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[ "Louis Pasteur", "notable work", "rabies vaccine" ]
Rabies Pasteur produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits, and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue. The rabies vaccine was initially created by Emile Roux, a French doctor and a colleague of Pasteur, who had produced a killed vaccine using this method. The vaccine had been t...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Louis Pasteur", "member of", "American Philosophical Society" ]
Awards and honours Pasteur was awarded 1,500 francs in 1853 by the Pharmaceutical Society for the synthesis of racemic acid. In 1856 the Royal Society of London presented him the Rumford Medal for his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light, and the Copley Medal in 1874 for his work...
member of
55
[ "part of", "belonging to", "affiliated with", "associated with", "connected to" ]
null
null
[ "Louis Pasteur", "father", "Jean-Joseph Pasteur" ]
Education and early life Louis Pasteur was born on 27 December 1822, in Dole, Jura, France, to a Catholic family of a poor tanner. He was the third child of Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. The family moved to Marnoz in 1826 and then to Arbois in 1827. Pasteur entered primary school in 1831. He was dysl...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Louis Pasteur", "family name", "Pasteur" ]
Education and early life Louis Pasteur was born on 27 December 1822, in Dole, Jura, France, to a Catholic family of a poor tanner. He was the third child of Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. The family moved to Marnoz in 1826 and then to Arbois in 1827. Pasteur entered primary school in 1831. He was dysl...
family name
54
[ "surname", "last name", "patronymic", "family surname", "clan name" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "work location", "Paris" ]
Soon Hugo's father was called to Spain to fight the Peninsular War. Madame Hugo and her children were sent back to Paris in 1808, where they moved to an old convent, 12 Impasse des Feuillantines, an isolated mansion in a deserted quarter of the left bank of the Seine. Hiding in a chapel at the back of the garden was Vi...
work location
67
[ "place of work", "office location", "employment site", "workplace", "job site" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "notable work", "Ninety-three" ]
Works Prose fiction Bug-Jargal (short story - 1820, novel - 1826) Hans of Iceland (Han d'Islande - 1823) The Last Day of a Condemned Man (Le Dernier jour d'un condamné - 1829) The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (Notre-Dame de Paris - 1831) La Esmeralda (the only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself) (1836) - th...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "significant event", "funeral" ]
Hugo's death from pneumonia on 22 May 1885, at the age of 83, generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a towering figure in literature, he was a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and democracy in France. All his life he remained a defender of liberty, equality and fraternity as well as an a...
significant event
30
[ "Landmark event", "Key happening", "Pivotal occurrence", "Momentous incident", "Notable episode" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "notable work", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" ]
Victor Hugo's first mature work of fiction was first published in February 1829 by Charles Gosselin without the author's name and reflected the acute social conscience that would infuse his later work. Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Day of a Condemned Man) would have a profound influence on later writers such ...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "sibling", "Eugène Hugo" ]
Early life Victor-Marie Hugo was born on 26 February 1802 in Besançon in Eastern France. He was the youngest son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828), a general in the Napoleonic army, and Sophie Trébuchet (1772–1821); the couple had two other sons: Abel Joseph (1798–1855) and Eugène (1800–1837). The Hugo famil...
sibling
37
[ "brother or sister", "kin" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "notable work", "Toilers of the mer" ]
Works Prose fiction Bug-Jargal (short story - 1820, novel - 1826) Hans of Iceland (Han d'Islande - 1823) The Last Day of a Condemned Man (Le Dernier jour d'un condamné - 1829) The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (Notre-Dame de Paris - 1831) La Esmeralda (the only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself) (1836) - th...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "residence", "Hauteville House" ]
When Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) seized complete power in 1851, establishing an anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly declared him a traitor to France. He moved to Brussels, then Jersey, from which he was expelled for supporting a Jersey newspaper that had criticised Queen Victoria. He finally settled with his...
