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Why do we close our eyes when we are afraid that something my hit/harm us?
> I understand that eyelids can protect your eyes from dust/dirt, but if something big and sharp hits your eye then your eyelids aren't really going to help Isn't it? Think back to our ancestors. If you're walking through a forest and out of the corner of your eye you see a tree branch falling, a sharp edge of a stick might cut your eyelid but it's unlikely to completely pierce it and even if so, it won't go nearly as deep especially if it's a glancing blow. Same deal with predators, or if you got into a fistfight. Yes, a direct hit is going to mess you up regardless. But there's still value in closing your eyes, and the concept of driving and having a windshield to protect you doesn't really apply to these biological impulses.
why does it look like big (really big) things fall slower than smaller things?
They appear to move slower relative to themselves. Consider a ball 1 cm across, and one 10 meters across. In the first second of falling, each will fall the same distance; about 5 meters. But the first ball will have gone 500 times it's diameter, while the second will have traversed barely one of it's radii, appearing to fall only half of it's length towards the ground.Sometimes they actually do fall slower. Bigger objects will have more surface area and more wind resistance to slow them down. Smaller objects will *usually* be more aerodynamic and thus faster fallers.
If all polar caps melted, would we be able to consume seawater due to the reduced salinity?
nope, because even a few meters increase in Sea level is far less than a 1% increase in total ocean volume. The ocean is really really big. So we would still be fucked without the added benefit of extra drinking water. If anything it might reach some near coast lakes and ruin those.
Some people tell me I'm legally required to pay income taxes, and some tell me it's unconstitutional. Which person is correct and why?
It is constitutional until the courts rule it unconstitutional. Currently it is firmly on the side of "legally required"You are legally required to pay income taxes. Some people are politically opposed to taxes, so they claim that it is unconstitutional. This is 100% not true because taxes are directly mentioned in the original body of the US Constitution, and again in the Sixteenth Amendment. > The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.Stop paying taxes and you'll quickly find out!
How are syringe needles made?
Take a tube and yank on it. It stretches out to be very thin but the hole in the center doesn't collapse! Do this carefully a bunch of times and you can end up with good thin needles._URL_0_ This is a "How Things Are Made" video that goes into great detail on how hypodermic needles are made.
Why cant we just stop media outlets from covering terrorism? Wouldn't that effectively make it pointless?
Freedom of the press. If you prevent the media from reporting something, that opens room for abuse. Police beating that man to death? Fits most definitions of terrorism. That government crackdown on dissidents? Terrorism. Invading another country? Terrorism.There's a difference between reporting that something terrible happened, and reporting that it happened + a full week of coverage + specials + interviews + really inappropriate intro graphics that say stuff like 'BLOODSHED IN BELGIUM' Tell us that it happened, don't turn the criminals into celebrities.It's the freedom of the press coupled with a drive for ratings in the 24 hour news cycle vs our morbid curiosity for the macabre. No one looks away at a train crash. We all just stand their with our mouths agape asking "how could this happen?". Now imagine a channel on your TV that is constantly on the lookout for train crashes to show 24/7, hoping to "outdo" the one from before. NOW imagine you're a psychopath who wants to live in infamy because you 've always led a life of nothing. What could you do to get your name/cause/ideology in front of millions of people today?', "Can we censor the news? No, that's a terrible idea.
Why do languages develop words with double meanings? (Like "right" in English)
Possibly because the 'same\' word came from two different places. More often, though, it's just a branching out from the original meaning. The word 'right\' is a good example given how many things it can mean, but really, in a certain sense, it means the same thing. [Check this out.] \'Right\' came from the original meaning of being straight, unbent, etc. These qualities were seen as being good, so the 'right thing to do\' was what was demanded by ethics, duty or whatever The right hand is the right one because everybody used it, and the use of the left hand as a dominant hand was seen as outright incorrect throughout a lot of history for English speakers. It got turned into a verb: to make something right was to right it. Meaning 'straight\' also meant it made sense to say: "It's coming right for us!" We long since stopped thinking of 'right\' as meaning straight and direct because it started getting used more often than not for a few cases. In makes perfect sense looking back, though.
The argument that Science can answer moral questions.
You watched his talk? Was there something in it you didn't understand? I thought he explained it pretty simply. What were some of the concepts or examples you didn't follow?
Why do countries exist?
They evolved, as powerful people organized armies to take control of areas of land. You could only control an area where you could send warriors to enforce your will, so each leader had a finite geographic area -- his country. In many cases these were quite small -- areas only a few km across could be independent countries. But in many cases horses and boats were enough to enable powerful rulers to control areas hundreds of km across, occasionally even thousands of km. Eventually population became so big, and transportation so good, that almost no piece of land on Earth -- other than Antarctica -- wasn't part of someone's domain. So now the world's land is divided almost entirely into countries.
the second half of TLS/SSL
The public key isn't used to encrypt the data, it's only used for key exchange - the client uses this key to encrypt and send information that will be used by both parties to generate a shared key, just for this session. This key is then used for a symmetrical encryption such as AES.
How do physiologists differentiate between mental disorders and personality?
Psychiatrist and/or psychologist? There is a [manual] for it with the various criteria. One of the general criteria for personality disorders would be that it "lead to clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning," which is really the main difference between an odd personality and a personality disorderTypically, if it interferes with "normal" functioning, it's a disorder.There is a generally agreed upon standard, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM. The DSM has criteria and symptoms for disorders. It is periodically updated for inclusions, excluctions or refinements. most recently in 2013 . Like nearly any other standard it has it's critics, but I think it's generally accepted.
Assuming humans are still alive at the time, how close will andromeda have to be to the Milky Way before we notice changes such as gravity, weather, and other stuff.
Based on current calculations astrophysicists predict a 50% chance that in a merged galaxy, the Solar System will be swept out three times farther from the galactic core than its current distance.\xa0They also predict a 12% chance that the Solar System will be ejected from the new galaxy sometime during the collision. Such an event would have no adverse effect on the system and the chances of any sort of disturbance to the Sun or planets themselves may be remote. Excluding\xa0planetary engineering, by the time the two galaxies collide the surface of the Earth will have already become far too hot for liquid water to exist, ending all terrestrial life; that is currently estimated to occur in about 3.75 billion years due to gradually increasing\xa0luminosity of the Sun\xa0. _URL_0_
How is it possible to self-plagiarize yourself?
The concept is poorly named by people with a limited vocabulary. Your instinct that the sin of plagiarism lies primarily in taking other people's work is right--that is the origin of the term. However, particularly in academia, reusing your previous work without properly identifying it as such is also wrong. This is because proper citations and attribution to all prior work is expected. Failure to do so may be a mistake, or a form of deliberate dishonesty, but is in either case frowned upon. Some people use the word "plagiarism" for such acts because the concept is well-understood and has clear negative connotations. If you understand what they mean, forgive them for their strange choice of words, though you can resolve to be more accurate yourself.In a lot of areas the number of publications is an important part of your reputation as a researcher. If I write a year on my book ABCDEF, I get one publication. Splitting it in ABC-DEF doubles that. I can take this further, and if the content allows it, I can publish ABC, BCD, CDE and DEF all as a viable publication. However, I can't trick my readers into thinking that CDE is all new research. Most of it was already done in BCD. Therefore I have to cite myself. It's not that I'm stealing my own work, it's that I'm tricking my readers into thinking I did more research than I actually did."Plagiarism" is normally equated as theft but its more about falsely presenting a work as original. Self-plagiarism or duplicate publishing isn't necessarily theft like "normal" plagiarism is, but it is considered dishonest because you're presenting old material as new or failing to adequately document your sources. It also may be interpreted as plagiarizing or defrauding the publisher of the old piece, even if you wrote it.
