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A new paradigm called " intelligent agents " became widely accepted during the 90s . Although earlier researchers had proposed modular " divide and conquer " approaches to AI , the intelligent agent did not reach its modern form until Judea Pearl , Allen Newell and others brought concepts from decision theory and econ... | 44c7b468dc4fdc60d4f7c15407131389 | 25,160 |
An intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success . By this definition , simple programs that solve specific problems are " intelligent agents " , as are human beings and organizations of human beings , such as firms . The intelligent agent paradigm... | d80f8e99a33dc8b669247b0a6f01a824 | 25,161 |
The paradigm gave researchers license to study isolated problems and find solutions that were both verifiable and useful . It provided a common language to describe problems and share their solutions with each other , and with other fields that also used concepts of abstract agents , like economics and control theory ... | 92b7b3a728b72e4a67e48fea2cfd90a0 | 25,162 |
= = = " Victory of the neats " = = =
| 4f95009df7e86a31625f584a22219cc9 | 25,164 |
AI researchers began to develop and use sophisticated mathematical tools more than they ever had in the past . There was a widespread realization that many of the problems that AI needed to solve were already being worked on by researchers in fields like mathematics , economics or operations research . The shared math... | c256a58fd9f989159cbfe09c5db19021 | 25,166 |
Judea Pearl 's highly influential 1988 book brought probability and decision theory into AI . Among the many new tools in use were Bayesian networks , hidden Markov models , information theory , stochastic modeling and classical optimization . Precise mathematical descriptions were also developed for " computational i... | c3bbbfa93bb9814a1e9745c6196036a6 | 25,167 |
= = = AI behind the scenes = = =
| fddf28c42c34b9c59443c9d527f79e0f | 25,169 |
Algorithms originally developed by AI researchers began to appear as parts of larger systems . AI had solved a lot of very difficult problems and their solutions proved to be useful throughout the technology industry , such as data mining , industrial robotics , logistics , speech recognition , banking software , medi... | aa43db792dcabcf55355c9a7229a9f11 | 25,171 |
The field of AI receives little or no credit for these successes . Many of AI 's greatest innovations have been reduced to the status of just another item in the tool chest of computer science . Nick Bostrom explains " A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications , often without being called AI beca... | bbbfb29159b18ab34ec55db276a107cb | 25,172 |
Many researchers in AI in 1990s deliberately called their work by other names , such as informatics , knowledge @-@ based systems , cognitive systems or computational intelligence . In part , this may be because they considered their field to be fundamentally different from AI , but also the new names help to procure ... | 20397762739a8f2b79bafac8c9336326 | 25,173 |
= = = Where is HAL 9000 ? = = =
| 494f949a3684e0fddaf7c8f8ada8721d | 25,175 |
In 1968 , Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had imagined that by the year 2001 , a machine would exist with an intelligence that matched or exceeded the capability of human beings . The character they created , HAL 9000 , was based on a belief shared by many leading AI researchers that such a machine would exist by... | fe3774075468db71ecf0168673fb392f | 25,177 |
Marvin Minsky asks " So the question is why didn 't we get HAL in 2001 ? " Minsky believes that the answer is that the central problems , like commonsense reasoning , were being neglected , while most researchers pursued things like commercial applications of neural nets or genetic algorithms . John McCarthy , on the ... | cd023a7dc084ccebfdd979de73f75339 | 25,178 |
= Cyclone Graham =
| 6f99a1f796eb144741c613f48c74bdef | 25,181 |
Cyclone Graham of the 2002 – 03 Australian region cyclone season was a weak tropical storm that affected Australia during late February and early March 2003 . Graham originated from an area of convection that emerged onto water after sitting over Australia on 23 February . The interaction with a monsoon trough formed ... | 636c24fee329fec86314ef853661d669 | 25,183 |
= = Meteorological history = =
| fe82527ae426423900c55a793eed715f | 25,185 |
On 23 February 2003 , an area of convection that was situated over land for roughly a week emerged over open waters along the northern coast of Australia . The strengthening of a deep , persistent monsoon trough contributed to cyclogenesis , and a low pressure area formed . By 25 February , the low developed a banding... | 5242d8ba1fdc05cae87f993b26f6de94 | 25,187 |
