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asses, dogs, pigs and horses were also domesticated (Mehra, 1997). Early indigenous domesticates: Rice was identified from several sites dated earlier than 1500 B.C. from the Gangetic region. Vavilov (1928) listed 117 economic plants which were domesticated in the Indian center or origin/diversity of crop plants. B. Or... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
bean, Mucuna utilis Fruits 1. Pummelo, Citrus grandis 2. Banana Musa Cavendishii, M. Paradisiaca M. sapientum 3. Breadfruit, Artocarpus communis 4. Mangosteen, Garainia mangostana Oil, sugar, spice, and fiber plants 1. Candlenut, Aleurites moluccana 2. Coconut Palm Cocos nucifera 3. Clove, Caryophyllus aromaticus 4. Nu... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Mexico. These crops and trees now form important components of the common cropping systems followed in the country. Crops introduced by Britishers Pseudo cereals Oats Grain legumes Pea Fiber crops Gossypium barbadense (cotton) Vegetables Leek, Asparagus sp., Beta vulgaris (beet root), Cauliflower, Brussels sprout, Knol... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Portuguese: Groundnut, Tobacco, Potato and Agave. Tobacco was introduced during the reign of Emperor Akbar. It seems that they first introduced it into Goa and then into Bijapur. The potato (Solanum tuberosum), a native of highlands of Chile and Peru, was introduced into India by the Portuguese in the seventeenth centu... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
sample from India was from carbonized grains excavated from Hastinapur, north to Delhi and from Atrajnjikera in Uttar Pradesh had revealed that rice was cultivated from 1500 to 700 B.C. One of the Indian names of rice dhanya, for instance, means the supporter and nursery of mankind. Dhanya means ‘sustainer of the human... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
India were derived from or associated with the word rice, thus about the sixth century B.C., the King of Nepal, father of Gautama Buddha, was known as Suddhodana, which means ‘pure rice’. The Sanskrit word for wild rice ‘neevara’ is also used in Telegu language for the wild rice, which invades the fields and waterways.... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
an important crop there by the end of the fourth century B.C. The Rig Vedic Aryans had the cane, and possibly the family name Ikshaku, had connection with large plantation. Apparently the cane was mostly chewed only and sometimes pressed and the juice used as drink. The idea of drying up the juice over fire came later,... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
variety is so named because it grew in the country called Punara, or Northern Bengal. It seems the country derived its name from this fact just as the name Gauda from ‘guda’. The people who cultivated the cane were known as Paundras. During the invasion of India (327 B.C.) Alexander’s army found the local people obtain... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
by Captain Bligh. 2.13 HISTORY OF COTTON CULTIVATION Gossypium herbaceum var. africanum may be regarded as a wild ancestor of the domesticated plants. The development of cotton textiles appears to have taken place, not in Africa, but in the Indus valley in what is now Pakistan. Trade routes were opened between Africa a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the ‘The sacred institute of Manu’ and ‘Asvalayana’ (800 B.C.). From India, cotton was introduced eastward to China and Westward to Egypt around A.D. 600 but it was probably not cultivated there as a field crop for textile purposes until the thirteenth or fourteenth century. Arab traders introduced cotton cultivation t... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
worked soil and not in the valleys because development of agriculture in the valley implies water control which need more skill and relatively more advance stage of technological development. This hypothesis about the beginning of agriculture is the forested foothills was put forward by Sauer the American biographer. S... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and cattle breeding. Farmers of the Vedic period possessed a fair knowledge about soil fertility, selection of seeds, seasons of sowing and harvesting and other practices including manuring of fields. In ‘Arthashastra’ there is mention about the suitability of different lands for cultivation of crops. Farmers of the Ve... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Shishir (January-February) and Vasanta (MarchApril). The seasons in temperate climate are given below: Winter Spring Summer Autumn January April July October February May August November March June September December AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 97 2.15 PLANTING TIME AND SELECTION OF LAND FOR DIFFERENT CROPS (KASYAPA... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Rajasthan (India) revealed a ploughed field (2450–2300 B.C.) that showed a grid of furrows, with North-South furrows 1.9 m apart and East-West furrows 30 cm apart. This pattern probably indicates the practice of mixed cropping. Practice of incorporating sesame as green manure before land preparation has already been me... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