How can the Sun's gravitational pull be strong enough to keep Pluto in orbit but not just pull Mercury into it?
The Sun's gravity is pulling Mercury, but the planet is traveling so fast that it can't fall fast enough to ever hit the Sun. Mercury's orbit is elliptical though, so it does vary in distance from the Sun. As it gets closer to the Sun the pull from the Sun's gravity does increase, but so does the orbital velocity of Mercury, which means it simply keeps on moving in its orbit. As the orbital radius increases and Mercury gets further away the strength of gravity decreases, but so does Mercury's orbital velocity. The end result is a stable orbit. It is actually VERY difficult to make something crash into the Sun. If we were to suddenly reduce the Earth's orbital velocity by 20% we would simply move into a much more elliptical orbit. We would not fall into the Sun. If we wanted to send a space probe to the Sun we would have to completely counteract the orbital velocity it has from being launched from the Earth. This takes something like twice the fuel as it does to send a probe out of the Solar System!
How can or why would someone consider themselves being transgender without being pre-op or post-op?
I'm no expert - but surely it's possible for someone who was born a man to feel like a woman, to chose to live her life as a woman, dress like a woman, and identify as a woman, but not want to undergo major surgery? And vice versa. All surgery is risky. I would imagine that your friend would have their genitals changed if it could be done with a click of the fingers - but has weighed up the pros/cons, and decided that, for them, they'll be able to live a happy and fulfilling life without the need to undergo surgery?
The difference between an enoteca, trattoria, etc. in Italian dining
An enoteca, in the original Italian sense is just a wine shop. It is usually a shop dedicated to regional wines. Now, of course, in most enoteche you can also eat. A trattoria is much like a restaurant, but is less formal: usually there isn't a real menu, and the available dishes change almost every day.No one wears a suit in a real trattoria. Osteria is much like an old style pub where you can also eat. It's **very** informal. A ristorante is just the Italian word for restaurant.
I have mild asthma, if I can only spare 30 minutes to an hour a day to exercise, what should I do?
anything cardio is fine. or lifting weights. cardio directly burns fat, whereas lifting weights build muscles which burns fat and increase metabolism which burns fats. lifting is kind of an indirect way of losing weight.
Why do parts of your body involuntarily twitch/flutter repeatedly for short to medium periods of time?
As unsatisfying as this answer is, most of the time no one has any idea why it happens. There's usually no obvious physical cause, no diseases, and no tests to show that anything is wrong. And then just as randomly stops as if it'd never been there. And that's pretty much it. Sometimes such symptoms can be caused by injury or stroke or the like, but im assuming you're not talking about those instances.
What happens to an embassy when the country it represents gets declared war on
International law would dictate they are given safe passage back to their home countries, but in practical terms, whatever the country they are in wants. It is not unheard of for diplomats to be made captive. Also, they would not be POWs, that is a status for soldiers. Another thing to consider is their relationship to their home country. Diplomats are typically withdrawn from their home countries well before war breaks out. If a war breaks out, there is a good chance a radical change has occurred in the home country's gov't, and the diplomat might not be in favor any longer. They might even seek asylum.
What is the purpose of adding -eth to the ending of some verbs in older writings?
In Middle English, you 'd conjugate the verb "to think" like so: Singular | Plural---------|---------- think | think thinkest | think thinketh | think People just started using 'thinks\' instead of 'thinketh\' and dropped the 'thinkest\' altogetherI go, thou goest, she goeth. Modern English lost most of these inflections, but the "eth" didn't actually disappear - it changed to "-s" . It's just about the only remaining inflection in English which distinguishes the grammatical "persons". English is in the minority here, as most modern European languages still have a full set of inflections on the verbsThis comes from [Middle English]. Middle English was the language which pre-dates modern English. In Middle English, the third-person form of verbs usually ended with an "eth" sound. When it's used in modern English, it's usually used as a stylistic technique, rather than an attempt to use historically-accurate Middle EnglishWow. TIL. This is an awesome question, thank you for asking
How do standard BIC Lighters work? They appear to be a liquid, but are released as a gas.
Butane gas is contained within the body under pressure. This pressure condenses it into a liquid, dramatically increasing the quantity of fuel that can be stored in a given volume . When you push the activation nub it opens a valve allowing the butane to leave. When it leaves, the pressure drops and the butane converts back into gas all on its own. If a flame or spark is present, it will also ignite.
What causes the tingling feeling in my arm/leg when the blood flow is restricted?
It is called [paresthesia]. You basically already explained it; it happens when there is in interruption of circulation to an area. Think of it like this: a hose is running with water, you begin to kink the hose, and all of a sudden, only a few drops are trickling out, or none at all. When you release the pressure, the water flows normally. Now the literal "prickly feeling" is cause by the restoration of pain signals your nerves are sending from that area, once blood flow is restored.
Why does combining a gyroscope and an accelerometer only give me the pitch - roll orientation and not yaw?
You can measure yaw just fine. The issue is that based purely on accelerations, you can't have a stable yaw reference over time. What's being measured is only the _rate_ of rotation, not the orientation itself. Any errors or noise in the sensor data or the integration process will add up over time to wreck your reference. After a few minutes it may think you've turned 180° when you haven't or vice versa. You need to combine with compass measurements or the like to have a more stable reference. The reason pitch and yaw are fine is that we have gravity on Earth. You can measure linear acceleration to determine where up is for most practical purposes. Knowing up, you can stabilize rotation axes perpendicular to it. Yaw is parallel and can't be corrected that way.
Is it *actually* possible to change the size of your penis?
No it's a scam. From previous thread - What they don't tell you, is that with the pills you get also a pump. Which brings blood to your penis, and the pill being a chemical that temporary helps that process. So it is technically a penis enlargement pill, the same ways as Viagra is.
How does digestion work in zero gravity?
digestion still takes place even when you are upside down because our digestive system has many muscles that force things to the endYour muscles push the partially digested food along. Even on Earth, you can swallow something while being upside down - not to mention parts of your digestive track travel upwards against gravity.
Why is having money in tax havens like Swiss Bank accounts considered bad if it is not actually illegal? If it is illegal why is there a Swiss Bank?
Depositing income into Swiss Bank accounts for the purpose of avoiding taxes is illegal, but there may be other reasons for wanting to keep money overseas and secret/secure. Also, Swiss banks are governed by laws of Switzerland, so U.S. laws have no bearing on whether and why they exist their laws could be completely different than oursSwiss banks used to be a good place to "hide" money because it could be hidden. But in recent decades it has become less secretive and more willing to work it law enforcement regarding account details. Additionally the Swiss government used to control the exchange rate against the Euro so it was a strong currency. They don't do that any more so holding money there is less desirable. At this point the term "Swiss bank account" means less that money is actually in Switzerland and more that you are hiding funds somewhere, like Panama or somewhere else. Which is why it is considered a negative statement.It's not illegal in Switzerland. It's often illegal as shit in many other countries if their citizens are sending money there in an attempt to commit tax fraud.