Initially exhibiting characteristics of a monsoonal low , a mid @-@ level ridge to the south of Graham caused strong westerly winds that moved the storm slowly east @-@ southeastward . However , a deep trough eroded the ridge , allowing the cyclone to move more towards the south . According to the JTWC , the storm had... | 67a12239d490ea4f74d77cae4ea69726 | 25,188 |
The storm made landfall at Western Australia 's Eighty Mile Beach at 1400 UTC on 28 February , and began to weaken . The storm had dissipated on 1 March ; the BoM issued their last advisory on the cyclone at 0400 UTC that day , while similarly , the JTWC issued their last advisory just two hours later . The storm 's r... | d09720b3fac03a6a419886459a584463 | 25,189 |
= = Impact = =
| 43c7e16e2814eb00d4d56a7d8785d151 | 25,191 |
In advance of the cyclone , the communities of Wallal , Sandfire , Punmu and Telfer were put on alert . A warning was issued for Bidyadanga , Pardoo and Cotton Creek . The storm 's landfall in Western Australia brought heavy rainfall and high winds . The storm dropped 163 mm ( 6 @.@ 4 in ) of rain at Telfer in one nig... | f83abf365d66929b54936d241fc35832 | 25,193 |
Following the storm , the name Graham was retired from the Australian region basin .
| 63448e704e4f1ab4146b162834ae9e60 | 25,194 |
= Languedoc @-@ Roussillon wine =
| a75e76e17f98971715bfbd0650316608 | 25,197 |
Languedoc @-@ Roussillon wine , including the vin de pays labeled Vin de Pays d 'Oc , is produced in southern France . While " Languedoc " can refer to a specific historic region of France and Northern Catalonia , usage since the 20th century ( especially in the context of wine ) has primarily referred to the northern... | 540d93673607712958a9befbbff49dfe | 25,199 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 25,201 |
The history of Languedoc wines can be traced to the first vineyards planted along the coast near Narbonne by the early Greeks in the fifth century BC . Along with parts of Provence , these are the oldest planted vineyards in France . The region of Languedoc has belonged to France since the thirteenth century and the R... | 13bce0defc5bcc77b4081f8840f13751 | 25,203 |
From the 4th century through the 18th and early 19th centuries , the Languedoc had a reputation for producing high quality wine . In Paris during the 14th century , wines from the St. Chinian area were prescribed in hospitals for their " healing powers " . During the advent of the Industrial Age in the late 19th centu... | 851661ed1651c7dddec2e4bd34e29289 | 25,204 |
The phylloxera epidemic in the 19th century severely affected the Languedoc wine industry , killing off many of the higher quality Vitis vinifera that were susceptible to the louse . American rootstock that was naturally resistant to phylloxera did not take well to the limestone soil on the hillside . In place of thes... | 9d3ffa19976c14fbd410946a780d0cdb | 25,205 |
During both World Wars the Languedoc was responsible for providing the daily wine rations given to French soldiers . In 1962 , Algeria gained its independence from France , bringing about an end to the blending of the stronger Algerian red wine to mask the thin le gros rouge . This event , coupled with French consumer... | 04cc3f4dbfb3a8f892a63b60cc61c040 | 25,206 |
Despite the general reputation as a mass producer and a consensus that the region is in the midst of an economic crisis , parts of the Languedoc wine industry are experiencing commercial success due to outside investment and an increased focus on quality . Sales have been improved by many vineyards that concentrate on... | 52af35854a2764763c56be39d79b4c75 | 25,207 |
= = Climate and geography = =
| efefbe6c3d90df59a36162b436205d0e | 25,209 |
The Languedoc @-@ Roussillon region shares many terrain and climate characteristics with the neighboring regions of Southern Rhone and Provence . The region stretches 150 miles ( 240 km ) from the Banyuls AOC at the Spanish border and Pyrenees in the west , along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea to the Rhone River a... | 8aa88832cdfd865717eff83cd7fcafa9 | 25,211 |
Vineyards in the Languedoc are generally planted along the coastal plains of the Mediterranean while those in the Roussillon are to be found in the narrow valleys around the Pyrenees . The peak growing season ( between May and August ) is very dry and the majority of annual rainfall occurs during the winter . In the L... | feb78077e95248bc3f5beb9635936ebb | 25,212 |
In 1999 severe weather had damaging effects on the wine producing industry , including hailstorms in May that affected Roussillon and a rain surge in mid November that saw a year 's worth of rain fall in 36 hours in the areas of Corbières and Minervois in the western Languedoc .
