text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
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L. c. texianus ( Waterhouse ) – southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado to Zacatecas
| 98a0b629af07661792185b4c28ee8fd1 | 17,408 |
L. c. wallawalla ( Merriam ) – eastern Washington to northeastern California and northwestern Nevada
| 0b5485eec8ef712d0f7c2d42c00ebd7e | 17,409 |
L. c. xanti ( Thomas )
| e7796191c533b7ca5c27311775992847 | 17,410 |
= = Plant communities = =
| b9f5fafe0c231f291e18712700140dea | 17,412 |
The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit occupies plant communities with a mixture of shrubs , grasses , and forbs . Shrubland @-@ herb mosaics are preferred over pure stands of shrubs or herbs . Black @-@ tailed jackrabbit populations are common in sagebrush ( Artemisia spp . ) , creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ) , and other... | 5baa929f837e315bfbc2879358cd7513 | 17,414 |
= = Major life events = =
| fbe215f902782918b93450fdf484cf30 | 17,416 |
Male black @-@ tailed jackrabbits reach sexual maturity around 7 months of age . Females usually breed in the spring of their second year , although females born in spring or early summer may breed in their first year . Ovulation is induced by copulation . The breeding season is variable depending upon latitude and en... | 7f9ad6b991922ca9a490afc2b6f74e90 | 17,418 |
The gestation period ranges from 41 to 47 days . More litters are born in warm climates : the number of litters born each year ranges from two per year in Idaho to seven in Arizona . Litter sizes are largest in the northern portions of black @-@ tailed jackrabbit 's range and decrease toward the south . Average litter... | f35319b20e8cb0d7d3a14096ba3a2174 | 17,419 |
Female black @-@ tailed jackrabbits do not prepare an elaborate nest . They give birth in shallow excavations called forms that are no more than a few centimeters deep . Females may line forms with hair prior to giving birth , but some drop litters in existing depressions on the ground with no further preparation . Yo... | e587a678afa6648bf3e600fc0bf2b683 | 17,420 |
= = Preferred habitat = =
| 4dcd7efc97c352a25015cd39a301a2f1 | 17,422 |
The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit can occupy a wide range of habitats as long as diversity in plant species exists . It requires mixed grasses , forbs , and shrubs for food , and shrubs or small trees for cover . It prefers moderately open areas without dense understory growth and is seldom found in closed @-@ canopy ha... | 0345d477e95fd103bd18e536d04da292 | 17,424 |
Black @-@ tailed jackrabbits do not migrate or hibernate during winter ; the same habitat is used year @-@ round . Diurnal movement of 2 to 10 miles ( 3 – 16 km ) occurs from shrub cover in day to open foraging areas at night . Home range area varies with habitat and habitat quality . Home ranges of 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 2... | 9cb2c42b14330edf9143e3a2fac8700b | 17,425 |
Black @-@ tailed jackrabbits require shrubs or small conifers for hiding , nesting , and thermal cover , and grassy areas for night feeding . A shrub @-@ grassland mosaic or widely spaced shrubs interspersed with herbs provides hiding cover while providing feeding opportunities . Small shrubs do not provide adequate c... | 1329da43adc9edfc0c0b50b744478619 | 17,426 |
= = Food habits = =
| aedf13abd5ff2c310d644543a2cf9450 | 17,428 |
The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit diet is composed of shrubs , small trees , grasses , and forbs . Throughout the course of a year , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits feed on most if not all of the important plant species in a community . Growth stage and moisture content of plants may influence selection more than species .... | 2b8864713e3a4c9a7c6ef703054ed966 | 17,430 |
Plant species used by black @-@ tailed jackrabbits are well documented for desert regions . Forage use in other regions is less well known . However , black @-@ tailed jackrabbits browse Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) , ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) , lodgepole pine ( P. contorta ) , and western hemlock ( ... | b83743ee928e47b3a58cca309b7a2d3c | 17,431 |
= = = Great Basin = = =
| 7dde596e578c84c7962ce80f803a6fb4 | 17,433 |