residence
49
[ "living place", "dwelling", "abode", "habitat", "domicile" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "country of citizenship", "France" ]
Victor-Marie Hugo (French: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo] (listen); 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the greatest French writers of all time. His most famo...
country of citizenship
63
[ "citizenship country", "place of citizenship", "country of origin", "citizenship nation", "country of citizenship status" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "genre", "poetry" ]
Career Hugo published his first novel the year following his marriage fr:Han d'Islande, 1823), and his second three years later (Bug-Jargal, 1826). Between 1829 and 1840, he published five more volumes of poetry Les Orientales, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; fr:Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures,...
genre
85
[ "category", "style", "type", "kind", "class" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "notable work", "The Man Who Laughs" ]
Works Prose fiction Bug-Jargal (short story - 1820, novel - 1826) Hans of Iceland (Han d'Islande - 1823) The Last Day of a Condemned Man (Le Dernier jour d'un condamné - 1829) The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (Notre-Dame de Paris - 1831) La Esmeralda (the only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself) (1836) - th...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "place of birth", "Besançon" ]
Early life Victor-Marie Hugo was born on 26 February 1802 in Besançon in Eastern France. He was the youngest son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828), a general in the Napoleonic army, and Sophie Trébuchet (1772–1821); the couple had two other sons: Abel Joseph (1798–1855) and Eugène (1800–1837). The Hugo famil...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "child", "Charles Hugo" ]
Children Adèle and Victor Hugo had their first child, Léopold, in 1823, but the boy died in infancy. On 28 August 1824, the couple's second child, Léopoldine, was born, followed by Charles on 4 November 1826, François-Victor on 28 October 1828, and Adèle on 28 July 1830. Hugo's eldest and favourite daughter, Léopoldine...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "family name", "Hugo" ]
Victor-Marie Hugo (French: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo] (listen); 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the greatest French writers of all time. His most famo...
family name
54
[ "surname", "last name", "patronymic", "family surname", "clan name" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "educated at", "Lycée Louis-le-Grand" ]
Soon Hugo's father was called to Spain to fight the Peninsular War. Madame Hugo and her children were sent back to Paris in 1808, where they moved to an old convent, 12 Impasse des Feuillantines, an isolated mansion in a deserted quarter of the left bank of the Seine. Hiding in a chapel at the back of the garden was Vi...
educated at
56
[ "studied at", "graduated from", "attended", "enrolled at", "completed education at" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "child", "Adèle Hugo" ]
Children Adèle and Victor Hugo had their first child, Léopold, in 1823, but the boy died in infancy. On 28 August 1824, the couple's second child, Léopoldine, was born, followed by Charles on 4 November 1826, François-Victor on 28 October 1828, and Adèle on 28 July 1830. Hugo's eldest and favourite daughter, Léopoldine...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "father", "Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo" ]
Early life Victor-Marie Hugo was born on 26 February 1802 in Besançon in Eastern France. He was the youngest son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828), a general in the Napoleonic army, and Sophie Trébuchet (1772–1821); the couple had two other sons: Abel Joseph (1798–1855) and Eugène (1800–1837). The Hugo famil...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "spouse", "Adèle Foucher" ]
On 10 July 1816, Hugo wrote in his diary: “I shall be Chateaubriand or nothing.” In 1817 he wrote a poem for a competition organised by the Academie Française, for which he received an honorable mention. The Academicians refused to believe that he was only fifteen. Victor moved in with his mother to 18 rue des Petits-A...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "child", "Léopoldine Hugo" ]
Personal life Family Marriage Hugo married Adèle Foucher in October 1822. Despite their respective affairs, they lived together for nearly 46 years until she died in August 1868. Hugo, who was still banished from France, was unable to attend her funeral in Villequier where their daughter Léopoldine was buried. From 183...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "place of burial", "Panthéon" ]
Hugo's death from pneumonia on 22 May 1885, at the age of 83, generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a towering figure in literature, he was a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and democracy in France. All his life he remained a defender of liberty, equality and fraternity as well as an a...
