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Buenos Aires is located in the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) . Due to the maritime influences from the adjoining Atlantic Ocean , its climate is temperate with extreme temperatures ( both hot and cold ) being rare . Thus , cold air coming directly from the south are moderated b... | f7d1ae56be55b206c5b062f480fb068f | 36,768 |
The climate of Buenos Aires is dominated by the semi – permanent South Atlantic High throughout the year . This brings in moist winds from the northeast , which brings most of the precipitation to the city . During winter , it brings in frontal systems responsible for precipitation in the city . In autumn and summer ,... | 6b626e528511781aa9e8b8e7d1909485 | 36,769 |
The city is located in an area in which the Pampero and the Sudestada winds pass by . Being located in the Pampas , the weather is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms . The Pampero wind brings in cold , dry air from the south while warm humid tropical air produces sultry nortes ( a gentle win... | 1b70b4c783d8eda815622094bef593e6 | 36,770 |
The urban heat island makes the city warmer than suburban and rural areas . On average , Buenos Aires is warmer than the surrounding areas by 1 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 5 ° C ( 2 @.@ 7 to 6 @.@ 3 ° F ) owing to the urban heat island . The average heat island is in summer than in winter . This varies by season ; its influence du... | 365483c7aaed017fb5fd35e972dfbe11 | 36,771 |
The El Niño – Southern Oscillation is a major factor in the variation of annual precipitation within Buenos Aires and the Pampas , particularly during spring and summer . During an El Niño year , precipitation is higher , with a significant increase in precipitation from November to January . In contrast , La Niña yea... | 6d88473ec3c256457b0c73c2674c4bdf | 36,772 |
= = Seasonal weather = =
| b82ef15bbbc6e643d3cbaee120d2a8c7 | 36,774 |
= = = Spring = = =
| 86ac44d9d41bc49a59e7ed969424758c | 36,777 |
Springs in Buenos Aires are typically mild during the day with cool to cold nights . The average high is 22 @.@ 5 ° C ( 72 @.@ 5 ° F ) while the average low is 13 @.@ 2 ° C ( 55 @.@ 8 ° F ) . It is one of the rainiest seasons in the city , averaging 316 @.@ 5 mm ( 12 @.@ 46 in ) of precipitation and 28 days with measu... | 76750a258254d6c7fec34248cde360a4 | 36,779 |
Spring is characterized by changeable weather with temperatures that can fluctuate . Cold polar air from the south can bring cooler temperatures . An extreme example of this was in November 2007 , when cold polar air from the south brought temperatures down to 2 @.@ 5 ° C ( 36 @.@ 5 ° F ) on the morning of November 15... | 908f8b5f9f27fcd4a1d3025fe5965942 | 36,780 |
= = = Summer = = =
| 21b402a0925f0299f83a26ea66c1dcbb | 36,782 |
Summers are hot and humid . On average , mornings and afternoons are hot whereas temperatures drop considerably at night . The average high is 29 @.@ 1 ° C ( 84 @.@ 4 ° F ) while the average low is 19 @.@ 3 ° C ( 66 @.@ 7 ° F ) . With a mean precipitation of 384 @.@ 8 mm ( 15 @.@ 15 in ) , it is the rainiest season . ... | 820154d5d009a727ebf8c85d1a6e2096 | 36,784 |
Heat waves are a common feature of summers in the city . These heat waves place extra demand on electricity usage , leading to shortages . In extreme cases , these power shortages during heat waves can cause traffic jams and protests , such as the December 2013 heat wave ( longest heat wave ever recorded in Buenos Air... | 5e8a47da4f28cc11defcfd9342fb9e9e | 36,785 |
= = = Autumn = = =
| ba35ed86e16888686f9aed2bc1336998 | 36,787 |
At the beginning of autumn , temperatures are warm to hot in the afternoon while nights and mornings are mild . Later on in the season , conditions are cooler featuring mild afternoons , and cold nights and mornings . The average high and low are 23 @.@ 0 ° C ( 73 @.@ 4 ° F ) and 14 @.@ 0 ° C ( 57 @.@ 2 ° F ) respecti... | 0bc5077c40d6f32c0637890336127c67 | 36,789 |
= = = Winter = = =
| 6072738619ee7bf7aa71f629a2bf2b24 | 36,791 |