In Great Basin , big sagebrush is a primary forage species and is used throughout the year ; in southern Idaho it forms 16 – 21 % of the black @-@ tailed jackrabbit summer diet . Rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus spp . ) , spiny hopsage ( gray spinosa ) , and black greasewood are also browsed . Four @-@ wing saltbush ( Atri... | ac9be5f8c0a2a98160558135aaa3b2ca | 17,435 |
= = = Warm desert = = =
| 8854c7af0c5ee9107d16c0263e4d8bf5 | 17,437 |
In warm desert , mesquite ( Prosopis spp . ) and creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ) are principal browse species . Broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae ) and Yucca spp. are also used . In honey mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa ) communities in New Mexico , the overall black @-@ tailed jackrabbit diet ... | 6dc59c138f0ec3b46b408d4bc8e69736 | 17,439 |
= = Predators = =
| 9f077c2ae64c15ce01882a72a2bdb03d | 17,441 |
The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit is an important prey species for many raptors and carnivorous mammals . The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit and Townsend 's ground squirrel ( Spermophilus townsendii ) are the two most important prey species on the Snake River Birds of Prey Study Area . Hawks preying on black @-@ tailed jac... | 934364e63891a2e61dc0440ba78edf63 | 17,443 |
Mammalian predators include coyote ( Canis latrans ) , bobcat ( Lynx rufus ) , lynx ( Lynx canadensis ) , domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic cat ( Felis catus ) , red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) , common gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ) , American badger ( Taxidea taxus ) , wolf ( Canis lupus ) , and mo... | 649fdad87f5c7014cfb0d37479cab227 | 17,444 |
Rattlesnakes ( Crotalus spp . ) and garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis ) prey on black @-@ tailed jackrabbit young . Raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) and striped skunks ( Mephitis mephitis ) may also capture young .
| 99a4107b7490de73fa575c4ebcb520fb | 17,445 |
= = Parasites and disease = =
| da670523290cf2a19cd35f4b83d82c52 | 17,447 |
The black @-@ tailed jackrabbit plays host to many ectoparasites including fleas , ticks , lice , and mites , and many endoparasites including trematodes , cestodes , nematodes , and botfly ( Cuterebra ) larvae . Diseases affecting the black @-@ tailed jackrabbit in the West are tularemia , equine encephalitis , bruce... | 6d702bb668ef322bd261708195fdc6eb | 17,449 |
The high prevalence of disease and parasites in wild jackrabbits affects human predation . Many hunters will not collect the jackrabbits they shoot , and those who do are well advised to wear gloves while handling carcasses and to cook the meat thoroughly to avoid contracting tularemia . Most hunting of jackrabbits is... | 7c647679aecb6f02eca888b7b618d8bd | 17,450 |
= Battle of Romani =
| 7892b2c32100087a6010cf6c0e5ce975 | 17,453 |
The Battle of Romani was the last ground attack of the Central Powers on the Suez Canal at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the First World War . The battle was fought between 3 and 5 August 1916 near the Egyptian town of Romani and the site of ancient Pelusium on the Sinai Peninsula , 23 miles... | dc734bf5550a1a74b57072b5698e00db | 17,455 |
This British Empire victory , the first against the Ottoman Empire in the war , ensured the safety of the Suez Canal from ground attacks , and ended the Central Powers ' ambitions of disrupting traffic through the canal by gaining control of the strategically important northern approaches to the Suez Canal . The pursu... | 56932fd0381fddef10e09d3cce2ec2dc | 17,456 |
From late April 1916 , after a German @-@ led Ottoman force attacked British yeomanry at Katia , British Empire forces in the region at first doubled from one brigade to two and then grew as rapidly as the developing infrastructure could support them . The construction of the railway and a water pipeline soon enabled ... | 3ddb69ccafef91a348f15ba32b1c121a | 17,457 |
During the night of 3 / 4 August 1916 , the advancing force including the German Pasha I formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division launched an attack from Katia on Romani . Forward troops quickly became engaged with the screen established by the 1st Light Horse Brigade ( Anzac Mounted Division ) . During fierce ... | 23b4c4655b4e305c3c2d30d0e6cd8451 | 17,458 |
