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How did humans think before they ‘invented’ language?
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Depends what the task is. If I'm building/designing something i am imagining all the parts coming together like pieces of Lego, no words are involved.
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Why are the three primary colors red, yellow and blue, but computer system color palettes use red, green and blue as their base colors?
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It's unfortunate that the inaccurate and confusing notion of Red, yellow, and blue is still taught in primary schools. In a [Subtractive] color scheme, the three primary colors are **Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow,** You may notice this if you own a color printer and have had to replace the color ink or toner cartridge. This type of scheme is typically used for printing on a white background such a paper using relatively transparent inks. It may also be used for tinting paints with an otherwise white base pigment such as titanium dioxide. Subtractive color works because the inks **subtract** one of the three primary colors of light by absorption. For example, magenta is composed of a combination of blue and red light. So magenta inks absorb green light while leaving the other two colors intact, while yellow inks absorb blue light, and cyan absorbs red. To create blue portions of an image on a white sheet, you can apply cyan and magenta ink. This combination absorbs both red and green light leaving only blue light left. Displays on computers and phones typically use an [Additive scheme], because the default state is a dark background. So the colors of light are added as needed to create the desired color.It’s actually a little bit different. Pigment of an object versus light source wavelengths. _URL_2_
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Why isn’t Braille just raised letters? Wouldn’t it make more sense if it was?
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Raised letters like you describe is how writing for the blind was done before Braille was invented. Braille is much better, as it's easier to read quickly, and also reasonably easy for a blind person to write by themselves . [The Wikipedia page on Braille] gives a decent overview of its history. As always, with a Wiki source, you should consider reading the references, in addition to the main text if you want an authoritative perspective.
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why is carbon monoxide (CO) poisonous while carbon dioxide (CO2) is mostly harmless, despite only differing by one oxygen molecule?
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Your body needs Oxygen. When you breath, the oxygen goes into your lungs and then come into blood. The haemoglobin combines with the Oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin, which is then transported to various cells of your body. Carbon Monoxide is highly reactive and can also combine with haemoglobin. So when you breath in CO, you're getting suffocated.
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Why do our fingers become very sensitive after cutting our nails?
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Best guess is change of pressure placed on the nail plate? Kinda like when you get a large volume of hair cut off and the head feels lighter. Plus, nails can curl when they get long, so it's the nail plate spreading back out.
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What are the benefits of using metric system over English standard system?
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Less cognitive overhead when translating between units , which means less chance of mistakes. That's pretty much it, it's just easier.
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Why do people wear underwear?
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For me it's support. I don't like my junk bouncing around and I HATE it when I sit on my balls.It is to protect your outer garments from your anus and genitalia allowing it to be worn more often before needing cleaning. It also a physical security for the genitalia holding them in position, giving an extra layer of physical protection, and even holding things against them such as a sanitary padSometimes when you poop, and you wipe your ass not all of it goes on the toilet paper. Now sit down in your pants and you have shit on your pantsPeepee and poopoo particles are always coming out of your holes. Underwear acts like a nice catcher for those particles so your clothes don’t get dirty so quickly.
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Why do animals seem to have a hard time seeing themselves in a mirror?
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The TL;DR answer is that most animals hypothetically don't have brains complex enough to maintain a sense of self-awareness or identity , so they are either uninterested in reflections or flip out at their reflection because they perceive another animal. & #x200B; Psychologists actually use the mirror test as a way of measuring self-awareness There are a handful of animal species that have passed the mirror test, and as such are considered among the most intelligent: Dolphins, Elephants, Orangutans and Chimpanzees among others. Here's a good demonstration of how the test works: [_URL_0_] Interestingly, humans under age 2-3 also fail the mirror test - indicating that our own sense of self may not be fully developed until about age 2 or 3. & #x200B; Edit: Removed the hecka empty space, good catch OP
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When I'm doing CPR on a person and I'm breathing into his mouth, am I not breathing CO2 into his mouth because i exhale CO2?
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As others have said, chest compressions cycle enough air to keep the person alive, so if someone's heart has stopped you should just keep doing chest compressions, not stop to breathe for them. This is the newest CPR guideline. HOWEVER: With today's opioid epidemic, usually the person's heart is still beating but they're not breathing. DO NOT do chest compressions if someone's heart is still beating. In this case you DO need to breathe for the person until they can breathe on their own again, or they'll just slowly suffocate and die -- but you don't do chest compressions. These days, I carry nalaxone and small face shields like [these from Amazon].
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Why does it seem like I look better in the mirror than I do on a camera ?
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I just learned this in AP Psyc. It's called the mere exposure effect and basically it means that you tend to like things that you are exposed to more. And because you look at yourself in the mirror you get used to the inverted image. When you look at a normal image your brain is confused because some of your facial features seem off.
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With so much YouTube drama, it seems there would be a huge market for an alternative site. Why isn't there one?
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There are other video sites. Dailymotion has been around nearly as long as Youtube. It even offers monetization like Youtube does. Vimeo caters to more film-like content but it's still an online video platform. Youtube is just the most popular. People can get upset about things that happen on Youtube all they want, but it doesn't mean much unless a large number of creators take their content elsewhere. I don't really see that happening any time soon unless something drastic happens.
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Why do trees on hills grow mostly upward and not perpendicular to the slope?
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They have cell components that can detect up and down so shoots and roots go the correct ways. It's called gravitropism. If a tree grew perpendicular to a significant slope, the sideways leverage would be huge and the roots would probably either break or tear out of the ground.
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Why animals naturally know how and when to mate, where as we are educated or we learn about it from external sources?
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Well, for one thing, animals do it out in the open for all of the other animals to see. Humans don't do that.
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Why is Gold so valuable and what are gold bars even used for?
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Gold is used in many things from jewelery to electronics. So it has worth. It is also a limited resource so it has rarity and therefore appreciates in value. You can print more money and it's worth less gold only increases in value as the earth stores are used up so governments keep inventories of it to protect itself against bankruptcy. It is stored in bars to simply be stackable and easily transported. The bars are standardized in size around the world like a denomination.
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How do private number plates on cars work in the USA?
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In my state we can get pretty much any combination of letters and numbers we want, on a great number of plate designs, as long as it is the right number of digits and isn't profanity or similar. You can verify the license number isn't already taken and even see what it looks like on various plate designs on the [web site], it's pretty fun.
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why do singers lip-sync/use playback so much?
