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The origin of the surnames "English", "French", and "Irish."
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People got those last names because they were from that country. If you're in England and have two Johns and one is French, you might call him French John or John French. Same deal with other countries. On a related note, the name Scott comes from the country Scotland. For some odd reason though, it has made the jump from being only a last name to being a first name as well.
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How does Google's new app streaming work?
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It sounds like it streams the application to your phone . The Agawi link will give you more technical details. _URL_1_ "streamed” apps are actually running on virtual machines on Google’s cloud platform, and respond to your taps and touches similar to how native applications do. The ability to “stream” virtual versions of the mobile applications comes from technology Google secretly acquired in 2014, from a startup called Agawi. _URL_0_
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What drives people to post movie spoilers?
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So you really have to understand the psychology of self esteem and self image. They are playing this game where they're smarter than you and better than you, and to win they make you mad. Recently, studies have debunked the idea that bullies secretly have low self-esteem. Turns out, no, they're usually very narcissistic, and narcissists aren't covering for anything. They really believe they're that much more important and better than everyone else. So put it all together and you get someone who thinks the brief enjoyment they get by making you angry is more important than the enjoyment you would have gotten from the movie. It's also just a lack of empathy - they are literally incapable of putting themselves in your shoes to understand how terrible it would make them feel, so they don't care how you feel. They're not stupid, they know how it makes you feel, but the mentality is, "Yeah, but it's not happening to me, so it doesn't matter." Take solace in the fact that studies have also shown that having a movie, show, or book spoiled usually *increases* your enjoyment of it. So if someone does ruin Star Wars by telling you that Darth Vader is Luke's father, you'll probably still enjoy the movie just fine.the same thing that drives people to key nice cars, or vandalize someone else's property: not enough hugs from mommy as a child. I got at least 2 messages sent to me yesterday containing a big star wars spoiler.
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Why do websites allow annoying ads that will make people want to avoid them (using adblockers) instead of politely asking users to at least have a look ?
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I do a lot of web dev / product work, the simple answer? The annoying ones work. A beautiful, simple, unobtrusive ad does not get nearly the same clicks. Having something annoying and in your face yields a much higher percentage. For the record I hate them and try to keep our ads tasteful. But there are times where we will make an email form popup vs sit in our sidebar The answer to this, lies in another question. You get spam? We all do? Why? Because it makes money.Spam makes money. Loud, obnoxious ads make money. TL;DR: Lowest Common DenominatorSomething people haven't mentioned yet is that it's against the terms of use of some ad networks to "encourage" clicks. Initially you couldn't draw any attention to AdSense ads at all, but then rules changed so you were allowed to put them under a title saying something like "our sponsors". It is still forbidden to ask people to click on the ads, or to make the ad "sticky" in some way so it can't be scrolled past. This is the case for AdSense and some other networks - not all of course.because people dont 'kindly do' anything. you are giving people too much credit to be nice. reddit is cute in an idealistic way sometimes.
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How can we tell someone is smiling even when talking over the phone?
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Two hypotheses: 1. You know the person well enough to know the kinds of things they would smile at. 2. People pronounce things slightly differently when they're smiling, whether it be by their mouth shape or from inflection, that humans can naturally pick up on. It's probably the first though.
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why is it that people do not get high the first time they experience marijuana
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The only reason someone wouldn't get high is if they don't actually inhale. Which probably happens more often for first timers since your body isn't used to breathing in smoke.
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Can we magnetize a demagnetized magnet to its original power, or even stronger?
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The individual atoms of a ferromagnetic substance are themselves magnetic. Generally, they point in random directions and the magnetism is largely cancelled out. In a magnet, most of the atoms point in the same direction, instead of every-which way. To remagnetize a material, you just need to expose it to a large magnet - some of the atoms will realign with the field of the other magnet, leaving it with a weak magnetic field. If you want to restore it to its former strength or stronger, you will probably need to melt it down and re-cool while it's in a strong magnetic field. While it's liquid, the atoms can move freely and align easily. When it hardens again, the atoms are "stuck" in alignment, making a permanent magnetYep, think of magnet as a sort of battery for magnetic charge. If you stroke a demagnetized magnet, with magnetized magnet, you transfer some of the magnetism from one magnet to the other.
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Why do we have to close our eyes to sleep ?
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Closing our eyes protects them and stops them from drying out and also we don't need to be able to see when we are asleep. There are however, some people who don't close their eyes when they are asleep so it is possible to sleep with your eyes open.I occasionally sleep with my eyes completely open. Past partners all say "yeah, you could 've warned me, it was creepy as fuck"
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Why does physical pain make us cry when we're younger but not as much when we're older?
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experience. when you were a kid it was new and scary, now its old hat.I got much better at swearing when I got older. That's much more effective than crying.Its a learned social function. Human beings are social creatures. They best way to ensure your health and wellbeing mentally and physically is by receiving support and assistance from others. Getting others to take care of you to some degree or another is paramount to human existence. When you're young and you were injured, the best way to get immediate attention was to bawl your head off. Its loud, its obnoxious, it requires immediate attention. We are genetically programmed to respond to crying babies. That's why its so obnoxious. As you age, you start to kind of understand that crying is a great way to draw attention to yourself and get assistance and comfort from others. A great example of this is sneezing. People who grow up def or severely hearing impaired make little or no noise while sneezing. But when we are young we not only can hear ourselves, but others around us making loud "achoooo" noises which gets them attention and sympathy. As we age, we start to understand social norms and expectations and we tend to cry far less in response to physical pain. However we develop other methods of harvesting attention, support and sympathy from others. For example cursing gets a pretty immediate reaction from other people. Limping or favoring an arm are other good ways to receive attention and sympathy. And come on seriously. Bitching about it on Facebook is a pretty common outlet for people these days, and an excellent way to harvest attention and sympathy. As an added bonus their attention and sympathy can actually be enumerated in likes and comments. Tl/DrHuman beings have evolved to be attention whores', "You learn how to deal with things like this as you grow older. When you're a kid, basically the only way you express displeasure is crying.
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Google offering $1M prize for a much smaller power inverter
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A power inverter converts battery power into the higher voltage AC used by devices you plug into a wall outlet. It is useful in a car, for example, when you need to provide power to an AC device. You plug the inverter into a cigarette lighter socket, and now you've got 120 volt AC for whatever device might need it. Better keep the engine running to keep the battery charged, though, or you could drain it quickly.
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Kafka - The Metamorphosis.
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Have you read the book but not "gotten it," or do you want just want a summary?
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Why aren't laptops functionally designed to be on laps?
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Laps were not specifically designed to support laptops very well so I guess that settles the score.On a serious note: Although you can put any laptop on your lap, heat production will make it uncomfortable fast. Newer machines do not produce as much heat as older ones so we're getting there.In the meantime we'll just call them tabletops, ok? 😁", 'Because people for the most part don't use computers on their laps. Back in the late 1980s and early 1990s when portable computers first hit the market, "portable" was often a matter of opinion. Many of the early ones were 20-30 pound monstrosities, essentially desktop computers with [batteries and a sturdy handle]. They were derisively called luggables. The term laptop was used to differentiate from these kinds of computers. It is less about using a computer on your lap, and more about smaller size and a flat, flip up display. Many manufacturers actually call these computers "notebooks" instead, but laptop remains in the public consciousness.
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When you lose weight, where does the fat go/how does it actually exit our bodies?
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You exhale it in the form of carbon dioxide, and piss it out in the form of water. But mostly you exhale it.By normal means, when you lose weight, you have to 'burn' your fat into calories. You break the fat molecule down and get energy, water and carbondioxide in the end. Since fat is difficult to break down, your body uses it after it depletes its carbohydrate storage, or in very intense exercise. That's why it is also hard to burn fat.
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How do supermarkets produce so many store brand products to keep up with the brand names?