June to August are the winter months in Buenos Aires . Winters are cold with mild temperatures during the day and cold nights . Highs during the season average 16 @.@ 3 ° C ( 61 @.@ 3 ° F ) while lows average 8 @.@ 1 ° C ( 46 @.@ 6 ° F ) . Lows rarely drop below 0 ° C ( 32 @.@ 0 ° F ) , averaging 2 days each year at t... | 2c6677d05e08ff35ad488136bd212251 | 36,793 |
Most of the precipitation comes from frontal systems associated with cyclogenesis and strong southeasterly winds ( Sudestada ) , which bring long periods of precipitation , cloudy weather and cooler temperatures . Winters are cloudy while relative humidity is very high , often 90 % or higher , making the weather dull ... | f26cd8b53add8e83df83b8f4ed231245 | 36,794 |
Towards the end of winter in August , there are important changes in the atmospheric circulation . Warm , humid air penetrates the city , higher solar radiation and frequent synoptic weather disturbances from the west occur during the end of the winter . As such , the end of winter is usually characterized by heavy st... | d2b0dcccb86aacc23076ff09f5b867e1 | 36,795 |
= = Extremes = =
| 28dde9220dbdff49cd79836b5c507d47 | 36,797 |
= = = Temperature = = =
| 9eee63a38eee53880d5cd6ab99cc3413 | 36,800 |
According to the central observatory , which has one of the most reliable and oldest records in South America , the highest temperature in Buenos Aires , 43 @.@ 3 ° C ( 109 @.@ 9 ° F ) , was recorded on 29 January 1957 while the lowest temperature recorded is − 5 @.@ 4 ° C ( 22 @.@ 3 ° F ) on 9 July 1918 . The warmest... | 8ee459930473b5bc047617c20a5d848b | 36,802 |
= = = Precipitation = = =
| 9cd420ab04bb3d86857aab77160f3669 | 36,804 |
The year with the maximum precipitation was 1900 , when the city received 2 @,@ 024 mm ( 79 @.@ 7 in ) of precipitation . On the other hand , 1916 has been the driest year , with a mean annual precipitation of 504 mm ( 19 @.@ 8 in ) . The highest precipitation for a single day was recorded on 27 February 1930 , when 1... | eeb7bd58ad9668a45d17d6e55ef9ae93 | 36,806 |
= = Statistics = =
| 413399bc452359ead00b5cbac73475b1 | 36,808 |
= = Books = =
| 8794df8362f0a32eefb1f9b00ccdace0 | 36,811 |
= Early skyscrapers =
| a7734b6a5e9dc30aae4de2d58687dc7f | 36,815 |
The early skyscrapers were a range of tall , commercial buildings built between 1884 and 1939 , predominantly in the American cities of New York and Chicago . Cities in the United States were traditionally made up of low @-@ rise buildings , but significant economic growth after the Civil War and increasingly intensiv... | 1d108684b6b2894f39ecd7d670f87510 | 36,817 |
Chicago initially led the way in skyscraper design , with many constructed in the center of the financial district during the late 1880s and early 1890s . Sometimes termed the products of the Chicago school of architecture , these skyscrapers attempted to balance aesthetic concerns with practical commercial design , p... | 9884f416bae2316e6af8865cd4516fcf | 36,818 |
The first decade of the 20th century saw a new wave of skyscraper construction . The demand for new office space to hold America 's expanding workforce of white @-@ collar staff continued to grow . Engineering developments made it easier to build and live in yet taller buildings . Chicago built new skyscrapers in its ... | 8f08dbc8e1bbe77074230a2117a0ee7f | 36,819 |
In the interwar years , skyscrapers spread to nearly all major US cities , while a handful were built in other Western countries . The economic boom of the 1920s and extensive real estate speculation encouraged a wave of new skyscraper projects in New York and Chicago . New York City 's 1916 Zoning Resolution helped s... | bf4c80ec9d2dec76c2e9fbf4ff341efe | 36,820 |
= = Background : 1850 – 79 = =
| 9889f2954997c7ce3b1e55cd1aff5b21 | 36,822 |
= = = Commercial and social drivers = = =
| 1bc95b50360105137159c0e13935c5f0 | 36,825 |
Early skyscrapers emerged in the US as a result of economic growth , the financial organization of American businesses , and the intensive use of land . New York was one of the centers of early skyscraper construction , and had a history as a key seaport located on the small island of Manhattan , on the east coast of ... | a64b243da0c9aed3702650858ccb4af5 | 36,827 |
