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Theboundarytermisnullsincef′(x)/f(x)→0as|x|→∞andgisaprobabilitydensityfunction.
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Thus,
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EG[HS(F,Y)]=−2
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R
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f′(y)g′(y)
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f(y)g(y) g(y)dy+2
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R
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f′(y)2
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f(y)2
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g(y)dy−
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R
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f′(y)2
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f(y)2
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g(y)dy
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=−2
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R
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f′(y)g′(y)
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f(y)g(y) g(y)dy+
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R
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f′(y)2
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f(y)2
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g(y)dy
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=
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R
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f′(y)2
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f(y)2
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−2f′(y)g′(y)
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f(y)g(y) g(y)dy
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39
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A.10 Quadratic score
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For any F,G ∈ L2(R), the expectation of the quadratic score is :
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EG[QuadS(F,Y )] = ∥f∥2
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2 −2⟨f,g⟩,
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where ⟨f,g⟩ = R
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f(y)g(y)dy.
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A.11 Pseudospherical score
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For any F,G ∈ Lα(R), the expectation of the quadratic score is :
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EG[PseudoS(F,Y )] = −⟨fα−1,g⟩
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where ⟨fα−1,g⟩ = R
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f(y)α−1g(y)dy.
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∥f∥α−1
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α
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B Expected multivariate scoring rules
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B.1 Squared error
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For any F,G ∈ P2(Rd), the expectation of the squared error (12) is :
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,
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EG[SE(F,Y )] = ∥µF −µG∥2
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2 +tr(ΣG),
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where µF is the mean vector of the distribution F and µG and ΣG2 are the mean vector and the covariance
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matrix of the distribution G.
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Proof. Let Ti denote the projection on the i-th margin.
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EG[SE(F,Y )] = EG[∥µF −Y ∥2
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2]
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d
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=EG
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d
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=
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=
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i=1
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d
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i=1
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(µTi(F) − Ti(Y ))2
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i=1
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ETi(G) [SE(Ti(F),Y )]
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(µTi(F) − µTi(G))2 + σ2
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Ti(G)
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=∥µF −µG∥2
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2 +tr(ΣG)
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B.2 Dawid-Sebastiani score
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For any F,G ∈ P2(Rd), the expectation of the Dawid-Sebastiani score is :
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EG[DSS(F,Y )] = log(detΣF)+(µF −µG)TΣ−1
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F (µF −µG)+tr(ΣGΣ−1
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The proof is available in the original article (Dawid and Sebastiani, 1999).
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F ).
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40
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B.3 Energy score
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In a general setting, the expected energy score does not simplify. For any F,G ∈ Pβ(Rd), the expected
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energy score (13) is :
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EG[ESβ(F,Y )] = EF,G∥X −Y ∥β
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2−1
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2EF∥X −X′∥β
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2.
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B.4 Variogram score
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For any F,G ∈ P(Rd) such that the 2p-th moments of all their univariate margins are finite, the expected
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variogram score of order p (14) is :
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d
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EG[VSp(F,Y )] =
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Proof.
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i,j=1
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EG[VSp(F,Y )] = EG
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=EG
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d
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=
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wij EF [|Xi −Xj|p]2 −2EF [|Xi −Xj|p]EG[|Yi −Yj|p]+EG[|Yi −Yj|2p] .
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d
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