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and Harappa period (3500–1750 B.C.). A few trees such as pipal or asvatta (Ficus reliegiosa), neem (Azadirachta indica), katha or khadira (Acacia catechu) and jhand or sami (Prosopis cineraria) were held sacred by the ancient people of the Indus Valley. There are vivid descriptions of trees in the Rigveda (3700–2000 B.... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
shrubs the mask-mallow (Hibiscus abelmoschus) and the garland flower (Hedichium coronarium). Description of flowers and gardens and the garland flower (Hedichium corononarium). Description of flowers and gardens had been presented in ancient Sanskrit classics like Rig Veda (3000–2000 B.C.), Ramayana (1200–1000 B.C.) an... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
described by Sarangdhara (1300 A.D.) and Vatsyayana (300–400 A.D.) respectively. Vatsyayana (A.D. 300–400) has also rendered interesting accounts of four kinds of gardens namely pramadodyam udyan vrishavatika and nandanvana. The science of plant life. (Vrikshayurveda) on arbori-horticulture and usefulness of trees and ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), the pipal (Ficus religiosa) and banyan were given a very high place. The tree and Buddha Gaya under which Lord Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment, was a pipal, its branches were taken far and wide and planted to be given rise to new trees. The life of Lord Buddha (56 B.C.) was intimately ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
17th centuries. Babur mentioned in the Baburinama some indigenous ornamental trees like hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasinensis), oleander (Nerium indicum), Keora (Pandanus odoratissimum) and white jasmine. He is credited with the introduction of scented Persian rose in India. Babur (1483–1530), the Mughal emperor had establis... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
tree (Platans orientails), the Cyprus (Cupresus sempervirens) and the weeping willow (Salix babylonica) and flowers like rose narcissus daffodil, iris, lilies tulip and carnation. The Arabs terraced the slops with vineyards. The Arabs specialized in the culture of data-palm. According to Swindle, the data-palm produces... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
fruit and are grown only for their leaves. The Indians have a high opinion of betel, and if a man visits a friend and the latter gives him five leaves of it, you would think he had given him the would, especially if he is a prince or notable. A gift of betel is a far greater honour than a gift of gold and silver. B. Eu... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 135 who wrote a book on gardening giving descriptions of various species of flowers in 1863. The book entitled “Firminger’s manual of Gardening in India is an authoritative reference book on ornamental flowering plants even today. With the establishment of Government Botanic Gardens by th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and ‘bhabka’ currently used by ‘attarss’ (traditional perfumers) of Kannauj in India. There was competition in the preparation of aromatic essence. The roots, flowers and leaves were used in perfumery. The Sanskrit Encyclopedia ‘Manasollasa’ composed by Someshwara in A.D. 1127 deals with the blending of perfumes, which... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
woody cassia, coctus (Saussurea lappa), Renuka (Piper aurantiacum), Nalika (Hibiscus cannabinus), Sprkka (Bryonopsis laciniosa) Rasa or Bola (Commiphora myrrha), Tagara (Valeriana wallichii), Valaka (Aprorosa lindieyana), Nagake-sara (Mesua ferrea) and Patra (Laurus cassia). Betel stimulates love, 136 A TEXTBOOK OF AGR... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
brings back withered souls. In reward for that invention I presented a string of pearls to the inventories. Salima Sulthan Begam (may the lights of God be on her tomb) was present, and she gave this oil the name of “its-i-Jahangiri”. 2.41 MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TODAY The World Health Organization (WHO) es... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
associated with its medical counterpart, the Siddha system of medicine, which is mainly therapeutic. Mercury, sulphur, iron, copper, gold, bitumen, white, yellow and red arsenic and other materials as well as vegetable poisons are extensively used in the pharmacopocia of the Siddha tradition. The Siddha system of medic... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
to have contributed towards the development of this medical system. Siddha system’s literature is in Tamil and it is practiced in Tamil speaking parts of India. The system is also called Agasthiyar system in the name of its famous exponent sage Agasthya. A number of medical works of this system are ascribed to him but ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
search for truth, achieved perfection in their life time. C. Ancient Siddha Medical Works The earliest mention the use of medicinal plants is to be found in Thirumular Thirumantiram-Ennayiram, Tholkappiam and the ancient Tamil works of Sangarm Literature, which are believed to have been written thousands of years befor... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