The Great Fire of 1835 destroyed most of the old financial buildings , and in their place a wide variety of new buildings were erected and demolished in quick succession during the 1840s and 1850s ; traveler Philip Hone suggested that the entire city was being rebuilt every decade . Most buildings adopted the Italian ... | 5bb4a5c600c880edc2665be7bca920d8 | 36,828 |
Further west , the city of Chicago became the other major site in the development of early skyscrapers . In contrast to New York , Chicago emerged as a major metropolis only in the mid @-@ 19th century , growing from a village of around fifty inhabitants in 1830 , to a city of 30 @,@ 000 in 1850 and nearly 300 @,@ 000... | f5045778e07f51f4bfec08f4f871bfbf | 36,829 |
By the 1870s Chicago had become the main financial center for the West , but in October 1871 the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the wooden heart of the city . The city was rebuilt on large plots of land in a new grid network , and followed new city ordinances that prohibited construction in wood . These factors encourag... | 61325eafea96288996474f68ef5d58d4 | 36,830 |
The construction of taller buildings during the 1870s was hindered by the financial Panic of 1873 and the ensuing economic depression , which lasted until around 1879 . Construction slowed and property values slumped . By 1880 , however , the recovery was well underway , with new builds in New York returning to the pa... | 55367514e6dc81b2a821159bad6ea6f5 | 36,831 |
= = = Technological developments = = =
| 3c8042a9b8d0895c481b0b9dabf928c2 | 36,833 |
The emergence of skyscrapers was made possible by technological improvements during the middle of the 19th century . One of these developments was the iron framed building . Traditional buildings supported their internal floors through their walls , but the taller the building , the thicker the walls had to become , p... | fa8c45d1663e7ed3123735436191c9a4 | 36,835 |
Using these metal frames for taller buildings , however , meant exposing them to the potentially devastating effects of wind pressure . As a consequence , protective wind bracing had to be introduced , enabled by the work of Augustin @-@ Jean Fresnel who produced equations for calculating the loads and moments on larg... | c495a642e3b8487b58d365a7ec6e0bcc | 36,836 |
Taller , heavier buildings such as skyscrapers also required stronger foundations than smaller buildings . Earlier buildings had typically rested their foundations on rubble , which was in turn laid down on the soft top layer of the ground called the overburden . As buildings became taller and heavier , the overburden... | faf4325c7d5ea5c5b4939e7408fc21d0 | 36,837 |
The development of the elevator was also essential to the emergence of the early skyscrapers , as office building taller than around six stories would have been impractical without them . Powered elevators were first installed in England during the 1830s and spread to US factories and hotels by the 1840s . Elevators u... | 1504378b83fedd7d0c0351279d2f8a5c | 36,838 |
New environmental technologies in heating , lighting , ventilation and sanitation were also critical to creating taller buildings that were attractive to work in . Central heating could not be easily extended to serve larger buildings ; in the 1850s , a system using low @-@ pressure steam and steam @-@ operated fans b... | 1cb1ed81e329f6ea46a32bb72538f83d | 36,839 |
= = Emergence of the skyscraper : 1880 – 99 = =
| 37d08872b14613ab17976af44523c9c9 | 36,841 |
= = = The first skyscraper = = =
| b7e3153f78d9fc373fdc20975a529273 | 36,844 |
There is academic disagreement over which building should be considered the first skyscraper . The term was first used in the 1780s to describe a particularly tall horse , before later being applied to the sail at the top of a ship 's mast , tall hats and bonnets , tall men and a ball that was hit high into the air . ... | 75d0f39ca1f6519519f2e8521cd58a3f | 36,846 |