| 786266da562c263c9423fdf679c7a8ad | 25,213 |
The composition of soil in the Languedoc varies from the chalk , limestone and gravel based soils inland to more alluvial soils near the coast . Some of the more highly rated vineyards are laid on top of ancient riverbed stones similar to those of Châteauneuf @-@ du @-@ Pape .
| 6d8e0fe25a33d12d0c24ce0c9c342ffa | 25,214 |
= = Appellations = =
| ac14e5040faeff28aa19870d616db597 | 25,216 |
The five best known appellations in the Languedoc include Languedoc AOC ( formerly known as the Coteaux du Languedoc ) , Corbières AOC , Faugères , Minervois AOC , and Saint @-@ Chinian AOCs . The vast majority of Languedoc wines are produced by wine cooperatives which number more than 500 . However , the appellation ... | 25c860b18615358b217a4038af2b87e1 | 25,218 |
Within the larger Languedoc AOC appellations are several sub @-@ districts , or Cru 's , with distinct wine styles of their own . Some of these sub @-@ districts have pending AOC applications to become appellations in their own right and some have been granted sub @-@ appellations to the umbrella appellation Languedoc... | daf9f7a6340c62db8ddbdd9629f0d765 | 25,219 |
The boundary of the eastern Languedoc with the Southern Rhône Valley wine region was moved slightly in 2004 , with the result that Costières de Nîmes AOC is now a Rhône appellation rather than a Languedoc one . In that year , INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation 's wine to the regional commi... | b04f333d5231ce05400ff78f47aa7097 | 25,220 |
= = Grapes = =
| 294eeeef743642422c10c8d0253412c6 | 25,222 |
The Languedoc @-@ Roussillon area is home to numerous grape varieties , including many international varieties like Merlot , Cabernet Sauvignon , Sauvignon blanc , and Chardonnay . The traditional Rhône grapes of Mourvedre , Grenache , Syrah , and Viognier are also prominent .
| 05fb8851d9b05d0e2eff90324d7c8c34 | 25,224 |
Chardonnay is a major white grape , used in the Vin de Pays d 'Oc and the sparkling Crémant de Limoux . Others include Chenin blanc and Mauzac , which is also the principal grape in the sparkling Blanquette de Limoux . The sweet fortified wines of the Muscat de Frontignan and Muscat de St @-@ Jean Minervois regions ar... | 63970a4a5d28c94403398cf2dbe248b8 | 25,225 |
Among the reds , Grenache , Syrah , Carignan , Cinsault , and Mourvedre are major grapes of the Corbières , Faugères , Fitou , and Minervois AOCs . Cinsault is also commonly used in rosé production along with Lladoner Pelut , Picpoul noir , Terret noir , and Grenache . Grenache is also the main grape used in the forti... | 03011f79d7ad4a3eae9e3d8892866c00 | 25,226 |
Other varieties that can be found include Roussanne , Marsanne , Vermentino , Bourboulenc , Clairette blanche , Grenache blanc , Grenache gris , Picpoul , Maccabéo , and Rolle .