place of burial
58
[ "final resting place", "burial site", "last resting place", "grave site", "interment location" ]
null
null
[ "Victor Hugo", "movement", "French Romanticism" ]
Career Hugo published his first novel the year following his marriage fr:Han d'Islande, 1823), and his second three years later (Bug-Jargal, 1826). Between 1829 and 1840, he published five more volumes of poetry Les Orientales, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; fr:Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures,...
movement
87
[ "motion", "activity", "progression", "advancement", "mobility" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "instance of", "human" ]
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( GARR-ib-AWL-dee, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi] (listen); 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times an...
instance of
5
[ "type of", "example of", "manifestation of", "representation of" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "place of birth", "Nice" ]
Early life Garibaldi was born and christened Joseph-Marie Garibaldi on 4 July 1807 in Nice, which had been conquered by the French First Republic in 1792, to the Ligurian family of Domenico Garibaldi from Chiavari and Maria Rosa Nicoletta Raimondi from Loano. In 1814, the Congress of Vienna returned Nice to Victor Emma...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "member of political party", "Young Italy" ]
Early life Garibaldi was born and christened Joseph-Marie Garibaldi on 4 July 1807 in Nice, which had been conquered by the French First Republic in 1792, to the Ligurian family of Domenico Garibaldi from Chiavari and Maria Rosa Nicoletta Raimondi from Loano. In 1814, the Congress of Vienna returned Nice to Victor Emma...
member of political party
95
[ "affiliated with political party", "party membership", "political party member", "partisan affiliation", "political affiliation" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "spouse", "Anita Garibaldi" ]
South America Garibaldi first sailed to the Beylik of Tunis before eventually finding his way to the Empire of Brazil. Once there, he took up the cause of the Riograndense Republic in its attempt to separate from Brazil, joining the rebels known as the Ragamuffins in the Ragamuffin War of 1835. During this war, he met ...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "place of death", "Caprera" ]
Second Italian War of Independence Garibaldi returned to Italy in 1854. Using an inheritance from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian island of Caprera (north of Sardinia), devoting himself to agriculture. In 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence (also known as the Franco-Austrian War) broke ...
place of death
45
[ "location of death", "death place", "place where they died", "place of passing", "final resting place" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "spouse", "Francesca Armosino" ]
Death Ill and confined to bed by arthritis, Garibaldi made trips to Calabria and Sicily. In 1880, he married Francesca Armosino, with whom he previously had three children. Before the wedding, he stated he was not a Catholic and was willing to become a Protestant. Though born as a Catholic Christian he abjured Christia...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "child", "Menotti Garibaldi" ]
South America Garibaldi first sailed to the Beylik of Tunis before eventually finding his way to the Empire of Brazil. Once there, he took up the cause of the Riograndense Republic in its attempt to separate from Brazil, joining the rebels known as the Ragamuffins in the Ragamuffin War of 1835. During this war, he met ...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "position held", "member of the French National Assembly" ]
Franco-Prussian War When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in July 1870, Italian public opinion heavily favored the Prussians, and many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence. After the French garrison was recalled from Rome, the Italian Army captured the Papal States without Ga...
position held
59
[ "occupation", "job title", "post", "office", "rank" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "child", "Teresa Garibaldi" ]
South America Garibaldi first sailed to the Beylik of Tunis before eventually finding his way to the Empire of Brazil. Once there, he took up the cause of the Riograndense Republic in its attempt to separate from Brazil, joining the rebels known as the Ragamuffins in the Ragamuffin War of 1835. During this war, he met ...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "occupation", "resistance fighter" ]
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( GARR-ib-AWL-dee, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi] (listen); 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times an...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "conflict", "Second Italian War of Independence" ]
Second Italian War of Independence Garibaldi returned to Italy in 1854. Using an inheritance from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian island of Caprera (north of Sardinia), devoting himself to agriculture. In 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence (also known as the Franco-Austrian War) broke ...
