text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
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The puzzle was simplified in The Shadow of the Templars ' 2009 director 's cut by , according to Cecil , adding a more logical solution . This version of the game includes a diary , in which the character takes notes ; After completing the goat puzzle , George 's diary reads : " So the ' ghost of Lochmarne ' is no mor... | 42284431c296136508d555d8aba08ac5 | 24,837 |
= Sinclair Sovereign =
| 14130bcc05462277a31c262e1208d95b | 24,840 |
The Sinclair Sovereign was a high @-@ end calculator introduced by Clive Sinclair 's company Sinclair Radionics in 1976 . It was an attempt to escape from the unprofitable low end of the market , and one of the last calculators Sinclair produced . Made with a case of pressed steel that a variety of finishes , it cost ... | a8e945c66334ee50a4820de3d5f9278d | 24,842 |
The design by John Pemberton won a Design Council award , and there are examples of the Sovereign in the Museum of Modern Art in New York . It had a Mostek MK50321N main integrated circuit and a small memory register , a LED display , and could perform a variety of a number of basic mathematical operations besides fou... | cf7130a967f99d8636b3c90590c1c28f | 24,843 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 24,845 |
The Sovereign was one of the last calculators produced during Sinclair 's foray into the calculator market that had started with the Sinclair Executive in September 1972 . The Executive had retailed for GB £ 80 when introduced , but in little over a year it was possible to purchase a Sinclair calculator for GB £ 20 an... | 24669cade6489947806f0ec038f2118d | 24,847 |
The Sovereign , released in 1976 , represented an attempt to move upmarket in an increasingly saturated market . In December 1976 , the chrome plated version of the Sovereign cost GB £ 30 and the gold @-@ plated version GB £ 60 , including VAT , but profit margins on the Sovereign were so small that Sinclair ended up ... | b2defac19a05fdd1b38848014dd53bf9 | 24,848 |
Sinclair would shortly stop producing calculators and instead focus on computers , starting with the MK14 in 1977 . The loss of the calculator market was due in part to technological development leading to smaller and cheaper components , which put heavy pressure on profit margins . An import levy of up to 17 @.@ 5 % ... | 273e1a0e76fca07c58752cedefadb279 | 24,849 |
= = Design = =
| 27a68d88afcf8b73909bed8e24598173 | 24,851 |
The Sovereign came in satin chrome and gold @-@ plated models , with leather pouches and fitted wooden cases . It had an 8 @-@ digit seven @-@ segment display that used red light @-@ emitting diodes , with a decimal point to the right of each digit that could be illuminated as necessary . Power was provided by two 1 @... | 203cf44286f293e97e39394cd8fbcb45 | 24,853 |
The Sovereign was unusual because the casing was made from pressed steel , which gave it a much higher quality feel compared to injection moulded plastic . This allowed a variety of paint and plating options , including black painted , chrome @-@ plated , silver @-@ plated , and gold @-@ plated , and a limited edition... | a35e548a060fcfdd0a737056827b3f24 | 24,854 |
The design , by John Pemberton , won the Design Council Award in 1977 , as the Executive had in 1973 , and there are examples in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York . Sovereigns are highly collectible , and used models command high prices .