| 47193e721ae050ad9ab0370e9d0a1d10 | 25,227 |
= = Wines and taxonomy = =
| 639d22a350f585a974978c911413ae7e | 25,229 |
Wines from the Languedoc can carry an enormous number of names , ranging from broad regional designations like Vin de Pays d 'Oc to very specific geographical classifications with restrictions on grape variety , like Corbières and Minervois . Since the 1990s , the INAO has been creating smaller AOC classifications whi... | 58de23976654469a02494330314a9755 | 25,231 |
The majority of wine produced in the Languedoc are labeled vin ordinaire . There is also sizable production of Vins Doux Naturels .
| b6d26256a3c747937d9cbfe540930fed | 25,232 |
= = = Vins de Pays = = =
| 74956bd553c38d9de8d8e3e0b37afe9d | 25,234 |
The introduction of the vins de pays , a classification produced under less stringent regulations than those of an AOC , opened up the Languedoc wine industry to the labeling of varietal wines and the blending of international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot , Syrah and Chardonnay . Examples include Vin ... | ef55598eff9ebd8409613179acea2d73 | 25,236 |
= = = Vins Doux Naturels = = =
| 91328836cafffaa84f8fada46301a298 | 25,238 |
Vins Doux Naturels are " naturally sweet " wines that have been fortified with brandy to stop fermentation , leaving residual sugar to add sweetness to the wine . The majority of Languedoc sweet white wines are made with a variety of Muscat grapes . The red fortified wines of the Banyuls are made from Grenache grapes ... | 20ba0acfc63b0b1b9ee17f740a70a43c | 25,240 |
In Banyuls , winemakers use various methods to " bake " their wines to encourage deep raisin colors . Some winemakers utilize a solera system of transporting the wine among different size barrels of various ages that are left out in the sun to warm . Others will put the wine in large glass jars to expose it to direct ... | e4cbd32cd75977a91f775fa6911a30da | 25,241 |
= = = Crémant de Limoux = = =
| f21aeefa436f7b8aa4892cdb71a09895 | 25,243 |
The crémant produced in the Languedoc is made according to the Méthode Traditionnelle - formerly known as méthode champenoise , the same method used to produce the Champagne , including a second fermentation in the bottle to encapture the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast - in the small villages around the town of ... | 47a92edccd329604aa44efe0014d5843 | 25,245 |
= Silver Bullet ( roller coaster ) =
| 24a4950bda4bc5927956fb6cd762cfaa | 25,248 |
Silver Bullet is a western @-@ themed steel inverted roller coaster designed by Bolliger & Mabillard located at Knott 's Berry Farm , an amusement park in Buena Park , California . The $ 16 million roller coaster was announced on December 1 , 2003 and opened on December 7 , 2004 . A first rider auction was also held w... | 32edd9ca194c6fa4a8020f91dfe8d12e | 25,250 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 25,252 |
On May 28 , 2003 , a trademark for the name " Silver Bullet " was filed by Cedar Fair , the owners of the park . Construction for the new roller coaster began in September 2003 with the relocation of The Church of Reflections . As part of a $ 85 million investment in all Cedar Fair parks , Silver Bullet was announced ... | 4960a629809fdefa043d80660862d86a | 25,254 |
= = Ride experience = =
| a3f809081cba09fa801b43d45bf2970a | 25,256 |
Silver Bullet 's layout passes through three of the park 's themed areas : Ghost Town , Fiesta Village , and Indian Trails .