conflict
28
[ "battle", "warfare", "struggle", "fighting", "combat" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "place of burial", "Caprera" ]
Second Italian War of Independence Garibaldi returned to Italy in 1854. Using an inheritance from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian island of Caprera (north of Sardinia), devoting himself to agriculture. In 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence (also known as the Franco-Austrian War) broke ...
place of burial
58
[ "final resting place", "burial site", "last resting place", "grave site", "interment location" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "conflict", "Franco-Prussian War" ]
Franco-Prussian War When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in July 1870, Italian public opinion heavily favored the Prussians, and many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence. After the French garrison was recalled from Rome, the Italian Army captured the Papal States without Ga...
conflict
28
[ "battle", "warfare", "struggle", "fighting", "combat" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "conflict", "First Italian War of Independence" ]
Return to Italy First Italian War of Independence Garibaldi returned to Italy amidst the turmoil of the revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and was one of the founders and leaders of the Action Party. Garibaldi offered his services to Charles Albert of Sardinia, who displayed some liberal inclinations, but he tre...
conflict
28
[ "battle", "warfare", "struggle", "fighting", "combat" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "conflict", "Battle of Calatafimi" ]
Swelling the ranks of his army with scattered bands of local rebels, Garibaldi led 800 volunteers to victory over an enemy force of 1,500 at the Battle of Calatafimi on 15 May. He used the counter-intuitive tactic of an uphill bayonet charge. He saw that the hill was terraced, and the terraces would shelter his advanci...
conflict
28
[ "battle", "warfare", "struggle", "fighting", "combat" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "conflict", "Roman Republic" ]
On 30 April 1849, the Republican army, under Garibaldi's command, defeated a numerically far superior French army at the Porta San Pancrazio gate of Rome. Subsequently, French reinforcements arrived, and the Siege of Rome began on 1 June. Despite the resistance of the Republican army, the French prevailed on 29 June. O...
conflict
28
[ "battle", "warfare", "struggle", "fighting", "combat" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "conflict", "Uruguayan Civil War" ]
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( GARR-ib-AWL-dee, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi] (listen); 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times an...
conflict
28
[ "battle", "warfare", "struggle", "fighting", "combat" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "conflict", "Expedition of the Thousand" ]
Campaign of 1860 On 24 January 1860, Garibaldi married 18-year-old Giuseppina Raimondi. Immediately after the wedding ceremony, she informed him that she was pregnant with another man's child and Garibaldi left her the same day. At the beginning of April 1860, uprisings in Messina and Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two ...
conflict
28
[ "battle", "warfare", "struggle", "fighting", "combat" ]
null
null
[ "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "family name", "Garibaldi" ]
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( GARR-ib-AWL-dee, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi] (listen); 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times an...
family name
54
[ "surname", "last name", "patronymic", "family surname", "clan name" ]
null
null
[ "Claude Bourgelat", "place of birth", "Lyon" ]
Life and career Bourgelat was born at Lyon. He initially studied law and worked as a barrister, but he became interested in veterinary medicine because of his interest in horses.In 1740, at the age of 28, Bourgelat became the head of the Lyon Academy of Horsemanship. As an amateur horsemanship enthusiast, he developed ...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Claude Bourgelat", "occupation", "veterinarian" ]
Claude Bourgelat (27 March 1712 – 3 January 1779) was a French veterinary surgeon. He was a founder of scientifically informed veterinary medicine, and he created one of the earliest schools for training professional veterinarians.Life and career Bourgelat was born at Lyon. He initially studied law and worked as a barr...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Claude Bourgelat", "family name", "Bourgelat" ]
Claude Bourgelat (27 March 1712 – 3 January 1779) was a French veterinary surgeon. He was a founder of scientifically informed veterinary medicine, and he created one of the earliest schools for training professional veterinarians.Life and career Bourgelat was born at Lyon. He initially studied law and worked as a barr...