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The food industry, like most industries is a lot more complex and less-straight forward than most people would think. Many companies produce store brand products in the exact same facility as the branded products. This is especially true for commodity type products . The company producing the product may be getting more profit from their branded product but they cannot sell enough of that product to fully commit their factory to produce only branded product. There are also plenty of co-manufacturing/co-packing companies that have factories which produce products solely for other companies . This is done for a number of reasons; specialized equipment, economies of scale, transportation and distribution network efficiency For example in my industry there are a few huge companies that you have probably never heard of. They co-pack sliced, shredded, chunked cheese for retail supermarkets, fast food restaurants and branded companies because they can work on a scale that makes it efficient to do so. Whereas a single fast food restaurant wouldn't have enough volume to do so on their own. They can invest in all the specialized equipment and not have to spend money on marketing, branding, product development and other things that larger branded companies spend a lot of money on. Most grocery stores that have private label products will source them from both co-manufacting and the branded companies based on price, volume, quality
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What are check cashing places and who uses them?
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They are places that cash checks for a fee, usually a percentage. > If you need a check cashed wouldn't you go to a bank? Some people don't have bank accounts. Some poor neighborhood don't have banks or ATMs within walking distances. Other people have debts, are fugitives, or are otherwise living off the grid, and don't want to put there money somewhere it could be seized or lead people to them.
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What is happening when you forget a word, but you know the meaning?
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This is called Tip of the Tongue in Psychology. There are multiple steps required to process language and recall words. TotT is a breakdown in one or more of those steps > The best way to cure TotT is to think of words that rhyme with the word you can't remember, rather than trying to describe the word or stutter over the first letter/sound. This question gets asked so often on ELI5 that you could probably find a hundred better, more in-depth answers by using the search function.
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why do certain foods taste good hot
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Temperature doesn't have a taste, but it does affect taste. It is easier to taste individual flavors at a warm temperature. Extremely hot or frozen food will hide some flavor because your taste buds are being chilled or burned at the same time.
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How can people like Ajit Pai, who is trying to reverse the regulations that the FCC exists to create, come into power as the chairman of such an organization?
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The President nominates someone. The Senate confirms them . That's pretty much the extent of it, although I suppose that if the FBI background check failed, that would also end the process. Trump nominated a radio talk show host to be chief scientist of the Dept of Agriculture. And someone to be a federal judge who has never tried a case in a courtroom and was rated "not qualified" by the ABA. And where Obama's first Secretary of Energy was a Nobel Prize winning physicist, Trump picked Rick Perry, who famously wanted to eliminate the DOE. Trump bashing aside, the reality is that the Senate is supposed to act as a check on Presidential nominations. If they fail to do their duty and rubber stamp unqualified nominees, there is literally no process in place to prevent this. All Presidents have had some questionable nominees It used to be worse. Before the advent of the Civil Service system, almost ALL executive branch positions were filled as political favors . Garfield was assassinated by a disgruntled office-seeker who did not get the job he wanted. Garfield, ironically, was the first to introduce substantial Civil Service reform, and the law was signed by his successor. And while I agree that Pai is a poor choice to head the FCC, "corrupt" is really not appropriate.
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Why isn't George Gershwin's music in the public domain yet?
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Simple - because he wrote it after Steamboat Willie. That shit's never gonna end up in the public domain.Former paralegal here from a music office. Short answer is that between the Copyright act of 1976, the extension in the 90s and the DMCA from 1999/2000, the term now is 95 years from first publishing. And that number is likely to go up because the law was rewritten after intense lobbying from Disney to keep Mickey Mouse from ending up in the public domain and costing them billions in revenue per year.Works copyrighted before [1978 can run up to 95] years so even his 1920's work will not run out until 2015.
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Why do we focus more on speeding drivers than we do distracted drivers?
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An officer can easily prove a person was speeding, they've got it all logged into a computer that tracks nearby vehicles. They can't prove you looked down at your cellphone for two seconds.
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Why do some colleges accept CLEP/DANTES/Excelsior test credits and some do not?
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It has to do with both. Some of prestigious, private colleges refuse to accept these because their courses are 'special'. I went to NYU and after officially becoming a student you cannot transfer any credits into the school aside from whatever you came in with before you were a student . Unfortunately I think this is pretty common amongst private universities. It really is all about money.
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Why did Robert Mugabe receive a bigger cheer than Jacob Zuma at Mandela's memorial?
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Zuma is currently not very popular in South Africa, he has had quite a number of scandals recently. Such as his friends, the Guptas, being allowed to land their wedding guests on a military base, and the spending of R250 million on his home ranch. Also several previous scandals and corruption case that was stopped for dubious reasons. Mugabe is generally hated and mocked in South Africa, but there is small group in the ANC who think his some sort of hero for taking white farms away. I expect the concentration these guys might be a bit higher at this gathering.Mugabe gave succour and assistance to the ANC and South African exiles while they were fighting aparthied. The links between Zimbabwe and SA are strong because of this period. He was a friend to South Africans during their hardest times. You won't find senior ANC officials especially criticising Mugabe. Younger ones possibly. There is a lot more to Southern African history than Mugabe being hated by the west since 2000. He was extremeyly popular in the west as an African leader before that. He would come to London, get an honourary knighthood, dine with the queen, shop at harods and be generally feted. As he himself often says even now, he got on very well with British conservatives in the 80s and liked Thatcher, Major etc. When he goes into his anti west diatribes and rants it's usually Blair and the new labour bunch who are the target of his rhetoric. Since 2000 and the farm seizures a new narrative. Instead of Sir Robert Mugabe he's the African Hitler. Go figure.Only it seems some people in the ANC have memories and not everybody is convinced. Don't get me wrong, I'm no Mugabe fan. I'm just explaining that for Africans, the concerns of the west and why they like/don't like their neighbours isn't even a thing really. They have their own relations with them.
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How does the device in this picture measure how long the cable is?
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i would guess it probably sends a pulse to the tx/rx pair and times the response back.If I had to guess, I'd say it measures the resistance of the cable and computes the length from that. A conductor has more resistance the longer it is. The dudes in /r/cableporn would probably know for sure.
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How does a tire stay on the rim in pretty heavy conditions? (burnout, high cornering speed etc.) What exactly is holding it steady on the rim?
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Here's the short version. The inside diameter of the tire is smaller than you think. It tales a huge amount of force to stretch the tire over the rim. It's an amazingly tight fit, not glue. P.s. In some ultra-high-torque applications "rim screws" are employed to secure the tire to the rimEach edge of the tire contains a thick metal wire inside that sets in a special "lip" in the edge of the tire. [The first diagram in this page sums it up nicely.]
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Why can my boyfriend eat much spicier food than me?
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Tolerance for spicy food is acquired through practice. The reason he can tolerate hot stuff more than you is that he regularly eats spicy stuff. The brain gradually learns that spicy stuff isn't actual fire, so it stops reacting as strong to those kinds of pain signals, and can even release endorphins - the chemicals that are also released when you're falling in love and when you're experiencing pleasure. If you want to build up a tolerance, you need to frequently be eating something that's near the top of your pain threshold, and keep upping it. After a few months, you'll be able to handle stuff you could only dream about before, and you'll actually come to love the flavors that frequently accompany the higher heat levels. You can start with something like sriracha, graduate to tabasco or cholula, then visit a hot sauce shop like Hot Licks and spend some time sampling a variety of the stuff they carry .
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How does physical money gets settled around the world
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We use a "fiat currency". It has no value, it's not real, we simply accept that a certain bill or coin has a certain value. With that in mind, there's no need to transfer physical notes or coins, as long as everyone involved has accepted that the value has been transferred from A to B. The only exception is to maintain minimum reserves when a large deposit happens. Even then, there's no "transfer" of cash, it's simply a request for increased cash inventory that is filled from central.> And how do they move physical money? Do they actually take the money on a plane overseas? A key thing here is that you can have ownership of money without having to physically move it across the planet. Around 250 foreign central banks and governments keep over $3 trillion in assets at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. If central bank A wants to transfer $100 billion to central bank B, it can literally be a matter of moving gold bars 30 feet over within the same building into B's stack. There are half a million gold bars stored in those vaults in New York. Of course, sometimes we really do just [fly actual pallets of cash] around to settle payments.
