text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
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This common species has been collected in eastern North America , in the area extending from Quebec to Florida and west to the Great Lakes , Iowa , and Texas . In Europe , it has been reported from Netherlands and in Asia , it has been collected in Japan .
| 095f13f7cadb397d42d1a74d1bc5c099 | 4,811 |
= = Antibiotic activity = =
| 9b053f4d6bba61a2347975821aa9e909 | 4,813 |
A study of 32 basidiomycete mushrooms showed that Mutinus elegans was the only species to show antibiotic ( both antibacterial and antifungal ) activity against all six microorganisms tested , namely , the human pathogenic bacteris Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Salmon... | 522a876d5c71a1e3797e68c625773449 | 4,815 |
= The Boat Race 1900 =
| d0c970bc328e765f96ca89e7870d04f3 | 4,818 |
The 57th Boat Race took place on 31 March 1900 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge won by twenty lengths in a record @-@ equalling time of 18 minutes 45 seconds , taking the overall record i... | 8c526ed102b1a35c6825a67d6641df8d | 4,820 |
= = Background = =
| d514b18e9690308b2ac67a227be74a70 | 4,822 |
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@... | 7abd784dafb81e160196a124621b012f | 4,824 |
Cambridge were coached by James Brookes Close , who had rowed for the Light Blues three times between 1872 and 1874 , and Stanley Muttlebury , five @-@ time Blue for Cambridge between 1886 and 1890 . Oxford 's coaches were Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president the previous year and four @-@ time Blue ) and Dougla... | 8fb975be593cfa3bb164483ab2d84600 | 4,825 |
= = Crews = =
| b078ee0e9446df9afb48a38ef16c24b6 | 4,827 |
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 4 @.@ 625 lb ( 78 @.@ 1 kg ) , 0 @.@ 25 pounds ( 0 @.@ 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained three members with Boat Race experience : C. E. Johnston , C. W. Tomlkinson and cox G. S. Maclagan . Cambridge saw six of their 1899 crew return , ... | c50ed1a77ec71108ca5b29af2a9ba55d | 4,829 |
= = Race = =
| 2653a6619637e13f08a1240bbce9d57a | 4,831 |
Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In good conditions , umpire Willan got the race under way at 2 : 00 p.m. whereupon Cambridge took the lead immediately . By Craven Steps they were three lengths ahead and continued to draw away fro... | 250689c85112d3c844993cada3664914 | 4,833 |
= Ten Commandments in Catholic theology =
| 619958b9e5ffc8a986985359d76be371 | 4,836 |
The Ten Commandments are a series of religious and moral imperatives that are recognized as a moral foundation in several of the Abrahamic religions , including Catholicism . As described in the Old Testament books Exodus and Deuteronomy , the Commandments form part of a covenant offered by God to the Israelites to fr... | d0c2569cff83a7296f5a5c5fa6b4da0a | 4,838 |
The Commandments appear in the earliest Church writings ; the Catechism states that they have " occupied a predominant place " in teaching the faith since the time of Augustine of Hippo ( AD 354 – 430 ) . The Church had no official standards for religious instruction until the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 ; evidence... | 2743b1c8c116df48d0c3ee9449664868 | 4,839 |
Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers . In the New Testament , Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further , demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees . Summarized by J... | 90db975a17f41eef4ab51b4ab20f54bd | 4,840 |
= = Numbering = =
| 6b3be0ac89d798b65d9f5c8a3ff2ee4a | 4,842 |
The Old Testament refers to ten individual commandments , even though there are more than ten imperative sentences in the two relevant texts : Exodus 20 : 1 – 17 and Deuteronomy 5 : 6 – 21 . The Old Testament does not make clear how the texts should be divided to arrive at ten commandments . The division traditionally... | 5a6fbef8da56439e7fb7b890645cbeda | 4,844 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 4,846 |
The Ten Commandments are recognized as a moral foundation by Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . They first appear in the Book of Exodus , according to which Moses , acting under the orders of God , freed the Israelites from physical slavery in Egypt . According to Church teaching , God offered a covenant — which inc... | 9c4c421639412737c737955b7019741b | 4,848 |