rice cultivation) and adhakadibhu (=land suitable for cultivation of pulses and other grains). A good quality land yields good results to everyone, confers good health on the entire family, and causes growth of money, cattle and grain. Thus the importance of a good soil can never be overemphasized. Kashyapa states that... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
as an abadha (disc plough) phalika (leaf shaped iron piece to replace the normal iron blade for deep ploughing), Viddhaka (spike tooth harrow with 21 spikes), and madika (wooden plant for levelling the field were provided. The use of a disc 54 angulas in diameter (approx. 1 m) in place of ploughshare for using on hard ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
not miss out on farm implements. Vedas describe a simple bullock drawn wooden plough, both light and heavy with an iron bar attached as a plough share to open the soil. Krishi Parashara (c. 400 B.C.) (Sadhale, 1999) gives details of the design of the plough with Sanskrit names for different parts. This basic design has... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of seed is stated to be the first step towards the success in farming. Seeds of several trees specified for plantation are also to be procured and preserved. Seeds of wheat, pulses, fruits, vegetables and condiments such as turmeric, cumin, black pepper, etc., also need to be preserved for cultivation in the proper sea... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
to drought. Barley was cultivated throughout the Harappans period. Aryans were accustomed to barley diet. They adopted wheat and barley in the Indus valley culture and generated new variability required for intensive cultivation. Millets such as sorghum, bajra and ragi were also important. They were primarily grown for... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Harappans. Wild and weedy types of cotton have been recorded from Gujarat, Kathiawar and Deccan. They are perennial and known as tree cotton. Harappans also knew date palm, pomegranate, lemon, coconut and melon. Babar (before 16th century) mentioned in his memoirs the plants he saw in India. They were mango, plantain, ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
vrihinam (fast growing, 60 day rice), mahavrihinam (large seeded rice) and naivaram (wild rice) have been mentioned. Atharvaveda, naivaram became nivara and in addition to black rice, red rice, and the 60-day rice were mentioned. A new name for rice appeared in the Atharvaveda; i.e., tandula (for dehusked rice). The wo... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
‘vaas’ means fragrance and ‘matup’ means possessing. Thus vaasmati should mean something possessing fragrance in northern India, ‘va’ is often pronounced as ‘ba’ and thus the word ‘basmati’ should have been used for a kind or rice having fragrance of scent. Golden rice: Kashyapa had claimed that Peetvarna vrihi (yellow... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
sown in rainy season and garnered before Magha, another sown in autumn and garnered before Caitra and a third sown in spring and stored by Jyaistha (cf. Barley “ripened in summer being sown in winter, rice ripened in autumn being sown in the rains, while beans and sesamum ripened in winter and the cool season”. Arthasa... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of the meteorological charts, it suggests the quantity of rain required by a specific crop and the cultivator is instructed for the particular crop along the rain forests. Crop rotation in Rigveda: Continuous cropping was a practice, but pulses (legumes) and other crops were also sown. “The cultivators harvesting the c... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
fourth, ninth, and the fourteenth day of the lunar fortnight of a month) especially if the moon is weak. Seeds of grains should be planted at a distance of hand (approximately 1½ ft =45 cm) when the sun is in Cancer. In Leo the distance should be half of it. In Virgo it should be four fingers, (3–4 inches =7.6 –10.2 cm... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
treating cotton and some other seeds by a large number of farmers. Sowing of seed was considered a very important event. Prayers and rituals were associated with the sowing operation. Primitive bamboo drills were used for sowing seed. Adjusting the inter-plant and inter-row spacing was done on the basis of sowing time;... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
wheat particles together with stale meat, and fumigated with turmeric powder, repeatedly. For Slesmataka the shell of the seeds was removed, then soaked in water, mixed with the paste of Alangium fruits and dried in the shade seven times, mixed with buffalo dung and stored in the dry dung. The seeds were then sown in a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
grape, jasmine, etc. Further, he recommended February-March for grafting those plants which have not developed branching; December-January for those which have developed branching and August-September for those which have developed large branches. The grafted trees were to be watered both in the morning and evening eve... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
seeds free of weed seeds. 2.26 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Kashyapa emphasized that the Brahmins proficient in Vedas should sprinkle the fivefold cow-products (milk, curd, ghee [clarified butter], urine, and dung) or may be simply sprinkle with clean water over the land (for the purpose of purifying the atmosphere) either in t... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
