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The figure of Shiva should be tallest , followed by that of Vishnu , Parvati and Vishnu 's wives . Various deities like the eight guardians of the directions , the eight Vasus , the seven Matrika goddesses , celestial beings such as Yakshas and Gandharvas , sages and siddhas may be depicted standing with folded arms i... | 797bd3a011ab4bada59265d017865b7b | 20,009 |
= = = Depictions = = =
| 5c85dfbdfc08f81b9765866ddedbd598 | 20,011 |
The complete scene of the wedding is not always depicted . Sometimes , only the principal participants are shown . Chola bronzes featuring only Shiva and Parvati as described in the wedding scene are found . South Indian sculptures , like those from Madurai , feature only the couple and Vishnu . In this configuration ... | 4513f8a84f4493308da1ff613ceaddc4 | 20,013 |
Other deviations from the texts may appear in the attributes held by the divine couple . Parvati may hold a mirror , instead of the lotus . Shiva may be shown holding the trishula ( trident ) and damaru ( drum ) in his back hands . Regional variations in iconography may also occur . In Bengal , Shiva holds a karttari ... | 9f6c789e31f87d557a4383554ea29cb2 | 20,014 |
Various wedding guests are depicted in the scene . Shiva 's attendant ganas enjoy the festivities ; playing drums or dancing . The vahanas ( vehicles ) of the couple , Shiva 's bull Nandi and Parvati 's lion , are sometimes pictured in the scene . In vertical panel depictions , the celestial guests are often shown fly... | 7f11fda3c39dce6690cc9bea49ed69f5 | 20,015 |
= = Worship = =
| e5e5072d554dac2d916a4247f2ca4895 | 20,017 |
Though Kalyanasundara icons are found across India in caves , sculptures and temple walls , no sect is centred on their worship . The icon is a popular feature on temple gopurams ( temple towers ) .
| e7009c0cd0bb20a3a18bcfcd19338179 | 20,019 |
In South Indian Shiva temples like those in Tiruvenkadu and Chidambaram , the bronze Kalyanasundara images of Shiva and Parvati are used in annual temple festivals to commemorate the divine union . Special halls are reserved for the annual ceremonial wedding of the deities . The Kalyanasundara bronzes are used only in... | d01d728e97880f501ad0f1fd77cb23e4 | 20,020 |
At the Meenakshi Amman Temple , women worship the Kalyanasundara sculpture to find husbands .
| 40dbd4ed6edf4d4d5acd146c1085e3c1 | 20,021 |
Kalyanasundara is worshipped in Thirumanancheri as god of Marriages . The idols of Lord shiva in the form of Kalyanasundara and Parvathi is worshipped by the unmarried men and women for early marriage . There are also people who have completed the marriages come here to complete rituals .
| 625a9d955b91d9cf1e2002d2784c9bfd | 20,022 |
= SS El Sol =
| b97c8866e468a59dbbafb55ac4e0edbf | 20,025 |
SS El Sol was a cargo ship built in 1910 for the Morgan Line , a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Company . During World War I , she was known as USAT El Sol in service with the United States Army and as USS El Sol ( ID @-@ 4505 ) in service with the United States Navy . At the end of war , she reverted to her origi... | 949ff285a86e6cd67b8a7e6d21b86cff | 20,027 |
SS El Sol was one of four sister ships that carried cargo and a limited number of passengers for the Morgan Line . She was acquired by the U.S. Army after the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , and converted to carry horses and mules to France . In August 1918 , the ship was transferred to the U.S. Navy... | e25193d56cacf3e587c4f6c141b59c6c | 20,028 |
El Sol returned to the Morgan Line in 1919 and sailed with them until March 1927 , when she sank in New York Harbor after colliding with Sac City of the American Diamond Line . A portion of the ship 's cargo was salvaged but the ship was scrapped later in the year .
