strengths. AI algorithms evaluate the student's learning behavior and offer personalized feedback and suggestions for improvement. As a result, students are able to learn at their own pace, concentrate on their weaknesses, and enhance their knowledge and skills where they need the most support. Intelligent Tutoring Systems Intelligent tutoring systems are computer-based tools that provide personalized and interactive educational support. AI algorithms are utilized to determine the student's learning style, strengths, and weaknesses and provide individualized feedback and guidance. These algorithms also keep track of the student's progress and adapt their teaching methods to match the student's learning style and level of comprehension. The utilization of intelligent tutoring systems has demonstrated an increase in student engagement and motivation, better learning outcomes, and reduced teacher workload. Automated Grading and Feedback AI is also used to automate grading and feedback in education. AI algorithms can rapidly and accurately grade assignments, essays, and other written work, allowing teachers to focus on other tasks. The algorithms also provide instant feedback to students on their writing, which helps to improve their writing skills and understanding of the subject matter. This not only saves teachers time but also provides students with more frequent and accurate feedback, leading to improved learning outcomes. Virtual Assistants and Chatbots Virtual assistants and chatbots are AI-powered tools that provide students with immediate access to information and support. These tools can answer questions, offer information on coursework, and provide guidance on a broad range of educational topics. Virtual assistants and chatbots are also utilized to support students with disabilities, offering accessible and individualized support. The use of virtual assistants and chatbots has demonstrated an increase in student engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes. AI is transforming education in various ways, including adaptive learning, virtual assistants, and chatbots. The implementation of AI in education offers numerous benefits such as improved learning outcomes, increased student engagement and motivation, and reduced teacher workload. AI is enabling the creation of more personalized, interactive, and accessible educational experiences for students and is becoming a vital tool in the contemporary classroom. As AI continues to evolve and improve, it has the potential to revolutionize education and unlock new opportunities for learning and teaching. That’s it for this post, Hope you have got an idea about AI in Education Enhancing Learning and Teaching. You can also refer similar links below on Artificial Intelligence topics. How AI is Changing the Way We Live and Work The Benefits and Risks of Artificial Intelligence AI and Ethics: Navigating the Gray Areas The Rise of Artificial Intelligence A Comprehensive Guide The Impact of AI on Society and Culture Keep practicing and have fun. Leave your comments if any. Support Us: Share with your friends and groups. Stay connected with us on social networking sites, Thank you.
Rommel, Erwin (1891-1944), German field marshal, renowned for his African desert victories during World War II. Born in Heidenheim, he joined the German army in 1910. After winning awards for bravery in World War I, he taught in military academies. In the German push to the English Channel in 1940 Rommel headed the victorious 7th Tank Division. He was made a lieutenant general the following year and placed in command of the Afrika Korps in North Africa. By 1944, Erwin Rommel had a lifetime of military experience behind him. He was awarded the Pour le MŽrite, Germany's highest decoration for bravery, for capturing 9,000 enemy soldiers during World War I. During the invasion of France of 1940, Rommel commanded the notorious Ghost Division--the German 7th Panzer Division. Pushing every man and machine to its limit, Rommel's forces advanced 350 miles in six weeks (an unheard of distance for tanks during that time). Rommel was a popular, although unconventional military leader. Rommel's method of command was also unique. While other officers directed battles from a strategy room located far from the field of battle, Rommel chose to lead from the front. Rommel felt it was important for the commander to always be near his troops. When the troops had to build a bridge or when a supply convoy was in trouble, Rommel was known to lend a hand. Rommel earned worldwide recognition for his leadership of the Afrika Corps during the North African desert campaign. From 1942 to 1943, Rommel was at the top of the Allies most wanted list. His ability to show up, when and where his opponents least expected, earned Rommel the nickname "the Desert Fox." Initial successes in the desert campaign, however, were followed by crushing defeats at the hands of better equipped Allied forces. The Allies marched victoriously through North Africa in May 1943. From there the Allies landed in Italy and by early 1944 were marching steadfastly toward Rome. In 1944, the western front was the only arena that had yet to receive a full Allied frontal assault. Hitler charged Rommel with defense of the western front. He began by touring the western coastal defenses from the North to the Mediterranean Seas. He was discouraged by what he saw. The defenses were widely scattered and none could withstand an Allied offensive attack. The infantry defending the coasts were in worse condition. They included POWs and German soldiers exhausted from fighting the Russians. They were poorly organized, poorly trained, and lacked artillery; in some cases they even lacked the physical strength to endure intense military action. Although the situation was bleak, Rommel set to work to bring order to the western front. The mere appearance of Germany's national hero had a positive effect on troop morale. Rommel organized the troops and put them to work fortifying western coastal defenses - the Atlantic Wall. He made daily inspections of the progress on the Wall. Rommel functioned as an architect, personally designing many of the obstacles for the Atlantic Wall. Minefields, concrete and steel obstructions, and artillery posts sprung up at a startling rate. While construction continued on the Atlantic Wall, the German leadership debated strategy for the defense of the coast. Rommel, aware of the strength of the Allied forces, contended the Allies must not be allowed to establish a beachhead on the coast. They must be thrown back into the sea. Rommel proposed that all available men and material be positioned as close to the coast as possible. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, Rommel's immediate superior, argued that sufficient forces must be kept on the coast, but a large contingent of forces should be kept in reserve, away from the field of battle so that a piercing counterattack could be launched. In the end a compromise was reached, giving Rommel command of the army, but also placing a small reserve of troops far from the battlefield. Rommel, however, did not have complete control over all of the German armed forces. Unlike the Allies, who in Eisenhower had a commander with absolute control over the army, the navy, and the air force, Rommel only controlled the army. The German navy and Luftwaffe functioned under separate and autonomous command. Effective organization was further hindered by Hitler's insistence that all orders be approved by him, thus making the formation of a single-minded defense plan for the coast impossible. On June 6th, 1944, the construction and planning of German defenses in France came to an end as the Allies launched Operation Overlord. Due to the inclement weather, Rommel thought that an attack would not be launched. He used the opportunity to travel to Germany to celebrate his wife's birthday. Upon hearing of the attack, Rommel rushed back to the Normandy coast, arriving at 10:00 p.m. The initial Allied attack had been a bruising one. Although Rommel's Atlantic Wall inflicted casualties on the Allied forces, the sheer number of men and material participating in the invasion and the supremacy of the Allied air force far outweighed the effectiveness of the coastal fortifications. On D-Day, the Allies were able to put over 8,000 planes in the air, compared to Germany's three. Rommel commanded the German forces tirelessly, traveling to the front, and inspecting and encouraging the troops. But the Germans suffered from lack of supplies and the continual onslaught of Allied air power. Without sufficient manpower, Rommel was unable to launch an effective counterattack. By mid-July German losses topped 100,000, yet only 6,000 replacement troops had arrived. Realizing the war was lost, Rommel went to Hitler to bring the severity of the situation to his attention. Rommel proposed re-establishing a defensive line on the Seine, to secure the German borders from Allied attack. Hitler rejected the idea, France was to be defended to the last man. Shocked by the FŸhrer's lack of understanding of the situation, Rommel discussed with other German officials the possibility of opening secret negotiations for peace with the Allied leaders. On July 17th, 1944, the possibility of such negotiations taking place evaporated when Rommel was seriously injured in an attack by an Allied plane. The injuries effectively ended his involvement in the Normandy invasion. There had been frequent rumblings of plots to remove Hitler from power. In 1944, the conspirators made overtures to Rommel to gauge his interest in the plot. Rommel and Hitler were once close friends, but since the defeat in North Africa and Hitler's "victory or death" proclamation, Rommel viewed Hitler as a madman who would destroy Germany. Although he would have no part in an assassination attempt against Hitler, Rommel did say that he would consider being the leader of Germany after Hitler's removal from power. Rommel was recovering from his injuries when the assassination plot was launched. Under torture, one of the conspirators mentioned Rommel's name, implicating him in the plot. As friends and fellow officers were arrested as conspirators, Rommel realized the end was near. On October 14th, 1944, two generals came to Rommel's house and gave him an ultimatum. Either take his own life and be buried with full honors or stand trial and put the future of his wife and son in jeopardy. Rommel said good-bye to his family, went with the two men, and swallowed poison. He was buried with full honors. 1885-1945, American general, b. San Gabriel, Calif. A graduate of West Point (1909), he served in World War I and was wounded while commanding a tank brigade in France. Subsequently he served in the cavalry and the tank corps. In World War II he commanded (1942-43) a corps in North Africa and the 7th Army in Sicily. Despite a brilliant record, a much-publicized incident (Patton slapped a soldier suffering from battle fatigue) cost him his command and delayed until Aug., 1944, promotion to the permanent rank of major general. Early in 1944 he was given command of the 3d Army, which spearheaded the spectacular sweep of U.S. forces from Normandy through Brittany and N France, relieved Bastogne in December, 1944, crossed the Rhine (Mar., 1945), and raced across S Germany into Czechoslovakia. As military governor of Bavaria, he was criticized for leniency to Nazis and was removed (Oct., 1945) to take charge of the U.S. 15th Army. Patton was fatally injured in an automobile accident in Germany. Montgomery, Bernard Law (1887-1976) was born in London, from an Ulster family, in 1887. He graduated from the Royal Military Academy of Sandhurst and served in France and Belgium during WW I. Promoted major general, he commanded a division in Middle East in 1938-1939. At the beginning of WWII he was in France commanding a division. He was given command of the 5th Corps in Britain after having evacuated his unit from Dunkirk in 1940. On Aug. 18, 1942, his moment came: he was called to assume command of the 8th Army, driven back into Egypt by Rommel's forces. At that time the myth of the Desert Fox was having a bad impact on the morale of the British troops: thus the need for a general with a strong personality. Montgomery fitted the bill. The myth of the "Unshakable" was created to increase the will to fight in the 8th Army. Montgomery was different from other generals: he dressed in a particular way, he was always depicted and photographed in a proper way, as a practical man who always got what he wanted. He was loved by the troops, who called him "Monty", but not as much by the high ranked officers and generals who considered him rude. After a long preparation, he launched the El Alamein attack in northern Egypt on October 23 and, when their lines broke, pursued the enemy remnants into Libya and beyond. He thus became the first of the Allied generals to inflict a decisive defeat on a German army, winning maybe the most important battle (along with Stalingrad) of WW2. On November 10 he was knighted and promoted to full general. Still leading the 8th Army, Montgomery participated in the Allied landing in Sicily in July 1943 and led the troops invading the Italianmainland two months later. He had a most active role during the remainder of the war: he led the 8th Army during the invasion of Italy. In January 1944 he returned to Britain to lead the land forces under the command of General Eisenowher in the Normandy landing. After the Allied landing in Normandy in June 1944, Montgomery directed all land operations until August, when the command was reorganized. He then took command of the Second Army Group, consisting of British and Canadian armies, which held the northern end of the Allied line. On September 1 he was made a field marshal, the highest rank in the British Army. Montgomery suffered his worst defeat of the war in September 1944 when his planned crossing of the Rhine at the Dutch city of Arnhem was turned back with the loss of 6,000 airborne troops. Responsibility for the debacle has been the source of continuing controversy. On Dec. 17, 1944, after a German thrust through the Ardennes had split the Allied Twelfth Army Group, Montgomery was given temporary command of all British and American forces on the north side of the bulging line. On May 4, 1945, he accepted the surrender of the German troops in the Netherlands and northwest Germany. On May 22, Montgomery became chief of British forces occupying Germany and a member of the Allied Control Commission. In 1946 Montgomery became 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein. In 1948-1951 he served as chairman of the permanent defense organization of the Western European Union, and he was deputy supreme commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces from 1951 until his retirement in 1958. He died in Alton, Hampshire, on March 24, 1976. His writings include Memoirs (1958).Home
Hello. This is the structural defects lecture on pediatric We're going to start by reviewing the definition, go over the manifestations and any treatment available. Let's start with a definition. Microcephaly, if you breakdown the word which I like to do, is small head, microcephaly. Basically, the definition is typically considered to be a head circumference at birth that's less than about a third percentile for the infant's age and gender. It's an unusually small head circumference. Because an infant's head is usually growing because its brain is growing, a small head usually indicates the brain is also very small. All right. Let's discuss some of the known causes of Primary or genetic microcephaly is due to either a such as Down syndrome or an autosomal recessive or autosomal Secondary microcephaly or the non-genetic type can be caused by problems during birth such as trauma to the mother or anything that results in or lack of oxygen to the infant inside her. It can result from an insult or trauma, or even an infection during the third trimester of pregnancy. The prenatal period or early infancy that causes stunted or Secondary or non-genetic microcephaly can result from such as rubella, toxoplasmosis and cytomegalie virus. It can also result from Zika virus exposure. In addition, irradiation of the mother during pregnancy can cause microcephaly in some cases as well as alcohol exposure to the fetus. Excessive alcohol use can increase the chance of microcephaly more than two-fold. All right. Let's talk about how microcephaly presents in a It presents with a wide range of manifestations or signs and based on the severity of the microcephaly which is usually It ranges from mild signs and symptoms or presentations, normal cognitive function, to mild hearing or vision problems or deficits, to seizures and much more pronounced deficits. An infant with microcephaly may be totally unresponsive and not able to function or they may just have very mild It really varies quite a bit. Developmental delays such as speech and motor delays are All right. Is there any treatment for microcephaly? Unfortunately, there's no cure for this. There's only symptomatic and supportive treatment. This is the NCSBN Clinical Judgement Measurement Model. This is a framework being used now for many NCLEX Next Generation exam items and case studies. You may hear about it in nursing school if you haven't and you may see it or see test questions framed using it on some of your exams. So we're going to talk about it a bit right now. Let's relate the content from this lecture to the first two steps recognizing cues and analyzing cues. In order to recognize cues and analyze cues in a newborn who may potentially have microcephaly, you have to first what a normal infant head should look like and how it should For more detail on that, please review the normal newborn Then, you have to understand microcephaly and how that Microcephaly is typically considered a head circumference that measures less than about a third percentile for the newborn's age and gender. It also should be fairly obvious even to the - just to the It's not something that's super challenging usually to You can usually tell that it's a smaller head than typical because what happens, typically, the brain stops growing in and then, the head stops growing as well. The reason why newborn heads, why fetal heads grow in utero is because the brain is growing.
Generally speaking, the males of most species are smaller than the females of the same species. Their vent (cloaca) openings are positioned farther from the margin of the bottom shell (plastron) than those of females. The tail of male water turtles tends to be relatively long and tapered, but thick at the base. The tail of females is generally short and stubby. The males of some water turtles species also have unusually long claws on their front feet. Certain species of water turtles have been successfully bred in captivity. During mating, the male's penis may protrude during sexual excitement and resembles an "opening flower." Inexperienced observers often regard this structure with bewilderment. Copulation takes place when the male inserts this structure into the female’s cloacal opening. Eggs can be incubated by burying them in 1-2 inches of sand or dirt kept at 70-85 F. Incubators can be rudimentary to elaborate. The eggs should not be disturbed in any way during the incubation period. The eggs usually hatch in 60-140 days (average 80-110 days). The eventual sex of a water turtle may be influenced by egg incubation temperatures. Red-Eared Slider eggs, for example, incubated at 85 F yield primarily female turtles, while those incubated at 75 F yield primarily male turtles. The numbers of each sex tend to be equal when eggs are reared at 80 F. This interesting phenomenon does not occur in all water turtle species. Among other chelonian species (certain tortoises), higher environmental temperatures produce more male offspring. Some scientists speculate that temperature-induced sex determination is the major factor responsible for the demise of dinosaurs. They theorize that a meteor collision produced a massive dust cloud, blocking out much of the sunlight and greatly reducing the environmental temperature. Such cooling may have resulted in drastic changes in sex ratios of dinosaur offspring. Such an imbalance in the numbers of males and females could have, in turn, greatly compromised the dinosaurs' reproductive success. A specialized sharp projection (called an "egg tooth") on the "upper beak" of hatching water turtles aids them in emerging from the egg. Premature hatching may occur from time to time. When this occurs, the yolk sac is conspicuous as it hangs from its attachment to the lower shell. These hatchlings can be saved as long as the yolk sac is kept moist and not injured. The baby can be suspended with the yolk sac gently wrapped in saline-soaked gauze until the material within the sac has been completely absorbed. The hatching will not eat on its own during this period because of the adequate nourishment it receives from the yolk sac material.