around reservoirs, a feature that is considered ‘modern’ in the 21st century. Construction of canals has been indicated in verses 111 through 143 of section I. Kashyapa has mentioned four sources of canal. (i) river, (ii) tank, which could have been filled by a river, (iii) large lake, and (iv) canals collecting water ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the sixteenth century and enriched the agriculture of India. They were the greatest benefactors of India. Babar introduced the scented Persian rose. Similarly the botanical garden of Calcutta has performed a very useful function by introducing many important new plants. Following are some of the crops and plants which ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
India. It is indigenous to Brazil. Indian people evinced keen interest in the introduced crops and gave a fair trial under close observation. This resulted in the spread of the selected crops throughout India. 2.29 GROWTH PROMOTERS In respect of diseases, Varahamihira says the tree catches disease from cold weather, st... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
gram, green gram, barley, roots of certain plants, ashes, stale meat, beef and marrow of hog were used as manure. The Indus valley produced surplus food. All important cities had large storage facilities for stocking grains. The rulers at that time had the wisdom of maintaining buffer stocks. One of the granaries store... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
done on ‘empty’ days. The fourth, ninth, and the fourteenth days of the lunar fortnight are Rikta or empty days. Grains should be measured from left to right and not the other way. Adhaka is a wooden vessel used to measure gains roughly equivalent to 7 lb and 12 oz (about 3.5 kg). It is equal to one fourth drona. Measu... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
food quantity in Anna Sukta shows that arable farming was given equal importance as stock farming. The praise of land, bullocks, seeds and peasants in various hymns clearly 106 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY indicates importance attached to arable farming, crop husbandry with different types of field grasses for food and fodde... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
been developed. Shifting agriculture practiced in India has mixed cropping as a standard feature. It was once conceded primitive by scientists, however now it is being suggested as a means to increase world food production. During the cropping phase the farmers raise 8–35 crops species on a small plot of 2 to 2.5 ha wi... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and nutrient. Shifting cultivation, which otherwise causes soil and nutrients loss, the Zabo method of cultivation is ecofriendly, takes care of natural resources and soil erosion is negligible. Shifting agriculture practiced in India, which has mixed cropping as a standard feature. It was once conceded primitive by sc... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
capable (people are) to undertake farming for the welfare of people. An incapable farmer lands himself in poverty. An AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 107 agriculturalist who looks after the welfare of his cattle, visits his farms, daily has the knowledge of the seasons, is careful about the seeds, and is industrious is ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
hima, ‘snow’ and alaya, ‘abode’), the loftiest mountain system in the world, form the northern limit of India. This great, geologically young mountain arc is about 1,550 miles (2,500 km) long, stretching from the peak of Nanga Parbat in Pakistan-held Jammu and Kashmir to the Namcha Barwa peak in the Tibet Autonomous Re... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the western part of the plain; the Indian portion is mainly in the states of Haryana and Punjab. The Great Indian, or Thar, Desert, forms an important southern extension of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is mostly in India but also extends into Pakistan and is mainly an area of gently undulating terrain, and within it are... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
far the largest and most important of the soil groups of India. The soils of this group cover about 777,000 square kilometers. They are distributed mainly the Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and parts of Assam and Orissa. They produce bumber crops of wheat and rice. Geologically the alluvium is divided in... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
rivers which, in turn, varies with the catchment areas and the tracts through which the streams flow. (ii) Black cotton soils The typical soil of the Deccan Trap is the regur or black cotton soil. It is common in Maharashtra, in the western parts of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and ‘some parts of Tamil Nadu, including th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and Hamirpur districts of Uttar Pradesh. They were produced as a result to meteoric weathering of AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 109 ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. These soils started developing around the Mesozoic and Tertiary ages. The colour if these soils is generally red, grading sometimes into brown c... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
