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and the Philippines. Most of these tools are designed for use with groups of stakeholders, ranging from villagers to government officials. Select those that are suitable for your own situation, and adapt them as required. Good facilitation is essential. The facilitator must be able to design and conduct activities that... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
tool and in Part 4. 1 CHECKLIST OF INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Table 9 to Table 11 show a list of indicators that can be used to track progress towards sustainable development at various levels: national, regional and local. These indicators fall into various types: • Pressure – e.g. intensified use of a res... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
area Status Economic and human loss from natural disasters Number of threatened species; number and type of natural disasters (typhoons, flooding, drought, earthquake, etc.) Status Water quality Presence of water-borne diseases; sources of water for domestic & agric purposes; agricultural pesticide use (quantity) Impac... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
to potable water Status Malnourished children Mortality rate < 5 years age/1000 population Impact Population density Inhabitants/km2 Impact Poverty intensity % of poor Pressure Population growth Population growth rate Pressure Cultural Existence of policy & conservation effort of cultural heritage Existence of local go... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Indicators Type of Indicator Social Access to safe drinking water % households with access to potable water (source) Response Ratio of the poor Households by main sources of livelihood (%) Impact Organizations on women & gender issues Number/% of women at decision level in local organizations Status Resource tenure Ave... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and literacy centres working with farmers, women, youth, and others Response Civil society involved in production Number of producer or farmer organizations involved; number of other types of NGOs Response TABLE 11 Local or farming system level indicators References CIAT, 2000; European Commission, 2001a. 35 Participat... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Each person should state his or her idea as briefly as possible. Other participants should listen to each idea, suspend judgement and avoid criticizing. Do not allow any discussion at this stage. 5 When you have gone round the group once, go round again to allow each person to state another idea, and so on until all th... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
votes wins. Suggestions for use Brainstorming is effective and fun. It stimulates involvement and cross-fertilization of ideas. To prevent a few quick-thinking participants from dominating, you can ask participants to write down their ideas first on cards during Step 3 above. You can also form sub-groups to allow more ... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Choose a large oval for an important or powerful organization, a smaller oval for one that is less important. 3 Ask the participants to place the ovals on the floor or table. The position of each oval shows its relationship to the other institutions: close together or overlapping for close interaction, further away for... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
card and put it on the table or floor. 3 Ask the participants what happened (or happens) as a result of that factor. For example, ask them to identify events, or positive and negative changes that occurred. Write each of these consequences on a separate card and put them below the card showing the driving factor. Use s... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
or of money in an economy, and so on. Suggestions for use Instead of cards, you can draw a series of boxes on a large piece of paper. This allows you to draw arrows between the boxes, but it is difficult to move the boxes once you have drawn them. You can use different types of diagrams to compare the effects on differ... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
few people before conducting the real interviews so you can practise. This pre-test also helps you ensure the questions are easy to understand, relevant to the local situation, and are not politically or culturally sensitive. 3 You can interview individuals, couples (e.g. a farmer and her husband) or small groups. It i... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
you can obtain through this approach. If you need to gather numerical data (for example, to do a statistical analysis), you can combine a short series of closed-ended questions with your semi-structured interviews. Or you can use semistructured interviews to generate ideas for questions to include in a closed-ended que... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
be read at a distance. 3 Collect all the cards and lay them out on a table or the floor. Read out each card so everyone knows what is written. If something is unclear, ask the person who wrote it to explain. 4 Ask the participants to group the cards – for example, to put all of the cards that contain the same thing int... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the focus group – i.e. whether one or more groups should be represented. For example, you may wish to analyse the issue only with the group directly involved (e.g. women or youth). Or perhaps it would be better to discuss it with others who are indirectly concerned. 2 Identify five to ten people to participate in the f... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
analysis 7 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS Objectives To understand characteristics of various groups of stakeholders: their values and attitudes, knowledge and skills, priorities and perspectives, and areas of mutual interest and potential conflict. Methodology 1 Identify the topic or problem to be analysed. 2 Identify stakehold... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
to begin with – for example, between those in control of key resources and those who have none. In such a case, it helps to work first with each group separately and then join forces. Culturally, women, young people and ordinary people may not feel at ease when men, older people or political leaders are present. Commun... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