Hurricanes, wildfires, floods, and drought: yes, it has been that kind of year. It’s as if the seven plagues of Egypt are being unleashed on us. Or is it 10 plagues? Now we are not suggesting that rivers and lakes are about to turn to blood or that frogs will rain from the sky but even they had logical explanations. The blood was the growth of red algae blooms which can build up in oceans and freshwater. And it’s toxic. Frogs could be fleeing toxicity in their habitat. That has happened. And as you work through the other plagues of Egypt, one realizes there are also scientific explanations for all of them. U.N. data shows that natural disasters have increased five-fold since the 1970s. 2021 has been a bad year. With drought-fueled fires in the U.S and Western Canada accompanied by extreme heat, wildfires in Southern Europe and Siberia, severe floods causing destruction and death in Germany and China, and, most recently, Hurricane Ida that battered Louisiana and then sparked flash floods in the U.S. northeast including flooding the New York subway and turning parts of New York City into a lake. Haiti was hit by a deadly earthquake and then to add to their misery they were hit by Tropical Storm Grace. The fact that over 50,000 people have been ordered to evacuate in El Dorado County near and around Lake Tahoe that straddles the border in Nevada and California because of the Caldor fire shows that the natural disasters do not differentiate between the poor and the well-off. Both are treated the same. Natural disaster climate refugees as of 2020 were estimated at over 55 million globally and over 1.2 million in the U.S. However, at any point in time there could be a lot more. It was estimated that in 2017 68.5 million were displaced at least temporarily, not because of war but because of climate disasters. These numbers are expected to rise. It has been estimated that upwards of one billion people could be climate refugees by 2050 due to rising sea levels, floods, fires, and intense storms. This doesn’t include other natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanoes. Poor infrastructure is one of the prime reasons they are danger. Climate change triggers other problems such as desertification, drought, deforestation, land degradation, rising sea levels, floods, more frequent and extreme storms, earthquakes, volcanoes, food insecurity, and famine. The regions most at risk are sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, and Latin America. North America and Europe will not be spared. Rising sea levels are not only impacting numerous cities around the world, including major cities like Jakarta and Miami but entire islands, already inhabited, are disappearing under the waves. Where do the people go? Food security is a problem. It is estimated that upwards of 25% of the global population face food insecurity. Drought along with supply disruptions are today sparking food shortages and a prime reason we are experiencing food inflation. But it is the rising, staggering costs that could upend the global economy. It is estimated that climate change disasters could cut the world economy by $23 trillion by 2050. These are estimates from giant insurance companies such as Swiss Re as they are the ones that have to pay out the staggering bills. But it is the taxpayer that is most at risk as already debt-laden countries are forced to go even deeper into debt. That in turn could cause economic instability. Western developed countries are already facing high polarization over vaccines for the COVID and those that deny or downplay climate change and the ensuing staggering costs. That could in turn spark more and deadlier confrontations in an increasingly polarized world. In 2020 alone there were 22 $1 billion-plus weather disasters in the U.S., including seven hurricanes. Globally in 2020 the economic loss of natural disasters was $268 billion, while insured losses were $97 billion. Billion dollar-plus events in the U.S. in 2020 cost an estimated $95 billion. The costliest were Hurricane Laura, the Western wildfires, and huge wind storms in the North Central U.S. (total – $46.5 billion). The tally from 2021 is not yet tabulated. In the U.S. alone disasters cost $532 billion in 2015–2019 and over $800 billion from 2010-2019 with costs escalating in the latter part of the decade. Wildfires in 2020 in the U.S. cost an estimated $13 billion and hurricanes $20 billion. Floods in Germany in 2021 were estimated at $30 billion. Droughts in the U.S. Southwest are a growing problem with lakes shrinking and reservoirs going dry. It is estimated that has already cost between $9–$14 billion. Four of the five most deadly hurricanes in the U.S. occurred in the past decade (Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Sandy). No word yet on the cost of 2021’s wildfires, drought, and most recently Hurricane Ida. The reality is that events and costs are accelerating from previous periods. For the record, the costliest natural disaster was the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan in 2011. The most expensive natural disaster in the U.S. was Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The cost of Hurricane Ida is unknown at this time. The droughts and heat waves experienced in 2021 may surpass the cost of the droughts and heat waves the U.S. experienced in 1988 and 2012. The chart below depicting the cost of natural disasters since 2000 to 2020 shows that costs spiked on average every four years. It would not be surprising to see 2021 challenge the 2011 spike or even surpass it. The greening of the economy will continue. Those major corporations and financial institutions are onside with this put a wrench in those who deny or downplay climate change. According to the investment bank UBS, it is estimated that by 2025 25% of all new cars globally will be electric. By 2030 that could rise to 40% and by 2040 virtually all new cars will be electric. This gives extra added emphasis to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that has predicted the earth’s temperatures will rise 1.5⁰ C above pre-industrial levels over the next two decades, surpassing all the goals of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. Besides electric cars, the push towards renewable energy will also continue. The Economist in a fascinating article has questioned: “Could Climate Change Trigger a Financial Crisis?” (The Economist, Sept 4, 2021 – https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2021/09/04/could-climate-change-trigger-a-financial-crisis). Our final chart below shows how temperatures have changed over the past 1700 years. It shows what was known as the Medieval Warm Period that peaked around 1300 as well as the Little Ice Age that troughed around 1600. The Medieval Warm Period would have largely coincided with the peak in the Byzantine Empire, the Mongol Empire, and the Mayan Empire. Empires tended to peak during periods of warming. Prime examples were the Egyptian Empire, the Roman Empire, and more recently the British Empire—and possibly even now the U.S. Empire. Periods of global cooling (yes, they occur) coincided with the collapse of the Minoan Empire, the Athenian empire, the European Dark Ages, and the wars and plagues of the 15th to 17th centuries. In some respects, this one is different as temperatures today are the hottest in 125,000 years. Man has never experienced this before although, yes, the earth has given evidence that the poles were tropical as well as periods where the earth was covered in ice sheets. The weather is what is happening today. Climate is something that evolves over a long period of time and history tells us it is constantly changing. The question is how to deal with it and how much will it cost. Chart of the Week As if it hasn’t been a bad enough week with Hurricane Ida ravaging New Orleans and Louisiana, then it’s the aftermath ravaging the Northeast U.S., including leaving riders in the New York City subway swimming their way to the surface. Okay, that last one is an exaggeration but the 235,000 jobs created in August when the market consensus was for 750,000 new jobs was not an exaggeration. Or is it an understatement? We have been noting for some time that the economy was not as strong as many would like to believe. The Delta variant is taking its toll, sparking what appears to be a drop in consumer demand and in consumer confidence. One of weakest areas was in leisure and hospitality as the Delta takes its toll and hiring still has its challenges. Retail trade actually saw a decline, and restaurants and bars lost 42,000 jobs. As well, construction jobs faltered but gains were seen in professional and business services, education, warehousing, and transportation. Construction was weak due to supply disruptions, something that is an ongoing problem everywhere and has sparked price increases in a number of areas. The Delta is playing a big role in keeping people from wanting to work, particularly in hospitality, retail and restaurants, and bars. As well, many are reassessing their career and life and questioning whether they will return to jobs in hospitality or retail. Even as schools prepare to reopen there is concern and hesitancy about going back. Offsetting the big miss was an upward revision for July. Private sector jobs increased by 243,000 as the loss was in the government sector (down 8,000). The labour force increased by 190,000 which helped to lower the official unemployment rate (U3) to 5.2% from 5.4%. The U6 unemployment rate, which is the U3 rate plus short-term discouraged workers under one year and those working part-time for economic reasons along with other marginally attached workers, came in at 8.9% vs. 9.2% in July. Possibly the most telling number was the Shadow Stats (www.shadowstats.com) number that was unchanged at 25.6%. The Shadow Stats number is the U6 unemployment plus long-term discouraged workers unemployed beyond one year and defined out of the labor force in 1994. This then is the real unemployment rate in the U.S. The labor force participation rate for August was unchanged at 61.7% while the employment-population ratio was 58.5% vs. 58.4% in July. For comparison’s sake, the employment-population ratio in February 2020 was 61.1% and the labor force participation rate was 63.3%. The lower participation rates are a prime reason the unemployment rate is lower because of those rates were back where they were in February 2020 the unemployment rate would be considerably higher. Indeed, all areas are down from February 2020. The U.S. is still short some 5.3 million jobs from where it was before the onset of the pandemic. Some 5.6 million people haven’t been able to go back to their old jobs or only part-time. Yes, there are job openings galore (estimate, at least 10 million), but mismatched skills and experience are playing a role in leaving many unfilled. Full-time employment is down 4.1 million and part-time employment is down 2.0 million, even as the labor force itself is lower by 3.1 million. With labor still in the doldrums, projecting a miracle recovery appears to be a stretch. Most forecasts now are not suggesting complete employment recovery until at least 2023. And that is a big if that the current Delta variant doesn’t lay waste to the labor market into the fourth quarter. Those not in the labor force rose 1,170,000 in August as more workers fell into the long-term unemployed and retirees grew. Those considered not in the labor force rose to 100,105,000 Retirement is a problem as many decided not to return, especially older workers. There are 55.7 million retirees and 9.4 million on disability making up the bulk of those not in the labor force. Full-time students would also be included in that category. Those unemployed for 27 weeks or longer actually fell by 308,000, but you’d never know it by some of the other numbers. Average weekly hours were unchanged at 34.7 while average hourly earnings rose 4.3% year over year. That latter number was above the consensus 4.0% as employers in some industries are being forced to pay higher wages to attract people. This report is going to put some hesitation in the Fed’s thoughts of tapering. And the U.S. economy appears to be weaker than many expected. Systemic risk in the economy remains. As a result of the report gold jumped, the U.S. dollar fell, the stock market wavered while bond yields continued to bounce around, up a little. But the report gave little solace as to whether the recession is over, although many are saying it is. Too bad it doesn’t really feel that way. The jobs picture remains in a hole deeper than anything seen in the past. Taper? The odds are dimming. MARKETS AND TRENDS \|% Gains (Losses) Trends\| \|Close Dec 31/20\|\|Close Sep 3/21\|\|Week\|\|YTD\|\|Daily (Short Term)\|\|Weekly (Intermediate)\|\|Monthly (Long Term)\| \|Stock Market Indices\| \|S&P 500\|\|3,756.07\|\|4,535.43 (new highs)\|\|0.6%\|\|20.8%\|\|up\|\|up\|\|up\| \|Dow Jones Industrials\|\|30,606.48\|\|35,639.09\|\|0.5%\|\|16.4%\|\|up\|\|up\|\|up\| \|Dow Jones Transports\|\|12,506.93\|\|14,751.62\|\|(1.0)%\|\|17.8%\|\|up\|\|up (weak)\|\|up\| \|NASDAQ\|\|12,888.28\|\|15,363.62 (new highs)\|\|1.6%\|\|19.2%\|\|up\|\|up\|\|up\| \|S&P/TSX Composite\|\|17,433.36\|\|20,821.43 (new highs)\|\|0.9%\|\|19.4%\|\|up\|\|up\|\|up\| \|S&P/TSX Venture (CDNX)\|\|875.36\|\|923.22\|\|3.6%\|\|5.5%\|\|up (weak)\|\|down (weak)\|\|up\| \|MSCI World Index\|\|2,140.71\|\|2,396.94\|\|2.0%\|\|12.0%\|\|up\|\|up\|\|up\| \|NYSE Bitcoin Index\|\|28,775.36\|\|49,695.33\|\|3.2%\|\|72.7%\|\|up\|\|up (weak)\|\|up\| \|Gold Mining Stock Indices\| \|Gold Bugs Index (HUI)\|\|299.64\|\|258.13\|\|1.4%\|\|(13.9)%\|\|down\|\|down\|\|up (weak)\| \|TSX Gold Index (TGD)\|\|315.29\|\|294.11\|\|1.1%\|\|(6.7)%\|\|down\|\|down\|\|up (weak)\| \|Fixed Income Yields/Spreads\| \|U.S. 10-Year Treasury Bond yield\|\|0.91\|\|1.32%\|\|0.8%\|\|45.1%\| \|Cdn. 10-Year Bond CGB yield\|\|0.68\|\|1.19%\|\|(0.8)%\|\|75.0%\| \|Recession Watch Spreads\| \|U.S. 2-year 10-year Treasury spread\|\|0.79\|\|1.09%\|\|flat\|\|38.0%\| \|Cdn 2-year 10-year CGB spread\|\|0.48\|\|0.79%\|\|4.0%\|\|64.6%\| \|Canadian $\|\|0.7830\|\|0.7991\|\|0.9%\|\|2.0%\|\|up (weak)\|\|neutral\|\|up\| \|Swiss Franc\|\|113.14\|\|109.40\|\|(0.3)%\|\|(3.3)%\|\|neutral\|\|down (weak)\|\|up\| \|Japanese Yen\|\|96.87\|\|91.15\|\|0.1%\|\|(5.9)%\|\|up (weak)\|\|down\|\|down\| \|Natural Gas\|\|2.54\|\|4.71 (new highs)\|\|7.3%\|\|85.4%\|\|up\|\|up\|\|up\| New highs/lows refer to new 52-week highs/lows and in some cases all-time highs. Could the weaker-than-expected jobs report that came out on Friday be a trigger to a stock market correction? Once again, the S&P 500 made new all-time highs, up 0.6% on the week, but on Friday the markets faltered although the S&P 500 was off small on the day. Still, it’s worth considering given that we are seeing faltering breadth, faltering bullish percent, falling stocks trading over their 200-day MA, and falling volume. All of that appears to be meaningless in the face of a market that pushes relentlessly higher, defying the bears. Friday’s job numbers also, as we have noted, have put doubt into whether the Fed will taper later this year. There are rising cases of the Delta variant and once again the U.S. leads the world in cases with daily deaths over 1,000 per day. There are astounding numbers of over 40 million cases and 670,000 deaths in the U.S., making the COVID one of the deadliest plagues ever in U.S. history and one of the highest death tolls for plagues or war. Others joining the all-time high party were the S&P 500 Equal Weight, the Dow Jones Utilities (DJU), the NASDAQ 100, the S&P 100 (OEX), the Wilshire 5000, and the Russell 1000 and 3000. The Dow Jones Industrials (DJI) was up 0.5% on the week but no new highs. The Dow Jones Transportations (DJT) (see below) diverged again, down 1.0% on the week. The NASDAQ gained 1.6% to new highs. The S&P 600 small-cap lost 0.4%. In Canada, the TSX Composite made new highs, up 0.9% and the TSX Venture Exchange (CDNX) had its best week in months, up 3.6%. The MSCI World Index gained about 2.0% but no new highs. Bitcoin recovered slightly, up 3.2% to $49,700. In the EU, the London FTSE was flat, the Paris CAC 40 was up 0.1%, and the German DAX actually fell off about 0.5%. Nobody made all-time highs. In Asia, China’s Shanghai Index (SSEC) was up 1.7% while the Tokyo Nikkei Dow (TKN) had a good week, up 5.4%. Maybe they were happy over the resignation of the Prime Minister. Indicators are diverging. Volume is falling. We are in the season for a correction. What could go wrong? Fed Chair Jerome Powell has stated that they need to see more evidence of recovery before they would start tapering. They didn’t get that Friday with the job numbers. It was the opposite. The DJI fell on the day. The odds of the Fed announcing tapering at the September 21–22 FOMC are slipping away. It is possible that could give the market comfort and keep the party going. We can’t deny that, but it is getting difficult to add to positions given the growing divergences. Support is seen at 4,450, 4,250, 4,050, and 4,000. Below 4,000 a bear market could be underway. Above it is hard to say but the S&P 500 could rise in a wedge to as high as 4,600/4,700. But time, it appears, is running out on one of the longest bull markets in history. Once again, the NASDAQ made all-time highs this past week. We note, however, that the RSI is over 70 so it is now into nose-bleed territory and warning us of a pending pullback. Naturally, a pullback could be temporary and shallow. The NASDAQ number of stocks trading over the 200-day MA has been in a steady decline since February 2021. It currently is at 42.4% vs. 82.4% in February. That tells us that leadership is becoming narrower and narrower. The current divergence is more pronounced than the one seen in February 2020 before the March 2020 pandemic panic. The Bullish Percent Index is currently 56 vs 80 in February 2021. Again, this divergence is more pronounced than in February 2020. Breadth is also steadily falling, diverging with the price action. The NASDAQ gained 1.6% this past week. The FAANGs were mixed but mostly up. Facebook hit new highs, up 1.0% and so did Apple, up 3.9%. Netflix followed, up 5.6% as did Google, up 0.2%. The only other one making new all-time highs was Nvidia, up 0.9% on the week. Not making new highs but up was Amazon +3.9%, Microsoft +0.5%, Tesla +3.1%, Twitter +2.0%, Baidu +6.4%, and Alibaba +6.8% as the Chinese stocks continued to recover. All in all, a great week for the FAANGs but not so much for everybody else. Declining volume, declining breadth, declining bullish percent all indicate to us that a correction is coming. The question is, how steep, and when? Support is at 14,700, 14,500, and 13,900. Under 13,700 a bear market could get underway. Despite an upward move in the NYSE advance-decline line this past week it still has not made a new high even as the S&P 500 did make new highs once again this past week. However, this one is getting close and new highs for AD line could once again confirm the new highs for the S&P 500. However, the divergence is often seen at important turn points where direction changes. In this case, it is signaling the next move should be down. The VIX volatility index (inverted) and the S&P 500 are diverging. The VIX has been in a downtrend since June even as the S&P 500 continued to the upside. We are showing the inverted VIX as it shows the divergence better than the showing the regular VIX which moves opposite to the S&P 500. These divergences can persist for some time but they indicate that something is amiss and could be signaling a change in direction which in this case would turn the market down from up. We have noted the growing Dow Theory divergence between the Dow Jones Industrials (DJI) and the Dow Jones Transportations (DJT). Dow Theory states that the averages must confirm each other. However, since May the DJI continued up but the DJT began to fall, regardless of what appears as a corrective rebound that got underway in July for the DJT. In the past, divergences between the DJI and the DJT have signalled major changes in direction so it is worth paying attention to. In this case the new direction would be down. We note as well that the DJI is now diverging from the S&P 500 and NASDAQ, although it is not as pronounced as the divergence between the DJI and the DJT. Once again, the TSX Composite soared to new highs, gaining 0.9% on the week. The TSX Venture Exchange (CDNX) had its best week since March 2021 as it gained 3.6%, pushing the CDNX once again up on the year by 5.5%. Eleven of the fourteen sub-indices were up on the week and six of them made all-time highs. The leader on the week was Industrials (TIN), up 4.3% and making new all-time highs. Others making all-time highs were Income Trusts (TCM) +0.6%, Consumer Staples (TCS) +0.2%, Real Estate (TRE) +1.1%, Information Technology (TKK) +2.6%, and Telecommunications (TTS) +0.5%. Losers were Financials (TFS) -1.1%, Metals & Mining (TGM) -0.7%, and Health Care (THC) -0.1%. The TSX continues to climb against the backdrop of diverging indicators and declining volume. The TSX Bullish Percent Index currently at 71 has been declining since peaking in April. As well, the number of stocks on the TSX trading over their 200-day MA has been declining since peaking last December 2020. This suggests to us that leadership is narrowing. The breakdown point is seen at 20,300. Long-term support is seen down to 19,000 with ultra long-term support at 18,000. While admittedly the TSX could keep rising, investors would be wise to not add at this stage and use rising stops. Golds appear to be coming out of its doldrums and could be a leader going forward. U.S. 10-year Treasury Bond/Canadian 10-year Government Bond (CGB) Bond yields waffled this past week following the jobs report. The yield on the U.S. 10-year treasury note rose slightly on the week to 1.32% from 1.31%. In Canada, the 10-year Government of Canada bond (CGB) dipped slightly to 1.19% from 1.20%. With the job numbers weaker than expected, the focus may now shift to other economic numbers as economists seek evidence that the economy is slowing. Taper plans could then be on hold. Economic numbers this past week included pending home sales that fell 8.5% year over year and down 1.8% in July. But home prices were rising as the Case-Shiller home price was up 19.1% year over year to July. The home price index was up 18.8% year over year to June. The August purchasing managers report (PMI) what we used to call the NAPALM came in at 66.8 vs. an expectation of 68 and last month’s 73.4. That’s still good but it has weakened a little. The consumer confidence index for August was 113.8 but they expected 124 and the previous month it was 125.1. The August ISM manufacturing was largely unchanged at 59.9 vs. 59.5 in July. Initial jobless claims were 340,000, down from last week’s 354,000. Factory orders for July were up 0.4% vs. June’s plus 1.5% and expectations of a rise of 0.3%. In Canada, GDP growth for Q2 came in unexpectedly at negative 0.3%, well below the previous quarter’s gain of 1.4%. The market had expected a gain of 0.6%. Still, Canada is expected to record a GDP gain of 5.4% in 2021. However, that is out of the deep hole of 2020. Forecasts from some of 3% growth annually after that, are, based on previous history, a pipe dream. The decline in Q2 was sparked by slowing housing sales and a decline in exports. Supply chain disruptions are also playing a role. The decline in Q2 ended three consecutive quarters of gains. Not a lot of numbers this coming week. Consumer credit is out on Wednesday, looking for a gain of $25 billion. Canada will be reporting its August job numbers next Friday. They are looking for a gain of 75,000 and the unemployment rate to fall to 7.3%. U.S. PPI is out next Friday as well looking for a gain of 0.6% in August and a gain of 6.6% year over year. The PPI may be the most anticipated number of the week. Bond yields continue to waffle. A break below 1.20% or above 1.40% could change the scenario to down or up depending on the direction of the break. That’s why next Friday’s PPI number may be the one to watch. Once again, we highlight the massive monetary growth seen since the pandemic got underway in February/March 2020. M1 money supply is up an astounding 278% or $15.2 trillion. M2 money supply is up $4.9 trillion or about 32% and the monetary base is up $2.6 trillion or about 74%. The monetary base consists of currency in circulation plus balances held at the Fed. It has been the astounding growth in M1 that is mind-boggling. Given that all these indicators are essentially still rising, there appears to be little suggestion of tapering. They are rising because of QE4 with the Fed flooding the market with cash. Bizarrely, on the other side, the Fed has been conducting reverse repos to drain all the excess cash that has accumulated as a result of QE4. While QE4 is adding permanently to the monetary bases, reverse repos are temporary, usually only for overnight. Reverse repos totalling over $1 trillion every day have been ongoing since early August. But never have we ever seen anything like this and we struggle to explain it as a result. The US$ Index fell to its lowest level since July as Friday’s jobs report missed by a wide margin. The US$ Index appears to have found some support at a support line near 92 and a rising uptrend line from the May 2021 low near 89.50. A breakdown below 91.75 would suggest that a top is in at 93.75 and our contention that we are making an ABC flat correction wave is correct. Final support would be near 91.25 and once below that we can look at 90.25 and the last support zone before potentially making new lows below 89.50 and even 89.15. With the U.S. dollar down this past week the currencies rose. The euro was up 0.7%; however, the Swiss franc was off 0.3%, the pound sterling gained 0.7%, and the Japanese yen was up a small 0.1% despite the resignation of the prime minister. The Canadian dollar continued to benefit from the oil rally, gaining almost 0.9%. The US$ Index was down not only because of the weak jobs report but also uncertainty surrounding what the Fed will do next and thoughts that the recovery, such as it was, will now stall again. If the economy is really going ahead the Fed will consider tapering but if it stalls again then all bets are off. That in turn puts downward pressure on the US$ Index and is ultimately good for gold and commodities. A move back over 92.75 would signal that we are in the throes of an upward correction. A move over 93.25 would suggest the potential for new highs. Gold leaped following Friday’s job report, gaining $22.20 or 1.2%. The weaker-than-expected jobs report allowed gold to gain 0.8% on the week. Otherwise, gold has closed the week with another small loss. Silver jumped 3.1% on