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Targeting the symbionts of Triatominae through paratransgenesis can be done .
| 8e41be36b6cf1e036b5a46f4ce0c8615 | 30,379 |
A number of potential vaccines are currently being tested . Vaccination with Trypanosoma rangeli has produced positive results in animal models . More recently , the potential of DNA vaccines for immunotherapy of acute and chronic Chagas disease is being tested by several research groups .
| 71695544ab035f4ad7976be69af350b9 | 30,380 |
Blood transfusion was formerly the second @-@ most common mode of transmission for Chagas disease , but the development and implementation of blood bank screening tests has dramatically reduced this risk in the 21st century . Blood donations in all endemic Latin American countries undergo Chagas screening , and testin... | 36e725c7cc6ddbc9ed879f038c3ae89e | 30,381 |
The US FDA has approved two Chagas tests , including one approved in April 2010 , and has published guidelines that recommend testing of all donated blood and tissue products . While these tests are not required in US , an estimated 75 – 90 % of the blood supply is currently tested for Chagas , including all units col... | 388324a8825243e7bcb639c21af960d2 | 30,382 |
= = Management = =
| 52d29fdb0c4dc8e954cd297db2b372a8 | 30,384 |
There are two approaches to treating Chagas disease : antiparasitic treatment , to kill the parasite ; and symptomatic treatment , to manage the symptoms and signs of the infection . Management uniquely involves addressing selective incremental failure of the parasympathetic nervous system . Autonomic disease imparted... | be572ae411e03b2ea1d161829e4b3124 | 30,386 |
= = = Medication = = =
| f7d2311ac4b07d486a147b16407e874e | 30,388 |
Antiparasitic treatment is most effective early in the course of infection , but is not limited to cases in the acute phase . Drugs of choice include azole or nitro derivatives , such as benznidazole or nifurtimox . Both agents are limited in their capacity to completely eliminate T. cruzi from the body ( parasitologi... | 9c8b454d4eb299d72ea53c8737dde44a | 30,390 |
Studies suggest antiparasitic treatment leads to parasitological cure in more than 90 % of infants but only about 60 – 85 % of adults treated in the first year of acute phase Chagas disease . Children aged six to 12 years with chronic disease have a cure rate of about 60 % with benznidazole . While the rate of cure de... | 26c5cdce9e99ad3cffbd1fb29108f5b1 | 30,391 |
Treatment of chronic infection in women prior to or during pregnancy does not appear to reduce the probability the disease will be passed on to the infant . Likewise , it is unclear whether prophylactic treatment of chronic infection is beneficial in persons who will undergo immunosuppression ( for example , organ tra... | e0241daa37d27de261e49a2c6028debe | 30,392 |
= = = Complications = = =
| 560b632a5a9ca0d796ad0a28d5852c1c | 30,394 |
In the chronic stage , treatment involves managing the clinical manifestations of the disease . For example , pacemakers and medications for irregular heartbeats , such as the anti @-@ arrhythmia drug amiodarone , may be life saving for some patients with chronic cardiac disease , while surgery may be required for meg... | cfa7ca8de7434552d737f6cec1533274 | 30,396 |
= = Epidemiology = =
| 2a6e11a56c74db42c2c7456b47b2bcbe | 30,398 |
Chagas disease affects 8 to 10 million people living in endemic Latin American countries , with an additional 300 @,@ 000 – 400 @,@ 000 living in nonendemic countries , including Spain and the United States . An estimated 41 @,@ 200 new cases occur annually in endemic countries , and 14 @,@ 400 infants are born with c... | 9ebb77b3dc6108b7cd723e5259343673 | 30,400 |
The disease is present in 18 countries on the American continents , ranging from the southern United States to northern Argentina . Chagas exists in two different ecological zones . In the Southern Cone region , the main vector lives in and around human homes . In Central America and Mexico , the main vector species l... | f83aa1cb27e8f54438a5809eecb2f00d | 30,401 |
Although Triatominae bugs feed on them , birds appear to be immune to infection and therefore are not considered to be a T. cruzi reservoir . Even when colonies of insects are eradicated from a house and surrounding domestic animal shelters , they can re @-@ emerge from plants or animals that are part of the ancient ,... | 3ea50910594addb0f42aeb9302930989 | 30,402 |