| 3aeaccd0104178833b91d28634bef392 | 25,258 |
After the train departs from the station , it makes a 90 degree right turn before beginning to climb the 146 @-@ foot ( 45 m ) lift hill . Once at the top , the train goes through a pre @-@ drop before entering the 109 @-@ foot ( 33 m ) downward right drop . Once at the bottom , the train enters a 105 @-@ foot ( 32 m ... | 2bbef96e7795eaa68c5d6ce2785f44c1 | 25,259 |
= = = Track = = =
| f01929aafdc010ced910ddee8f42bee7 | 25,261 |
The steel track of Silver Bullet is approximately 3 @,@ 125 feet ( 952 m ) long , and the height of the lift is approximately 146 feet ( 45 m ) high . Silver Bullet , along with all of Bolliger & Mabillard 's other roller coasters , was manufactured by Clermont Steel Fabricators located in Batavia , Ohio and erected b... | d210d0f9634f9d9b0f8859d24f780a8e | 25,263 |
= = = Trains = = =
| 70aa116eb57a352ca2f6e2be1e5f3553 | 25,265 |
Silver Bullet operates with two steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has eight cars that can seat four riders in a single row , for a total of 32 riders per train . The seats are coloured light blue , with orange over @-@ the @-@ shoulder restraints and tri @-@ color wheel coverings ( red , orange , and yellow ) .... | 6d004edbcd5e5b7d69bf867059b26ea5 | 25,267 |
= = Reception = =
| f8d79e3fcb54590ed5efe8209a7826d9 | 25,269 |
Joel Taylor from Amusement Business praised the ride saying , " In all , it 's an exhilarating 2 1 / 2 minutes from start to finish . " He was also impressed with the ride 's smoothness and overall excitement , stating that the ride is , " smooth and comfortable while delivering twisting , stomach @-@ churning excitem... | f0587fef2795d9dcd3d908cb94800036 | 25,271 |
= = = Awards = = =
| 6ff595d00381697ab12eb243a7568bae | 25,273 |
Since Silver Bullet 's debut in 2004 , it has consistently been ranked in the top 140 positions in Mitch Hawker 's Best Roller Steel Coaster Poll . It peaked at position 99 in 2010 . The roller coaster has never placed on the Golden Ticket Awards .
| dcb60f67e5d53e61692647d307148c1a | 25,275 |
^ No Steel Roller Coaster Poll was held in 2011 .
| 185c6b9b61b26428e14b81f2167b3983 | 25,276 |
= Blackburn Firecrest =
| 1d84be50dd201437bd477298147284ea | 25,279 |
The Blackburn B @-@ 48 Firecrest , given the SBAC designation YA.1 , was a single @-@ engine naval strike fighter built by Blackburn Aircraft for service with the British Fleet Air Arm during World War II . It was a development of the troubled Firebrand , designed to Air Ministry Specification S.28 / 43 , for an impro... | 15c3312455dc37c933f10c38048877f3 | 25,281 |
= = Design = =
| 27a68d88afcf8b73909bed8e24598173 | 25,283 |
The Firebrand required significant effort by Blackburn to produce a useful aircraft and the first discussions on a redesign of the aircraft with a laminar @-@ flow wing took place in September 1943 . The new wing was estimated to reduce the weight of the wing by 700 lb ( 318 kg ) and increase the aircraft speed by 13 ... | 9324f5e2d13dc7df1ae574b659cf0010 | 25,285 |
The new design , given the company designation B @-@ 48 , was known unofficially by Blackburn as the " Firecrest " but was always known by its specification number by the Air Ministry and Navy . It was a low @-@ winged , single @-@ seat , all @-@ metal monoplane . Aft of the cockpit the fuselage was an oval @-@ shaped... | 4783e5b7f8a75696212c9cc3e106a1a7 | 25,286 |