start the exercise. Later on, more can join in to improve the historical trend analysis. For example, if the analysis focuses on lowland rice-based farming system, those who know and have worked with the system must be involved. 3 Set up a table with rows and columns on a blackboard or a large sheet of paper. The colum... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
or days are needed for this exercise, and it can be enriched with information from other sources, such as official records. The tool enables stakeholders to analyse the big picture over time. It strengthens their understanding of the driving forces in agriculture and development, and helps them identify what they thems... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
their institutions, systems, etc. The time and resources required depends on the depth of analysis or quantitative information required. A rough SWOT can be produced in less than an hour. Strengths Things that are working well in the organization or project; things that people are proud of. Opportunities Opportunities ... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
review of the literature, mapping of the sub-sector, interviews with key informants, etc. 4 Identify solutions that overcome the constraints you have identified. These solutions must be commercially viable: they may well be attractive to private sector producers or service providers. Examples might include the provisio... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the links from farmers to consumers, and needs effective participation of the various actors in the chain. The relative bargaining power of the actors and governance issues are critical. References Prahalad and Hart, 2005; Lesby, 2005. 45 Participatory policy development for sustainable agriculture and rural developmen... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
separately to discuss the “business-as-usual” scenario. Ask them to look at the historical trends and driving forces, and predict what the situation will be at the selected time in the future. Ask the group to describe the scenario in as much detail as possible. Each of these meetings should last no more than 3 hours. ... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
teasing out the implications for policy and institutional strategies. The workshop output is a description of the two master scenarios, an identification of the driving factors, and a set of policy and institutional recommendations. 7 Present the results to policy makers and institutional leaders at the national level.... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
from the perspectives of different stakeholders. It is a good way for stakeholders to look at what is likely to happen in the future under particular assumptions, and to identify actions they can take to achieve their goals. References Alcamo, J., 2001; EC, ADB and FAO, 2003; FAO, 2003; Reid et al, 2002. 47 Participato... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
outcomes. 4 Shift the balance of forces within and across stakeholders to build momentum. Prevent “blame games”. 5 Initiate activities such as breakout sessions, side events or small group discussions to facilitate dialogue and achieve agreements in individual areas. 6 Obtain agreement on an action plan to implement re... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
that are recommended by the project, and select one for further analysis. 2 Identify the specific recommendations for achieving this policy objective. Then select the most important recommendations for possible action. 3 Define at what level (local, regional or national) each recommendation would be implemented. 4 Dete... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
development for sustainable agriculture and rural development Part 3 Tools for policy and institutional analysis 14 WRITESHOPS Objectives To generate information materials, revise them and put them into final form as quickly as possible. Writeshops bring together various stakeholders to create a document that reflects ... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
an extension manual), an artist draws illustrations to accompany the text. The edited draft and artwork are then desktop-published to produce a second draft. Meanwhile, other participants also present papers they have prepared. Each, in turn, works with the team of editors and artists to revise and illustrate the mater... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
to the plenary, which critiques it. The authors then revise their drafts and present them a second time. Writeshops are an excellent way to promote interaction among scientists, extensionists, farmers, and policy makers, and to focus their energies on creating a document that everyone agrees to and feels is theirs. The... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
gather key stakeholders to participate in developing the logframe. Involve them in the discussion of each of the following steps, and in filling the “logframe table” with the elements you have agreed upon. This exercise requires a facilitator who is already familiar with logframe development and analysis. 2 Determine t... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
then the specific objectives (2), outputs (3) and activities (4). These are taken from Table 15. Add extra rows to the logframe for each objective, output or activity. 7 Fill in the preconditions and assumptions (5–8) that must be fulfilled in order to implement the activities, produce the outputs, and achieve the obje... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
a powerful tool for leveraging participation of stakeholders. It can organize thinking, promote information exchange, enhance commitment and ownership, and improve the execution and impact of development projects. It is used in planning projects, as well as in managing and evaluating them. Many donors require a detaile... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
