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Alkan 's attachment to the music of his predecessors is demonstrated throughout his career , from his arrangements for keyboard of Beethoven 's Seventh Symphony ( 1838 ) , and of the minuet of Mozart 's 40th Symphony ( 1844 ) , through the sets Souvenirs des concerts du Conservatoire ( 1847 and 1861 ) and the set Souv... | 95f9f2e2019ff36353af2ed501c49a68 | 36,464 |
As regards the music of his own time , Alkan was unenthusiastic , or at any rate detached . He commented to Hiller that " Wagner is not a musician , he is a disease . " While he admired Berlioz 's talent , he did not enjoy his music . At the Petits Concerts , little more recent than Mendelssohn and Chopin ( both of wh... | 9105a073681f5d698f991b742445294e | 36,465 |
= = = Style = = =
| 8e8040d1ac02f13a1017a95882bf522d | 36,467 |
" Like ... Chopin " , writes pianist and academic Kenneth Hamilton , " Alkan 's musical output was centred almost exclusively on the piano " . Some of his music requires extreme technical virtuosity , clearly reflecting his own abilities , often calling for great velocity , enormous leaps at speed , long stretches of ... | efc81b306709b6746cc89f94ac550257 | 36,469 |
unlike Wagner , Alkan did not seek to refashion the world through opera ; nor , like Berlioz , to dazzle the crowds by putting orchestral music at the service of literary expression ; nor even , as with Chopin or Liszt , to extend the field of harmonic idiom . Armed with his key instrument , the piano , he sought ince... | 762b5fd9097869cca75112c27a42c0b2 | 36,470 |
However , not all of Alkan 's music is either lengthy or technically difficult ; for example , many of the Op. 31 Préludes and of the set of Esquisses , Op. 63 .
| f29b2fa020297c25158724d6f2d0093f | 36,471 |
Moreover , in terms of structure , Alkan in his compositions sticks to traditional musical forms , although he often took them to extremes , as he did with piano technique . The study Op. 39 , no . 8 ( the first movement of the Concerto for solo piano ) takes almost half an hour in performance . Describing this " giga... | 323bfab92f22a6f23c12a24595b82c36 | 36,472 |
Some of Alkan 's music gives hints of the obsessiveness which some have detected in his personality . The Chant Op. 38 , no . 2 , entitled Fa , repeats the note of its title incessantly ( in total 414 times ) against shifting harmonies which make it " cut ... into the texture with the ruthless precision of a laser bea... | 19cf0eb826a099213663827772a0e4b5 | 36,473 |
= = = Works = = =
| 84e1191c68ce601df86a27042bcc199d | 36,475 |
= = = = Early works = = = =
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Alkan 's earliest works indicate , according to Smith , that in his early teens he " was a formidable musician but as yet ... industrious rather than ... creative " . Only with his 12 Caprices ( Opp.12 – 13 and 15 – 16 , 1837 ) did his compositions begin to attract serious critical attention . The op . 15 set , Souven... | bd62ae56d9cba0ffd4d5ffc8811b3a34 | 36,480 |
= = = = Early maturity = = = =
| e4a6fe276838c48651fc75f7ab810a1b | 36,482 |
Alkan 's large scale Duo ( in effect a sonata ) Op. 21 for violin and piano ( dedicated to Chrétien Urhan ) and his Piano Trio Op. 30 appeared in 1841 . Apart from these , Alkan published only a few minor works between 1840 and 1844 , after which a series of virtuoso works was issued , many of which he had played at h... | bb7d3b19119f61a7b44950cb29aa91ad | 36,484 |
A number of Alkan 's compositions from this period were never performed and have been lost . Among the missing works are some string sextets and a full @-@ scale orchestral symphony in B minor , which was described in an article in 1846 by the critic Léon Kreutzer , to whom Alkan had shown the score . Kreutzer noted t... | bef9c7c137f14086d746d7ae3ef82fbb | 36,485 |
= = = = Internal exile = = = =