The coming of Jesus is seen by the Catholic Church as the fulfillment of the destiny of the Jews , who were chosen , according to Peter Kreeft , to " show the true God to the world " . Jesus acknowledged the Commandments and instructed his followers to go further , requiring , in Kreeft 's words , " more , not less : ... | 5e96672793868331665355a353d53e06 | 4,849 |
Although it is uncertain what role the Ten Commandments played in early Christian worship , evidence suggests they were recited during some services and used in Christian education . For example , the Commandments are included in one of the earliest Christian writings , known as the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles or ... | 5369f78a2bdb83b30908899121c908f4 | 4,850 |
Catechisms produced in specific dioceses from the mid @-@ fourteenth century emphasized the Commandments and laid the foundation for the first official Church @-@ wide catechism , the 1566 Roman Catechism . Commissioned by the Council of Trent , it provided " thorough discussions of each commandment " but gave greater... | 7a7e7202a1206bd316c3a2b7ec701b32 | 4,851 |
The most recent Catechism of the Catholic Church — the official summary of Church beliefs — devotes a large section to the Commandments , which serve as the basis for Catholic social teaching . According to the Catechism , the Church has given them a predominant place in teaching the faith since the fifth century . Kr... | cce9d70f77f4585e445bfc675b9439c3 | 4,852 |
= = First commandment = =
| 6b408674d006b2e42f7812f6154023b9 | 4,854 |
The first commandment , according to Church teaching , " means that [ followers ] must worship and adore God alone because God is alone . " The Catechism explains that this prohibits idolatry , providing examples of forbidden practices such as the worship of any creature , and of " ' demons ... power , pleasure , race... | 4bdc39bf909d8dfaab7ff27b42b657a4 | 4,856 |
The Catechism associates this commandment with the three theological virtues . The first virtue , faith , instructs Catholics to believe in God and avoid heresy , apostasy , and schism . The second virtue , hope , cautions Catholics against despair and presumption . According to the Catechism , the last virtue , chari... | 1d3f813c3a47ea4583a6f1532d1fd866 | 4,857 |
= = = Graven images = = =
| dd9015cbc9199aa11b1a9e3db9f66560 | 4,859 |
While Catholics are sometimes accused of worshiping images , in violation of the first commandment , the Church says this is a misunderstanding . In the Church 's opinion , " the honor paid to sacred images is a ' respectful veneration ' , not the adoration due to God alone " . In the 8th century , heated arguments ar... | d6b72ac1c0a152cc3aafd82b50d2c52a | 4,861 |
The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) explain the Catechism in their book entitled United States Catechism for Adults , published in 2006 . Regarding graven images , they expound that this command addresses idolatry that in ancient times expressed itself in the worship of such things as the " sun ... | 93766cf3fd64e226e9c6f420dfa690b9 | 4,862 |
= = Second commandment = =
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The second commandment prohibits the use of God 's name in vain . Many ancient cultures believed that names were sacred ; some had prohibitions on when a person 's name could be spoken . The Gospel of John relates an incident where a group of Jews attempted to stone Jesus after he used a sacred name of God to refer to... | c1d70133febb17d4e82894d2f1825888 | 4,866 |
The sentiment behind this commandment is further codified in the Lord 's Prayer , which begins , " Our Father who art in heaven , hallowed be thy name " . According to Pope Benedict XVI , when God revealed his name to Moses he established a relationship with mankind ; Benedict states that the Incarnation was the culmi... | aa7b713f4a69806013ee8de2be0948e9 | 4,867 |
According to Catholic teaching , this commandment does not preclude the use of God 's name in taking solemn oaths administered by legitimate authority . However , lying under oath , invoking God 's name for magical purposes , or voicing words of hatred or defiance against God are considered sins of blasphemy .
| 6daa4c9c7c28e6f47ee1b8d29d09ba71 | 4,868 |
= = Third commandment = =
| daceb09792cbab7f4ae42c28194154f3 | 4,870 |
Quoting the Jewish rabbi and scholar Jacob Neusner , Pope Benedict XVI explains that to Israel , keeping this commandment was more than ritual ; it was a way to imitate God , who rested on the seventh day after the creation . It also constituted the core of the social order .
