text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
= = = 1909 – 1913 = = =
| a537ff52cd44995810cba1a13c1c1dd5 | 28,863 |
The Hamar @-@ based newspaper Demokraten ( " The Democrat " ) was started on 15 September 1909 . The initiator and first editor was Olav Kringen , who had ample experience as the editor of Social @-@ Demokraten from 1903 until 1906 . Demokraten was the Labour Party organ for the Mjøsa Cities and Hedemarken , but in it... | c33ef9aa019290d60c3901f845d3e9e8 | 28,865 |
When it came to building up a new newspaper , Kringen had a certain personal drive , as he ran for parliament in 1909 . When he lost the election , he also lost interest to a certain degree . He resigned in 1912 and Ole Holmen , a member of the Vang municipal council , took over as chief editor . However , he ran afou... | 355c5039c2e9b64caac59e81f41e3423 | 28,866 |
The newspaper originally had the tagline Socialistisk blad for Oplandene ( " Socialist Paper for Oplandene " ) , but in 1910 this was changed to Talsmand for Arbeiderbevægelsen ( " Spokesman for the Labour Movement " ) . It was printed by the company A. Sæther . The newspaper was issued three times a week until 1 July... | 6d2ebe90137f7b4840ae863740fc82cf | 28,867 |
= = = 1913 – 1916 = = =
| b134c77476e36ad979782b1d6d6880e0 | 28,869 |
In 1913 the newspaper 's supervisory council hired school teacher Fredrik Monsen to be the new editor . Olav Larssen started his journalist career as a subeditor in the same year . In the newspaper 's supervisory council vote , Monsen edged out Waldemar Carlsen with 22 to 4 votes , and also prevailed over other applic... | 4918f7ccb7d19757eeed86ec4fee98e4 | 28,871 |
Only Monsen and Larssen were employed in the newspaper to work with editorial content . In 1913 , Monsen managed to contract known personalities from the labour movement as " regular contributors " . These were the nationally known figures Olav Kringen , Gunnar Ousland and Johan Falkberget , in addition to Lillehammer... | 9f299182ad87ee0890d01f80f022da26 | 28,872 |
In his memoirs , Larssen wrote that Monsen was " often aggressive " as editor @-@ in @-@ chief , especially when writing editorials . He got several adversaries in the city 's conservative community , especially after donning a badge with the broken rifle , a well @-@ known anti @-@ war symbol . The newspaper competed... | 07c54cca56bf90126b833c4a916ed3b2 | 28,873 |
The practice of issuing the newspaper six days a week became harder after the outbreak of the First World War . The war caused a general rise in prices , and newspaper subscriptions and advertisements both declined . Demokraten had to revert to being issued three times a week starting 1 September 1914 . In December 19... | caef8cea02b5c958155e02d2bf98efa4 | 28,874 |
= = = 1916 – 1923 = = =
| 0066a2e4a3be4e86db5c02a96b416350 | 28,876 |
Monsen and Larssen both left Demokraten in 1916 . The next editors were Paul O. Løkke , who served from 1916 to 1919 , and Alfred Aakermann , from 1919 to 1920 . Larssen returned in 1920 as editor @-@ in @-@ chief . Georg Svendsen was the subeditor from 1918 until 1921 , when Evald O. Solbakken started in the newspape... | fdc9e322174bd04d7d6769ca613894a9 | 28,878 |
As the war years went , the newspaper 's finances gradually improved . The Norwegian state became more active in production and trade and contributed many advertisements . Demokraten acquired its own type @-@ setting machine in October 1918 and a printing press in 1917 , which it used from 1 January 1918 . From 1 July... | 95a92673ed85cae1f685209f391b8603 | 28,879 |
= = Communist Party period = =
| 10832ea839626749208199a9a96f46ba | 28,881 |
In 1923 , the newspaper was renamed Arbeideren ( " The Worker " ) , and the first issue with this name was released on 1 May 1923 , the International Workers ' Day . The change followed a letter in 1922 from the Comintern Executive , which stated that no newspaper belonging to a Comintern member organization should ha... | 401576eabbef89ec3f9b4b358d436c3d | 28,883 |
In the same year , 1923 , the Labour Party broke out of the Comintern . Subsequently the Communist Party broke away from the Labour Party . The local chapter of the Labour Party in Hamar decided to side with the Communist Party in November 1923 , in a 123 – 22 vote . Arbeideren was then taken away from Labour , as the... | 5037800791ffea7e263d85c442c615c2 | 28,884 |
Editor Larssen and subeditor Solbakken both joined the Communist Party in 1923 and continued running the newspaper . As Olav Larssen was asked by the party to be the acting editor of Norges Kommunistblad in the winter of 1924 – 1925 , Fredrik Monsen , Evald Solbakken , and Knut Olai Thornæs were acting editors between... | a0fbeb9ecf18e1d2aaba5f8f3dc61456 | 28,885 |