| 6a888cbf3d6e7b15fc19f0e21b8ab149 | 36,487 |
During his twenty @-@ year absence from the public between 1853 and 1873 Alkan produced many of his most notable compositions , although there is a ten @-@ year gap between publication of the Op. 35 studies and that of his next group of piano works in 1856 and 1857 . Of these , undoubtedly the most significant was the... | 169cadd9050446b42c9ad5cb58c983a9 | 36,489 |
In the same year appeared the Sonate de Concert , Op. 47 , for cello and piano , " among the most difficult and ambitious in the romantic repertoire ... anticipating Mahler in its juxtaposition of the sublime and the trivial " , and with its four movements showing again an anticipation of progressive tonality , each a... | a192d61dfddb6c3f97e5275bd9a732aa | 36,490 |
The Esquisses of 1861 are a set of highly varied miniatures , ranging from the tiny 18 @-@ bar no . 4 , Les cloches ( The Bells ) , to the strident tone clusters of no . 45 , Les diablotins ( The Imps ) , and closing with a further evocation of church bells in no . 49 , Laus Deo ( Praise God ) . They were preceded in ... | 0669fc53cf422c42ae4413fc4af06ee8 | 36,491 |
Two of Alkan 's substantial works from this period are musical paraphrases of literary works . Salut , cendre du pauvre , Op. 45 ( 1856 ) , follows a section of the poem La Mélancolie by Gabriel @-@ Marie Legouvé ; while Super flumina Babylonis , Op. 52 ( 1859 ) , is a blow @-@ by @-@ blow recreation in music of the e... | b6a9b4157647ae90fb48cab883479e19 | 36,492 |
Alkan 's publications for organ or pédalier commenced with his Benedictus , Op. 54 ( 1859 ) . In the same year he published a set of very spare and simple preludes in the eight Gregorian modes ( 1859 , without opus number ) , which , in Smith 's opinion , " seem to stand outside the barriers of time and space " , and ... | c18060e192918c0e2fd3e240a9ce0bc8 | 36,493 |
Alkan 's return to the concert platform at his Petits Concerts , however , marked the end of his publications ; his final work to be issued was the Toccatina , Op. 75 , in 1872 .
| faee6243ea4b35cdec48460c940407e8 | 36,494 |
= = Reception and legacy = =
| ab13852b5029081ae0607828f9c026fb | 36,496 |
Alkan had few followers ; however , he had important admirers , including Liszt , Anton Rubinstein , Franck , and , in the early twentieth century , Busoni , Petri and Sorabji . Rubinstein dedicated his fifth piano concerto to him , and Franck dedicated to Alkan his Grand pièce symphonique op . 17 for organ . Busoni r... | be9f0801fb2ebef31354773b7764c989 | 36,498 |
For much of the 20th century , Alkan 's work remained in obscurity , but from the 1960s onwards it was steadily revived . Raymond Lewenthal gave a pioneering extended broadcast on Alkan on WBAI radio in New York in 1963 , and later included Alkan 's music in recitals and recordings . The English pianist Ronald Smith c... | 9b3379eb6da8226fcad9acc782c719cc | 36,499 |
Alkan 's compositions for organ have been among the last of his works to be brought back to the repertoire . As to Alkan 's pedal @-@ piano works , due to a recent revival of the instrument , they are once again being performed as originally intended ( rather than on an organ ) , such as by Italian pedal @-@ pianist R... | a27b7e988caccfd5ff72f3f23e725912 | 36,500 |
= = Selected recordings = =
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This list comprises a selection of some premiere and other recordings by musicians who have become closely associated with Alkan 's works . A comprehensive discography is available at the Alkan Society website .
| 68bc6c16e84a487296e8b98ebc0e7c0d | 36,504 |
Piano Trio , Op. 30 – played by Trio Alkan . Recorded 1992 . Naxos , 8555352 ( 2001 )
| 46f16c6e984f1c74d63c1623754f023e | 36,505 |
Grande sonate , Op. 33 – played by Marc @-@ André Hamelin ( piano ) . Recorded 1994 . Hyperion , CDA669764 ( 1995 ) .