the week, platinum was up 1.5%, palladium gained 0.3% while copper prices were up a small 0.1%. The jobs report eased concerns about the Fed tapering. Not only were the precious metals up on the week, but the base metals put in good gains as well. We saw a weaker U.S. dollar as the US$ Index fell 0.7%. A weaker dollar allows precious and base metals to revalue themselves upward as all are priced and traded (mostly) in U.S. dollars. The precious metals have suffered this year as the economy recovered from the pandemic. However, the jobs report is putting an explanation mark on the growing Delta variant and that the U.S. is once again leading the world in COVID cases. The U.S. has officially passed 40 million cases (12% of the population) and over 660,000 deaths. The bulk of cases and deaths now are happening in the unvaccinated, a group that is highly resistant to getting vaccinated and, in many cases, has been vocal and violent about it. Cases have been rising steadily in both Texas and Florida, two states that have large portions of the population unvaccinated and run by Republican governors and a congress that are resistant to vaccinations and mandates. As a result of the weak jobs report all eyes will be on upcoming economic numbers into October and the next FOMC meeting due on September 21–22. Gold appears to have broken out over a resistance line near $1,820. Next up is the July high at $1,837. If gold can clear that level there is further resistance up to $1,860 and the downtrend line (the darker red line) that comes down from the August 2020 top. The final resistance line is up around $1,890 and the downtrend line from the December 2020 high of $1,962. However, only a break above $1,990 would tell us that the odds of new highs above $2,089 the August 2020 high are in the works. So there remains considerable work and resistance to overcome to achieve this. As a result, we are not complacent about the potential. We have noted that a rally that fails to make new highs above August 2020 at $2,089 could spell trouble and result in a gold crash. On the other hand, a solid break to new highs could imply a move towards potential targets up to $2,300. Continuing signs of a weak economy would weigh on the U.S. dollar and therefore benefit gold and the precious metals along with other commodities. Support now is $1,790/$1,800. A break under that level would be negative and a break below $1,775 could imply a fresh test of the lows near $1,675. The gold commercial COT (bullion companies and banks) slipped to 25% this past week, down from 26% the previous week. Long open interest dropped about 3,000 contracts while short open interest rose about 3,000 contracts. For the large speculators (hedge funds, managed futures, etc.) their COT was unchanged at 77%. However, their long open interest jumped about 11,000 contracts while short open interest was up around 6,000 contracts. Overall open interest rose just under 3,000 contracts. However, the report only goes to August 31 and doesn’t capture Friday’s jump for gold following the jobs report. We have to view this report as mildly bearish. Silver leaped following the jobs report on Friday with a solid gain of 88 cents or 3.7%. That allowed silver to rise 3.1% on the week, turning what might have been a small down week into a solid gain. Silver is now just shy of next resistance at $25. Silver also appears to be on the cusp of breaking the downtrend in place since June. There then remains considerable resistance up to $26. The downtrend since the spike peak back in early February at $30.35 comes in around $27.50 so that would be another key resistance point. Above $28.50, the odds heavily increase that new highs above $30.35 would be seen. Silver has struggled and many are now claiming that silver has made a triple bottom at $21.81 last September, $21.96 in December 2020, and then $22.28 in August. A reminder, however, that triple bottoms are rare and are more likely to break to the downside rather than to the upside. The reverse is the case at triple tops. The reason is that silver could be forming a form of a descending triangle which is bearish, not bullish. That highlights why breaking all the key resistance points is meaningful even as they are no guarantee that we will see new highs above $30.35. So, it pays not be to be complacent about the potential for a triple bottom. The bigger picture suggests that silver has been forming the handle of a massive cup and handle pattern. That pattern suggests that if silver were to break and see new all-time highs above $50, then a run towards $100 becomes a possibility. Or it’s a pipe dream from the perma bulls, of which there are many. We’ll take it one step at a time. Getting through $27.50 would be a good start. In the interim there is work to be done. To the downside, we’d look for $24 to hold pullbacks. The drop-dead point is a break under $23, suggesting that new lows are ahead. The silver commercial COT fell this past week to 35% from 37% the previous week. Long open interest fell over 5,000 contracts while short open interest dropped over 3,000 contracts. The large speculators COT rose slightly to 61% from 60% although they too saw a drop in open interest with longs down about 400 contracts and shorts down about 1,000 contracts. Overall open interest fell by around 9,000 contracts, suggesting to us that the declines were all short or long covering. Of bigger interest would be to see how it responds when silver breaks out and rises. This past week silver rose, but the biggest gain was on Friday following the jobs report. With the weaker than expected job numbers, the gold stocks found a bid on Friday and closed the week to the upside. The Gold Bugs Index (HUI) was up 1.4% while the TSX Gold Index (TGD) gained 1.1%. Without the gains on Friday the gold stocks were originally marginally down on the week. The TGD gapped higher on Friday and is now challenging the 50-day MA. The TGD also appears to be breaking away from a bottoming pattern. A firm close over 295 early this coming week could set us on our way to 305–315. A breakout over 315 would end the downtrend from the August 2020 high of 417. That could then set our sites on 340 and what may be a neckline of a potential double bottom for the TGD. Note the lows seen in early March 2021 at 267 and the most recent low of 279 in August 2021. If that is a double bottom with 340 as a neckline the potential target could be up to 415 and the August 2020 highs. What’s key now is that on any pullback 280 holds. That line would rise as we move higher. Indicators are moving higher and are currently around neutral levels. Not surprisingly, the short-term trend has turned neutral while the intermediate trend remains down but is weakening. The long-term trend never did turn down. We remain upbeat on the gold stocks. A move above 315 would be a significant event and turn us more bullish. WTI oil managed to gain 0.8% this past week as Hurricane Ida pushed oil prices higher, but the weaker than expected jobs report on Friday pushed prices back down again. Hurricane Ida played havoc in the Gulf of Mexico and numerous oil and especially gas platforms were shut down and damaged. This gave a boost to natural gas (NG). Given the devastation, they, along with refineries along the coast, many of which were flooded, are not expected to open up again any time soon. Apparently, at least 1.7 million bpd are shut down. That suggests that there will likely be draws on the U.S. stockpiles. NG leaped 7.3% this past week to fresh 52-week highs. NG has been on fire in 2021 up now 85.4% on the year. WTI oil appears to be on the cusp of breaking a small downtrend line this coming week. That line comes in around $70 along with the 50-day MA. A break above that level could set the stage for higher prices towards an earlier high near $74. If there is a fly in the ointment it is the energy stocks. The ARCA Oil & Gas Index (XOI) failed to respond this past week, down 0.8% although the TSX Energy Index (TEN) did rise 2.0%. The XOI would need to break above 1,050 to suggest that it is going higher. In the interim the XOI appears to have found support around the 200-day MA. Oil prices are expected to remain at least elevated going forward, given some upward demand and ongoing supply issues as OPEC keeps a lid on supply, and damage from Hurricane Ida is not going to correct itself overnight. In the interim, another hurricane (Larry) is forming in the Atlantic. Its path is undetermined at this time but it could be headed for the islands and ultimately the coast of Florida. DISCLAIMER: This article was written by a third party contributor and does not reflect the opinion of Born2Invest, its management, staff or its associates. Please review our disclaimer for more information. This article may include forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe,” “project,” “estimate,” “become,” “plan,” “will,” and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks as well as uncertainties, including those discussed in the following cautionary statements and elsewhere in this article and on this site. Although the Company may believe that its expectations are based on reasonable assumptions, the actual results that the Company may achieve may differ materially from any forward-looking statements, which reflect the opinions of the management of the Company only as of the date hereof. Additionally, please make sure to read these important disclosures. David Chapman is not a registered advisory service and is not an exempt market dealer (EMD) nor a licensed financial advisor. We do not and cannot give individualised market advice. David Chapman has worked in the financial industry for over 40 years including large financial corporations, banks, and investment dealers. The information in this newsletter is intended only for informational and educational purposes. 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That includes consulting with your own licensed professional financial advisor. First Closing of €95M for Bio, Indaco’s New Fund Dedicated to Biotech and Pharma Indac's new fund, Indaco Bio is focused on Italy, but will not lack significant room for investments abroad, particularly in... The French Fintech Company Lemonway Grows 65% in Q1 In 2020, Lemonway was named among the fastest-growing FinTech startups (CB Insights 250 FinTech List) and among the 28 most... New Government Budgets Feature Significant Increases in Tech Allocations The magnitude and the depth of technology services that governmental entities rely on is staggering, and the significant increases in... WeedFest Hemp Fair to Take Place in Warsaw on May 28-29 After the huge success of the previous two editions, the Hemp WeedFest Warsaw Festival returns to host enthusiasts of the... 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This is a Japanese woodworking lecture that I wrote in a Japanese network several years ago. Now I try to translate it to English version, though I am not well in English. I hope you to enjoy this lecture. I am not a professional woodworker, but I aim professional level woodworking in this lecture. In Japan, woodworking technique is often hidden in a brain of specialist, but I will write everything as possible as I can. At first I write about choosing hand tools and sharpening. Woodworking is sometimes very dangerous. Safety is your duty. 1997,Ryohei Miyamoto. All rights reserved. Jump to New Page It is not good to buy many tools at once. You should purchase tools when you need them. At the start, you need one set of sharpening stone, few metal ruler, 15mm chisel, and 48mm hand plane. It is very important where you buy tools in Japan. You should buy tools at a shop for professional wood worker or carpenter. Table 1: List of Japanese basic woodworking tools. \|chisel\|\|3mm\|\|over3000\|\|for narrow mortise\|\|\| \|chisel\|\|9mm\|\|over3000\|\|for middle size mortise\|\|\| \|chisel\|\|15mm\|\|over3000\|\|for middle size mortise\|\|\| \|chisel\|\|30mm\|\|over4000\|\|surfacing or wide mortise\|\|\| \|chisel\|\|6mm\|\|over3000\|\|useful for narrow mortise\|\|\| \|plane\|\|48mm\|\|over8000\|\|basic plane, all purpose\|\|\| \|Ryoba saw\|\|3000\|\|replace blade\|\|\| \|Dozuki saw\|\|4000\|\|replace blade\|\|\| \|sharpening stone\|\|2000\|\|middle grid\|\|\| \|finish sharpening stone\|\|4000\|\|#6000 ceramic stone\|\|\| \|iron plate\|\|2000\|\|for flattening blade's back\|\|\| \|silicon carbide\|\|500\|\|for flattening blade's back\|\|\| \|sashigane\|\|50cm\|\|1500\|\|Japanese big thin square\|\|*\| \|rule\|\|30cm\|\|700\|\|for checking flatness of plane base\|\|\| \|rule\|\|1m\|\|2000\|\|for checking flatness of board\|\|\| \|marking gage\|\|1500\|\|for mortise and tenon\|\|*\| Though there is not many books on Japanese woodworking, I recommend three books. Zukai Mokkou gijyutsu, Syougoro Sato, Kyoritsu pub. This book is not new, but it is all purpose. KAKI's woodworking, Makoto Kakitani, JICC pub. KAKI is a famous handmade furniture maker in Toyama. This book is sometimes called as Bible of woodworking. Mokkougu shiyouhou, Yoshio Akioka, Sougensya It is difficult to learn sharpening plane blade or adjusting, so you had better to be taught by carpenter or woodworker. Or please be checked by them. Flattening the blade back Japanese blade has two layer, soft and hard. It is very important that hard blade back is perfect flat. Making this flatness is called Uradashi. I use iron plate and silicon carbide to flatten the blade back. It is almost impossible to describe this work. You need to make the blade back to be mirror. It is hard to do so. When I did at first, I could not finish to flatten the blade back like a mirror in a day. Flattness of the surface of water stone is very important. You must reflatten to keep the surface of water stone. There are several way to flatten. I usually use two or three methods. For example, 1 and 3. The next figure is a sample of exercise. When you finish nine mortises, your skill become higher level. This wood block size is about 5cm x 10cm x 15cm(HxWxL). Use sguare and marking gauge to mark. At first stand the chisel at the center of mortise, and excavate from both side. Be carefull to keep the chisel at inside of the mark line(about 1mm inside). At first stand the chisel at the both inside of the line, and make from center. If you can not excavate the bottom, stand chisel and hit the inside area of mortise. When you almost finish the mortise, stand chisel just on line, and make mortise completely.
For better or for worse, nearly everyone owns a smartphone these days. This includes our young athletes who don’t even have jobs to pay for the phone! Due to the widespread usage of smartphone and tablet devices, a variety of applications have been created, especially in the sports training domain. Smartphone applications enable coaches and sports scientists to quantify and measure various physiologically variables related to health and human performance that essentially removes the need for laboratory-grade equipment for testing. One can easily acquire heart rate and heart rate variability data with their phone. We even have the option to collect this data via heart rate straps (traditional or Bluetooth), finger sensor or even by placing our index finger over the light of a camera phone which serves as a photo-plethmysograph. We can track barbell velocity with a simple accelerometer or linear positions transducer that synchs to our phones via Blutetooth. We can perform movement analyses, collect wellness questionnaires, conduct reaction time tests and so on and so forth. A new smartphone app on the market (currently only designed for the iPhone 5 s) developed by Spanish sports scientists can allegedly provide vertical jump height data. The user simply records the feet of an athlete as they perform a vertical jump. Then, the user selects the last frame from the video before the athletes feet leave the ground and then the frame where the athletes feet touch the ground at landing. The app then determines the flight time of the jump and provides a predicted vertical jump height. The app is called “My Jump” and it was recently cross validated with force plates and published in the European Journal of Sports Science. Five maximal counter-movement jumps were recorded from 20 healthy male subjects. Statistical analyses showed near perfect agreement between the force plate and the app (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.997, p = <0.01) with very tight limits of agreement. Therefore, it appears that vertical jump height can be accurately assessed with your smartphone and the My Jump app. Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Glaister, M., & Lockey, R. A. (2014). The validity and reliability of an iPhone app for measuring vertical jump performance. Journal of sports sciences, (ahead-of-print), 1-6.
Biodiversity could suffer as result, and more carbon could be added to the atmosphere. tropical cyclones Archives - State of the Planet Researchers create first model for hurricane hazard assessment that is both open source and capable of accounting for climate change. Chia-Ying Lee, a scientist at the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, studies the structure and intensity evolution of tropical cyclones and how these are influenced by climate change. If a serious cyclone were to strike Mumbai, the results could be catastrophic, says a study underway at Columbia. In studying climate and tropical cyclones, researchers find a weather phenomenon at play. Using one of the most advanced atmospheric computer models available, scientists compared our expected future with a scenario in which ozone-depleting substances had never been regulated. With Chapala’s destructive landfall in Yemen just a couple of days in the past, a second tropical cyclone, Megh, has just formed in the Arabian Sea. This one is not forecast to become anywhere near as intense as Chapala did—though we know intensity forecasts can be wrong, as they were at early stages for both Chapala and Patricia. Hurricane Patricia, the strongest hurricane ever observed in either the Atlantic or eastern Pacific, is expected to make landfall on the Southwest coast of Mexico this afternoon and evening as an extremely dangerous Category 5 hurricane.
COURTESY (Ye-Ui) in a broader sense is kindness, humility, good manners, politeness, and respect. INTEGRITY (Yom-Chi) generally speaking, is honesty, straight dealing, purity, moral soundness, and uprightness. To have integrity means to be honest with everyone and with yourself at all times. PERSEVERANCE (In-Nae) is persistence, a steadfast pursuit of and an understanding of the aim, continuation in the practice of Tae Kwon Do regardless of the amount of obstacles, hindering circumstances, difficulties, or occasional “let downs” which are only temporary situations. The strong will to hold on, regardless of obstacles. Loyalty. SELF-CONTROL (Guk-Gi) is a double edged sword: on the one hand, it is the physical control with regard to motions, precision of execution, prevention of unnecessary injuries (as opposed to acting wildly) or killing, due to lack of control. Experience is the best teacher, but all the physical reactions are based on the psychological makeup, maturity, and moral, ethical, and religious codes. Emotions are usually involved, to a certain degree, in the majority of situations, hence the need for emotional self control. The degree of controlling the particularly strong emotions such as love, hate, anger, surprise, joy, sadness, etc., show the level of achievement of each practitioner of Tae Kwon Do. Emotions should be governed by a strong and conscious reason and aided by experience in principles. The success of application of this tenet in practical everyday life should result in creating the indomitable spirit. INDOMITABLE SPIRIT (Baekjul-Bool Gool) Indomitable means unconquerable, unbreakable, unquenchable. To put it simply, it means that one has such strong unshakeable beliefs and principles that even sacrificing the most precious possession one has, one’s own life, is not too high a price to pay in defending them.
You’ve just had a tooth pulled and have been told that you need to plan on replacing it, but you’re not sure why it’s so important. Furthermore, you’re not clear on what your options are for restoring your teeth and smile to normal. But your dentist in Los Angeles will put an end to any confusion as you continue reading, as he explains the intricate balancing act that goes on inside your mouth and how to maintain a healthy state. Why is it Important to Replace a Missing Tooth? Your teeth remain in position through a healthy application of force that they apply to each other. When a tooth is removed, the other ivories continue seeking the tension that they have come to rely upon, so over time your entire set of teeth can move and become misaligned. Below are two specific problems that can develop from a missing tooth: - Tipping – Tension is applied to your teeth in two directions, horizontally and vertically. When the horizontal pressure is missing, the adjacent teeth may begin to shift over time. That involves them tipping over in their search for the tension that the missing tooth is supposed to be providing. - Super Eruption – The absence of the vertical pressure can lead to a super eruption, which is when the tooth just above or below the missing tooth extends beyond its roots in search of the tension it needs to sustain its position. This can lead to problems with occlusion (your bite). Ways to Replace a Missing Tooth There are two main ways to replace a missing tooth – a crown or dental implant. Here’s how each works: - Crown – The crown is the part of the tooth that is visible from the gum line up. When you have a crown replacement procedure, your dentist will have a tooth-colored ceramic fixture custom-crafted to replace your missing one, holding it in place using your adjacent teeth as abutments (anchors). This is done by cementing the new fixture to the surrounding teeth. - Dental Implant – The gold standard for replacing a missing tooth is the dental implant procedure. It involves surgically inserting a titanium post into your jawbone that acts as the missing roots. Instead of your surrounding teeth serving as the abutments, your implant becomes the anchor and a replacement crown is attached to it. Why is the Dental Implant Better? The dental implant route is the best method because it will stop the bone degeneration that occurs when you have a missing tooth. It also provides a sturdy foundation that comes the closest to mimicking the natural function of the roots of your teeth. By addressing the problem at the core, this procedure also leaves you with the most natural looking smile, preventing the look of premature aging that comes along with missing teeth over a prolonged period of time. So the path to your smile restoration is simple with dental implants. Just reach out to your implant dentist in Los Angeles today to schedule a consultation! About the Author A graduate of Washington University in St. Louis, Dr. Les Latner has been practicing dentistry for over 30 years. A highly accomplished and award-winning dentist, he is a member of several professional organizations and is a clinical professor at the UCLA School of Dentistry. Dr. Latner practices at Westside Dental Associates and can be reached for more information through his website.
National Healthy Skin Month: Caring for Your Baby’s Skin November is National Healthy Skin Month, so we’re putting a spotlight on your baby’s sensitive skin. Some people may be surprised, but skin is the body’s largest organ – so of course you want to take good care of it! However, what may seem natural for adults may differ for children, and especially babies. Since a child’s skin is more sensitive than ours, it is important to know how you can be mindful of their skin care needs. This is what we’ll focus on for this Child Safety Store blog post. Here are five tips for National Healthy Skin Month that can help you care for your baby’s skin: We can’t stress this one enough. Since children’s skin is so sensitive, it is also more susceptible to burns. What makes matters worse is that, according to the CDC, all it takes is a few serious sunburns in childhood for your risk of skin cancer later in life to increase. One simple step you can take is to keep your little one out of the sun during peak hours (between 10am and 2pm). When it comes to sunscreen, beware. Babies younger than six months old should not wear sunscreen. They should be kept in the shade and away from direct sunlight as much as possible. For children older than six months, sunscreen should be administered regularly. It’s important to remember this point even during the winter months. Check out more sun safety tips in this earlier blog post. Avoid diaper rash. Diaper rash is a very common occurrence for babies. Still, seeing that poor bottom get all red and irritated can be tough for us parents. This typically occurs because the skin is against a damp or soiled diaper for an extended period of time. One simple way to avoid this is to change your baby’s diaper frequently. While baby powder has traditionally been a popular way to treat these rashes, there has been much debate over the safety of talc-based powders. A zinc oxide-based ointment is recommended instead. Be mindful of products and detergents. As we’ve mentioned, babies’ skin is sensitive. Because of this, it is important to be careful of anything that will sit against their skin for prolonged periods of time. Therefore, you’ll want to wash any new clothes before they are worn in order to remove any irritants that may be on the fabric. When washing the clothes, use a detergent for sensitive skin, or a product designed especially for baby clothes. Last, be mindful of wipes, diapers, ointments and anything else applied directly to your baby’s skin. These things should be used, whenever you use a new product, keep an eye out for any allergic reactions to them. In these cases, you’ll typically notice skin irritation. Try scratch mittens. Let’s face it: those little nails are sharp! Babies have little control over their arm movements, and often that results in nicks and scratches on their faces from their own doing. In a previous blog post, we wrote about the differing opinions about scratch mittens. These are soft mittens that are worn by a baby to prevent potential injury. If you’re so inclined, give them a try. It’s a perfectly valid way to keep your baby’s skin protected. Don’t overuse the soap. Adults use soap every day. However, babies don’t typically need the same consistent cleansing. In fact, if you aren’t careful, soap can dry up their soft, smooth skin. When you do use soap, be sure that it is unscented and mild, and make sure that it is thoroughly rinsed from your baby’s body immediately after use.