oxides, titanium, etc. It is produced by the atmospheric weathering of several types of rocks. Laterites occur in Madhya Pradesh, the coastal region of Orissa, south Maharashtra, Malabar and part of Assam. All lateritic soils are generally very poor in lime and magnesia and deficient in nitrogen. Occasionally, the P2O5... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
annually the decomposed products of the virgin forest. The areas towards the west are for the greater part reserved under forests and mountain areas. The land surface is full of pebbles, is easily drained, and has a laterite bed. (vi) Desert soils A large part of the arid region of Rajasthan and the Punjab and Haryana,... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
fully appreciated in ancient India. In KrishiParashara, it is stated that crops grown without manure will not give yield and a method of preparing manure from cow dung is described. Kautilya mentioned use of cow dung, animal bones, fishes, and milk as manure. Agnipurana recommends application of the excreta of sheep an... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
use of green leaf manure as the main fertilizer for the rice crop. Surapala and Sarangadhara recommended the use of kunapa for properly nourishing trees. The preparation of kunapa is described by Sarangadhara as follows: “One should boil the flesh, fat and marrow of deer, pig, fish, sheep, goat, and rhinoceros in water... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of the Bengal Establishment” mentions beneficial use of “liquid manure”, prepared the way Kunapa was prepared, for vegetable cultivation. He has given no information about who first thought of liquid manure”. B. Green Leaf Manures Farmers relied extensively on crop residues legumes and neem for enriching the soil ferti... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the fields. The surface layer of pond base usually removed is about 30 cm depth. This is a rich source of plant nutrients. The application of pond sludge to each field is done once in a span of 10–15 years. Tank silt increases clay content in light textured red soils, which helps to increase soil moisture content and f... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
stays at their farm land. The litters of sheep get well mixed with soil during the period of penning. Light cultivation before the onset of monsoon makes it more effective. Sheep feed on the existing farm residue and drops litter in the same field during resting period. The excreta of sheep is acidic in reaction. On ea... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
tree. The dead animal contains large amount of biomass, mineral matter in the form of structure and bones specifically nitrogen in protein, phosphorus in bones etc. H. Crop Rotation Crop rotation helps in efficient use of nutrients. Farmers usually change crop rotation in every three or four years to have a better grow... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
weight. The same old crude method is still prevalent in some parts of Northern India. Another method largely employed is to raise water by a small canoe tied by four strings-two at each side and worked between two men standing on a wooden platform projecting over a shallow reservoir. The canoe is swung to and fro, and ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
to sluice gates of tanks and mentions that ‘persons letting out the water of tanks at any other place other than their sluice gate shall pay a fine of six panas’ and persons who obstruct the flow of water from the sluice gate of tanks shall also pay the same fine. It is further stated that ‘the water of a lower tank, e... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Lanka expertise in building tanks. The philosophy about the efficient 12th century Sri Lankan king. He stated, “In such a country, let not even a small quantity of water obtained by rain, go to the sea, without benefiting man”. As many as 14 large irrigation tanks existed in the northern half of Sri Lanka in the ancien... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
invasions. C. Locating Water Table Keys to the Finding of Water Source Chakrapani in his ‘Visva Vallava’ has dealt in detail as how one can have an approximate idea regarding water below the surface of different kinds of lands, based on certain characteristics on the land. Generally water is found near or below a marsh... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the surface of the earth. Where there stands an Udumbarika tree, there three cubits towards its west will be found a dark artery of water two and a half man lengths below the surface. If there is an ant-hill towards the north of an Arjuna tree, then three cubits towards the west of the tree, water is sure to be found a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
or of rocks and stones. He has given a list of the plants or trees, which indicates presence of water. Varahamihira was the greatest astronomer of the 6th century A.D. who had made certain observations on water exploration. According to him water in the ground is available in an arid place near Vetasa plant (Calamus ro... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