What's the difference between a 10Mb/s connection and a 100Mb/s one when the "bits" travel at the speed of electricity in both cases?
Nobody is really giving a good answer. The difference is this: at 100 Mb, the bits are packed tighter together. So suppose you have a piece of wire such that it takes a [nanosecond] for the signal to travel from one end to the other. This is the same regardless of how fast you're sending data. What changes is how long you wait between changing the voltage on the wire. If you're sending data at 10 Mbps, you're changing the voltage on the wire 10 million times per second. If you're sending at 100 Mbps, 100 million times. At both bandwidths a bit takes the same amount of time to cross the wire, but in the second case it's 1/10th as long. Physical characteristics of the wire smear the signal, so that if you change the voltage too fast information gets lost. So to transmit at a higher bandwidth you can need better cabling, besides faster hardware.
Why do movies look smooth at 24 fps but video games look choppy under 60 fps?
A computer frame is a rendering of an exact point in time. A camera frame is a capture of everything over a short period of time . Lets say a baseball pitcher throws a ball to a catcher. A computer will render the ball as it leaves the pitchers hand, every new frame the ball will appear to "leap" a few feet closer to the catcher leading to a choppy video. A camera will instead capture a white blur a few feet long, and the next frame the blur will be a few feet closer to the catcher. You won't be able to see much detail on the ball but it's motion will appear smoother. Poor MS paint drawing of what I'm talking about: _URL_0_', "This is subjective at best. I've never understood the movie world's obsession with sticking to 24FPS. In modern action films, fast action scenes look awful at 24FPS it's just not fast enough to capture it properly in my humble opinion.
why has my health insurance premium doubled in the last year while my plan has remained the same?
There are two factors, neither of which are about you or you have any control over. 1) Employer contribution. If this has gone down or has remained capped at previous years levels, the percentage of the premium cost you pay goes up. 2) Insurer Confidence This year insurance companies are very uncertain about what their costs and revenue will be, this has made them raise rates as precaution to protect themselves from financial trouble. The Affordable Care Act requires insurers to refund excess premiums if the people in their plan don't use enough of it. Which has also made insurers confident that raising prices is fine because if they raised it too high, you'll get a refund, but if they don't raise it high enough, they can't go back and ask for more money.
what makes some drugs more expensive than the other?
* Expense and ease to manufacture - some drugs are very difficult to make, particularly when they involve very rare diseases or conditions, or have to be tailored for a specific individual each time like gene therapy can be. * Age of the drug - If it's been around for 25 years, odds are if it's highly profitable and there's not some form of solidly locked-in patent for it, other manufacturers will start selling it too, reducing its price through competition. * Brand - you pay a premium for Tylenol over "white label" or generic painkillers, and the same is true for named prescription medicines. A lot of drugs spend a lot of their money advertising themselves to try and create demand, and recover this cost through an up-charge. * Recovery of investment - it takes a TREMENDOUS amount of expense to have a new drug pass all of the safety and efficacy clinical trials. First you have to pay to research it, and then you have to pay a whole lot to get it approved by the Federal Drug Agency or whatever national system is used for that , and then you have to build and run your manufacturing facility. For the first few years of your new drug's manufacturing and sale you have to recover that investment, as well as the investment you made in all of the other researched drugs that DIDN't make it that far, so you charge a lot for it. * [Shitbag CEO's like that tool Martin Shkreli], who jacked up the price of a drug he bought purely to make immense profits.
why won't world leaders recognize Crimea seceeding from Ukraine?
A referendum vote during a military takeover in which the Country being voted to join is occupying the region unlawfully is both unlawful and immoral. If Russia wasn't occupying the region and Crimea independently decided to vote on secession citing Ukraine's instability then the vote would have to be recognized.
If HTML 5 is smaller, faster, and more effecient, why don't GIF dependent sites such as Imgur and Tumblr use it already?
It's still fairly new. It's not supported on all devices, not everyone likes or uses them. And the process to make them is very different, so it's not like you can go "Alright, gifmakers, just hit the Html5 button at the end now."
Why does the USA government allow cable companies to have monopolies over a area?
Natural monopolies are not illegal. A monopoly is only illegal if you actively take actions to prevent or eliminate competition. One such action is buying out the competition, but competition choosing to not invest in the region you choose to invest is not illegal.It's hard enough to get one company to invest in serving an area. To have two competitors isn't practical. That's why you only have one gas company and one electric distribution company. The lack of head-to-head broadband competition in most areas is how the FCC justified Title II regulation of ISPs.
How come certain vaccinations will last for your whole life, despite the fact that your body cells are continuously dying and regrowing anew?
Your immune system fights disease with chemicals called antibodies, found in your white blood cells. Each antibody type can kill a different virus, bacteria, or disease. If your white blood cells come into contact with a dangerous pathogen, your immune system creates the antibodies that it knows will work to stop the disease. Most of these antibodies are inherited from your parents, and you have them from birth. But what happens when you encounter a pathogen that you don't have the antibodies to defeat? The answer is that you get sick. You body will try to make new antibodies to kill the disease, but often the immune system is destroyed before this can happen. Then you die. A vaccine is like a weakened form of a disease. They are made from dead, or weak disease cells, or the proteins that they produce. The idea is to teach your immune system how to recognise and fight the weak form of the virus, so when become infected later, you already have the antibodies to fight off the disease. Its like teaching someone how to box in a sparring ring, so when it comes to a real match, they know how to avoid being hit.
Why is Comcast hated so much?
Customers expect better service for the money that they're paying. There are two ways to look at this: 1. The customer expects too much from comcast for what that customer actually pays. 2. Comcast is giving too little to customers for what the customer pays. These two views are independently held by comcast and the customers respectively which is why neither of the sides will budge on the issue. The customer further defends their position by making a factual claim that Comcast has no competition to limit their ability to control prices. Moreso, the customer defends his/her perspective, by leveraging their factual cliam to assert the idea that: "Because no market influences exist to reduce services fees to their actual competitive value, it is likely that current service fees are inproperly valued and the customers are paying far more than the service would be worth in a competitive market." - Me if I hated Comcast. While customers appopriately try to defend their perspective, Comcast has not publicly defended theirs. In fact there are numerous public statements made by Comcast stating that they're intentionally staying away from competition with other digital service providers*. Thus further supporting the customer's claim that digital service providers are collusively propping up prices to comically large proportions. Now The perception of being taken advantage of elicits a strong negative emotional reaction. Repeated strong negative emotional reactions and helplessness causes a hatred of their source. Many people are making a defenceable assumption that they are being taken advantage of and are helpless when it comes to fixing the problem. Therefore these people are likely to hate comcast and timewarner cable. **The statements were made by high level representatives in hopes that it would showcase business prowess to the business oriented audience they were addressed to.*
My Windows 95 computer from '96 can run Doom and stream music in the background, but my Windows 10 2016 Xbox can't. Why?
It can, technically speaking hardware wise. The thing is that its Operating System is not coded/configured to do it, as a choice from the developers. They probably want you to listen to the game music/sounds alone instead of listening to your music. Now, the reason why they would want that beats me.
How does dynamic cruise control and accident prevention braking work?
I believe these systems constantly monitor the field of view in front of the car. Imagine a camera with a green zone amber, and red. If it's in the green zone, the car cruises along as normal, when you get too close to the car it prepares its systems giving you chance to brake yourself based on it's recommended distance. As soon as you don't respond to the car getting to the red zone it applys brakes until it reaches the amber zone. Where you will maintain speed. If the car in front suddenly stops, it will recognize the speed it has stopped depending on how fast your approaching and apply breaks full on to bring you to a stop.