body. He is alive because of the life force given by ether. The earth is the first element, which gives fine shape to the body, including bones, tissues, muscles, skin, hair etc. Water is the second element representing blood, secretions of the glands, vital fluid etc. Fire 138 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY the third element ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Siddha devoted time in finding out suitable remedies rather than describing the causes of a disease in detail. The scope of ‘Kaya Kalpa’ treatment is two-fold; one is to cure degenerative diseases and the other is to prolong the life span. Kalpa serves as an anti-degenerative elixir—that can cure cancer and heart disea... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
with man and may end with him. The Siddha was flouriest in south and Ayurveda prevalent in the north. Instead of giving the name of any of individual as the founder of these systems our ancestors attributed their origin to the creator. According to the tradition it was Shiva who unfolded the knowledge of Siddha system ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
their origin to the Creator. According to tradition, it was Shiva who unfolded the knowledge of Siddha system of medicine to his consort, Parvati, who handed AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 139 it down to Nandideva and he, to Siddhars. Therefore, it is called ‘Saiva Sampradayam’ (tradition of Shive), or ‘Siddha Samprada... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
results in medicine were achieved by the Siddhars through their mental powers, they bequeathed to their ‘Chilas’ or pupils, who preserved and propagated the science. Eighteen Siddhars seem to have existed. They should have lived at different periods and bequeathed their experiences in medicine and yoga to posterity. Th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Kandam, Agasthiyar 600, Agasthiyar Kanma Soothiram, 18 Siddhar’s Chillari Kovai, Yogi Vatha Kaviyam, Therayar Tharu, Agasthiyar Vaidya Kaviyam 1500, Bala Vagadam, Chimittu Rathna (Rathna) Churukkam, Nagamuni 200, Agasthiyar Chillari Kovai, Chikicha Rathna Deepam, Agasthiyar Nayana Vidhi, Yugi Karisal 151, Agasthiyar Va... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
(Barcelona, A.D. 1591) are important works on medicinal plants of India. I. Distribution of Medicinal Plants in Tamil Nadu Analysis of habits of medicinal plants indicates that they are distributed across various habitats. One third are trees and an equal portion shrub and the remaining one-third herbs, grasses and cli... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Kolli hills, Namakkal district. In Chennai farm six varieties of medicinal plants are cultivated in five acres to meet the fresh herb requirements for the production of herbal hair tonic, other medicated oils and also supplied to pharmacy at Arignar Anna Govt. Hospital for Indian medicine and Homoeopathy, Chennai. Anot... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and outside. J. Raw Drugs Trading The corporation is handling 400 varieties of raw drugs of plant, metal/mineral, animal and marine origin for the production of its own products and to supply to four government pharmacies of ISM in the state and also for the outside sales. The corporation is experienced in the All Indi... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Desmodium gangeticum Orilai Desmodium 13. Uraria picta Moovilai Uraria 14. Pogostemman patchouli Patchilai Pogostemman 142 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY 15. Acorus calamus Vasambu Sweet flag 16. Adathoda zeylanica Adathoda Adathoda 17. Vettiveria zynoides Vettiver Vettiver 18. Gymnema sylvestre Siru kurunjan – 19. Decalepis h... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
5 to 6 Months 12. Adathoda zeylanica Adathoda Perennial Crop 3 Months 13. Ocimum sanctum Thulasi Seasonal Crop 6 Months 14. Gymnima sylvastre Sirukurinjan Perennial Crop 1 Year 15. Bacoppa monnieri Neer Birammi Perennial Crop 3 Months AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 143 Table 2.14. Plants Cultivated and Exported from Ta... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
in the larger cities such as Taxila, Kasi (Varanasi) and Nalanda. Taxila situated about 20 miles west of Rawalpindi (now in Pakistan) was the most important seat of learning in ancient India dating from the sixth century B.C. It attracted students from all corners of India viz., from Rajagriha, Mithila, Kashi, Ujjain, ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Nadu with an admission capacity of 30 students each. Admissions are purely on the basis of Common Entrance Test conducted by the Govt. of Tamil Nadu after 10+2. These 144 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY colleges are affiliated to Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai. Both the Government colleges are having the facilities for pos... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
domestic animals were domesticated before the beginning of written history. Paleolithic man hunted animals for food and raiment; his successor, the Neolithic man, tamed and confined them. It was in the Neolithic or New Stone age that men first practiced agriculture, which included the raising of domestic animals. Carbo... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of human civilization from early time. The large ruminants like cows and buffaloes were wild animals of the forest and they used to invade the fields of river valley civilization as crop robbers. The early men judged the utility of these animals for power (energy), food (milk and meat), manure (dung and urine) and hide... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