family name
54
[ "surname", "last name", "patronymic", "family surname", "clan name" ]
null
null
[ "Luís de Camões", "place of death", "Lisbon" ]
Camões lived out his final years in a room in a house near the Convent of Santa Ana, in a state, according to tradition, of the most unworthy poverty, "without a rag to cover him". Le Gentil considered this view a romantic exaggeration, as he was still able keep a slave named Jau, whom he had brought with him from the ...
place of death
45
[ "location of death", "death place", "place where they died", "place of passing", "final resting place" ]
null
null
[ "Luís de Camões", "father", "Simão Vaz de Camões" ]
Life Origins and youth Much of the information about Luís de Camões' biography raises doubts and, probably, much of what circulates about him is nothing more than the typical folklore that is formed around a famous figure. Only a few dates are documented that guide its trajectory. The ancestral home of the Camões famil...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Luís de Camões", "writing language", "Portuguese" ]
Luís Vaz de Camões (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈiʒ ˈvaʒ ðɨ kaˈmõjʃ]; c. 1524 or 1525 – 10 June 1580), sometimes rendered in English as Camoens or Camoëns ( KAM-oh-ənz), is considered Portugal's and the Portuguese language's greatest poet. His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Milton, Vondel, ...
writing language
47
[ "written in", "language used in writing", "written using", "written with", "script" ]
null
null
[ "Luís de Camões", "family", "Camões family" ]
Life Origins and youth Much of the information about Luís de Camões' biography raises doubts and, probably, much of what circulates about him is nothing more than the typical folklore that is formed around a famous figure. Only a few dates are documented that guide its trajectory. The ancestral home of the Camões famil...
family
41
[ "clan", "kinship", "lineage", "dynasty", "tribe" ]
null
null
[ "Luís de Camões", "occupation", "poet" ]
Luís Vaz de Camões (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈiʒ ˈvaʒ ðɨ kaˈmõjʃ]; c. 1524 or 1525 – 10 June 1580), sometimes rendered in English as Camoens or Camoëns ( KAM-oh-ənz), is considered Portugal's and the Portuguese language's greatest poet. His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Milton, Vondel, ...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Luís de Camões", "notable work", "Os Lusíadas" ]
Luís Vaz de Camões (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈiʒ ˈvaʒ ðɨ kaˈmõjʃ]; c. 1524 or 1525 – 10 June 1580), sometimes rendered in English as Camoens or Camoëns ( KAM-oh-ənz), is considered Portugal's and the Portuguese language's greatest poet. His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Milton, Vondel, ...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Luís de Camões", "cause of death", "plague" ]
Camões lived out his final years in a room in a house near the Convent of Santa Ana, in a state, according to tradition, of the most unworthy poverty, "without a rag to cover him". Le Gentil considered this view a romantic exaggeration, as he was still able keep a slave named Jau, whom he had brought with him from the ...
cause of death
43
[ "manner of death", "reason for death", "mode of death", "source of death", "factors leading to death" ]
null
null
[ "Luís de Camões", "family name", "Camões" ]
Life Origins and youth Much of the information about Luís de Camões' biography raises doubts and, probably, much of what circulates about him is nothing more than the typical folklore that is formed around a famous figure. Only a few dates are documented that guide its trajectory. The ancestral home of the Camões famil...
family name
54
[ "surname", "last name", "patronymic", "family surname", "clan name" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "place of birth", "Toruń" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "educated at", "Jagiellonian University" ]
Lucas Watzenrode the Elder, a wealthy merchant and in 1439–62 president of the judicial bench, was a decided opponent of the Teutonic Knights. In 1453 he was the delegate from Toruń at the Grudziądz (Graudenz) conference that planned the uprising against them. During the ensuing Thirteen Years' War, he actively support...