| 52c83a6c3551c88936741104c4590cc4 | 24,855 |
= = = Functions = = =
| 8cd86bec555093207ce03179edf77c3a | 24,857 |
As well as addition , subtraction , multiplication and division , it had reciprocal and square @-@ root functions , and the ability to multiply by a fixed constant . With an eight @-@ digit display , the calculator could display positive numbers between 0 @.@ 0000001 and 99 @,@ 999 @,@ 999 , and negative numbers betwe... | 30f0ee09a17942130fc5ff0a21c3ceae | 24,859 |
The Sovereign used a Mostek MK50321N main integrated circuit , the same as the Sinclair Wrist Calculator and some variants of the Sinclair Cambridge . Clive Sinclair had assumed that people would prefer attractive illuminated LED displays to LCD displays , which incidentally also required more expensive CMOS chips . H... | d4a4698963783410c840d8af433dfc5e | 24,860 |
= Survivor Series ( 1992 ) =
| 44778e05a9a156fe83e49d41284d2c97 | 24,863 |
Survivor Series ( 1992 ) was the sixth annual Survivor Series pay @-@ per @-@ view professional wrestling event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on November 25 , 1992 , at the Richfield Coliseum in Richfield Township , Ohio . The buildup to the pay @-@ per @-@ view consisted of feuds ... | 101b73a4d5bc1115e77ee1faaa054fac | 24,865 |
In the main event , Bret Hart retained his WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Shawn Michaels . The card also included a highly @-@ promoted match in which the team of Randy Savage and Mr. Perfect defeated the team of Ric Flair and Razor Ramon by disqualification ; The Ultimate Warrior was advertised for the sh... | a2fdc55dbf2c907918193faa3190d21b | 24,866 |
Some of the matches were changed after they were first announced , as several wrestlers left the WWF shortly before the event . Critics have praised the main event and the tag team match that was won by Savage and Perfect . Although the remaining bouts have received low ratings , critics have felt that those two match... | 530ceb5d6879c606d74da4cf167c655b | 24,867 |
= = Background = =
| d514b18e9690308b2ac67a227be74a70 | 24,869 |
In the storyline behind the match between The Big Boss Man and Nailz , Nailz claimed that while he was serving time in prison , the Big Boss Man , who was a guard at the prison , mistreated Nailz . In early 1992 , Nailz appeared in introductory vignettes to talk about his hatred of the Big Boss Man . Upon his debut in... | c33753e685d4e8a5125342eda6af327f | 24,871 |
Shortly after Tatanka 's debut in the WWF , he became involved in a feud with Rick Martel . They faced each other at WrestleMania VIII , and Tatanka defeated Martel . The following month , Martel gained revenge by attacking Tatanka with an atomizer of cologne and stealing the eagle feathers that Tatanka carried to sym... | 30a7f9f04e7c1394f5286b27eb8a97d9 | 24,872 |
Ric Flair and his " executive consultant " Mr. Perfect had been allies in the WWF for much of 1992 . After Flair lost the WWF World Heavyweight Championship to Macho Man Randy Savage at WrestleMania VIII , Flair and Perfect initiated a feud with Savage . They interfered in Savage 's match at SummerSlam and caused him ... | cad1681f4b9ea96db0516e5c98f66ed6 | 24,873 |
Money Inc . ( " Million Dollar Man " Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster ) had been feuding with The Natural Disasters ( Earthquake and Typhoon ) since February 1992 when manager Jimmy Hart turned on Earthquake and Typhoon in favor of helping Money , Inc . With Hart 's assistance , Money , Inc. defeated the Legion of Do... | 9adcfe1341eb4f5b873f250ec77dd489 | 24,874 |
At SummerSlam 1992 in August , The Undertaker defeated Kamala . Harvey Wippleman , Kamala 's manager wanted revenge , so a rematch was scheduled for Survivor Series . The match was promoted as the WWF 's first coffin match , in which the winner would place the loser in a coffin after the match .