Information differs as to who replaced Larssen . According to Evald Solbakken , and also to the reference bibliography Norske aviser 1763 – 1969 , the replacement was Olav Scheflo , who needed a stand @-@ in , Ingvald B. Jacobsen , for the first period . According to the encyclopaedia Arbeidernes Leksikon and historia... | eeaba468f3bddb1840e1d26fc062efc3 | 28,886 |
As many newspapers belonging to the dwindling Communist Party , Arbeideren would cease to exist before the end of the 1920s . It was still published six times a week , but had to give up its printing press in 1929 , switching to Samtrykk in Oslo . The last ever issue of Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad was p... | 89a5635674506206d4df9bfec85e6c72 | 28,887 |
= = Aftermath = =
| f8fa1b2e326f4dccda3b39c69a590a1d | 28,889 |
A month after Arbeideren went defunct , the Communist Party gave its name to a new newspaper , which was set up as the new main newspaper of the Communist Party in 1930 . This new paper was based in Oslo as the replacement of Norges Kommunistblad , which had been liquidated as well . Olav Larssen and Evald Solbakken f... | 0babfddc6d40e0a79170ffc0d55ff943 | 28,891 |
= Journey ( 2012 video game ) =
| 156578f8a53042356e79b09d6b5400b9 | 28,894 |
Journey is an indie video game developed by Thatgamecompany and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 . It was released on March 13 , 2012 , via the PlayStation Network . In Journey , the player controls a robed figure in a vast desert , traveling towards a mountain in the distance . Other pla... | d80a819ac4cde18621cf249d05f012fd | 28,896 |
Reviewers of the game praised the visual and auditory art as well as the sense of companionship created by playing with a stranger , calling it a moving and emotional experience , and have since listed it as one of the greatest games of all time . Journey won several " game of the year " awards and received several ot... | 55c2533e08bdeb988e5a3778d9e4e109 | 28,897 |
= = Gameplay = =
| 9b9f027ea4daef16389e7ff8e0463976 | 28,899 |
In Journey , the player takes the role of a robed figure in a desert . After an introductory sequence , the player is shown the robed figure sitting in the sand , with a large mountain in the distance . The path towards this mountain , the ultimate destination of the game , is subdivided into several sections traveled... | 53b2148605a007f4b7f5e453944a42c9 | 28,901 |
The robed figure wears a trailing magical scarf which allows the player to briefly fly ; doing so uses up the scarf 's magical charge , represented visually by glowing runes on the scarf . The scarf 's runes are recharged by walking , or a variety of other means . Touching glowing symbols scattered throughout the leve... | ac17790befb71109930660a14bb1461c | 28,902 |
In each level , the player may come across one other player temporarily connected to their game . When players approach each other they charge one another 's scarves . They cannot communicate with each other beyond patterns of singing . Players can help each other by activating strips of cloth or showing paths , but c... | f58b461536737e1427816b35bed8e28e | 28,903 |
= = Story = =
| cd94a16a2065285dc84d985edd25323e | 28,905 |
Journey 's story is told wordlessly throughout gameplay and using cutscenes . The player 's character begins on a sand dune in a seemingly endless desert . In the far distance looms a large , foreboding mountain with a glowing crevice that splits its peak . As the character approaches the mountain , they find remnants... | cc153d88da15846d9bdb3b488da58d62 | 28,907 |
The player continues to journey deeper into the remains of a once sprawling city at the base of the mountain . Eventually making it safely to the mountain , the traveler begins to climb it , struggling as they enter the colder climates and encounter deep snow and high winds . With the crevice still a fair distance awa... | d1711099fc9ef92402b245f75d6a4dd2 | 28,908 |
= = Development = =
| 424802451cd24f59c8607c235508ad76 | 28,910 |
Journey was the last game made under a three @-@ game contract between Thatgamecompany and Sony , the first two being Flow and Flower . Development of the game began in 2009 , after the release of Thatgamecompany 's previous title Flower . The 18 @-@ person development team for Journey was composed mainly of creators ... | 49a71a3b9636b29b9be0f251c41f6eb7 | 28,912 |