= = Background = =
| d514b18e9690308b2ac67a227be74a70 | 17,460 |
At the beginning of the First World War , the Egyptian police controlling the Sinai Peninsula had withdrawn , leaving the area largely unprotected . In February 1915 , a German and Ottoman force unsuccessfully attacked the Suez Canal . Minor Ottoman and Bedouin forces operating across the Sinai continued to threaten t... | a4750f729af3d8636440d2ffb418e8cc | 17,462 |
By February 1916 , however , there was no apparent sign of any unusual military activity in the Sinai itself , when the British began construction on the first 25 @-@ mile ( 40 km ) stretch of 4 @-@ foot @-@ 8 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 42 m ) standard gauge railway and water pipeline from Kantara to Romani and Katia . Reconnai... | 4b54940d6783dc3e0f89f9069b27c3cd | 17,463 |
By the end of March or early in April 1916 , the British presence in the Sinai was growing ; 16 miles ( 26 km ) of track , including sidings , had been laid . Between 21 March and 11 April , the water sources at Wady Um Muksheib , Moya Harab and Jifjafa along the central Sinai route from southern Palestine were destro... | 624cc9206d1413e640b0e1a9e1c1d8d6 | 17,464 |
German General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein 's raiding force retaliated to this growing British presence , by attacking the widely dispersed 5th Mounted Brigade on 23 April , Easter Sunday and also St George 's Day , when Yeomanry were surprised and overwhelmed at Katia and Oghratina east of Romani . The ... | eee030bbbe7bed481132722881501db7 | 17,465 |
In response to this attack , the British Empire presence in the region doubled . The next day , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and the 2nd Light Horse Brigade which had served dismounted during the Gallipoli Campaign , of the Australian Major General Harry Chauvel 's Anzac Mounted Division reoccupied the Katia... | 96075ec7d88e3a21cfdf2566a1d57c12 | 17,466 |
= = Prelude = =
| 9ade3725ce67a15eed3630a786f5f5e7 | 17,468 |
On 24 April , the day after the Katia and Oghratina , Chauvel , commander of the Anzac Mounted Division , was placed in command of all the advanced troops : the 2nd Light Horse Brigade and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigades at Romani and an infantry division ; the 52nd ( Lowland ) at Dueidar . The infantry moved ... | 23fb24a3794050d7925c3c0eed9c3a44 | 17,470 |
The building of the railway and pipeline had not been greatly affected by the fighting on 23 April and by 29 April , four trains a day were running regularly to the railhead , manned by No. 276 Railway Company , and the main line to Romani was opened on 19 May . A second standard gauge railway line from Romani to Maha... | 5b23968fcbf6c002b39aceb143cb324c | 17,471 |
No major ground operations were carried out during these midsummer months , the Ottoman garrisons in the Sinai being scattered and out of reach of the British forces . But constant patrolling and reconnaissance were carried out from Romani to Ogratina , to Bir el Abd and on 16 May to Bir Bayud , 19 miles ( 31 km ) sou... | 41587203f4b5d0bc5f7e60c1d36fb3e2 | 17,472 |
Between 10 and 14 June , the last water source on the central route across the Sinai Peninsula was destroyed by the Mukhsheib column . This column , consisting of engineers and units of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , the Bikaner Camel Corps , and the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps drained 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 US gallons (... | 17bb5010c573a0fdacc0bced8924f7e0 | 17,473 |
Ottoman aircraft attacked the Suez Canal twice during May , dropping bombs on Port Said . British aircraft bombed the town and aerodrome at El Arish on 18 May and 18 June , and bombed all the Ottoman camps on a front of 45 miles ( 72 km ) parallel to the canal on 22 May . By the middle of June , the No. 1 Australian S... | af64c15fab45cb89cf61060f83ccfccf | 17,474 |
= = = German and Ottoman force = = =
| 06ac43a695a6a8643e7e92b683dd3ca4 | 17,476 |
At the beginning of July , it was estimated there were at least 28 @,@ 000 Ottoman troops in the Gaza – Beersheba area of southern Palestine , and that just before the battle began at Romani , there were 3 @,@ 000 troops at Oghratina , not far from Katia , another 6 @,@ 000 at the forward base of Bir el Abd , east of ... | 374d444455a100dd50d936b12a602370 | 17,478 |