| 6b39f5ada7f5f15785e2b00b6dd916ae | 4,872 |
Although a few Christian denominations follow the Judaic practice of observing the Sabbath on Saturday , Catholics , along with most Christians , observe Sunday as a special day , which they call the " Lord 's Day " . This practice dates to the first century , arising from their belief that Jesus rose from the dead on... | 880bcce11c589cbd81930fc4a1e0f6b7 | 4,873 |
In the sixth century , Caesarius of Arles taught that the whole glory of the Jewish Sabbath had been transferred to Sunday and that Christians must keep Sunday in the same way as the Jews were commanded to keep the Sabbath . The Council of Orléans in 538 reprobated this tendency , to apply the law of the Jewish Sabbat... | 6faa04d48c6bc0a594c29a5b60e48d90 | 4,874 |
The Church leaders of later centuries inscribed Sunday rest into official Church teaching , and Christian governments have attempted to enforce the Sunday rest throughout history . For Catholics , Jesus ' teaching that " the sabbath was made for man , not man for the sabbath " means that good works " when the needs of... | 2e28c689c1afe9a2106d77468b3fb6c3 | 4,875 |
According to the USCCB , this commandment " has been concretized for Catholics " as one of the Church precepts . The organization cites the papal encyclical Dies Domini :
| e3f491f4d90027b7560bd328838e6544 | 4,876 |
Because the faithful are obliged to attend Mass unless there is a grave impediment , pastors have the corresponding duty to offer everyone the real possibility of fulfilling the precept . ... Yet more than a precept , the observance should be seen as a need rising from the depths of Christian life . It is crucially im... | 04da801c80a8c9a4be6274e967f012a5 | 4,877 |
= = Fourth commandment = =
| 49b6338ff43696700283d2b3b3e2c056 | 4,879 |
Pope Benedict XVI states that Rabbi Neusner " rightly sees this commandment as anchoring the heart of the social order " . It strengthens generational relationships , makes explicit the connection between family order and societal stability , and reveals that the family is " both willed and protected by God . " Becaus... | 574d2fb015ac9a851930548ff110e24d | 4,881 |
The Catechism says this commandment requires duties of children to parents that include :
| cfbc21a75bb2863d30c878ad16d7f463 | 4,882 |
Respect toward parents that also flows to brothers and sisters .
| 224ff0742a23ff8b3a1b8f76956610bc | 4,883 |
Gratitude , as expressed in a quote from Sirach : " Remember that through your parents you were born ; what can you give back to them that equals their gift to you ? "
| 1cbf4d165e82a05d3c835b0d72338016 | 4,884 |
Obedience to parents for as long as the child lives at home " when it is for his good or the good of the family " , except when obedience would require the child to do something morally wrong .
| a38872a91e4eba5ddce62d97c094871c | 4,885 |
Support that requires grown children to offer material and moral support for their aging parents , particularly at times of " illness , loneliness , or distress " .
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Keeping this commandment , according to the Catechism , also requires duties of parents to children which include :
| c5940c99a66ec031dbb16bfeb6dd22f6 | 4,887 |
" Moral education , spiritual formation and evangelization " of their children .
| e92f5be6ddb99ab26096f99a0e613b36 | 4,888 |
Respect for their children as children of God and human persons .
| e6da94fbb6887760d2bc55414a8d5824 | 4,889 |
Proper discipline for children while being careful not to provoke them .
| 05417812ee142105f9fed77d3da41b6a | 4,890 |
" Avoiding pressure to choose a certain profession or spouse " , which does not preclude parents from giving " judicious advice " .
| e76e08d461c813d4abc1c7502d9cd643 | 4,891 |
" Being a good example " to their children .
| e96752bfff90b5a9f609acddafa3fbb5 | 4,892 |
" Acknowledging their own failings " to their children to guide and correct them .
| f232bc4280a4214e28af00d0a4d5e300 | 4,893 |
= = = Jesus ' expansion = = =
| 77c69c3d73066ca9d8e27ff5aa078303 | 4,895 |
The Gospel of Matthew relates that when told his mother and brothers were waiting to see him , Jesus replied , " Who is my mother and who are my brothers ? " Stretching his hand over his disciples he said , " Here are my mother and my brothers ! For whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my brother , and my s... | 650e27eb6d6097259c280ec36c67ce4e | 4,897 |
" Obedience and honor " to " all who for our good have received authority in society from God " .
| 26b1c317ead2956f5cd01fb1b7a556f1 | 4,898 |
" Payment of taxes , exercising the right to vote and defending one 's country " .
| 8bb9b9582e0fbc77a169344582db9633 | 4,899 |
" An obligation to be vigilant and critical " , which requires citizens to criticize that which harms human dignity and the community .
