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Mole cricket fossils are rare . A stem group fossil , Cratotetraspinus , is known from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil . Two specimens of Marchandia magnifica in amber have been found in the Lower Cretaceous of Charente @-@ Maritime in France . They are somewhat more abundant in the Tertiary amber of the Baltic and Dom... | d3bf3759c8e879ee70dfa722a6cf4c56 | 29,905 |
Mole crickets are not closely related to the " pygmy mole crickets " , the Tridactyloidea , which are in the grasshopper suborder Caelifera rather than the cricket suborder Ensifera . The two groups , and indeed their resemblance in form to the mammalian mole family Talpidae with their powerful front limbs , form an e... | 2e19253caecff772be7d6234099be0ad | 29,906 |
= = Behavior = =
| d02d8f86b374348faf69cedc7ce04de2 | 29,908 |
Adults of most species of mole cricket can fly powerfully , if not with agility , but males do so infrequently . The females typically take wing soon after sunset , and are attracted to areas where males are calling , which they do for about an hour after sunset . This may be in order to mate , or they may be influenc... | 9c47dd94def309318c771f3f0eda3171 | 29,910 |
= = = Life cycle = = =
| 334cac38bc1335ba021f71bed3d064b9 | 29,912 |
Mole crickets are hemimetabolous meaning they undergo incomplete metamorphosis ; when nymphs hatch from eggs , the nymphs increasingly resemble the adult form as they grow and pass through a series of up to ten moults . After mating , there may be a period of one or two weeks before the female starts laying eggs . She... | f6551ac5aa8328d7f858319de7793ef7 | 29,914 |
= = = Burrowing = = =
| f22fdb15e792d7a3d78d16e68363eaaf | 29,916 |
Mole crickets live almost entirely below ground , digging tunnels of different kinds for the major functions of life , including feeding , escape from predators , attracting a mate ( by singing ) , mating , and raising of young .
| d0ac906437f63f05fd0e4a1c3471dd62 | 29,918 |
Their main tunnels are used for feeding and for escape : they can dig themselves underground very rapidly , and can move along existing tunnels at high speed both forwards and backwards . Their digging technique is to force the soil to either side with their powerful , shovel @-@ like forelimbs , which are broad , fla... | b33e28d7443b50fb843d7425fddbf357 | 29,919 |
Males attract mates by constructing specially @-@ shaped tunnels in which they sing . Mating takes place in the male 's burrow ; the male may widen a tunnel to make room for the female to mount , though in some species mating is tail @-@ to @-@ tail . Females lay their eggs either in their normal burrows or in special... | 23e79096b6ab19f4506c3dc987ee14fc | 29,920 |
= = = Song = = =
| bb85420d4c25abac9d8689f53e14b590 | 29,922 |
Male mole crickets sing by stridulating , always underground . In Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa the song is based on an almost pure tone at 3 @.@ 5 kiloHertz , loud enough to make the ground vibrate 20 cm all round the burrow ; in fact the song is unique in each species . In Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa the burrow is somewhat ro... | eba37def02f8a44528da34c582670aa1 | 29,924 |
Mole crickets stridulate like other crickets by scraping the rear edge of the left forewing , which forms a plectrum , against the lower surface of the right forewing , which has a ratchet @-@ like series of asymmetric teeth : the more acute edges face backwards , as do those of the plectrum . The plectrum can move fo... | 8888094d897ca35df3e63aaa7696231d | 29,925 |
The loudness of the song is correlated with the size of the male and the quality of the habitat , both indicators of male attractiveness . The loudest males may attract 20 females in one evening , when a quieter male may attract none . This behaviour enables acoustic trapping : females can be trapped in large numbers ... | fc8dd7e2e14d636acea9a4ce396087f3 | 29,926 |
= = = Food = = =
| cff113e37608fe750606986e19e2ef55 | 29,928 |
Mole crickets vary in their diets ; some like the tawny mole cricket are herbivores , others are omnivores , feeding on larvae , worms , roots , and grasses , and others like the southern mole cricket are mainly predacious . As well as consuming roots underground , mole crickets leave their burrows at night to forage ... | cb98f8fc3555ee60efd66e8fbb6498d4 | 29,930 |