Kress von Kressenstein 's Fourth Army was made up of the 3rd ( Anatolian ) Infantry Division 's three regiments , the 31st , 32nd and 39th Infantry Regiments , totalling 16 @,@ 000 men , of whom 11 @,@ 000 to 11 @,@ 873 were combatants , Arab ancillary forces ; and one regiment of the Camel Corps . Estimates of their ... | abb215155533eadb2714839c48e84b09 | 17,479 |
The Pasha I formation with a ration strength of about 16 @,@ 000 , consisted of personnel and materiel for a machine gun battalion of eight companies with four guns each with Ottoman drivers , five anti @-@ aircraft groups , the 60th Battalion Heavy Artillery consisting of one battery of two 100mm guns , one battery o... | 1b7da42e398091a031ac7ef3581e8b82 | 17,480 |
The 300th Flight Detachment provided a squadron for aerial reconnaissance , and increased the numbers of aircraft available to support the advance across Sinai . These Pasha I aircraft were faster and more effective than the " hopelessly outclassed " British aircraft and were able to maintain air superiority over the ... | 402e9e06b3446ccb24f1bd4a6c76ee03 | 17,481 |
It is also possible that the 81st Regiment of the 27th Division advanced to Bir el Abd and took part in the defence of that place .
| 29297c3e791ac4e4fd8d2198d6138141 | 17,482 |
The objectives of the German , Austrian and Ottoman advance were to capture Romani and to then establish a strongly entrenched position opposite Kantara , from which place their heavy artillery would be within range of the Suez Canal . The attacking force assembled in the southern Ottoman Empire at Shellal , north @-@... | 7ae10deb6ae908d8972ba086d61f16aa | 17,483 |
= = = British forces = = =
| 574600383a834b8678bef2b4906ae706 | 17,485 |
General Sir Archibald Murray , the commander of the British Empire forces in Egypt , formed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) in March 1916 by merging the Force in Egypt , which had protected Egypt since the beginning of the war , with the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force which had fought at Gallipoli . The ro... | 7b7443fc63a292a6048ab8a625d87a4b | 17,487 |
With the occupation of Romani , the area became part the Northern or No. 3 Sector of the Suez Canal defences , which originally stretched along the canal from Ferdan to Port Said . Two further sectors grouped the defence forces along the central and southern sections of the Canal ; No. 2 , the Central Sector , stretch... | 8e6573c5005259e050ae9ab6755b74eb | 17,488 |
Murray considered it very unlikely that an attack would occur anywhere other than in the northern sector and therefore was prepared to reduce the troops in Nos 1 and 2 Sectors to a minimum . He decided not to reinforce his four infantry brigades , but to increase the available fire @-@ power at Romani by moving up the... | 60fc388a73fc40b85ad89d938682c9be | 17,489 |
Major General H. A. Lawrence commanded No. 3 Section Canal Defences , and as part of those defences , the Romani position was commanded by Lawrence , who had his headquarters at Kantara . Stationed at Kantara were infantry in the 42nd Division , an infantry brigade of the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division with 36 guns and the 3... | 5d954a46e0833f8a4e1636627a21b125 | 17,490 |
The deployments on 3 August on and near the battlefield were as follows :
| b69905e26ef6aac150d50a5e893c542d | 17,491 |
at Hill 70 , 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Romani , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade ( less the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment , but with the 2nd Light Horse Brigade 's 5th Light Horse Regiment , temporarily attached ) , commanded by Edward Chaytor , and the 5th Mounted Brigade , under the direct command of Lawren... | d1febddc1752ec81ba988dcc955b2a34 | 17,492 |
at Hill 40 , infantry from the 125th ( Lancashire Fusiliers ) Brigade and the 127th ( Manchester ) Brigade ( 42nd Division ) were also on the railway line at Gilban Station ,
| 47b76bded4e7c7d55c64ae30d0588b88 | 17,493 |
the Mobile Column was based in the Sinai at the end of the El Ferdan railway , while the 3rd Light Horse Brigade was at Ballybunion , also in the Sinai at the end of the Ballah railway .