| 7f8ad82329d304b1d01929c6c2cff4fb | 24,875 |
The WWF also planned a match featuring The British Bulldog defending the WWF Intercontinental Championship against The Mountie at Survivor Series . The WWF released Smith due to steroid allegations , however , and he was made to drop the title belt to Shawn Michaels on the November 14 episode of Saturday Night 's Main... | 06dd935da666edec45ce5a70f272ce6b | 24,876 |
= = Event = =
| 3f273fa242ed3b2d00f60c028f6a2b49 | 24,878 |
Prior to the pay @-@ per @-@ view broadcast , Crush defeated the Repo Man via submission . In the first televised match , High Energy ( Owen Hart and Koko B. Ware ) faced The Headshrinkers ( Samu and Fatu ) . Samu used his strength advantage to control the opening of the match against Hart . Ware entered the match and... | 4f29d8072e508eaa5a0fb85cc19deb09 | 24,880 |
The next match , between The Big Boss Man and Nailz , was a nightstick on a pole match . A nightstick was suspended above the ring and could be used as a weapon once it was retrieved . Nailz began the match by attempting to get the nightstick , but Boss Man stopped him . Nailz choked Boss Man before making another uns... | bc8c8a28b577bfbf526fe364d6e57300 | 24,881 |
Tatanka controlled the opening of the next match against " The Model " Rick Martel with several throws and dropkicks . Martel responded by wearing Tatanka down with a front facelock . Tatanka escaped , but Martel used another front facelock almost immediately . He performed a neckbreaker on Tatanka before going back t... | 93e34573a9156b8034ccb873cb989607 | 24,882 |
In the next contest , Ric Flair and Razor Ramon wrestled against Mr. Perfect and Randy Savage . Ramon and Perfect began the match , but Flair entered after Perfect insulted him . Perfect threw Flair into the corner , and Flair 's momentum carried him over the top rope to the ring apron . Savage attacked Flair and then... | 9a60ef66646b16fca185feaf3830a8e5 | 24,883 |
In the next match , Virgil faced Yokozuna , who was billed at 505 pounds . Virgil was unable to knock Yokozuna down with several dropkicks . Yokozuna performed a savate kick on Virgil before throwing him to the ring floor twice . He executed a legdrop on Virgil , but Virgil regained the advantage when Yokozuna acciden... | 359b6fae6dc2ad1b5b7d0715baa46a30 | 24,884 |
The following match was a tag team elimination match , in which The Natural Disasters ( Earthquake and Typhoon ) teamed with the Nasty Boys ( Jerry Sags and Brian Knobbs ) to face Money Inc . ( Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster ) and the Beverly Brothers ( Beau and Blake ) . The rules stated that when any man was elim... | 54be2333161884620ad106a5088047bc | 24,885 |
The coffin match , in which The Undertaker faced Kamala , came next . Kamala began the match by running in fear from The Undertaker . He gained the early advantage , however , by suddenly turning around and attacking The Undertaker . Kamala bodyslammed The Undertaker three times and performed three splashes . In an at... | 530ea97ccb4e4d6f63ebf053e5058be9 | 24,886 |
In the main event of the card , Bret Hart defended his WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Shawn Michaels . Hart controlled the beginning of the match by repeatedly executing armdrags and armbars but Michaels gained the advantage when " The Hitman " missed a charge into the corner and collided shoulder @-@ firs... | fba0240015e05ea89800a9a25f53bade | 24,887 |
= = Aftermath = =
| f8fa1b2e326f4dccda3b39c69a590a1d | 24,889 |
Ric Flair and Mr. Perfect continued their feud , although Flair legitimately requested to be released from his WWF contract in order to return to World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . His request was granted on the condition that he help build up Perfect as a credible babyface . The two men attacked each other during... | 3b1994bae574016e35fb6893427be534 | 24,891 |
The Undertaker 's feud with Harvey Wippleman continued for several months after Survivor Series . At Royal Rumble 1993 , Wippleman introduced a new wrestler named Giant Gonzalez . Despite not being scheduled in the match , Gonzalez attacked The Undertaker and eliminated him from the Royal Rumble match . The two men fa... | 7d11aeb24ec56c68fcfeb3475b4b4fe8 | 24,892 |
Yokozuna 's push continued , and he won the battle royal main event at Royal Rumble 1993 to earn a WWF Championship match against Bret Hart at WrestleMania IX . At WrestleMania , he defeated Hart to win the title belt . He immediately challenged Hulk Hogan to a match however , and WrestleMania ended with Yokozuna losi... | 045ae6f1f3729fd480eebcfd509a2fb5 | 24,893 |
Kevin Wacholz , who had portrayed Nailz , left the WWF shortly after Survivor Series . Upset about his pay from SummerSlam 1992 , he confronted WWF owner Vince McMahon and reportedly attacked him physically . He later testified against McMahon during a trial in which McMahon was accused of distributing steroids to wre... | b39cda2b3fbd0f38c8ee38957c570c88 | 24,894 |
Shawn Michaels became involved in a feud with his former tag team partner , Marty Jannetty . The team had split up earlier in the year when Michaels attacked Jannetty . Michaels defeated Jannetty at Royal Rumble 1993 , but the two traded the Intercontinental Championship back and forth in subsequent rematches .