= = = = Predators , parasites and pathogens = = = =
| e06a69820aa217af77c8b43c3c724067 | 29,932 |
Besides birds , toads and insectivorous mammals , the predators of mole crickets include subterranean assassin bugs , wolf spiders , and various beetles . The South American nematode Steinernema scapterisci kills Neocapteriscus mole crickets by introducing bacteria into their bodies , causing an overwhelming infection... | b055fc09b49dee322e666b6a6c7d62e3 | 29,934 |
= = Distribution = =
| 008ab98ccbb39f1d44d6090122c744d7 | 29,936 |
Mole crickets are relatively common , but because they are nocturnal and spend nearly all their lives underground in extensive tunnel systems , they are rarely seen . They inhabit agricultural fields and grassy areas . They are present in every continent with the exception of Antarctica ; by 2014 , one hundred and sev... | be8e73104003d02260aecc6853c72f2c | 29,938 |
= = = Invasive mole crickets , and their biological control = = =
| 84acf9f86e3c43dc136536941c93074f | 29,940 |
Invasive species are those that cause harm in their newly occupied area , where biological control may be attempted . The first @-@ detected invasive mole cricket species was Neoscapteriscus didactylus , a South American species reported as a pest in St. Vincent , West Indies as early as 1837 ; by 1900 , it was a majo... | dda737e5de6c779c36e1a312bdb5b39e | 29,942 |
The next detection was in Georgia , USA , and at that time was assumed to be N. didactylus from the West Indies . It was in fact three South American Neoscapteriscus species , N. abbreviatus , N . vicinus , and N. borellii , probably arrived in ship ballast . They caused major problems for decades as they spread in th... | 8a2e36edcd0600795373a2971b4e57b6 | 29,943 |
Once it was discovered that gravid female Ormia depleta flies are attracted to the song of Neoscapteriscus males in South America , a path to trap these flies at synthetic mole cricket song was opened . Experimentation then led to a rearing method . Laborious rearing of over 10 @,@ 000 flies on mole cricket hosts allo... | 01a6eaf0ca545b11b806e915a11cdad8 | 29,944 |
The third biological control agent to target Neoscapteriscus in Florida was the South American nematode Steinernema scapterisci . Small @-@ scale releases proved it could persist for years in mole @-@ cricket @-@ infested sandy Florida soils . Its use as a biopesticide against Neoscapteriscus was patented , making it ... | 4f788ac5b3c4627824d96e7b7053dcd8 | 29,945 |
= = = As pests = = =
| 115785f5f264788fd045eb53010b0bce | 29,947 |
The main damage done by mole crickets is as a result of their burrowing activities . As they tunnel through the top few centimetres of soil they push the ground up in little ridges , increasing evaporation of surface moisture , disturbing germinating seeds and damaging the delicate young roots of seedlings . They are ... | a3941a4421c90fe82cb6d411283b0ee2 | 29,949 |
In their native lands , mole crickets have natural enemies that keep them under control . This is not the case when they have been accidentally introduced to other parts of the world . In Florida they are considered pests and are described as " a serious problem " . A University of Florida Entomology report suggests t... | 0290323440605074841b5a7e49c31f8e | 29,950 |
= = In human culture = =
| 5672d0b6ac959a780a220749cfe0c335 | 29,952 |
= = = Folklore = = =
| c6379473810c81404c123eff64fea53b | 29,955 |
In Zambia , Gryllotalpa africana is held to bring good fortune to anyone who sees it . In Latin America , Scapteriscus and Neocurtilla mole crickets are said to predict rain when they dig into the ground . In Japan in the past they seem to have been associated with the worms / corpses / bugs that announce a persons si... | 0e394ad0a7a37652360727d0f601e129 | 29,957 |
= = = As food = = =
| 04defcbf4168a13fd9dfa3fc514eafaf | 29,959 |
Gryllotalpa mole crickets have sometimes been used as food in West Java and Vietnam . In Thailand mole crickets ( Thai : กระชอน ) are valued as food in Isan . They are usually eaten fried along with sticky rice .
| 4253bc6baa35a83197857ee064056b3d | 29,961 |
In the Philippines , they are served as a delicacy called Camaro in the province of Pampanga and are a tourist attraction . They are also served in parts of Northern Luzon .