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" A duty to disobey " civil authorities and directives that are contrary to the moral order .
| afa7db8e79e4075a08577f82eb799353 | 4,901 |
" To practice charity " , which is a " necessity for any working family or society " ; it is the " greatest social commandment " and requires people to love God and neighbor .
| 0bed81336c58d1b126f4c1aecb346d84 | 4,902 |
" To welcome the foreigner " who is in need of security and livelihood that cannot be found in his own country .
| 404024435b3d9aa6c9439bb7fb5f470f | 4,903 |
" An obligation for rich nations to help poor nations " , especially in times of " immediate need " .
| f36c1326c6d749700e1faa2b38736807 | 4,904 |
" An expectation for families to help other families " .
| 5c87a8e887c2dede5a24c01e6f51331f | 4,905 |
= = Fifth commandment = =
| 554d22b49083124c1867d0fc1a480186 | 4,907 |
This commandment demands respect for human life and is more accurately translated as " thou shalt not murder . " Indeed , killing may , under limited circumstances , be justified within Catholicism . Jesus expanded it to prohibit unjust anger , hatred and vengeance , and to require Christians to love their enemies . T... | 481a6e37ce6ecfeaf4f6445e384b1d55 | 4,909 |
= = = Abortion = = =
| 5809ef64606b88c8aaed38dd4d81ce2d | 4,911 |
The Catechism states : " Human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of God and it remains forever in a special relationship with the Creator , who is its sole end . ... no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly to destroy an innocent human being . " Dir... | 3298c3933593517c347dc1bfa45e2483 | 4,913 |
The Catechism states that the embryo " must be treated from conception as a person " . The Latin original of as is tamquam , meaning " like " or " just as " . " Although the Church has not determined officially when human life actually begins , it has taken the course of maintaining that human life is present from the... | d400ec3539a61c1d2950101d98fd73dc | 4,914 |
Abortion has been specifically and persistently condemned by the Church since the first century . " Formal cooperation " in abortion incurs the penalty of excommunication " by the very commission of the offense " ( Lat. latae sententiae , " sentence [ already , i.e. automatically ] passed " ) . The Catechism emphasize... | b82233bdf99866e1e621cfea8fbf2b6c | 4,915 |
Official Church teaching allows for medical procedures and treatments intended to protect or restore the mother 's health if she would be in mortal danger without them , even when such procedures carry some risk of death to the fetus . Examples include the removal of a fallopian tube in the case of an ectopic pregnanc... | 58a9321e4d08993847f700979d6e1976 | 4,916 |
= = = = Use of embryos for research or fertilization = = = =
| cbdc841247cfd2e99b2555e275d3a72a | 4,918 |
The United States Catechism for Adults devotes a section to in vitro fertilization , stem @-@ cell research and cloning in its explanation of the fifth commandment , because these often involve the destruction of human embryos , considered to be a gravely sinful form of murder . Embryonic stem cell research is called ... | 569bf967e46b52a49b8e95d4222aa77e | 4,920 |
= = = Suicide , euthanasia = = =
| e18cfb2fe191341e1f7ba73032c4933c | 4,922 |
The fifth commandment forbids suicide and the mercy killing of those who are dying , even to eliminate suffering . The ordinary care of those facing an imminent death may not morally be withheld , according to the Church . " Ordinary care " refers to food , water and pain relief , and does not include " extraordinary ... | 7bb4573c301d05d4f900d7d7a5bcf035 | 4,924 |
= = = Capital punishment = = =
| fa303e60f0deaafbd774a27336ffdd7b | 4,926 |
For the first two hundred years , Christians " refused to kill in the military , in self @-@ defense , or in the judicial system " , but there was no official Church position on the death penalty . When the Church was first officially recognized as a public institution in 313 , its attitude toward capital punishment b... | 06a4c1e73b1930a771c057e977e9c093 | 4,928 |
The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that the death penalty is permissible in cases of extreme gravity . It is allowed if the " guilty party 's identity and responsibility have been fully determined " and if the death penalty is the only way to defend others against the guilty party . However , if there are oth... | d8910bcb4c9707c10c9184abf52db983 | 4,929 |
= = = Personal health , dead bodies , burial = = =
| 40d1c0d292e7b1c102c312a68dfb79ac | 4,931 |
According to Church teaching , respect for human life requires respect for one 's own body , precluding unhealthy behavior , the abuse of food , alcohol , medicines , illegal drugs , tattoos and piercings . The Church also warns against the opposite behavior of " excessive preoccupation with the health and welfare of ... | 87e8bf7d737ccab0d186e5ee03525dad | 4,933 |
Kidnapping , terrorism , and torture are forbidden , as well as sterilizations , amputations , mutilations that are not for therapeutic medical reasons . According to the Catechism , societies have a moral obligation to strive to provide healthy living conditions for all people .