| 513325ac64a51377229c0a295a2e2a3a | 24,895 |
= = = Reception = = =
| 6910409bc265ce7379aad0cffc593d80 | 24,897 |
Survivor Series 1992 was attended by 17 @,@ 500 fans , the same number as the previous year . It drew more fans than any of the following three Survivor Series event would draw . The pay @-@ per @-@ view buyrate was 1 @.@ 4 , which means that 1 @.@ 4 percent of households to which the event was available purchased the... | 358a65d42a982af13a49a1d778a6ebc4 | 24,899 |
Writing for The History of WWE , Matt Pettycord stated that the event was " pretty decent " considering that The Mountie , Davey Boy Smith , and the Ultimate Warrior left the company shortly before the event . On a five @-@ star scale , he rated only the Flair / Ramon vs. Savage / Perfect match and the Hart vs. Michae... | 9344e89215a67c1eae931c8d3c4c55ec | 24,900 |
Adam Gutschmidt , reviewing the event for Online Onslaught , gave a rating of one @-@ quarter star for the Nightstick on a Pole match and one @-@ half star each for the High Energy vs. The Headshrinkers match and the Yokozuna vs. Virgil match . He enjoyed the WWF Championship match , although he was disappointed by it... | 26e8e4947ba792afc6af62864ebd6000 | 24,901 |
The event was released in North America on VHS by Coliseum Video on February 11 , 1993 . The VHS version was released in the United Kingdom on March 8 , 1993 . A DVD version is also available in the United Kingdom ; it was packaged together with Survivor Series 1991 as part of the WWE Tagged Classics line and released... | ba57fdb6a1c0cc53ac09c2596604b02c | 24,902 |
= = Results = =
| 168b0bcb77b78420ed9733e21dee1760 | 24,904 |
= = = Survivor Series elimination match = = =
| 3f4e9a079f4ff83131e6f226c547c0d4 | 24,907 |
^ 1
| 1d29c97e32293f1e40f3d9a087415b1e | 24,909 |
= Ouw Peh Tjoa =
| 7fa2816ef076ea9ce0d206e8a0d69e93 | 24,912 |
Ouw Peh Tjoa ( Chinese : 水淹金山 ; Hokkien for Black and White Snakes ) , also known by the Malay @-@ language title Doea Siloeman Oeler Poeti en Item ( meaning Two Snakes , One White and One Black ) , is a 1934 film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) . It was directed and produced by The Teng Chun . Adapted fr... | ec8200fb7dbd9c28efda3aba1f74e085 | 24,914 |
= = Plot = =
| 7a5625aae35b14ae7adf319ca468714f | 24,916 |
After meditating for several hundred years , a magical white snake transforms into a beautiful woman . Her competitor , a black snake , does likewise . The two compete for the love of a man named Khouw Han Boen . Ultimately Khouw agrees to marry the ( former ) white snake , but when her true identity is revealed he at... | e2f6098218b399e13f4645fff4b7336a | 24,918 |
As time passes , Khouw sees his wife occasionally transform into a snake . She is always , however , able to convince him otherwise . He falls further in love with her , and their marriage is a happy one . After several months he is accosted by a priest , Hoat Hae Sian Soe , who then leads an attempt to kill the snake... | 15c6d10cb399a9dbf3e66aa02447d154 | 24,919 |
The priests catch the snake and prepare to kill her , but are stopped by the goddess Kwan Im , who tells the stunned pursuers that the snake is pregnant and thus must not be killed . A month after the snake gives birth , the priests return . The snake @-@ woman gives her child to Khouw and then surrenders herself to h... | 68cffefc2deb3f348dc81338701ca393 | 24,920 |
= = Production = =
| faaebcbbaf42e685bce2a1bbbaaad33b | 24,922 |
Ouw Peh Tjoa was directed and produced by The Teng Chun for his company , Cino Motion Pictures . Since releasing Sam Pek Eng Tay in 1931 , based on the legend of the Butterfly Lovers , The Teng Chun had released a series of films based on Chinese legends and folktales , including Pat Bie To ( Eight Beautiful Women ; 1... | 01eebcaaab62bfdf9910075873226f52 | 24,924 |
The cast of this black @-@ and @-@ white film is unrecorded . The dialogue , captured by the film 's director @-@ cum @-@ producer , was in Malay . The snakes used in the production of this film came from The Teng Chun 's personal zoo .