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Why does it seem like there are different "classes" of last names?
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As much as we like to talk about opportunity, people and entire families tend to stay within the social and economic class that they were born into. Children of wealthy families tend to get better education, better opportunities, better social connections, better jobs, etc. and stay wealthy. They then have other wealthy children with the same surnames and the same advantages. The opposite is true for poorer children. On top of that is an element of bias. We associate these names with wealth and success while associating other names with poverty or low social class. So when two candidates are applying for a position and one is named with a traditionally upper class name and the other has a lower class or foreign name, we unconsciously associate those names with attributes that may benefit or harm their chances of getting the job. This effect of privilege is not perfect, but it's powerful enough that [people with Norman-derived names in the UK are more likely to be wealthy than those with other names] nearly a thousand years after Norman rule began. EDIT: To elaborate on the second point, here's [a quote from an NBC article]: > “I’ve had frank discussions with HR managers and hiring mangers in the corporate world, and they tell me when they see a name that’s ethnic or a black name, they perceive that person as having low education or coming from a lower socioeconomic class,” she said.
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Why did bundling IE with Windows cause anti-trust violations but Safari/ Itunes in IOS and MSE in Win8 isn't?
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The issue wasn't JUST that it was bundled with the OS. There are are a couple other factors: When this ruling was made, Microsoft was far more dominant in the PC market than it is now and was effectively a monopoly. Through that monopoly, Microsoft began to push out its competitors in other markets by forcing OEMs to bundle microsoft products with their computers rather than one of their competitors. Although the case centered around Internet Explorer, it was more about that monopoly in general. The final settlement involved forcing Microsoft to play fair with other software developers by letting others have access to their API information. Anywho, back to the original question: The reason the Safari/iTunes + IOS and MSE + Win8 aren't similarly restricted has to do with that ruling. The final settlement did NOT restrict Microsoft from bundling software with their OS. What it prevented was having OS companies from making their OS incompatible with their competitors non-OS products.
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Why is it so common to dream you are flying?
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I want to know why I have never had such a dream, but it seems everyone else has.these explanations trying to tie in physiological causation aren't doing it for me. when i dream about flying there's always a positive emotion along with it, usually being astounded and then elation. and they are always really realistic feeling. i'm with op, i think there's some innate desire.I can come up with three reasons to why you want to fly when dreaming. **1.**It might be because you want to see the world in another point of view.**2.**If you feel like the flying is uncomfortable, maybe you want to get away due to poor self-esteem or other noteworthy reasons. **3.**If you like the feeling of flying and it is percieved as something good, you might yearn for simply something more fortunate in your waking life. . It is all psychological so I have no clue on why people dream about flying so commonly, but hey, it might be one of these reasons. -WagenknechtIts probably to do with your mind interpreting the feeling of weightlessness during sleep. Similar to how your body feels like it drops into the bed when you jolt awake? Just a guess though :)', "I keep on hearing about flying dreams that everyone has. I've never had a dream like that. The closest drew I had to that was a dream in which I could power jump ", 'Sub-consciously, you brain replays past events throughout your sleep. The feeling of flying is closely related to being on a roller coaster, with the feeling of your stomach dropping, like in an elevator.
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Why does using electronics with a lit up screen before bed make it harder to fall asleep?
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One of the reasons we get tired and fall asleep is because of [Melatonin]. Melatonin is a hormone found in almost all biological life. Now let's make this easy to understand. :) A long time ago when artificial light was not a thing human sleep was governed by night/day. When it became dark we went to sleep, and when it became bright we woke up. Melatonin is produced when it is dark. And it disappears when it's bright. TL'DR: When we are exposed to light the body does not produce a hormone called melotonin which makes us tired. So when it's bright all the time, we don't get tired.Melatonin is a chemical your brain produces to help you fall asleep at night. Its production is inhibited by light, particularly blue light. Screens produce a lot of blue light, suppressing melatonin production and making it difficult to sleep. You can reduce your exposure to blue light by wearing rose tinted glasses for an hour or so before bed; it may help you fall asleep.
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What is 'the dialectic'/dialectical thinking? And how can it be applied to the world today?
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Looking at different perspectives with the goal of reasoned understanding, basically. Working around personal bias and assumptions and emotion. For example, we are having a disagreement because I like dogs and you like cats. We could sit down and talk logically about the attributes of each, and decide that they are equal but suited to different needs. In contrast, if we were *debating* cats and dogs, we might use emotions to appeal to the audience in pursuit of victory over logic and reason. I most familiar with this via psychology, where dialectic thinking can help people react more helpfully to conflict/problems and build empathy.
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The group 'Anonymous' and some of the major things they have done.
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Here you go OP: Anonymous is a broad term used to refer to members of the 4chan community. . The reason for this came from the posting style of 4chan. 4chan has no registration, so each post is individual. When making a post you had the option of inserting a name if you wanted, however if you did not, the name field defaulted to "Anonymous". Hence the term for users of 4chan, specifically of the /b/ community became known as Anonymous. Major things they have done? Well there are things they are most well known for. Project Chanology: Worldwide protests of the church of Scientology in response to the censorship of a church produced video of Tom Cruise. The Habbo Raids: Anonymous flooded the online "hang out" Habbo Hotel. The members all dressed up their avatars the same way, closed off certain sections of the hotel as well as other offensive and funny interactions with other users. The Time 100 Online Poll: the founder of 4chan, moot, was nominated for the Time 100 most influential persons poll. Anonymous put him at the top as well as manipulating every other member of the poll in the top twenty so that the first letters would spell out MARBLECAKEALSOTHEGAME. More recently they have been involved in the Dub the Dew "Hitler did nothing wrong" contest as well as trying to send Taylor Swift to a school for the deaf to perform a concert. To end, here is a very very important distinction. Anonymous IS: a name used to refer to members of the 4chan community, most often used as a group title when the community decides to do something en masse outside of the website itself. Anonymous IS MOST CERTAINLY NOT: 1. A secret club2. A "hacktivist" organization3. An elite group of hackers4. Scientology protestors Hope that helps.
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If we have so many medical advancements, why don't pills and medicines taste delicious?
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If pills tasted like strawberry, unknowing children may eat them like candy, which is extremely dangerous.Well the only people that would benefit is kids who are use their good ole naturally selected sense of taste to determine that something is icky and they don't want to take it. By the time you're an adult the hope is you're able to overcome that to realize that even if it doesn't taste good that it's good for you. Also something about not wanting to encourage people to take too much good tasting medicine.I think besides discouraging people and children from taking them when they shouldn't, there is a certain psychological aspect. You expect medicine to taste "medicine-y" or kind of bad. In the same way that you expect grape drink to be purple, or butter to be yellow, even though you can get examples of both that aren't, people expect certain things.It's important that medicine tastes bad so that kids don't get it and overdose--if your cough syrup tastes like candy then there are going to be kids that drink it like candy.
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What causes some people to gag when they see a graphic injury like Gordon Haywards?
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For me it's that I have had injuries similar and can still remember the pain.Something in my brain just goes Remember when we did that
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Why do I feel like chewing my own tongue when I'm hungry?
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TIL there are people who chew on thier tongue in anticipation of a meal.It's partially from oral fixation and partially from neural conditioning. You eat food, which involves moving your mouth and tongue moving and churning, eating positively influences serotonin levels. No eating happening= mouth craves **Not a scientist, just regurgitating and thinking.
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By what authority does Arizona county Sheriff have to investigate a Hawaiian birth certificate?
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He doesn´t have any legal authority do investigate this matter. As others have said, he pursues this as a "private person" and the reason he became notable is because he is, incidentally, also an elected official. However he may not use any resources of his Sheriff´s office for this investigation and he has no authority in Hawaii to e.g. demand any documents from institutions or interrogate civilians on this matter. Basically this is all for showHe doesn't have any authority to do any of this. He's just acting in his capacity as a private citizen. All the article states is that he's "continuing the investigation" not that he's going to actually be able to do anything about itAs far as I can tell what happened is X people asked Sherriff Joe to look into the Birth Certificate thing. Sherriff said, yeah, sure! 5 years later he's at a meeting, the subject comes up and he goes: "Oh yes, I am still looking into that. No news really." To me it doesn't look like Sherriff Joe actually did anything at all other than say he 'd have a look.