| b857c00d60f67ad182f6973f7ec16825 | 20,029 |
= = Early career = =
| 277dc030cf236fb71abaa60a48f542d6 | 20,031 |
SS El Sol was a cargo and passenger steamship launched on 11 May 1910 by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. of Newport News , Virginia ( yard no . 130 ) , and delivered to the Atlantic division of the Morgan Line on 20 August 1910 . She was the first of four sister ships ; the other three being El Mundo , ... | 3c4b9efc6fff5a3df5e89078ac26582c | 20,033 |
= = World War I = =
| 3329566c8a54bb640c195f468235b74c | 20,035 |
After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917 , El Sol was requisitioned by the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) on behalf of the United States Army , who designated her as an animal transport ship . Although there is no information about the specific conversion of El Sol , for other ships this ty... | 31e474e530b512b939544dc85ea6dc51 | 20,037 |
Sources do not reveal all of El Sol 's movements , but it is known that she departed on her second trip to France from Newport News on 10 February 1918 . Carrying 650 animals , El Sol headed to New York to join in a convoy with fellow Army transport Pastores , and U.S. Navy troop transports Covington , DeKalb , Manchu... | c496ee4f9799301b52205ef5169521e5 | 20,038 |
The next recorded activity of El Sol was on 3 August , when she was transferred from the Army to the U.S. Navy and commissioned the same day with Lieutenant Commander G. Anderson , USNRF , in command . El Sol was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) and continued to carry animals and supplies... | e86c45f38ad3d25cafead3c944a7a79b | 20,039 |
By August , each animal transport ship had a transport veterinarian and a permanent veterinary detachment to care for the animals while on board the ship . El Sol had also been joined by two of her sister ships , El Oriente and El Occidente in animal transport duty . She next departed Newport News on 23 August 1918 wi... | 6abbfa2e1fc446f2d795ff02365b9226 | 20,040 |
El Sol made two more roundtrips for the NOTS over the next five months . While returning to the United States from her last NOTS sailing in late March 1919 , El Sol responded to distress calls from Scranton , a Navy troop transport which had a damaged rudder and was disabled . El Sol came to the aid of the stricken sh... | a199f867aeec3de1d18de187e5d7938c | 20,041 |
At the conclusion of her last NOTS voyage on 3 April , El Sol was converted to a troop transport and assigned to the Navy 's Cruiser and Transport Force on 15 April . El Sol returned 2 @,@ 714 healthy and wounded American servicemen from France in two voyages . Decommissioned on 18 September , El Sol was returned to t... | 1958d39235b34812d918131cb5222096 | 20,042 |
= = Postwar civilian service = =
| ff435a26b6229139e4776259e6f102a4 | 20,044 |
El Sol resumed cargo service with the Morgan Line , where she had 8 years of uneventful operation . On 11 March 1927 , however , El Sol was inbound to New York with a $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cargo of pig iron , copper , and bales of cotton . When a heavy fog settled over New York Harbor , Captain Charles H. Knowles ordere... | bdb38810a49a9004d7574a636398f27d | 20,046 |
El Sol settled on the bottom at a 45 ° angle with only the tops of her masts protruding above the surface ; the Morgan Line house flag — a blue house flag with a red M inside a white star — still fluttered in the breeze . Even though the sunken vessel was not considered a hazard to navigation , in another fog two days... | 604f786cdce253a421836471f60ff2c1 | 20,047 |
In a hearings before the United States Steamboat Inspection Service , Captain Knowles of El Sol and the captain of Sac City were both cleared of wrongdoing in the collision , and the blame was laid on the heavy fog . On 31 July , The New York Times reported on the cargo salvage operations still underway on the wreck o... | ce5f5e7c408976e9399efda868eb52fc | 20,048 |
= Hoover Dam =
| 9a515508ceb8e57559f0669e160bd58b | 20,051 |