The primary wildlife reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States include opossums , raccoons , armadillos , squirrels , woodrats , and mice . Opossums are particularly important as reservoirs , because the parasite can complete its life cycle in the anal glands of this animal without having to re @-@ enter t... | 17df055380dafcfab13316a7d1987b92 | 30,403 |
Studies on raccoons in the Southeast have yielded infection rates ranging from 47 % to as low as 15 @.@ 5 % . Armadillo prevalence studies have been described in Louisiana , and range from a low of 1 @.@ 1 % to 28 @.@ 8 % . Additionally , small rodents , including squirrels , mice , and rats , are important in the syl... | 7ac6c4965dd466387df167ad9f7234d5 | 30,404 |
Chronic Chagas disease remains a major health problem in many Latin American countries , despite the effectiveness of hygienic and preventive measures , such as eliminating the transmitting insects . However , several landmarks have been achieved in the fight against it in Latin America , including a reduction by 72 %... | 3afe992144d195b7be45498cfa771d69 | 30,405 |
Screening of donated blood , blood components , and solid organ donors , as well as donors of cells , tissues , and cell and tissue products for T. cruzi is mandated in all Chagas @-@ endemic countries and has been implemented . Approximately 300 @,@ 000 infected people live in the United States , which is likely the ... | 1526143a439f41fd86d58d32d186add5 | 30,406 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 30,408 |
The disease was named after the Brazilian physician and epidemiologist Carlos Chagas , who first described it in 1909 . The disease was not seen as a major public health problem in humans until the 1960s ( the outbreak of Chagas disease in Brazil in the 1920s went widely ignored ) . Dr Chagas discovered that the intes... | fc1f22c152f808a32265b4ed26e73f0b | 30,410 |
Chagas named the pathogenic parasite as Trypanosoma cruzi and later that year as Schizotrypanum cruzi , both honoring Oswaldo Cruz , the noted Brazilian physician and epidemiologist who successfully fought epidemics of yellow fever , smallpox , and bubonic plague in Rio de Janeiro and other cities in the beginning of ... | 112ca50cc843a8db7761fa4f7c870e3b | 30,411 |
In Argentina , the disease is known as mal de Chagas @-@ Mazza , in honor of Salvador Mazza , the Argentine physician who in 1926 began investigating the disease and over the years became the principal researcher of this disease in the country . Mazza produced the first scientific confirmation of the existence of Tryp... | 31deaa99710abaab13d3743690b5897a | 30,412 |
It has been hypothesized that Charles Darwin might have suffered from Chagas disease as a result of a bite of the so @-@ called great black bug of the Pampas ( vinchuca ) ( see Charles Darwin 's illness ) . The episode was reported by Darwin in his diaries of the Voyage of the Beagle as occurring in March 1835 to the ... | a0ba28d1f4211f8275c7a48c61bbf31c | 30,413 |
= = Research = =
| 2b93deb765cba3d59333f73f31924339 | 30,415 |
Several experimental treatments have shown promise in animal models . These include inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase and squalene synthase , cysteine protease inhibitors , dermaseptins collected from frogs in the genus Phyllomedusa ( P. oreades and P. distincta ) , the sesquiterpene lactone dehydroleucodine ( DhL )... | 628de1ce6dd5be6c8ca8dcbb7647e6f7 | 30,417 |
Chagas disease has a serious economic impact on the United States and the world . The cost of treatment in the United States alone , where the disease is not indigenous , is estimated to be $ 900 million annually , which includes hospitalization and medical devices such as pacemakers . The global cost is estimated at ... | c42f57c9a1c6c24150ee245816243841 | 30,418 |
Megazol in a study seems more active against Chagas than benznidazole but has not been studied in humans . Fexinidazole , an old drug rediscovered for this purpose is being tested in phase 2 clinical trials . A Chagas vaccine ( TcVac3 ) has been found to be effective in mice with plans for studies in dogs . It is hope... | ebdb6a00f6bf5a4becbe9c7ff5bc55ef | 30,419 |
= Diamond stingray =
| c3f1b0c6c98dc5c00ce45391ecba458c | 30,422 |