Overwintering Carnivorous Plants Over Wintering Carnivorous Plants It's a good idea to provide winter protection for your carnivorous plants. You have put a lot of time, energy and money into your bog garden, and protecting your investment is worthwhile. Many outdoor growers often have more than the carnivorous plants and bog companions that are native to their area. You will find that most carnivorous plants can be grown well north or south of their endemic range, but in so doing, you may find that they are stressed by their new seasonal extremes. Keep in mind that temperate carnivorous plants that normally grow in cold and/or freezing winter temperatures require a winter dormancy period. Another important consideration is that winter time can be a very dry season. It sounds contrary at first, but consider that ice does not make free water available to plants. Winter heaving can also be destructive. It occurs when periodic freezing and thawing pulls the plant out of the ground. For indoor growing temperate plants, I like to target 45 days at 45°F (7°C). This can be accomplished several ways. Place the potted plant(s) in a basement, garage, under a deck or on a protected porch where temperatures are less severe. You could also bare-root the plant, remove the traps and most of the roots and store them in a plastic bag in the crisper drawer of the refrigerator. Wrap them in moist sphagnum or peat first and poke holes in the bag for some air circulation. When I taught high school Biology, I would often do this for the plants in the summer time, to "fool" them into a winter rest mid-summer, and them replant them in the fall, so they were actively growing during the school year. Remember to provide winter moisture. The soil should be moist, but not saturated like it is in the growing season. Check on them periodically during the winter rest. If you see signs of growth it's certainly time to bring them out into typical carnivorous plant growing conditions. For outdoor growing potted plants, if they are in large enough pots, greater than 16" (40 cm), they might be fine, but smaller pots will certainly suffer from winter burn from wind and freezing temperatures. No matter the size of the pot, it's still a good idea to treat them like indoor growers, as described above, especially if they are in small pots. If you choose to keep them outdoors try digging a hole and burying the pot up to its soil surface level, and mulch them, as described below. For outdoor growing, I prefer to grow carnivorous plants in garden bog beds or inground boxes. Being within the ground helps moderate the winter temperatures. In my 50 years of growing carnivorous plants, I have found that it really doesn't matter how cold it gets, as much as, how fast it gets cold. You want to moderate the temperature fluctuation so that there are more gradual changes and you avoid unseasonable thawing. Here at Carnivorous Plant Nursery in the Catoctin Mountains of Western Maryland, winter temperatures of -9°F (-23°C) are not unusual, and our plants do fine, even the more southern forms like S. purpurea venosa, S. minor, S. psittacina, S. alata, and our Dionaea. Though snow itself can be a natural mulch, it is not reliable for winter protection. I use 2 different overwintering methods, depending upon the growing situation. My favorite is mulching with 6+" (15+cm) of pine needles. I use pine needles instead of leaves because some, like oak, can mat up making an impermeable layer that harms the plants. I will place a sheet of burlap down first, with the mulch on top. This makes spring removal much easier and neater, because all that I have to do is lift and shake the burlap to remove the mulch. I will top the pine needles with bird netting, anchored down with lawn staples to help keep the mulch in place. For our larger growing beds I use winter horticultural fabric. This is white, porous, like felt, and allows light and moisture to penetrate. It's available in several grades. I typically use several layers, which typically keeps temperatures 10 to 20° above ambient temperatures. It can be used several winters over. Keep an eye out for mice, voles and other creatures which may find a haven and food stocks in the mulched beds. I have used cubes of rat poison on the plants under the mulch to reduce winter rodent damage, but I do not do this if water could drain into natural water sources.
Researchers sequence genome of corn WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Researchers have sequenced the gene map of corn, also known as maize, a key crop across much of the world and a source of food, oil and products ranging from shoe polish to ethanol. They said their sequence, to be released at a meeting in Washington on Thursday, would help plant scientists improve varieties of corn and other cereal crops, including rice, wheat and barley. "Scientists now will be able to accurately and efficiently probe the corn genome to find ways to improve breeding and subsequently increase crop yields and resistance to drought and disease," Richard Wilson of Washington University in St. Louis, whose team led the effort, said in a statement. The effort to sequence the entire gene map of corn has cost $29.5 million, funded by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Energy. "Corn is one of the most economically important crops for our nation," National Science Foundation director Arden Bement said in a statement. "Completing this draft sequence of the corn genome constitutes a significant scientific advance and will foster growth of the agricultural community and the economy as a whole." The sequence information is in GenBank, a freely available online public DNA database, and at http://maizesequence.org. "The genome will help unravel the basic biology of corn. That information can be used to look for genes that make corn more nutritious or more efficient for ethanol production, for example," said Ralph Quatrano, chairman of Washington University's Department of Biology. The only other crop plant to have its genome sequenced is rice. (Reporting by Maggie Fox; Editing by Eric Beech)
Nutrition for Psittacine Birds It is a common misunderstanding that seeds are a sufficient diet for companion birds. After all, we fill our feeders for wild birds with seeds, right? What isn’t always obvious is that, while wild birds enjoy the seeds we provide, they also forage for a wide variety of other foods including plants, insects, nectar, and for some species other small animals. The same is true for cockatiels, parakeets, macaws and other parrots. In their natural setting they consume an almost unbelievable variety of foods. Our current dietary recommendation for maintaining a happy, healthy avian companion includes a combination of manufactured pelleted bird food, healthy fresh foods, and a small amount of treat foods. Pelleted diets are made by several reputable pet food companies and are widely available in pet stores or from veterinarians in most areas. These diets are formulated based on current knowledge of the dietary requirements of birds. We recommend that pellets comprise 60-70% of your birds diet. 30-40% of the diet should be a variety of fresh, healthy foods. This group can include clean, fresh fruits and vegetables (raw or cooked), cooked pasta and rice, salt and butter-free popcorn, anything that is healthy, low fat, and low salt. Things that you should not feed your bird include, chocolate, avocados, onions, and high-fat, salty foods. Treat foods should make up less than 10% of the diet. Included in this category are seeds, treat sticks, spray millet, and nuts. Now, how do you get your pet to eat this healthy new diet? The most important thing is to make any dietary changes gradually. Birds can be very stubborn, particularly if they are accustomed to eating a very tasty diet of mostly treat foods. Some birds may actually starve themselves before they will eat an unfamiliar diet; so make sure you see your bird eating as you are introducing diet changes! Start by placing a layer of your pet’s regular diet in his regular food bowl, and cover it with a layer of pellets. In this bowl, gradually decrease the amount of seeds and increase the amount of pellets. Mixing foods simply teaches your bird to select what she prefers out of the dish, so layering is preferred. In addition, add a second food dish near your bird’s favorite perching spot. This will usually be near the highest perch in the cage. Put just the pelleted diet in this dish. Moist foods such as pasta, fruits and vegetables should be offered in a separate dish from dry foods, and should be removed from the cage after a few hours. These foods will support the rapid growth of bacteria if left in the cage long term. Monitor your birds eating habits, and be creative! For stubborn cases, try offering just pellets for a while in the morning when you bird is the most hungry. You can try making pellets tastier by soaking them in natural fruit juice. Some birds may take several months before they will accept a new diet, but be patient. Most can be converted, and remember – it is the best thing for the health of your bird! Courtesy of Dr. Dan H. Johnson, DVM, Dipl. ABVP-ECM Board Certified in Exotic Companion Mammal Practice Avian and Exotic Animal Care Raleigh, NC
Shingles is a viral infection which is medically recognized as herpes zoster. The natural remedies for shingles can effectively treat this viral infection. The varicella zoster virus is considered to be responsible for causing this disease. Additionally, this same virus causes chicken pox. The medicines for chicken pox do not eliminate the virus completely causing herpes zoster lately. Moreover, the herpes zoster disease is a short lived but irritating disease, and often occurs many years after the initial infection. The natural remedies for shingles can help a person to relieve this irritating disease. The herpes zoster virus becomes latent in the body without causing symptoms for many years. Moreover, this virus may remain in the non-neuronal satellite cells of dorsal root, autonomic ganglion or cranial nerve of the body, and causes herpes zoster lately. The natural remedies for shingles are very helpful in treating the herpes zoster virus by relieving the symptoms of the disease. The very first symptoms of herpes zoster are headache, fever and malaise which may be misdiagnosed. In addition, these symptoms may be associated with oversensitivity, burning pain, pricking or itching blisters. The affected skin may cause agonizing pain. Moreover, the blisters most commonly occur on the torso, but they may also appear on the face, eyes or any other parts of the body in a stripe or belt-type pattern. The natural remedies for shingles help to relieve the pain and itching caused by the blisters. After some time, the blisters fill with blood as the malaise and fever continues. In addition, the blood filled blisters crust over in seven to ten days; commonly the crust fall off, and the affected skin heals. The natural remedies for shingles help in the formation of crust quickly. But, in sever cases it is found that scarring, severe blistering and discolored skin remains for a long time. The natural remedies for shingles may help to recover the skin's natural health, and removes scars. Some of the natural remedies for shingles are mentioned ahead to resolve the disease as soon as possible. 1. Apply undiluted hydrogen peroxide directly on the blisters. 2. Increase the diet rich in vitamin E, or vitamin E supplements may also prove to be helpful. 3. Develop habit of eating 3 cloves of crushed garlic. Garlic will help to fight the infection. 4. Include vitamin C rich diet in your meals, for example citrus fruits. 5. If the affected area is painful even after the blisters are healed, apply a plastic bag filled with ice cubes. 6. Apply calamine lotion on the blisters until they form a scab. 7. For a temporary relief the oatmeal or cornstarch may be helpful. Add cornstarch or oatmeal in the bath, and soak in the water for at least 30 minutes to relieve itching. 8. For an instant relief mix half cup of apple cider vinegar with two cups of water. Dip a cotton swab in the solution, and gently wipe affected skin. In addition, apply solution in an upward motion to prevent bleeding. 9. Stress is found to be worsening the problem. Try to remain calm and relaxed while suffering from herpes zoster. Use techniques to keep your mind off of the symptoms, for instance listening music, enjoy favorite hobbies, watch movies or read an interesting book.
The attractive flowers of the cornflower are a bright celebratory blue, distinctive enough to have given its name to a colour. The narrow grey-green leaves, no more than five millimetres wide, grow alternatively up the stem. The closed, emerging flower heads resemble other members of the knapweed family to which the cornflower is closely related. In the early years of the twentieth century, cornflowers were common in Britain and, together with red poppies and white-flowering Mayweed, must have made a patriotic sight across parts of the countryside. Cornflower is an annual plant that flowers between May and August. The seed usually germinates the following spring but it can remain viable for many years. This explains why in the later years of the twentieth century it made unexpected reappearances along road-building projects, triggered into germinating by the disturbance of the earth. In another location, College Lake Nature Reserve at Pitstone in Buckinghamshire, the warden discovered soil dating from the 1930s and before the age of herbicide. He spread it over a field at the edge of the reserve and the dormant seeds of cornflower, corncockle Agrostemma githago and pheasant's eye Adonis annua all germinated. Although it has declined in north-western Europe, the cornflower is not considered a threatened species in Europe as a whole, and its stronghold is in the Mediterranean countries. However, in Britain there is now only one persistent and self-sustaining population, in Suffolk, although there are recent records from arable fields in Wiltshire, Buckinghamshire and Lincolnshire. There are scattered plants throughout southern England and Wales although it is thought that most of these may originate from wildflower seed mixtures and do not last for many years. Along with many other farmland plants, cornflower has suffered through the increasing industrialisation of agriculture. The use of pesticides and fertilisers, destruction of field edges, conversion to improved pasture and development of competitive crop varieties have resulted in the decline or loss of many of our so-called arable weed species. The cornflower is listed under the UK Biodiversity Action Plans and included in English Nature's Species Recovery Programme. It is also part of Plantlife's 'Back from the Brink' project. The most urgent tasks to preserve this plant are to maintain its current range and manage viable populations on all the present sites. Seed has been collected and stored at the Millennium Seed Bank at Wakehurst Place, part of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. This seed may be used for ex-situ propagation and a reintroduction programme if this becomes necessary. It is also important that the cornflower's plight is publicised, along with many other farmland plants in danger of disappearing through intensive agricultural practise. These other plants include interrupted brome, Deptford pink and purple ramping fumitory. The UK Biodiversity Action Plan for this species is available at UK BAP. Embed this ARKive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copying and pasting the code below.
SN-522-SS Net Radiometer: Net radiation is the sum of the four components shown to the left (incoming shortwave, outgoing shortwave, incoming longwave, outgoing longwave). Incoming shortwave incident on the surface is either reflected or absorbed by the surface material, and longwave radiation is emitted from the surface and emitted from the molecules of air in the atmosphere. Typical clear sky summer fluxes over grass and clear sky winter fluxes over snow are shown. A typical summer flux at solar noon would be +650 W m⁻²; in winter it would be 0 W m⁻². Apogee Instruments‘ new four-component net radiometer provides an individual measurement of net radiation components. The sensor features a Modbus RS-232 or RS-485 output, eliminating the need for multiple analog channels to measure the individual components of net radiation. The net radiometer comes in a complete package that includes the net radiometer, mounting rod, pigtail lead cable for the datalogger interface, and carrying case. Net radiation is a key variable in the surface energy balance and influences turbulent fluxes, including evapotranspiration. Applications include measurements on flux towers and weather stations. An on-board 24-bit analog to digital converter makes measurements and provides a digital SDI-12 (SN-500) or Modbus (SN-522) output. This eliminates the need for multiple analog datalogger channels to measure each of the four components of net radiation. Measure all four components of net radiation with a digital output that saves datalogger channels. Comparable accuracy to industryleading competition in long-term field testing. Onboard A/D Conversion and Modbus Output Apogee Net radiometers feature onboard A/D conversion and Modbus output to eliminate the requirement for multiple analog datalogger channels. Four-component Net Radiometer An upward-looking and downward-looking pyranometer and an upward-looking and downward-looking pyrgeometer provide separate measurements of the four components of net radiation. Individually Heated Radiometers Each radiometer includes an individual heater to increase accuracy by minimizing the influence of dew/frost on the filter. Compact and Light Weight Designed to be lightweight and compact in order to facilitate easy installation Application and features of SN-522-SS Net Radiometer: \|✅ Solar PV Plant ✅ Climate change monitoring ✅ Weather Research ✅ Measurement of energy balance \|✅ Digital Output ✅ High Accuracy ✅ Compact & Light Weight ✅ Heated Sensors
Since more and more data is stored on the computer, it is very important to ensure the security of the data on the computer. So how do you protect data? Backup. When it comes to backup, you might be curious about the difference between system image vs backup. And this post from MiniTool will offer you a completed introduction. Computers are used more and more frequently in work and life, so protecting the data on them is even more critical. So you realized that it is necessary to back up important data. Microsoft puts a backup utility in the Windows system, and you can find it in the Control Panel. This feature can help you easily create a backup. But you may notice the Create a system image button, so what does this mean? What is the difference between system image and backup? Now let’s get to know the differences between regular Windows backup and system image. Introduction to Sytem Image and Regular Backup Before we talk about system image vs backup, let’s get some information about what they are. As an exact copy of the computer’s entire partition (hard drive), the system image includes every item of data in the partition: operating system, hardware drivers, installed software, settings, and so on. The system image is a large file that you can choose to store on an external hard drive. The system image is the system image program that comes with Windows to extract everything from the hard drive to another hard disk, and then you can get the complete system image. When something goes wrong with your system, you can use this system image to easily restore your computer to a normal state rather than reinstalling the operating system, drivers, installed software, etc. Normally, you can back up anything you want, such as system files and downloaded software. Regular backup is mainly used to back up your personal data. You are free to choose what you want to back up, or you can restore files individually. System Image VS Backup Now in this part we will discuss system image vs backup. We have compared the speed of their backups, the required storage space, their flexibility and compatibility. Speed and Storage Space When talking about Windows backup vs system image, do you know whether their transferring speed and storage space are different? The speed of system image and regular backup depends on the size of the data that you want to back up and the capabilities of the computer’s own hardware. But if all conditions are the same, the system image will take a longer time. This is because the system image needs to back up more files and put them into a single file in addition to backing up files. In addition to being slow, the system image takes up a lot of space because the system image contains a complete snapshot of everything on your computer’s hard drive. Specifically, if your 1TB drive has used 400GB of space, then the size of this system image will also be about 400GB. Although some system image programs can reduce the size of the system image by compressing it, it will not be much smaller. There are a lot of things stored on your computer, but some files are indispensable, while some files are optional. So what is the difference between common backup vs system image? And if you perform a regular backup before, you can choose to restore only one or two of these files, which saves time. However, if you have performed a system image before, you can only choose to restore all. The system image is a copy of the entire hard drive, so choosing to restore it all will take a lot of time. It is theoretically possible to restore only specific files, but this process is very cumbersome and requires a certain level of skill. If you do a regular backup of the information on your computer, and you want to restore your backed-up content to a new computer, then no problems may occur. But if you want to restore the system image you created earlier to a new computer, then you may encounter compatibility issues. Of course, there is very little chance that you can successfully restore the system image to another computer. All in all, this part has introduced you to the difference between Windows system image vs backup. As you can see, regular backup is better than system image when it comes to speed, storage space, flexibility, and compatibility. But when your system crashes, a system image is a better choice. However, the system image is used for a specific purpose. The purpose of it is to safeguard your computer and avoid reinstalling your system in the worst case. For example, when your computer has been attacked by a virus or malware, and you cannot eliminate these viruses, using a system image can quickly restore your computer to its normal state. How to Create a System Image? After knowing the difference between system image vs backup, then do you know how to create a system image? As we mentioned above, there is a snap-in tool in Windows that you can use to create a system image. What’s more, there is a piece of powerful backup software that you can use – MiniTool ShadowMaker. Below I will show you how to create a system image in Windows 10. Create a System Image with Windows Snap-in Tool It is easy to use the snap-in tool to create a system image in Windows 10, but before you do that, you need to prepare an external hard drive with a large capacity. Now follow the instructions below to create a system image. Step 1: Type Control Panel in the Search bar, then click the best match one to open it. Step 2: Set View by: Category and then click Back up and Restore (Windows 7). Step 3: Click Create a system image in the left panel. Step 4: Choose a location to save your backup, and then click Next. (You can choose to save your system image to a hard disk or DVD.) Step 5: Choose which drives you want to back up, system-related partitions are chosen by default and you cannot include the drive that you are saving the backup to. Then click Next to continue. Step 6: Confirm your backup settings and then click Start backup. Then wait for the backup to complete. And after the backup completed successfully, click Close. Here are steps of creating a system image with Windows snap-in tool. After you have completed these steps, you have successfully created a system image. Create a System Image with MiniTool ShadowMaker MiniTool ShadowMaker is a piece of powerful and professional backup and restore software. Not only can you back up partitions and disks, but you can also back up files and folders. It also enables you to back up the operating system. And you can easily restore the system image to another computer because MiniTool ShadowMaker can handle the incompatibility issue. What’s more, the Sync feature of MiniTool ShadowMaker enables you to sync files and folders to different locations and the Disk Clone feature enables you to make a bootable external hard drive and even clone simple volume on the dynamic disk. And you can use the software for free within 30 days. Follow the instructions below step by step to create a system image using MiniTool ShadowMaker: Step 1: Install and launch MiniTool ShadowMaker, then click Keep Trial. Step 2: Click Connect under This Computer to get into the main interface. Step 3: Navigate to the Backup page. MiniTool ShadowMaker backs up your operating system and chooses the destination by default. So you just need to click Back up Now to begin the backup task. You can also click Back up Later, but you need to click Back up Now to begin the task on the Manage page. There are three buttons that you can use before clicking Back up Now: 1. If you want to back up your files regularly, click Schedule. 2. If you want to manage the space occupied by the backed up files by deleting the specified backup image file versions, click Scheme. 3. If you want to set more advanced backup parameters, click Options. Step 4: Wait for MiniTool ShadowMaker to finish creating a system image. After trying the two tools to create a system image, you can find that there are some limitations with the Windows snap-in tool compared with MiniTool ShadowMaker. MiniTool ShadowMaker can not only allow you to manage a remote computer but also allow you to save your system image to a USB flash drive. This post has given you a full introduction to the difference between backup and system image. You can use the system image to restore your system quickly and safely while it consumes large capacity and it is not flexible. What’s more, if you use the Windows built-in tool to create a system image, then restore it to a new computer, then you may encounter the incompatibility issue. But luckily, MiniTool ShadowMaker can avoid this issue. If you have other thoughts about system image vs backup or have any confusion about creating system images, you can leave a comment below or send an email to [email protected].