How did Oprah get to be such a big deal?
She struck a chord with a lot of people because they could relate to her, for the fact that she had grown up poor, her struggles with her weight, and so on. She hit TV at a time when daytime talk shows were hugely popular, and she's very good at what she does: so good that her show was syndicated nationally extremely fast. She worked incredibly hard. And she also took control of her own show. She promoted herself well. She also got quite lucky, for example by snagging interviews with top celebrities of the time like Michael Jackson. She's also a savvy businesswoman who quickly expanded into film, books, and other media. She became the only African American on the Forbes 500 at one time. She's also the richest African American of the 20th century and the first black woman billionaire.
I have a portable air conditioner. Is it more effective to direct the vents towards the floor or ceiling to cool a room?
Since cooler air sinks, aiming the vents up will result in more even cooling. If you're sitting on the floor, aiming the vents horizontal or down may be more comfortable.Hot air floats, cool air sinks.. thats why many heaters in a room are at the bottom. So facing it up would probably more effective.
Why does every shower, no matter how hot I have it set for, always have that initial burst of ICE COLD WATER?
I'm about to change your life. Turn the shower on and let it heat up before actually getting into it.Because the hot water comes from the water heater. There is water in the pipes between the water heater and the shower head. When the shower is not in use that water is sitting in the pipes. It is at room temperature, thus cold feeling. So it takes a second for the hot water to make it from the water heater to the shower headThe initial burst of water is the water that is sitting in your pipes. It is the temperature that your house is kept at.
How do clouds float if they are so heavy?
There are 2 aspects that allow clouds to stay up. 1) they're incredibly sparse: entire clouds are heavy but each drop is small, very small, about one micron, or one-hundred-thousandth of an inch across. Each individual particle is so small that 2) warm air currents keep clouds afloat: warm air rising from the earth’s surface is able to keep them floating in the air. It’s similar to how dust motes swirl in a shaft of sunlight. Each particle is so small they're easily lifted by the lightest wind.
Why is it that maps are all oriented with North at the top?
Polaris! While medieval maps were oriented toward Jerusalem , renaissance cartographers rediscovered Greek/Roman maps and liked their use of Polaris, the north star. Explorers used stars to navigate to the new world. So as they added to the maps, they did them in reference to the starsFunny you say north oriented. Orient means east, which is the direction I believe the old Roman maps faced. Hence Asia being oriental, it was the land to the east.They aren't all oriented like that. I have several maps from hikes I've done where north isn't straight up.
Why don't hockey teams use extremely large men as goalies?
The rules limit how big a goalie's pads can be, so they don't show up with giant pads that block the goal. So a fat guy might take up a lot of space, but much of his body will be unprotected from 150+ km/h slap shots. He might block the first few, but he'll be leaving the ice on a stretcher before the game is over.
How do new medical techniques spread?
One of the main ways they spread are through residencies and fellowships. Residencies and the first thing med students do once they become doctors. They go work at a hospital in their chosen specialty and spend a few years learning the craft by working with skilled doctors. Obviously areas with the latest and greatest surgical techniques become popular residency locations, and then all those newly minted specialists go find jobs at a hospital and bring their skills with them. Fellowships are like residencies on steroids, usually an experienced/very well educated doctor decides to do one of these when they want to enter a very complicated specialty like liver transplants, or hand reconstructive surgery etc. They work with more skilled specialists and undergo a lot of training and testing to make sure they have mastered all the necessary skills. For something like a single surgical technique, it is often written up in a journal for other doctor's to read about. Depending on the size of the specialty doctors might just reach out personally to the author and ask to come observe, or maybe they put on a seminar after the article and the 50-70 interested doctors all fly in for the weekend. Pretty much like techniques in other fields I guess crazy random diffusion mixed with a competitive population who likes to learn.Doctors often consult with someone who actually has experience of the previous use of a new technique. Also, a research institution may do a dedicated study to test the procedure's effectiveness, if possible. But a doctor who "discovers" a new procedure will write it up so that others could, in theory, work from the journal article. As long as the patient understands that it's a new or experimental procedure, they can consent to it.
How do international credit ratings work? Italy has never defaulted on its sovereign debt, Germany has defaulted over 5 times. Why does Germany have a better rating than Italy?
well, they are issued by companies that all have their own unique blend of reasons to issue them. but considering at least 4 of those 5 times "Germany" defaulted it was a different country, it is pretty obvious they will pay more attention to the current economic situation than how the country handled things several centuries ago as stated in the link you provide, that graph is incredibly missleading and just for fun, not for serious contemplation*Past Performance Is Not Indicative Of Future Results* The people who assign these rating mainly are doing so based on one question only : "How likely are you to get your money back if you lend them some?" Of course looking at what happened in the past can be part of answering that question, but you wouldn't expect current Germany to do most of the things that happened in Imperial or Weimar Germany so looking at those is not too helpful. Just looking at the number of defaults without looking at the circumstances surrounding them and asking wether they still apply would like looking at Italy's and Germany's world cup records, seeing that both have won four times and concluding that both are equally likely to win the next one.Credit rating is based on more than just history. All things being equal, sure, Italy should have a better rating, but all things are **not** equal. Germany's economic indicators are through the roof compared to Italy's, and that means more today than losing a war 70 years ago.
Can we go relatively faster than the speed of light?
No. ALL velocities are relative, so the prohibitions of relativity apply to any inertial reference frame. In this case, they would observe the other ship to be going very quickly, but still sub-light speed: at very high velocities, you can't simply add one ship's velocity to the other; there's a more complex formula.No, in Relativity, velocities don't add up like they do in classical physics. Normally you 'd say 1+1=2, but in relativity it's 1+1+=1.999999. Another way to look at it is that in order to change your velocity, you need an acceleration. An acceleration is caused by a force. Because of E^2 =^2 +^2 , in relativity as your speed increases you gain energy. This added energy can be thought of as extra mass. So the faster you go, the more "mass" you have. This means you need a larger force to keep accelerating. As is turns out, you need an infinite force in order to accelerate the last tiny bit to the speed of light.
Why do we swallow spit more often when we have a sore throat?
It probably just seems that you swallow more when you have a sore throat because it is painful. When you're feeling fine, you swallow without even thinking about it.
How do completely autonomous vehicles navigate parking lots?
Autonomous vehicles usually use a combination of stereoscopic cameras and LIDAR to build a 3D map of the local vicinity: Stereo cameras use the slight differences between the images perceived by two side-by-side cameras to determine how far away something is. LIDAR is a system that sends out a signal and uses the time for it to bounce off an object and return to determine the distance to that object. By combining these a 3D map of the space around the vehicle can be created. From this, machine learning algorithms are used that have been trained to recognise common object like cars, vans, people, bollards etc The training process is a little hard to understand, but it basically works by 'showing' the sensors examples of objects you want the car to recognise and asking it what it is seeing. If it identifies the object correctly, take no action, if it identifies the object incorrectly or fails to identify the object, a small change is made to the identification program until the deemed probability of what the object is moves in the direction of correct identification. Then another object is show to it and the process is repeated. A lot. This object recognition and 3D scene map are combined to place objects around the car in a 3D map. Additionally gps information can also be used to tell the car it is in a parking lot. Using the object location in the 3D map, the car can find spaces between cars that correspond to parking bay sizes and the parking procedure can be started. In terms of avoiding collisions these cameras and LIDAR are constantly scanning the area around the vehicle and have the ability to very quickly stop the car if the scene should change I.e. a car moves, or a person steps in front of the vehicle. I hope that was somewhat helpful. It's a tough one to explain to a 5 year old.