ass are seen domestic animals. Of the former group, boar, buffalo and elephant are reared. The kings themselves, the Ksatriyas, owned and reared the cattle and cattle-wealth was the mainstay of their house-hold finances. The outstanding examples are the emperor of Kosala (Ramayana) or of the prince of Kasi (Jataka). Th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the herd. Cow was the principal wealth and symbol of Aryans and most of the wars were fought for acquiring cows. The cows were milked three times a day and castration of bull was practiced. Zebu bull was the symbol of Gupta dynasty (240 B.C.). The coins during the Gupta period bore the image of ‘Nandi bull’, which is a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
warmth and softness. D. Breeding of Cattle In the Agnipurana we find the king enjoined to preserve the breed of cattle in the country. There were certain restrictions on castrating bulls. Emperor Asoka issued an order that a bull, a goat or a ram must not be castrated on the 8th, 10th, 15th and 13th day of each fortnig... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
taking the form of a cow. At the root of the (cow’s) horn sits Brahma, in its middle sits Kesava (Lord Visnu) and at the end sits Siva–thus, the triad of gods resides there permanently. At the tip of the (cow’s) horn are all the holy places as well as personages and all the gods reside in her body. Thus cow is the very... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
used to be conferred upon persons possessing cowherds namely, (i) Brakh Bhanu–the person who reared 10 lakh (one million) cows, (ii) Nand-the person who reared 9 lakh cows and (iii) Upnand–the person who reared 5 lakh cows. Regarding the milk processing and its conversion into different products, sufficient evidence is... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
a rule, make increase in their yield of milk if the milking man is changed. The cow is the very congregation of all the gods, for in her head sits the god Brahma, on her shoulders Siva, on her back Vishnu, tin her feet the Vedas and whatever other gods are left, they occupy every hair on her body. The Lord Hari (Vishnu... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
milk (samandoha) possess different characteristics and properties. This type of analysis has been mentioned in an old treatise ‘Bhava Prakash’ as under: Before-noon milk is appetizing, digestive and improving semen quality, at-noon milk gives strength and destroys cough and liver ailments and increases hunger. In child... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
from about 700 B.C. At that time there was development of materia medica. The only source of use of indigenous drugs in veterinary medicine is Agni Purana, which reveals the real picture 148 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY of practice of veterinary medicines during the Gupta dynasty (300-500 A.D.). The ancient system of Indian ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
type of hormone, which needs to be investigated. Nakula Samhita is considered the first treatise dealing with treatment of animals with herbal preparations and was compiled during the Mahabharata period. During the early medieval period drugs of vegetables and animals origin and minerals have been used for treatments. ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
(on rare occasions also horse and elephant (Arthasastra). The dog assisted herdsmen to reconnoitre grazing forests (Arthasastra) or guarded royal apartments or served as hunting accomplices to the king or nomadic huntsmen (Dasabrahmana Jataka). The horse and elephant were employed according to their varied nature for d... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
this kind and smear the sides of the mouths with butter or ghee. J. Animal Feed The breeds were fed on barley and corn, and in the Agnipurana, a calf marvellously thriving on a food consisting of masa (Phaseolus radiatus), sesame, wheat, clarified butter, the cream of milk and salt. For bulls which are provided with no... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
on ceremonial functions are available in ancient literature. Taking of animal food is strictly forbidden in ancient laws under the threat of expiable sin and eternal perdition unless taken in conformity with the law, i.e., Vedic rites and sacrifices. Fines are enjoined for neglecting nasal perforation in proper time fo... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of farm animals and the methods of curing them. Vishnudharmottara Mahapurana (500–700 A.D.) contains information on the medical practices of treating the diseased animals. Dipping the food of animals in its urine for the control of food and mouth disease. Dipping the tail in hot water or by applying powdered camphor fo... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the livestock owners follow many practices. They wash the affected portion with fitkari (alum). Alum acts as an antiseptic; it checks secondary infection by inhibiting pathogens. It is an astringent and also helpful in coagulation of blood. Sometimes the foot of animal is dipped in its urine as the latter has germicida... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