depth of two manlengths and underground vegetation. The two-man-deep water would turn pale-white and disappear. There are signs approved by (the astrologer) Sanmuni by which now it is possible to divine whether there is adequate supply of water underground or whether the water is sweet. For the facility of people livin... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
(water) at the depth of three man-lengths. If an ant-hill stands to the east of Indradru (Terminalia arjuna), then just at one cubit to the west there would be found water at the depth of twenty man-lengths and an iguana only at the depth of one man-length. If there be a group of five ant-hills at one place the middle ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
lands. The place where the trees have glossy and thick foliage and shrubs and creepers have milky juice has sweet water very near (the surface) and is inhabited by sweet-voiced birds. In a place where there grow Kharjuri, Jambu, Sata-patra, Nipa, Sinduvara, Vata, Naktamala, Andumbari, Kakaranva and Vibhitaka, there wat... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
coloured soil and sand or where there is yellowish soil, there exists sweet water. In brown soil the water is acrid in taste and in polish soil (of smooth surface) it is salt. G. Construction of Reservoirs After the location of underground water, Chakrapani describes in his book “Visva Vallabha” the construction of res... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the dam to the bottom of the reservoir and for making the dam strong he should have it plastered with lime cement both on the inner as well as outer face. A land low from all sides when full of water turns into a pond and becomes a natural reservoir. There can be no prescribed measurements for it. In the middle of the ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
pool which has come into existence of itself may be of various shapes. Its embankments may be paved as they are with stone and lime mortar. H. Changing Water Quality Chakrapani in his book “Visva Vallabha” describes the methods to change water quality. If the powder of Khadira is poured into a well whose water is salin... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Archemedian screw, and water wheel are suitable when the depth to water surface does not exceed 1.2 m. Medium Head Water Lifts: Medium head lifts are suitable when the height of lift is within the range of 1.2-10 m. The Persian wheel, chain pump, leather bucket lift with self emptying bucket, circular two-bucket lift a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Talai is about 2–3 m deep, the soil scooped out from the Talai is spread around to make catchments area keeping its slope in mind special attention is paid for selection of locations such that there is adequate flow of rainwater into the Talai. Care is also taken so that loose soil does not flow along with water stream... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
whole of the year as a result it is shelter home for many wild animals and birds. Talab Talab is relatively shallow and spread over to more area compared to Nadi Runoff from hillocks is channels to a low-lying area in the vicinity and adequately bunded to form a Talab. It is generally constructed on rangeland. Khadin K... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
called usar. Usar lands were adversely affected with arid climate or scarcity of water. Lands adversely affected with excess of salts, neutral (NaCl) or alkali (NaHCO3, Na2CO3) were also called as reh by geologists in mid-nineteenth century to characterize the appearance of salt efflorescence on the surface of lands. I... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
important was the Western Jamuna Canal. The salty patches in the soil, which developed under canal irrigation disappeared when the canal went into disuse after the fall of Mughal Empire in 1817. Blane was appointed by the Government of India to restore the WJC, which took 3 years due to paucity of funds. Alignment of t... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
that planed a Kannabadi Dam, later named the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam (after the ruler of Mysore, Krishna Raja Wadeyar II), constructed under confluence of three rivers, viz., the Kaveri, Hemavathi, and the Kakshmanatirtha. Two canals, namely, the north bank high-level canal (Visvesvaraya Canal) and the north bank low-le... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
understand ailments affecting crops. Crop plants are affected through ‘abiotic’ and ‘biotic’ disorders. Insects came on the agriculture scene more than 250 million years ago well before the human beings who appeared only about one million years age. The association of man with insects was well known to Indians who knew... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the first to suggest use of seed dressers for producing healthy plant stands. There is reference to algae and mushrooms in Rigveda only as saprophytes. In the Buddhist document Kallavagga (C. 100 B.C.) “mildew of paddy” and blight of sugarcane” is mentioned. In Krishi-Parashara (Sadhale, 1999) we find that the plant pr... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Literature in agriculture during with knowledge on seeds storage crop protection and use of botanical pesticides Neem leaves were commonly used to contain the storage insects and seed infection during storage. There is also a mention about the use of seed treatment with coal ash before storage to prevent insect damage ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