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It also depends on where they're performing and how they're performing - and the performer's preference. A Rapper for example would mostly likely wanna actually perform life given that it's not very melodic and they wouldn't have to stress their vocal chords. Others that may use more elaborate dance choreography may wish to use a playback because it's very hard to sing pleasantly and do kicks, bends, spins, etc. Some artists make televised performances and it's easier to record a live in studio track in advance considering performing on a talk show has a lot of controls to worry about - and an American talk show is very scripted/formulaic", 'Because live performance is really, really hard and fans are merciless and unrelenting if you fail. Or even just make a mistake.
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Why is having home-field Advantage so significant?
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It's purely intimidation towards you. There will be more local supporters.As such there will be less chanting in your favour. Your change room has a cold concrete feeling, and two of the lights are broken. The water pressure in the shower is too low and the temperature is too low. When walking past the change room of the home team you see the nice floor, pretty lights, music playing. Then you have to walk through the gate through supporters of the opposing team shouting at you. You thought you know you could win the game and you are still sure about it, but are you willing to take the risk that your players bus will be burned out when you do? Soccer is worse than war.If you are playing American Football, the home teams fans get really loud when the opposing teams offense is on the field. But they are usually quit when the home team’s offense is on the field. Thats so the opposing offense can’t effectively communicate with each other and call audibles. You always see defensive players waiving both arms up and down. He’s trying to get the fans to get louder. So American Football actually does have a bigger advantage than a lot of other sports.It really isn't that it's an advantage to play on your own field. It's that it's disadvantageous to: travel the day before/day of a physical contest, be one of the least liked persons in the city, have shittier living conditions than the other team, have worse facilities than the other team, not have the crowd support like the other team, etc. Etc. It's not so much the home court advantage as the travelling teams disadvantage. Which is why bowl games and stuff typically happen in nuetral stadiums.
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Why do you sometimes wake up refreshed in the middle of the night after just a few hours and other times are still exhausted and groggy after a full night's sleep?
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I heard something on a podcast that said it's proven that if you THINK you've had a good night's sleep but haven't your body will act like you've had a good one, where as conversely if you THINK you haven't had a good night's sleep but have your body will act like you've had a bad night's sleep.
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How did humans and neanderthals interbreed, if breeding cross species doesn't produce fertile offspring e.g. mules and ligers
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Humans and Neanderthals are both homo sapiens. They're different subspecies, but the same species. So they can breed. Edit - I *thought* humans were homo sapiens sapiens and neanderthals were homo sapiens neanderthalensis but it looks like that's debatable.
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Why does ranch dressing at a restaurant always taste better than ranch you buy at the store?
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This has been answered but the amount of mayo that goes into making ranch is profound. You're basically eating ranch flavored mayo.
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Why is glass the most used material for holding and mixing compounds?
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You don't have to worry about it melting as much as like, plastic. You can also look through it, so you don't risk being exposed to it through smell or other way.Not only does it not leave residue in the same way a metal container would, it makes it much easier to see any reactions. : )
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How is it that Martha McSally can just be appointed to a senate seat? She was just beaten in an election!
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The governor of a state has the right to appoint a senator when one has been removed, resigned or died while in office. This has nothing to to do with the election. She's basically a warm body filling a slot until the next Congress convenes on January Third.
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Why while other mammals can give birth like It's nothing, humans have such a hard time and need extra help?
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Humans have evolved to be good at a lot of things, but giving birth isnt one of them. We have really big heads to house are big brains, and really narrow hips to due to being bipedal. Shoving a big object through a tiny whole isn't exactly the safest or most comfortable thing in the world and because of this giving birth really sucks. This is also why human babies are so useless. We have to give birth super early in the gestational period or else the baby would probably kill the mother the majority of the time.Some women have absolutely no problem giving birth. I had a roommate whose first kid slid right out with no difficulty or discomfort at all. That girls often hear as they are growing up how painful or difficult childbirth will be, even in the Bible, it is quite common to get fearful and tense up during labor which only magnifies the difficulty since the body is pumping oxytocin to relax and stretch the birth canal. & #x200B; The big head doesn't help either. Even worse when the baby's head doesn't cone eitherI don’t think that humans *need* extra help, but more like *since we have the technology and knowledge to help why don’t we*. Tons of women give birth without hospitals, epidurals etc
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If a driver runs from the cops with a passenger(s) in the car do the passenger(s) get charged too?
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The practical answer is that it doesn't matter. Don't say anything to the police without a lawyer even if you're completely innocent. In a situation like that it would be very easy to unknowingly incriminate yourself. Do as they tell you and keep your mouth shut until your lawyer is physically present.
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Why do people irrationally hate things that are popular, e.g Fortnite, Musicians etc.
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The problem is when people automatically assume that you must like a certain thing and won't let you not talk about it/not participate. For example I hate everything about Facebook even before the full extent of their deviousness about data collection and usage came to light but a girlfriend was insistent I was on there even to the point of starting to create a profile for me until I was forced to explain forcefully how much I hate it.
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What is the point of bowling shoes?
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> They offer less grip than regular shoes Exactly. They are designed to protect the lanes so they don't get marred up and affect how the ball rolls.
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Why is it that when we forget a word, we can often remember what it starts with or it feels like it’s “right there”?
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This has always been so fascinating for me. Words and names escape me so readily and I find it difficult to especially recollect words. I would remember the definition, first letter, and some syllables. After awhile of mumbling what I know of the syllables and other aspects of the word it will eventually come back to me. For the longest time I forgot Stanley Kubrick's last name. I didnt want to cheat and look it up because I would instantly recognize it if I saw the name, and wanted to really see how the brain works. I spent an hour thinking about his movies and scenes and eventually it clicked and I remembered his name.
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Why do doctors generally have bad writing?
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It's due to the sheer volume of writing required for 7 odd years. Necessity for speed is at the detriment of form, etc.
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Why do some animals have their eyes on the side of their heads but not humans?
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Humans are apex predators, eyes spaced but 'forward' gives us greater depth perception and focal distance to hunt prey", 'Prey animals like sheep, rabbits, doves have the eyes on the side because they need to look out for predators all the time and have almost a 360 degree field of view. Animals that are more predators like humans, foxes, owls etc have the eyes in fron. Eyes in front provide a large area with that is visible to both eyes. When you can use tow eyes you have better 3D vision and can determine distances a lot better. So the placement is a compromise between large field of view and the size of the area with good 3D vision and what is more useful depend on the animal.