The Home Insurance Building was a 138 @-@ foot ( 42 m ) tall , 10 @-@ story skyscraper designed by William Le Baron Jenney , who had been trained as an engineer in France and was a leading architect in Chicago . Jenney 's design was unusual in that it incorporated steel into the building 's internal metal frame alongs... | b56cf615c6bc5fc1487d7b30d1613b06 | 36,847 |
The approach quickly caught on in Chicago . In 1889 the Tacoma Building replaced the bolted metal design with a stronger , riveted approach , and Chicago 's Chamber of Commerce Building introduced interior light courts to the structural design of skyscrapers . In the 1890 Rand McNally Building the last remaining techn... | ff915fe9c4ca268642e3ccdd78cdd136 | 36,848 |
Technical challenges overcome , there was a boom in skyscraper construction in Chicago from 1888 onwards , the city leading the way in the new form . By 1893 , Chicago had built 12 skyscrapers between 16 and 20 stories tall , tightly clustered in the centre of the financial district . Chicago 's skyscrapers , however ... | ec89c6d250483bb1b57359daeaa25381 | 36,849 |
The Masonic Temple was the most prominent of these new skyscrapers . Built by the Freemasons of Chicago in 1892 , at a time when the Masons was a fast @-@ growing social community , the lavish 302 @-@ foot ( 92 m ) tall skyscraper had 19 stories , the bottom ten holding shops and the higher levels containing the Mason... | adde6a93704900819cbbc596ec1b6b50 | 36,850 |
In comparison , New York trailed behind Chicago , having only four buildings over 16 stories tall by 1893 . Part of the delay was caused by the slowness of the city authorities to authorize metal @-@ frame construction techniques ; it was not until 1889 that they relented and allowed Bradford Gilbert to construct the ... | ee8316f4372e5c2c173b73027629ce89 | 36,851 |
= = = Architectural challenges = = =
| 7cc0588be080e6ecb9594882a83075da | 36,853 |
The architects of early skyscrapers faced a number of challenges . The most fashionable architectural style in the late 19th century was the French Beaux @-@ Arts movement , sometimes termed the Italian Renaissance style , which applied Classical aesthetic principles to modern buildings . American architects trained i... | 7af7bd837bdd25b5c9dfeb3d86e9b794 | 36,855 |
Skyscrapers were also primarily commercial buildings , and economics as well as aesthetics had to play an important part in their design . The architectural writer Barr Ferree noted in 1893 that " current American architecture is not a matter of art , but of business . A building must pay , or there will be no investo... | fc7685b5bd933a6170c582520cde3c2a | 36,856 |
By the 1890s , Chicago architects were producing a solution to this problem , creating a new architectural style , often termed the " Chicago school of architecture " . The school included architects such as Louis Sullivan , William Le Baron Jenney and John Root , whose designs combined architectural aesthetic theory ... | a3371480c334bab70d19f021d8983642 | 36,857 |
This community also saw close collaboration between architects , specialist structural engineers and building contractors emerge on the new skyscraper projects . Historically the industry had been dominated by individuals and small firms who combined the roles of architect and engineer , but this broke down in Chicago... | ab9cf102effaa4cfa4c183f29bbc22e9 | 36,858 |
The resulting Chicago school produced large , solid @-@ looking skyscrapers , built with a common appearance and to a common height . The result was usually a box @-@ like palazzo , illuminated with a large light court , ideally , if space allowed , in the center . The outside of the building was commonly divided into... | 6f8da8857bc1e7759463e54bbf1cf04c | 36,859 |
Although the exterior of the Chicago skyscrapers buildings were relatively plain , the entrance ways and lobbies were fitted out in a grand style . The Unity Building , for example , was reported as including " Numidian , Alps , Green and Sienna marbles ... an artistic screen of glass and bronze ... a marble balcony "... | 3883a822172c5f5fdb632e75361f1de0 | 36,860 |