was known to Tamils (Jeyarajan 1999). Dara Shikoh (Razia Akbar, 2000) mentioned the use of common salt solution for soaking fig cuttings prior to planting. Apparently salt was used to disinfect cuttings. Unfortunately concentration of salt solution was not mentioned. Nuskha Dar Fanni-Falahat (Razia Akbar, 2000) has man... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Soothing effect, insecticidal, antifungal antibacterial anthelmintic Branches and leaves of atimuktaka Varahamihira (505–587 A.D.) Leaf juice insecticidal: bark contains (Hiptage banghalensis) glucoside (hiptagin and tannis) Mustard Surpala (1000 A.D.) Insect antixenosis and antibiosis (Sinabis alba=Brassica alba) acar... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
gradual substances or nematodes viruses saline/ defoliation flower and fruits alkaline soils Pita Leaf yellowing, premature drop/ Occurrence at the end of summer Viral disease salinity in irrigation strong decay of flowers and fruits if trees are excessively watered water. Predisposal to blossom with bitter, sour salty... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Rajasthan (Javlia 1999), some interesting practices mentioned are: (1) use of foliar and soil applications of oil (sesame) to trees from frost and termites: (2) Sprinkling of curd (91) mixed with asadoetida (112 g) on trees to prevent powdery mildew; and (3) use of Asafoetida exbelia ribes mixed with curd every 10 days... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
powdery mildew of indigo (xvi) rust and smut of pearl millet in western united provinces (Uttar Pradesh) (xvii) mildew (Cercospora sp) of black gram (xviii) fingoid disease of betel vine in Bengal (xix) whip smut of sugarcane and (xx) rust and smut of sorghum. Dipping seed in salt solution was a practice in 19th centur... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the 19th century India are: AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 123 (i) application of cattle manure to pigeon pea to reduce frost damage; (ii) application of Calotropis gigantea for two years (seasons) to reclaim soils with salts efflorescing; (iii) sanitation, Le., removal of all dead organic matter from the betel leaf sh... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
medhi were mentioned. The wood for the pillar was obtained from a tree that produces milky sap, obviously to get wood that is not too hard lest the grain in broken. The pillar was treated with neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves and mustard. Parashara mentions adhaka, a wooden vessel with a capacity of about 3.5 k... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
storage of seed, use of kerosene + ash, and onion was popular. Some of the respondents were mixing neem paste, kerosene, or sheep or goat faces with mud for use as plaster of the storage structure. Use of indigenous practices for controlling the rats like live-traps keeping dogs and cats, filling the burrows with ash, ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
their gardens and a very refined art of gardening. In Artha Sastra, more than 30 tree species are mentioned as those found in forests and edible fruit trees are mentioned without qualification. Emperor Ashoka (274–237 B.C.) encouraged arbori-horticulture. Commonly grown fruit trees were plantain, mango, jackfruit and g... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
containing large pools of water with lovely lotus blossoms over which humming bees fly . . . That may be regarded as the consummation of all happiness . . . (giving) intense pleasure to the mind.” The ancient texts have their share of information on the subject. The pleasure grounds surrounding Indraprastha are describ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
literature. Various types of gardens are mentioned in the canons. Examples are Ujjana (garden), Nijjana (the kings private garden), Arama (garden with canopies as resting places), Sahasramravana (mango grove with a thousand mango trees), Agrodyana (home garden in front of the buildings), Ashokavana (garden with ashoka ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
The garden was also to be designed with bowers and vine groves with raised platforms for rest and recreation. A swing was to be fitted on a spot well guarded from the sun by a canopy of foliage. She was to ensure that it was laid out with beds of plants that yield an abundance of flowers, with an emphasis on those with... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