FAO, 2005. The sustainable agriculture and rural development (SARD) initiative: People shaping their sustainable futures. FAO. Rome. 6 p. IER, 2005. Priorités politiques et institutionnelles pour une agriculture et le developpement rural durables. Atelier regional de l’etude de cas du Mali, 26-28 octobre, Bamako, Mali.... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Development Programme, New York. 159 p. Uphoff, N. (1986). Local institutional development: An analytical sourcebook with cases. Kumarian Press, West Hartford, Connecticut. 54 Participatory policy development for sustainable agriculture and rural development Part 4 Resources SARD and SARD-FSE DIAGNOSIS OF TERRITORIES A... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
de recursos naturales, acceso a la tierra y finanzas rurales. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Washington, DC. 232 p. FAO, 1981. The Peasants Charter. The Declaration of Principles and Programme of Action of the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development. FAO, Rome. 35 p. FAO, 1999. Decentralized rura... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
on Globalization, 2004. A fair globalization: Creating opportunities for all. International Labour Organization, Geneva. DECISION-SUPPORT TOOLS Anon., “Team negotiation skills: Finding an acceptable compromise.” www.mindtools.com/stress/cwt/ TeamNegotiationSkills.htm Alcamo, J., 2001. Scenarios as tools for internation... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Building capacity for sustainable development: Resource portal on multi-stakeholder processes. International Agricultural Center (IAC), Wageningen University, Netherlands. www.iac. wur.nl. Kunstler, James H., 2005. “The long emergency: What’s going to happen as we start running out of cheap gas to guzzle?” Rolling Ston... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
priorities and actions for achieving sustainable agriculture and rural development. The project used participatory, bottom-up approaches and tools to ensure that the knowledge, priorities and views of stakeholders at all levels, including local rural communites and poor people, were taken into account. The case study i... | rural_policy.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Give to AgEcon Search The World’s Largest Open Access Agricultural & Applied Economics Digital Library This document is discoverable and free to researchers across the globe due to the work of AgEcon Search. Help ensure our sustainability. AgEcon Search http://ageconsearch.umn.edu aesearch@umn.edu Papers downloaded fro... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
specification 4.2 Results 5 Strengthening the Agricultural Research and Extension Systems 5.1 Increase research and extension investment 5.2 Diversify the institutional structure 5.3 Improving research and extension efficiency 6 Conclusions References Appendices ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AgGDP Agricultural gross domes... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
and Policy Research ND National Demonstration NDRI National Dairy Research Institute NGO Non-governmental organisation NRC National Research Centre OLS Ordinary least squares ORP Operation Research Project PD Project Directorate PME Priority setting, monitoring and evaluation RBI Reserve Bank of India R&D Research and ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
ICAR-state coordination in research and development II Data and their sources III Government investment in agricultural research and education by states IV Government investment in agricultural extension by states V 2SLS estimates for government research and extension intensity model ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Trends in governmen... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
comments. December, 1997 Dayanatha Jha New Delhi Director ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The seeds of this study were sown in preparation of background material on agricultural research and extension for the Ninth Plan and National Agricultural Technology Project. Dr. Dayanatha Jha, Director, NCAP provided all necessary support, enc... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
and conduct research for the respective states. Affiliated to the SAUs are 120 zonal research stations to conduct adaptive research for the zone. Responsibility of extension lies with the state Department of Agriculture. The ICAR/SAU system undertakes only front-line extension activities. Funding to the ICAR is from th... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
extension systems. Aggregate public investment in research and education, at 1981/82 prices, has shown consistently high growth (5.4 per cent) since 1960s (Figure 1). The major impetus came in the 1970s when the investment grew at the rate of 9.5 per cent, mainly because of manifold increase in the central funds. The i... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
for higher allocations to livestock, horticulture and social science research. Research efficiency is also impaired by the lack of operational expenses, which registered a sharp decline in the ICAR and SAUs. During the triennium ending 1994/95, annual nominal expenditure per scientist was as low as Rs 145 thousand in M... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
should be accorded high priority for government investment and the level of intensity should be doubled to correct imbalances in the factor shares and to rationalise allocation of resources across states and research programmes/commodities. Impressive rates of return to the past investments support the case for enhance... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
by private sector, and non-governmental and producers' organisations. Figure 2 Actual and normative allocation of national research investment Research coordination by the ICAR will be a difficult task in a multi-institutional set up. Networking, contract research and regulatory mechanism may help coordinate and link u... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
remote, difficult areas so as to make these areas attractive to work. Also, diversification of funding and delivery system involving private (for profit and non-profit sector should be encouraged through appropriate regulatory policies. Some reforms like provision of contract research, increasing operating funds and de... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