| 08b6dc50874b4f37483dbe18ce856d8a | 24,925 |
= = Release and reception = =
| 19921e070bb07338a9bb1c4e1d93031f | 24,927 |
According to The , in a 1970s interview , Ouw Peh Tjoa was released in 1934 . Newspaper advertisements show the film being screened by February 1935 . The film mostly targeted ethnic Chinese audiences . Advertising material , however , emphasised the use of spoken Malay and described the film as " full of astonishment... | c15bf64223cb9aa37cccb5bf8847ace2 | 24,929 |
The success of Ouw Peh Tjoa allowed The Teng Chun to import new equipment for his studio ( renamed Java Industrial Film ) , which he used in his future productions . The film was followed in 1936 by a sequel , Anaknja Siloeman Oeler Poeti ( Child of the White Snake ) . The Teng Chun continued releasing films based on ... | 6ae13eeaf727f5ff68408f1c8dcf110c | 24,930 |
Screenings of Ouw Peh Tjoa continued until at least 1953 . The film is now likely lost . Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film , and after a fire destroyed much of Produksi Film Negara 's warehouse in 1952 , old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed . As such , the American vi... | b7c16c46f68a79d188a37881da78fcf1 | 24,931 |
= = Explanatory notes = =
| e401e75782347a57825f75324b7a67b2 | 24,933 |
= HMS Comet ( H00 ) =
| afda8e378a1da30d63e7fc8e98d6fdcb | 24,937 |
HMS Comet was a C @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . She saw service in the Home and Mediterranean Fleets and the ship spent six months during the Spanish Civil War in late 1936 in Spanish waters , enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict . ... | 47addd54f7aaf40cdfc5f35c3323bb31 | 24,939 |
= = Design and construction = =
| 21c1fe7eae77cc120400a18d09be7194 | 24,941 |
Comet displaced 1 @,@ 375 long tons ( 1 @,@ 397 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 865 long tons ( 1 @,@ 895 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , ... | 3193cb95d46d5b997c8b586f77a47dce | 24,943 |
The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Comet had a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt AA gun between her funnels , and two 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk ... | 197fb2b16e8b3dcc981e5ff555a03a30 | 24,944 |
The ship was ordered on 15 July 1930 from Portsmouth Dockyard under the 1929 Programme . Comet was laid down on 12 September 1930 , launched on 30 September 1931 , as the 14th ship to carry the name , and completed on 2 June 1932 .