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What would happen if you were to drink the water on Mars?
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Well, it's being reported as briny water, which means very salt-rich. A glass of water saltier than the sea would not go down smooth, you'd puke your guts out.Most likely it is a briny mix of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate but possibly also cyanide. The pH is probably very acidic or very basic, depending on the surrounding rock. Best outcome: A tummy ache and diarrhea. Worst outcome: death.
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If it labor usually takes hours and hours how are twins born a few minutes apart?
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The labor process may take hours, as in the time until the [cervix is fully dilated.], which is where the cervix expands to become large enough to accommodate a human baby head. Until the dilation is complete, it the woman may experience contractions for several hours, which is commonly called "in labor." The actual birthing process is only a few minutes in most casesYouve pretty much got it. Once the body has shoved one baby out the second baby takes much less effort. The delay is generally caused by the time it takes the cervix to stretch open enough for the baby to pass. In animals there can actually be issues when the mother gets tired during delivery and CANT push baby 6 or 7 or 17 out vets often have to reach in and extract them manually.
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Why has no one (in the US) been imprisoned in connection with the financial collapse of 2008?
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Bankruptcy is not a crime. Can you be more specific?Because it was the government's fault and the bankers didn't really break any laws. It's the government's fault because they thought everyone should own a home. So they told the bankers, "Lend money to people to buy homes, and if they can't pay you back, then we'll pay you back for them." Before, the lenders would carefully examine people who wanted to borrow money to buy a home, because if the people didn't pay back the loan the lenders could lose money. But now the lenders *couldn't* lose money, because if the people didn't pay back the loans, the government would. So the lenders lent out money to lots and lots of people that they wouldn't have earlier. That meant lots of people were out buying houses. And when a lot of people buy something, the price goes up. And when the price goes up, people think, "Gee, I should have bought a house a year ago, because now the price is $30,000 more!" This repeats over and over again. Eventually, the houses become so expensive, and so many people stop paying their loans that the crash happens. So, it's the government's fault at the root of it, but the government isn't going to throw itself or its own employees in jail.
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Why I'm groggy waking up at 6am instead of 12 noon, despite still getting 8 hours of sleep in both cases.
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The ELI5 answer: Your body has a natural clock inside of it that's set to a special thing called \'circadian rhythm.\' It's a biological cycle that lasts about 24 hours, the same amount of time as one day. Some parts of your body, like your brain, act differently or make different chemicals when you're asleep. Circadian rhythm is part of what makes that happen. Things like sunlight or coffee help your body make chemicals that say "It's time to get moving!" That's part of why so many adults like coffee in the morning and it's not a good idea to drink coffee or cola before bedtime. If you do something like work at a night job or begin getting up very early in the morning to exercise, then your body has to adjust its \'clock.\' Some people's bodies can make this change on their own, others need help. One way to help is to turn on a special light bulb that acts like sunlight when you get up. Another is to take melatonin, one of those sleeping brain chemicals, right before bedtimeFirst: Do you normally sleep 4 to 12, or is 10 to 6 your normal sleeping schedule?
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Why are you prompted to close all other programs when installing something?
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The installer may need access to files for a program due to some connectivity or upgrade related things and it's easier to tell you to close everything than to try and find every possible program ever made or that will ever be made that will cause instillation errors to your program. It's sort of a lazy way out of a complicated issue. So if your program is around 15 years but you stopped supporting it, you should tell people to close anything that may need write access.Often times, an installation might need access to or make a change to a file currently in use by another program.
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Why anesthesia in US makes people high and act funny when they wake up, while in Europe we are completely fine?
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1) Not all anesthesia makes people act funny, and not everyone will act funny when exposed to the kinds that do. 2) I have seen many accounts from Europe nearly identical to US accounts. So you are letting your personal experience blind you to the facts.
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What's with these desperate teenage girls trying to join ISIS?
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Teenagers can feel quite disillusioned and easily get caught up in ideals that take them away from the difficulties of puberty.In the case of young women, they are often radicalised online through influence and the promise of a better life. Through using social media they can promise idealised notions of Islamic life. Some may be involved with a boyfriend or husband that becomes radicalised to fight for ISIS and therefore follow similar ambitions to be with them. The idea of women joining the Islamic State is romanticised. In this new "state" women are allowed to contribute, there are female \'police forces\', women feel like they can contribute and work, many young muslims may feel they will never be equals and have the same opportunities in the Western world. It gives a sense of purpose to disillusioned, frustrated young teenagers who can be easily influenced by online propaganda.Edit: Woah, this got bigger than expected.Edit 2: spelling', "How can 15 years old fly without being dropped off by a parent or guardian? You can't do anything in the UK until you're 16, and then only with permission of your parent or guardian. You'd think of all the things they'd control better, especially with the the security at airports, would be children travelling alone?
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How do we know that the quark stars are not actually the mechanism behind black holes?
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The un-fun answer is that quark stars are as-of-yet hypothetical and haven't been confirmed or denied. The longer answer is that something that *appears* to be a black hole from the outside *is* a black hole. We don't know what happens past the event horizon by definition, and if we understand physics correctly, we may never find out. For all we know that's exactly what's in there . Maybe visible quark stars aren't actually possible, and anything that collapsed is a black hole. Maybe it's like the theory goes: you can be past the point of being a neutron star without becoming a black hole, and that's a quark star. Maybe matter degenerates further in ways we don't understand, and *that* is a black hole. It's pretty much pure conjecture at that point.
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Why does the US distribute it's milk under refrigeration?
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mainly because of consumer acceptance. milk in usa has always come refrigerated. In June 1993, Parmalat introduced its UHT milk to the United States.[12] In the American market, consumers are uneasy about consuming milk that is not delivered under refrigeration, and reluctant to buy it. To combat this, Parmalat is selling its UHT milk in old-fashioned containers, unnecessarily sold from the refrigerator aisle.[4] UHT milk is also used for many dairy productsUHT changes the flavor in a way that many do not like, and is more expensive to make. We in the US consume a large enough volume of milk that it is not economically beneficial to switch over to UHT.
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When I eat a lot of carbs, why am I fatigued through the entire next day?
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You're body quickly converts [simple carbs] into blood sugar called Glucose. Your pancreas then produces insulin to remove that blood sugar and that rapid drop in blood sugar leaves you tired. Lacking blood sugar is known as [Hypoglycemia]. Your body can also become [insulin resistant], which can become type II diabetes. Get your doctor to check your blood levels and the possibility you are pre-diabetic or diabetic. Eat complex carbs and limit your carbs to 50% of your macro calories.
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What's wrong with microwave meals?
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They aren't as bad as many people may think. Frozen microwaved meals often have less salt/preservatives due to the fact that they are flash frozen for preservation. Now, they certainly aren't chock full of nutrients or vitamins by any stretch of the imagination, and can certainly have plenty of bad qualities, but there's nothing inherently "bad" about it being a frozen and microwavable meal, if that's what people are insinuating.
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Why do certain cultures consistently own in certain chains and establishments?
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The reasoning behind it is mostly that people's families and friends help them get established when they move to a new country. Say you have an uncle with a couple convenience stores, maybe he'll give you a job in one. After a while maybe you save some money and buy a store of your own because you have lots of experience running one now, and an uncle who can help you find a good one to buy. A few years later you have a few stores, and your wife's cousin emigrates, so you set him up with a job managing one of your stores, and the cycle repeats.A lot of it has to do with familiarity with an industry ie. most dry cleaners are specifically owned by Koreans, because at some point a Korean ran a cleaners and gave fellow countrymen jobs. They learned the business, and then opened up their own dry cleaners, and returned the favor by giving new Korean immigrants jobs. Who then opened up their own shops, gave more Koreans jobs, and the cycle continued I believe most nail salons are Vietnamese, with the same cycle playing outSome licenses are required for certain businesses, nail salon is one of them. Nail tech exams are offered in many Asian languages, because of this, becoming a nail salon owner is easier than becoming a plumber so you open nail salons rather than open plumbing companies. Why nail salon for Asians in the first place? Vietnam War and a Hollywood actress. Source: _URL_0_', "I think this is a fair question. I've always been curious if the reason cones from their culture of origin, or from the cultural pressures of the US. Follow up question: Is this only a USA thing, or does it happen like that in other countries as well.
