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Answer: This flight takes 7 hours and 15 minutes on average. Question: Should you take that vacation to Reykjavik in the next 30 days? |
Answer: October 6th offers bookings (as of September 25th) that are 24% below the average price for this route. Saving on flight costs means you'll have more money in your pocket for the trip. Question: How long do most people stay in Reykjavik when they fly in from Denver? |
Answer: Over the next two months, travelers from DEN to KEF are planning on staying for six days on average. Question: If your plans are flexible, have you considered changing your departure day? |
Answer: The cheapest day to fly in October is Thursday. Flexibility is paramount when booking travel plans in order to keep costs down. Question: Which airline is offering the cheapest round-trip flight from DEN to KEF? |
Answer: Icelandair is offering its passengers the cheapest flights over the next three months. Question: How often is the Denver International Airport (DEN) to Keflavik International Airport (KEF) route on schedule? |
Answer: The Denver to Reykjavik route has an 80% on-time rate, ranking in the top quarter of all routes. If your flight is delayed, expect an average of 30-40 minutes added to your travel time. Read More |
DEN to KEF Flight Schedule |
Cheap DEN to Reykjavik flights Book your DEN to KEF flights with Expedia and find last-minute Denver to Reykjavik airfare. Expedia offers discount airfare on multiple airline carriers that fly direct and indirect routes between DEN and KEF, with new flight deals and promotions almost daily. When you book your next trip... |
DEN to KEF Route Map |
Denver to Reykjavik Flights, Stats and Airplanes |
Route information for flights from Denver Intl. to Keflavik Intl.. |
355,841.00 miles DEN - Denver Intl. Airlines |
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Expedia offers amazing deals on flights around the world. Find flights kelowna nurnberg and feel confident that your online booking experience will be fast and easy.<eot>In-hive Fungal Biocontrol of Small Hive Beetle | AgriFutures Australia |
Author(s): Diana Leemon |
ISBN: 978-1-74254-367-3 |
The small hive beetle (SHB) is a native scavenger of bee hives in South Africa where it is regarded as a minor pest. It was discovered in Australia in 2002. Since this time SHB populations have increased in number and range in the eastern states of Australia where in some areas they are causing significant losses. |
This Rural Industries R&D Corporation report targets the beekeeping industry in Australia, particularly beekeepers in the warmer regions affected by the small hive beetle, and extension staff in advisory roles. It is intended to provide information on non-chemical control options for the small hive beetle as well as im... |
May 6, 2011 – 1:15 am by Ryan Phillips Tweet |
It has been two weeks since Major League Baseball officially took over the Los Angeles Dodgers, and apparently the franchise has been less than cooperative. The league office has requested more complete access to records of the Dodgers' finances according to a person familiar with baseball's investigation into the team... |
Former Texas Rangers president Tom Schieffer is now in charge of monitoring the Dodgers' finances and he met with Commissioner Bud Selig and MLB executive vice president Rob Manfred on Thursday in Milwaukee. The three decided to further the league's probe into the team's finances dating back to Frank McCourt's purchase... |
The Dodgers claim they have made the requested documents available to MLB officials in a "virtual date room" at Dodger Stadium. But those officials feel the information they have received as insufficient, and want more access. The Dodgers have not commented on baseball's concerns. |
Baseball officials do not believe the Dodgers have enough money to make their $8.25 million payroll payment due on May 31. If the team doesn't have the money, MLB would reportedly step in and make the payment. |
Frankly it seems like McCourt and co. are incredibly aloof on this whole situation and don't seem to be taking the team's financial problems as seriously as everyone else is. The Los Angeles Dodgers, one of the biggest, most recognizable, storied, cornerstone franchises in all of sports, can't make their payroll. Not o... |
I am a life-long San Diego Padres fan and I can't stand the Dodgers, but the situation going on in Los Angeles is just plain sad. At some point Selig has to force McCourt to sell the team.<eot>Musk is a grainy, aromatic reddish paste formed within the glandular musk sac of the male musk deer. It contains a rundown of h... |
During mating season, the deer urinates onto the musk pod, releasing small amounts of his musk, which then falls or is sprayed onto rocks, trees, and bushes. While in rut, the deer’s urine is also dense with male deer hormones, so this mixture of urine and musk is incredibly potent. Fresh musk pods have an ammoniac sme... |
Because musk has so much to do with sex and reproduction, there’s a common misconception that musk is stored inside the testes, like sperm. In fact, the musk sac is attached to the abdomen behind the penis, separate to the testes. |