Hoover Dam , once known as Boulder Dam , is a concrete arch @-@ gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River , on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona . It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30 , 1935 , by President Franklin D. ... | 415ec5bc20a0dd6ee3d44540e46ce559 | 20,053 |
Since about 1900 , the Black Canyon and nearby Boulder Canyon had been investigated for their potential to support a dam that would control floods , provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power . In 1928 , Congress authorized the project . The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium call... | 9414f1a4eefd859a38f7f5e8cfc695a5 | 20,054 |
Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the United States by volume . The dam is located near Boulder City , Nevada , a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project , about 30 mi ( 48 km ) southeast of Las Vegas , Nevada . The dam 's generators provide power for public a... | 10601641acf9372e35521625ce5871ca | 20,055 |
= = Background = =
| d514b18e9690308b2ac67a227be74a70 | 20,057 |
= = = Search for resources = = =
| 19949e33844e380924b87bc2ef5fe073 | 20,060 |
As the United States developed the Southwest , the Colorado River was seen as a potential source of irrigation water . An initial attempt at diverting the river for irrigation purposes occurred in the late 1890s , when land speculator William Beatty built the Alamo Canal just north of the Mexican border ; the canal di... | f81b7521e94c82a3a50cf19441925c2d | 20,062 |
As the technology of electric power transmission improved , the Lower Colorado was considered for its hydroelectric @-@ power potential . In 1902 , the Edison Electric Company of Los Angeles surveyed the river in the hope of building a 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) rock dam which could generate 10 @,@ 000 horsepower ( 7 @,@ 50... | 8dbff2bfc49076f7727d589e56d1df16 | 20,063 |
In the following years , the Bureau of Reclamation ( BOR ) , known as the Reclamation Service at the time , also considered the Lower Colorado as the site for a dam . Service chief Arthur Powell Davis proposed using dynamite to collapse the walls of Boulder Canyon , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of the eventual dam site , ... | dedc6c32dff7eb51d3719434b9ffbc09 | 20,064 |
= = = Planning and agreements = = =
| edd4e9807024316f44ea9d427b3f3530 | 20,066 |
In 1922 , the Reclamation Service presented a report calling for the development of a dam on the Colorado River for flood control and electric power generation . The report was principally authored by Davis , and was called the Fall @-@ Davis report after Interior Secretary Albert Fall . The Fall @-@ Davis report cite... | 5b0a8096236548f72998e74b44cec73f | 20,068 |
With little guidance on water allocation from the Supreme Court , proponents of the dam feared endless litigation . A Colorado attorney proposed that the seven states which fell within the river 's basin ( California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , New Mexico , Colorado and Wyoming ) form an interstate compact , with the ... | 56db6ae384ab6058b8b764895ce1b4b7 | 20,069 |
Legislation to authorize the dam was introduced repeatedly by Representative Phil Swing ( R @-@ Calif . ) and Senator Hiram Johnson ( R @-@ Calif . ) , but representatives from other parts of the country considered the project as hugely expensive and one that would mostly benefit California . The 1927 Mississippi floo... | 6d49b95254a5fcb5ccf8f703f2c065eb | 20,070 |
On December 21 , 1928 President Coolidge signed the bill authorizing the dam . The Boulder Canyon Project Act appropriated $ 165 million for the Hoover Dam along with the downstream Imperial Dam and All @-@ American Canal , a replacement for Beatty 's canal entirely on the U.S. side of the border . It also permitted t... | e8b9aa38db4e20c6ab9e95f3f2402cd5 | 20,071 |
= = = Design , preparation and contracting = = =
| af8465e0881ce2971425f825b4cc1c9e | 20,073 |
Even before Congress approved the Boulder Canyon Project , the Bureau of Reclamation was considering what kind of dam should be used . Officials eventually decided on a massive concrete arch @-@ gravity dam , the design of which was overseen by the Bureau 's chief design engineer John L. Savage . The monolithic dam wo... | 7de5a90371640da75b1f73e2f4a31c28 | 20,075 |