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How placing a newly sharpend wood spear hardens it?
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The biggest factor is that you're driving out moisture from the wood, which causes it to become "tighter", and harder. The trade off is that you lose some flexibility, but that's why you only fire harden the tip. If you really take your time laying it in coals and rubbing it on a rock, you build a layer of carbon around it as well. Mostly though, it's just drying the wood, and causing the fibers to contract, hardening the whole product.
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Why has industry and manufacturing declined so much in countries like the US and UK but not in Germany?
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Your question is based on a faulty premise. I don't know about the UK, but manufacturing hasn't significantly declined in the US. By most measures, manufacturing output is now slightly lower than it was in 2007, but higher than it was at almost any point before that. See the following graphs: _URL_0_ _URL_2_ _URL_1_ So the amount we manufacture in this country hasn't declined, and has in fact largely increased. What has declined is the number of jobs in manufacturing. We're producing more than ever, but employing fewer people to do it. That's largely due to technological change more than anything else
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When watching sports on television, why is falling rain only visible from some camera angles?
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Because the cameras aren't close to the players, they are far away. This means that all the rain close to the camera is blurred and the rain by the players is so small that it can't be seen , however, when they do close-ups of faces, you can then see the rain in front of them, mid-range shots can also show rain.
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What is the link between prime numbers and cryptography?
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Cryptography comes in two big varieties: symmetrical and asymmetrical. Symmetrical cryptography uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data — this is what you might use to keep files in your computer safe, but it's kind of bad for communicating between two people. Asymmetrical cryptography uses two different keys that come as a pair: one public, and one private. Typically, given a key pair, if you encrypt with one key, you can decrypt with the other. The private key you keep private , the public key you can give out freely. This is useful for two things: - Anybody can use my public key to encrypt data so that only I can decrypt it. This ensures that messages meant for me can only be read by me. By extension, if I also have your public key, we can talk back and forth privately.- If I encrypt data with my private key, anybody else can decrypt it using my public key. The fact that the data is decrypted by my public key tells you that the message really did come from me. , and add the encrypted summary to the end of the message) Now, circling back to prime numbers. As ferrosemen said, multiplying primes is easy, breaking a big number into its constituent primes is hard. There's a very popular encryption scheme called [RSA] with similar "easy to build, hard to break apart" properties are used for building [other asymmetric cryptosystems]Primes are important to cryptography because it is easy for a computer to multiply two large primes together , but very time consuming to factor them back into the original numbers. Encryption based on these prime numbers could only be decrypted if you had one or both of the primes that were plugged into the encryption algorithm. With the size of the numbers used, the only reasonable way to get the primes is to have had them from the beginning, or to work them out by factoring them from the semi-prime, which takes a very long time. _URL_4_
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When was the Second Amendment limited to firearms (as opposed to explosives)?
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Explosives were explicitly restricted in the 1934 National Firearms Act, where most explosives and any non-shotgun with a bore larger than 0.5" became regulated as [destructive devices]. There are strict regulations on the manufacture and transfer of anything classified as a destructive device.
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What are good running techniques for a complete beginner?
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I also suggest posting to /r/running but I think I can give you some general tips. My tips are from the standpoint of cross country training. The first thing to determine is your natural stride. When you start running you will naturally have a comfortable speed which is easier to maintain.You can push yourself faster, but this should be a stride where your torso is upright and most motion is forward as opposed to up and down. Breath smoothly and rhythmically, in time with your stride if possible. For some people breathing in through the nose and out through the mouth helps to maintain form, but if you are like me and have a narrow nasal passage just using your mouth is fine. Your leg motions should be efficient; don't pull your knees or feet any higher than necessary to avoid tripping or obstacles. If your heels are to your butt or your knees are higher than bending your leg at about 45 degrees from straight down, you are wasting energy and doing something wrong. For the upper body try to keep your torso from rotating, and your hands relaxed and below the height of your elbows. I often see people thrashing down the street like they are trying to wrestle an invisible badger clutched to their chest. That is just a pointless waste of energy. Building stamina is as easy as constant practice and gradually extending your range. If you concentrate on conserving your energy while maintaining your natural stride you will be fine.
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Why does water on the ground and outside evaporate even if the temperature never reaches 100 degrees Celsius?
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Because water begins to evaporate before it reaches boiling point, some the water molecules speed up enough and break from their bonds with the body of liquid. Water can evaporate at room temperature, just much slower due to less energy.The speed that water evaporates increases with the temperature. When water is frozen solid it doesn't evaporate at all. At room temperature it evaporates slowly. At the boiling point water evaporates so quickly it becomes steam rather than a liquid.
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Why does being worried about laughing make it hard not to laugh?
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Seems like the reasoning could be rooted in the "White Bear" problem or something called [ironic process theory]. Trying not to think of something causes you to think of it more. Basically, part of your brain avoids thinking about whatever it is by thinking of things that aren't the thing you're trying to avoid. But another part of your brain is checking to make sure this sorting process is free from error and therefore makes you think of the thing to make sure you're not thinking of the thing. **You:** Don't think about orange. **Brain:** Okay. Blue, potato, three, bird, cheese **Brain to brain:** NONE OF THESE THINGS ARE ORANGE, WE\'RE GOOD TO GO.
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How did Germany recover their economy and become an economic powerhouse, after losing 2 world wars, paying millions of Euros of reparations and being annexed by 4 nations?
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1. Most of the reparations for WWI were forgiven after WWII.2. A lot of money was pumped into Germany after WWII to rebuild it because the US didn't want them to fall to communism.3. Germany has always been one of the major economies in Europe, so it is really a reversion to the mean.4. Annexed by 4 nations? It was occupied by 4 nations, it had complete political autonomy in the west after not too long and the east became a USSR puppet state.5. Google miracle West Germany
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How do people like George Zimmerman and Casey Anthony stay safe?
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Jack Ruby asked for protection from the Warren Commission after he shot Lee Harvey Oswald as he believed his life was in danger, but he was declined . I imagine if they're wealthy enough they'd have some sort of private security - though you would assume this would start well before an acquittal if it was a publicised criminal trial. Presumably if you're not, you change your name and move to a new state. That said, one thing I've never understood about the US is how JFK and MLK can be assassinated, there can rafts of school shootings, snipers taking potshots on the Washington Beltway and Larry Flynt, yet nobody's ever taken a shot at the Westboro Baptist Church during one of their pickets at a soldier's funeral.
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How do cities with high annual rainfall deal with construction?
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Concrete doesn't 'dry', it 'cures'. When it hardens, it's because of a chemical reaction that works just as well underwater. So rain is no problem.
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How can movies like 'The Possesion' about a moth demon growing inside a child claim to be 'based on a true story'?
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a) It could be VERY loosely based, but still be \'based on\'. This is a marketing gimmick. b) It's based on one specific version of the story. See "The Exorcism of Emily Rose". She has a condition where her body locks up in very odd, somewhat terrifying poses. The doctors say it's one thing, the priest says it's the other. Which one do you think makes for a better horror movie?Let me give you a good example: Texas Chainsaw Massacre and Silence of the Lambs are based on the same "true" story.When you have something like a movie that is based on a true story, that doesn't give you any actual information about what the true story was. The true story could've simply been that the writer had a son. They then embellished from there and added a moth demon.
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what is the biological purpose of the female orgasm?