1 Answer \| Add Yours What is interesting about the comparison between these two characters is the way that Odysseus is shown by Homer to be a character who definitely has to learn a number of important life lessons during his journeys concerning his arrogance and pride, and his men are shown to suffer directly as a result of his rash braggadio and rather foolish decisions. This is something that is most apparent in the way that Odysseus taunts Polythemus, having blinded him, therefore giving the cyclops the ability to ask his father, Poseidon, god of the sea, to curse him and make his return journey very difficult: Cyclops, if any mortal man ever asks you who it was that inflicted upon your eye this shameful blinding, tell him that you were blinded by Odysseus, sacker of cities. Laertes is his father, and he makes his home on Ithaka. The arrogance and stupidity in giving a defeated foe such information is something that Odysseus later comes to regret after the intense suffering that he and his men experience, especially considering that he looses all of men as a result of this arrogance. This aspect of the character of Odysseus is something that makes him very different from Beowulf, who is much more a stereotypical epic hero in the way that his strength, valour and skill is described. There is very little sense of Beowulf developing as a character and learning from his mistakes, as Odysseus does, and he enters the epic with the same level of skill and bravery that he demonstrates throughout. Note for example how he consistently makes tasks more challenging than they need to be, by refusing to use weapons in his struggle against Grendel for example: I have heard moreover that the monster scorns in his reckless way to use weapons; therefore, to heighten Hygelac's fame and gladden his heart, I hereby renounce sword and the shelter of the broad shield, the heavy war-board: hand-to-hand is how it will be, a life-and-death fight with the fiend. Beowulf by doing this wins more honour for the Geatish king through his eschewal of arms, but also transforms what is a battle between good and evil into a battle of skill. It is a matter of personal pride for him that he does not have any special advantage over Grendel as he comes to fight him, and thus he demonstrates typical traits of the epic hero. However, there is very little sense of him developing as a character in the course of this epic classic, as there is with Odysseus. We’ve answered 319,619 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
Don't worry if these examples use tags you have not learned. You will learn about them in the next chapters. HTML Documents. All HTML documents must start ... Apr 29, 2014 forming or relating to the most important part of something. : forming or relating to the first or easiest part of something. : not including anything extra. Source: ... Action · A DEA agent investigates the disappearance of a legendary Army ranger drill sergeant and several of his cadets during a training exercise gone severely ... An agent from the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) is brought in to investigate the disappearances of several Army Ranger cadets and their legendary instructor ...
Touring Arizona’s Canyon de Chelly National Monument A one-of-a-kind landscape and the cherished homeland of the Navajo people, Arizona's Canyon de Chelly National Monument is a truly special place. This unique park is located entirely on Navajo Nation land and offers a rich history with countless options for outdoor recreation. Making a monument Chiseled by millions of years of stream-cutting and land uplifts, the colorful sheer cliffs of Canyon de Chelly National Monument may look harsh and barren, although in fact, natural water sources and rich soil make them anything but. These canyons have supported human inhabitants for thousands of years, from the Ancient Puebloans who planted crops and raised families here 5,000 years ago to their descendants — the Hopi people — who cultivated peach orchards and cornfields among the cliffs. The Navajo — also known as the Dine' — settled in the region much later, and Canyon de Chelly National Monument continues to be a protected land for Navajo people and their culture. The park was established in 1931, largely to preserve its rich archaeological sites, and to this day, the homes and farms of the Navajo are visible from the clifftops. Things to do The wild landscape of Canyon de Chelly is the park’s main attraction, with meandering streams and areas of rich vegetation amid steep rocky canyons. You'll find plenty of ways to enjoy the park: - Scenic drives: South Rim Drive and North Rim Drive, each more than 30 miles long, are excellent driving routes along the canyons. The scenery is spectacular, including the White House Ruin cliff dwellings and the 800-foot sandstone spire known as Spider Rock. - Hiking: A self-guided hiking trail is located at the White House Overlook on the South Rim. The 600-foot round-trip hike usually takes about two hours, leading down to the White House Ruin and back. - Ranger-led programs: A wide range of free ranger-led programs are available between Memorial Day and Labor Day, including talks and guided hikes into the canyons. Because of the sensitive nature of the canyons' geology and historic artifacts, the only way to enter is with a ranger or an authorized guide from one of the private companies that offer canyon tours. - Camping: Primitive campsites are available at the Cottonwood Campground on a first-come, first-served basis. Showers and hookups are not available, and a camping fee is required. There is no entrance fee to visit Canyon de Chelly National Monument, and the main entrance is just east of Chinle, Arizona. Starting on Highway 191, take Route 7 about 3 miles east to the park entrance and visitor center. Gas, groceries, supplies, and a post office are available in Chinle, and there is also a camp store located at the visitor center, where you can pick up a free park map and activity schedule. The visitor center is open daily from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., except on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day. Canyon de Chelly National Monument is nestled in a corner of northeastern Arizona where several national parks are within a few hours' drive of each other, including: - Petrified Forest National Park - Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site - Navajo National Monument - Wupatki National Monument Spanning more than 83,000 acres, Canyon de Chelly National Monument offers an excellent opportunity to immerse yourself in the wild Arizona landscape, and to learn more about the history of the Navajo people.
Over the past 30+ years there has been a huge increase in the consumption of soft drink (both full sugar and now diet options), sport drinks and energy drinks. It’s nothing to see a young teen walking to school with an energy drink in their hand at 8am, or drinking a sports drink, even though there isn’t a piece of sporting equipment in sight and consumption of these is becoming more and more common.. So let’s break it down, what is really in these drinks. Obviously there’s a plethora of these available and include Coke, Pepsi, Fanta, Lemonade (or Sprite), Creaming Soda, Solo, Ginger Beer, Gatorade, Red Bull, Mother, V, Monster… this is just to name a few of them. 600ml bottle of Coke and Vanilla Coke – 16 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle of Pepsi – 17 teaspoons sugar 600ml bottle of Fanta – 7 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle of Lemonade – 16 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle of Sprite – 13.5 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle of Creaming Soda – 15 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle of Solo – 17 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle of Ginger Beer – 16 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle Gatorade – 9 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle Red Bull – 16.5 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle Mother – 15 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle V – 16 teaspoons of sugar 600ml bottle Monster – 18 teaspoons of sugar No Sugar / Diet / Zero: Sweeteners 950, 951, 952 and 955 are the ones most commonly used in the Australian soft drinks I looked at and frankly, once I looked into them the results were shocking. 950 – Acesulphame Potassium 951 – Aspartame 952 – Calcium Cyclamate / Sodium Cyclamate / Cyclamate 955 – Sucralose What is Acesulphame Potassium (950): This chemical is around 200 times sweeter in taste than sugar (making it more addictive). This sweetener is prohibited in foods that are designed for infants and has been linked to cancer, type II diabetes, leukaemia and chronic respiratory diseases (this has been done in animal studies). It also contains methylene chloride which is a known carcinogen. Ironically it’s also been linked to weight gain and has been known to disrupt the gut microbiome leading to inflammation and other chronic health conditions. What is Aspartame (951): Probably one of the most recognised artificial sweeteners, this is also a prohibited food for infants. This one is linked to a number of serious health problems including asthma, breathing difficulties, leukemia, depression, dizziness, weight gain (again ironically), headaches, migraines, memory loss, mood changes, multiple sclerosis cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, seizures, stroke and dementia. It’s also linked to the disruption of the gut microbiome which has a negative effect on inflammation and chronic illness over time as well as a suspected link to seizures and brain tumours. What is Calcium Cyclamate / Sodium Cyclamate / Cyclamate (952): May be not as well known as some of the others but it still has a negative impact on the body. It’s also prohibited in the use in foods for infants plus it can cause Pruritus (severe itching), Urticaria (or hives) and has been associated with bladder cancer (in higher doses). What is Sucralose (955): Also known as Splenda, it’s made from sugar and chlorine (yes you read it right… chlorine… the stuff we put in our pools). This has been associated with causing shrunken thymus glands as well as enlarged liver and kidneys in animal studies. It can destroy as much as 50% of our microbiome (which in turn leads to other health conditions) and may also cause headaches, migraines, skin rashes, heart palpitations and fluttering and once again is deemed unfit in foods for infants. I myself, over the years, have had patients who have been addicted to these diet drinks resulting in chronic headaches, fatigue, hives, weight gain, metabolic syndrome or even worse chronic autoimmune conditions which are now affecting their daily lives. You’ll find there’s actually quite a number of alternatives now including Kombucha, infused mineral water (such as Mount Franklin) or making your own mineral water and fresh lime or berry infused mineral water. The sugar content in these is much lower than in the soft drinks, and although some of them aren’t completely clear they are certainly a step in the right direction as you will see below: 600ml bottle Kombucha (I looked at The Remedy brand) – all contained 9.6gm (or 1.6gm/100ml) 600ml bottle infused Mount Franklin Mineral Waters – these contain no sugar or sweeteners 600ml Soda or Mineral water (plain) with your own personal, natural infusion such as fresh lime, lemon, berries, mint, cucumber – all of these options contain no sugar (or minimal natural sugar) So here you have it… if you have kids let them know what it is they’re actually consuming each day or if they haven’t hit the soft drinks yet get them used to the alternatives instead. If you’ve found yourself addicted to some of these unhealthy options then take the time and slowly work your way off them for healthier alternatives instead. Until next time, stay healthy.
GAP analysis of fish in the hydrologic unit 12090205 of central Texas GAP analysis has been successfully used to predict the biodiversity and develop conservation priorities on land on a broad scale since 1987. Its application to aquatic ecosystems started in New York in 1995 on a watershed scale and in Missouri in 1997 on a statewide scale. No complete standard method is currently in use. This project attempted to apply GAP analysis to the eight-digit hydrologic unit 12090205 of the Colorado River basin in central Texas to identify and prioritize opportunities for conserving fish biodiversity in the riverine ecosystems, and to demonstrate the feasibility of applying tiie GAP analysis approach to the aquatic ecosystem in Texas. The regular GAP analysis procedures were followed in the study. Sampled fish data were compiled and put into a customized Microsoft Access® relational database. The watershed-wide "known" distribution maps were produced by geographically linking each sample to the National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD) which allows the graphical display of sampling locations, and spatially cross-referencing these data in a tabular format. The riverine ecosystems were classified into Valley Segment Types using ArcGIS® (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc). The eight variables for the classification were Size, Size Discrepancy, Gradient, Valley Wall Interaction Points, FIow, Rocktype, Floodplain and Land Use/Land Cover. Additional auxiliary attributes, Lowland, Soil pH, Pool, Lake, Backwater, Gravelpits, Mouth and Sewage, were also assigned to each segment. Habitat affinities were compiled and extracted from a number of available sources. New habitat-affinity information was also generated from the sampling database in conjunction with the valley-segment datalayer. Habitat-affinity models were then created using Structured Query Language (SQL) and were used to predict species occurrence on valley segments for each species known to occur in the study area. Logistic-regression models also were developed and employed to predict of species occurrence for the purposes of references and comparison. The variables Water Quality, Land Use/Land Cover, Road/Rail Road and Dam were used to classify the valley segments to develop an index of environmental quality for fish. The environmental quality index, the predicted fish biodiversity and the number of fish species of special concern (i.e., endemic to Texas, endangered/threatened and with a state rank from S2 to S4) were combined to develop tiie conservation priority ranks for each segment. The segments with a prior conservation rank were calibrated with the current conservation status and feasibility. The results show that I) the segments with high environmental quality are in Barton Creek, in the upper portion of Onion Creek and in the Balcones Canyonlands; 2) predicted fish diversity is expected to be highest in midsized streams; and 3) three groups of segments were identified as candidate conservation sites. They are i) the lower portion of Barton Creek, ii) the group of segments including three segments of Colorado River, Coldwater Creek, and three adjacent segments, and iii) two lower segments of Onion Creek and two segments of Colorado River right downstream of the City of Austin. The segments with high conservation priority after calibration are in the second group, and they are the gap for conservation; 4) the GAP analysis approach used in this study was shown to be a feasible method for developing conservation priorities in central Texas. Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject. Taxonomy, distribution, and paleoecology of holothurian (echinodermata) sclerites in upper Pennsylvanian cyclothem shales, north-central Texas and south-central Kansas Wernlund, Russell J (Texas Tech University, 1996-08)Holothurian sclerites have been found in abundant numbers in Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian-Virgilian) cyclothem shales at three sites in the midcontinent region (Texas and Kansas) of North America. These microfossil ... Enock, C. Reginald (Charles Reginald), 1868-1970 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1922) How The Times of London covered and interpreted Russian expansion into Central Asia in the second half of the nineteenth century Yetisgin, Memet (Texas Tech University, 2000-05)Russian expansion into Central Asia in the second half of the nineteenth century had a major impact on British foreign policy. The British had long begun to view Russian expansion toward the Balkans, the Near East, and the ...
From Tetrapod Zoology. That should tell you how big a trumpeter swan is. Here’s a photo that can give you a better look at the size differences: Trumpeter swans are giants. They can weigh nearly 40 pounds. It can have a wingspan of nearly ten feet. That makes it the largest species of waterfowl in the world, and it is also the largest bird native to North America (domestic turkeys do not count.)
15 July 2019 Fears of H1N1 in Hajj Published online 15 February 2010 Amid the heightened fear of further spread of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, researchers who gathered to analyse its effect on the Hajj, which is the Muslim annual pilgrimage, recommended encouraging people at risk of severe disease to postpone attending this year. People most at risk include pregnant women, individuals with chronic diseases and the elderly. The researchers, along with World Health Organization (WHO) representatives, were tasked with putting together a clear, comprehensive plan to address infectious diseases at what is one of the most diverse and dense gatherings in the world. They also recommended setting up an isolation facility that can hold 200–500 people to segregate any pilgrims showing influenza-like symptoms on arrival in Saudi Arabia, in the absence of sustained community transmission. Individuals there should have easy access to face masks, hand gels and tissues. Other recommendations for control of the epidemic included educating pilgrims on health issues and behavioural measures, and providing them with personal hygiene kits. Finally, researchers stressed the importance of preparing surveillance and screening equipment at airports to check for elevated temperatures and influenza symptoms. Screening should be part of an extended, on-the-ground operation reporting to a central command facility. - Memish, Z. A.et al. Establishment of public health security in Saudi Arabia for the 2009 Hajj in response to pandemic influenza A H1N1. The Lancet 374, 1786-1791 (2009) \| Article \|
Runner’s knee (Patellofemoral pain syndrome) The symptoms: A constant ache underneath your kneecap during or after a run. The main symptom is pain just below the kneecap that usually worsens as the intensity of exercise increases. The causes: The stress of running can cause irritation where the kneecap (patella) rests on the thighbone (femur). The resulting pain can be sharp and sudden or dull and chronic, and it may disappear while you’re running, only to return again afterward. While biomechanical issues may be to blame, the cause can often be traced back to poorly conditioned quadriceps and gluteals, and tight hamstrings. Weak gluteals aren’t able to stabilise the hip and weak quads aren’t able to support the patella, leading it to track out of alignment. Inflexible hamstrings can put pressure on the knee. The fix: If your knee continues to hurt, don’t run. If there’s inflammation, ice it after a run and if it persists, try a course of anti-inflammatories. Long term solutions include, switching up the surfaces you run on, strengthening the muscles around the knee and making sure your running shoes are in good condition. The symptoms: The iliotibial band (ITB) is a fibrous band that runs down the outside of the thigh from the hip to the knee. ITB syndrome (ITBS) results when this band rubs against the bone and becomes inflamed, usually where it inserts at the knee. It has been compared to the feeling of somebody stabbing you in the side of the knee when you run and the pain increases as the run goes on. This is sometimes accompanied by a clicking sensation, caused by the ITB snapping across the joint. Downhill and long, slow running tend to worsen the symptoms. The causes: Weak hip stabilisers, running downhill and always running on the same side of the road are common culprits. These put a lot of stress on the side of the knee and cause friction between the ITB and the femur. Over time, the ITB tightens and becomes inflamed, the pain eventually intensifies to the point where it stops you from running (or walking!) The fix: Firstly, you need to reduce pain and inflammation by icing, rest and taking an anti-inflammatory. Deep tissue massage is needed 2/3 times per week to release the tight structures – quads, hamstrings and other muscles around the knee. If you can’t afford to go for massages, use a foam roller. Avoid aggressive downhill running and be aware of road camber. Finally, strengthen your hips, quads, hamstrings and glutes, but only once the pain has subsided. Shin splints (medial tibial stress syndrome) The symptoms: An achy pain on the inside or outside of your lower leg, typically as a result of running too much, too soon. Small tears occur in the muscles that attach to your tibia (shin bone). If untreated, this can progress to stress fractures in the tibia. The causes: Shin pain can most often be traced back to a sudden increase in training volume and intensity. This is why it is a common complaint in new runners and young athletes at the start of athletics or cross-country season. Combine that weakness with regular running on hard surfaces and worn-out or improper footwear and you have a recipe for disaster. The less mobile your ankle is and the tighter the muscles surrounding your shin are, the more stress there is on the entire area. The fix: Rest, ice, and anti-inflammatories can ease the pain. Though conventional wisdom has preached calf stretching as a way to rehabilitate shinsplints, there’s little evidence to support that theory. Taping the shin with Kinesio tape can also help relieve pain. As you ease back into running, pay attention to your training. Running on soft surfaces such as trails or grass will help reduce the impact on your lower legs. Include some cross-training in your programme to strengthen core, hip stabilisers and legs muscles. The symptoms: Plantar fasciitis occurs when the strong band of tissue that supports the arch of your foot becomes irritated and inflamed. Plantar fasciitis commonly causes stabbing pain that usually occurs with your very first steps in the morning. The pain normally decreases as the day progresses, but it may return after long periods of standing or after getting up from a seated position. The common characteristic of this condition is a sharp, tight, painful sensation at the base of the heel that can be anywhere from annoying to excruciating. The causes: The plantar fascia is designed to absorb the high stresses we place on our feet. But, sometimes, too much pressure damages or tears the tissues. The body’s natural response to injury is inflammation, which results in the heel pain and stiffness of plantar fasciitis. Overtraining, overuse, and improper or worn-out footwear can cause pain in your heel, but the root of the problem lies in tight and weakened muscles in the foot. If your feet are weak, the heel takes on an excessive load and can’t handle the training you are trying to do. The fix: In the short term, avoiding bare feet, stretching and strengthening the calves, rolling your feet around on a golf ball, and icing the affected area will provide some relief. Long term, diligent stretching combined with strengthening the muscles in and around the feet will address the root of the problem and help offset a recurrence. How to avoid injuries Listen to your body: Don’t ignore pain, it’s telling you something isn’t right with your body. A little discomfort is OK but if you notice consistent pain in a joint or muscle that doesn’t get better with rest, see your physiotherapist for an assessment. Warm-up and stretch: Many injuries occur as a result of restricted movement patterns. Before you run, make sure your joints and muscles are mobile by doing a quick warm up – 5min walk, squats, leg swings, ankle circles etc. Stretching the major muscle groups after a run helps restore normal muscle length and reduce post run stiffness. Strength train: Add weight training and core exercises to your routine. This strengthens muscles and improves trunk stability. Cross train: Mix up your fitness routine. Don’t only run. Try swimming, cycling, tennis, or some other activity. This helps prevent overuse injuries that more commonly occur when you do the same type of exercise over and over again.