and Evenson, 1992; Kumar and Rosegrant, 1994). It is believed that compared to other alternatives, the investment in agricultural research and extension is much more productive in terms of accelerating the pace of development. In India, unlike many other countries which witnessed decline in research funding, high rates... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
attaining the household food and nutrition security Also, higher efficiency in production through technological advancements is necessary to compete in world market and to initiate export led growth in agriculture. The development of fragile areas, comprising arid, semi and hill zones, has to be accorded high priority ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
the national level, it is difficult to comp the intensity with that in other countries because of differences in indicators of intensity. Second, These studies do not cover investment education and extension. A good amount of research is carried out postgraduate programmes and therefore exclusion of education may under... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
research resource allocations across states and commodities; III. To study the determinants of public investment in agricultural research, extension and education, and IV. To suggest measures to improve the efficiency of the national agricultural research and extension systems. 1.3 Outline of the report The next chapte... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
NARES. 2.1.1 Agricultural research and education system (This section is largely based on the information available in Randhawa (1979, 1983 and 1986)) In the early stage of education system in India, agricultural science was in the domain of public funded general universities, as a part of natural sciences. With advanc... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
Bombay (1886), and Madras and Calcutta (both in 1893). Agricultural research and education got major support in the first decade of the 20th century when Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India. The most significant milestone was the establishment of the Imperial (now Indian) Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) at Pusa... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
in India. Concomitantly, a number of central commodity committees were constituted, mainly for commercial crops (cotton, 1921; lac, 1931; jute, 1936; sugarcane, 1944; coconut, 1945; tobacco, 1945; oilseeds, 1947; arecanut, 1949; and spices and cashewnut, 1958). These committees were semi-autonomous bodies financed by g... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
provide effective coordination to commodity research, the concept of coordinated research project for improvement was introduced. In 1957, the first All India Coordinated Project on maize was started with the technical support from Rockfeller Foundation. The project was multidisciplinary in nature pooled staff working ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
the state governments continued to be funded by state governments. Although a number of agricultural and veterinary colleges were functioning under the Department of Agriculture in the states, agricultural education maintained a low profile. These colleges were crippled with administrative and financial constraints. Th... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
and fostering linkages between research, extension and farmers were the main responsibilities of these research stations (Ghosh, 1991). Meanwhile, there has been tremendous growth in non-agricultural universities and other scientific organisations, notably, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Departme... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
rural (including agricultural) development programmes. A nationwide, multi-purpose extension network backed with professionals became indispensable. Consequently, 55 Comma Development Projects were started in 1952. Each project covered villages with a village level worker for a group of 10 villages. For e project, exte... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
farmers including rural women on the principle of 'teaching by doing and learning by doing'. These KVKs are currently managed by the ICAR institutes, SAUs and nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) with financial support from the ICAR. The central government also launched several schemes to achieve self-sufficiency in fo... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
education system The national agricultural research and education system (NARS), as evident from the historical developments reviewed above, is dominated by the public sector. Although agriculture is a state subject in the constitution of India, major components of the research system were initiated and funded by the U... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
status of national institute and the rest are named as central institutes. The major research activities of these ICAR institutions are given in Table 2.1. A large number of the ICAR research institutes conduct basic/strategic, and applied research in discipline-based divisional set-up (Table 2.1). IARI, NDRI, IVRI, CI... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
the Union Government is also established for northeastern states. Figure 2.1 Institutional structure of the Indian agricultural research and educational system Table 2.1 Major activities of the ICAR and SAUs research system Institution Number Main activities Budget (1994/95)* (Rs, million) ICAR National research instit... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
southern statesthe states having larger representation in the Union Ministry of Agriculture, while western and north-eastern states were given low priority. Only recently, one agricultural university with the central assistance has been established. A large number of non-agricultural universities, government organisati... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
the status of research, extension and education in the ICAR institutes and SAUs in the eight regions of the country. These committees also make recommendations to undertake research on immediate problems of the region. Officials from the ICAR, ICAR institutes, SAUs, state line department, NGOs, members of parliament an... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