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Well, with evolution, there was never an "intended result". At least, unless you subscribe to creationism, you assume that nobody "built in" the feature with a purpose in mind. The basic evolutionary logic on biological phenomena is that they helped us reproduce more / survive long enough to reproduce more, so they caught on. Beyond that, you really have to speculate. In the case of the female orgasm, "makes women want to have sex more" is a sufficient explanation for how it became prevalent, because it directly impacts the likelihood of reproducing. I don't know if that's the entire selective benefit of it, but even if it was, there wouldn't be any mystery to explain heresome studies says female orgasms make it easier for sperm to reach female eggs nothing absolutely confirmed anyway
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Why are most of the pictures coming back from space now a days in black & white?
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The majority of pictures from outer space have always been in black an white. Most color photos of space have been edited to add the color.
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Why to spacecraft reach outer space by launching straight up instead of taking off like an airplane and increasing altitude until out of the atmosphere
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Airplanes need air underneath the wings to work properly. The higher you go, the less air there is, so it's physically impossibly to leave the atmosphere this way.Because to get to orbit, you must go very, very fast to the side. Actually an orbit is the same as falling, but you are going so fast you miss every time, like in this [image] However, the thick air that we breath slows things down very quickly, and can be very difficult to push against when going very fast to the side, so scientist have determined that the best way to avoid this thick air is to fly straight up and start going very fast to the side when the air is thinner. Source: I build space stuff', "you're absolutely right that a straight up ascent is a terribly inefficient way to get to orbit , which is why rockets perform whats called a [gravity turn] as they ascend. Basically the idea is to only go high enough to escape the atmosphere, using the majority of your energy to accelerate you laterally rather than vertically. As far as the idea of using lift/wings to help ascend, you're describing [spaceplanes].
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What are the most concrete pieces of evidence for man made climate change?
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The simplest explanation is that there is an observable relationship between *current* climate change and anthropomorphic emissions. If you'd like more information, I really don't think an ELI5 would be appropriate. Check out these links: - _URL_3_ - _URL_0_ - _URL_4_ - _URL_2_ - _URL_7_ - _URL_6_ - _URL_1_ - _URL_5_", 'The increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses and aerosols in the atmosphere that are very recent and cannot be explained by natural phenomena [go here, go to "full episodes", then "a world set free[The anomalous warming trend over the past century cannot be adequately explained or reproduced by using natural variations alone.]
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; Why can't I describe the 'voice' of my inner monologue?
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might be different depending on the person, my inner monologue can be any voice i want it to be. even in spanish. but any other time when im reading or thinking to myself its generally my own voice i hear in my head', "Because your true inner monologue isn't speaking an established language.
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What exactly is autism?
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So i may not be able to explain throughly but something that helped with my understanding was this video. _URL_0_ It gives me chills everytime', "[This link] contains loads of useful information written by one of the foremost autism researchers in the field Simon Baron-Cohen. It gives a really good overview of a few current theories of ASD and talks a bit about the spectrum nature of the disorder. Furthermore, it's written at a very approachable level. If you have the time to read it, I highly recommend it. If you have any further questions after reading it, feel free to message me and I'll do my best to help out. I took a university course about ASD taught by our CogSci department chair whose son has ASD so I've got a decent foundation
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Why do aerial pictures of cities show flat top buildings from different angles?
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If you wanted a picture of every building from exactly overhead you would need to fly exactly over every one. That is a ton of flying, it is much easier just to fly where you can see them.
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Why do I have to wear bowling shoes at a bowling alley?
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The approach is sanded and lacquered smooth. Any sort of small rocks and such can scratch the surface. Additionally, if you look at bowling shoes, they have a smooth surface. This helps them glide over the sanded wood. You can purchase bowling shoes for about $100, and they last a long time.Part of the throwing motion involves forward motion for your entire body, and is designed to end on a skid motion for a smooth follow-through. Using bad shoes will stop your skidding motion, which then interferes with your ability to smoothly cast the ball in the intended direction. Instead, your body will jerk when you go to roll the ball and cause the ball to go off course. Source: was just at a bowling alley where the rental shoes had rubber heels and couldn't bowl worth a damn.
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Why dont public bathroom stalls have full sized door?
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Its so staff and others can determine if a stall is occupied or not without barging the door open which is something they would be prone to do. It also makes cleaning the floor easier.
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The difference between shame and guilt
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Shame is external, guilt is internal. Shame is focussing on other people/society/norms and the rule you have broken, whereas guilt has its focus on your own experience and what you feel about your action.In the context you're using, I may be wrong, but I'm pretty sure I'm not. Guilt is when you feel bad. You stole from a friend, and you know its wrong. So you have a bad feeling in your stomach and it makes your whole body hurt. Shame is when other people want you to feel bad, and thus you do too. You got caught stealing from your friend, and everyone is upset at you. You feel shame because it makes you look bad. I hope that helped somewhat. Also, one sub you may be interested in is /r/answers
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Why do my hands/feet itch after being in a cold place, and then dipping them in water/ being near a heater?
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Your capillaries shrink in the cold, and expand in the heat. Sometimes the expanding or shrinking makes you itchy.
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Is the universe a fractal?
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I'd say no. It appears there is some limit to how much things can be divided. Our current understanding of physics is that quarks and electrons are generally the bottom of the system, and they can't be divided further.
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Why is it that defecation occasionally results in a "no wipe" scenario, but other times results in an "infinity wipe" scenario?
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Fiber. The density and, er, stability of feces is a measure of water and fiber, at its most basic. Consume a proper water and fiber for the 'best' feces. Other things like indigestible sugars also contribute by passing through largely intact. Long version: Fecal make-up is based on health and diet. A diet rich in fiber will produce denser, drier , and sturdier feces. The best wiping feces are the ones you don't have to push out, but come out as a semi solidish 'log' mostly on their own. When you push, you're forcing fecal matter that may not be 'ready' through a small hole. Imagine pushing a banana through a rubber tube. If the tube and the banana are properly aligned, the banana will slide through easily. If the banana is too soft, you have to press it though, and that causes smearing. Fiber firms up and gives structure to your feces. Proper water supply allows your colon to coat the feces in a mucus for passing. You need enough fiber to have sturdy feces and enough water for it to be slick. If it's off, then the feces can be too soft for the mucus to help, requiring you to push it out, which smears it like the banana.
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How can I get fruit flies on an old banana I have laying out, if there haven't been fruit flies for weeks, and they only have a lifespan of a day?
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I read an article a few years ago that answered that: Most fruit that we buy in the grocery store already has fruit fly eggs on it. After a day or so, they hatch- in our kitchen. You can prevent this by always washing fruit-even bananas- when you bring it home.
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Why are the medical and dental communities kept so separate? Shouldn't dental be part of general well-being?
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There was a decent thread on this a few months back, it might have some answers you're looking for: _URL_0_", 'I asked once why dental stuff costs so much and I got the "We have to pay back school loans and we're so specialized and people NEED us, so you have to pay us big time." Tell that to my foot doctor who wants $450 for a set of fucking inserts for my shoes that my insurance will only cover if you have diabetesIt probably comes down to money so Dentists and Optimitrists can set their own rate within their own realms outside of the American Medical Association that sets the pricing and terms for all the internal medicine practice. That seems like the logical conclusion. Add in insurance and you get another tier of price fixingNothing more than tradition. The schooling & healthcare system around dentistry has developed to be something separate from the rest of the body.
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Who/what are 'Wall Street Fatcats/Insiders'? What do they do?
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I'm a science guy, but two of my closer friends have ascended to the upper echelons of wall street. Insider trading is rampant. **This is how stocks work** ** Stocks increase in value when people want to buy them. If we're to give an example, imagine if a drug company had a drug that could cure cancer. If investors heard that, they'd want to be part of a company. You do that by buying their stock. That way, every bit of profit they earn will go to you a bit. Second, everyone else would want to buy their stock, so if you got to it first, everything you bought would increase in value the more other people wanted to be part of the company. Insider trading is when you learn they cured cancer before everyone else did. You buy tons of their stocks for dirt cheap before they release the info to the public. Second, fatcats will often have connections to politicians, who know how to funnel money and influence into projects the fatcats are working on. They're seen in a bad light because they're cheating the rules of the game. They bro up and use their power to get more power without allowing the free market to work and, theoretically, distribute wealth in an optimal and more fair way.