| 843f220ff6ad35b5c5f94e5e28d2ac6d | 36,506 |
Études dans tous les tons mineurs , Op. 39 – played by Ronald Smith ( piano ) . Recorded 1977 . EMI , SLS 5100 [ 3 LPs ] ( 1978 ) , partly reissued EMI Gemini , 585 4842 ( 2003 )
| 7edf14bd3e063adfc9bc0bea58b504e0 | 36,507 |
Études dans tous les tons mineurs , Op. 39 and other works – played by Jack Gibbons ( piano ) . Recorded 1995 . ASV , CD DCS 227 [ 2 CDs ] ( 1995 )
| 320bbd5c71603091d5fa35da96d2bdda | 36,508 |
Concerto , Op. 39 , nos . 8 – 10 – played by John Ogdon ( piano ) . Recorded 1969 . RCA , LSC @-@ 3192 [ LP ] ( 1972 ) . Great British Pianists , 4569132 ( 1999 )
| f3c23937084d26b85c1ba342de838019 | 36,509 |
Le festin d 'Esope ( Op. 39 , no . 12 ) and other works – played by Raymond Lewenthal . Recorded 1966 . RCA LM 2815 [ LP mono ] , LSC @-@ 2815 [ LP stereo ] ; BMG High Performance Series 633310 ( 1999 )
| 82e875edd4798637cb638559e5541e02 | 36,510 |
Sonate de concert , Op. 47 , for cello and piano – played by Steven Osborne ( piano ) and Alban Gebhart ( cello ) . Recorded 2008 . Hyperion CDA67624 ( 2008 ) .
| e1eeeb85d0ebd8149dcda2cf116bc00a | 36,511 |
11 Pièces dans le style religieux , et une transcription du Messie de Hændel , Op. 72 – played by Kevin Bowyer ( organ ) . Recorded 2005 . Toccata TOCC 0031 ( 2007 )
| d8a65d58e4f531abb8e818c12c67ddcc | 36,512 |
Symphony for Solo Piano ( Op. 39 , no . 4 @-@ 7 ) – played by Egon Petri ( piano ) . c . 1952 – 53 . Symposium Records , CD 1145 ( 1993 )
| 91b3f722bd0a3be1c256b1c226aed844 | 36,513 |
= = = About Alkan = = =
| 163839e364cd8c76cb5c9ff236a339a4 | 36,515 |
Alkan Society , including complete and regularly updated discography
| ebd268fec68c0976ad2381aaf1975fad | 36,517 |
Alkan web site of Sylvain Chosson , contains detailed listing of Alkan 's works , with some downloadable scores
| 15c2af399ea82b6a339add4b1960717f | 36,518 |
" The Myths of Alkan " by Jack Gibbons
| 4c25183beb23be183146166bab406d8b | 36,519 |
Unriddling Alkan by David Conway
| bf9e06775ec29c62df2fb7c7936e8fb1 | 36,520 |
Alkan @-@ Zimmerman International Music Association
| d8302d4062064501d8f27343fa340da6 | 36,521 |
Pictures of Alkan
| 1ff458b1b2cb54a068599cf71cf12460 | 36,522 |
= = = Scores and sheet @-@ music = = =
| cadfce5354be8bcc835ce6924d48a854 | 36,524 |
Free Alkan scores and manuscripts – site of Sylvain Chosson
| 83a0cb6d38639bb1a1accb63c5f1516c | 36,526 |
Kunst der Fuge : many of Alkan 's piano works in MIDI performances
| 5080b367fc03e1db19d7c6fdfa173d84 | 36,527 |
Alkan Piano Trio @-@ Discussion of work and soundbites
| 5c7f577d4493c182db5c8bd65a9c08ff | 36,528 |
www.kreusch @-@ sheet @-@ music.net – Free Scores by Alkan
| ca9f2fd85af496ff8bbaf075299e1d8d | 36,529 |
Free scores by Alkan at the International Music Score Library Project
| 17717adeb172f607ee8c1225f7481e32 | 36,530 |
= = = Performances on the Web = = =
| b60b62eb9609f6e0240db7af16dbb070 | 36,532 |
Trois Andantes Romantiques , Op. 13 , No 2 on YouTube , played by Lloyd Buck
| 643271b5f94c3dc96f9573fd5dc5379b | 36,534 |
Scherzo Focoso , Op. 34 on YouTube , played by Lloyd Buck
| b705225f100c964864072604c494ae3d | 36,535 |
" Allegro Barbaro " , Op. 35 , No. 5 on YouTube , played by Jack Gibbons
| 339afdf57648a9a0de69877c642c2ced | 36,536 |
Menuet , Symphonie , Op. 39 , No. 6 on YouTube , played by Jonathan Powell
| 20be5b72de490f365d2d5070569f36b1 | 36,537 |
Last movement , Symphonie , Op. 39 , No. 7 on YouTube , played by Jonathan Powell
| c93ee8f2ba4695442cbacfa320561c84 | 36,538 |
First movement , Concerto , Op. 39 , No. 8 on YouTube , played by Jack Gibbons
| 1678c5ee541449b52c61c1c23cb2565a | 36,539 |
Le Festin d 'Ésope , Op. 39 , no . 12 on YouTube , played by Edward Cohen
| 82c5cc10cf1d14a3ab81ede52c73f2ee | 36,540 |
Four Esquisses from Op. 63 on YouTube , played by Edward Cohen