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If pills can provide all vitamin and mineral needs, what does the label mean by "does not replace varied diet" exactly?
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For one thing, vitamins don't provide the macronutrients you need to survive: Fats, sugars, protein. There are essential fatty acids and amino acids you need as well. They also don't provide other healthy things like fiber. Secondly, they likely don't provide all of the micronutrients that you need. The absorption of these nutrients, like Iron, varies depending on the specific form of iron and different sources of iron are absorbed better than others. You likely can't get all you need from a single pill. For example, when someone has an iron deficiency doctors want to correct, historically it's been to take 325mg of Iron three times a day. However, some studies have shown that taking less iron every other day actually results in superior absorption. The optimal regimen is not known. The vitamin manufacturers likely don't know the optimal regimen either and can't say whether you're actually absorbing all of what you need from the pill. So it would not replace a varied diet.
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why do citizens of Taiwan call themselves "Taiwanese" rather than Chinese, even though their government is the "Republic of China"?
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It's been called Taiwan for a lot longer than the ROC has been there, and has changed hands on who is in power a few times. The Republic of China is the official name but they don't have to call themselves Chinese, especially as it may confuse people who typically think of the PRC of the mainland when they think Chinese. Sorta like the US is officially The United States *of* America, being a part of one of two continents called America, but we refer to ourselves as Americans rather than United Stateans, or how you don't hear UK folks call themselves United Kingdomers, but British or Irish depending on what island they're on, and how folks from the Netherlands are called Dutch.
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in the Monty Hall problem how exactly does the act of switching increase your odds?
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For simplicity, let's label the doors 1,2 and 3, with 3 the one you want.When you make your first choice, there is a 2 in 3 chance you pick the wrong door and 1 in 3 it is the correct one. Then another wrong door is revealed. There are only 2 doors left: the correct one and the wrong one. But initially there were 2 wrong doors you could have picked, so now you're twice a likely to be stuck with the wrong door as with the correct one, making that switching doubles your odds. If you picked 1, door 2 is revealed and you should switch.If you pick 2, door 1 is revealed and you should switch.If you pick door 3, either 1 or 2 is revealed and switching would be bad.Picking either 1 or 2 means you should switch, but only if you picked 3 you shouldn't. So switching is beneficial and doubles your odds.
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If light is mass-less, what is keeping it from having an infinite velocity?
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Maybe a more simple approach. Velocity affects time. At the speed of light you don't experience time. You arrive in an instant. So as time goes, photons never experience time.
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Why does the cold air feel "cleaner"?
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Colder air carries less humidity than warmer air. It's easier to breathe. Also, colder air carries less scent.Air is far cleaner as most moulds and micro-Organic material are present in concentrations that are orders of magnitude below concentrations during warmer periods and seasons.I never really thought it felt cleaner. Just crisp or sharp. I think that's due to the larger temperature difference to your body compared to warmer temperatures and the dryness of cold air. I think humidity plays a bigger role in that though.
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Why are there no big insects?
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I think a major reason is insects have open circulatory systems meaning they don't have veins or arteries. Anything with a closed system is not classified as an insect. An open system only works if the volume involved is very small, any bigger and the blood-like fluid wouldn't circulate evenly and some regions of cells would be starved of oxygen and nutrients. I could be totally wrong though, I don't study this stuff professionally.
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Do I have to swallow a pill whole? can i break it up into smaller pieces and then swallow it? and why or why not?
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Ask your pharmacist. Too many variables involved to give a general answer. Many pills can be safely taken as you ask. It is mostly an issue of rate of dissolution and absorption into the bloodstream. Some pills are just pressed pellets that dissolve very quickly and breaking them up won't matter much at all. Others are made to dissolve slowly on purpose, and dissolution is related to surface area. Breaking pills or crushing them increases surface area and thus rate of dissolution.All these things about extended release and coated pills are correct. Do not open capsules or break up pills with coating.That and any pill that is not scored into segments does not have an equal distribution or medication inside of it. So if you are trying to take half now and half tomorrow, you will not get the correct dose of medication in each half of that pillIf the bottle says “do not crush or chew”, then do not crush or chew. Otherwise you’re fine.
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Why and how does earwax form?
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Just guessing from memory, so please don't kill me if I am wrong. I will just have a learning moment. Earwax is way to get rid of filth from the ear and also works as a defensive barrier to the ear canal.
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Why can’t we flush paper towels down the toilet?
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Paper towels and toilet paper break down differently. Toilet paper loses it's structure in water very quickly, but that isn't the case for paper towels.To expand on what's been explained so far, once flushed, paper towels will plug up septic systems or screens at water treatment plants. The screens can handle some foreign materials but it couldn't keep up if a lot of paper towels were flushed. It also runs the chance of plugging pipes before reaching the septic tank or treatment plant. On the flip side, septic system bacteria can digest toilet paper particles. Same with water treatment plant processes. Edit: Don't flush "flushable" wipes either. It's an advertisement lie. They don't break down quickly like toilet paper does and can plugged up the same things as paper towels.Paper towels are knitted in a way to allow it to be used time after time. The cheaper ones are capable of breaking apart like toilet paper after some use. If it's paper towels like those could probably flush em if you break up the fibers first via abrasion. Prevents a seize up in the plumbing. Tougher paper towels don't bother flushing em. Trash em or burn em instead.
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why if i pinch a battery by the two poles (+and-) i don't get electrocuted?
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Your body acts as a resistor and with the voltage being very low, it's dropped even further by the resistance in your body. Even if your body didn't resist at all you would hardly feel a thing. If you soak your hand completely and do it there's a chance you might feel something, just like if you lick a 9v square battery you will feel it but it's still not a high enough voltage to shock you, you just feel a tiny tingle
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Why do so many commercial office buildings leave the lights on in every office all night?
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Unless their security system is seriously outdated, a lot of camera systems feature night vision these days, at an inexpensive price. However actual security guards and cleaning staff is a very big possibility, especially the cleaning staff. You don't generally see vacuums running in a busy office during the day when people are trying to make calls.
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Why do models of the solar system always show all the planets and objects orbiting on a flat plane?
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Because that's the way the planets orbit. The solar system is pretty much flat. Pretty much every solar system is flat. I'd recommend watching [this video] on why the solar system is flat.Because they are. The material that eventually formed the planets first formed into a somewhat flat, rotating disk of dust and gas that eventually formed the planets, which is why they all orbit more or less in the same plane and in the same directionMaybe this is the case for crude models shown to children. Aber a moderately detailed model will alwo show the inclinations of asteroids and dwarf planets like Pluto.