| 3e58dd2188a1cd4d7506aeeb03b73ef5 | 17,494 |
The force at Romani , responsible for its defence when the battle began , consisted of infantry from the British 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , commanded by Major General W. E. B. Smith , and the Anzac Mounted Division commanded by Chauvel ( less the 3rd Light Horse Brigade ) . The 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades , ( le... | 3ea457ea0b3d0a5386e6edba80cf5f9e | 17,495 |
= = = Development of defensive positions = = =
| 525a282e6567bf7cdb3adb8dae3578a4 | 17,497 |
Infantry from the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division joined the two mounted brigades at Romani between 11 May and 4 June , when the development of the railway made it possible to transport and supply such a large number of soldiers . The infantry occupied a defensive position known as Wellington Ridge , facing a tangle of sand... | 58a1ba456a8f9d852e7ea77cbffd3140 | 17,499 |
The 52nd ( Lowland ) Division developed a strong defensive position at Romani which had its left flank on the Mediterranean Sea , here a series of redoubts were built running southwards from Mahamdiyah along the line of high sand hills about 7 miles ( 11 km ) to a dune known as Katib Gannit 100 feet ( 30 m ) high . Th... | 3d77b6d1887e2a2ed247e47d49f9ab35 | 17,500 |
The threat of an Ottoman attack towards the Suez Canal had been considered by Lawrence in consultation with his divisional commanders , and a second defensive area was developed to address their concerns . Their plans took into account the possibility of an Ottoman army at Katia moving to attack Romani or following th... | fed44d90b4b7d44236809c590e0e4560 | 17,501 |
= = = Light Horse patrols before the battle = = =
| fab5f2c893932db65abeed2cb75c0ef3 | 17,503 |
Active patrolling by mounted troops continued throughout the period leading up to the battle , but by early July , there were no indications of any imminent resumption of hostilities . The nearest Ottoman garrison of 2 @,@ 000 men was at Bir el Mazar 42 miles ( 68 km ) east of Romani , and on 9 July , a patrol found B... | 46bfef855848b49b08cf5ca3ec0cde36 | 17,505 |
On 20 July , the 2nd Light Horse Brigade with two guns mounted on ped @-@ rails of the Ayrshire Battery demonstrated against Oghratina , capturing several prisoners , and beginning a series of patrols which , together with the 1st Light Horse Brigade , they continued until the eve of battle . Every day until 3 August ... | 03a64cfba21b11429a6eae3a2bf7c1d5 | 17,506 |
The tactic of continuous forward patrolling was so successful that the advancing force 's every move was known to the defenders , but the light horsemen were substantially outnumbered and could not stop the advance . By daylight on 3 August , the German , Austrian and Ottoman force had occupied Katia and were within s... | 07ffd189bae62b2722f174bb0ca36b8b | 17,507 |
= = = Plans = = =
| cb716697fc4aba7971bc68cd7ff4db9b | 17,509 |
The German and Ottoman objective was not to cross the canal , but to capture Romani and establish a strongly entrenched heavy artillery position opposite Kantara , from which to bombard shipping on the canal . Kress von Kressenstein 's plan for the attack on Romani was to bombard the line of defensive redoubts with he... | cd8391aad494e4bd78030057503addfe | 17,511 |
The defenders expected the German and Ottoman attack to be one of containment against their prepared line of defence , and an all @-@ out attack on the right south of Katib Gannit . They also appreciated that such an attack would expose the German and Ottoman left flank . Murray 's plan was to firstly delay the attack... | 98dee154d0f27aab0ea23afecb051957 | 17,512 |
Chauvel had selected a position for the defence of Romani , which stretched for 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) between Katib Gannit and Hod el Enna , with a second fall @-@ back position covering a series of parallel gullies running south @-@ east and north @-@ west giving access to the area of soft sand to the rear of the Ro... | 46e78d3adb3caceb997d64b6c4644666 | 17,513 |