| 55e6085fd54c1cfd9ac9a945422aa168 | 24,945 |
= = Service history = =
| 23e5a754ef5bf8e29b4df264b6ec61aa | 24,947 |
After sea trials in May 1932 , Comet was commissioned for service in the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla , Home Fleet , in early June . On 21 July , she was damaged in a collision with her sister Crescent at Chatham and repaired at Chatham Dockyard between 28 July and 20 August . The ship was refitted at Chatham from 20 July t... | cd34af238d2b918c0fd970037bfd3688 | 24,949 |
Comet returned to the UK in April 1936 and refitted at Sheerness between 23 April and 29 June before resuming duty with the Home Fleet . In July she was deployed for patrol duties off the Spanish coast in the Bay of Biscay to intercept shipping carrying contraband goods to Spain and to protect British flagged shipping... | f3156ecfb4eff9af6eeb84c809d19cd9 | 24,950 |
In April 1937 she returned to Portsmouth with Glorious , and on 20 May the ship participated in the Coronation Review of the fleet at Spithead by King George VI . Four days later , Comet began a refit at Portsmouth that lasted until 18 June . The ship resumed plane guard duties for Glorious in the Mediterranean . She ... | a711c2de4bf53fbfd42ccaa1a7b6385f | 24,951 |
= = = Transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy = = =
| 98ffba17f57ae0d151d9812548fd6534 | 24,953 |
On 11 June she was commissioned by the RCN and renamed Restigouche , although her refit was not completed until 20 August . Restigouche was assigned to the Canadian Pacific Coast and arrived at Esquimalt on 7 November 1938 . She remained there until she was ordered to Halifax , Nova Scotia on 15 November 1939 where sh... | 0caab9b81c833e41be5e82775a0f48ae | 24,955 |
On 9 June , Restigouche was ordered to Le Havre , France to evacuate British troops , but none were to be found and the ship investigated the small port of Saint @-@ Valery @-@ en @-@ Caux some 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Le Havre on 11 June . They found some elements of the 51st Infantry Division , but had not re... | 8831a51e0d2bd25ccd7aa3c96ed7cfbc | 24,956 |
The ship was transferred to the Western Approaches Command afterwards for convoy escort duties . She sailed for Halifax at the end of August for a refit that lasted until October . Upon its completion , Restigouche remained at Halifax for local escort duties until January 1941 when she sailed for the UK where she was ... | 366098776e5cb8e52fde613026477e8b | 24,957 |
Other changes made during the war ( exactly when these occurred is unknown ) included the replacement of ' A ' gun by a Hedgehog anti @-@ submarine spigot mortar , exchanging her two quadruple .50 @-@ calibre Vickers machine guns mounted between her funnels for two Oerlikon 20 mm AA guns , the addition of two Oerlikon... | b69d85d999e1d962edcca3ff7e8ebf2e | 24,958 |
Restigouche was assigned to the Mid @-@ Ocean Escort Force when her refit was finished and served with a variety of escort groups . The ship was permanently assigned to Escort Group C4 in April 1943 and received a refit between August and December . She rejoined the escort group upon completion of the refit until she ... | ed6a292d24ca675996897ffd5a1f33bf | 24,959 |
= = Ship 's bell = =
| 1c3bc51071eadb22f9586c185977a491 | 24,961 |
The Christening Bells Project at Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt Naval and Military Museum includes information about the baptism of babies in the ship 's bell . The bell is currently held by the Royal Canadian Legion , Lantzville , British Columbia .