educated at
56
[ "studied at", "graduated from", "attended", "enrolled at", "completed education at" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "educated at", "University of Padua" ]
University of Padua 1501–03 On his return journey doubtless stopping briefly at Bologna, in mid-1501 Copernicus arrived back in Warmia. After on 28 July receiving from the chapter a two-year extension of leave in order to study medicine (since "he may in future be a useful medical advisor to our Reverend Superior [Bish...
educated at
56
[ "studied at", "graduated from", "attended", "enrolled at", "completed education at" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "writing language", "Renaissance Latin" ]
Languages, name and nationality Languages Copernicus is postulated to have spoken Latin, German, and Polish with equal fluency; he also spoke Greek and Italian, and had some knowledge of Hebrew. The vast majority of Copernicus's extant writings are in Latin, the language of European academia in his lifetime. Arguments ...
writing language
47
[ "written in", "language used in writing", "written using", "written with", "script" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "religion or worldview", "Catholicism" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
religion or worldview
40
[ "faith", "belief system", "creed", "philosophy", "ideology" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "place of death", "Frombork" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
place of death
45
[ "location of death", "death place", "place where they died", "place of passing", "final resting place" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "educated at", "University of Ferrara" ]
Greek studies As at Bologna, Copernicus did not limit himself to his official studies. It was probably the Padua years that saw the beginning of his Hellenistic interests. He familiarized himself with Greek language and culture with the aid of Theodorus Gaza's grammar (1495) and Johannes Baptista Chrestonius's dictiona...
educated at
56
[ "studied at", "graduated from", "attended", "enrolled at", "completed education at" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "father", "Niklas Koppernigk the Elder" ]
Name The surname Kopernik, Copernik, Koppernigk, in various spellings, is recorded in Kraków from c. 1350, apparently given to people from the village of Koperniki (prior to 1845 rendered Kopernik, Copernik, Copirnik, and Koppirnik) in the Duchy of Nysa, 10 km south of Nysa, and now 10 km north of the Polish-Czech bord...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "educated at", "University of Bologna" ]
Languages, name and nationality Languages Copernicus is postulated to have spoken Latin, German, and Polish with equal fluency; he also spoke Greek and Italian, and had some knowledge of Hebrew. The vast majority of Copernicus's extant writings are in Latin, the language of European academia in his lifetime. Arguments ...
educated at
56
[ "studied at", "graduated from", "attended", "enrolled at", "completed education at" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "student", "Georg Joachim Rheticus" ]
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Copernicus was still working on De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (even if not certain that he wanted to publish it) when in 1539 Georg Joachim Rheticus, a Wittenberg mathematician, arrived in Frombork. Philipp Melanchthon, a close theological ally of Martin Luther, had arranged fo...
student
161
[ "pupil", "learner", "apprentice", "scholar", "trainee" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "work location", "Frombork" ]
Astronomical observations 1513–16 In 1510 or 1512 Copernicus moved to Frombork, a town to the northwest at the Vistula Lagoon on the Baltic Sea coast. There, in April 1512, he participated in the election of Fabian of Lossainen as Prince-Bishop of Warmia. It was only in early June 1512 that the chapter gave Copernicus ...
work location
67
[ "place of work", "office location", "employment site", "workplace", "job site" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "languages spoken, written or signed", "Middle Low German" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
languages spoken, written or signed
38
[ "linguistic abilities", "language proficiency", "language command" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "religion or worldview", "Catholic Church" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
religion or worldview
40
[ "faith", "belief system", "creed", "philosophy", "ideology" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "notable work", "Commentariolus" ]
Commentariolus – an initial outline of a heliocentric theory Some time before 1514, Copernicus wrote an initial outline of his heliocentric theory known only from later transcripts, by the title (perhaps given to it by a copyist), Nicolai Copernici de hypothesibus motuum coelestium a se constitutis commentariolus—commo...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "notable work", "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "country of citizenship", "Kingdom of Poland" ]
Life Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in the city of Toruń (Thorn), in the province of Royal Prussia, in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.His father was a merchant from Kraków and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy Toruń merchant. Nicolaus was the youngest of four children. His brother Andreas (...