= = Battle on 4 August = =
| c8e6a287e2f4e5cba53649dc19ecbd06 | 17,515 |
Just before midnight on 3 / 4 August , three columns of the German Pasha I and the 4th Ottoman Army , consisting of about 8 @,@ 000 men , began their attack on an outpost line held by the 1st Light Horse Brigade three and a half hours after the return of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade from their regular daytime patrol . ... | ca15d3142d170cc949b64e694888dbd3 | 17,517 |
The Ottoman centre and left columns were skilfully led round the open flank of the infantry 's entrenchments and on towards the camp and railway . After the moon had set at around 02 : 30 , the Germans and Ottomans made a bayonet charge on Mount Meredith . Although vastly outnumbered , the light horsemen fought an eff... | 73d797d21709428b68957f0275bb952d | 17,518 |
Chauvel had relied on the steadiness of the 1st Light Horse Brigade , which he had commanded during the Gallipoli campaign , to hold the line against greatly superior numbers for four hours until dawn , when the general situation could be assessed . Daylight revealed the weakness of the light horse defenders in their ... | d9e0f775d653a2cb3fb07e488188b6af | 17,519 |
Having been held south of Romani , the German and Ottoman force attempted a further outflanking manoeuvre to the west , concentrating 2 @,@ 000 troops around Mount Royston another sand dune , south @-@ west of Romani . At 05 : 15 , the Ottoman 31st Infantry Regiment pushed forward ; then the 32nd and the 39th Infantry... | 6ce903b2f46e371a3828e088c7305b48 | 17,520 |
The two brigades of light horse continued to gradually withdraw , pivoting on the extreme right of the infantry position , which covered the left flank and rear of Romani . They were pushed back between Wellington Ridge and Mount Royston , about 2 @.@ 25 miles ( 3 @.@ 62 km ) west of the former ; the attackers continu... | e995018afb8dfa03ba0ce2e36a426d3c | 17,521 |
It became apparent that the German and Ottoman right column , ( 31st Infantry Regiment ) was attempting a frontal attack on redoubts held by infantry in the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division . The defenders were able to hold on , but were subjected to severe artillery shelling during the day . Frontal attacks began with heavy... | 5527fd6d2d936e17d4a7340ea4b90ad8 | 17,522 |
The light horse had gradually withdrawn back until , at about 11 : 00 , the main German and Ottoman attack was stopped by well directed fire from the Royal Horse Artillery batteries of the Anzac Mounted Division and by light horse rifle and machine gun fire , to which the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division contributed consider... | 1a81382b743395c705464bccf88710cd | 17,523 |
The Ottoman advance was at a standstill everywhere . After a long night 's march , the German and Ottoman troops faced a difficult day under the desert sun without being able to replenish their water and exposed to artillery fire from Romani . At this time , the attacking forces held a line running from the Bardawil (... | 4c9daabb3287cf7912fa25174346618e | 17,524 |
= = = Reinforcements = = =
| 6d55f454bfb414e894f573eec999678b | 17,526 |
Chaytor , commander of the New Zealander Mounted Rifles Brigade , had been advised of the Austrian , German and Ottoman advance against Romani at 02 : 00 . By 05 : 35 , Lawrence at his headquarters of the Northern No. 3 Canal Defences Sector at Kantara , had been informed of the developing attack . He recognised that ... | 53bd1fe8023035da549b146f12f5a26f | 17,528 |
Meanwhile , the 3rd Light Horse Brigade at Ballybunion was directed to move forward to Hill 70 and send one regiment to Dueidar , while the Mobile Column was ordered by GHQ to march towards Mageibra .