| ba0827178b94a7e1b08c93650cbba078 | 29,962 |
= Maryland Route 194 =
| 94003b56515cf97965f70ea6ec4bfcea | 29,965 |
Maryland Route 194 ( MD 194 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The state highway runs 23 @.@ 87 miles ( 38 @.@ 42 km ) from MD 26 in Ceresville north to the Pennsylvania state line near Taneytown , where the highway continues as Pennsylvania Route 194 ( PA 194 ) toward Hanover . MD 194 is the main hi... | e8ee74cafd34cd79aca27a96ed5c2fed | 29,967 |
= = Route description = =
| 492dd728c7998b12b26ca6c56c46440f | 29,969 |
MD 194 begins at an intersection with MD 26 ( Liberty Road ) in Ceresville . The roadway continues south as MD 26 , which crosses the Monocacy River on its way toward Frederick . MD 26 heads east from the intersection as a two @-@ lane road toward Libertytown . MD 194 heads north as Woodsboro Pike , which starts as a ... | 3ce720c3795e09b8ebe3767beee866bd | 29,971 |
MD 194 parallels the Maryland Midland Railway 's north – south line , Israel Creek , and Laurel Hill north to Woodsboro . At the south end of the town , Main Street , which is unsigned MD 194A , continues straight north while MD 194 veers northeast to bypass the town . The state highway starts to run concurrently with... | 80260be5c1bd2bc36fb2c81a361a96b7 | 29,972 |
MD 194 continues as Francis Scott Key Highway through Keymar , where the north – south and east – west lines of the Maryland Midland Railway intersect . The state highway has a grade crossing of the east – west rail line and intersects Middleburg Road , which heads west as MD 77 . In the hamlet of Bruceville , MD 194 ... | 2fabc8861c279b94ff950cd692a8849f | 29,973 |
MD 194 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from its southern terminus in Ceresville to Daysville Road in Walkersville and within the city of Taneytown .
| 75b2390a54f9e3e70a2b97e456f35108 | 29,974 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 29,976 |
In the 18th century , the corridor of what is now MD 194 was the Hanover – Frederick portion of the Monocacy Road , a migration route that connected Philadelphia and Winchester , Virginia via York , Frederick , Boonsboro , and Williamsport . The Frederick County portion of the highway later became the path of a pair o... | 44ed105d9d4eacdf17b76b6cf1c88878 | 29,978 |
What is now MD 194 was originally designated MD 71 . The roads commission resurfaced the turnpikes ' macadam surface from Ceresville to Little Pipe Creek to a width of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) by 1926 . That same year , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of concrete road was constructed north from MD 32 ( now MD 140 ) in Taneytown . ... | 6379a395162f2d646051d1ccd72ae4a0 | 29,979 |
MD 71 received a new steel I @-@ beam bridge over Big Pipe Creek in 1940 ; this bridge was replaced in 2005 . The state highway was widened through Taneytown in 1948 . MD 71 's present steel I @-@ beam bridge over Little Pipe Creek at the county line was started in 1953 and completed in 1954 along with 1 mile ( 1 @.@ ... | 94f9088064c1a7d632fb0cbf6035d392 | 29,980 |
In 1956 , MD 71 was involved in a three @-@ route number change involving highways in three different areas of the state . MD 71 was reassigned to the Blue Star Memorial Highway then under construction from Queenstown to the Delaware state line ; this designation lasted only three years before U.S. Route 301 was rerou... | 26457bb655cdadf447e42c450bcb358f | 29,981 |
MD 194 's bypass of Walkersville was completed around 1981 . The state highway 's bypass of Woodsboro was under construction by 1995 and completed in 1997 ; Main Street through town was designated MD 194A . MD 550 , which ran concurrently with MD 194 along Main Street , joined the latter route on the new bypass and on... | 547e6f9951acfc1953bab8bc57404567 | 29,982 |
= = Junction list = =
| 270ddd5336435ea51a3403709dbd2fdd | 29,984 |
= = Auxiliary routes = =
| 5a83a168f9a239661188321d4174952d | 29,987 |
MD 194 has four existing auxiliary routes and two that no longer exist . MD 194A and MD 194B are in Woodsboro . MD 194D and MD 194E are north of Taneytown . Former MD 194C and MD 194F were also north of Taneytown .
| 69b2edb82ba0d2edbe0bc31631a29a0c | 29,989 |
MD 194A is the designation for Main Street , which runs 1 @.@ 28 miles ( 2 @.@ 06 km ) between MD 194 on the south side of Woodsboro and MD 550 on the north side of Woodsboro . MD 194A is municipally maintained for 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) from Mt . Hope Cemetery north to Coppermine Road .