Mishima: A Writer’s Suicide One of the most intriguing figures of modern Japanese history is the writer Yukio Mishima, considered by many to be Japan’s most important 20th century writer, whose death was every bit as dramatic as his life. Born in 1925 as Kimitaka Hiraoka, he was taken under the care of his domineering grandmother, Natsu, who was descended from a minor samurai family and carried this aristocratic sensibility through her life. She was notoriously stubborn and prone to violent outbursts that are alluded to in Mishima’s later writings. Natsu is perhaps most famous for having forbidden young Kimitaka from being exposed to sunlight, playing sports, or playing with boys. As a result, Kimitaka spent a lot of time alone, or with his female cousins. By the time he was 12, Kimitaka was returned to his parents. Freed to Natsu’s tyrannical behavior, he turned to his mother for reassurance and support, in a relationship that has been described as near-incestuous. But while his mother would often proofread his work, his father would often search his room for evidence of interest in literature, which he considered effeminate. Much of Kimitaka’s adolescent work was destroyed in this way. In addition to his father’s anti-literary bent, Kimitaka was also subjected to harsh military-style discipline, which were to have a strong effect on his later life. At the age of 16, Kimitaka had become the editor-in-chief of his school’s literary magazine. Under the guidance of his teacher, Fumio Shimizu, Kimitaka’s first story was published in the prestigious Bungei Bunka. Kimitaka, in an effort to conceal his literary identity from his father, chose the pen name Yukio Mishima. From that point forward, the professional writer Mishima was born. By the time he was declared unfit for military duty in 1945, Mishima had already published a number of poems, essays, and stories. Under his father’s orders, he began to study German law while secretly writing at night. After graduating from Tokyo University, Mishima worked a year in the Finance Ministry until exhaustion forced him to resign. From that point forward, he devoted his time to writing, publishing his first novel in 1948. In 1949, his autobiographical novel, “Confessions of a Mask,” is about a young, latent homosexual who hides behind a mask to fit into society. This novel makes him a celebrity at the age of 24. As he continued to write, his celebrity status grew. He became internationally acclaimed, his novels regularly translated into English, while he was nominated 3 times for the Nobel Prize for Literature. But when his aged friend, Yasunari Kawabata, won the Nobel Prize in 1968, Mishima realized that the chance of another Japanese winning the honor was slim. In his personal life, Mishima had transformed himself from the frail, sickly boy he had once been. Beginning with his weight training in 1955, Mishima added swimming and kendo to his studies, becoming a physically imposing figure (at least in his upper body — his legs were still frail). While he visited gay bars in Japan, his liaisons with men were largely confined to overseas. He briefly considered a liaison with Michiko Shoda, who eventually married Emperor Akihito. In the end he married Yoko Sugiyama and had a son and daughter. In 1967, Mishima enlisted in the Ground Self-Defense Force (GSDF), and a year later formed the Shield Society, composed of patriotic young soldiers who studied martial principles under Mishima’s direction. On September 25, 1970, Mishima, with four Shield Society members, visited the commandant of the Eastern Command of Japan’s Ground Self-Defense Forces. Tying the commandant to his chair, they barricaded his office. They hung a banner listing their demands, and Mishima stepped onto a balcony to read his manifesto to the soldiers below, calling for a coup d’etat to restore the Emperor to his rightful place. Rather than inspiring the soldiers, however, his speech caused jeers and catcalls. Unable to make his voice heard, Mishima read only a small portion of his speech before returning to the commandant’s office and committing seppuku. The final action, his beheading by Shield Society member Masakatsu Morita, was badly botched several times and was finally performed by Hiroyasu Koga. Morita, in turn, committed seppuku before also being beheaded by Koga. The Mishima Incident was over. It has become very difficult to know what to make of Mishima’s suicide, since there is a great deal of evidence to suggest he never expected his coup d’etat to actually work, and that his death was a planned outcome all along. His political views have made him unloved by both the liberals and conservatives, to the point that he has fallen out of favor in academic circles. However, his devotion to samurai ideals (as he perceived them) and his romanticization of death made his suicide a dramatic exclamation point to his life. (Originally published in Muzosa Journal 1/13/06. Author retains all copyrights.) Share this article More To Explore As anyone who has trained with me recently knows, I have been the lucky recipient of three knee surgeries in the past year and have been unable to practice taijutsu during that time. I have only recently begun to attend classes again and this article is about some of the things that I have learned from training (or not training) with an injury. Can you find happiness from training? More tips to learn Japanese from Kathy Baylor.
Myths of Greece and Rome, by Jane Harrison, , at sacred-texts.com If Apollo is, next after Zeus, greatest among the Olympians, Hermes is certainly least; he is the herald, the messenger, the servant in general. As messenger he appears in modern literature: [paragraph continues] As messenger, too, he appears in the Iliad. To him is entrusted the difficult and delicate mission of escorting Priam to the tent of Achilles, and he acquits himself of the task with a tact really divine. Zeus, as he sends him on his errand, says to him with affectionate condescension: "Hermes, my son, to thee is it especially dear to companion men; go forth and so guide Priam to the hollow ships of the Achaians that no man behold or be aware of him." "Thus spake he, and the Messenger, the slayer of Argus, was not disobedient unto his word. Straightway beneath his feet he bound on his fair sandals, golden, divine, that bare him over the wet sea and over the boundless land with the breathings of the wind. And he took up his wand wherewith he entranceth the eyes of such men as he will, and others he likewise waketh out of sleep: this did the strong slayer of Argus take in his hand, and flew. And quickly came he to Troy-land and the Hellespont, and went on his way in semblance as a young man that is a prince, with a new down on his chin, as when the youth of men is the comeliest." Again, in the Odyssey it is Hermes who is commissioned to go to the nymph Calypso, and bid her despatch Odysseus to his home. "And straightway Hermes bound beneath his feet his lovely golden sandals, that wax not old, that bare him alike over the wet sea and over the limitless land, swift as the breath of wind. And he took the wand wherewith he lulls the eyes of whomso he will, while others again he even wakes from out of sleep. With this rod in his hand flew the strong slayer of Argus. Above Pisria he passed and leapt from the upper air into the deep. Then he sped along the wave like the cormorant, that chaseth the fishes through the perilous gulfs of the unharvested sea, and wetteth his thick plumage in the brine. Such like did Hermes ride upon the press of the waves." Hermes is messenger from Olympus to Earth. He is also messenger from Earth to Hades under the Earth. When Odysseus has slain the suitors, it is Hermes who comes to conduct their souls to Hades. He is Psychopompos. "Now Cyllenian Hermes called forth from the halls the souls of the wooers, and he held in his hand his wand that is fair and golden, wherewith he lulls the eyes of men, of whomso he will, while others again he even wakens out of sleep. Herewith he roused and led the souls who followed gibbering in the secret place of a wondrous cave, when one has fallen down out of the rock from the cluster, and they cling each to each up aloft, even so the souls gibbered as they fared together, and Hermes, the helper, led them down the dank ways." Such is Hermes as we know him to-day. Such is Hermes as Homer "composed" him. "Touching Hermes," says Pausanias, "the poems of Homer have given currency to the report that he is the servant of Zeus, and leads down to hell the souls of the departed." This goodly young messenger, with the winged sandals and the golden wand, in what form was he actually worshipped? The answer comes as a distinct shock. He was worshipped as a herm--that is, as a rude block or post, later surmounted by a head. Pausanias, when he came to Pharæ in Achaia, saw an image of Hermes Agoraios (He-of-the-Market). "It was of square shape, surmounted by a head with a beard. It was of no great size. In front of it was a hearth made of stone with bronze lamps clamped to it with lead. Beside it an oracle is established. He who would consult the oracle comes at evening, burns incense on the hearth, lights the lamps, lays a coin of the country on the altar to the right of the image and whispers his question into the ear of the god. Then he stops his ears and quits the market-place, and when he is gone outside a little way, he uncovers his ears and whatever word he hears that he takes for an oracle." Not only Hermes, but, it would seem, many of the other gods, began their ritual life as hermæ. At Pharæ, close to the image of Hermes, Pausanias goes on to tell us, "stood about thirty square stones; these the people of Pharæ revered, giving to each stone the name of a god." "And," says Pausanias, "in the olden time all the Greeks worshipped unwrought stones instead of images." At Orchomenos in Bœotia, where was a very ancient sanctuary of the Charities or Graces, their images were "stones that had fallen from heaven." Pausanias elsewhere tells us that the square-shaped images of Hermes were first used by the Athenians, who were a people "zealous in all religious matters," and from Athens their usage passed to the remainder of Greece. The sanctity of these square-shaped hermæ was seen in the panic that ran through Athens when, just at the time of the fatal Sicilian expedition, the sacred hermæ were sacrilegiously mutilated. Nothing could apparently be more unlike the winged messenger Hermes than the rude, immovable, square herm. The anomaly struck the Greeks themselves. Babrius, writing in the second or third century A. D., makes the god himself wonder what on earth he was. Was he a tombstone, a wayside post, or was he an immortal? The answer to the god's own question might hardly have been found in Greece, but from the old Slavonic rites of Russia comes a simple solution. After they had held a sort of "wake" over the dead man, the body was burned, and the ashes were placed in a small urn and set up on a pillar or herm on the boundary line of two properties. The dead grandfather was the object of special reverence, under the title of tchur, which means in Russian either grandfather or boundary. In the Russian of today prashtchur means great-great-grandfather, and tchur menya means "may my grandfather preserve me." On the other hand, the offence of removing a legal landmark is expressed by the word tchereztchur, which means "beyond the limit," or "beyond my grandfather." The grandfather looked after the patriarchal family during his life, he safeguarded its boundaries in death. His monument was at once tombstone and term. Hermes, then, to begin with, is just a herm, a pillar or square stone to keep the dead in memory and mark his grave; in form it is identical with a boundary stone. The mourner hopes and believes that his kinsman, loving; and faithful in life, will be faithful in death. So when; the autumn comes and he sows his seed, burying it in the ground, he believes that his father or his grandfather, if duly mourned and honoured, will look after the seed in the underworld. The herm becomes a giver of increase (charidotes). Nor is this the end. During their lifetime a man will go to the elders of his tribe, to his father and his grandfather, and ask for counsel in time of need. Surely, now they are dead, they have not quite forgotten him. So, as night falls and ghosts are about, he steals to the grave and whispers to the herm his question. Even if the herm be dumb, the first chance word spoken by a passerby seems miraculous. There is always magic in the dead, because they have passed into the unknown, and, when the living fail, they may have power to help. So on the herm is painted the rhabdos, which, to begin with, is not a messenger's staff at all, but a magician's wand. And about the wand is coiled a snake, for a snake is the symbol--nay, the incarnation--of the dead man, and creeps and coils about his tomb. Little by little the herm takes over the guardianship of all that man prizes. If the worshipper is a shepherd, the herm tends his sheep and rams, and becomes Criophoros (the Ram-Bearer), the prototype of Christ, the Good Shepherd. Always the herm is guardian of children and young men; he is Kourotrophos (Child-Rearer). As such Praxiteles made his great statue of Hermes carrying the child Dionysos. Exactly how the long leap was taken to Olympus we do not know. When the high gods settled in Olympus, it was not unnatural that their humble Pelasgian brother should be received as messenger and servant. He had always been the means of communication between the upper and the lower world. But when he became the messenger of the Olympian gods, he had to shift his shape; his feet, once so firmly rooted in the ground, must be loosed and fitted with golden sandals, his magician's wand with snakes becomes a herald's staff, and he himself is no longer a bearded man, but a youth with the down on his cheek, "the time when youth is most goodly." One interesting link between Hermes and his more magnificent brother, Apollo, remains to be noted. Both are musicians. The Homeric Hymn-writer thus addresses Apollo: "Phœbus, to thee the swan sings shrill to the beating of his wings, as he lights on the bank of the whirling pools of the river Peneus; and to thee with his shrill lyre does the sweet-voiced minstrel sing ever, both first and last." He and the Muses are scarcely distinguishable. the lyre is as much his attribute as the bow or the bay. In the charming Homeric Hymn to Hermes we are told how Maia, the fair-tressed nymph, bare to Zeus the babe Hermes, Lord of Cyllene and Arcadia, rich in sheep. "And the babe, when he leaped from the immortal knees of his mother, lay not long in the sacred cradle, but sped forth to seek the cattle of Apollo, crossing the threshold of the high-roofed cave. There found he a tortoise and one endless delight, for lo! it was Hermes that first made of the tortoise a minstrel. The creature met him at the outer door, as she fed on the rich grass in front of the dwelling, waddling along, at sight whereof the luck-bringing son of Zeus laughed, and straightway spoke, saying: "'Lo, a lucky omen for me, not by me to be mocked! Hail, darling and dancer, friend of the feast, welcome art thou! Whence gatst thou the gay garment, a speckled shell, thou, a mountain-dwelling tortoise? Nay, I will carry thee within. Living shalt thou be a spell against all witchery, and dead, then a right sweet music-maker.' "So spake he, and raising in both hands the tortoise went back within the dwelling, bearing the glad treasure. Then he choked the creature, and with a gouge of grey iron he scooped out the marrow of the hill-tortoise. He cut to measure stalks of reed and fixed them in through holes bored in the stony shell of the tortoise, and he fitted the bridge, and stretched seven harmonious cords of sheep-gut. Then took he his treasure and touched the strings with the plektron, and wondrously it sounded under his hand, and fair sang the god to its notes." Here we have the invention of an instrument in principle different from the lyre. The lyre is purely a stringed instrument like the harp; the instrument made by Hermes out of the chelys, or tortoise-shell, has a sounding-board. It is the rudimentary form of the modern violin. The chelys of Hermes was characteristic of the south, the lyre of Apollo of the north.
Get Rid of Woodworm Get professional treatments for an effective, long-term solution to your woodworm problem Woodworm are actually the larvae of wood boring beetles. There are several species of wood boring beetles in Ireland. Some are more prolific than others and each have variations in lifecycle, preferred woods they infest and extent of damage they can cause. The Common Furniture beetle is the most widespread however House Longhorn and Powder Post beetles can also infest timbers. With time, these wood boring insects will greatly reduce the strength of the infected wood. Infestations often go unseen - as the main damage is caused inside the timber for several years before adult beetles emerge through 'exit' or 'flight' holes. Much damage caused by wood boring beetles in buildings, can be attributed to the Common Furniture beetle. Its natural habitat is the broken branches of trees and areas where the tree bark has been removed. Adult beetle is 3 – 4mm in length. Larva will live for 3 - 5 years boring through timber before emerging to breed. Although originating in Europe this pest now has a worldwide distribution. This beetle infests hardwoods such as Oak, Ash, Elm, Walnut, Sycamore, Sweet Chestnut and African Mahogany. It attacks these wide-pored hardwoods because the female beetle is able to fit her eggs into these pores. Timbers such as Beech, Birch and Horse Chestnut have pores which are too small and are therefore rarely attacked by the Powder Post Beetle.
Where is Turtle? From the Set Little Blossom Stories Oh, no! Frog has lost Turtle. Can you help Frog find Turtle? This B-level story uses decodable text to raise confidence in early readers. The book uses a combination of sight words and short-vowel words in repetition to build recognition. Original illustrations help guide readers through the text. Author Cecilia Minden, PhD, a literacy consultant and former director of the Language and Literacy program at Harvard Graduate School of Education developed a specific format for this series. Books in this series include author biography, phonetics, and teaching guides. \|Interest Level\|\|Preschool - Grade 2\| \|ATOS Reading Level\| \|Guided Reading Level\|\|B\| \|Publisher\|\|Cherry Blossom Press\| \|Available Formats\|\|Paperback (9781534179776), PDF (9781534180789), ePub (9781534184954), Hosted ebook (9781534182493), Kindle (9781534183865)\| \|Number of Pages\|\|16\| \|Dimensions\|\|6 x 6.75\| - Beginning of Text - Word List
MySQL Databases and the SQL Language Welcome to my set of tutorials on MySQL. While there are loads of tutorials on MySQL (usually in combination with a scripting language) on the Net aimed at building applications etc, there are very few that want to use MySQL to teach the SQL syntax and with it a bit about databases for the novice. Thus these workshops are simply about that... seeing how a simple database can be created and manipulated by typing SQL statements. Knowledge of what is going on 'underneath' user friendly interfaces is pretty good to know in my opinion. The workshops themselves are in themed parts, but it is intended that the reader work their way through each, building up SQL knowledge and understanding along the way. They are also meant to be a simple, if fairly comprehensive, introduction to MySQL and to SQL in general however the MySQL Documentation Site is still the best place to go for uptodate information and advanced features and techniques. If you are not comfortable setting up a server or need more robust environment then you'll need a good host. webhostingsearch.com asked if I would recommend them and having checked out their site it seems a whole lot better then scrambling around trying to find hosts and compare them yourself - so why not start there... Part 1 - Introducing SQL This Workshop introduces MySQL, explains a little bit about conventions and starts constructing simple SELECT SQL statements. Read On>> Part 2 - Structures and Data CREATE-ing tables and INSERTing data. Read On>> Part 3 - Manipulating Data UPDATEs, DELETEs and Advanced SELECTs. Read On>> Part 4 - Manipulating Structures ADDing, ALTERing and DELETE-ing Columns and Tables. Read On>> Part 5 - Joins Using SQL Statements to retrieve data from multiple tables. Read On>> Part 6 - Adminstration CREATE-ing databases, creating users, managing permissions and backing up data. Read On>> Part 7 - Normalisation A look at database theory that aims to be accessible for the novice developer. Read On>> Part 8 - Advanced Queries Aliasing and referencing, Self-Joins, Temporary Tables, Full Text Searches. Read On>> Part 9 - Built-in Functions Date Functions, Mathmatics Functions, String Functions. Read On>> Part A - Quick Answers Securing MySQL and using MySQL with MS Access. Read On>>include('../comments.php'); ?>
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) defines Dioxins as: A group of chemical compounds that share certain similar chemical structures and biological characteristics. Dioxins are present in the environment all over the world. Within animals, dioxins tend to accumulate in fat. About 95% of the average person’s exposure to dioxins occurs through consumption of food, especially food containing animal fat. Scientists and health experts are concerned about dioxins because studies have shown that exposure may cause a number of adverse health effects.