New York faced similar architectural challenges , but , in comparison to Chicago , skyscraper architects there worked less closely with engineers and other specialists and instead , held strong backgrounds in the Beaux Arts movement and perceived their role to be primarily artistic rather than a partnership with the m... | 0c105b9c9b58c818947c91009e032d7c | 36,861 |
= = = Life in early skyscrapers = = =
| 3162d002b7fbcd346c8791d26909eef0 | 36,863 |
Early skyscrapers were mainly made up of small office cubicles , commonly only 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) across , which were placed adjacent to one another along long corridors , following a pattern first invented in the Oriel Chambers building in England in 1864 . This allowed the average small company to rent a small am... | 75a2796d0c43e945a003f454613e9414 | 36,865 |
The first skyscrapers were mainly occupied by male workers but this changed during the 1890s , with female employees becoming more common . The percentage of female clerical workers in Chicago , for example , increased from 11 percent in 1880 to 21 percent by 1890 , reaching 30 percent by 1900 . Various moral concerns... | e1468b605ed4ad182effcd42e1cacddf | 36,866 |
Skyscrapers provided a wide range of in @-@ house services for their tenants , including shops , restaurants , barbers , tobacconists , newsagents , tailors , professional specialists and libraries . Skyscrapers also employed a substantial number of service staff to maintain and support them ; a building such as the C... | f77d2d0a2f18585e70c6974f5ff2a53c | 36,867 |
= = = Criticism and reform in Chicago = = =
| bf0b0ed4fdfa2f7fadcbe8314e90b3e2 | 36,869 |
Opposition to Chicago 's skyscrapers began to grow during the late 1880s and early 1890s . Even before the development of the skyscraper , some criticized large buildings in Chicago for dominating churches and private houses , and this sentiment strengthened . Critics complained that the concentration of tall building... | bca1742178f158ff0f781ab6150c6569 | 36,871 |
Chicago was not alone in having concerns over the growth of the skyscraper . In Boston , the Fiske and the Ames Buildings were built in the late 1880s , 183 feet ( 56 m ) and 190 feet ( 58 m ) tall respectively , but protests by local civic campaigners and the real estate industry resulted in the city passing a law to... | 160e52217aa7fc1c3b1b0e3947e70cef | 36,872 |
The decisive factor in favour of change in Chicago , however , was the economic slowdown in the early 1890s , which would end in the financial panic of 1893 . The recession , combined with the frantic building of the previous few years , meant that Chicago suddenly had a significant surplus of office space , threateni... | 235d0cb0332c5645bac00eac0d26f5ed | 36,873 |
= = The " First Great Age " : 1900 – 19 = =
| 9a44f10b24da6aa07570087244797f3e | 36,875 |
= = = Pre @-@ war boom = = =
| bed8226c51029ac2384834b13a5f3eb6 | 36,878 |
The early years of the 20th century saw a range of technically sophisticated , architecturally confident skyscrapers built in New York ; academics Sarah Landau and Carl Condit term this " the first great age " of skyscraper building . Some were relatively conservative buildings in a classical style , such as the Mutua... | eb0367deb356ad78589a061421e760f9 | 36,880 |
The construction of the Singer Tower was announced by the company in 1906 , who intended to produce the tallest skyscraper in the world . The company already had several lower @-@ rise buildings in New York that the tower would be incorporated into and planned to rent out the bottom half of the tower to tenants to sub... | 97b5a5672d984b28a11bc852f9b69994 | 36,881 |
The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower was opened in 1909 , the culmination of a long building project by N. LeBrun and Sons to hold Metropolitan Life 's growing headquarters staff , 2 @,@ 800 strong by 1909 . At 700 feet ( 210 m ) high and with 50 stories , it became the world 's new tallest building . Metropo... | 64c7444d25a6527c113d898a99486df6 | 36,882 |