| 56883952da83da0bc975824b42bc6541 | 29,990 |
MD 194B is the designation for a 0 @.@ 09 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 14 km ) section of Main Street that is now a spur south from MD 194A just north of MD 194 's southern end at MD 194 .
| ab0a949067716daf063c696860f833ba | 29,991 |
MD 194C was the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 03 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 048 km ) connector between MD 194 and former MD 853D . MD 194C and MD 853D were removed from the state highway system in 2004 due to the roadway being overgrown .
| 5737de884bf04d1d4279cd4c8c23f896 | 29,992 |
MD 194D is the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 02 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 032 km ) connector between MD 194 and MD 853E , the old alignment that parallels the northbound direction of the modern highway south of Angell Road .
| 58e76b789b90c562738583063dca7e27 | 29,993 |
MD 194E is the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 02 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 032 km ) connector between MD 194 and MD 853A , the old alignment that parallels the southbound direction of the modern highway south of the Pennsylvania state line .
| 5a34a7340dd2ffa7661a8fb5f47edfb6 | 29,994 |
MD 194F was the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 02 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 032 km ) connector between MD 194 and former MD 853D . MD 194F and MD 853D were removed from the state highway system in 2004 due to the roadway being overgrown .
| 8a5d014d6b02a86ff6a49c2b55921704 | 29,995 |
= Le souper de Beaucaire =
| a8d1d2b8a90248caf82cda9eb969d2ab | 29,998 |
Le souper de Beaucaire was a political pamphlet written by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1793 . With the French Revolution into its fourth year , civil war had spread across France between various rival political factions . Napoleon was involved in military action , on the government 's side , against some rebellious cities o... | f6a4419d40192b5f928bda6dee6c6bf2 | 30,000 |
= = Background = =
| d514b18e9690308b2ac67a227be74a70 | 30,002 |
During the French Revolution the National Convention became the executive power of France , following the execution of King Louis XVI . With powerful members , such as Maximilien Robespierre and Georges Danton , the Jacobin Club , a French political party established in 1790 , at the birth of the revolution , managed ... | 74b15ad84596e72146aa91ddea4044ba | 30,004 |
Citizens in the south were opposed to a centralised government , and to the decrees of its rule , which resulted in rebellion . Prior to the revolution France had been divided into provinces with local governments . In 1790 the government , the National Constituent Assembly , reorganised France into administrative dep... | 54bf3c29c8a68ba1ee902eb46e4fb682 | 30,005 |
= = Rebellion in Southern France = =
| fc181e5b8f536f7bba8d50321200c899 | 30,007 |
In July 1793 Captain Napoleon Bonaparte , an artillery officer , was placed under the command of Jean @-@ Baptiste Carteaux to deal with rebels from Marseille situated in Avignon , where army munitions required by the French Army of Italy were being stored . On 24 July , Carteaux 's troops attacked rebellious National... | 09ff801c4ae3f40198795d6528e0dd02 | 30,009 |
That evening Napoleon and the four merchants discussed the revolution , subsequent rebellions , and their consequences . Speaking as a pro @-@ Republican , Napoleon supported the Jacobin cause , and explained the benefits of the revolution , whilst defending Carteaux 's actions in Avignon . One of the merchants from M... | 8f7756bcfc3bcda597101d3e5ac304d8 | 30,010 |
Following their conversation the group drank champagne until two in the morning , paid for by the Marseillais merchant .