On January 10 , 1931 , the Bureau made the bid documents available to interested parties , at five dollars a copy . The government was to provide the materials ; but the contractor was to prepare the site and build the dam . The dam was described in minute detail , covering 100 pages of text and 76 drawings . A $ 2 mi... | ea4e27294d8edca1dc78130636790356 | 20,076 |
The Wattis Brothers , heads of the Utah Construction Company , were interested in bidding on the project , but lacked the money for the performance bond . They lacked sufficient resources even in combination with their longtime partners , Morrison @-@ Knudsen , which employed the nation 's leading dam builder , Frank ... | 5ac5bdc3bc4573edf8a86ad2c893af66 | 20,077 |
The city of Las Vegas had lobbied hard to be the headquarters for the dam construction , closing its many speakeasies when the decision maker , Secretary of the Interior Ray Wilbur came to town . Instead , Wilbur announced in early 1930 that a model city was to be built in the desert near the dam site . This town beca... | 17e35eaa77918100069eff89104fad70 | 20,078 |
= = Construction = =
| 659963170efbc5c6620e92288bf9f6d8 | 20,080 |
= = = Labor force = = =
| c9011a2597e2a30d3bec4df9d422c64c | 20,083 |
Soon after the dam was authorized , increasing numbers of unemployed people converged on southern Nevada . Las Vegas , then a small city of some 5 @,@ 000 , saw between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 unemployed descend on it . A government camp was established for surveyors and other personnel near the dam site ; this soon... | 3bd6ff62736c7b8267566c3d14ccee78 | 20,085 |
As part of the contract , Six Companies , Inc. was to build Boulder City to house the workers . The original timetable called for Boulder City to be built before the dam project began , but President Hoover ordered work on the dam to begin in March 1931 rather than in October . The company built bunkhouses , attached ... | 4a100144ee3a71d16dd6331ed2e0c509 | 20,086 |
The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or " Wobblies " ) , though much @-@ reduced from their heyday as militant labor organizers in the early years of the century , hoped to unionize the Six Companies workers by capitalizing on their discontent . They sent eleven organizers , several of whom were arrested by Las V... | 3de8ff908e31af5fc34b5fc42a21043c | 20,087 |
On the morning of the 9th , Crowe met with the committee and told them that management refused their demands , was stopping all work , and was laying off the entire work force , except for a few office workers and carpenters . The workers were given until 5 p.m. to vacate the premises . Concerned that a violent confro... | 4061a6c03c5c18292cce0a61fa521e7d | 20,088 |
A second labor action took place in July 1935 , as construction on the dam wound down . When a Six Companies manager altered working times to force workers to take lunch on their own time , workers responded with a strike . Emboldened by Crowe 's reversal of the lunch decree , workers raised their demands to include a... | c8cbdaba0863372c811934e549169369 | 20,089 |
= = = River diversion = = =
| 2f7216d7b489c1f362911ea5a328e3ba | 20,091 |
Before the dam could be built , the Colorado River needed to be diverted away from the construction site . To accomplish this , four diversion tunnels were driven through the canyon walls , two on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side . These tunnels were 56 ft ( 17 m ) in diameter . Their combined length was ne... | f2668571b05b2095c4cd1c9c5b55e88f | 20,093 |
Tunneling began at the lower portals of the Nevada tunnels in May 1931 . Shortly afterward , work began on two similar tunnels in the Arizona canyon wall . In March 1932 , work began on lining the tunnels with concrete . First the base , or invert , was poured . Gantry cranes , running on rails through the entire leng... | 13ad59c823f60dbef348360d11be2720 | 20,094 |
Following the completion of the dam , the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete plugs . The downstream halves of the tunnels following the inner plugs are now the main bodies of the spillway tunnels . The inner diversion tunnels were... | 30363654f439629f9353f408a18ed438 | 20,095 |