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How does a relatively small transformer fire light up almost an entire city? Also, why is it blue?
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The color light is measured in something called color temperature. It's referenced in degrees Kelvin. The scale is based on what colored light tungsten outputs when heated to different temperatures. The lower the temperature the more orange or red the light, the higher the temperature the bluer it is. Warm white light bulbs in your house are going to be somewhere in the 3000 range, the sun is more like 7200. Arc welding, which is basically what this was, is way high on that chart, therefore the light looks blue. _URL_0_
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How does Electricity find the path of least resistance?
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It doesn't know. Rather, it's simply travels the path that costs it the least energy because it loses the least energy by traveling that path. Physics dictate that electrons want to be in the lowest energy state possible. When electricity travels, it does so in a way that fulfills that condition. Resulting in moving along the path with the least resistance.
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How is Google Photos able to give you unlimited storage completely free?
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Ever wonder how Google's AI has become so good at recognizing objects, scenes, products and the like from photographs? If so, you may have found the answer to your question.
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How do Buffet restaurants make money?
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Staff mostly, plus food is closer to expiring, other than that it's mostly subtle stuff you wouldn't really notice. Putting higher cost items at the end so you'll have less room for it in your plate, bigger straws so you drink your beverages with less control although some places might do bigger ice so you have to keep getting up for a drink and the food has more time to digest.One of the ways thst they get you is by making sure the food is super salty so you get more thirsty And then they make sure to keep your glass full so you drink alot more water than most restaurants. That means you eat less food. And since the water costs practically nothing well Wham bam profit is done.They aren't all designed to make money - at least for the restaurant alone. Many buffets in casinos are trying to minimize losses from the buffet while bringing more people in the casino. And that's where money is made.
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Why does one side of my face always get more congested than the other whenever I get a cold, sinus infection, etc.?
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You could have a deviated septum. I do and I get several sinus infections a year because my right sinus doesn't drain well enough.
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How come there is only one measurement of time?
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It wasn't always. In medieval times the day wasn't divided into 24h, but rather in watches - like, a guard guarding a gate or so. At some point, this was changed, for simplicity's sake I guess. If you're interested in the old time measurements, give _URL_0_ a look. I know its German but you should still be able to find it :)
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Why do doctors wear white coats instead of something like black coats that would mask blood and fluids better?
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Doctors wear white for mainly two reasons: One, white is the color that best shows when it's dirty, thus enabling doctors to change into a clean lab coat when required. Two: black is the color generally associated with death, so dressing doctors in black would be creepy as hell and, more importantly, would raise the general uneasiness and apprehension levels of patients, which is something medical professionals strive to reduce, not raise.Related: Honda factory workers wear white uniforms. The assembly proces is supposed to be clean. If they do get dirty, it indicates something is wrong.They wear white so it is obvious when they get dirty. This means that if a doctor were to get blood or other nasty on them, it is obvious to everyone, and the coat can be changed easily before anything is spread around - this is also why they wear costs in the first place, as it protects the clothing underneath and a generic lab coat can be changed much easier than a full set of normal clothes.While doctors often wear smart clothing in a hospital that needs protected, few other staff do, which is why they all wear scrubs instead - these are designed to be pretty generic and easy to change when needed. It comes with the downsides that 'safe' stains like a doctor's lunch become more obvious and harder to hide, but this is an easy tradeoff to avoid the real nasties going unnoticed. As a bonus, it also shows outsiders that cleanliness is taken care of - if you see a pristine white coat it signifies that it is changed regularly and the environment is kept clean, otherwise it would be showing the dirt fairly obviously.As of now, there is no clear benefit in medical community except for social aspect. It has been proven that white coats are fucking dirty and carry nasty germs . There have been effort to make physicians wear vest with ID or Badge instead but the white coat image kinda still stick around.
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How does shaving gel work when shaving? Wouldn't any foam-like substance help the same for shaving?
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It works by keeping water close to your skin which lubricates and softens the hairs. Hot water is all you need for lubrication of the blade and softening the hair. Nothing more. Everything else is marketing. Since learning this from Gillette in the New Scientist magazine I've only ever shaved in the shower under ruining water and gives the smoothest, closest shave you'll ever get.
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why do periods hurt so much?
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As you've already gotten quite a bit of information on cramping of the uterus, I want to say its not just the uterus that hurts. For me, I get large amounts of lower back pain to accompany it. It's quite common to have the entire area around a uterus also hurt like a bitch. I'm not exactly sure why this is, but it could have something to do with the fact that during a woman's period, their uterus DOUBLES IN SIZE. This also makes women feel bloated. It also also makes them feel like they just ate the entirety of thanksgiving dinner, doubled in size, and are still hungry. ", 'Added to the listed reasons above - you were partially right about the hormones. And those hormones do awful things like give a girl terrible diarrhea during her period, or bloating, or make her feel pain more intensely. So add that to the cramps and it intensifies the pain. PS: thank you for caring enough to ask :-)
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Why can’t normal airplanes go to space?
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You need the atmosphere to generate lift and the atmosphere gets thinner the higher up you go. So eventually, you reach an altitude where the atmospheric density is inadequate. Space rockets don't generate lift via aerodynamic interaction with the atmosphere so they aren't limited by a lack of it.
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Why is space black? Aren't the stars emitting light?
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I haven't seen the NASA explanation, but if they haven't mentioned it yet, there are some interesting implications to this question: _URL_0_
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Why is Tupac still so popular, 22 years after he died? What does he represent to his fans that get tattoos of him and try to be like him? Was his music great?
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The Hate U Give Lil' Infants Fuck Everyone T.H.U.G. L.I.F.E. Tupac is the G.O.A.T., the Ghetto Jesus I recommend listening to some of his music and imagine being a marginalized disenfranchised youth and have someone making songs that hit home that hard and hopefully you will understand what he means to us. Knowing you aren't alone is very comforting.
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Why is it socially unacceptable to speak to/get to know random strangers?
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Gonna agree it depends on where you live. Growing up in the South it's rude to not speak to people. So it's cultural, I have had friends from NY explain they think it's rude because it is a fake familiarity.Additional to above: if it’s not a cultural norm, people won’t understand what you’re doing and will wonder about your intentions
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How do tsunamis work? Like when they say to run when “the water is receding,” what do they mean?