| 53d1a39121fed4ce2175374b57813c47 | 30,011 |
= = Publication and recognition = =
| d9c577fa1dd3a16c83414639281503ab | 30,013 |
Shortly after the events , possibly on the 29 July whilst still in Beaucaire , Napoleon wrote a political pamphlet titled Le souper de Beaucaire ( The supper at Beaucaire ) in which a soldier speaks with four merchants and sympathetic to their opinions attempts to dissipate their counter @-@ revolutionary sentiments .... | d65ccf97e8b185a858fea249ebcdff6a | 30,015 |
The pamphlet was read by Augustin Robespierre , brother of Maximilien Robespierre , who was impressed by the revolutionary context . The pamphlet itself had little effect against the rebellious forces , but served to advance Napoleon 's career . He soon became recognised for his political ambitions by a Corsica @-@ bo... | 03a58c06a3c05ca3bb79525eb8ff9223 | 30,016 |
In Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte , a biography by Napoleon 's private secretary , Louis de Bourrienne , he notes that Le souper de Beaucaire was reprinted as a book – the first edition issued at the cost of the Public Treasury in August 1798 , and a second edition in 1821 , following Napoleon 's death . He also states... | d4fb401fe518238abe35518fdf88199a | 30,017 |
= Jin – Song Wars =
| c3692725d193656cb43f9a547ff02bd6 | 30,020 |
The Jin – Song Wars were a series of conflicts between the Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) and Han Chinese Song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . In 1115 , the Jurchens rebelled against their overlords , the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) , and declared the formation of the Jin . Allying with the Song against their com... | 4e3a0a5f928df5e69f47d75bb28ede3c | 30,022 |
Surprised by the news of an invasion , the Song general stationed in Taiyuan retreated from the city , which was besieged and later captured . As the second Jin army approached the capital , Emperor Huizong of the Song abdicated and fled south . A new emperor , Qinzong , was enthroned . The Jurchens began a siege agai... | c32bf35f38db45aa4c9a0c28e2c742f2 | 30,023 |
The Jurchens tried to conquer southern China in the 1130s , but they were bogged down by a pro @-@ Song insurgency in the north and a counteroffensive by the Song generals Yue Fei , Han Shizhong , and others . The generals regained some territories but retreated on the orders of the Southern Song emperor , who support... | a8deef53fecaf31e49f0f673d56eb0ac | 30,024 |
The wars engendered an era of technological , cultural , and demographic changes in China . Battles between the Song and Jin brought about the introduction of various gunpowder weapons . The siege of De 'an in 1132 was the first recorded appearance of the fire lance , an early ancestor of firearms . There were also re... | a51b955c1c907eada4ec526a52a6d13e | 30,025 |
= = The fragile Song – Jin alliance = =
| 5ea20040d4cf17bdcb7bfba8504b6dc1 | 30,027 |
The Jurchens were a Tungusic @-@ speaking group of semi @-@ agrarian tribes inhabiting areas of northeast Asia that are now part of Northeast China . Many of the Jurchen tribes were vassals of the Liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) , an empire ruled by the nomadic Khitans that included most of modern Mongolia , a portion of ... | f438e30da05de349f2c415e7d1a18c11 | 30,029 |
In 1114 , the chieftain Wanyan Aguda ( 1068 – 1123 ) united the disparate Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao . In 1115 he named himself emperor of the Jin " golden " dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) . Informed by a Liao defector of the success of the Jurchen uprising , the Song emperor Huizong ( r . 1100 – 1127 )... | c9387a117ad563920d96205ff8f6fb1a | 30,030 |
Because the land routes between the Song and Jin were controlled by the Liao , diplomatic exchanges had to occur by traveling across the Bohai Sea . Negotiations for an alliance began secretly under the pretense that the Song wanted to acquire horses from the Khitans . Song diplomats traveled to the Jin court to meet ... | e6e7dd83835bbc54fe4bc94739bb2090 | 30,031 |
The joint attack against the Liao had been planned for 1121 , but it was rescheduled for 1122 . In February 23 of that year , the Jin captured the Liao Central Capital as promised . The Song delayed their entry into the war because it diverted resources to fighting the Western Xia in the northwest and suppressing a la... | e43029506e5facf2e4dc589e046d1bd6 | 30,032 |
The quick collapse of the Liao led to more negotiations between the Song and the Jin . Jurchen military success and their effective control over the Sixteen Prefectures gave them more leverage . Aguda grew increasingly frustrated as he realized that despite their military failures the Song still intended to seize most... | 2a79ff2b2390d25de478401131b3fd54 | 30,033 |
= = War against the Northern Song = =
| 65048f3d8ad873b86f7256b4388bdb53 | 30,035 |
= = = The collapse of the Song – Jin alliance = = =
| 1cf0bd75eb24535a319eabd8a770e305 | 30,038 |
Barely one month after the Song had recovered Yanjing , Zhang Jue ( 張覺 ) , who had served as military governor of the Liao prefecture of Pingzhou about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) east of Yanjing , killed the main Jin official in that city and turned it over to the Song . The Jurchens defeated his armies a few months la... | 5ece5a1ae6daed405d646de30d104b57 | 30,040 |
Before they could invade the Song , the Jurchens reached a peace agreement with their western neighbors the Tangut Western Xia in 1124 . The following year near the Ordos Desert , they captured Tianzuo , the last emperor of the Liao , putting an end to the Liao dynasty for good . Ready to end their alliance with the S... | 91e6cbc75cd3c23e0b85e32f4491f97a | 30,041 |
= = = First campaign = = =
| c437f98ec297b611c0f99136438aa5a7 | 30,043 |
In November 1125 Taizong ordered his armies to attack the Song . The defection of Zhang Jue two years earlier served as the casus belli . Two armies were sent to capture the major cities of the Song .