= = = Groundworks , rock clearance and grout curtain = = =
| a634e612704eb2b9526e16a141369247 | 20,097 |
To protect the construction site from the Colorado River and to facilitate the river 's diversion , two cofferdams were constructed . Work on the upper cofferdam began in September 1932 , even though the river had not yet been diverted . The cofferdams were designed to protect against the possibility of the river floo... | de624a02e6e7d3c25850ab62b4bccfe6 | 20,099 |
When the cofferdams were in place and the construction site was drained of water , excavation for the dam foundation began . For the dam to rest on solid rock , it was necessary to remove accumulated erosion soils and other loose materials in the riverbed until sound bedrock was reached . Work on the foundation excava... | a4ec7ba5fade64bff7c8e2988b2b3ace | 20,100 |
The men who removed this rock were called " high scalers " . While suspended from the top of the canyon with ropes , the high @-@ scalers climbed down the canyon walls and removed the loose rock with jackhammers and dynamite . Falling objects were the most common cause of death on the dam site ; the high scalers ' wor... | ae99f5d38e139b75d0ca4e207db1f0a4 | 20,101 |
The cleared , underlying rock foundation of the dam site was reinforced with grout , called a grout curtain . Holes were driven into the walls and base of the canyon , as deep as 150 feet ( 46 m ) into the rock , and any cavities encountered were to be filled with grout . This was done to stabilize the rock , to preve... | e06dd0331c06913e4ca1f91ef32952d4 | 20,102 |
= = = Concrete = = =
| 58ae003c3bce9f18f3097a99e565e10a | 20,104 |
The first concrete was poured into the dam on June 6 , 1933 , 18 months ahead of schedule . Since concrete heats and contracts as it cures , the potential for uneven cooling and contraction of the concrete posed a serious problem . Bureau of Reclamation engineers calculated that if the dam was built in a single contin... | 02f1a6202e6ba980a76da60a37f92203 | 20,106 |
The concrete was delivered in huge steel buckets 7 feet high ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) and almost 7 feet in diameter ; Crowe was awarded two patents for their design . These buckets , which weighed 20 short tons ( 18 t ) when full , were filled at two massive concrete plants on the Nevada side , and were delivered to the site in ... | f831ddea756c3b5131efedda88f76d58 | 20,107 |
A total of 3 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 2 @,@ 480 @,@ 000 m3 ) of concrete was used in the dam before concrete pouring ceased on May 29 , 1935 . In addition , 1 @,@ 110 @,@ 000 cu yd ( 850 @,@ 000 m3 ) were used in the power plant and other works . More than 582 miles ( 937 km ) of cooling pipes were placed within ... | 5d56b5209918987cbf5b035088f380a4 | 20,108 |
= = = Dedication and completion = = =
| 106c9523eb027234493fda9fe469ddea | 20,110 |
With most work finished on the dam itself ( the powerhouse remained uncompleted ) , a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30 , 1935 , to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The morning of the dedication , it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific ti... | 0a26881ba3d4167ce14d88fff14858fe | 20,112 |
Most work had been completed by the dedication , and Six Companies negotiated with the government through late 1935 and early 1936 to settle all claims and arrange for the formal transfer of the dam to the Federal Government . The parties came to an agreement and on March 1 , 1936 , Secretary Ickes formally accepted t... | f9902bc001cffb7150e494e8167402b2 | 20,113 |
= = = Construction deaths = = =
| c57845496a5c2d7b2109afdc99a8c7f8 | 20,115 |
There were 112 deaths associated with the construction of the dam . The first was J. G. Tierney , a surveyor who drowned on December 20 , 1922 , while looking for an ideal spot for the dam . Ninety @-@ six of the deaths occurred during construction at the site . Of the 112 fatalities , 91 were Six Companies employees ... | f4d6c06009da38d4b78612a85db61a90 | 20,117 |