in eliminating cold from the body. Also, the animal is made to inhale turpentine or eucalyptus oil. Inhalation of the oil is effective in easing respiration. 5. Anoestrus Anoestrus is a reproductive disorder where the animal does not have regular heat cycle, Le., either it does not come in heat or remains continuously ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
into paste and then heated gently. The nearby area of vagina and thigh of the affected animal is then massaged with the warm paste. The placenta is expelled from the uterus within one hour of application. According to scientists, mango leaves have laxative and antihemorrhagic properties. Both the properties are essenti... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
These substances increase the appetite by increasing motility of intestine and help in rapid digestion. Black salt is a mild laxative. 9. Tympany The traditional practice followed by farmers for treating tympany is to feed turmeric powder in curd; ajwain (Trachyspemum ammi), and salt in water; mixture of ajwain, heeng ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
discharge from vagina from bellowing, eating less food, frequent urination, mounting on another cow, raising its tail, swelling inlets etc. Breeding Prefer first or second day of head for getting animal crossed. Get the animals crossed with available (desi) bull of the village. Way of recognizing that By observing sing... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
in water is given. M. Use of Animals Flesh as Human Food The usefulness of cattle in India for power, food and manure was fully realized with the development of agriculture. The earlier practice of animal sacrifice was given up under the influence of Buddhism and bullocks became the companion of man in the conquest of ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of a cow at the reception of a guest, at the worship of the manes and at nuptial celebrations (Grhyasutra; Manu). In Bhavabhuti’s Uttararamacarita a heifer is stated to be slain by Valmiki in honour of Vasistha’s visit to his asrama. According to the Dasabrahmana Jataka, Slaughter of ox for flesh was very common and th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
on an auspicious day he should turn up the manure with spades. Reducing the manure, which is drying in the heat of the sun, into, the powder, should deposit it in pits, in each field in the month of Phalguna. Then at the time of sowing, he should dress the field with manure or without manuring the crop neither thrives ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of the alluvium, and the annual inundation. Both systems are still in use. According to my experience of cultivation in the riverain areas of the Punjab, when the land has appropriate moisture, land is ploughed, seed is sown and the soil is smoothened with a plank. The practice followed by the Harappans could not have ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
takes place as in other countries, and the second at the time of the summer solstice which is the proper season for sowing rice and ‘bosporum’, as well as sesamum and millets-the inhabitants of India almost always gather in two harvests annually (Diodorus, II. 36). The Greek writers also affirm that India has a double ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
evergreen with deciduous trees. He observed loss of water through evaporation. Plants named in his text include lemon and orange trees, pines and most of our common deciduous trees, cypresses, oleander, myrtle and rose as the only flowering shrubs, violets, lavender, balm, mint, thyme, marjoram, iris, mallow, box and b... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
been filled up by the alluvium of the streams.’ Protection of cultivators Sher Shah had genuine concern for the peasantry and safety of their crops. Abbas Khan states, One of the regulations Sher Shah made, was this: That his victorious standards should cause no injury to the cultivations of the people; and when he mar... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
treated ‘as Turks treat Christians’, ‘taking from them all they can get by their labour, leaving them nothing but their bad, mud-walled, ill-thatched houses and a few cattle to till the ground, besides other miseries.’ Pelsaert, who was in Agra during the rule of Jahangir, observed: ‘The land would give a AGRICULTURAL ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of their children, who are carried away as slaves. Thus it happens that many of the peasantry, driven to despair by so execrable a tyranny, abandon the country and seek a more tolerable mode of existence, either in the towns or camps, as bearers of burdens, carriers of water, or servants to horsemen. Sometimes, they fl... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Orientali Indian nascentium liber and Historia Natural R moral de las Indias scuilla (Barcelona, A.D. 1591) are important works on medicinal plants of India. 8. Stevens is famous as the first Englishman known to have set foot on Indian soil. Born in Wiltshire and educated in Winchester, he made his way to Rome and ther... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY 9. Jeane-Baptiste Tavernier, a French jeweller and merchant, visited India six times, between the years 1638 and 1688. He corroborates the account given by Bernier. He states: ‘The peasants have for their sole garment a scrap of cloth to cover those parts which natural modesty requires should be co... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