| 00de170ea2eebdbcec6994b240dbbe96 | 24,963 |
= = Trans @-@ Atlantic convoys escorted = =
| b3fc9e5a2945976a01b8eaa86ebf1c42 | 24,965 |
= History of artificial intelligence =
| f8a89fdbb81d934f5d6a475b3b2e405c | 24,969 |
The history of artificial intelligence ( AI ) began in antiquity , with myths , stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen ; as Pamela McCorduck writes , AI began with " an ancient wish to forge the gods . "
| 7e9ba6e4e718de9bd3bb768ca668b7d5 | 24,971 |
The seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols . This work culminated in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s , a machine based on the abstract essence of mathematical reasoning .... | 054aa6968fa66d24b389494c38703625 | 24,972 |
The Turing test was proposed by British mathematician Alan Turing in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence , which opens with the words : " I propose to consider the question , ' Can machines think ? ' " The term ' Artificial Intelligence ' was created at a conference held at Dartmouth College in 1956 . ... | dbecedecdeb5ecc62c119c33431fb33a | 24,973 |
In 1973 , in response to the criticism of James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from congress , the U.S. and British Governments stopped funding undirected research into artificial intelligence . Seven years later , a visionary initiative by the Japanese Government inspired governments and industry to provide AI with b... | 0e22f52966ec8ca81b6b4e239cdb561e | 24,974 |
= = Precursors = =
| 0b4ae88e146d7d63255f7ba6f68a330b | 24,976 |
McCorduck ( 2004 ) writes " artificial intelligence in one form or another is an idea that has pervaded Western intellectual history , a dream in urgent need of being realized , " expressed in humanity 's myths , legends , stories , speculation and clockwork automatons .
| 58564a871a5f392ad2f159b882cf1326 | 24,978 |
= = = AI in myth , fiction and speculation = = =
| d076e1b273ce06cf540911b21a6c4ee9 | 24,980 |
Mechanical men and artificial beings appear in Greek myths , such as the golden robots of Hephaestus and Pygmalion 's Galatea . In the Middle Ages , there were rumors of secret mystical or alchemical means of placing mind into matter , such as Jābir ibn Hayyān 's Takwin , Paracelsus ' homunculus and Rabbi Judah Loew '... | 9b53f645f3e630451b048a7a2c3adedd | 24,982 |
= = = Automatons = = =
| 65185f696cfd8b36c686ff2b00c39575 | 24,984 |
Realistic humanoid automatons were built by craftsman from every civilization , including Yan Shi , Hero of Alexandria , Al @-@ Jazari and Wolfgang von Kempelen . The oldest known automatons were the sacred statues of ancient Egypt and Greece . The faithful believed that craftsman had imbued these figures with very re... | df999b52f67f1a21b60b16f905cf51a5 | 24,986 |
= = = Formal reasoning = = =
| 927654b1bd47ca640378cb2a741cb6d5 | 24,988 |
Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the process of human thought can be mechanized . The study of mechanical — or " formal " — reasoning has a long history . Chinese , Indian and Greek philosophers all developed structured methods of formal deduction in the first millennium BCE . Their ideas were d... | 0c5c8f48fbd44bc424a2ee8d89db61d3 | 24,990 |
Majorcan philosopher Ramon Llull ( 1232 – 1315 ) developed several logical machines devoted to the production of knowledge by logical means ; Llull described his machines as mechanical entities that could combine basic and undeniable truths by simple logical operations , produced by the machine by mechanical meanings ... | 1c258f91324fec7d565bbfc37b0cfaa1 | 24,991 |
In the 17th century , Leibniz , Thomas Hobbes and René Descartes explored the possibility that all rational thought could be made as systematic as algebra or geometry . Hobbes famously wrote in Leviathan : " reason is nothing but reckoning " . Leibniz envisioned a universal language of reasoning ( his characteristica ... | 19e7ccd800c5d3cdb0333c4c1320487c | 24,992 |
In the 20th century , the study of mathematical logic provided the essential breakthrough that made artificial intelligence seem plausible . The foundations had been set by such works as Boole 's The Laws of Thought and Frege 's Begriffsschrift . Building on Frege 's system , Russell and Whitehead presented a formal t... | 8cf2664030a82b6aa632fd623a404d05 | 24,993 |
First , they proved that there were , in fact , limits to what mathematical logic could accomplish . But second ( and more important for AI ) their work suggested that , within these limits , any form of mathematical reasoning could be mechanized . The Church @-@ Turing thesis implied that a mechanical device , shuffl... | 75ab9ccfe20cc333c91b8d593e61b913 | 24,994 |
= = = Computer science = = =
| 2bb2672017266bdee6e31b416f22af78 | 24,996 |
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