| 2f0622159b1b79e352d2d0580d952df9 | 30,045 |
= = = = Siege of Taiyuan = = = =
| a2298d619d44036501a2d759784e6ef8 | 30,047 |
The western army , led by Wanyan Zonghan , departed from Datong and headed towards Taiyuan through the mountains of Shanxi , on its way to the Song western capital Luoyang . The Song forces were not expecting an invasion and were caught off guard . The Chinese general Tong Guan was informed of the military expedition ... | 3dae45ea99ca7a7f723ec7b307fdb0e0 | 30,049 |
= = = = First siege of Kaifeng = = = =
| 144927d41f04368aa01aba8cbd8b0a48 | 30,051 |
Meanwhile , the eastern army , commanded by Wanyan Zongwang , was dispatched towards Yanjing ( modern Beijing ) and eventually the Song capital Kaifeng . It did not face much armed opposition . Zongwang easily took Yanjing , where Song general and former Liao governor Guo Yaoshi ( 郭藥師 ) switched his allegiances to the... | 40c25a8b009a217760d2d13897ec534e | 30,053 |
Fearing the approaching Jin army , Song emperor Huizong planned to retreat south . The emperor deserting the capital would have been viewed as an act of capitulation , so court officials convinced him to abdicate . There were few objections . Rescuing an empire in crisis from destruction was more important than preser... | f0fd8cff1a6e391015047e2bdabeab74 | 30,054 |
Kaifeng was besieged on January 31 , 1126 . The commander of the Jurchen army promised to spare the city if the Song submitted to Jin as a vassal ; forfeited the prime minister and an imperial prince as prisoners ; ceded the Chinese prefectures of Hejian , Taiyuan , and Zhongshan ; and offered an indemnity of 50 milli... | 32271c096842f7113750e7321f0acf6e | 30,055 |
With little prospect of help from afar arriving , infighting broke out in the Song court between the officials who supported the Jin offer and those who opposed it . Opponents of the treaty like Li Gang ( 李剛 ; 1083 – 1140 ) rallied around the proposal of remaining in defensive positions until reinforcements arrived an... | c4c709d36fc44d634405067666d85bfe | 30,056 |
= = = Second campaign = = =
| 073076dc86df2a5151c4890af0079c58 | 30,058 |
Almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng , Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian . An army of 90 @,@ 000 soldiers and another of 60 @,@ 000 were defeated by Jin forces by June . A second expe... | 757b9d5346e287521433a033d70b6988 | 30,060 |
Accusing the Song of violating the agreement and realizing the weakness of the Song , the Jin generals launched a second punitive campaign , again dividing their troops into two armies . Wanyan Zonghan , who had withdrawn from Taiyuan after the Kaifeng agreement and left a small force in charge of the siege , came bac... | 02ed7368be98d31296d52008a77cfbd6 | 30,061 |
= = = = Second siege of Kaifeng = = = =
| b7ff5b5381ec9f098f69fb712821112a | 30,063 |
After the defeat of several Song armies in the north , Emperor Qinzong wanted to negotiate a truce with the Jin , but he committed a massive strategic blunder when he commanded his remaining armies to protect prefectural cities instead of Kaifeng . Neglecting the importance of the capital , he left Kaifeng defended wi... | a94ac6e57ff86b65bb92bb9d0205b8bd | 30,065 |
The Jin assault commenced in mid December 1126 . Even as fighting raged on , Qinzong continued to sue for peace , but Jin demands for territory were enormous : they wanted all provinces north of the Yellow River . After more than twenty days of heavy combat against the besieging forces , Song defenses were decimated a... | 2be3cd97e63bd60b63cb7a9f7d824ecb | 30,066 |
Qinzong , the former emperor Huizong , and members of the Song court were captured by the Jurchens as hostages . They were taken north to Huining ( modern Harbin ) , where they were stripped of their royal privileges and reduced to commoners . The former emperors were humiliated by their captors . They were mocked wit... | 3d96420b3b7ca165c3d0ad2cb4e1b571 | 30,067 |
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