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Shockwaves from earthquakes and landslides in water cause massive waves in the water column, but the water is usually deep, so the waves generated are tall . As the wave approaches land and the bottom gets shallower, the tall wave begins to rise up above the level of the normal water as it has nowhere else to go. While most of the water in this tall wave comes from behind/under it, it also sucks water in from in front of it, causing water to quickly recede from the shoreline as the tsunami wave approaches.Tsunamis are waves caused by earthquakes . When the seabed moves, it displaces water, and creates a wave. Out at sea, the wave might be only a meter or so high, but hundreds of kilometers long. As the wave approaches the coast, the water becomes shallower, and the wave becomes taller . When a tsunami arrives at the shore, the water level can rise to more than 15 metres above the normal sea level, which can completely inundate coastal towns. > Like when they say to run when “the water is receding,” what do they mean? Waves consist of crests and troughs . If the trough of the wave comes first, the sea level drops before it rises, and this gives people in the path of the wave a few minutes warning of the incoming tsunami.
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The Universe is expanding constantly but what is it expanding into?
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One explanation that many scientists beleve is that the universe is like a multidemensional ball. Travel far enough in any one dimension and you end up where you started. Since we can only perceive 3 of these dimensions, we can't see the curve, but according to this theory it is there. If the universe is the four or more dimensonal ball, then it is the ball itself that is growing. It isn't growing INTO anything, because it is empty space itself that is growing.Redshift isn’t what’s causing it, redshift is our evidence of it. Also we don’t really know what it’s expanding into, presumably just a vacuum
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Why we can't remember the memories of when we were a baby
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I remember a few, select instances. I thought, later on that I had been older, because my thoughts were so clear and cogent. But one thing, the building of a playground near my house, only happened once. I saw pictures of it after I was much older, and to my surprise, I was a baby. I was being carried around. I remembered thinking that I didn't know wood was under the metal of a slide. fwiw
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Why were some ancient cities needed to be excavated? How does a city get lost due to "something" covering it?
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Well, it's kind of like getting several feet of snow extremely quickly, except it's ash that will burn and suffocate you. Depending on situation you might get more of a mudslide. But it isn't the same in all directions, it depends on the wind, and on which side of the mountain fails.
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- how does the porn industry make money?
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Just because you are satisfied with the free stuff doesn't mean everyone is. It's a bit like the whales in mobile gaming microtransactions - a small amount of people really like porn.
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Why does Accutane make people who take it, suicidal?
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I believe there was a *correlation* between people taking Accutane and suicide and suicidal thoughts although whether or not the drug was the *cause* was unclear. It could very well be that people who take Accutane are more likely to have those thoughts for any number of reasons including social ostracization caused by the acne they are treating. In medicine, a correlation is enough to warrant consideration, so even if the exact causal relationship isn't known, doctors will treat it as a possibility and therefore ask the relevant questions.
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How much of an effect do daily vitamins have on someone? Is it ever noticeable?
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They are like magic pills if you are deficient. If you aren't, you won't even notice em. Also, alot of the viatmins and minerals don't play well together and restrict each other absorption, so a multi-vitamin can be basically useless for certain stuff.If you have enough vitamins it not notice anything as that is the normal state. The problem is if you have to little and that result in problems. To much it not good either because high amount is toxic. If you eat more vitamins that is need and less then the toxic amount the only result is: > Multivitamins provide “no benefit” to most people and instead just create “very expensive urine,” the president of the Australian Medical Association has said. You body regulate the amount and excrete it if you eat to much. So most people that eat multivitamines have no benefit. It is only people with specific deficiency or very limited diet that need vitamin tables most people do not. The only way to know for sure is by tests. If that is the case for you is impossible to say without test but a sing multivitamine tablet per day can only hurt your wallet. Having more vitamins then is needed provide no benefit.I think it's highly variable, dependent upon a person's body chemistry. I was having some health issues including severe fatigue and joint pain, so much so that I was convinced I had Lyme disease. After multiple doctor visits turns out I was vitamin D deficient. Crazy thing is I was a farmer and in the sun every single day but a vitamin D supplement cleared things up the body is weird
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Why is it so much easier to fall asleep on the couch unintentionally than to fall asleep in bed intentionally?
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If you're like me, it's simply because you find the couch more comfortable and more conducive to falling asleep quickly. I think it's the support that the back of the couch provides that the bed lacks. You couch by choice, you bed when you have to.
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Why does our body “snap, crackle, & pop” as we age? Mainly noticed when standing up.
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Our Physiology teacher told us it's due to synovial fluid shifting the membrane part I'm not sure of it's been a long time since I sat in that class.Also I feel like one of those old fold up carpenters rulers. When I stand up it takes awhile and many creaks to get straightened out
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Why would anyone do a cash advance if they have a credit card?
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> Rent > Most cases Not anywhere outside a large city you can't. It's cash check or money order then. Plus this makes no sense but there are actually businesses out there who still don't do CC transactions, sometimes it's from just not investing in the infrastructure needed and other times it's a beef against processing fees. So someone might opt to cash advance if they don't have the funds.
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Why do exterior doors of houses always open inwards?
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If they were made to open outward, that would put the hinges on the outside of the house. That would make it easier to remove the door and gain access to the house in a quieter manner, which would be unsafe. It would also mean someone inside the house couldn't barricade the door closed.
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How exactly does DNA knows where and when to stop growing a body part?
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DNA has coding and non-coding sections. Coding sections tell our cells what protein to make. Non-coding sections, simply, control the cell and how many protein are made. The answer you're looking for is that the non-coding sections control when a cell undergoes mitosis . I can't go in-depth about how growth is controlled by DNA, because 1. I don't really know for myself, and 2. I bet we'd be stuck here for a week explaining the darn thing
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How, with all sorts of radio waves and the like around us all the time, are we safe from negative effects from this?
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There has not been any link found between radio wave exposure and health effects. If you do nothing, but do that nothing a million times, you're still doing nothing, just more of it. The same with radio waves, since they don't affect your health, it doesn't really matter how much you are exposed to them.
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Why can we see Ultima Thule which is only 21 miles across, but can't seem to find a giant missing 9th planet?
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Great minds think alike. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How come we haven't seen that ninth planet all this time? ] ^1. [ELI5: If there is a ninth planet in our solar system ten times more massive than the Earth, why haven't we found it yet? ] ^1. [ELI5: How are we able to detect earth sized planets many light-years away, as well as potential composition, but aren't able to definitively confirm the existence of a much larger 9th, and 10th Planet in our own Solar System ] ^
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why do online or open world games tend to more “buggy” than other genres of games?