The diamond stingray ( Dasyatis dipterura ) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae . It is found in the coastal waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to northern Chile , and around the Galápagos and Hawaiian Islands . This bottom @-@ dweller generally inhabits sandy or muddy flats nea... | f621f18eee32e39f63f39c016c661215 | 30,424 |
When searching for food , diamond stingrays may form groups of up to hundreds of individuals . It is most active at night and preys mainly on burrowing invertebrates and small bony fishes , which are extracted from the bottom via suction or digging . This species is aplacental viviparous : once the embryos exhaust the... | 17be4fd9848d6658f800e921d535fe15 | 30,425 |
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
| 82e43f47f62279923c1ccb942b87e109 | 30,427 |
In 1880 , the diamond stingray was described twice by three American ichthyologists : as Dasybatus dipterurus by David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert in Proceedings of the United States National Museum , and as Trygon brevis by Samuel Garman in Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology . Jordan and Gilbert... | 9ce745c18811d57bd3fd7f49fde6143a | 30,429 |
The species syntypes were collected from San Diego Bay , California . The specific epithet dipterura is derived from the Latin di ( " two " ) , ptero ( " wing " ) , and ura ( " tail " ) , referring to the fin folds on both sides of its tail . Rat @-@ tailed stingray is a former common name for this species . Lisa Rose... | 123d50b6b7bba54aa47913c31880edca | 30,430 |
= = Distribution and habitat = =
| 9601e56467fdbcc8942e966c406b558c | 30,432 |
The diamond stingray is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to northern Chile , as well as around the Galápagos and Hawaiian Islands ; it is very abundant around Baja California and in the Gulf of California . At the northern and southern extremes of its range , it is generally only present dur... | 7ab4591f395294d3abab35525f818e76 | 30,434 |
A bottom @-@ dwelling inhabitant of inshore waters , the diamond stingray favors sandy or muddy bottoms , often near rocky reefs or kelp forests . Off southern California , it usually occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of 7 m ( 23 ft ) during the summer , shifting to depths of 13 – 18 m ( 43 – 59 ft ) during l... | 8486954c40f1f4f1109cdb8e0dfa6bff | 30,435 |
= = Description = =
| 7096d9cc91723f919ab4f5acdab6bccb | 30,437 |
The diamond stingray attains a disc width of 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) or possibly 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) ; females grow larger than males . Its pectoral fin disc is rhomboid in shape , slightly wider than long , with angular outer corners and subtly convex margins . The snout is blunt @-@ angled and non @-@ projecting . T... | 4a19c43edf9d32e17e10ab5761146ca9 | 30,439 |
The whip @-@ like tail generally measures up to one and half times the length of the disc , and bears one ( more if replacements have grown in ) long , slender , serrated spine on the upper surface , closer to the base than the tip . Behind the spine , there are long dorsal and ventral fin folds that rise gradually , ... | 06bc8171240df24c8007acb0018e2bb2 | 30,440 |
= = Biology and ecology = =
| 4e445158217c46ea38d2c999edde8806 | 30,442 |
The diamond stingray is most active at night , spending much of the day buried in sand with only its eyes protruding . When foraging for food , it may be solitary but more commonly forms groups numbering up to the hundreds . There is strong segregation by sex and age . This species feeds on crustaceans , molluscs , an... | 568d4025f0cfa06a0ed230e4611c3638 | 30,444 |
The typical hunting strategy of the diamond stingray is to cruise just above the sea floor , landing atop any prey encountered . It then quickly levers its body up @-@ and @-@ down with its disc , producing negative pressure to extract the prey from its burrow . This ray has also been known to excavate large pits by u... | bf7f9cfcf59775273fb1dd70436ca7d4 | 30,445 |
Like other stingrays , the diamond stingray is aplacental viviparous : the embryos are initially nourished by yolk , and later by histotroph ( " uterine milk " , rich in proteins and lipids ) produced by the mother . Only the left ovary and uterus are functional in adult females . Several bays along the Pacific coast ... | 46e52765cfa4e52a56b18f411d26edfc | 30,446 |