But while the musk sac is not actually a testicle, there’s no getting around the fact that it does look awfully like one. Since the word “musk” itself comes from the Persian word “moschos” and the Sanskrit word “muska”, both of which mean testicle, it would appear that our ancestors were as confused on this issue as we... |
Musk comes mainly from the musk deer family of deer (Moschidae), of which there are several sub-species, for example, Moschus moschiferus, the Siberian musk deer native to China, Siberia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan, and Moschus leucogaster, the Himalayan musk deer native to Bhutan, India, and Nepal. Some of the musk deer... |
There are 7 main geographical regions where deer musk live, and are therefore hunted, namely, Nepal (the Himalayas), Siberia, China, India, Pakistan, Korea, and Mongolia. |
But other animal sources of musk exist as well, such as the muskrat, the musk duck, the musk shrew, the musk lynx, and even crocodiles. In perfumery and medicine, however, only musk from the musk deer is commercially significant because it produces the largest volume of aromatic substance and also possesses the stronge... |
There are few other materials in the world that possess an aroma as complex as musk. But if it’s complex from a biological perspective, then you can only begin to imagine how difficult it is to get people to agree on what exactly it smells like. Depending on who you talk to, it can be described as earthy, warm, sweet, ... |
This is further complicated by the fact that few people will have smelled the genuine article itself, but rather some aspect of it as recreated through synthetic molecules or botanical musks. |
Many people simply use the word “musky” to describe a textural facet of a scent, even if the scent itself does not contain any musk. For example, perfumes that are clean or powdery are often described as musky, even though their laundry-clean scent is a million miles away from the animalic odor of deer musk. |
Conversely, anything that strikes the nose as dirty or fecal is described as musky almost by default, even if other materials have been used to create that effect, such as indolic jasmine, civet, or castoreum. |
Mimics the smells of bodily intimacy, ranging from dried saliva and perineal odors to morning breath |
Ageing plays an important part in how a musk tincture will smell. If old, dry musk pods from vintage stock are being used to make a tincture, the resulting tincture may give off an unpleasant, stale scent. A tincture from young-ish, still moist grains will smell more varied and complex than one made from old grains. Ho... |
The liquid in which the grains are tinctured is the second vital component of its final aroma. If the carrier liquid is even slightly perishable, then it is a waste of musk grains, as the mixture will not age well. Tincturing liquids that are fine to use include ethanol and other types of perfumer’s alcohol. The grains... |
If the musk deer themselves are small, then you might imagine how tiny the musk pod is – about 30 grams and that’s for a big specimen. Each sac contains about half as much again in musk paste, so around 15 grams per kill. Scraping the secretions out with a spoon to spare the animal’s life nets a much smaller amount of ... |
The musk pods can be dried and used whole (in Chinese medicine) or opened to remove and age or dry the musk paste into musk grains (for perfumery and also again for Chinese medicine). On the market, it is possible to buy both the whole pods and the dried grains. When fresh, the musk paste is moist and red-brown in colo... |
If being used in traditional Chinese medicine, a doctor may use the grains whole on patients, or powder them down for use in complex liquid formulae to treat specific ailments. |
Most sellers of musk scoop out the moist paste while the pods are fresh and pack all the aromatic material into large jars, measuring out quantities for buyers one at a time. This way of storing the musk grains ensures that they don’t dry out as quickly, which is important because the sellers get a certain price per gr... |
If being used in perfumery, the perfumer will tincture the musk grains in alcohol or macerate them in sandalwood oil. Both tincturing and maceration are lengthy processes, with periodic heating of the mixture to release the aromatic properties of the musk grains and careful ageing of the liquid for up to one year or mo... |
The condition of the grains is one half of the equation: the process of drawing out its fragrance another. According to one attar maker to whom I spoke, if the tincturing process is exposed to too much heat, then the volatile topnotes of the musk may disappear. The process must be carefully controlled for temperature a... |
Tincturing is quicker than maceration, in general. Ethanol and other perfumer’s alcohols will tincture the musk grains very quickly, but since alcohol is more perishable than sandalwood oil, its quality will not improve with aging. Furthermore, the odor of musk tinctured in ethanol will only be apparent to the human no... |