extension programme of input industries in public and private sectors and NGOs, and (iv), special rural development programmes of the central and state governments. However, main responsibility of transfer of technology rests with the state governments as agriculture is a state subject. The central government also impl... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
farming system approach to include all landbased activities. Figure 2.3 Institutional structure of the Indian agricultural extension system The ICAR/SAU front-line extension system plays a catalytic and supportive role. It develops extension methodology, refines and transfers front-line technologies, and provides feedb... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
regional, state and zonal levels. At the national level, under the ICAR-DAC interface joint meetings of the senior officers from the ICAR and Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) are organised twice a year to discuss critical research and development issues. At the regional level, eight regional committees w... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
mainly presents the estimates of government or public investments in agricultural research, extension and education (hereafter, research, extension and education). An attempt also is made to assess private investment in research and extension in the country. First, combined investment in research and education is discu... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
and conducting state or location specific research. Some government funds are also used to support research in public organisations like Agro-economic Research Centres and commodity research stations outside the ICAR and SAU system. Research funding from commodity boards like tea, coffee, etc. are not included here. Ac... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
the growth in total investment. The decade-wise growth rates (Table 3.1) indicate that the total investment, in real terms grew at the rate of 5.4 per cent since 1960s. The investment made by the states grew much faster than the central in the 1960s and 1980s, whereas the growth in the latter was remarkably high during... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
investment as percentage of agricultural (excluding forestry) gross domestic product (AgGDP), rose from 0.23 in the early seventies to 0.39 in the early eighties and to 0.49 in the early nineties. Also, the real investment per ha of gross cropped area (GCA) increased over time, reaching Rs 20.65 in the early nineties. ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
national research investment. The contribution of public sector industries was only 5 per cent, raising the share of public investment to 85 per cent. Table 3.3 Intensity of government research and education investment: All India Indicator 1960-62 1970-72 1980-82 1992-94 1. Investment at current prices (Rs, million) 14... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
per scientist. There are 11,048 full-time equivalent (FTE) scientists in the country. Of these, 3,977 are working with the ICAR and 7,071 with the SAUs. Annual nominal research expenditure per scientist is much higher in the ICAR Rs 0.9 million as against Rs 0.4 million in the SAUs, giving an average expenditure of Rs ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
at margin. Thus the share of operating expenses in India is much lower than that in other developing countries which is 25 per cent of total expenses and 30 per cent of total recurring expenses. The corresponding figures for the US are 23 per cent and 25 per cent, respectively (Pardey et al., 1991). Given comparatively... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
Muralidhar (1994) **** Alston era/. (1997) Table 3.5 Composition of ICAR expenditure Per cent share Factor 1980/81 1995-96' Establishment costs 46.29 63.39 Travelling costs 1.56 0.98 Operating cost including cost of equipments 37.47 23.28 Civil works 12.54 10.71 Other costs 2.13 1.64 Total 100.00 100.00 * Two-year aver... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
Himachal Pradesh. Only five states, namely, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have achieved an intensity which is comparable with or higher than that for the country as a whole (0.49 per cent). Large and less developed states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Orissa have ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
Bengal, Kerala and Maharashtra, expenditure per scientist is close to that for the country as a whole. Interestingly, none of the states has per scientist annual expenditure equal to that in the ICAR (Rs. 0.9 million), indicating that scientist in ICAR institutes are better funded. As seen earlier, low per scientist ex... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
allocation: IARI, IASRI, NCAP : state's share in total gross cropped area NDRI, IVRI : state's share in total livestock population NAARM : state's share in the number of scientists CIFE : state's share in total fish production Table 3.6 Statewise growth rates and intensity ratios of government investment in research an... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
1.37 3.68 12.28 0.23 0.42 7.67 24.57 7.56 61.62 329 Uttar Pradesh 12.19 -0.11 4.88 0.14 0.16 4.78 7.42 4.68 18.73 316 West Bengal 5.58 13.52 2.35 @ @ 8.31 9.68 8.19 24.53 545 All India (centre+state) 6.52 9.51 6.29 0.39 0.49 10.65 20.65 10.49 51.85 432 Note: Except growth rates, data are three-year averages; @ Consiste... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
but in nominal terms, one per cent change in current investment level implies a reallocation of Rs 66 million. Therefore, an enhanced research investment in the low research intensity states would maximise research benefits in the country. It is essential to raise the investment in these states. However, there is hardl... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