base of the trees. As noted earlier, along with the private gardens of the rich there were in due course public gardens (nagarupvana) as well. When situated outside the town they were termed bahirupvana. These were the favourite resorts of the townspeople for udyanyatras or picnics. The Kamasutra mentions how a party o... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of gardens and forests. The cultivation of 126 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY parks for public health and recreation was one of the duties of the forest officers. The aramas or gardens were kept in order by a number of junior officers known as aramikas. They were under a superintendent aramaprekshaka who supervised their work.... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Asoka, Pumnaga, Sirisa, Pdyangu, are the auspicious trees and should be planted first in the gardens or the houses. The bread-fruit tree, Asoka, the plantain, the rose-apple, Lakuca, the pomegranate, the vine, Pativata, the citron and Atimuktaka-these are the trees that grow from scion plastered with mud. They should b... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and is nurtured with fish-broth and gravy, it grows into a surprising creeper with glistening leaves and soon spreads over the entire bower. Seeds that are soaked in milk for ten days, kept in two hast as of ghee, fumigated with the fumes of the flesh of a hog and deer, and mixed with the fats of fish and hog, grow bea... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of tree worship from the older religions, which prevailed in the country (Sixth century B.C.). Gautam Buddha was born under ‘ASHOKA’ (Saraca indica), attained enlightenment under ‘PIPAL’ (Ficus religiosa), preached his new gospel in mango (Mangifera indica) groves and under the shady ‘Banyan’ (Ficus benghalensis) and d... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
traditions based on the realization that partnership between the women and nature ensured sustenance. Women were therefore actively associated with tree culture and in many places trees like Pipal, Banyan, Gular, Siris, Sal, Ashoka, Aonla, Neem and Shami (Prosopis cineraria) were worshipped. The leaves of Mango and Nee... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
arbori-horticulture (translated by 128 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY Majumder 1935). In Brhat Samhita (ca 500 A.D.) there are reference on the methods of propagation like cuttings, grafting and about plants suitable for different methods of propagating propagation of jackfruit, jamun and fact Sadhale (1996) draws a close para... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Center” as an important region of diversity of crop plants. The Moghuls Spaniards, Portuguese and the British introduced new fruit crops such as apple, pear, peach, apricot, grape, almond, date palm, cashew nut, litchiu, strawberry, blue berry and pine apple. Fruits plants introductions into India occurred during the a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Pychard introduced many varieties in Kashmir between 1910 and 1920. Consequently, several varieties of different temperate fruits namely apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, walnut and almond fully adapted AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 129 and established in India temperate regions. The prominent cultivars among these w... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
nutritive value of mango has been mentioned in Kurma Purana. Brahadaranyaka Upanishad (1000 B.C.) and a little later Shatapatha Brahmana mention the mango tree. Lord Buddha (563–483 B.C.) was accustomed to resting under the shade of mango tree. In Jataka literature of Buddhists reference to mango has been noted. Simila... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
tree, indicating its antiquity. Besides it has been recorded in Ramayana and Mahabharata. 2.38.3 The History of Gardening: A Timeline from Ancient times to 1600 35,000 BCE (BCE = Before the Common Era or Christian-Roman Era) Homo sapiens at the end of the period had knowledge of many plants derived from food gathering ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
red fruit the so-called apple, is acrid and to it is appended the nut like a bud. It is certainly a Portuguese introduction into India. Its earliest mention is by Acosta (A.D 1578), who found it in gardens in the city of Santa Cruz in the kingdom of Cochin. Chillies (Capsicum annum) is a native of Brazil and Peru which... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
second, vegetables (including fruits) the third, and creepers and flowers etc., the fourth. Seeds of wheat, pulses, fruits, vegetables and condiments such as turmeric, cumin, black pepper, etc., also need AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 131 to be preserved for cultivation in the proper season. Kashyapa has advised four ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
at some places in the dewy season the cultivation of vegetables is sure to bring rich reward. The seeds of the egg-plant, Valli, Jatika, pepper, Savaka etc., dried in the sun should be sown in ploughed field for the sake of sprouting. The seeds of the egg-plant, etc., dried in the sun, should be sown in the soil dresse... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
various fields, cultivate seasonably in spring, summer, rains, autumn, dewy season and winter pot-herbs and other vegetables whose leaves, rind, flowers or bulbous roots are (edible and) delicious, nourishing and health-giving, and reap the rich fruit of their labourers. They should grow, seasonably and according to us... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
should render for the 132 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY happiness of his subjects in every village and every house as well as for his own welfare. He should promote agriculture by regulating cultivation, sowing, etc., according to time and season, and cold and hot places. Betel stimulates love, reveals-physical charm, enhance... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
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