visits a friend and the latter gives him five leaves of it, you would think he had given him the would, especially if he is a prince or notable. A gift of betel is a far greater honour than a gift of gold and silver. Evidence of the structure of the Mughal gardens and plants grown in them is in the Persian classics ill... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
eighteen vegetables and the seasons in which they were grown. Food and fodder for royal horses was standardized. Abu-l-Fazl states, ‘In winter, they give boiled peas or vetch; in summer, grain. ‘The betel leaf is, properly speaking, a vegetable, but connoisseurs call it an excellent fruit,’ states Abu-l-Fazl. ‘The eati... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
kinds of leaves known under different names: 1. The Karhan leaf, which they separate for seedlings and call Peri. The new leaf is called Gadauta. 2. The Nauti leaf. 3. The Bahuti leaf. 4. The Chhiw leaf. 5. The Adhinida leaf. 6. The Agahniya or Lewar leaf. With the exception of the Gadauta (i.e., new leaf), the leaves ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
use of fish manure was established in Gujarat when Thevenot visited Surat in 1666, and, speaking generally, it may be reasonably assumed that the fisheries were conducted very much on the familiar lines. 11. Terry, an English traveler, writes, ‘The country was abounding with muskmelons. One could also find watermelons,... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Smith points out that those items to their credit weigh lightly against the wholesale devastation wrought by their credit weight lightly against the wholesale devastation wrought by their wars, massacres, and burnings. Their rule was harsh and showed little regard for the welfare of Hindu peasants, who were seldom allo... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
A whole garment made from it could be drawn through a wedding ring of medium size. There is also the often repeated tale of Moghul princes who put on seven layers of muslin and still the contours of her body were so visible that she had to be admonisher by her father, Muhamed Bin Thughlak. 2.45 OUR JOURNEY IN AGRICULTU... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
After careful consideration the Government of India rebuilt the institute at New Delhi. The transfer to New Delhi was completed by October 1936. The Marquees of Linlithgo, the then Viceroy of India, opened this Institutes in November 1936. This Institute (IARI) in Delhi is popularly known as the Pusa Institute. Under t... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and rural economy in India. The Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established in 1929 as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. The Society was registered AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA 159 on July 16, 1929. [After Independence, the name of the society was changed to Indian Council of ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
linseed, bajra were established and the PIRRCOM (Project for Identification of Regional Research on Cotton, Oilseeds and Millets) were started. Agricultural development has to be guided not only by compulsion of improving food and nutritional security but also by the concern for environmental protection, sustainability... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the ICAR become an autonomous body; its rules and bylaws were revised. A scientist heads as Director General (DG). To assist the DG, four posts of Deputy Director General (DDG)-Crop Science, Soils, Agronomy, Irrigation and Agricultural Engineering, Animal Sciences and Agricultural Education were created. The Institute ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
crops like rice, wheat, maize, jowar, bajra, was started. The Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs ) and Trainers ‘Training Centres (TTCs) were established on the recommendations of the Education Commission (1964-66).The Lab to Land Programme was launched by the ICAR in 1979 to extend and promote adoption of new technology amon... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
landmark in the history of research management of ICAR. C. Agricultural Universities The responsibility for research in most of the States is now with the 21 agricultural universities, which perform in an integrated way the functions of teaching, research and extension education. The ICAR has recently taken major steps... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Scheme in 19 Villages at the initiative of K.M. Munshi. Garden Colony Scheme Launched in Punjab. 1951 Fertilizer factory set up at Sindri (Bihar). The Japanese mint, source of menthol, introduced into India by Sir R.N. Chopra. A factory established at Calcutta to manufacture BHC. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