country of citizenship
63
[ "citizenship country", "place of citizenship", "country of origin", "citizenship nation", "country of citizenship status" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "occupation", "astronomer" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "employer", "Jagiellonian University" ]
University of Kraków 1491–95 In the winter semester of 1491–92 Copernicus, as "Nicolaus Nicolai de Thuronia", matriculated together with his brother Andrew at the University of Kraków (now Jagiellonian University). Copernicus began his studies in the Department of Arts (from the fall of 1491, presumably until the summe...
employer
86
[ "boss", "supervisor", "manager", "chief", "director" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "student of", "Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara" ]
In Italy University of Bologna 1496–1501 Meanwhile, leaving Warmia in mid-1496—possibly with the retinue of the chapter's chancellor, Jerzy Pranghe, who was going to Italy—in the fall, possibly in October, Copernicus arrived in Bologna and a few months later (after 6 January 1497) signed himself into the register of th...
student of
72
[ "apprentice of", "disciple of", "pupil of", "follower of", "learner of" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "student of", "Albert Brudzewski" ]
University of Kraków 1491–95 In the winter semester of 1491–92 Copernicus, as "Nicolaus Nicolai de Thuronia", matriculated together with his brother Andrew at the University of Kraków (now Jagiellonian University). Copernicus began his studies in the Department of Arts (from the fall of 1491, presumably until the summe...
student of
72
[ "apprentice of", "disciple of", "pupil of", "follower of", "learner of" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "present in work", "Copernicus" ]
Work Having completed all his studies in Italy, 30-year-old Copernicus returned to Warmia, where he would live out the remaining 40 years of his life, apart from brief journeys to Kraków and to nearby Prussian cities: Toruń (Thorn), Gdańsk (Danzig), Elbląg (Elbing), Grudziądz (Graudenz), Malbork (Marienburg), Königsber...
present in work
69
[ "featured in work", "appears in work", "mentioned in work", "depicted in work", "portrayed in work" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "mother", "Barbara Koppernigk" ]
Father's family Copernicus's father's family can be traced to a village in Silesia between Nysa (Neiße) and Prudnik (Neustadt). The village's name has been variously spelled Kopernik, Copernik, Copernic, Kopernic, Coprirnik, and today Koperniki. In the 14th century, members of the family began moving to various other S...
mother
52
[ "mom", "mommy", "mum", "mama", "parent" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "residence", "Toruń" ]
Life Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in the city of Toruń (Thorn), in the province of Royal Prussia, in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.His father was a merchant from Kraków and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy Toruń merchant. Nicolaus was the youngest of four children. His brother Andreas (...
residence
49
[ "living place", "dwelling", "abode", "habitat", "domicile" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "native language", "Middle Low German" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
native language
46
[ "mother tongue", "first language", "mother language", "primary language", "L1" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "place of burial", "Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Andrew in Frombork" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
place of burial
58
[ "final resting place", "burial site", "last resting place", "grave site", "interment location" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "residence", "Frombork" ]
Administrative duties in Warmia Having settled permanently at Frombork, where he would reside to the end of his life, with interruptions in 1516–19 and 1520–21, Copernicus found himself at the Warmia chapter's economic and administrative center, which was also one of Warmia's two chief centers of political life. In the...
residence
49
[ "living place", "dwelling", "abode", "habitat", "domicile" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "given name", "Nikolaus" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
given name
60
[ "first name", "forename", "given title", "personal name" ]
null
null
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus", "occupation", "mathematician" ]
Nicolaus Copernicus (; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk, German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its c...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "work location", "Paris" ]
Teaching career After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828...
work location
67
[ "place of work", "office location", "employment site", "workplace", "job site" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "notable work", "electromagnetism" ]
Work in electromagnetism In September 1820, Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current. Ampère began developing a mathemat...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "occupation", "mathematician" ]
Teaching career After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "mother", "Jeanne Antoinette de Sarcey" ]
Early life André-Marie Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 to Jean-Jacques Ampère, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières-Sarcey Ampère, during the height of the French Enlightenment. He spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or near Lyon. Jean-Jacques Ampè...