Deer musk can vary in aroma depending on geographical provenance, age, and the liquid in which it has been tinctured. However, musk is not like oud or sandalwood in that it does not vary as widely according to terroir as those other precious materials. Oud and sandalwood display huge variances in aroma depending on the... |
In other words, if you’ve got the genuine article, then there will always be a familiar odor profile and texture that links one musk to another: musk is musk is musk. Small differences do appear, of course, based on age or nature of the specimen. |
Although personal experience based on a few random samples can never be extrapolated to represent the entirety of a complex material, here are my impressions of the different deer musk samples I have collected: |
The smell is rich but light; not overpowering. It smells dirty in an almost uncomfortably intimate way, like the smell of tooth floss after a long overdue flossing session – a bit stale, saliva-ish, and carrying with it the lingering aroma of tooth decay, halitosis, and degraded molecules of food. |
However, the smell is not exactly unpleasant. It is simply intimate. If you can tolerate and even appreciate the scent of a loved one’s dried up sleep drool on the pillow beside you, then this will seem familiar and maybe even comforting to you. |
Appearance: reddish-brown small particles – larger and more prone to clumping together than the Tibetan musk grains |
The smell is sweet and high-toned, pitched at a much higher decibel than the Tibetan musk, with leathery and herbal facets. It is immediately pleasant to the nose, unlike the Tibetan musk grains described above. It smells animalic only in a clean and non-jarring manner, like the flank of a slightly sweaty horse in a st... |
The scent is immediately super sweet, like powdered sugar mixed with hot chocolate drinking powder and pancake syrup. It is also a little herbal, as if there is patchouli or lavender in the mix somewhere. At this stage, this sample reminds me of the powdery Darbar attars you can get from Nemat and numerous other source... |
However, once these topnotes die down, the scent is authentically musky, with a pungent, thick aroma that smells quite dirty, although not quite fecal - more like freshly-turned soil and the heavy morning breath of a loved one. |
The topnotes are pure tincturing alcohol, but then a subtle, soft odor of musk appears – a translucent wash of aroma that smells like a clean, warm animal after a day out in the sun. The odor is sweet, soft, powdery, and lingering. In terms of weight, it is very light and sheer. |
Appearance: urine yellow, with small musk grain particles still visible on the glass of the vial when tipped over |
Immediately, the scent here is much less sweet than the other samples, and has a deep musky leather facet that is very appealing. It is more animalic than the other samples, in the sense that it actually smells like it’s been scraped off the behind of an animal. But the scent is in no way dirty, unpleasant, or fecal: i... |
It is an extremely warm, deep aroma, with a strong note of leather, specifically leather saddles or reins that have been resting on a horse. There is a certain dustiness lurking underneath the leather, but it is not excessively powdery, and although there is some natural sweetness, I would say it leans more towards neu... |
It lingers in the nostrils for quite a while, eventually displaying some papery “stale cocoa” tones. In overall aroma, I would classify this particular musk as being the closest in profile to the smell of the Siberian musk grains from The Rising Phoenix Perfumery. |
Josh Lobb obtains legal Siberian musk grains from a gentleman in Siberia who sets aside a small amount of grains from his hunting quota each year for him: he then chops the already tiny grains up into smaller pieces and tinctures them in perfumer’s alcohol, and rests it for a year. This method seems to intensify the ar... |
The aroma is pungent, warm, and once the brief hit of alcohol dissipates, possessed of a strong ammoniac/petting zoo aroma with undertones of hay and animal urine. However, the scent is in no way unpleasant or sharp: these aromas smell natural and rustic, and are enveloped in a thick, wool-like texture that is very com... |
Compared to the other samples, this tincture smells more nuanced and perfumey, and I found myself thinking of Muscs Khoublai Khan, or at least one specific part of it, namely its grimy, sensual, male “wool” facet. Other notes I pick up on include chocolate, damp paper, and dust. |
The density of scent slackens off quite quickly after 10 minutes, or else my nose simply stops smelling it as acutely past that point. What remains on the skin is the dusty, sweet smell of newspapers doused in a layer of powdered sugar. Strangely enough, I also pick up hints of something herbal and fresh. |
Kashmiri musk is the rarest and most highly prized of the musk, because of its bright, uplifting, and intoxicating properties. But genuine Kashmiri musk, also known as kasturi, is illegal. Not only does it come from a species of deer listed as being in danger of extinction by CITES (category I), but it also comes from ... |
Although Shafqat himself calls this a tincture, it is in fact a maceration of musk grains in a very fine Indian santalum album oil (possibly Mysore). The maceration has a concentration of 10%, which is very concentrated. |