Not included in the official fatalities number were deaths that were recorded as pneumonia . Workers alleged that this diagnosis was a cover for death from carbon monoxide poisoning , brought on by the use of gasoline @-@ fueled vehicles in the diversion tunnels , and a classification used by Six Companies to avoid pa... | 47ca1d59c7aac39efa5e3c1ed9262dfb | 20,118 |
= = = Architectural style = = =
| 438f5d31cc690cac08b1f518854a1286 | 20,120 |
The initial plans for the facade of the dam , the power plant , the outlet tunnels and ornaments clashed with the modern look of an arch dam . The Bureau of Reclamation , more concerned with the dam 's functionality , adorned it with a Gothic @-@ inspired balustrade and eagle statues . This initial design was criticiz... | 43ed39e51b7657f39f63c24b14c8f73a | 20,122 |
At Kaufmann 's request , Denver artist Allen Tupper True was hired to handle the design and decoration of the walls and floors of the new dam . True 's design scheme incorporated motifs of the Navajo and Pueblo tribes of the region . Although some initially were opposed to these designs , True was given the go @-@ ahe... | 9eeab5f1c42d479ed2241a9d60d0209b | 20,123 |
With the agreement of Kaufmann and the engineers , True also devised an innovative color @-@ coding for the pipes and machinery , which was implemented throughout all BOR projects . True 's consulting artist job lasted through 1942 ; it was extended so he could complete design work for the Parker , Shasta and Grand Co... | 2eced3cc468452397f57e5ddfe4f278c | 20,124 |
Complementing Kaufmann and True 's work , the Norwegian @-@ born , naturalized American sculptor Oskar J.W. Hansen designed many of the sculptures on and around the dam . His works include the monument of dedication plaza , a plaque to memorialize the workers killed and the bas @-@ reliefs on the elevator towers . In ... | 45f92dd98409819d6eaaa83beb667084 | 20,125 |
Surrounding the base of the monument is a terrazzo floor embedded with a " star map " . The map depicts the Northern Hemisphere sky at the moment of President Roosevelt 's dedication of the dam . This is intended to help future astronomers , if necessary , calculate the exact date of dedication . The 30 @-@ foot @-@ h... | a5f3f259fc320d64f94176754c9397d1 | 20,126 |
= = Operation = =
| 3789b4c71b25057e28e5d5029b6f31c9 | 20,128 |
= = = Power plant and water demands = = =
| 2fc054c56c4258fc2cecd91b56126146 | 20,131 |
Excavation for the powerhouse was carried out simultaneously with the excavation for the dam foundation and abutments . A U @-@ shaped structure located at the downstream toe of the dam , its excavation was completed in late 1933 with the first concrete placed in November 1933 . Filling of Lake Mead began February 1 ,... | 1f823afc2eb0b5cdf2d6250866d13457 | 20,133 |
In the latter half of 1936 , water levels in Lake Mead were high enough to permit power generation , and the first three Allis Chalmers built Francis turbine @-@ generators , all on the Nevada side , began operating . In March 1937 , one more Nevada generator went online and the first Arizona generator by August . By ... | 062a6fe87dba2bb8e1b20bebb24bca61 | 20,134 |
Before water from Lake Mead reaches the turbines , it enters the intake towers and then four gradually narrowing penstocks which funnel the water down towards the powerhouse . The intakes provide a maximum hydraulic head ( water pressure ) of 590 ft ( 180 m ) as the water reaches a speed of about 85 mph ( 140 km / h )... | 5c53709d26daf1d169048b8565bdbd59 | 20,135 |
Control of water was the primary concern in the building of the dam . Power generation has allowed the dam project to be self @-@ sustaining : proceeds from the sale of power repaid the 50 @-@ year construction loan , and those revenues also finance the multimillion @-@ dollar yearly maintenance budget . Power is gene... | 309fa0c0febd80c2d25760bf9551cf2d | 20,136 |
Lake Mead and downstream releases from the dam also provide water for both municipal and irrigation uses . Water released from the Hoover Dam eventually reaches several canals . The Colorado River Aqueduct and Central Arizona Project branch off Lake Havasu while the All @-@ American Canal is supplied by the Imperial D... | 0131214bd25b398a7171041fe27b9388 | 20,137 |