WikipediaRead full entry The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) is the only extant species of the family Pomatomidae. It is a marine pelagic fish found around the world in temperate and subtropical waters, except for the northern Pacific Ocean. Bluefish are known as tailor in Australia, shad on the east coast of South Africa, elf on the west coast. Other common names are blue, chopper, and anchoa. It is good eating and a popular gamefish. The bluefish is a moderately proportioned fish, with a broad, forked tail. The spiny first dorsal fin is normally folded back in a groove, as are its pectoral fins. Coloration is a grayish blue-green dorsally, fading to white on the lower sides and belly. Its single row of teeth in each jaw are uniform in size, knife-edged, and sharp. Bluefish commonly range in size from seven-inch (18-cm) "snappers" to much larger, sometimes weighing as much as 40 pounds (18 kg), though fish heavier than 20 pounds (9 kg) are exceptional. Bluefish are widely distributed around the world in tropical and subtropical waters. They are found in pelagic waters on much of the continental shelves along eastern America (though not between south Florida and northern South America), Africa, the Mediterranean and Black Seas (and during migration in between), Southeast Asia, and Australia. They are found in a variety of coastal habitats: above the continental shelf, in energetic waters near surf beaches, or by rock headlands. They also enter estuaries and inhabit brackish waters. Periodically, they leave the coasts and migrate in schools through open waters. Along the U.S. east coast, bluefish are found off Florida in the winter months. By April, they have disappeared, heading north. By June, they may be found off Massachusetts; in years of high abundance, stragglers may be found as far north as Nova Scotia. By October, they leave the waters north of NYC, heading south (whereas some bluefish, perhaps less migratory, are present in the Gulf of Mexico throughout the year). In a similar pattern overall, the economically significant population that spawns in Europe's Black Sea migrates south through Istanbul (Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles, Aegean Sea) and on toward Turkey's Mediterranean coast in the autumn for the cold season. Along the South African coast and environs, movement patterns are roughly in parallel. Adult bluefish are typically between 20 and 60 cm long, with a maximum reported size of 120 cm and 14 kg. They reproduce during spring and summer, and can live for up to 9 years. Bluefish fry are zooplankton, and are largely at the mercy of currents. Spent bluefish have been found off east central Florida, migrating north. As with most marine fish, their spawning habits are not well known. In the western side of the North Atlantic, at least two populations occur, separated by Cape Hatteras in North Carolina. The Gulf Stream can carry fry spawned to the south of Cape Hatteras to the north, and eddies can spin off, carrying them into populations found off the coast of the mid-Atlantic, and the New England states. \|Bluefish blitz – YouTube\| \|Bluefish Feeding Frenzy – YouTube\| \|Fishing for Gator Bluefish – YouTube\| Adult bluefish are strong and aggressive, and live in loose groups. They are fast swimmers which prey on schools of forage fish, and continue attacking them in feeding frenzies even after they appear to have eaten their fill. Depending on area and season, they favor menhaden and other sardine-like fish (Clupeidae), jacks (Scombridae), weakfish (Sciaenidae), grunts (Haemulidae), striped anchovies (Engraulidae), shrimp, and squid. They are cannibalistic and can destroy their own young. Bluefish sometimes chase bait through the surf zone, attacking schools in very shallow water, churning the water like a washing machine. This behavior is sometimes referred to as a "bluefish blitz". In turn, bluefish are preyed upon by larger predators at all stages of their life cycle. As juveniles, they fall victim to a wide variety of oceanic predators, including striped bass, larger bluefish, fluke (summer flounder), weakfish, tuna, sharks, rays, and dolphins. As adults, bluefish are taken by tuna, sharks, billfish, seals, sea lions, dolphins, porpoises, and many other species. Bluefish should be handled with caution due to their ability to snap at unwary hands. Fishermen have been severely bitten, and wearing gloves can help. It's not a good idea to wade or swim among feeding bluefish schools. In July 2006, a seven-year-old girl was attacked on a beach, near the Spanish town of Alicante, allegedly by a bluefish. In the U.S., bluefish are landed primarily in recreational fisheries, but important commercial fisheries also exist in temperate and subtropical waters. Bluefish population abundance is typically cyclical, with abundance varying widely over a span of ten years or more (see chart). Bluefish is a highly sought-after sportfish (and restaurant fish in some places) that had been widely overfished across the world's fisheries of this species. Restrictions set forth by management organizations have somewhat helped the species' population stabilize. In the U.S., specifically along the seaboard of the middle Atlantic states, bluefish were at unhealthy levels in the late 1990s, but management resulted in this stocks being fully rebuilt by 2007. In other parts of the world, public awareness efforts like bluefish festivals, combined with catch limits, may be having positive effects in reducing the stress on the regional stocks. Some of these efforts are regionally controversial.[dead link] The bluefish is the only extant species now included in the family Pomatomidae. At one time, gnomefishes were included, but these are now grouped in a separate family, Scombropidae. One extinct relative of the bluefish is Lophar miocaenius, from the Late Miocene of Southern California. - CAAB taxon report for Pomatomus saltatrix at the CSIRO - "Bluefish Identification". Retrieved 2009-02-17. - McBride, R. S., Conover, D. O. 1991. Recruitment of young-of-the-year bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix to the New York Bight - variation in abundance and growth of spring-spawned and summer-spawned cohorts. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. 78(3): 205-216, www.int-res.com/articles/meps/78/m078p205.pdf - McBride, R. S., Ross, J. L., Conover, D. O. 1993. Recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix to estuaries of the U.S. South Atlantic bight. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 91(2): 389-395, http://fishbull.noaa.gov/912/mcbride.pdf - McBride, R. S., Scherer, M. D., Powell, J. C. 1995. Correlated variations in abundances, size, growth, and loss rates of age-0 bluefish in a southern New England estuary. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124(6): 898-910, DOI: 10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0898:CVIASG>2.3.CO;2 - Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "Pomatomus saltatrix" in FishBase. March 2006 version. - Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 2012. - "Pomatomus saltatrix (Bluefish)". - "Common Name: Bluefish". - "Saving the Sultan of Fish". - "Pomatomus Saltatrix". - Norcross, J. J., Richardson, S. L., Massmann, W. H., Joseph, E. B. 1974. Development of young bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix and distribution of eggs and young in Virginian coastal waters. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103:477-497. - Ditty, J. G., Shaw, R. F. 1993. http://www.galvestonlab.sefsc.noaa.gov/publications/pdf/832.pdf - Kendall, A. W., Jr., Walford, L. A. 1979. Sources and distribution of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, larvae and juveniles off the east coast of the United States. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 77(1): 213-227, http://fishbull.noaa.gov/77-1/kendall.pdf - Schultz, Ken (2009) Ken Schultz's Essentials of Fishing John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470444313. - Lovko, Vincent J. (2008) Pathogenicity of the Purportedly Toxic Dinoflagellates Pfiesteria Piscicida and Pseudopfiesteria Shumwayae and Related Species ProQuest. ISBN 9780549882640. - "Un depredador rápido y muy voraz con dientes de sierra (in Spanish)" El País, July 14, 2006 - Based on data sourced from the FishStat database - "Bluefish_ Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US". - Ulanski, Stan (2011) Fishing North Carolina's Outer Banks University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807872079. - Bluefish FishWatch, NOAA. Retrieved 5 October 2012. - "Istanbul Celebrates New Hope for a Favorite Fish With First-Annual 'Lüfer Festival'". - Pomatomus Saltatrix \| The Shad or Elf
Road trips to visit family over the vacations and holidays can upset sensitive tummies and become a dreaded part of family trips. Motion sickness results when the brain receives confusing messages from the senses. For example, when your baby is buried in the backseat, his eyes see only the stationary seat back, but the motion sensors of the inner ear tell the brain the body is moving. The equilibrium center in the inner ear is more sensitive in some babies than others. Try these stomach settlers: - Plan your route to use straight freeways; avoid going through busy towns. Frequent stops and starts and winding roads upset tiny tummies. - Travel at naptime. Sleep settles queasy insides. The best time to depart is just before a nap, so you can hope to arrive at your destination with a comfortable and well-rested baby. - Tank up baby, but not a full tank. Give baby a light meal before departure (non-fatty and nondairy foods–cereal, pasta, fruit), and take along stomach- friendly snacks: cookies, crackers and a cool drink in a carton with a straw. - Tank up the car beforehand. Babies are sensitive to exhaust and fumes at gas stations. - Provide a seat with a view – babies get carsick if they can’t see out a window – but don’t compromise safety for a view. - Play games that keep baby focused on objects far away. Billboards, buildings, and mountains are much more tummy-friendly during travel than close- up coloring books. - Fresh air is a tummy rumble’s best friend. Open a window on each side of the car for cross ventilation. Leave your air pollutants (cigarette smoke, perfumes) at home. - Medications for motion sickness are not recommended under a year of age, but they may be used safely thereafter. Check first with your doctor to see if there are medical reasons your child should not to take these. Dramamine is a safe and effective over-the-counter medication to quell the nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. The dosage for an infant from one to two years is a half-teaspoon, given a half-hour to an hour before travel; for the child two to three years the dosage is one teaspoon (five milliliters). It should not be given more frequently than every six hours. Seasickness patches (Scopolamine) should not be used on infants.
Project by Ionia County Youth Advisory Council marks Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service Fires claim eight lives every day in the U.S., according to the National Fire Protection Association. Student leaders from Ionia County and Lowell learned about fire safety and prevention, and are taking the information on the road to elementary schools so local families do not become part of these statistics. High school students from Belding, Ionia, Lakewood, Portland, Saranac and Lowell are visiting first- and second-grade classrooms in their districts this week and next to talk about fire safety and prevention. The older students, who are members of the Ionia County Youth Advisory Council (YAC), are distributing coloring books and teaching the children ways home fires can be prevented. YAC is a group of 50 student leaders from the four high schools in Ionia County plus Lowell High School that meets monthly to address youth issues. To make a community-wide impact, YAC students design and participate in service-learning projects, as well as give grant money to organizations, throughout the county. This was the first year for the fire safety project, which was funded by a grant from Hope Worldwide, said Tamice Gates of the Ionia County Intermediate School District, which coordinates YAC. "We had (students) go through fire safety training as a YAC group, and then they determined how to forward the information they learned," Gates said. "They found information on the FEMA Website, and compiled a little coloring book and master (fire escape) plan template, and the ISD sent it out to be printed." Lowell High School YAC members used the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service on Monday to talk with second graders from Cherry Creek Elementary School about ways to heat and cook safely, and about the need to create and practice a household fire escape plan. All this information is depicted in the age-appropriate coloring books that YAC students created and distributed. According to the American Red Cross, home fires are the biggest disaster threat faced by residents of the U.S., with cooking and heating-related fires the most common. Most can be prevented. "Anyone can be affected by a fire, regardless of background or geographic location, so when YAC students take time to visit early elementary school classrooms to encourage children to take simple steps to protect their family and home from fire, the impact for the community is large," Gates said. For more information on YAC, visit www.ioniacountyyac.org.
Contrary to interpretations of the Italian revolutionary popular in the academic world, Antonio Gramsci was fighter for working class struggle and socialist revolution, argues Penny Howard Antonio Gramsci was an Italian revolutionary socialist who took part in some of the 20th century’s most inspiring struggles, but finally fell victim to some of its darkest moments. Gramsci’s legacy is complex, particularly because in academic writing he has come to be considered the acceptable face of Marxism in a way that Lenin and Trotsky are not. In the 1980s in particular Gramsci’s writings were used by many Eurocommunists who argued for a parliamentary road to socialism, like Stuart Hall, to argue that revolutionary parties should be disbanded and replaced with social democratic parties. Hall argued that Gramsci’s analysis of his own defeat by Mussolini (and Hall extended this to Thatcher’s defeat of the UK left), meant that the kind of revolutionary social change that Marx and Lenin argued for was no longer possible. A new wave of writing about Gramsci is now recovering his revolutionary legacy. This revival is not just taking place on the left (for example, in a special 2007 issue of the International Socialism Journal), but also challenging the stifling post-modern academic orthodoxy in disciplines such as anthropology and philosophy. Gramsci’s life and times Born on the Mediterranean island of Sardina, Gramsci won a university scholarship in Italy’s northern industrial city of Turin in 1911, joining the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) two years later. Italy was rapidly industrialising and Turin was the centre of Italy’s expanding working class. Preparations for war in 1914 accelerated this process. Carmaker Fiat’s workforce went from 4,000 to 40,000. Massive numbers of peasants were called up and altogether five million Italians were mobilised for the war. The war was a disaster for ordinary Italians, with over 600,000 killed and many more disabled. At the war’s end there was massive unemployment and shortages of food and other goods. Gramsci wrote that “a new class consciousness has emerged, not only in the factories but in the trenches”. Veterans had high expectations that they would be repaid for their considerable sacrifices. In the countryside people demanded land redistribution, while in cities, workers demanded jobs and higher wages. A general strike in Turin in August 1917, called after police killed two people in a protest over bread shortages, was brutally repressed. Then the Bolshevik revolution shook Russia, raising expectations in Italy even further. Despite the difficult circumstances workers won the eight hour day and increased wages. Membership of the PSI and trade unions increased hugely. Two red years The years 1919-1920 are called the “bienno rosso” or the “two red years”. During these years some of the greatest strikes and potentially revolutionary insurrections in all of Europe took place in Turin and Milan. Unfortunately, while the leadership of the PSI talked about revolution, they made no plans for any such thing. The leadership had even refused to support peasant land seizures after the war on the grounds they were “petty-bourgeois”. However, in Turin, Gramsci and others involved in the new L’Ordine Nuovo magazine argued that factory councils must now be formed in all workplaces. In a 1919 article titled “Workers’ Democracy” (see footnote), Gramsci and Togliatti ask “how can the present be welded to the [revolutionary] future”, arguing that the immediate tasks for socialists and workers was to “create a genuine workers’ democracy here and now—a workers’ democracy in effective and active opposition to the bourgeois State, and prepared to replace it”. This new democracy should arise from the already existing potential “in the institutions of social life characteristic of the exploited working class”, such as the “internal commissions” of Italian factories. Individual factory councils should be linked to create local committees that were “an expression of the whole of the working class”. Much broader than the Socialist Party itself, such committees could “order the immediate and complete cessation of all work” in an area and give communists “a vast field for concrete, revolutionary propaganda”. Gramsci consciously based his arguments for factory councils on the experience of the Bolsheviks and the workers’ councils, or soviets, in revolutionary Russia. However, sectarianism and ultra-leftism dominated the leaderships of both the Socialist Party and the Communist Party. Amadeo Bordiga, the leader of the Communist Party, condemned the factory councils as economistic and reformist and a distraction from the necessity of the party seizing political power. These parties effectively wanted to substitute themselves for the independent activity and self-emancipation of the working class. Gramsci addressed some of these debates in an L’Ordine Nuovo article titled “The development of the revolution”. Political parties could promise anything within “the tumult and carnival atmosphere of Parliament”, but the key was making workers “aware of their capacity to produce and exercise sovereignty … without the need for the capitalist”. Thus every workers’ council was “a step on the road to communism”. Such organs would allow for the development of genuine workers’ democracy, and organised revolutionaries could participate in them, debate with their fellow workers, and stand for election. L’Ordine Nuovo earned respect among workers for consistently advocating for factory councils and sharing information, experience, and practical ideas. By the end of 1919, 150,000 workers were represented by workers’ councils. In 1920 the employers and the Italian state went on an offensive, killing about 100 workers. In April a general strike in Turin was met with 50,000 troops. The PSI refused to support or spread the strike and it was defeated after 11 days. In August up to 100,000 workers in Milan and Turin occupied their factories, with many re-starting production under union control. Debate raged on how to proceed. The Socialist Party and the trade unions insisted that the next step was to have a referendum. In what must have been the strangest resolution ever put to a union Congress, a vote to hold an insurrection (under the direction of the Socialist Party) was lost by 409,000 votes to 591,000 votes. The movement was defused, factories were handed back to the employers, and demoralised workers returned to work. “The Socialist Party”, Gramsci argued, “watches the course of events like a spectator … it never launches slogans that can be adopted by the masses, to lay down a general line and unify and concentrate revolutionary action.” This meant that not only did it “lose more and more contacts with the broad masses in the movement”, but that the level of coordination that was necessary to win power from the state did not exist. Workers had demonstrated that they were willing and able to take power into their own hands, but no organisation existed that could provide the political coordination to transform the factory occupation into a political seizure of power. Without the leadership of a revolutionary party with the support of the factory councils that were able to take action, “power remains in the hands of capital; armed force remains the property of the bourgeois state”. In 1920, Gramsci had argued that if Italian workers did not succeed in gaining power, they would be subject to “tremendous reaction on the part of the propertied classes and the governing caste. No violence will be spared in subjecting the industrial and agricultural proletariat to servile labour.” In 1922, Mussolini came to power in Italy, and within a few years was able to forge it into a fascist state. Gangs of armed thugs were established in the countryside, terrorising rural trade unionists and socialist local authorities. They then moved into small towns, and then into the cities. In response, the Socialist Party argued that workers should rely on the police to protect them (despite the fact that they were often part of the attacks). The newly formed Communist Party (of which Gramsci was a member) argued that even if Mussolini abolished parliament, it would just help break the illusions that working class people held in the institution. By the end of 1921, the fascist squads were almost 300,000 strong, but there was still no serious opposition strategy from the left. People started forming groups called “arditi del populo” to actively oppose the fascists. In L’Ordine Nuovo, Gramsci argued that communists should support these groups and that “able workers of all parties should participate in them”, and link them to neighbouring groups. A single, unified, anti-fascist defence force needed to be created. However, the sectarian Communist Party leadership insisted that its members should only participate in a defence force that was under Communist Party control. They ordered their members to quit the arditi del populo. Despite his instincts, Gramsci accepted this line. Later the trade unions initiated an alliance to fight the fascists. Once again the Communist Party refused to participate and once again Gramsci accepted this line. Both he and the Italian working class paid a high price. A brief resurgence in the left saw Gramsci elected to parliament in 1924. He was able to shift the Communist Party from some of its sectarianism. Membership grew rapidly, but it was too late. In 1926 Mussolini arrested Gramsci and he spent the next nine years in fascist jails, his health constantly deteriorating. Gramsci died in 1937. Prosecutors at Gramsci’s 1926 trial argued that they must “stop this brain from functioning” for at least 20 years. Watched closely by jail guards and censors and plagued by ill health, Gramsci nonetheless managed to write his famous Prison Notebooks between 1926 and 1937. These Prison Notebooks (and not his earlier political writings) form the overwhelming majority of what is read and quoted from Gramsci today. The Prison Notebooks consist of fragmentary notes which Gramsci never had the opportunity to pull together systematically into articles or a book. They are also written in a code to evade censors: thus the revolutionary party is called “the modern prince”, Lenin is referred to as “Ilich” and Marxism is called “the philosophy of praxis” (although some have argued that Gramsci intentionally used the term). The obscurity of the writing in the Prison Notebooks have made them an academic playground open to misinterpretation by post-modernists anxious to abstract Gramsci from his commitment to working class struggle and socialist revolution. In prison, Gramsci also had difficulty getting any information on what was going on in Italy and the rest of the world, in contrast to his earlier situation, which had made his writing concrete and concerned with developing the struggles going on around him. The extraordinary struggles and horrific defeat that Gramsci had been involved in gave him plenty to think about. Most important was the question of why the struggle was defeated. What was the relation between struggle and the consciousness of workers who participated in them? How did people’s ideas develop and change? What did conscious political leadership involve? What was the relation between the ordinary lives of worker and peasants, and their political struggles? How did the powerful remain powerful? Gramsci’s careful and thoughtful reflections on these issues are invaluable to this day and mix big political questions with a close attention to the daily lives and consciousness of ordinary people, and histories of how these have developed over time. In developed capitalist democracies, Gramsci argued that governments did not simply rule by force. There were a mass of institutions like the church, the media, the political parties, and the education system; each part of the way capitalism maintained its power. Workers had “contradictory consciousness”: on the one hand, “good sense” which was “implicit in his activity and which really unites him with his fellow workers in the practical transformation of the real world”. The “practical transformation” of the world consisted of both political struggle, and the day-to-day work of production. In contrast, “common sense” was “superficially explicit or verbal … inherited from the past and uncritically absorbed”. This “common sense” view of the world was the one propagated through the media and various institutions of the state. Thus, one important task for revolutionaries was to develop people’s “good sense” and challenge “common sense” ideas propagated by employers and state institutions. This was part of process for a revolutionary party to gain “hegemony”. Reformists have used the idea of “hegemony” to argue Gramsci was a parliamentary or cultural gradualist who argued for bringing social change by slowly influencing parliament, education or the media. However, Gramsci’s “hegemony” was not just ideological. Revolutionaries were not teachers transferring knowledge, they organised “to renovate and make critical [people’s] already-existing activity”. Nor was hegemony achieved by simply holding power over people. Hegemony was above all developed and demonstrated in practice and in struggle. It meant consciously linking struggles, generalising lessons learned, proposing concrete initiatives, raising the confidence and participation of broad layers of workers, and eventually providing credible and practical leadership to break from the old system to create a new one. Gramsci was a profoundly dialectical, non-sectarian and non-determinist revolutionary who spent his life arguing for the self-emancipation of workers, for the importance of a united front approach and for providing practical leadership in struggle. His “Lyons Theses” (which analyses the experience of the Turin factory councils), and his “Prison Notebooks” reveal a committed revolutionary socialist determined to understand how the ruling elite maintains its rule, all the better to bring its rule to an end.