First and foremost, the quality of the sandalwood oil used here is stunning and almost overshadows the delicacy of the musk. But the musk is there, bright and airy, even a little pungent, revealed when you perform a sort of hide-and-seek with your own arm (take your nose away, smell something else, return nose to arm, ... |
Despite the fame of Kashmiri musk, I can’t say that it’s superior or inferior to any other type of musk, but then, I’m not an expert. However, when the sandalwood is so sublime and basically taking over the whole show anyway, it seems a pity to use an illegal musk from an endangered species when you could just as well ... |
Source 2: Abdullah, The Most Beautiful Scents (Kashmiri deer musk 2.5% in Australian sandalwood oil, February 2017) |
At first, the overriding smell is of the Australian sandalwood oil (s. spicatum), characterized by a raw, harsh wood solvent smell with facets of pine, eucalyptus, and menthol or camphor, and a texture like sour milk. The pungency of this wood oil makes it difficult to discern anything of the more delicate musk, and th... |
Eventually, an aroma of bright, plasticky musk hits the nose, although it is not strong enough to burn right through the pungent layer of sandalwood. This one probably needs time to reveal the delicate nuances of the musk more clearly. It might be interesting for readers to note that the very same Kashmiri musk grains ... |
The aroma is dark, pungent, but smooth. It is undeniably dirty, presenting like a locker room full of sweaty rugby players, with a side of billy goat. There is a distinct ammoniac edge to the aroma, like dried animal urine and sweat mixed together, or a stable floor packed a foot high with compacted fecal waste and str... |
On the skin, it remains dark and pungent, but reveals a surprisingly complex range of notes such as rubber tubing, smoke, fuel, stables, and animal hair. And, oh alright, it does smell rather like a petting zoo. But I like that. It is the only sample I tried that smelled like animal fur. |
Deer musk – it’s a wondrous material. But let’s not beat around the bush here: in most cases, the deer musk is hunted and killed to obtain its musk sac. Poachers first trap the deer in steel deer traps, and then either leave them to die or shoot them. Licensed hunters shoot to kill. It’s been described as “killing the ... |
Alternatives have sprung up to this in the form of deer musk farms in China, the first one being established in 1958. On these farms, the deer do not die but are immobilized (held down or sedated) once or twice a year and have their musk glands scraped out with a special spoon. Chinese records suggest that a male deer ... |
It’s not death, but on the flipside, it doesn’t sound too comfortable either. How strictly is the welfare of the animals monitored? It is a difficult matter to investigate with any degree of thoroughness because outside access to the farms is restricted, and most of the musk grains produced on these farms are consumed ... |
JK DeLapp, perfumer of The Rising Phoenix Perfumery, is also a licensed and practicing doctor of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) in the United States. Because of his contacts in China and in the field (he has worked in many hospitals in China itself), he is able to import deer musk grains directly from these farms, ... |
When I asked if he could detect any difference in aroma or quality between farmed and wild musk grains, JK replied that “there is a difference, but only those with experience would be able to detect it”. This gives rise to the hope that one day, a true source of ethically obtained musk could be established for the perf... |
However, let’s not get too excited just yet: attempts to repeat the efficacy of the Chinese farms in India have failed, demonstrating perhaps that musk farming is not a straightforward business. Plus, it is unlikely that much if any of the musk produced on these farms will find its way to the commercial perfume sector,... |
We’ve been leading up to it, so you probably won’t be too surprised to learn that by far the biggest consumer of deer musk in the world is TCM, or Traditional Chinese Medicine, followed by Ayurvedic medicine (Indian traditional medicine), and then Unani medicine (Greco-Arab medicine practiced in India). |
The perfume sector lags well behind in terms of both demand and usage. Until 1996, the perfume sector absorbed about 15% of the world’s musk supply, but by 2012, due to CITES and the drying up of legal sources, this had shrunk to 10%. Although there are no exact figures for current (2017) usage, one must assume that it... |
Quantifying the exact size of the Chinese market is tricky, but if you consider that TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) accounts for about 40% of all prescriptions in China as well as 22% of its clinics, then we are talking about a sizeable chunk of the population of China, which is in itself famously sizeable. China a... |
That is not to say that the perfume sector doesn’t value or desire musk, and wouldn’t absorb more if it could. |