on India’s Green Revolution. 1962 Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute started at Avikanagar, Rajasthan. Punjab Agricultural University set up at Ludhiana, Punjab (inaugurated on 8 July 1963). Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology set up at Bhubaneshwar, Orissa. Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Insti... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the setting up of at least one agricultural university in each State. Agro-industries Corporations set up in Bihar, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. Start of the Green Revolution. ‘Rojo 69’ and ‘Sonora 64’ imported from Mexico. Neyveli Fertilizer Plant commissioned. 1967 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research started at Bang... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
up at Mannuthy, Kerala. 1974 Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute started at Dehradun. 1976 Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering started at Bhopal. Central Institute for Cotton Research started at Nagpur. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources set up at New Delhi. National Bu... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
their possible solutions in order to mobilize efforts in a focused manner. It is clear, therefore, that to meet these objectives, a vision statement has to operate at several levels of generality and specificity. A vision is a picture of what is possible or what is desired in a longer-term future. It could be of one in... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
population lives in rural areas. We need to give a new thrust to their all-round development through a mega mission for their empowerment. The richness and diversity of India’s bio-resources are a major gift of nature to us. The Biological Diversity Bill 2002, passed in the Winter Session, marked a major milestone in I... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Sensing Satellites continue to provide valuable data for our resources survey and management. Groundwater prospect maps for six States were released recently to help locate sites for drilling bore wells. The Nation has been searching for a lasting solution to the recurring problem of droughts and floods, which have bee... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
remunerative prices for wheat and rice farmers in surplus States, has resulted in huge stocks of rice and wheat with the public agencies. As a response to this, the Government has been encouraging exports of food grains. The wide-ranging recommendations on long-term food management made by the High Level Committee are ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
launched. This scheme will help prevent distress sales by small and marginal farmers. A new National Policy on Cooperatives has been announced. A National Seeds Policy has been finalized. Under the scheme of Agriclinics and Agribusiness Centres, launched last year, unemployed agriculture graduates provide extension ser... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
a tool for HRD, National integration and reducing inbreeding. • Women technological empowerment. • Faculty competence improvement. • Networking for access to information. “A developed country is one which is able to utilize its core strength to the best possible extent. If a country is not able to use its core strength... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Increasing the productivity of crops • Micro-propagation of agricultural and horticultural plants though tissue culture techniques, biotechnology, etc. • Forage crops for various agro climatic regions • Achieving sustainable agriculture through integrated farming systems, integrated nutrient management, biofertilizers,... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
India and Switzerland have taken up a wheat research programme to develop high-yielding improved varieties, resistant to fungal diseases. The DBT and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) are working towards a Swiss proposal for joint research on Golden Rice i.e., a pro-vitamin-A rich rice variety. Collabo... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
implementation of the Technology Mission on Cotton; launch the Technology Mission on Jute to increase productivity and diversify the use of this environment-friendly fibre; strengthen and encourage the handloom industry to produce value added items and assist the industry to forge joint ventures to secure global market... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of technological project realization. There are many other prior activities, which need to be done if technology development can mature into a good business activity. Another important development was that in addition to rapid spreading of interest within the actual farmers, the whole community (in the benefited areas)... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
understanding of them. Field crops are classified in the following ways. • According to range of cultivation • According to the place of origin • Botanical classification • Commercial classification • Economic/Agricultural/Agrarian classification • Seasonal classification • Classification based on ontogeny • According ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Asteraceae (Compositae) : Sunflower, safflower, niger (i) Chenopodiaceae : Spinach, sugar beet (j) Pedeliaceae : Sesame (k) Euphorbiaceae : Castor, tapioca (l) Convolvulaceae : Sweet potato (m) Umbelliferae : Coriander, cumin, carrot, anise (n) Liliaceae : Onion, garlic (o) Zingiberaceae : Ginger, turmeric 3.1.4 Commer... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