| 2f088dff3a3a7898da36ec3ceeda1430 | 36,541 |
" Trois anciennes mélodies de la synagogue " and " Sicut cerva " on YouTube - Klára Kolonits ( soprano ) and Daniel Dinyes ( piano )
| 28280f146f78631559c195fc509b3e94 | 36,542 |
= Business School ( The Office ) =
| 6217aa26a8f3ea73a21c08c859276d45 | 36,544 |
" Business School " is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's forty @-@ fifth episode overall . Written by Brent Forrester , and directed by Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Firefly creator Joss Whedon , the episode aired on NBC on February 15 , 20... | 04a757ff6f7ee0b2caed888001992629 | 36,546 |
In the episode , Michael is invited by Ryan to speak to his business school class . When many of the students question the usefulness of paper in a computerized world , Michael attempts to inform the class of how essential paper is . Meanwhile , a bat becomes trapped in the office , leading Dwight and Creed on a missi... | 5397772912c91998a7a1cc0efcfdbcfd | 36,547 |
= = Plot = =
| 7a5625aae35b14ae7adf319ca468714f | 36,549 |
Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) invites Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) to speak at his business school class . Michael is excited , but Ryan admits in a talking head interview that he has only invited Michael because his professor promised to bump up the grade of any student who brings his boss into class . During his int... | 12a8245a5e8a3964235edf0e05a90891 | 36,551 |
Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) discovers a bat in the ceiling , and accidentally lets it loose into the office , sending the employees scurrying for cover . Stanley immediately goes home . As many of the employees hide , Dwight enlists the help of Creed ( Creed Bratton ) to expel the bat . Jim Halpert ( J... | 77e2755c8b7d8f65e6085394aced4845 | 36,552 |
Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , in the meantime , invites her co @-@ workers to her art show after work , but few show any enthusiasm , leaving her feeling alienated and sad . The art show doesn 't go as planned , and she begins to doubt her abilities . When Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) shows up with his partner Gil ... | 91e6b1783fcd0be4995ea3c69d214ab9 | 36,553 |
= = Production = =
| faaebcbbaf42e685bce2a1bbbaaad33b | 36,555 |
" Business School " was the second Office episode written by Brent Forrester . Forrester had previously written " The Merger " . The episode was the first to be directed by Joss Whedon . Whedon , who is a friend of both producer Greg Daniels and Jenna Fischer , and also met most of the production staff prior to the ep... | bb15210cfacf7bfac34f730ec2e270e8 | 36,557 |
For the scenes which involved filming with a bat , the production team used an actual bat , an animated bat , and a mechanical bat . When around the actual bat , Kate Flannery , who portrays Meredith Palmer , stated that " we had to be extremely quiet around [ it ] , basically pretending to scream . " California State... | 871a7d763928a86e73a00dc8ef747eef | 36,558 |
= = Reception = =
| f8d79e3fcb54590ed5efe8209a7826d9 | 36,560 |
The episode received generally good reviews from critics . Brian Zoromski , of IGN , stated that " ' Business School ' was an exercise in what works best in an Office episode . " Zoromski also praised Joss Whedon 's directorial debut for the show , stating that " Whedon 's direction and sense of humor was both excelle... | a78ee3d3469415b4153e2bc0d6df87b1 | 36,562 |
= M @-@ 81 ( Michigan highway ) =
| bf8b8f1a7b3fc2654b6f74c6fcab5936 | 36,565 |
M @-@ 81 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . The trunkline travels from the city of Saginaw at the junction with M @-@ 13 to the junction with M @-@ 53 east of Cass City over the county line in Greenleaf Township in northwestern Sanilac County in The Thumb area of the stat... | 190bce84bd806ac92e19c3cfd8832ab1 | 36,567 |