| b156263fc3ef983d40dfee2313a1c7a7 | 4,934 |
Church belief in the resurrection of the body led to a prohibition against cremation that was pastorally modified at the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s under limited circumstances , but those conditions have been largely ignored even by the clergy . According to the Catechism , burial of the dead is a corporal wo... | 9455330a4d5b2eb938976ea71540141b | 4,935 |
= = = War and self @-@ defense = = =
| 71aaaec579fcf1e8d91c4ab20a930ec4 | 4,937 |
In the Sermon on the Mount , Jesus recalls the commandment , " You shall not kill " and then adds to it the proscriptions against anger , hatred and vengeance . Going further , Christ asks his disciples to love their enemies . The Catechism asserts that " it is legitimate to insist on respect for one 's own right to l... | 5cca946c70c70a38aee6d10c4c357922 | 4,939 |
The Church requires all to pray and work to prevent unjust wars , but allows for just wars if certain conditions are met :
| 77f950faae1aa4ec53158eff8969d420 | 4,940 |
The reasons for going to war are defensive .
| 207c412809a4efbc480625ba0c2b11c9 | 4,941 |
" The damage inflicted by the aggressor ... must be lasting , grave , and certain . "
| 239d4062d093086c7fc827809f94be67 | 4,942 |
It is a last resort taken only after all other means of putting an end to the " grave damage " have been ineffective .
| 893307d72d7774846ae138d260e2a4f5 | 4,943 |
The ultimate aim is peace and there is a serious chance of success .
| df9c6e1c3f65cb81f7a3b504bc10579d | 4,944 |
No graver evils are produced that overshadow the evil to be eliminated . This forbids the use of arms to eliminate whole cities and areas with their inhabitants .
| ce6f5ebdf3cac2052f7968cb2568005b | 4,945 |
Respect and care is required for non @-@ combatants , wounded soldiers and prisoners . Soldiers are required to disobey commands to commit genocide and ones that violate universal principles .
| ab51ef9e844e3f9ee2776049bd2b2023 | 4,946 |
= = = Scandal = = =
| ef4c902f8882fa19042d0f80e8a868de | 4,948 |
The Catechism classifies scandal under the fifth commandment and defines it as " an attitude or behavior which leads another to do evil " . In the Gospel of Matthew , Jesus stated , " Whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin , it would be better for him to have a great millstone fastened round ... | 6ec4f16e6d123ed9860c326639b9b390 | 4,950 |
= = Sixth commandment = =
| af14d210f9272233728d825072d86591 | 4,952 |
According to the Church , humans are sexual beings whose sexual identity should be accepted in the unity of body and soul . The sexes are meant by divine design to be different and complementary , each having equal dignity and made in the image of God . Sexual acts are sacred within the context of the marital relation... | 72e7004d5870e916461ce71eb43bbb18 | 4,954 |
After all , young people are always searching for the beauty in love . They want their love to be beautiful . If they give in to weakness , following the models of behavior that can rightly be considered a ' scandal in the contemporary world ' ( and these are , unfortunately , widely diffused models ) , in the depths ... | b8530ec86af09ac4ce9e5f6e61cf7b46 | 4,955 |
Like Orthodox Judaism and Islam , the Catholic Church considers all sexual acts outside of marriage to be grave sins . The gravity of the sin " ' excludes one from sacramental communion ' until repented of and forgiven in sacramental confession . "
| c3de3427432739aeebbab561682990a7 | 4,956 |
= = = Vocation to chastity = = =
| 6d36be56dab8e7fb70253c909f020ebf | 4,958 |
Church teaching on the sixth commandment includes a discussion on chastity . The Catechism describes chastity as a " moral virtue ... a gift from God , a grace , a fruit of spiritual effort . " The Church sees sex as more than a physical act ; it also affects body and soul , so the Church teaches that chastity is a vi... | c7c31c040a59029fc3d630363147b289 | 4,960 |
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