mother
52
[ "mom", "mommy", "mum", "mama", "parent" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "educated at", "École polytechnique" ]
Teaching career After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828...
educated at
56
[ "studied at", "graduated from", "attended", "enrolled at", "completed education at" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "position held", "professor" ]
Teaching career After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828...
position held
59
[ "occupation", "job title", "post", "office", "rank" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "spouse", "Julie Carron" ]
French Revolution In addition, Ampère used his access to the latest books to begin teaching himself advanced mathematics at age 12. In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew, but as a polymath, his reading embraced history, travels, poetry, phil...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "family name", "Ampère" ]
Early life André-Marie Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 to Jean-Jacques Ampère, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières-Sarcey Ampère, during the height of the French Enlightenment. He spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or near Lyon. Jean-Jacques Ampè...
family name
54
[ "surname", "last name", "patronymic", "family surname", "clan name" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "member of", "Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences" ]
Work in electromagnetism In September 1820, Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current. Ampère began developing a mathemat...
member of
55
[ "part of", "belonging to", "affiliated with", "associated with", "connected to" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "employer", "Collège de France" ]
Teaching career After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828...
employer
86
[ "boss", "supervisor", "manager", "chief", "director" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "employer", "École polytechnique" ]
Teaching career After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828...
employer
86
[ "boss", "supervisor", "manager", "chief", "director" ]
null
null
[ "André-Marie Ampère", "award received", "Foreign Member of the Royal Society" ]
Work in electromagnetism In September 1820, Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current. Ampère began developing a mathemat...
award received
62
[ "received an award", "given an award", "won an award", "received a prize", "awarded with" ]
null
null
[ "Alessandro Volta", "employer", "University of Pavia" ]
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (, Italian: [alesˈsandro ˈvɔlta]; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. He invented the voltaic pile in 1799, and ...
employer
86
[ "boss", "supervisor", "manager", "chief", "director" ]
null
null
[ "Alessandro Volta", "noble title", "count" ]
Last years and retirement In 1809, Volta became associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. In honour of his work, Volta was made a count by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1810.Volta retired in 1819 to his estate in Camnago, a frazione of Como, Italy, now named "Camnago Volta" in his honour. He died there on 5 ...
noble title
61
[ "aristocratic title", "rank of nobility", "peerage", "nobility rank", "aristocratic rank" ]
null
null
[ "Alessandro Volta", "place of burial", "tomb of Alessandro Volta" ]
Last years and retirement In 1809, Volta became associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. In honour of his work, Volta was made a count by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1810.Volta retired in 1819 to his estate in Camnago, a frazione of Como, Italy, now named "Camnago Volta" in his honour. He died there on 5 ...
place of burial
58
[ "final resting place", "burial site", "last resting place", "grave site", "interment location" ]
null
null
[ "Alessandro Volta", "child", "Zanino Volta" ]
Early life and works Volta was born in Como, a town in northern Italy, on 18 February 1745. In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons: Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi. His father, Filippo Volta, was of noble lineage. His mother, Donna Maddalena, came from t...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Molière", "place of birth", "Paris" ]
Life Molière was born in Paris shortly before his christening as Jean Poquelin on 15 January 1622. Known as Jean-Baptiste, he was the first son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April 1621. His mother was the daughter of a prosperous bourgeois family. Upon seeing him for the first time, a maid ex...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Molière", "cause of death", "tuberculosis" ]
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French pronunciation: ​[ʒɑ̃ batist pɔklɛ̃], [pɔkəlɛ̃]; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (UK: , US: , French: [mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the French language and world literat...
cause of death
43
[ "manner of death", "reason for death", "mode of death", "source of death", "factors leading to death" ]
null
null