Sentinel-1B lifted off on a Soyuz rocket, flight VS14, from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana on 25 April 21:02 GMT (23:02 CEST). With the Sentinel-1 mission designed as a two-satellite constellation, Sentinel-1B will join its identical twin, Sentinel-1A, which was launched two years ago from Kourou. Both satellites carry an advanced radar that images Earth’s surface through cloud and rain regardless of whether it is day or night. By orbiting 180° apart, global coverage and data delivery are optimised for the environmental monitoring Copernicus programme. The mission provides radar imagery for a multitude of services and applications to improve everyday life and understand our changing planet. Three CubeSats piggybacked a ride on Soyuz. These small satellites, each measuring just 10×10×11 cm, have been developed by university student teams through ESA’s Fly Your Satellite! effort. The other passenger is the Microscope satellite from France’s CNES space agency. Free Search (17927 images) SEARCH BY ESA ACTIVITIES - About ESA - Business with ESA - Director General - Exhibitions and Events - Human Resources and Education - Human Spaceflight - Legal Affairs and External Relations - Observing the Earth - Space Engineering - Space Science - Telecommunications & Integrated Applications
“In my approach to medicine, I strive to address the underlying cause of disease, using a systems-oriented method, engaging you in a therapeutic partnership to evaluate all of you. Taking into consideration the environmental impact and lifestyle factors that influence your genetics and therefore the development and progression of diseases.” What Makes Leslie Different Leslie is passionate about disease prevention and among her modalities, she utilizes cutting edge treatments that are reshaping the practice of medicine by giving medical providers and patients everything they need for precise, personalized, preventative health care. Her specific areas of expertise include Bio Identical Hormones, Metabolic and Gut Health, Chronic Disease Prevention, Nutrition, Fitness, Weight Loss, and Detoxification including reducing or eliminating the need for prescription medications. Leslie considers the environmental impacts and lifestyle factors that influence our genetics and the development and progression of disease. In the science of genetics, it is called epigenetics. A simple definition of epigenetics is the study of how our lifestyle choices and our environment influence the expression of our genes. Disease Prevention Utilizing Genetics There are external and/or environmental factors that literally switch genes on and off and affect how cells express genes. Exact genetic profiles are done with a simple saliva test that allow us to get to know both you and your DNA. Having the power to to turn genes ON and OFF enables you to impact and improve your health with treatment personalized to your genetics by impacting the way the certain genes express themselves. University of San Diego, Family Nurse Practitioner Program, Master of Science San Diego State University, Bachelors of Science in Nursing ANCC – American Nursing Credentialing Center
Few images of saints show women as gorgeously attired as Francisco de Zurbarán's. His Saint Lucy portrays the young martyr as a contemporary woman of Seville. Bejeweled and carefully coiffed, she presents her startling attribute, a pair of naturalistically painted eyeballs on a pewter dish. Multiple versions of the legend of Saint Lucy, the daughter of an aristocratic family in fourth-century Syracuse, arose during the Counter-Reformation. One popular interpretation, inspired by her unusual attribute, maintained that Lucy, determined to dedicate her life to Christ, had plucked out her eyes and sent them to a tenacious suitor after he insisted that their beauty allowed him no peace. Astounded by her devotion to her faith, the admirer converted to Christianity, and Lucy, the legend continues, later found her eyesight miraculously restored one day during prayer. It is possible that the young saint's connection with eyes originated in the Latin source for her name, Lux or "light," which is inextricably linked with vision. The success of Zurbarán's many images of virgin martyrs derived not only from their inherently pleasing theme -- beautiful, splendidly dressed women -- but also from the artist's gifts as a colorist and his talent for combining the spiritual and material. More information on this painting can be found in the Gallery publication Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth through Nineteenth Centuries, which is available as a free PDF https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/spanish-painting-15th-19th-centuries.pdf upper left: S.LVCIA Art market, Paris, 1927-1928; Paul Somazzi, Izmir, Turkey; sold 1930 or after through Lily Buser, Philadelphia, to (Ehrich Galleries, New York); sold February 1934 to Chester Dale [1883-1962], New York; gift to NGA 1943. - The Chester Dale Bequest, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1965, unnumbered checklist. The painting is on a rather coarse, fairly open-weave fabric and is lined with an aqueous adhesive to fabric. The tacking margins have been cut off, and there is cusping of the fabric support on the right and bottom edges. There is a white ground layer over which an oil-type paint is applied wet into dry. It is relatively thinly applied with a certain amount of impasto in the flowers and some highlights. The original fabric is highly dessicated, and the condition of the paint layer suggests that there was once severe flaking overall. The existing losses are small but numerous, and many are filled with inpainting and discolored varnish. Also, the paint surface is abraded throughout and covered with a thick, discolored varnish. Discolored residues of old varnish which appear in the green drapery are particularly disfiguring. - Mayer, August S. "Unbekannte Werke Zurbarans." Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst 56 (1927-1928): 289-292, repro. 292. - Washington Times-Herald 18 July 1943:C-10 - Soria, Martin S. "Francisco de Zurbarán: A Study of His Style." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 86 (1944): 33-48, 153-174, especially 167. - Cook 1945, 82-83, fig. 10. - Soria, Martin S. "Two Early Paintings by Zurbarán." The Art Quarterly 14 (1951): 256-260, figs. 1, 3. - Soria, Martin S. The Paintings of Zurbarán. London, 1953: 9, 23, 133, no. 2, pl. 2. - Evans, Grose. Spanish Painting in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 1960 (Booklet Number Ten in Ten Schools of Painting in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.): 24, color repro. - Guinard, Paul. Zurbarán et les peintres espagnols de la vie monastique. Paris, 1960: 240, no. 272, repro. - Paintings other than French in the Chester Dale Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 10, repro., as Santa Lucia. - Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 141. - European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1968: 128, repro. - Gregori, Mina, and Tiziana Frati. L'opera completa di Zurbarán. Milan, 1973: 99, no. 168, pl. 26. - European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 380, repro. - Gudiol y Ricart, José, and Julián Gállego. Zurbarán 1598-1664. London, 1977: 78, no. 51, fig. 58. - Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 247, no. 313, color repro., as Santa Lucia. - European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 444, repro. - Brown, Jonathan, and Richard G. Mann. Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth through Nineteenth Centuries. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, D.C., 1990: 134-136, color repro. 135. - National Gallery of Art, Washington. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1992: 84, repro. - Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 171, no. 132, color repro.
Why do foods become brown during cooking/baking? The unique colour and flavour of roasted meat or baked bread is produced when the food’s surface is exposed to an intense source of heat. The process is known as the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction (named after the French scientist Louis Camille Maillard) is non-enzymatic and involves the interaction of sugars, amino acids, and proteins. The process can even take place in the human body. The end results of this complex reaction can be are changes in colour, flavour and, e.g. the crust of bread during baking. In the process, hundreds of different flavour compounds are created, which can break down and form even more different flavour compouds. Each type of food has a very distinctive set of flavour compounds that are formed during the Maillard reaction. Some products with Maillard reactions: - the browning of bread into toast - the colour of beer, chocolate, coffee, and maple syrup - the flavour of roast meat
The torrent of words your baby has been hearing since birth is beginning to work its magic, although his understanding of words far outpaces his ability to use them. His babbling has turned to jabber and is probably starting to sound more like real words, phrases, and sentences. Your baby thinks he's saying something, so respond as if he really is! Your baby still comprehends more from your tone than from your actual words, though. He can understand when he's pleased you, so offer specific praise, such as "You did a great job picking up the rattle." The more you talk to your baby — while preparing dinner, driving, or getting dressed — the more he learns about communication. Just say no Your baby's starting to understand the word "no," though he may not obey it just yet. For example, you can expect him to try to touch something even after you've said not to. It's best to use the word "no" sparingly, and when you do use it, follow it by removing him from the scene of the crime and introducing him to a new activity. Remember, your baby is an individual All babies are unique and meet milestones at their own pace. Developmental guidelines simply show what your baby has the potential to accomplish — if not right now, then soon. If your baby was premature, keep in mind that kids born early usually need a bit more time to meet their milestones. If you have any questions at all about your baby's development, ask your healthcare provider.
A Statistic is a numerical property of a Sample, for example, the Sample Mean or Sample Variance. A Statistic is an estimate of the corresponding property (“Parameter”) in the Population or Process from which the Sample was drawn. Being an estimate, it will likely not have the exact same value as its corresponding population Parameter. The difference is the error in the estimation. So, if we calculate a Statistic entirely from data values, there is a certain amount of error. For example, the Sample Mean is calculated entirely from the values of the Sample data. It is the sum of all the data values in the Sample divided by the number, n, of items in the Sample. There is one source of error in its formula – the fact that it is an estimate because it does not use all the data in the Population or Process. If we then use that Statistic to calculate another Statistic, it brings its own estimation error into the calculation of the second Statistic. This error is in addition to the second Statistic’s estimation error. This happens in the case of the Sample Variance. The numerator of the formula for Sample Variance includes the Sample Mean. It takes each data value (the x’s) in the Sample and subtracts from it the Sample Mean, squares it. Then it sums all those subtracted values. So, the Sample Variance has two sources of error: That is why the Degrees of Freedom for the Chi Square Test for the Variance is n - 1. Subtracting 1 from the n in the denominator results in a larger value for the Variance. This addresses the two sources of error. Here are the formulas for Degrees of Freedom for some Statistics and tests: Andrew A. (Andy) Jawlik is the author of the book, Statistics from A to Z -- Confusing Concepts Clarified, published by Wiley.
the first legislation in india relating to patents was ACT VI of 1856. From the immemorial, from music and dance to science and technology, ideas and inventions have been transferred from one generation to other one within various communities. Today's practice can be set to be a collective knowledge of all the inventions and innovations that occurred over a period of time and then transferred as traditional knowledge. Having being transferred with the communities over generations, these ideas and inventions and ideas have developed a cultural attachment with in the community. The community thereby, encouraging ownership of the community for the particular set of knowledge. Recent trends shows that many of these practices and ideas have now become the basic of new invention. Contrary to the nature of traditional knowledge that promotes community intrest, patent law encourages private monopoly and profit. however, in the commercial world prevailing today, such amalgam of traditional knowledge and patent law have gained recognition. Under this law patent rights are granted for inventions covering a new inventive process, product or an article of manufacture that are able to satisfy the patent eligibility requirements of having novelty, inventive steps, and are capable of industrial application. Traditional Knowledge And Patent Law: Indian patent laws do not permit the protection of traditional knowledge under section 3(p) of the indian patent act, 1970. an investigation which in effect, traditional knowledge or which is is an aggregation or duplication of known properties of traditionally known components is not an inventions and cannot be Protecting India's Traditional Knowledge: There are legal remedies within the Indian judicial system that can help in protecting traditional knowledge. equitable benefits shairing is an agreement that two parties, including indigenous communities, can sign in order to use the knowledge bank for commercial use. Concepts, Meaning, And Definitions: It refers to : knowledge or practices passed down from generation to generation that from part of the traditions or heritage of indeginious communities. knowledge or practices for which indeginious communities knowledge act as the guardians or custodians. it is the awareness, experience, expertise, knowledge and applications that are established, continued, performed and passed from generation to generation with in a region or community, often forming a part of its cultural, social or - This term is used by the ancient time tribal people and by indigenous local communities under the local laws, customs, and culture. - It has been transferred and expanded from generation to generation. - The role of T.K is very important in making a country more developed. Understanding The Concept: - The Indian Patent Office (IPO), on November 8, 2012, has onnounced new guidelines for issuing patents based on traditional knowledge (T.K) - The I.P.O already has patents law in place, and the new guidelines have evoked a strong response from the industry and scientific community. Traditional knowledge (TK) is the knowledge, know- how, skills and practices that are developed, sustained and passed on from generation to generation within the community, often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity. Traditional Knowledge And Modern Knowledge: - Communication is usually oral - Forecast methods are documented - Applied at local level - Communication is usually written - Forecast methods are documented and more developed - Lack relevance at the local level Who Owns Traditional Knowledge? According to a journal information AJEET MATHUR owns the traditional knowledge. Measures Taken / Steps: - Knowledge exchange - Skills developed - Motivating learner - Classroom size - Expensive to deliver - Student - teacher ratio Patent Law Applicability: An invention relating either to a product or process that is new involving inventive steps and capable of industrial application can be patented. - It is generated within communities - It is location and cultural specific - It is not systematically documented - It is oral and rural in nature Traditional knowledge cultural expressions can sometimes be protected by existing systems, such as copyright and related rights, geographical indications, appellations of origin, trademarks and certification marks. - Sources of income contribute financially to the local community. - Provide less expensive forms. - Support food security. - Livelihood and practices of village people. Invention Of Traditional Knowledge: Madhavi Sunder, The inventor of traditional knowledge, 70 law and contemporary problems 97 � 124 (spring 2007) Use Of Turmeric In Wound Healing : A Bio Patent St. Xavier's college (autonomous), Kolkata Department of microbiology Bachelors of science Shreejit saha (607) Ishan bose (633) Liana Mukherjee (621) Sohini chattopadhyay (643) Salient Features Of Patent Law - Both product and process patent provided - Terms of patent - 20 years - Examinations on request - Fast track mechanism Traditional Knowledge Insightsias: A collaboration between the council of scientific and industrial research (CSIR) and the department of Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, unani, siddha and homoeopathy ( dept. of AYUSH), ministry of health & family welfare, government A research of council AYUSH ministry has been implementing a tribal health care research programme THCRP which aims to collecting information on fault medicines / traditional practices prevalent in different parts of the country besides extending health care service to tribal population. Traditional knowledge can make a significant contribution to sustainable development. it is closely interlinks cultural and biological diversity, forming an essential basis for the conservation and sustainable use of global This transfers from person to person or we can say from generation to This is easy to communicate but one of its disadvantage is that it cannot be preferred in every location it is preferred only in rural areas. Easy as it is oral but is not systematically documented. There are many merits and demerits but also it is concluded that it is necessary to use in our culture it is required to be with to get connected with our culture with our roots and our heritage as it makes us connected with it.
I have a 4 years old son and I am worried about his oral health. How is tooth decay caused and how can I avoid it? Tooth decay occurs when several factors occur simultaneously. Firstly, there must be a tooth that is susceptible to decay. Secondly, there must be dental plaque i.e. bacteria. These bacteria transform carbohydrates to acids that dissolve the tooth enamel. In addition, there has to be sufficient time for demineralisation (dissolution of the tooth enamel) to occur and insufficient time for the body's natural defence mechanism (saliva) to "remineralise" the tooth and repair any damage. In industrialized countries dental caries appears to be less related to the diet itself and more related to individual behaviours. That means a good oral hygiene and the appropriate use of fluoride will prevent dental caries. Our recommendations are: - Clean teeth with fluoride toothpaste twice daily. If possible clean around the teeth with dental floss or toothpicks once a day. Do not eat after cleaning teeth at bedtime as salivary flow decreases as we sleep. - Visit the dentist about every 6 months for a check-up. - How often you eat and drink counts. Allow time between eating occasions for saliva to neutralise the acids. Do not nibble food or sip drinks continuously. - Sugar-free chewing gum has been shown to be "tooth-friendly" as it helps increase saliva flow and clears food debris from the mouth.
Most drivers have experienced a traffic signal that turns yellow just as they approach an intersection, which makes it difficult for them to decide whether to stop or proceed through it. The wrong choice in this situation, known as the "dilemma zone," may lead to crashes, especially at high-speed intersections. A major factor making driving difficult is hazards that are sudden and hard to predict. Roadside and in-vehicle display warning systems may help drivers handle these hazards by predicting their occurrence and providing advanced warning to the driver, according to a new study published in journal Human Factors. Clemson University psychology professor and lead author on the paper Leo Gugerty and colleagues designed two driving simulator studies to compare the effectiveness of six types of roadway or in-vehicle warning systems. Participants were asked to navigate through traffic lights while their driving responses were measured based on the presence or absence of warning signals. "In both studies, warnings led to more stopping at dilemma zone intersections and milder decelerations when stopping compared with no warning," said Gugerty. "Drivers' predominant response to warnings was anticipatory slowing on approaching the intersection, not speeding up." These advanced warning systems could improve driver safety by potentially reducing crashes at signalized intersections. This study provides some evidence that intelligent dilemma zone warnings help drivers behave more safely when approaching them. "Sometimes drivers respond to safety measures in ways that undo safety benefits, such as driving faster when using antilock brakes," he said. "However, the drivers in our simulator studies responded to the dilemma zone warning signals by driving more safely." Results indicated that both roadway and in-vehicle warnings led to more stopping and milder decelerations at dilemma zone intersections. When given advanced warning, the participants rarely exhibited unsafe driving behavior, such as accelerating to beat the lights. In time, implementation of such systems could lead to fewer traffic-related injuries and fatalities. These studies may provide guidance to human factors researchers regarding performance models of how drivers use end-of-green warnings, control algorithms and warning displays for intelligent intersections and statistical methodology in human factors research.
The Philippines is among the poorest countries with changes in economic growth. In fact, there are still many poor communities despite the number of middle-income classes in the country. Unemployment and birth rate are factors to consider why most Filipinos belong to the urban poor. This explains the importance of a non-government organization in the Philippines that aims to work closely with the government to address this issue. Poverty Line in Developing Countries and Its Effects on Underprivileged Children For decades, the poverty worldwide has significantly decreased, thanks to efforts of governments as well as the work of NGOs to marginalized communities. Nonetheless, due to COVID-19, this success of curbing the poverty rate across the globe might be undone. According to the January 2021 estimate of the World Bank, there are between 119 and 124 million additional poor globally with, around 60% of whom are from South Asia. As for the Philippines, many families in Metro Manila each day subsist with at best one meal, and at worst none at all. The lack of income source has forced children to prioritize work over education to help their parents. This kind of setup falls back to the root cause. The system narrows down opportunities for children because a good-paying job requires a diploma. This challenge passes the suffering from one generation to another. This is where the importance of education comes in. To improve the lives of the underserved population, efforts from the local government and non-government organizations are of paramount importance. Non-government Organization in the Philippines: Its Key Role Non-profit organizations serve as additional help aside from the programs and funds from the government. NGOs must focus on their programs and means to send help. The deeper sense of their humanitarian act lies in their purpose. Thus, to fight poverty in the Metro, we need to check the root cause of the issue to come up with solutions. Changes in the global economy mean that more people need help from NGOs across countries. The charitable activities of NGOs differ in scope in terms of local, national, or international level; but all of them play a crucial role in the development sector. Though there are thousands of NGOs, the beneficiaries are continuously growing too. Not everyone is given the golden ticket to live a better life. Now, the goal of NGOs is to bring a glimmer of light. These organizations are working toward a common vision to promote social change on a broad scale. Role of Childhope Philippines as Development Aid Dynamic partnership is key to resolve the complex emergency problems of developing countries. As an NGO in the Philippines, we believe that help should start within the locals. Having that said, we are a non-profit organization in the Philippines that brings Filipinos closer for a cause. Further, we advocate for the well-being of street children. Even though Filipinos are hardworking and resilient, this is not for the children. Children are the most at risk and in need of security, and thus we dedicate our efforts to providing it for them. A Source of Hope Through Four Programs Street Education and Protection (STEP) As the country’s national hero Jose Rizal believed, children are the future of the society. With that said, it is important to close gaps in education. Unfortunately, formal education is not always available to the poor. Notwithstanding the challenges in education, we want to mobilize the way for out-of-school youth to learn. Investing in education is key to cut the decades-long poverty that in turn serves a millstone sinking the hope of generations. In line with this, our vision is to give them one STEP forward to fight poverty. To do so, we provide an Alternative Learning System through KalyEskwela or school on the streets. The Mobile Health Clinic (KliniKalye) According to UNICEF, about 31.4% of children are living deprived of basic needs. Every child deserves access to medical care, which is why we set up a mobile clinic to prioritize children and their health. Simply put, the KliniKalye program ensures the physical health of children. Children on the streets should be given care not only with their physical state but also their mental health. In line with this, we are a non-government organization in the Philippines that provides psychological aid and counseling. This way, we help kids and their parents to cope up with stress and learning challenges. This program also focuses on neglected and abandoned children by donating to shelters. These shelters are the hands providing for the basic needs of children such as food and home. Being part of the society requires social responsibility. We want to prepare them for real-life situations by developing their skills. We train the street children on arts and other skills. Kalyenderia Mobile Soup Kitchen Childhope Philippines has launched a new project that aims to support not only on the education aspect but also on their overall health. Kalyenderia is our very own Mobile Soup Kitchen with the goal to share nutritious meals on wheels with the street children. Our #DeliveringHope project is a local emergency relief effort which widened the reach to communities. Because of the help we have received, we will continue this effort as part of long-term development projects. The project focuses on disaster response, emergency preparedness, and livelihoods recovery. As of date, we have raised 5,182,065.13 PHP worth of donations from different corporations, private entities, and individuals. Sustainability Through Public Response Despite the strengths of NGOs in disaster response, there are challenges in extending help to those in need. As a non-government organization in the Philippines, we strive to increase our volunteer services to help poor communities. Throughout the years, we have strived to value partnerships to overcome economic challenges. We can build stronger communities by acting together toward a common goal. Promoting public awareness and encouraging donor response are keys to a brighter future. Donate today and let us open educational opportunities to street children and youth.