as % of AgGDP % share of State funds in the total % share in in Plan funds *** Actual Optimal& States (199296)* (1993/94) (1992-94)** (1993/94) (1992-94)** Andhra Pradesh 4.8 (3.8) 307 (10.7) 723 0.46 56.8 3.5 8.7 9.8 Assam 5.4 (4.3) 20 (0.7) 223 0.46 88.6 8.9 2.7 3.6 Bihar 5.0 (4.0) 82 (2.8) 320 0.22 72.8 2.6 3.8 7.1 ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
on data in ICAR Budget Book (1994/95); *** Data compiled from Planning Commission; & Jha et al. (1995). 3.1.4 Allocation of research investment by commodity groups Allocation of plan funds in the successive plans indicates the changing research emphasis among the commodities. Plan-wise allocation of ICAR funds, given i... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
revealed that about three-fourths of the ICAR funds are spent on research. Within research, 27 per cent of total ICAR funds went to field crops followed by 15 per cent to animal sciences, 12 per cent to soil, agronomy and agroforestry, 9 per cent to horticultural crops, and 7 per cent to fisheries. About 11 per cent re... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
Animal science Fisheries other Total Education Extension Other Total IV Plan (196974) 200 (21.9) 74 (8.1) 152 (16.6) 34 (3.8) 119 (13.0) 579 (63.4) 316 (34.6) 18 (1.9) 1 (0.1) 914 (100.0) V Plan (197478) 319 (20.8) 93 (6.1) 259 (16.9) 81 (5.3) 179 (11.7) 932 (60.7) 525 (34.2) 71 (4.6) 07 (0.4) 1535 (100.0) VI Plan (198... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
compiled from research projects for which expenditure data were available. Source: * ICAR Budget Book 1995/96, ** Rao and Muralidhar (1994). Although the allocation of research funds in the ICAR and SAUs is quite wide-spread among disciplines, some adjustments are necessary. For example, allocations to agricultural eng... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
made by the states. Most of the expenditure was channelled through the 'Department of Agriculture' of state governments. As shown in Figure 3.3, government investment on extension has grown since 1960/61, except abrupt changes in two years. In 1966/67, the investment rose sharply because of substantial increase in the ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
high proportion of low qualified extension workers (70 per cent of the total wooers are intermediate or below; Misra, 1990), there are hardly any operational funds which are essential for mobility of extension workers. Macklin (1992) estimated that the share of non-salary component in total extension expenditure in Tam... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
investment, 92 per cent is public investment and the rest 8 per cent is made by the private sector. Among the public funds, about 76 per cent of the national expenditure is spent by the state departments, 14 per cent by the ICAR/SAU system and 2 per cent by the public sector companies. Thus, unlike research, extension ... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
in real terms in the states of Haryana, Orissa, Punjab and West Bengal. The proportion of AgGDP spent on extension also declined in Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and Punjab, and this decline is serious because the intensity was already very low (0.06 per cent or less) in these states, except Bihar. Extensio... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
1980-94. Table 3.11 Agricultural extension intensity: All India Indicator Investment (Rs., million) 1992-94 1. Public investment 3649 (92.3) Government: Main extension system 3008 (76.1) ICAR/SAU system 558 (14.1) Public sector industries (20% of R&D cost) 83 (2.1) 2. Private investment (25% of R&D cost) 306 (7.7) 3. T... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
% of AgGDP State 1980-82 1992-94 1992-94 19741994 19841994 1980-82 1992-94 Andhra Pradesh 645 1045 33876 5.30 4.00 0.02 0.02 Assam 4043 11155 106080 11.30 5.70 0.11 0.11 Bihar 12421 16469 389462 7.40 4.40 0.37 0.27 Gujarat 3777 8002 221042 11.50 5.80 0.13 0.23 Haryana 1895 1634 24222 0.90 0.03 0.05 0.03 Himachal Prades... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
of production environments warrant much more intensive extension efforts. Extension services should be strengthened by scaling up investment levels and improving the quality of extension. This is especially important for low extension intensity states like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. T... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
using this model are Huffman and Miranowski (1981), Rose-Ackerman and Evenson (1985), Judd et al. (1987), Pardey et at. (1989), Dinar (1991), and Evenson (1991)). In the Indian context, Rajeswari (1995) considered historical development of the NARS to explain temporal changes in research investment. 4.1 Model Specifica... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
GCA as irrigation expansion increases GCA through higher cropping intensity. Besides alternate source of growth, an increase in irrigated area will also decrease the demand for extension because of high farmer-to-farmer spread of technologies. Therefore, per capita irrigated area (GCA) was included in the extension mod... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
positive effect if higher agriculture allocations are also going to research and extension. On the other hand, if other investment options in agriculture get high priority, an increase in total allocations for agriculture may not increase research and extension expenditure. Some researchers have also included other eco... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
in the model. Model estimation: The model was estimated using state level cross-section and timeseries data from 1981/82 to 1993/94. The dependent variable was per capita expenditure. For research it includes expenditure made by state governments and ICAR on research and education (for state-wise allocation of ICAR exp... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
T does not satisfy the condition of applying ECM as N-K is less than 9. Also, we suspect some association between unmeasurable state attributes and explanatory variables, supporting the use of DVM. We have therefore used DVM. State dummy variables are used taking the state of Andhra Pradesh as base. Second problem in t... | Agricultural Research and Extension in India- Institutional Structure and Investments.pdf | Agricultural management |
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