Work on two prototypes was authorised in November 1943 , but proposals for alternative engines delayed progress . In 1945 , it was decided that as well as adding another Centaurus @-@ engined prototype , there should be three prototypes with the Napier E.122 ( a development of the Sabre ) as Specification S.10 / 45 . ... | 180fd04ff70146f5a4a795211dd3fc89 | 25,287 |
Delayed by the late delivery of its propeller , the first prototype was rolled out at Brough in February 1947 and then taken by road to RAF Leconfield where it made its maiden flight on 1 April that year . All three prototypes were completed by the end of September and the third prototype had been modified to reduce t... | 88dfd8677558d8c801c2cd2a6bf4f51c | 25,288 |
The third prototype made its maiden flight in early 1948 , but the pace of the flight testing was leisurely with only 7 hours and 40 minutes completed by 30 November , over half of which were connected with air show performances . Testing concluded in March 1949 when the officer in charge concluded that there was no f... | d2a1d02719734de66423ba21ec633ed9 | 25,289 |
= = Operational history = =
| e24d32e6008226c7efcb013dd3eca8a0 | 25,291 |
Operational experience had found Blackburn 's Firebrand strike fighter to be far from suited to carrier operations . In particular , the pilot sat near the wing 's trailing edge , looking over a very long and wide nose which gave a particularly poor view for landing . The Firecrest had also been rendered obsolete by t... | 18796fc91d609e2796774139252256e8 | 25,293 |
= = Aircraft = =
| 57e136e35da4d7da95056664eb7a3525 | 25,295 |
RT651
| 88985f120156d30ca2959c5e2f7c4989 | 25,297 |
One of two prototypes ordered on 1 January 1944 to Specification S.28 / 43 . The airframe was sold by the Controller of Supplies ( Air ) to Blackburn on 17 April 1950 .
| 9449df26ef13256f1d155006e72ab7cb | 25,298 |
RT656
| 3a0a7605a769e114ee17145bef4b6707 | 25,299 |
The second of two prototypes ordered on 1 January 1944 , it was used for structural testing before being disposed of in 1952 .
| 1f8891b53abe53010dc2ba54486e7af0 | 25,300 |
VF172
| ea0b58f34cdcc1691d9c76df333d8514 | 25,301 |
A third aircraft was ordered on 18 April 1945 and it was used for research into power @-@ boosted ailerons during February 1948 . The airframe was sold to Blackburn on 17 October 1949 .
| 3e904d4e06cf83d888dd2dbb6409cf4c | 25,302 |
Three further prototypes were ordered on 14 March 1945 against Specification S.10 / 45 and powered by Napier E.122 engine , but the order was cancelled and the aircraft were not built .
| 1b10c1354e8bc070e617867d3833bdfa | 25,303 |
= = Operators = =
| 081088771c4cc7aec3bc4fcc79299126 | 25,305 |
United Kingdom
| e2cb5911369000cfb2deee7f3af45d3c | 25,307 |
Fleet Air Arm ( never entered service )
| 160b9d0a5d985282d96cbefe8faf7d56 | 25,308 |
= = Specifications = =
| cdb33b3809f9f55f6aefed6e4071ed25 | 25,310 |
Data from Blackburn Aircraft since 1909
| 752b611f0518ce7316ffd8016f821eca | 25,312 |
General characteristics
| 54953b634f25e00b0676bdc0aacb0b10 | 25,313 |
Crew : one pilot
| e35a818bb7fc4cfba846e1f7c33f719d | 25,314 |
Length : 39 ft 3 ½ in ( 11 @.@ 98 m )
| a0ef4d84b27f01d6b85f69d1191e48d6 | 25,315 |
Wingspan : 44 ft 11 ½ in ( 13 @.@ 71 m )
| 619b01faa746381b3e3b85df1014f1fa | 25,316 |
Height : 14 ft 6 in ( 4 @.@ 42 m )
| dd9d3ac89486e5327d33209f1f8e25fb | 25,317 |
Wing area : 361 @.@ 5 ft ² ( 33 @.@ 60 m ² )
| c5e5889243b82c479791897245245e3c | 25,318 |
Empty weight : 10 @,@ 513 lb ( 4 @,@ 779 kg )
| 8929df23fdee3e6c2ff5a0efcd24adb8 | 25,319 |
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