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Short answer: there's more to go wrong. Longer answer: Having a game with online and open world elements both make it more complex and open up more opportunities for bugs. Having an online game requires the developer to deal with networking. Networking is unreliable in the best of circumstances. I once had an engineer tell me that 0.1% of all packets on the internet don't make it to their destination . So, even if you make no mistakes in your networking code, you need to deal with an inherent unreliability. With networking you also have to deal with timing problems where things appear to happen at different times for two different players because there is delay in communication. What do you do if one player has a drastically slower connection than another player? What do you do if a player is intentionally feeding false data to your server? Dealing with these questions introduces more chances for bugs and just general weirdness. Open world games also introduce more possibility for bugs. Instead of being in a constrained environment where everything can be tested, your players can now go anywhere. The number of possible interactions jumps by an order of magnitude. It's going to be impossible to playtest every possible interaction and more bugs will slip in that won't get caught until release.
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How do filmmakers ethically make an infant cry/elicit negative emotional responses?
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you don't have to do something bad, it isn't really a negative emotion. it's the only way an infant can communicate for the first stages of development. there are different crying for different needs.
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Why are our eyes colored?
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> The color of the iris is determined by the amount of melanin, the ratio of eumelanin to pheomelanin , and the way the melanin is distributed in the eye. Irises with little melanin appear blue due to scattering of light by collagen fibers in the iris. Blue, gray, green and hazel eyes are only common in people of European ancestry; other people's eyes are various shades of brown. & #x200B; Source: [_URL_2_]
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How do hashing and password security work?
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Hashing is done by a hash function. A hash function gives you an unique output that from which it's impossible to get to your input.Let's say your password is 1234, a hash function will generate an unique number or set of characters for your password.So the server or machine that checks your login info recieves the hash and if it matches you can login on your pc for example.This way your password is harder to hack because the main server/machine doesn't store your password. This is used for most security logins we use irl. Of course 2 persons with the same password of 1234 would generate the same hash number but the hash function can use your user account, pc station address etc. also making an unique hash for every user. The chance of 2 persons having exactly the same login data is impossible. Edit: For banks, they can use your name, social security number in the hash function too making it unique for sure.
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Why was it so groundbreaking that ancient civilizations discovered/utilized the number 0?
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Practically speaking the main beneficial effect of zero was in having a base ten calculation system within which is far easier to perform simple arithmetical functions. The concept of zero was of it being an arithmetical function rather than a number for hundreds of years.Not related to question. But some info about zero. When people used to count using stones. They used to place the stones on the ground. They noticed the impression of a stone when it was removed. It is said that the symbol for zero was an abstraction of thisBecause the human brain struggles to understand the concept of “nothing.” There is always at least one of a thing. If not, why think about it? The fact that someone just thought it up and then *was able to explain it* to the idiots around him is amazing.It's not, people have realized they had nothing since the dawn of time. Mathmaticians just hate it when you point out they are not as cool as they thought. Also most adults don't need algebra.
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How come In the period of 24h, half the earth is always lit by the sunlight is true. when some regions of the earth get only six months nights and six months days?
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Go get a basketball and shine a small flashlight on it's middle. Does the light reach where the south/north poles of the earth are? Is it brightest where the equatorial line is? That's why. The earth is a sphere and the light from the sun shines like a cone, similarly to a flashlight. Go try it out!
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When you're flying in an airplane, why does it look like the cars or waves are staying still and not moving?
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When we see something, it's the amount the angle of sight changes with time that matters when we judge how fast it's moving. So it depends on both the speed of the object and the distance away. An aircraft moving at several hundred miles per hour but a long way away seems slow but a dog running a few yards away may only be going 10 mph.They are very very very far away, so even if they are moving fast, you can’t tell because it’s hard to see that far
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Why is it that children are so much more prone to crying in comparison to an adult?
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I really want ". As we grow up, we usually don't cry unless our emotions or needs outstrip our ability to express our feelings or put it into words. Extreme pain, heartbreak, relief etc.
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Most countries in the world seem to be in debt. Who exactly do they owe? Are there any consequences for them being in debt?
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Its usury and its and endless debt cycle to the global banks. Think of it like the bank from Game of Thrones. You borrow your own country's currency at interest. Now there's no way to ever pay off that interest without trading with foreign countries and using their currency to pay off your debt. Its a bad system but more and more people are realizing it.As noted by others, the citizens own the debt in the form of government bonds. The consequence is the interest payments. As a country borrows more money, they will have to devote more money to paying the interest. I read an excellent description of this issue. By printing money today, you are taking wealth from your economic futureThey owe everyone. Businesses, people who buy bonds, other countries Being in debt isn’t necessarily a negative. Every properly run business and country is in debt. The debt just needs to be working for you. Allowing you to make more money elsewhere. The problem arises when you don’t control your debt and have too much of itAlexander Hamilton believed that a little debt in the government was good because it would make people or other countries that owned the US’s debt want to help improve the US because it would mean they would earn money back on their investment.It should also be added that most governments also holds some debt, i.e. other nations, banks etc. owe them money. If you take these assets and subtract the debt the government owes, most of the governments you'd expect to have money actually does.But then why do countries donate to third world countries if they are already in debt?If the government needs more money, why can’t it just print more? What’s that ramification?
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Regarding the Law of Supply, why doesn't quantity supplied increase whether the price is low or the price is high?
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Quantity supplied will only increase until the level of profit will be greater if resources are reallocated to other endeavors. Think about the oil market, and the highest cost suppliers, frackers. Leaving demand constant, as supply increases, the price will decrease. While frackers will continue to operate as price falls, at some price point the level of profit will not sustain the continued operation of frackers and they will cap the wells. At this point the oil market will be supplied by lower cost suppliers, and when excess supply is depleted, buyers will start bidding more to get the oil they need. Fracker production will be suspended until the price rises to make normal profit levels achievable again. Edit: Add the following. If you are losing money on each unit, you can't make it up in volume.
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When a new computer has its battery fully charged and is properly shut down, 2 weeks later the battery is at 0%. Where does all that energy go?
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Batteries lose a small amount of charge to the air. It's a tiny amount but it's not insignificant. Also nearly all modern computers have a soft power switch, not a mechanical switch that physically disconnects the power, so even when it is completely and totally shut off, it's still using a tiny amount of power to run the circuit that detects the push of the power button.