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If the metric system is designed to make for easy calculations and conversions, why wasn't the 60 minute hour changed to a base 10 unit?
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time is always expressed in seconds in the metric system.or multiples, like milliseconds, kiloseconds, etc."Other units of time, the minute, hour, and day, are accepted for use with the modern metric system, but are not part of it."_URL_0_', "The French tried, but couldn't get it to stick. When dealing with SI units, you are technically not *supposed* to use minutes, hours, days, or whatnot, but because the conversions to these units of time are so widely known and accepted, it is never that big of a deal.
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How exactly burning calories during exercise are estimated?
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They actually are measured. Volunteers will exercise while wearing breathing gear. Think treadmill and respiratory gear. Carbon dioxide level are measured as are oxygen levels in inspiration and expiration. Volume of air breathed is also measured. This is done on enough volunteers to become very precise. This is also done while on rowing machines, swimming, anything in which the gear will stay on. This is helped by reduction in gear size. Instead of capturing the entire breath it becomes okay to estimate using air flow meters after enough data has been accumulated. Climbing can be used to calculate calorie consumption. The energy required to lift a body can be calculated based on their weight. This is used to calibrate other exercises. Eventually efficiency of movement can be calculated. Sprinting takes a lot of energy and is not efficient. But slower running is.
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Why doesn't tinfoil get hot in the oven?
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It does get hot in the oven. However its thermal conductivity to air is very high - i.e. once its out of the hot oven it radiates its heat to the ambient air very quickly. Also, it can't retain a lot of thermal energy simply because its so thin there's not a lot of metal atoms to store it. The pan that it's covering however . retains a lot more heat for longer so don't touch that coming out of the oven.
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How Exactly Does Electrocution Kill You?
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The majority of the time the electricity messes with your heart as it passes through the body causing it to stop pumping. Then from that point its pretty obvious how it ends up killing you. No pump=No oxygen or nutrients to the brain or other vital systems and then youre dead.
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Why are smoke and fire so inherently intriguing to watch?
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We have an inherent fascination with chaos and destruction. Why? Because in general, our lives are very orderly and humans have survived well due to our ability to recognize patterns. When we see something chaotic like the random turbulent flow of smoke or destructive like the licks of flame from a fire, it stimulates our sense of curiosity and wonder. We try to apply some sort of pattern to the unusual randomness and but it just ends up drawing our attentionPattern recognition is probably a driving factor: > The human talent for pattern-recognition is a two-edged sword: We’re especially good at finding patterns, even when they aren’t really there. *Neil deGrasse Tyson, Cosmos*
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Why are oranges sweet and lemons aren't?
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First of all, there are some varieties of orange that are more sour than certain varieties of lemons. The ones you see in your grocery store are not the only breeds of these fruits. The development of different breeds through artificial selection is the same regardless of what the base species is that's being modified. A long time ago, there was a farmer who planted a bunch of lemon trees. Of those trees, he found that one in particular happened to be more sour than the others. He decided that this was a desirable trait, and so he cut down the other trees and planted seeds from that lemon tree. Of all the new trees, he found the one of those that, through random genetic variation, had the most sour fruit. Different people have different tastes and different ideas of what the "best" orange or lemon is, and from that we get dozens or hundreds of different breeds, just like we did with dogs. The interesting thing about plants is that, once you 've got a "perfect" specimen, you can use cuttings from that plant to make an exact genetic duplicate. So for example, all Hass avocados can trace their lineage back to a single tree. The disadvantage is that, if a disease hits one of those plants, it is likely to hit all of them. Such is what happened with the Gros Michel banana and Panama Disease, which is why the most common banana today is the Cavendish.Just as all dogs are descendants of the wolf and all the Brassica species descended from three ancestors, all the citrus fruits are descendants of hybridization of three or four ancestors, which in turn were selectively bred over centuries by humans or inbred through geographic isolation. After enough iterations, one originally small feature becomes particularly salient .
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Why do outlets have 2 live terminals and 1 ground and not 1 live terminal and 1 ground (+ and -) like batteries and other things?
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The ground on a 3 prong outlet is a "safety ground". The terminals on the outlet are "hot" and "neutral", much like the two poles of a battery. In general, neutral and ground are bonded together at the circuit panel. But the 3rd ground wire is there in case something goes wrong with the device and there's a short somewhere. It will either trip a breaker or a ground-fault-circuit-interruptor.
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If ancient civilizations are buried so far under ground, is the Earth getting bigger with each year?
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Things are moving around the surface. Take a bottle of sand, put an action figure on top of it, and shake the bottle. You're not adding sand, but the figure will settle below the lighter particles.I have always wondered a similar question regarding unknown super duper ancient civilizations. Like a billion or more years ago could their have been a creature that used tools , built a home of some kind, and then died off and been recycled beyond any hope of discovery?', "I'm not sure if I really have the information to accurately answers this, but I do have some idea. Of course, the first thing we need to think about is which ancient cities you're talking about. Depending on where they are, ancient cities have been buried in many different ways. Ancient desert cities sink into the sand; ancient cities found in jungles and forests are buried under the plant life that grew, died, rotted and became the foundation for the next generation for years and years and years ; there are many that have been buried under the dust from a nearby volcano ; and for the most part, the rest of the ancient cities are buried by people from a) abandoned cities that become easy garbage dumps, or b) They are simply built on top of . As has already been said, the world is moving, and I'm not just talking about the continents. The deserts are always shifting, dirt is washed away with each rain, and even people move and rebuild. Somethings get buried along the way, some are swept away, and the rest crumble. If it weren't for the fact that that these cities became buried, they might have had the 2 latter fates and we would have never known and wondered about them.
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How can you explain that intelligent people are usually more depressed/sad, and vice versa?
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There is a phrase: "Ignorance is bliss". When intelligent people become more learned, there is a tendency to have this "pull the curtain and look behind" view on the world, and those individuals can often lose the wonder of the world we all have as children. Like the guy who goes to the magician's show, and instead of watching in awe, just explains away all the illusions with physics. It takes the fun out of life, and these people can get jaded and experience less overall happiness. It's not always the case that intelligence = sadness, but it's one explanation for its apparent prevalenceYes, because intelligent people realize how dumb the majority of people around them are, and get frustrated by it. Source: am dumb, frustrate smart peopleI think it's more the perceived "melancholic genius" than an actual association. The Romantic era, especially, really loved the idea of the brilliant depressive. But a quick search on Google Scholar shows me that I can't find a lot of literature directly assessing IQ and depression, what little there is shows that there isn't an association, and depressed people tend to score *worse* on standardised testing. EDIT: I kept reading and found a couple studies that show an *inverse* relationship between IQ and depressive symptoms, especially in kids and teens.
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Why do objects wrinkle or warp when wet with water and then dried?
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Paper are many thin fibers. When they get wet they expand so the fibers move relative to each other. When they dry the fibers contract but not they don't move back the the original position so the paper have changed shape. Thing of it if you pull in the end of a cotton ball and release it. IT is permanently deformed and does not return to the original shame. If apply pressure on the wet paper when it dry you can make it quit smooth again. You can for example put is between som absorbent material like blotting paper, felt, cloth on a flat surface and stack something flat and have above like thick book. Another alternative is ironing the paper. So if you force the paper to be flat and remove the water you have flat paper. Nor surprisingly pressing the paper between roller and using a continuity felt band that is dyed with heat and hot roller is a part of how paper is manufactured
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How and when did society come to be almost entirely financially dependent on the stock markets?
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what makes you think society is fiscally dependent on the stock market?', "You can make < 1% on CD's, interest, etc, or you can make, even in a not so great market, 3-6% on good quality investments. For growing money, there's no better place than the markets.
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why people have different standards for special effects in different time periods?
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The first audience to see a train on a screen as it approached the camera ran for their lives, thinking the train was about to run them down. Visual effects are as sophisticated as they need to be to keep with the visual sophistication of the audienceUm kissing isn't a special effect. The standard image of what a kiss "should" look like was just different back then.