The construction of the Woolworth Building was announced in 1910 by Frank Woolworth , who wanted to create the largest income @-@ producing property in the US . The project grew , and Woolworth finally opted for a 55 story , 792 @-@ foot ( 241 m ) high skyscraper , the latest tallest building in the world , at a cost ... | 3ab0f24b29dd3e1326002a4e4709b12f | 36,883 |
Meanwhile , Chicago 's skyscraper industry also boomed during the decade before World War I. The city 's elevated train network was operating by 1910 , allowing more workers to come into the centre . In 1910 alone 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 square feet ( 140 @,@ 000 m2 ) of new offices were opened and by the end of the decade ... | a57fd65027d92e3fbd1826b024336b0c | 36,884 |
The resulting skyscrapers reflected these debates : the Railway Exchange , the Peoples Gas and the Illinois Continental and Commercial Bank Buildings were each substantial , quarter of block wide palazzo cubes of common height , their facades divided into a classical tripartite design , and sporting classical columns ... | 69e35dc3eb9722066eaeb10ddac25d9b | 36,885 |
= = = Improvements in construction = = =
| ec8154b17566c7c0d10978fc89b11e87 | 36,887 |
The process of building skyscrapers became more sophisticated , starting with the acquisition of the real estate needed for the site . Brokers working on commission would secretly acquire the individual bits of land required for a project , operating under a variety of names to avoid the price increasing once a planne... | f2aa19417e34b189a452b20fd03536a3 | 36,889 |
Efforts were made to improve the processes for erecting skyscrapers , largely through the work of general contractors such as Louis Horowitz and Frank Gilbreth , who in turn drew on recent work by efficiency specialist Frederick Taylor . Time schedules were devised for all the work to be undertaken , with cost careful... | ee99df0f2df742c1a59948159749cf85 | 36,890 |
New technologies were also introduced within the buildings . Fast Otis elevators powered by electricity rather than steam @-@ driven hydraulics began to be installed in skyscrapers for the first time , with Ellithorpe safety air cushions protecting the passengers in the case of failure . Lighting improved with the rec... | 34d21ce0e7a3726f37706f98e91fb10d | 36,891 |
= = = Life in the skyscrapers = = =
| 6eedd6ff4122d7253c26c45ccbfe3910 | 36,893 |
One of the reasons for the increase in the numbers of skyscrapers during the period was the growth in demand for office workers . In part this demand was fuelled by many US firms becoming larger and more complex , and white @-@ collar sectors such as insurance and banking grew in scale . It was also driven by changing... | cc4fce60a63a76eacb8b84276522821a | 36,895 |
Tenants and rental income were essential to the financial success of any skyscraper , as even the largest skyscrapers and those founded by prominent companies rented out much of their office space . Owners could charge significantly more for office space close to the main windows , making it most efficient to build sk... | 0766cfc609869a9868142b53e9bcaaaa | 36,896 |
= = = Criticism = = =
| 641396d691f3cc03bcff7a9114a1afe5 | 36,898 |
Skyscrapers , particularly those in New York , attracted considerable comment , much of it negative . On his return to New York , the writer Henry James condemned the buildings in The American Scene as simply " giants of the mere market " , " mercenary monsters " doomed to be torn down in turn as other , even larger ,... | 29935174bba859ea7aeefe1142a30c20 | 36,900 |
Wider artistic sentiments varied . Many , like , Alfred Stieglitz harboured mixed feelings over New York 's skyscrapers , reflected in his famous 1903 portrait of the Gridiron building , and his 1910 work Old and New New York that contrasts the growing steel frame of the emerging Vanderbilt Hotel with the old low @-@ ... | 049bb820e1362b2c24a1adaae932c79f | 36,901 |
Amongst the architectural community , the Exposition in Chicago inspired many in America to champion designing cities that had a unified design , in which each building had unique features but elegantly complemented its neighbours , typically by being built to a common height : " horizontal visual unity " . In the aft... | 8aae3bd5b9d1f1ddd21c276d0848fe5d | 36,902 |