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How does grapefruit juice "amplify" drugs?
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I'd like to piggyback this question and ask if this is the same reason MDMA works so well with OJ", 'Compound in grapefruit prevents your liver from breaking down a lot of different medications
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If the amazon echo doesn’t start processing audio until you say “Alexa”, how does it know when you say it?
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I like the new Ford" and so on I would bet money they do know what you are talking about.To anyone that thinks it's sending a constant stream of audio to Amazon, you are delusional, mostly. I don't dabble in the tech, as much as i know how much data it takes to record and store audio, it would not be worth it to save your audio at any point. On the flipside it's entirely possible/probable that based off of your digital footprint, they are collecting certain words and phrases in order to sell you products via targeted ads and marketing Facebook does it, as do many other devices, mostly from your own phone. Try it out sometime, it's creepy. I have an android phone for work, logged into my Personal Gmail. A coworker and I were talking about Volkswagen one day at work, when I came home and turned on my Android Sony TV, there was a Volkswagen ad. Tried it over and over with success. Also did this with Facebook on an iPhone, same result. I have over 10 devices listening to me right now, have had at least 1 that has been since 1995, that's a lot of audio. Let's say 1 hour of audio is 20mb Let's say 24 hours is 480mb1 week is 3,360mb 1 year is 174,720 mb That doesn't seem like much Multiply that by TLDR: No one is recording your audio to use against you, although the NSA. has access to a lot of these feeds and can pull audio from them if you are saying "terrorist phrases" Google records before you say "ok Google". You can verify by going to your saved voice commands at my _URL_1_. You hear yourself saying the trigger before saying the command. Filter the products with voice at the bottom.Don't believe anything! It's listening to everything!!!!!! I'll sell you a special aluminum hat so it can't read your thoughts, only 100$.
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Why are borders between states/provinces/countries etc. all jagged and crooked and such, as opposed to straight and even lines?
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CGP Grey did a great video about the Canada-Us border. In this case, from what I remember, the line may look straight on a map but up close and in reality, it's quite jagged. It's due to the work being doled out to various surveyors who had a good understanding of what to do and good tools with which to do it, but nothing was perfect and it's a long line. _URL_0_
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Why did the US Never get on board with the rest of the world with the metric system?
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The US has been involved with the metric system since the start. All the US measurements are actually based on SI standards, so a yard isn't 36 inches, and a pound isn't 16 ounces - rather 1 yard = 0.9144 meter and a avoirdupois pound = 0.45359237 kilogram", 'Money, think about re standardizing things and the cost to inform the public, reprinting books, re training labour ect ect
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- What is a comet and how does it travels so fast in space?
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No, comets are thought to have formed at the same time the other have planets formed, failed planets if you will. The traveling speed of comets vary. Most comets orbit the sun on very long elliptical orbits that would carry them with increasing speed very close to, and at it's highest speed around the sun and then very far away where the kinetic energy is finally consumed from the gravitational force of the sun. The solar wind interacts with the comet matter and ionisation induces the bright tail of the comet in the closer vicinity of the sun. The tail is always pointing away from the sun. The comet looses some mass and would eventually dissolve completely. Or finally hit a planet - Jupiter in the case of comet Shoemaker-Levy\xa09 in 1994. Asteroids travel like comets but their surface matter won't be bothered by solar winds. Edit: [Something visual.]
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Why is most frozen food often bad for you? Is there a real reason most frozen food is high in sodium?
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Depends what it is, frozen veggies are typically better for you, the frost helps to break down the veggies and assists you in digesting it. Plus they are typically frozen within hours of harvest so have more of the easily degraded nutrients compared to fresh veggies that have been sitting on the shelf for a few days. Most frozen things are just the fresh version of stuff just frozen and is no different than what you'd get elsewhere . The Frozen stuff though can be worse, but that's mostly because things like hot pockets are mass produced cheap foods that just happen to be frozen, obviously a ham sandwich has better ingredients, but it's not a hot pocket, and you could try making your own hot pockets, but you'd probably use regular cheese and dough, not the mass produced stuff they use.As explained in the book *Salt, Sugar, Fat* about the processed food industry: when they started making frozen meals, they found that they all tasted awful due to the freezing and re-heating. But salt causes them to be flavorful and edible again. Also, there’s not just one type of salt. There are many types of salt and it’s an important job to figure out which type of salt is best to get the flavor profile you wantI just did a quick search for frozen food nutritional facts, and of the ones I looked at - frozen broccoli, frozen peas, frozen blueberries, frozen orange juice, frozen waffles, frozen sausage - literally none had a higher sodium content than the fresh equivalent. Some vitamins may be lost during the freezing process, as these vitamins are found in the water content of the food which may escape during the freezing process.
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How can anything apart from bacteria live in the bottom of the ocean?
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Something can live just about anywhere there's liquid water and some nutrients and some way to get oxygen. All these are available there.
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How do babies not drown during water birth?
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The same way they don't drown in the amniotic fluid : they don't breathe. They get all the stuff they need from the umbilical cord. Only when you cut that does the breathing start.
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Why are some EU member states using different currencies?
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What happened specifically for Denmark was that when the EU introduced the Euro, this required a constitutional change in Denmark, and you couldn't have one without a referendum. And the Danish people voted no. So the Danish government went into overdrive to work out a new arrangement where Denmark stayed out of a number of agreements, but stayed in the EU. Interestingly, Denmark had traditionally tied the Krone to the Deutschmark, so every time Germany inflated, Denmark did as well. And so that policy was just maintained towards the Euro, and it doesn't really make that much difference unless the Euro completely tanks.
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What is a yawn?
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There is no real answer. One theory I like to believe is that it's a gesture we've developed as a group in order to tell each other that it's time to sleep. That's why it's catchy, and why it happens when you're tired.
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DRM and DRM removal software. How does DRM work and isn’t there removal software that works for all services?
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If software is a door, DRM is the lock. It only lets those who have a key in, and keeps everyone else out. However almost any lock can be picked with time, effort, and skill. To combat lock pickers, companies will make new locks with mechanisms that no one knows how to bypass yet. Lock complexity can be increased for added security but it can cause problems. A door with a hundred locks will keep anyone without the keys away, but can be a rather unpleasant experience even for key holders. ", 'Basically DRM is like a headband that makes you retarded, and the whole world has decided this is a great think and we should all wear it. It dramatically retards the evolution of mankind so that a few wealthy people can continue to be wealthy without having to do anything else.