Why do my contacts stay on the front of my eyes?
Their shape. The front part of your eyes has slightly sharper curvature than the rest as a result of your natural lens. The contact lens is designed to hug this curvature, moving it away from that spot would cause it to flex in a way it wasn't designed to.
Why does my internet go so much faster when downloading from Steam or a torrent?
Your download speeds depend both on your connection to the server and the server's capacity. If you're connecting to a server on the other side of the world, you'll probably get a crappy download speed, even if both you and the server have a super fast connection to your ISP. Because of this, large networks like Steam have data centres all over the world that replicate the same content. This is called a Content Delivery Network or CDN. This means that you'll always connect to a Steam server that's close to you and that you'll have a good connection. Regarding BitTorrent, you are always downloading from multiple other users simultaneously. So even if your connection is slow to one peer, you can make parallel connections to other peers. Together a lot of slower speeds can add up to quite a lot. Also you might get someone who is on the same network as you. The speed would be super fast in that case, since there is only minimal routing involved.When you want to print a 100 page pdf and ask a secretary to do it she prints it out 1 by 1 and hands each page to you. If you ask 100 other secretaries who each have their own printer, they each print a different page and send them to you making it 100 times faster.With steam you download it directly from their servers, which have a really high upload speed. When you're downloading a torrent you're actually downloading it from other people, they have to upload it so you can download it from them, if there aren't enough seeders for all the leechers/only seeders with low upload speed you can't download faster then they upload.
How did we find the equator and how do we know we actually pinpointed it exactly?
By measuring the height of the sun at noon during the summer solstice. At that time the sun is directly 90 degrees above you only if you are on the equator. Edit: equinoxes not solstice
When I put my hand/face out of the window of a car, why does the air come in quick gusts not a steadier flow?
The air around your car is a turbulent flow. This is the opposite of a steady flow. Fluids experience turbulent flow when flowing around an obstacle due to drag the obstacle exerts on the fluid.You know when you turn a small necked bottle upside down? it's two currents of matter meeting in one area. Pressure fluctuations!
Why do my teet hurt when I eat sugary candy (Taffy, Tootsie Rolls...)
Almost certainly a cavity. Your saliva dissolves the sugar and the liquid sugar mix can get into the smallest of places, so it may only be a really really tiny cavity, but still something to get checked out.
Why do moonshiners always make the moonshine in the woods
You got it right, it's because it's illegal. If you have it in your home, then you have the evidence with you 24/7. There are also many witnesses around and nosy neighbors. However, if your setup is in the woods then you reduce your exposure. There is no one around to see you. Also if the cops find it, they have no way to link it to you, unless you happen to be there at the time.
How come sometimes a commercial will come on TV for like 5 seconds, then immediately cut to a different one?
Most of the time, it's because you're watching a national feed, and the local stations have a right to broadcast local commercials at that time. The local station's master control doesn't switch over to playing its local commercial in time, so you get a bit of the national feed still spilling over.
Why are most animals not afraid of bugs like humans
To most animals, bugs are either food , or just a normal fact of life . Most humans don't eat bugs, and don't live with them.
Why cant we add smells to carbon monoxide like we do to other gases?
We certainly could. But the dangerous sources of carbon monoxide aren't pre-bottled, where someone could add an odor. Instead they are the product of combustion. So there is no opportunity to add anything.CO is a byproduct of combustion , not a pre bottled product. All scented gases are manufactured pre-combustion products It's basically akin to saying "why can't my poop smell delicious like the food I eat?"', "You can't change the smell of a gas. When you talk about scents added to natural gas or propane, it's a mixture of some other pungent gas with the actual fuel gas. Non-smelly dangerous thing + smelly thing = smelly dangerous thing. We can't just do that for CO because it's not something that comes out of a factory, it's something that comes out of fire, or an engine. I guess if you really really want to, you can work out a way to attach some kind of machine to the exhaust of your engine that mixes some kind of smelly chemical with the CO output, but then you've got to keep that full of gas all the time, and it's basically pointless.
ELIV: Can someone please explain to me why BitTorrent isn't illegal?
BitTorrent is not used ONLY for illegal downloading. That's like banning hammers because they can be used to break into homes.
It seems like every major news website, or newspaper find its sources from Reuters, then why don't people go read news from _URL_0_ directly ?
Reuters is a 'wire service' also called a 'news agency', their main role is to provide bare-bones news to other news outlets. However, they don't do much of the wider context stuff such as explanations, analysis and commentary, most people prefer to read their news from sources which are written to their demographic. _URL_0_
What is a lobotomy and what does it do?
Lobotomy is a called a surgical procedure in the brain. What they do its surgically disconnect the frontal part of the brain. This frontal cortex has has an important function in autonomy and personality. With lobotomy they tried to cure psychological disorders such as schizophrenia. The results appeared to be unpredictable, however [story], and the side effects were bad, such as serious personality changes, but also epilepsy or death due to complications [anekdote] Invented in 1935 and used to treat psychological disorders up until the fifties. Ever since the sixties it has been regarded as a barbaric procedureDr. Egas Moniz developed the procedure primarily for schizophrenic patients. It involves sticking a tool resembling an ice pick into the skull through the eye removing the connections of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain. This left the patient emotionally vacant. Dr. Moniz won a nobel peace prize for this in 1949. He was later shot and killed by one of his patients
How does an imaginary number become an ordered pair?
First, your prof misspoke a little he should have said *complex* numbers can be used as ordered pair. All complex numbers are in the form *a + bi*, and it is sometimes useful to treat them as the ordered pair . When *a* = 0, you have an imaginary number in the form , and when *b* = 0, you have a realUsing complex numbers allows you to essentially add a dimension, the i or imaginary dimension. When you use a complex number it is like having a 2D plane instead of a 1D number line. In order to map that 2D plane, you need 2 numbers instead of 1, hence the ordered pairs.
How do developers reverse engineer server software for "private servers" or emulators?
They look at when data is sent, what that data is, and what the expected result from the server is. From that, they can construct a working server.
How did we get our current meal pattern of eating 3 meals a day in the morning, afternoon, and evening?