When development began , Sony expected the game to be completed in a year , rather than the more than three it finally took . Thatgamecompany always expected needing an extension ; according to Hunicke , they believed finishing the game within a year was " unrealistic " . Development ended up taking even longer than a... | faa24c3f20fd05f656e713c03621ef69 | 28,913 |
The stress of the project led to the feeling there was not enough time or money to complete everything the team wished to , which added to the stress and caused arguments about the design of the game . The developers ended up reducing the overtime they spent on the project to avoid burning out , though it meant furthe... | 02a47e531d094e98f47e67b00c57c809 | 28,914 |
The game is intended to make the player feel " small " and to give them a sense of awe about their surroundings . The basic idea for the game , as designed by Chen , was to create a game that moved beyond the " typical defeat / kill / win mentality " of most video games . The team initially created a prototype named D... | c030a2cfbafabbe6b715eddc7febcd01 | 28,915 |
The developers designed the game like a " Japanese garden " , where they attempted to remove all of the game elements that did not fit with the others , so the emotions they wanted the game to evoke would come through . This minimalism is intended to make the game feel intuitive to the player , so they can explore and... | a15f7843bd069705426a3a524f553430 | 28,916 |
The multiplayer component of Journey was designed to facilitate cooperation between players without forcing it , and without allowing competition . It is intended to allow the players to feel a connection to other people through exploring with them , rather than talking to them or fighting them . The plan was " to cre... | 140b0773d05fbd0ce3f85436fc01a78c | 28,917 |
The game was released on March 13 , 2012 for download on the PlayStation Network . A PlayStation Home Game Space , or themed area , based on Journey was released on March 14 , 2012 and is similar in appearance to the game . A retail " Collector 's Edition " of the game was released on August 28 , 2012 . In addition to... | f2532655a732016564c3000a9ba805e5 | 28,918 |
= = = Music = = =
| ceb3803ce3ed8f2a8bac3b7a22aa4846 | 28,920 |
The music in Journey was composed and orchestrated by Austin Wintory , who had previously worked with Thatgamecompany on the soundtrack for Flow . Wintory worked closely on the soundtrack with sound designer Steve Johnson , as well as the programming team , so the music would dynamically tie in to both the actions of ... | a8a02f7afc7ca920f5a8c5dfdc52b615 | 28,922 |
Unlike many games , where different songs have different themes for each character or area , Wintory chose to base all of the pieces on one theme which stood for the player and their journey , with cello solos especially representing the player . Wintory describes the music as " like a big cello concerto where you are... | e02ae8f531345048605e7d5d265f80b3 | 28,923 |
The soundtrack was released as an album on April 10 on iTunes and the PlayStation Network . The album is a collection of the soundtrack 's " most important " pieces , arranged by Wintory to stand alone without the context of the player 's actions . The album comprises 18 tracks and is over 58 minutes long . It feature... | ee1ccb56173d81269696ee265f7f59bb | 28,924 |
In January 2016 , Wintory started a Kickstarter for a Journey Live concert tour , in which the fifteen @-@ piece Fifth House Ensemble from Chicago will perform the music from the game while a player works their way through the game . The ensemble will react to the player 's actions , using a specially @-@ scored versi... | 5495367573112809e9c1934a304be851 | 28,925 |
= = Reception = =
| f8d79e3fcb54590ed5efe8209a7826d9 | 28,927 |
Journey received critical and commercial success worldwide . After its release , it became the fastest @-@ selling game to date on PlayStation Store in both North America and Europe . At the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo , prior to release , the game won awards for best download game from 1UP.com , GameSpy , and ... | aa596047d904d231ba30fb101679d9ba | 28,929 |
The soundtrack was nominated for the Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 2013 Grammy Awards , the first video game soundtrack to be nominated for that category , though it did not win . Additionally , the game won the award for best music and was nominated for the best graphics award from IGN , and was selec... | f3b8ed554e442d9ea97a16142fb138c9 | 28,930 |
Journey received high acclaim from critics who praised the visual and auditory art direction as well as the emotional response playing with a stranger created . It received the IGN Best Overall Game Award for 2012 and Ryan Clements of IGN described the game as " the most beautiful game of its time " , saying , " each ... | 73d52a18b15a129d05bbf3d8928b0175 | 28,931 |