= = Human interactions = =
| fed19b492f10e18842a138d0b3336be4 | 30,448 |
At least one fatality off southern California has resulted from the long , venomous tail spine of the diamond stingray . However , it is not aggressive and will usually flee given the opportunity . This ray is not found off the United States in sufficient numbers to be economically important . Elsewhere in its range ,... | 84a42e5d2bbe743ccfc7d85ea9d1f348 | 30,450 |
In Mexico , the diamond stingray is one of the most important components of Pacific artisanal shark and ray fisheries , comprising around a tenth of the total annual catch . Its significance is likely underestimated , as Mexican fishery reports frequently suffer from misidentifications and a lack of species @-@ specif... | d52c0562444c199172e2f2e5ccefc105 | 30,451 |
= George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore =
| 23251d0b9e636e33ced1ad52f26748a5 | 30,454 |
George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore ( 1579 – 15 April 1632 ) was an English politician and colonizer . He achieved domestic political success as a Member of Parliament and later Secretary of State under King James I. He lost much of his political power after his support for a failed marriage alliance between Prince C... | 0b0a8cde53349e7c41c36603fb1d287b | 30,456 |
Calvert took an interest in the British colonization of the Americas , at first for commercial reasons and later to create a refuge for English Catholics . He became the proprietor of Avalon , the first sustained English settlement on the southeastern peninsula on the island of Newfoundland ( off the eastern coast of ... | 42cbdbd50b7674adcb78a3bebf5f2671 | 30,457 |
= = Family and early life = =
| 6ff76dcc30551cfffa3d68c850e370bc | 30,459 |
Little is known of the ancestry of the Yorkshire branch of the Calverts . At George Calvert 's knighting , it was claimed that his family originally came from Flanders ( a Dutch @-@ speaking area today across the English Channel in modern @-@ day Kingdom of Belgium ) . Calvert 's father , ( an earlier ) Leonard was a ... | 10b43b6ab37a40109799da500f74d7d9 | 30,461 |
In 1569 , Sir Thomas Gargrave had described Richmondshire as a territory where all gentlemen were " evil in religion " , by which he meant predominately Roman Catholic ; it appears Leonard Calvert was no exception . During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , continuing the changes wrought in the previous century by her f... | aec926e5a1f12f6e17e9cf0f5899cf99 | 30,462 |
The Calvert household suffered the intrusion of the Elizabethan @-@ era religious laws . From the year of George 's birth onwards , his father , Leonard Calvert was subjected to repeated harassment by the Yorkshire authorities , who in 1580 extracted a promise of conformity from him , compelling his attendance at the ... | a05346e57033d2cab317b8e125a2d7c5 | 30,463 |
In 1593 , records show that Grace Calvert was committed to the custody of a " pursuivant " , an official responsible for identifying and persecuting Catholics , and in 1604 , she was described as the " wife of Leonard Calvert of Kipling , non @-@ communicant at Easter last " .
| d4a6c787786b6d740a32629559fe0a97 | 30,464 |
George Calvert went up to Trinity College , at Oxford University matriculating in 1593 / 94 , where he studied foreign languages and received a bachelor 's degree in 1597 . As the oath of allegiance was compulsory after the age of sixteen , he would almost certainly have pledged conformity while at Oxford . The same p... | 92d9ce9f158f8cffa7434fc4d7de7f29 | 30,465 |
= = Marriage and family = =
| 0d19909d4545f23f08e7050618acc456 | 30,467 |
In November 1604 , he married Anne Mynne in a Protestant , Church of England ceremony at St Peter 's , Cornhill , where his address was registered as St Martin in the Fields . His children , including his eldest son and heir , Cecil , who was born in the winter of 1605 – 06 , were all baptized as Christian Protestants... | 33a9da54191479e6c22ed5e0443e74a7 | 30,469 |
Calvert had a total of thirteen children : Cecil , who succeeded his father as the 2nd Baron Baltimore , Leonard , Anne , Mary , Dorothy , Elizabeth , Grace , Francis , George , Helen , Henry , John , and Philip .