| cb9d6d80d353c206355933b30ab27f2e | 17,529 |
= = = Mount Royston counterattack = = =
| 30d528f82033385e9f3a828149fdd505 | 17,531 |
The German , Austrian and Ottoman attack on Mount Royston was checked to the north by the 3rd and 6th Light Horse Regiments ( 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades ) , and under constant bombardment from the horse artillery and the infantry 's heavy artillery of the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division . At 10 : 00 , the front held b... | 4eb73cabbd9f04e747b9db4d0bf86fea | 17,533 |
The plan called for the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades , the 5th Mounted and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigades to swing round the attackers ' left flank and envelop them . The first reinforcements to arrive were the Composite Regiment of the 5th Mounted Brigade ; they came up on the flank of their mounted regi... | 3fb2e0271bbbf405856ed249133ac664 | 17,534 |
When the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade 's headquarters and the Canterbury Mounted Rifle Regiments were within 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of Dueidar on the old caravan road , they were ordered to move directly to Canterbury Hill , the last defensible position in front of the railway , east of Pelusium Station , as the ... | 949372a0b9a8ca6b350eaef9d4c1a1ea | 17,535 |
The 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades first made contact with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade by heliograph , after which Royston , commanding the 2nd Light Horse Brigade , galloped across to explain the situation . Chaytor then moved the Auckland and Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiments , supported by the Somers... | d1f0b385b59151d6b26efe0a4968c688 | 17,536 |
The New Zealand riflemen soon gained a footing on Mount Royston , aided by accurate and rapid shooting from the Somerset Royal Horse Artillery Battery . By 16 : 00 , the attack had proceeded to a point where Chaytor arranged with the 5th Mounted Brigade for a squadron of Royal Gloucestershire Hussars and two troops of... | 2663041e2730f6edef0064dc4e6a3cda | 17,537 |
Meanwhile , the inner flank of the German and Ottoman force on Wellington Ridge made a last effort to advance across the ridge , but was driven back by artillery fire . Fresh frontal attacks launched against the main British infantry system of redoubts broke down completely . At 17 : 05 , Major General Smith ordered i... | 763d78b248cbd2522ce87f42837f73d9 | 17,538 |
When darkness put an end to the fighting , the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades established an outpost line and spent the night on the battlefield , while the New Zealand Mounted Rifles and 5th Mounted Brigades withdrew for water and rations at Pelusium Station , where the newly arrived infantry brigades of the 42nd D... | 392f06413ad92a07f20664a36b1b619e | 17,539 |
= = Battle on 5 August = =
| 26f6e48d5e6744736e5ff7efa1559878 | 17,541 |
Within 24 hours , British commanders were able to concentrate a force of 50 @,@ 000 men in the Romani area , a three to one advantage . This force included the two infantry divisions – the 52nd and the newly arrived 42nd – four mounted brigades , two of which had been on active duty since 20 July , and two heavily eng... | ad312d20a66ed54f3cd90e4ab60560ed | 17,543 |
However , Lawrence 's orders for a general advance on 5 August beginning at 04 : 00 included an advance by the Anzac Mounted Division . His orders read :
| e9f209e17519627d23723796cf76be5b | 17,544 |
Anzac Mounted Division to press forward with its right on the Hod el Enna and its left in close touch with the infantry from the 156th ( Scottish Rifles ) Brigade , 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , advancing on the line Katib Gannit to Mount Meredith .
| 6868cba2fb766f1c0c485ea30ce31fbb | 17,545 |
3rd Light Horse Brigade to move towards Bir el Nuss and attack Hod el Enna from the south keeping in close touch with the Anzac Mounted Division .
| 22f21dd56664e9476837c16a98b9c9e5 | 17,546 |
5th Mounted Brigade , under orders of 42nd Infantry Division to assist the 3rd Light Horse Brigade 's link with the Anzac Mounted Division 's right .
| 805695a7216e776821b4251c5fc90abf | 17,547 |
42nd Division to move on the line Canterbury Hill – Mount Royston – Hod el Enna and drive back any opposition to the advance of the mounted troops in close support of Anzac Mounted Division 's right flank .
| 41afa7bb344186ceabe8713199eb0200 | 17,548 |
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