Reviewers were especially pleased with the emotional experience of playing the game , particularly with other players . Christian Donlan of Eurogamer described it as a " non @-@ denominational religious experience " that , with the addition of another player , moves beyond metaphors and becomes a " pilgrimage " to the... | a747b746e32c64e81564bf46566e873b | 28,932 |
The few criticisms for the game centered on its length and pacing . Clements noted that not all players would appreciate a game with a " deliberate , melancholic pace " and short duration , comments echoed by the Edge review . Miller noted the lack of a complex gameplay elements in Journey , and Shaw was disappointed ... | 54554aaab5f585d9f697ed79074cb2d2 | 28,933 |
= Gold Beach =
| 6b62e44332501850723c3475107bd7bf | 28,936 |
Gold , commonly known as Gold Beach , was the code name for one of the five areas of the Allied invasion of German @-@ occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 , during the Second World War . Gold , the central of the five areas , was located between Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin on the west and La Rivière on ... | 79ccbb7a7b93e2f9a1509ec922040982 | 28,938 |
The objectives at Gold were to secure a beachhead , move west to capture Arromanches and establish contact with the American forces at Omaha , capture Bayeux and the small port at Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin , and to link up with the Canadian forces at Juno to the east . Forces attacking Gold faced elements of the German 3... | 2e7c193862d7fa110d3173cb16fae0a0 | 28,939 |
On D @-@ Day at Gold , naval bombardment got underway at 05 : 30 , and amphibious landings commenced at 07 : 25 . High winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft , and the amphibious DD tanks were released close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned . Three of the four guns in ... | 654e3c847c67ada0c3c90b2d140d6c4a | 28,940 |
Meanwhile , infantry began clearing the heavily fortified houses along the shore and advanced on targets further inland . The British Commandos of No. 47 ( Royal Marine ) Commando advanced on Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin and captured it on 7 June in the Battle of Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin . On the western flank , the 1st Batta... | a4ff4d4884df6b74182cc9107a0051db | 28,941 |
= = Background = =
| d514b18e9690308b2ac67a227be74a70 | 28,943 |
= = = Operation Overlord = = =
| ca6fc2d5002a6757f4369793f697e47f | 28,946 |
After the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing for the creation of a second front in Western Europe . The decision to undertake a cross @-@ channel invasion of continental Europe within the next year was taken at the Trident Conference , held in Washington in May 1... | a02c92ad772a16cc099d272f0816dbcd | 28,948 |
On 31 December 1943 , Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan , which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions and two @-@ thirds of an airborne division . The two generals immediately insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions , with airborne descents by three divisions ... | 5bd80b3c15795c301c1790feaed32b12 | 28,949 |
The Americans , assigned to land at Utah and Omaha , were to cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and capture the port facilities at Cherbourg . The British at Sword and Gold , and the Canadians at Juno , were to capture Caen and form a front line from Caumont @-@ l 'Éventé to the south @-@ east of Caen to protect the Ameri... | e790a5174cbf791aa5919ca34a7cba09 | 28,950 |
= = = Allied planning = = =
| 2100ba4cf814a1d484b5c8a97bf59676 | 28,952 |
Originally , seventeen sectors along the Normandy coastline had been selected as possible invasion sites and each were provided with a code name taken from one of the spelling alphabets of the time . The coast was divided between Able , west of Omaha , to Rodger on the eastern flank of the invasion area . Eight furthe... | 4ee92731bd438b85f074e1a14250da42 | 28,954 |
The Allied Expeditionary Air Force undertook over 3 @,@ 200 photo reconnaissance sorties from April 1944 until the start of the invasion . Photos of the coastline were taken at extremely low altitude to show the invaders the terrain , obstacles on the beach , and defensive structures such as bunkers and gun emplacemen... | 2b189164b9ea03c83d7baac3d9f9fb87 | 28,955 |