A road bearing the M @-@ 81 designation has existed since at least July 1 , 1919 , when the state initially numbered its trunkline highways . Since that time , it has been extended , rerouted or shortened several times . These changes resulted in essentially the modern highway routing by 1926 ; the highway was fully p... | 879c993531f6a4fa55098831d5d50cd3 | 36,568 |
= = Route description = =
| 492dd728c7998b12b26ca6c56c46440f | 36,570 |
M @-@ 81 starts at a junction with M @-@ 13 , with the two directions of each highway separated by a median . This central feature ends for M @-@ 81 immediately east of the intersection as the highway runs east out of Saginaw . The trunkline follows Washington Road easterly through residential subdivisions to an inter... | 624eda280581830aa2a5273809fc6348 | 36,572 |
In the village of Reese , M @-@ 81 crosses the Huron and Eastern Railway twice . East of town , the highway follows Caro Road through more farm fields through the community of Watrousville . Near the south side of the Tuscola Area Airport , M @-@ 81 turns to the northeast running along the Cass River to Caro . In the ... | a55b1ff6653f5d62b729bd5860969153 | 36,573 |
M @-@ 81 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual ave... | d012f9c6b8495a22d0badd3872274b0a | 36,574 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 36,576 |
When originally signed around July 1 , 1919 , M @-@ 81 ran from Bay City southeast and east to the Munger area ; from there it ran south concurrently with M @-@ 31 to the Reese area before running northeasterly to the east of Cass City to M @-@ 53 . By 1921 , the eastern end was extended southerly from Caro to Mayvill... | 6960a08a0ef64f56f41fef78175ebb51 | 36,578 |
In the latter half of 1929 , the highway was rerouted between Saginaw and Reese , using a set of parallel roadways to the south of the previous routing ; this change was reversed in 1933 . M @-@ 81 was fully paved when the last section between Ellington and Elmwood in Tuscola County was finished in late 1946 or early ... | 7e86f78a1045c72b10242190816519fa | 36,579 |
Starting in 1953 , the westernmost approximately one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of M @-@ 81 was also used for a US 23 concurrency . When the bypass of Saginaw was completed in late 1961 , M @-@ 81 was extended along M @-@ 13 southwesterly into downtown Saginaw where it turned west across the Saginaw River to Midland Road wes... | b3d7bae995e883da4cbe72489914a854 | 36,580 |
= = Major intersections = =
| 758ae1495b9ccb2712446fb9e200ddfc | 36,582 |
= Common starling =
| 723ba2c5f52ec7980ae0d17e728667e0 | 36,586 |
The common starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) , also known as the European starling , or in the British Isles just the starling , is a medium @-@ sized passerine bird in the starling family , Sturnidae . It is about 20 cm ( 8 in ) long and has glossy black plumage with a metallic sheen , which is speckled with white at som... | 034563f6ba747863675d038d9b693fe0 | 36,588 |
The common starling has about a dozen subspecies breeding in open habitats across its native range in temperate Europe and western Asia , and it has been introduced to Australia , New Zealand , Canada , United States , Mexico , Peru , Argentina , the Falkland Islands , Brazil , Chile , Uruguay , South Africa and Fiji ... | 7a21418ea906859d8475b293a08a78f3 | 36,589 |
Large flocks typical of this species can be beneficial to agriculture by controlling invertebrate pests ; however , starlings can also be pests themselves when they feed on fruit and sprouting crops . Common starlings may also be a nuisance through the noise and mess caused by their large urban roosts . Introduced pop... | 1c66912da9de5b513dbded86ef90bf6d | 36,590 |