ragi. Minor Fox tail millet, little millet, common millet, barnyard millet and kodomillet (c) Oil seeds Crops that yield seeds rich in fatty acids, are used to extract vegetable oils. e.g., groundnut or peanut, sesamum or gingelly, sunflower, castor, linseed or flax, niger, safflower, mustard and cotton. (d) Pulses See... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
tea, coffee, cocoa. 3.1.6 Seasonal Classification Crops are grouped under the seasons in which their major field duration falls. (a) Kharif or South West Monsoon season crops Crops grown during June–July to September– October, which require a warm wet weather during their major period of growth and shorter day length f... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
flower stocks from the crown and after producing seeds the plants die. e.g., sugar beet, beet root, cabbage, radish, carrot, etc. (c) Perennial crops They live for three or more years. They may be seed bearing or non-seed bearing. e.g., sugarcane, napier grass. In general perennial crops occupy land for more than 30 mo... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
moisture availability the soil (i) Wet lands The soil moisture is allowed to occupy both macro and microspores. Anaerobic field condition prevails here. Crops suitable are those crops, which tolerate water stagnation. e.g., green manures like sesbania group, grasses etc. (ii) Dry lands The soil moisture is allowed only... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
crops Require preparatory tillage. e.g., Potato, tobacco, rice, maize. (ii) Non-arable crops May not require preparatory cultivation/tillage. e.g., para grass. G. According to the depth of root system (i) Shallow rooted crops Rice, potato, and onion. (ii) Moderately deep rooted Wheat, groundnut, castor, and tobacco. (i... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
150 days : sugarcane, red gram, castor. L. According to the method of harvesting (i) Reaping : rice, wheat, (ii) Uprooting by pulling : bengal gram, black gram, lentil, rapeseed (iii) Uprooting by digging : potato, sweet potato, groundnut, carrot etc. CROPS AND CROP PRODUCTION 173 (iv) Picking : cotton, vegetables, bri... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
quick growing, harvestable or usable at any time of their field duration and adaptable to the season, soil and management practices. They provide feed, check weed growth, conserve soil, utilized added fertilizer and moisture. e.g., green gram, black gram, cowpea, onion, coriander and bajra. (b) Restorative crops are th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
are able to protect the soil surface from erosion (wind, water or both) through their ground covering foliage and or root mats. e.g., groundnut, black gram, marvel grass, sweet potato. (g) Nurse crops: A companion crop, which nourishes the main crop by way of nitrogen fixation and or adding the organic matter into the ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
3.2.1 Adaptation Adaptation may be defined as any feature of an organism, which has survival value under the existing condition of its habitat. Such features or feature may allow the plants to make fuller use of nutrients, water, temperature or light available or may give protection against adverse factors such as temp... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
climatic conditions. Temperature is one of the most common limiting factors in plant distribution. Many tropical crops such as rubber, cocoa, banana will not with stand freezing temperature (0°C). In these rubber probably has the narrowest tolerance range and banana the widest range for temperature tolerance. Theory of... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and it is the staple food in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. Origin: Indo-Burma (Indo-Myanmar). Adaptation: Grown in the world between 39°S (Australia) 50°N latitude (China). In India it is grown between 8°N to 34°N latitude. Altitude: From below sea level (Kuttanad region of Kerala) to 3000 m (Jam... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
important and widely cultivated crop in the world. In occupies a prime position in terms of production. India ranks second in production next to China. In India, wheat is the second most important food crop next to rice. Origin: Central Asia. Cultivated species Common/bread wheat–95% production. Durum/macaroni/samba wh... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
North Western plains, 2. North Eastern plains, 3. Central zone, 4. Peninsular zone. 3. Maize It is a multipurpose cereal, grown in USA, Brazil, China, Mexico, India and Canada. In India it is grown in states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Punjab, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh. It requires a mean temp... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
is a winter season crop but severe cold and frost are injurious to it. It requires a moderate rainfall of 60-90 cm. 6. Pigeonpea (arhar) A pulse crop of India with high demand. It is the second most important pulse crop of India and foremost in Southern India. It is a crop with great resilience and withstands water str... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
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