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Why does a glass leave a ring of liquid on a table when no liquid has spilled?
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Sounds situation based. The material you put the glass on, the contents of the glass and it's temp, the overall temp of the surrounding environment , all could attribute to forming liquid rings under or around said glass as well as on said table. Hot contents on a cold table will transfer heat and form water beads, rings ect. Same for cold contents of a glass on a hot table. Not a scientist but that's what I told my five year old.Water gathers on the outside of said glass because of the two different temperatures . This runs down the side due to gravity, and collects at the base of the glass. It doesn’t spill everywhere, and stays in a ring shape, because water sticks to itself.The liquid isn't from inside the glass. The liquid is colder than the air, and it's water vapor in the air condensing into liquid. You'll notice that a cold glass of lemonade with ice will do that, but a hot cup of coffee will not.Condensation. The glass is so cold that it causes water particles to condense on the side of it and eventually slip down and leave a ring at the bottom.
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Why does China have such a fixation on small harmless nations like Tibet and Taiwan?
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Technically Taiwan is China . It is similar to, but not to the degree of, the two Koreas where the people are ethnically similar but have political disagreement, and therefore have established different governments. See _URL_0_ > The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China do not officially recognize each other's sovereignty. The official position of the governments of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China remains that there is only one sovereign entity of China, and that each of them represents the legitimate government of all of China—including both mainland China and Taiwan—and the other is illegitimate.
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why is there a concern when current generations aren't "having enough children"? Wouldn't having kids be inversely related to a happy/healthy lifestyle, in regards to civilization?
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Interesting question, but you have to phrase it correctly or parents get irked. I have two somewhat contrasting views : 1) Childless people have lots of things that make them happy. When they do have kids, they're just trading one source of happiness for another. For example, maybe new parents can't go out to the clubs like they used to. But they merely traded that joy for a joy of a different type. 2) #1 notwithstanding, my wife and I have noted throughout our lives that the happiest-seeming couples we know are all childless. I know it's totally unscientific, but that's our observation. Maybe the happiness that comes from kids doesn't manifest itself in a way that's as easily observable, I don't know. We're in our 50s and 60s, and even looking back I don't wish I'd had kids. Some people aren't cut out for it. I think it's better to realize and accept that than to bring a kid into the world that's not 100% wanted.
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How did the conflict in the Middle East start?
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You're gonna have to be a lot more specific. There are dozens of hot wars, insurgencies, rivalries, and long-term simmering conflicts in the region. Some of which are connected or share complicated histories, and some don't. Which one are you talking about? The Arab-Israeli conflict? The Syrian Civil War? The Yemen Crisis? The Iran-Saudi Arabia cold war? The broader fight against ISIS? The Turkish occupation of Afrin? .
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What is the difference in training that results in sumos being big, fat and strong, and wrestlers big, lean and strong?
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Western wrestlers don't eat anywhere near a sumo diet. They eat enough calories to sit near their weight class and then lose water weight to the final weight in the days leading up to a match..Basically, becayse the fat is not in their muscles but is just a layer of "blubber" under their skin. [This] comment goes into more detail. It's not really Explained like your 5 but still valuableSumo wrestling doesn’t have weight classes. There are plenty of skinny sumo wrestlers, but they tend to be lower ranked—ranking is determined by number of wins. So basically the heavier wrestlers have been the most successful wrestlers. It’s harder to pick them up or to push them, so that, combined with strength and skill, has become a winning combination for sumo. Having strength, skill, AND weight is more advantageous than having just skill and strength. But with Greco-Roman wrestling, since it’s divided by weight classes, any weight benefits you might have are negated by your opponent being the same weight. So there could end up being negatives associated with extra weight, but no positives. Thus excess weight is not seen as good with Greco-Roman wrestling and other western forms of wrestlingJust to add one big difference is that sumo fighters do not train after eating un fact they go to sleep right after so calories arent spent and they become fats. This fats are most from carbs and this kind of fat is really fast burnin and give them that explosive energy.
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Why do fingernails turn white when they pass your skin?
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While we're on fingernails being white: Why do fingernails sometimes have white spots in places it should be clear?
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How do fuel pumps automatically stop filling up gas when filling up?
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Gas pump jock here. In the olden days the flow of gas onto the nozzle tripped a mechanical lever, stopping the flow, often resulting in spillage of gas on the side of the car and onto the ground. Normal procedure in 'Full Service' mode was to wipe the side of the car with a wet towel to preserve the paint. Many cars developed a permanent stain below the gas cap. Many owners used to pump their own gas and listen for the sound of gas welling up to shut off the flow before it spilled over. Those were days of yar , surprised I survived them without being burned alive.And why does the pump always stop mine before my car is full? Is this a computer/reading error in my car?Er and why this does not happen with the Citroën 2CV?Can I ask a follow-up question? A friend of mine always lifts the hose, he thinks it drains any remaining gasoline in the hose into the tank - think bonus gas. Does this actually do anything, or does the nozzle block off that gas?', "Piggy backing on this, could someone explain to me why at some gas stations I can't seem to pump much gas at all without the pump disengaging constantly?
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How do you make money by buying shares in a company?
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You buy a teeny chunk of the company. They now have more liquid assets to do with what they will: expand, advertise, r & d, etc. In exchange for your cash and vote of confidence, many will pay dividends quarterly, or whenever. This is a chunk of the profits that they were able to make because of the money they received from selling teeny chunks of their company. The other way is that as the company's worth increases, so too does their stock price, so you can make money by buying and selling at high and low points. This is where it gets gamble-y.
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Why is the aspect ratio on photos and videos always different, even when shot with the same camera?
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Most camera sensors are at a 4:3 ratio. Hence, most photos are at that ratio. But for videos, the standard is 16:9 16:9 sensors are far less common, but a device like the Lumia 920 had a 8.7MP 16:9 sensor, hence, photos and videos appeared the same. I'm not sure about iPhones but Android devices can change the aspect ratio of the camera app for photos, if you prefer consistency, but it will crop slightly and have a slightly lower resolution than if it were 4:3
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What motivates modern hunters?
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Deer are assholes. They're basically giant rats , and we've wiped out most of their natural predators. If they aren't hunted they tend to start causing a lot of problems and becoming a serious disease vector. They also taste great, and hunting them is a fun way to spend time. Feral pigs are even bigger assholes. They don't taste as good, but nobody cares how many you kill because they're destructive vermin.
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