Doing hard physical labor in the fields. When we were an agrarian society people spent a massive amount of calories in the effort of growing our food every day, and large percentages of the population did this work. Upwards of 6000 calories can be burned in a day for extreme physical labor such as was needed on farms before tractors and major mechanical aids. This kind of output prompted people to eat well and often, or effectively starve. So the habit of having a large breakfast before you left for the day and a large supper when you came back for the evening became normal, with a smaller meal normally carried with you to eat at some point in a break during the middle of your work. The habit of taking a breaking meal was reinforced during the industrial revolution when people started to work far away from home in factories.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Imagine your brain is like a light bulb. Off is your normal state. When something dangerous happens it turns on. When it's on you are in a heightened state of awareness, you notice everything, you're anxious and scared. This is useful because in a dangerous situation you need that fear and awareness to get somewhere safe. Now imagine your regular life, mostly your light is off, and that's cool because most things are not dangerous. Every once in a while your light bulb will turn on, say if your house catches on fire or if you almost get into a wreck. That's good, you need to be super sensitive to things then. Now, you lived most of your life used to your brain being "off" and you're quite happy. Suddenly you get into a situation where your light turns "on" because some fucked up shit is going down. You survive, but not without very strong memories of what happened. These memories are so strong that your brain sometimes forgets that they are memories and turns your light on again. Even though you may know on a conscious level that things are not dangerous, your brain doesn't care and it turns on your light just like it would if you were actually in danger. As far as why this happens, some people say it's because back in the day we needed this to survive. Say you're a cave person and you meet a dangerous animal and it bites you and you get hurt. You heal, but next time you see that kind of animal your brain turns your light on again to remind you to stay far away from it. Fine. Except we're not cave people anymore and for the most part our day to day life is less dangerous .. but your brain doesn't know that so it keeps flicking your light on. Hope I explained it. This is how I feel with my PTSD. I don't know if it's the proper medical explanation.
Why are students considered more liberal than their contemporaries (both in modern and historical times)?
The young, which students tend to be, do not have as much invested with the current culture or status quo. They often do not yet have jobs or have only entry level/base level jobs, do not tend to own property, do not tend to have much savings or investments, do not have families that they have to care for, etc. They basically do not have much to lose and so do not have much to protect. As such they can afford to be liberal and pursue massive change to society. As they get older and get more of the things mentioned above they have more to protect and so become more conservative as protecting what you have currently and resisting change that may harm what you have is what being conservative is primarily aboutUsually, academia brings the thought of progressivism. As for me, who graduated with a degree in two STEM fields , I was never really taught to focus much on the past. There was never a push to move back towards apothecary but instead a push to next generation drug discovery platforms. The issue I am trying to underline is that many institutions in academia push for the future and what is possible, this goes with the common liberal mantra of being progressive and including all, or as many as possible. Conservatism is just what its name implies, it is about sticking to roots, going back to roots, not changing, being conserved. And I think Neil Degrasse Tyson said it best when he was talking about the scientific ignorance of Bill O\'Reilly, having this conserved mindset means you are "useless to somebody in a lab" because you would lack the capacity to make, or attempt to make, sense of the universe's phenomena. TL;DR: as the problems in academic fields evolve , it fosters a breaking away from the practices of before. PS: This is just my opinion as someone in a research science discipline, it can also totally be due to what their previous academic environments were like.
Why does the weather forecast indicate 100% humidity while we clearly aren't breathing in water?
100% is the *relative* humidity. So, the air contains as much humidity as it is possible for air to contain. At 50% relative humidity, the air contains half as much water as it is capable of containing100% humidity means that the air is saturated with water. This means that no more water can be absorbed in the air. More specifically the partial pressure of the water vapor in the mixture of the air is equal to the saturated vapor pressure of water at the given temperature. [wiki].Same info as previous posts. If you've ever gotten a plane from Denver to Florida, you can totally understand. It felt like I stepped into a fishbowl and literally choked on the water.
How do mirrors work for multiple users?
Imagine the mirror is a smooth floor and visible light is a bouncy ball, mirrors reflect light the same way a ball would bounce off a smooth floor. Meaning the angle the ball hits the ground is equal to the angle it bounces off. You throw the ball from different angles, it bounces off in different directions.When you see an image in a mirror, you are seeing the reflection of light off of its surface. The image that one sees as they look in the mirror is dependent on what position one's eyes are at while looking. When light hits a mirror, it bounces off in all possible directions, basically sending an image back in every direction. If **you** stand in front of a mirror, you see yourself and whatever is behind you because your eyes are only catching the reflected light of a limited angle. The rest of the reflected light just goes off in every other direction, and your eyes do not catch those beams of light. Your **sister** however, is standing to your right, and sees a different image on the mirror's surface. That is because her eyes are catching a different angle of reflected light than yours. I am not sure if this makes sense, please let me know if I can clarify anything.
Why is it that 60° in air feels fine but when you get in a 60° swimming pool it feels cold and comfortable?
The reason why 60 degree air is so much more comfortable than 60 degree water is that water is about 25 times as thermally conductive as air is. This means that water at any temperature transmits its heat 25 times more quickly than air of the same temperature. It is this reason why it is possible to sit in a 240 degree sauna for 20 minutes, while water at 120 degrees can cause burns within a couple of minutes. Conductivity. Edit: Whoops, yup! [/u/leavintown] is right about the difference in thermal conductivity between air and water. According to [this] the thermal conductivity of water is 0.58 W/ at 25-degrees C, while air is 0.024 W/ at the same temp. 0.58 / 0.024 == @25. Not 8, as I said previouslyWater conducts heat away from the body 25 times faster than air. Source - _URL_2_
What is the technology at work in the Power Balance Performance bracelets?
Nothing. It's a complete lie. There have been no peer reviewed and accepted scientific studies that have found Benefits from such products. magnets, rocks, crystals, etc do not affect your body in any way.
How is it determined whether an animal is red meat or not?
It depends if you're using it in a strict nutritional sense or in a more layman sense- pork, for instance, is technically *red meat* even tough it is quite light in colour and people will call it "the other white meat". Red meat is higher in myoglobin than white meat, which in a nutritional science sense white meat is only the non-dark meat of chicken . So basically anything from mammal or birds that isn't white meat from a poultry *is* red meat. In a non-scientific sense you can call anything you want red meat or white meat, sometimes people treat pork, or young piglets, or veal, as white meat even if all mammal meat is technically red meat.
Why does every router I have ever owned need to be restarted so often?
Dont buy a cheap router. Buy a nice $70-120 router and youll be much happier.It's probably a piece of steaming shit. Put DD-WRT on your router if it supports it. It has kept me from having to restart my router on a regular basis. This indicates poor software on the manufacturers part rather than the hardware.
What does filing for bankruptcy mean?
It essentially means "I don't have the money to pay back my debts". Filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. When an application for chapter 7 bankruptcy is approved by a federal judge, you are allowed to keep certain property, as exempt by federal bankruptcy law, a car, and some cash, between $10,000-$30,000. However, liens stay in tact, for instance home mortgage. All the other assets you posses are liquidated to pay off your outstanding debts, mainly for these liens. A lot of the debts, for instance credit card debts, are purged by being approved for bankruptcy. This is why it ruins your credit. The only things not purged by bankruptcy are the aforementioned liens, child support, and student loans. A filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy stays on your credit record for 10 years, at which point it falls off and your credit is no longer affected by the filing. Chapter 11 and 13 bankruptcies are also common, although moreso for businesses, as those govern the process of reorganization of the individual or business, which essentially means as opposed to chapter 7, you get to keep your unprotected assets, but you are subject to oversight by the courts in terms of spending and how to pay back your debtsIt means your debts are higher than your assets, and you are filing for legal protection from things like interest
Why do our teeth need constant maintenance during our lives but are preserved for decades after death with no maintenance?
Pretty much because we don't eat or drink when we're dead. It's the acids in food and drink that do the most damage to teeth, also the mechanical grinding when we chew. After death, none of this happens anymore, so the teeth aren't subject to the same stresses.
Was President Bill Clinton completely impeached, and if so who took over control of the White House?