= = = = Power distribution = = = =
| e5b9d86cdeee17da74474deb18401ff2 | 20,139 |
Electricity from the dam 's powerhouse was originally sold pursuant to a fifty @-@ year contract , authorized by Congress in 1934 , which ran from 1937 to 1987 . In 1984 , Congress passed a new statute which set power allocations from the dam from 1987 to 2017 . The powerhouse was run under the original authorization ... | c24076c1661c97d6a98c95ffa1152f59 | 20,141 |
= = = Spillways = = =
| cd5d4bb2c984caf84b6a4bfd8482679f | 20,143 |
The dam is protected against over @-@ topping by two spillways . The spillway entrances are located behind each dam abutment , running roughly parallel to the canyon walls . The spillway entrance arrangement forms a classic side @-@ flow weir with each spillway containing four 100 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 30 m ) and 16 @-@... | 5a7588eee094b088ce5ea305444636fa | 20,145 |
The large spillway tunnels have been used only twice , for testing in 1941 and because of flooding in 1983 . During both times , when inspecting the tunnels after the spillways were used , engineers found major damage to the concrete linings and underlying rock . The 1941 damage was attributed to a slight misalignment... | c959cc7959208f7344482d3dd2eb7a90 | 20,146 |
= = = Roadway and tourism = = =
| 045b47534fbd0014d84543ea840d6958 | 20,148 |
There are two lanes for automobile traffic across the top of the dam , which formerly served as the Colorado River crossing for U.S. Route 93 . In the wake of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , authorities expressed security concerns and the Hoover Dam Bypass project was expedited . Pending the completion of ... | 70ad051950c4fc3ec989cb080472786c | 20,150 |
Hoover Dam opened for tours in 1937 after its completion , but following Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , it was closed to the public when the United States entered World War II , during which only authorized traffic , in convoys , was permitted . After the war , it reopened September 2 , 1945 , ... | 014bb80ce60ab7fa60434ab68874a6fd | 20,151 |
= = Environmental impact = =
| f8eae395dd4a629e51d436dfc2486ee6 | 20,153 |
The changes in water flow and use caused by Hoover Dam 's construction and operation have had a large impact on the Colorado River Delta . The construction of the dam has been credited as causing the decline of this estuarine ecosystem . For six years after the construction of the dam , while Lake Mead filled , virtua... | 8fc7cb362ddef0f02d3a7ba8b989f300 | 20,155 |
The Colorado River had experienced natural flooding before the construction of the Hoover Dam . The dam eliminated the natural flooding , which threatened many species adapted to the flooding , including both plants and animals . The construction of the dam devastated the populations of native fish in the river downst... | 8f13591c9829bcc8cbce6c9b4cd3ff8f | 20,156 |
= = Naming controversy = =
| e67f0a8d96d7374e5b6fc77e78de309c | 20,158 |
During the years of lobbying leading up to the passage of legislation authorizing the dam in 1928 , the press generally referred to the dam as " Boulder Dam " or as " Boulder Canyon Dam " , even though the proposed site had shifted to Black Canyon . The Boulder Canyon Project Act of 1928 ( BCPA ) never mentioned a pro... | 1430169f37e56de422a241bbc54c7afb | 20,160 |
When Secretary Wilbur spoke at the ceremony starting the building of the railway between Las Vegas and the dam site on September 17 , 1930 , he named the dam " Hoover Dam " , citing a tradition of naming dams after Presidents , though none had been so honored during their terms of office . Wilbur justified his choice ... | 6944ab1c385bf7542da1c1004994b8c8 | 20,161 |
After Hoover 's election defeat in 1932 and the accession of the Roosevelt administration , Secretary Ickes ordered on May 13 , 1933 that the dam be referred to as " Boulder Dam " . Ickes stated that Wilbur had been imprudent in naming the dam after a sitting president , that Congress had never ratified his choice , a... | c12109b97274095000da3ff77eb67e75 | 20,162 |
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