Gold was assigned to the British XXX Corps , with the 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division – commanded by Major General D.A.H. Graham – allotted as the assault division . It was an experienced division that had already seen combat in France , North Africa , and Sicily . The men underwent extensive training in amphi... | e29975632d3c07b44a216ad1d84451c7 | 28,956 |
Arriving in the second wave on Jig , 56th Infantry Brigade was to capture Bayeux and a nearby ridge , thus cutting the N13 highway between Caen and Bayeux to make it difficult for the Germans to move in reinforcements . The second wave on King , 151st Infantry Brigade , was tasked with capturing the Caen road and rail... | a66da6b69a0a661baf58096640278389 | 28,957 |
= = = German defences = = =
| a3010860fec080650e6f7fc0f46a06c8 | 28,959 |
In late 1943 , Hitler placed Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of improving the coastal defences along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an Allied invasion , expected to take place sometime in 1944 . Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion , so he ordered the co... | a97109934722916af7bbff28239c66dd | 28,961 |
Hitler gave Rommel command of the newly re @-@ formed Army Group B , which included the 7th Army , the 15th Army , and the forces guarding the Netherlands . Reserves for this group included the 2nd , 21st , and 116th Panzer divisions . Recognizing that Allied air superiority would make it difficult if not impossible t... | 40bf564ec35653a01bfba4a809c9f6dc | 28,962 |
= = Order of battle = =
| d0622c0a811ac5df9179bdb9eebb50fc | 28,964 |
= = = British forces = = =
| 574600383a834b8678bef2b4906ae706 | 28,967 |
50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division , commanded by Major @-@ General D.A.H. Graham
| 2f1b73215c88e9a7163c4c608647bc6e | 28,969 |
69th Infantry Brigade , commanded by Brigadier F.Y.C. Knox
| 21427d518fe4bb15ffa859e0a663058d | 28,970 |
5th Battalion , East Yorkshire Regiment
| 4fc86dda157a551475e82085401120b4 | 28,971 |
6th Battalion , Green Howards
| 27df4784577a3422c823e86f554943e2 | 28,972 |
7th Battalion , Green Howards
| d224cc19263ff8308b97252c6b71eac6 | 28,973 |
151st Infantry Brigade , commanded by Brigadier R.H. Senior
| 644b29d871f7edc116731e81135b1ba0 | 28,974 |
6th Battalion , Durham Light Infantry
| c366ef9764432c21f9689990ab7aa301 | 28,975 |
8th Battalion , Durham Light Infantry
| 304ced96d7204924554967e259612014 | 28,976 |
9th Battalion , Durham Light Infantry
| b031fa7514c0b9388638a92e886e3f4e | 28,977 |
231st Infantry Brigade , commanded by Brigadier A.G.B. Stanier
| c015b957bb59536f60dc8ba0503027de | 28,978 |
1st Battalion , Dorsetshire Regiment
| 88397e7d6270ab2eaaee116e81a4b919 | 28,979 |
1st Battalion , Hampshire Regiment
| 97b2fdf122ef8613b35697bc029804d5 | 28,980 |
2nd Battalion , Devonshire Regiment
| 146e0806ef0951c3eb12a64857b051e7 | 28,981 |
Divisional troops
| 45976b54e2a207c92ad7bafc9fdb5ab8 | 28,982 |
61st Reconnaissance Regiment , Royal Armoured Corps ( RAC ) ( 2 Squadrons )
| 27cc8b4a548a47c5da620d6a1b9dcf5f | 28,983 |
2nd Battalion , Cheshire Regiment ( machine guns and heavy mortars )
| b0a30397e3fdf3349f38f094316cf66c | 28,984 |
357th , 358th & 465th Batteries , 90th Field Regiment , Royal Artillery ( RA ) ( Self @-@ propelled )
| f3d54e6eccad436c1534e7b2ff79f63f | 28,985 |
99th & 288th Batteries , 102nd ( Northumberland Hussars ) Anti @-@ Tank Regiment , RA
| 12b7c66870d151af2a158d3718deddd8 | 28,986 |
82nd Battery , 25th Light Anti @-@ Aircraft Regiment , RA
| ca69d9b97e6ffbf2170ea73f14ee193d | 28,987 |
233rd ( Northumbrian ) Field Company , Royal Engineers ( RE )
| af62d93a0744b3fed0f1ee825209e94e | 28,988 |
295th Field Company , RE
| 0a443c8b22e512bcbde5e26e705fc24a | 28,989 |
505th Field Company , RE
| 9271485a950e736672f2358a3959f1c9 | 28,990 |
235th ( Northumbrian ) Field Park Company , RE ( bulldozers )
| c2d63339cb907c97b9a1408fe2886f34 | 28,991 |
50th Divisional Signals , Royal Corps of Signals
| c3d26e881b7da0e7ce67af6876223b3f | 28,992 |
149th , 186th & 200th Field Ambulances , Royal Army Medical Corps ( RAMC )
| c89d728ccfa007ca069d99811ac9924e | 28,993 |
22nd Field Hygiene Section , RAMC
| d950900aad59b3d3752b8497aeefaafb | 28,994 |
50th Divisional Provost Company , Royal Military Police ( RMP )
| 9d822fa7a92dfd9023622b221fd6db2f | 28,995 |
Formations attached for assault phase
| 92ec64bbb815e591bb47f0971a1d84b3 | 28,996 |
Elements of 79th Armoured Division
| 794ebfa294cfcae73245e55883a345b7 | 28,997 |
Westminster Dragoons ( Flail tanks )
| 98a6bf06b31a930d6a5d5fa060340fc2 | 28,998 |
141st Royal Tank Regiment ( The Buffs ) ( Churchill Crocodiles ) ( 2 Troops )
| fb24a31dcb09d8d0c432bc21bd8cb8a4 | 28,999 |
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