In order for the President to be removed through impeachment: 1. The House votes to impeach the President. Then,2. The Senate has a trial and votes on whether to find the President guilty or not Clinton was impeached. That is, the first part happened: the House voted to impeach him. However he was acquitted by the Senate and so he wasn't removed from office. ----------------- There's confusion because often people refer to the whole process -- step 1 and step 2 -- as "impeachment" and sometimes people refer to only step 1 as "impeachment".
Why are fat people unattractive to the general population?
Programming. The ideals of attractiveness have changed dramatically over the centuries; in fact, a nice pot belly was the sign of a healthy woman not 100 years ago. Thin people didn't make it through the winter when the food ran out and evolution has taught us to seek the healthiest mates; thus, fat = healthy = attractive. Personally, I think it has a lot to do with our severe lifestyle shift since the industrial revolution. Now that things can be done with less manual labor, food and materials are much more readily available and jobs are much less labor intensive . This has led us to a much more sedentary lifestyle where being in shape isn't just the accidental byproduct of our jobs and scarce food, but rather a time consuming process which is easy to avoid. Anyone with a couple dollars can eat a cheeseburger but it actually takes some effort to work out and eat healthy. This makes truly fit people a rarity rather than commonplace. A little bit of fat no longer demonstrates opulence and health as it once did but rather a slovenly attitude and thus we have shifted our ideal of the attractive body towards the image that now represents time, money, and health: Folks who can spend an hour a day in the gym.Well it is probably part of the culture, as it is the norm in the country Mauritania to think fat women are the most beautiful. Unnecessary info:Some studies have shown that men seem to be more attracted to women with a ratio of 90-60 centimeters, or similar rations, around breast and hip. This studies suggest it is because it is easier for women to give birth without complications if they have these ratios.
Why are progress bars when installing or downloading software so wildly inaccurate? Why is it difficult to estimate this?
Imagine driving a long distance on the road. Your destination is 160 miles away, so you drive along the highway at about 80mph and figure that you need about 2hours total. Then, in the middle of that 160mi, the road gets very bad so you can drive only 50mph. You don't know if the road stays that bad, so you just assume that and calculate 1.5hours until your arrival. But fortunately the road gets better after a few miles, you can drive full speed again and your estimated time of arrival changes again. Downloading a file is the same: If the current speed changes due to something you can't know beforehand, you have to recalculate the remaining time. This means sometimes that the estimated time jumps around a lot.One big reason for this inaccuracy is the inconsistent performance of hard drives. The install program may think it's "45% done," but it's waiting on the disk to finishing writing the data. A disk whose platters spin at 5400 rpm is significantly slower than is a disk operating at 7200 rpm - but the application has no idea which type of disk is installed. The extreme example would be solid state disks , which have no moving parts whatsoever and are thus blazingly fast; I find that progress bars are horribly inaccurate when SSDs are involved. Another factor is network performance; temporary congestion or packet loss on the network can skew the progress meter.
What happens to a roach when you spray Raid on it?
It's basically the equivalent of nerve gas on a human or other mammal. The reason it doesn't hurt us like that is because we are physiologically different enough that it doesn't react the same way It basically keeps their nerves from being able to fire , paralyzing them and killing them.
How are parrots and other bird mimics able to copy such a range of sound despite not having lips to make plosives and having a very different shape palate?
I don't know the answer to this, but I know that birds have a very different voice box to humans located at the bottom of their windpipe . I would guess that they don't use their tongues to modify sound as we do, but just use their syrinx. Edit: Wikipedia indicates this is the case _URL_0_
Why do saltine crackers get rid of aftertastes?
Saltines are fairly bland, just white flour and salt. It forms a paste in your mouth, and when you swallow or rinse with water it washes away any other food particles or residual odor compounds that might still be in the mouth. It resets the nerves. Similar to how you smell a jar of coffee grounds between smelling various perfumes.
Why is everything so cheap in USA compared to Scandinavia?
Costs of imports including both transportation costs, duties and the like, sales tax, higher wages for workers, more stringent laws about what can or can't be in food/products, etc.
How do some posts get thousands of points in Karma before being removed for rule violation?
This probably happens because the mods of default subs cannot possibly keep up with the amount of new posts that are constantly being added. Look at the number of subscribers and compare it to the number of mods for that sub for a visual.
ELI: Why are parts of our body, such as the bottom of our feet so ticklish?
Possibly not just because they are more sensitive. The most likely theory is that being ticklish is a defensive mechanism, ticklish areas seem to be vulnerable places and so we have this defensive mechanism when they are touched. This could be _why_ there are more nerve endings there. Older people tend to be less ticklish, and maybe people are less ticklish due to learned behaviours or maybe there's a natural variance in our response, I don't think there's a definitive answer.
If you were inside the compartment of a moving vehicle, (airplane, train ect.) And you jumped, what stops you from ending up in the back of that compartment?
Even though you may not have been physically moving your body, your body is still moving at around the same rate of speed as the vehicle. When you jump, your body continues moving at that speed, keeping you from moving backward from where you initially jumped.
Why is it so hard for large amounts of Tylenol to pass through the liver?
Tylenol is paracetamol/acetaminophen. Medications within the body are broken down and produce metabolites. In the case of Paracetamol it is metabolised within the liver . Specifically, NAPQI is the metabolite responsible for the liver damage . Glutathione exists within the liver and NAPQI reduces its levels At normal doses The glutathione would normally detoxify the NAPQI, but at over dose levels it is overwhelmed. Higher doses of paracetamol induce higher levels of damage. But you can see some levels of liver damage from regular paracetamol use, excessive fasting/ anorexia and some other types of drugs. Treatment involves activated charcoal - if the presentation is early enough or through N-acetylcysteine as per paracetamol blood levels.
How does a tattoo stay permanent?
The ink is deep enough that it is under the cells that are shed. However, if it's too deep, the ink will spread a little.
where do the bugs appear from?
Mealy bugs are a special kind of case actually. Females are mostly totally sedentary as adults and only disburse as [juveniles.] But males develop into much [more insect-looking insects] and they leave the host plant to go find new females. Mealy bugs are also sometimes transported around by ants that associate with them. The ants feed on the bugs' honeydew and when the ant colony moves they bring their herd of mealy bugs along. It's hard to know about the specific bugs on your plant. If it was a new plant there may have been eggs on it when you bought it. Insects in general disburse in lots of ways, and how they find whatever they're looking for is also very different depending on species. As a quick example: the [mealy bug destroyer] finds it's new home based on the smell of its prey -- which unsurprisingly is the mealy bugs. As a side note, the destroyer's [larvae] mimic the prey. Where the insects come from also depends on the insect in question. In both of the above examples the insects come from a different host plant. Dispersal is important to any living thing because without disbursing the risk of inbreeding becomes much greater. So nearly every insect will have some life-stage that leaves the natal area and goes to find a new gene pool.
What's the difference between being depressed and having depression?
These two terms are synonyms. I think what you're *actually* trying to ask is: how do I know if I'm clinically depressed, or just legitimately sad. There are actually diagnostic criteria to determine this. [Here's an easy-to-read summary.]
Why the American government is apprehensive about raising taxes on the rich
Two answers:1) Some People say that if you overtax the rich people will stop investing and working towards becoming more wealthy and that we don't have a revenue problem we have a spending problem.2) Other people say that rich people are the major contributors in most cases to political candidates and that if you raise taxes on them those donations will either dry up or they will back another candidate who will give them back all their money.Who are you to say they have far more money than they need?', "Because many of those in the US Govt are essentially in the Pay of the super rich. They reflect their interests, not the country's interests. _URL_0_
What is the purpose of "aerating"/agitating liquids in areas such as factory holding ponds or wastewater evaporators/boilers etc.?