Think about it for a second. If even 5% of China’s 1.371 billion-strong population has an ailment that needs to be treated with musk grains, that’s 68.5 million people right there. Compare that to the potential pool of people who want to wear perfume with real deer musk in it, and the perfume sector is always going to ... |
China’s demand for musk is estimated at up to 1,000 kilograms per annum, which translates to the musk sacs of at least 100,000 musk deer – but globally there are only about 700,000 musk deer left in the wild. Clearly, domestic musk farming doesn’t fill that gap. The only logical conclusion is that the bulk of the world... |
Given the supply and demand problem, the sums of money changing hands are huge. In India, musk is valued at 4 times its weight in gold. Raw musk grains can fetch up to US$50,000 per kg in Hong Kong, the hub of the international musk market. All musk in these Far Eastern markets is destined for the TCM and Ayurvedic sec... |
Of course, that doesn’t mean that there is zero demand for real deer musk to be used again in perfumery, because there is, at least in small-batch, artisanal perfumery and attar making. However, it is probable that the commercial perfume sector will never use real deer musk again, given the difficulty of obtaining a co... |
Two things determine the legal status of a specific deer musk, namely, (i) the level to which its source animal, i.e., sub-species of musk deer, is endangered, and (ii) the legislation put in place by individual countries regarding the hunting and trade of musk on their territory. |
First of all, let’s look at the endangerment angle. There are 8 species of musk deer in the Moschidae family, and they are not all equally endangered. CITES has three classes of endangerment, Appendix I, II, and III, and the different sub-species of musk deer are classified into one of those appendices based on the hea... |
Moschus leucogaster (the Himalayan musk deer) and Moschus cupreus (the Kashmir musk deer), for example, are Appendix I, which means their numbers are nearing extinction levels, and should not under any circumstance be hunted and killed. But Moschus berezovskii (Chinese forest musk deer) and Moschus moschiferus (Siberia... |
In other words, Kashmiri musk is illegal partly because its source animal is a species approaching extinction and listed under Appendix I. Siberian musk is legal partly because its source animal is not nearing extinction. |
I say partly, because as always, out in the real world, individual national laws, country needs, markets, and policies also have their effect. So let’s take a look at the CITES convention and how it impacts on the legality of musk. |
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) named musk deer an endangered species in the 1980’s, restricting the trade of deer musk by its signatory countries, which number approximately 170. |
In Resolution Conf. 11.5, CITES lists all the relevant musk-producing animals, including the musk deer, and urged all parties “to develop alternatives for raw musk in order to reduce demand for natural musk, while encouraging the development of safe and effective techniques for collecting musk from live musk deer.” |
In response to the convention, most countries with populations of Appendix I musk deer (species nearing extinction) put legislation in place banning musk deer hunting outright. India, Mongolia, Korea, Nepal – all of these countries responded to the CITES convention by banning musk deer hunting. |
Signatory countries with populations of less endangered species chose different routes based on individual levels of need and state policy. |
For example, China, which has an enormous market demand for musk in its traditional medicine sector, banned musk deer hunting in the wild but set up government-sponsored musk farms to produce musk legally and without killing the animal. |
Russia freely allows the hunting of musk deer within the boundaries of their territory, specifically in Siberia where the Siberian musk deer lives. The Siberian musk deer is not in danger of extinction. Musk grains from Siberia are therefore a legal product because they come from legal hunting and from a species listed... |
Deer hunting in Siberia is tightly controlled, with hunters applying for licenses in a seasonal lottery that determines what number of deer they can kill. Sometimes they can kill only 5 deer a season; sometimes 20. This helps the government keep an eye on overall numbers of the deer population and ensure that they are ... |
In other words, in the murky matter of musk legality, the “fruit of the poisoned tree” argument applies. The legal status of the musk depends on the legal status of the source. So, if your musk comes from a species of deer that’s not in danger of extinction and a country that has legalized the hunting and killing of th... |
From a practical standpoint, if you, as a perfumer, doctor or consumer, have the right permits and licenses to import deer musk from a legal source of a deer species not listed on Appendix I of the convention, i.e., a deer species not threatened with extinction, then it is a legal product and you are importing it legal... |
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