| 2fd6f5711f068c4d40acac66f39cbcd4 | 30,470 |
= = Political success = =
| 97486e8ad32a4905ded2380b9e3ca1ba | 30,472 |
Calvert named his son " Cecilius " ( 1605 @-@ 1675 ) for Sir Robert Cecil , first Earl of Salisbury , ( 1563 @-@ 1612 ) . Spymaster to Queen Elizabeth , whom Calvert had met during an extended trip to Europe between 1601 and 1603 , after which he became known as a specialist in foreign affairs . Calvert carried a pack... | f8f00c28bf79a020aaf29b109993b1b2 | 30,474 |
King James rewarded Robert Cecil , whom he made a privy councillor and secretary of state , with the granting of the title of Earl of Salisbury in 1605 , and Lord High Treasurer in 1608 , making him the most powerful man at the royal court . As Cecil rose , Calvert rose with him . Calvert 's foreign languages , legal ... | 89c84540372a08619140f6d4b3ed69aa | 30,475 |
In 1606 , the king made Calvert " clerk of the Crown " and " Assizes in Connaught " , County Clare , Ireland , his first royal appointment . In 1609 , James appointed him a " clerk of the Signet office " , a post which required the preparation of documents for the royal signature and brought Calvert into close contact... | f8a8dd6f7f5436e722593e1307e871cc | 30,476 |
With Robert Cecil 's support , George Calvert came into his own as an advisor and supporter of King James . In 1610 and 1611 , Calvert undertook missions to the continent on behalf of the King , visiting a number of embassies in Paris , Holland , and the Duchy of Cleves , and acting as an ambassador to the French Roya... | e0d04f516c8e97c2b0549184a9402ee0 | 30,477 |
In 1611 , James employed Calvert to research and transcribe his tract against the Dutch Protestant theologian Conrad Vorstius , ( 1569 @-@ 1622 ) . The following year , Cecil died , and Calvert acted as one of the four executors of his will . The king 's favourite , Sir Robert Carr , first Earl of Somerset , ( 1587 @-... | b2cb52fd9b4b6a1b5e76a98b4ddd6d5e | 30,478 |
In 1613 , the King commissioned Calvert to investigate Roman Catholic grievances in Ireland , along with Sir Humphrey Wynch , ( 1555 @-@ 1625 ) , Sir Charles Cornwallis , ( XXX ? -1629 ) and Sir Roger Wilbraham , ( 1553 @-@ 1616 ) . The commission spent almost four months in Ireland , and its final report , partly dra... | f7def36833d2927638418067eee41a09 | 30,479 |
In 1619 , Calvert completed his rise to power when James appointed him as one of the two principal secretaries of state . This followed the dismissal of Sir Thomas Lake , ( 1567 @-@ 1630 ) , due to scandals , including his wife 's indiscretions with state secrets . Not emerging as a candidate until the end of the sele... | e8913cfa420cb3955bea95bdade2e843 | 30,480 |
= = Secretary of State = =
| bfa095ef3745269bfdab7640ca79ee48 | 30,482 |
In Parliament , a political crisis developed over the king 's policy of seeking a Spanish wife for Charles , Prince of Wales , as part of a proposed alliance with the Habsburgs . In the Parliament of 1621 , it fell to Calvert to advocate the " Spanish match " , as it came to be called , against the majority of Parliam... | b7545bdeee81d86ada8234905983fbcc | 30,484 |
Although King James rewarded Calvert in 1623 for his loyalty by granting him a 2 @,@ 300 @-@ acre ( 9 @.@ 3 km2 ) estate in County Longford , in the central Ireland region of Leinster , where his seat was known as the " Manor of Baltimore " , Calvert was increasingly isolated from court circles as the Prince of Wales ... | b985bc4827c17ffad2376d8c34173080 | 30,485 |
= = Resignation and conversion to Catholicism = =
| 6ed55cf0a0a3f68056f6aa8f3a9dbdbf | 30,487 |