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Why does a RADAR dish spin?
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Why does your head turn? So you can see more of your surroundings. It's the same for a radar dish. If it was fixed, it could only 'look' in that direction.
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Why do invertebrates curl their legs in when they die? (Exception: Splatting them)
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A number of invertebrates use a pressure system to control their legs - essentially increasing and decreasing blood pressure in their legs in order to control them. When they die, they obviously lose the ability to control that pressure and their legs curl inwards .
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what's the difference between popcorn and regular corn? Also, microwave popcorn and regular popcorn.
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What makes popcorn pop is the result of a few things: The outer hull is unusually thicker than other corn varieties, as well as being water tight. Popcorn has a higher concentration of hard starch, its basically the only kind of starch. This means when pop-corn is heated, it heats the small amount of water inside the kernel into steam. This also causes the starch to gelatinize. Once the internal pressure gets high enough, the kernel explodes, and the starch rapidly expands and set. There is no difference to microwaved popcorn compared to popcorn found in containers, other than the way it was packaged and what kind of variety it is.Popcorn is actually a different variety of corn than the kind you eat . There are different varieties of popcorn, too. It's main characteristic is that, well. It pops when heat is applied. There's no real difference between microwave and 'regular' popcorn - it's just packaged and prepared differently. Microwave popcorn comes in a bag that contains oil that'll heat it up, as well as flavouring.Popcorn has a higher water content inside it. This is what causes it to pop. when heated the water begins to steam and eventually the pressure build and the pop corn pops. i will try to find the episode where alton brown talks about itIf you take a handfull of popcorn, put it in a paper and roll up the end, you have microwave popcorn. You dont need the fancy bags
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Why does my brain automatically read closed captioning while watching a movie instead of actually watching the movie?
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It's less reading, and more "noticing". The human eye is drawn to movement. Before a subtitle appears, there is a void of text in that space. The sudden appearance of a new line isn't processed by the brain as "appearing", but rather "hey that thing over there moved really really REALLY FAST!" and your eyes are then drawn to it. The actual reading occurs because you are likely recognizing the text as your native language, and thus the shift from "noticing" to "reading" is extremely negligible. It is thought that our eyes evolved this way as a defensive measure out of natural antiquity.I think it's because our brains are wired for pattern recognition and we can't turn it off at will. I can't see a word and not read it, even if some letters are jumbled, much like seeing a color and knowing what color it is instantly.
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What's the difference between the different types of anti-aliasing?
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There's different methods involved to get rid of the jaggies with varying levels of effectiveness and performance penalties. The most brute force one being super sampling. The image is rendered much higher than the target resolution and then shrunk down to the target resolution. This is very effective at getting rid of jaggies but is has an extreme performance penalty because you are rendering the scene at really high resolution just to shrink it down. MSAA is a simpler version of super sampling that only performs that high resolution render at certain sample points. When you see 4xMSAA that means there are 4 sample points 8x = 8 sample points and so forth. Its's a lot more feasible in terms of performance penalty when it comes to realtime graphics while still producing a nice result. FXAA is AA that uses a screen space edge detection algorithm to find jaggies and blur them. Basically It's a shader that can find where the edges of 3d objects are and then it can apply ablur to them to reduce the appearance of jags. Of the 3 im mentioning this has the lowest performance penalty but also produces the worst result with the final image often looking fuzzy because of the blurring. Of course there's a plethora more of techniques but hopefully you get the gist of it.
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why does written Vietnamese use the Latin alphabet? What did they use before it was introduced?
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Vietnam, before it was Vietnam, was called "French Indo-China", because it was owned and run by the French. The Vietnamese got their alphabet from them. Before that, they used a variation on Chinese characters called "Chũ-Nom". [Here's a manual on how to read Chu-Nom in Chu Nom].The Latin lettering in the Vietnamese language was credited to Alexandre de Rhodes, a French Jesuit missionary who added the diacritics to letters to resemble the alphabet we see used now. Before, the language was written in chữ nôm, with characters somewhat resembling Chinese characters. You'll only really see chữ nôm in really old literature or in traditional decorations.
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Why is it pronounced "Gubernatorial?" It's not like they're running for "Gubernor."
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Both words derived from Latin word "*gubernare*", but gubernatorial is a much newer word and was a direct derivation of the original Latin word while the word *governor* is much older and made a detour at Old French's *governeor* before becoming English *governor*.
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How do Starbucks pay it forward chains work?
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By the time you get to the window, the guy behind you has most likely already made his order. So you say to the barista "Hey, can you actually add his order to my check?" The barista complies with your request, and then you pay for it. When the guy pulls up to the window, the barista tells him the check has already been covered by the guy in front of him . The guy says "well, golly, that sure was nice! Say, Mr. Barista, could I just pay for the next guy's order then?" It only works at drive through store. This is because the order is queued when you place it at the speaker until you get to the window to pick up and pay. The cashier knows what the next order is ahead of time and the person can pay for the order. Does that make sense?
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how come after orgasm, I'm not horny anymore?
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Hormones! This is commonly referred to as the refractory period. _URL_0_ The amount of oxytocin your body creates will determine how long that period is
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What exactly is the FBI trying to find in the raid on Michael Cohen's office and what are they going to do with what they find?
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The news that's come out about the raid indicate that the FBI is investigating campaign finance violations relating to payments made to Stormy Daniels and possibly others. That's all the detail we have that's been reported so far; the FBI doesn't usually reveal a whole lot of information until an investigation concludes. What we do know is that it takes a *lot* of evidence to get a judge to approve a no-knock raid, especially when the target is the President's own lawyer. So whatever information they were trying to find, it's very likely that they knew where it was, believed it was in danger of being destroyed, and were able to convince a judge that it was valid and important to their investigation.
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Why if I go to bed a 2am do I have an easier time getting up than if I go to bed at 10?
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You're probably hitting your sleep cycles correctly at wakeup time. You may find going to bed at 11 instead of 10 may be helpful, as most tend to have a 3 hour sleep cycle", 'Sleep is a pretty complicated biological process. it is not just "being asleep versus being awake", a lot of stuff is going on when you're sleeping. There are two types of sleep- Rapid Eye Movement and non-REM. The REM sleep is what actually makes you feel rested, and performs a lot of the regenerative, restfulness, foundation of memory, dreaming, and muscle relaxation. This cycle lasts about 90 minutes. The non-REM sleep is the part that takes place in between REM. If your alarm goes off during a REM cycle, you're in the middle of this "deep sleep". If your alarm goes off at a non-REM time, you feel more rested. There are apps that can help you measure your personal 90 minute variations. For me personally, 7.5 hours of sleep make me feel good, or 9 hours. 8 hours of sleep leaves me kind of groggy in the morning.Better than timing your sleep cycles, you can use an app to wake you when you're nearing the top of the cycle. You'd need to keep your phone under your pillow as they use the accelerometer to detect your motion while you sleep.
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Why is antialiasing graphically intensive?
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I'm no expert and AFAIK there are some different types of AA, but it's not as simple as adding a blur The one kind of AA that I know is that it samples the pixels around the edges of stuff and basically adds extra pixels with appropriate colors in order to smooth out the edge .> Without AA, the image is generally sharper, with AA, the pixels are smoothed over, so technically it's just a blur It isn't just a blur for several reasons. First is that it isn't applied to the entire scene as a whole; you aren't trying to blend everything including textures which might have sharp features on them, you are just trying to blend the transitions between polygon edges and more distant backgrounds. Objects within the scene are going to be composed of many polygons themselves so you can't just direct your efforts toward the edges of any polygon either. Figuring out where the aliasing would occur is computationally expensive itself. Second it isn't a simple blur being performed. For example you want to blend areas where the polygon edge would be cutting a pixel into a fraction of itself, adjusting the intensity between it and the background an equivalent fractional amount. But in areas where the polygon boundary closely matches the real boundaries of the pixels you don't want your algorithm to be mindlessly blending with surrounding pixels. So you see it isn't really a "simple blur" at all and heavily references the underlying geometry of the scene. All that takes computation power to perform.
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