= = Taxonomy and systematics = =
| 439953405d504b848866048f06f248d3 | 36,592 |
The common starling was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 under its current binomial name . Sturnus and vulgaris are derived from the Latin for " starling " and " common " respectively . The Old English staer , later stare , and the Latin sturnus are both derived from an unknown Indo @-@ Europ... | 402f469d45c4832a413f071f63049863 | 36,594 |
The starling family , Sturnidae , is an entirely Old World group apart from introductions elsewhere , with the greatest numbers of species in Southeast Asia and sub @-@ Saharan Africa . The genus Sturnus is polyphyletic and relationships between its members are not fully resolved . The closest relation of the common s... | 21571153b5227d1916146745c2c234a4 | 36,595 |
= = = Subspecies = = =
| 568c90893547ee734651a23567c959a5 | 36,597 |
There are several subspecies of the common starling , which vary clinally in size and the colour tone of the adult plumage . The gradual variation over geographic range and extensive intergradation means that acceptance of the various subspecies varies between authorities .
| 177c1157af56a7a3769838c11031fb9f | 36,599 |
Subspecies
| a6d69e198c8952956f5fbd71c216e2f0 | 36,600 |
Birds from Fair Isle , St Kilda and the Outer Hebrides are intermediate in size between S. v. zetlandicus and the nominate form , and their subspecies placement varies according to the authority . The dark juveniles typical of these island forms are occasionally found in mainland Scotland and elsewhere , indicating so... | 2c2f5bad72cd457cb83af607cc00f480 | 36,601 |
Several other subspecies have been named , but are generally no longer considered valid . Most are intergrades that occur where the ranges of various subspecies meet . These include : S. v. ruthenus Menzbier , 1891 and S. v. jitkowi Buturlin , 1904 , which are intergrades between vulgaris and poltaratskyi from western... | 5cf5c7da557e1b9a0736ac74c2ce332e | 36,602 |
= = Description = =
| 7096d9cc91723f919ab4f5acdab6bccb | 36,604 |
The common starling is 19 – 23 cm ( 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 1 in ) long , with a wingspan of 31 – 44 cm ( 12 – 17 in ) and a weight of 58 – 101 g ( 2 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 6 oz ) . Among standard measurements , the wing chord is 11 @.@ 8 to 13 @.@ 8 cm ( 4 @.@ 6 to 5 @.@ 4 in ) , the tail is 5 @.@ 8 to 6 @.@ 8 cm ( 2 @.@ 3 to 2 @.@ 7... | 866159eae0ade57d1ce1c689eb1b193a | 36,606 |
Like most terrestrial starlings the common starling moves by walking or running , rather than hopping . Their flight is quite strong and direct ; their triangular @-@ shaped wings beat very rapidly , and periodically the birds glide for a short way without losing much height before resuming powered flight . When in a ... | 0c48d0e303d06d013b16ee08393c32f9 | 36,607 |
Several terrestrial starlings , including those in the genus Sturnus , have adaptations of the skull and muscles that help with feeding by probing . This adaptation is most strongly developed in the common starling ( along with the spotless and white @-@ cheeked starlings ) , where the protractor muscles responsible f... | 558856c8074d513d6df83ed510fe67e4 | 36,608 |
In Iberia , the western Mediterranean and northwest Africa , the common starling may be confused with the closely related spotless starling , the plumage of which , as its name implies , has a more uniform colour . At close range it can be seen that the latter has longer throat feathers , a fact particularly noticeabl... | 725da4d38cc68e7a3b1e9e79685de3eb | 36,609 |
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