As the chief parliamentary spokesman for an abandoned policy , Calvert no longer served a useful purpose to the English Royal Court , and by February 1624 his duties had been restricted to placating the Spanish ambassador . The degree of his disfavour was shown when he was reprimanded for supposedly delaying diplomati... | e02a49af95082ef7b8a975260122f840 | 30,489 |
No disgrace was attached to Calvert 's departure from office : the King , to whom he had always remained personally loyal , confirmed his place on the Privy Council and appointed him " Baron Baltimore " , in County Longford in Leinster of central Ireland . Immediately after Calvert resigned , he converted to Roman Cat... | 1fed128487be009a65eeeb6e81e7f2bd | 30,490 |
The connection between Calvert 's resignation and his conversion to Roman Catholicism was a complex one . George Cottington , a former employee of Calvert , suggested in 1628 that Calvert 's conversion had been in progress a long time before it was made public . George Abbot , ( 1562 @-@ 1633 ) , the reigning Archbish... | c90284715799b5893f66abd58b591424 | 30,491 |
However , no one had questioned Calvert 's conformity at the time , and if he had indeed been secretly Catholic , he had hidden it well . It seems more likely Calvert converted in late 1624 . At the time , Simon Stock , a Discalced Carmelite priest reported to the Congregation Propaganda Fide in Rome on November 15 th... | 8d1e628770782957bf04949a19b6428f | 30,492 |
When King James I ( and VI of Scotland ) died in March 1625 , his successor King Charles I maintained Calvert 's barony but not his previous place on the Privy Council . Calvert then turned his attention to his Irish estates and his overseas investments . He was not entirely forgotten at court . After Buckingham 's da... | 46ec03acc6b75967b87c6b0c99e4c0c1 | 30,493 |
= = Colony of Avalon ( Newfoundland ) = =
| 8a56665201faeeea8f16797737416036 | 30,495 |
Calvert had long maintained an interest in the exploration and settlement of the New World , beginning with his investment of twenty @-@ five pounds in the second Virginia Company in 1609 , and a few months later a more substantial sum in the East India Company , which he increased in 1614 . In 1620 , Calvert purchase... | 86aa813c7ea5dac1ba3689bb00cfbd89 | 30,497 |
Calvert dispatched Captain Edward Wynne and a group of Welsh colonists to Ferryland , where they landed in August 1621 , and set about constructing a settlement . Wynne sent positive reports concerning the potential for local fisheries and for the production of salt , hemp , flax , tar , iron , timber and hops . Wynne... | d9e600f05a2c3bc1abdaec204ab79b3f | 30,498 |
The settlement appeared to be progressing so well that in January 1623 , Calvert obtained a concession from King James for the whole of Newfoundland , though the grant was soon reduced to cover only the southeastern Avalon peninsula , owing to competing claims from other English colonists . The final Charter constitut... | 06dbf1a9a9a44179c67509d9bd20ded0 | 30,499 |
After resigning the Royal secretariat of state in 1625 , the new Baron Baltimore made clear his intention to visit the colony : " I intend shortly , " he wrote in March , " God willing , a journey for Newfoundland to visit a plantation which I began there some few years since . " His plans were disrupted by the death ... | 5dac1f6fc81a6c2c069c26e72209e1c5 | 30,500 |
A reference by David Rothe , bishop of Ossary , in Ireland , to a " Joane [ also recorded as Jane ] Baltimore now wife " of Calvert , reveals that Baltimore had recently remarried .