When they release it back to nature, they want the micro-organisms to have a head start, so that it is digested as soon as possible. Air lines are a really cheap way to increase this effect.
If a wound has recently stopped bleeding and you wash it, how come it starts bleeding again?
You haven't actually stopped bleeding when it first looks like it. Your blood carries fragile balls in it that explode when they hit broken skin, which makes the blood go hard. When the blood on the outside starts to harden a little bit, you just bleed under the hard bit to try and make more hard blood. This is when it looks like you've stopped bleeding, but really you've just stopped the blood from going all the way out. Washing it causes the hard blood on the top to become soft and wash away, so the blood from underneath can come all the way out of the break in your skin again, which is what you consider to be bleeding
Why does salt make other flavours stand out more?
Here's a nifty history on salt : _URL_0_ So basically, we should distinguish taste from flavor. Taste is usually defined as the intensity of a sensory reaction to a food on the anatomical tongue. Flavor is one of the five: sweet, salty, ugami, bitter, or spicy. Taste is almost always used the same way flavor is used so its not a huge deal but something to consider! When salt touches the tongue it triggers the salty parts but when salt and sweet comes together the taste buds are anatomically compatible. Evolutionarily speaking, sweetness is usually associated with foods that we should eat in nature . But salt tastes pretty gross alone and we need salt. So by pairing salt with sweet it is more pallable!
How is it possible that we are heading into a mini ice age in 15 years?
The link given below details what may be a better model of the behavior of the sun. Solar output varies in ways not well understood. Yes we are altering the atmosphere of the Earth which is producing climate change. Climate change has occurred in the past. The evolution of human intelligence and our species has been attributed to climate change during the cycle of ice ages which have been occurring. Besides these cycles of ice ages which span tens of thousands of years there have been cycles droughts and cold winters which last for a decade or so. These shorter cycles have had profound effects on civilization in the past. The Mayans may have fallen to such. Settlement in Greenland decreased. Indian cultures in the Southwest may have vanished due to a decade long change in climate. As usual this is a report produced by one set of scientists based on analysis of data. Peer review which is basically criticism by other scientists in the field will help to validate these conjectures. Climate change, which has been peer reviewed and validated, is real. If this analysis of sun spot activity is true it may mask the effect for a while giving us a breathing spell. But we must implement changes in our energy production to avoid a multiplier effect when this sun spot decrease passes. Over all I would say that this shows that the basic facts of food production depend on a steady solar output which cannot be guaranteed[For readers, I believe this is the article] the OP is talking about. I have no opinion or knowledge on this subject. Just posting link for visibility"Global warming" doesn't necessarily mean that the world will get hotter. It means that temperatures will become more drastic. Colder areas will get colder and hotter areas will get hotter, etcFluctuations in sun spot activity reduce or increase the amount of solar radiation reaching our planet leading to fluctuations in temperature. These do have significant effects however they soon pass.I'm not aware of any scientist who legitimately thinks that the Earth is headed into an ice age anytime soon. Can you provide a source for that statement?
How can something be unnatural when everything comes from the nature itself?
I think the term *unnatural* is a description of something that would not occur in nature if it were not from human intervention. I understand that we are also natural and perhaps you could argue that technology is just a *natural* process in our evolution therefore nothing is unnatural. However, we tend to think of ourselves as above nature for the purpose of the word 'unnatural'. The reason we think ourselves above nature may be because we are so much more consciously evolved from every other animal. With that said, plastic is unlikely to occur in nature, so it would be a man-made, unnatural thing.Alright. It's a convention, a conceit if you prefer, adopted by a creature bourne of nature, that its own creations are unnatural. Birds nests are regarded as natural. Houses are not. The differences between the two may be summarised as we have a greater level of concious input into what we create, and we involve more complex processing techniques. It's worth pointing out that ants and bees produce "houses" of startling complexity and efficiency, without any of their individuals being aware of how it all works. Just like us. More to the point is not *what* we produce, but the *way we think about it*. We are sentient, self-aware beings, and regard ourselves as morally capable agents. Most of us would recognise a moral difference between ourselves and a bumblebee, for example. As such, the "things" we produce are regarded as having some sort of moral attribute, in this discussion, "naturalness". Conciousness, and morality, are properties of "natural" history though.
Jazz has a long history of contrafact. How does copyright law handle this?
The whole point of a contrafact is to avoid copyright and royalty concerns. A chord progression can't be copywritten.
why does putting my headphones in the wrong ears make the mix sound like it has less bass?
If you're talking about "ear" phones, manufacturers generally mold each bud to fit in a specific L or R auditory canal. If you put them on the wrong way, they do not seal the canal, allowing the pressure waves to travel out instead of to your drum.
How come some liquids(like milk) can be held in paper cartons, and some can not(like toothpaste)?
Toothpaste isn't a liquid. It's a paste. And the easiest way to dispense a thicker substance like that is in a tube you can squeeze. Also, nobody needs a 1L carton of toothpaste.Well, in the specific case of toothpaste, a paper container wouldn't be as convenient for getting it out. Current toothpaste containers make it easy to squeeze it out. Toothpaste in plastic containers is runnier, not as pasty as tube toothpaste, but it still squeezes out. Also, I think we "handle" toothpaste more than liquids in paper cartons, so we need something more durable than paper.The paper in cartons has a plastic coating on it. It used to be wax. Toothpaste tubes wouldn't be durable enough if made of the same material.
What it would be like to see into the infrared and ultraviolet bands of the electromagnetic spectrum?
You know colours of the rainbow? There would be more of them. Some colours pass through walls and some are blocked by glass , so you would see some cool stuff going on.
How does a vacuum tube work? Those tiny dim bulbs that are in guitar amps and high-end audio gear.
The hot wire at one end gets hot enough to randomly spit out free electrons. the electrode the other end is given a voltage to attract those free electrons. The grid in the middle can be varied in voltage to attract or repel the free electron, But because it's a mesh at lot of the free electrons won't hit it and instead continue on to the collector. So by varying the grid voltage you can vary the current between the emitter and collector.
What is all the drama going on with Reddit right now?
_URL_0_ pretty much explains everything. /u/chooter a moderator and IAMA's talent coordinator was fired out of the blue and only a few people with tight lips knows why. There has been very little communication between the volunteer mods that keep reddit running and the admins. /u/chooter's firing upset a bunch of mods so in a show of solidarity many large subreddits closed down.
When someone is killed by execution, why is the proper term 'hanged' instead of 'hung'?
Here's the top comment by /u/xtremity from when this was [asked a year ago]: > As far as modern British English is concerned, *hung* is the normal form in most general uses, e.g. they hung out the washing; but *hanged* is the form normally used in reference to execution by hanging: the prisoner was hanged. > The reason for this distinction is a complex historical one: hanged, the earlier form, was superseded by hung sometime after the 16th century; it is likely that the retention of hanged for the execution sense may have to do with the tendency of archaic forms to remain in the legal language of the courts. **tl;dr:** The past tense of *hang* used to be *hanged*, and when the language changed in the 16th century to make the past tense *hung*, *hanged* was retained in legal documents.