= = = Reform in New York = = =
| 461f8d8af91e1826c80420bd2379bad9 | 36,904 |
Calls were made in New York for legislation to prevent the growth of skyscrapers , citing their effect on the city skylines , but these attempts faced legal obstacles . The US constitution did not give local authorities authority to prevent the buildings on the grounds of aesthetics alone , and any such law in New Yor... | 9f638772ba3d30ff694cacb8f2d1f71d | 36,906 |
Others argued that legal reform of skyscraper construction was needed for public health and safety reasons , an area in which US law was normally more supportive of state intervention . The risk of fire was one concern ; while skyscrapers might be relatively fireproof , their height made conventional fire @-@ fighting... | f3d2b1aa2726c07c92f5f6a88a7eaf9a | 36,907 |
Early attempts by Ernest Flagg to limit the height of New York 's skyscrapers in 1896 failed ; further unsuccessful attempts followed between 1906 and 1908 , and legislation was turned down again in 1909 , partially due to pressure from the real estate industry . After 1913 , however , the property market in New York ... | 3094aea7461434481279c9e6cb6b716f | 36,908 |
The details of the legislation itself was largely the work of architect George Ford . Ford had sympathies with the City Beautiful movement , disliked the unimaginative form of many New York skyscrapers and had concerns over urban public health , but he also found tall buildings exciting and believed that horizontal vi... | dc90ee23e3216f96cb60bf953cfe01f5 | 36,909 |
= = Inter @-@ war period , boom and depression : 1920 – 39 = =
| 90825ca093e43c14326ac49a1266ac74 | 36,911 |
= = = Post @-@ war boom = = =
| 449ab4062a6bdd2240c6d2bda1660fdb | 36,914 |
A real estate boom occurred in the US after the end of the First World War , with a particular surge in the construction of new skyscrapers between 1925 and 1931 . In New York , a quarter of the financial district was rebuilt between 1928 and 1931 , with 17 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 m2 ) of new o... | fe68421fa23e323e5fc90b246fd6fc8a | 36,916 |
Skyscrapers continued to grow in height throughout the 1920s . In part this was the result of improvements in technology : steel @-@ frame structures had become increasingly efficient , while improvements in elevator design made taller buildings easier to ascend . Commercial factors were at work too , as growing comme... | 9e8adb4e974df0dc99726693c531aef2 | 36,917 |
Skyscrapers continued to spread both across the US and internationally . New York and Chicago remained the center of skyscraper development but most major centres in the US had built skyscrapers by 1929 , frequently as a result of competition between rival cities for status and investment . Cincinnati built the Cincin... | 3c42bd05e0a6cdf6dd7a195a306fcb32 | 36,918 |
Skyscrapers were also built in other developed countries , although reaching nowhere near the level of construction seen in the US . This was partially due to a lack of funding but also because of local architectural preferences . European cities including London and Paris had laws to ban tall buildings , but elsewher... | 3d6475017b2ce4ed4ad7c12b3af03ede | 36,919 |
The technology used in constructing skyscrapers continued to develop . Time was increasingly a factor in the projects , and architects and their specialist teams developed faster ways to design and construct the buildings to minimise the interest payments during the build and hasten the arrival of rental income . By 1... | e35d27251b7ee05138b9625ce1418973 | 36,920 |
= = = Art Deco skyscrapers and New York 's set @-@ back style = = =
| b4785838fb1c56887114e4262170898d | 36,922 |
During the 1920s and 1930s many skyscrapers were designed in an Art Deco style . This architectural approach typically combined what Carol Willis terms an " aesthetic of simple , sculptural mass " with the use of rich colour and ornamentation on the surfaces of the buildings . The aim was to call attention to the incr... | 68edaa6f41e1fe2e252f8e108bb2ddf8 | 36,924 |
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