| a0d0c62bf9d0836a5b946a0b3415311c | 30,501 |
From the time of his conversion in 1625 onwards , Baltimore took care to cater for the religious needs of his colonists , both Catholic and Protestant . He had asked Simon Stock to provide priests for the 1625 expedition , but Stock 's recruits arrived in England after Aston had sailed . Stock 's own ambitions for the... | 9e3001c326647a0ddea5ed966f1b0a7f | 30,502 |
= = Baltimore in Avalon = =
| f98b95124b41ea594cfb1e7b27853862 | 30,504 |
Baltimore was determined to visit his colony in person . In May 1626 , he wrote to Wentworth :
| 897e1dee35b9c314b7e55ba73f696685 | 30,506 |
Aston 's return to England in late 1626 , along with all the Catholic settlers , failed to deter Baltimore , who finally sailed for Newfoundland in 1627 , arriving on July 23 and staying only two months before returning to England . He had taken both Protestant and Catholic settlers with him , as well as two secular p... | 917826ec7e3d96fe3fe1c7c6e0e8cc89 | 30,507 |
In 1628 , he sailed again for Newfoundland , this time with his second wife Jane , most of his children , and 40 more settlers , to officially take over as Proprietary Governor of Avalon . He and his family moved into the house at Ferryland built by Wynne , a sizeable structure for the time , by colonial standards , a... | 5b7b90919a4e1e5c1bf5115b97a29f85 | 30,508 |
Matters connected to religion were to bedevil Baltimore 's stay in " this remote part of the worlde where I have planted my selfe [ sic ] " . He sailed at a time when English military preparations were underway to relieve the Huguenots at La Rochelle . He was dismayed to find that the war with France had spread to New... | 92f2085db8186c822c3740a902833cd5 | 30,509 |
Adopting a policy of free religious worship in the colony , Baltimore allowed the Catholics to worship in one part of his house and the Protestants in another . This novel arrangement proved too much for the resident Anglican priest , Erasmus Stourton — " that knave Stourton " , as Baltimore referred to him — who , af... | 359acfdf0fd2a8a7a03ae704f3b08763 | 30,510 |
Baltimore had become disenchanted with conditions in " this wofull country " , and he wrote to his old acquaintances in England lamenting his troubles . The final blow to his hopes was dealt by the Newfoundland winter of 1628 – 9 , which did not release its grip until May . Like others before them , the residents of A... | 6be87ce529b2f0bfb145cc1335f9697f | 30,511 |
Baltimore solicited a new charter from the king . In order to found an alternative colony in a less hostile climate further south , he requested " a precinct " in Virginia , where he could grow tobacco . He wrote to his friends Francis Cottington and Thomas Wentworth enlisting their support for this new proposal , adm... | 21e7023a19a0e56ae7874f9249ecb850 | 30,512 |
Baltimore sent his children home to England in August . By the time the king 's letter reached Avalon , he had departed with his wife and servants for Virginia .
| 0f7a684c740b01409bca60293184614a | 30,513 |
= = Attempt to found a Mid @-@ Atlantic colony = =
| 921d6477eb1c69778ef56feb7b5b1ad7 | 30,515 |
In late September or October 1629 , Baltimore arrived in Jamestown , where the Virginians , who suspected him of designs on some of their territory and vehemently opposed Catholicism , gave him a cool welcome . They gave him the oaths of supremacy and allegiance , which he refused to take , so they ordered him to leav... | 2a229b741871eb93f953312cce282d06 | 30,517 |
Baltimore spent the last two years of his life constantly lobbying for his new charter , though the obstacles proved difficult . The Virginians , led by William Claiborne , who sailed to England to make the case , campaigned aggressively against separate colonising of the Chesapeake , claiming they possessed the right... | b0ef6974fdde1cfbffcd646186ecf9c3 | 30,518 |
His health declining , Baltimore 's persistence over the charter finally paid off in 1632 . The king first granted him a location south of Jamestown , but Baltimore asked the king to reconsider in response to opposition from other investors interested in settling the new land of Carolina into a sugar plantation . Balt... | e9443f4fa04c183d5288ac17ef07a864 | 30,519 |
= = Legacy = =
| b4fa22c13235a44f06adb277883cbe5d | 30,521 |
In his will , written the day before he died , Baltimore beseeched his friends Wentworth and Cottington to act as guardians and supervisors to his first son Cecil , who inherited the title of Lord Baltimore and the imminent grant of Maryland . Baltimore 's two colonies in the New World continued under the proprietorsh... | 5c1f17b5154848a93b084a02310a1e2a | 30,523 |
Maryland became a prime tobacco exporting colony in the mid @-@ Atlantic and , for a time , a refuge for Catholic settlers , as George Calvert had hoped . Under the rule of the Lords Baltimore , thousands of British Catholics emigrated to Maryland , establishing some of the oldest Catholic communities in what later be... | 1797cea44aaa59cb1e37d2f23431b95f | 30,524 |
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