text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
= = Themes = =
| 74e5290bee88944de086663dae10ada2 | 6,615 |
= = = Triviality = = =
| 00d76fed8f5c6581b581470f8a63f51d | 6,618 |
Arthur Ransome described The Importance ... as the most trivial of Wilde 's society plays , and the only one that produces " that peculiar exhilaration of the spirit by which we recognise the beautiful . " " It is " , he wrote , " precisely because it is consistently trivial that it is not ugly . " Ellmann says that T... | bcabe89b0afc9c084dbf927609a80017 | 6,620 |
= = = As a satire of society = = =
| 564f1a0e5d28d2d6929532ba44f5c93f | 6,622 |
The play repeatedly mocks Victorian traditions and social customs , marriage and the pursuit of love in particular . In Victorian times earnestness was considered to be the over @-@ riding societal value , originating in religious attempts to reform the lower classes , it spread to the upper ones too throughout the ce... | aa57cdc92b1ab799c6bb92b08c76506f | 6,624 |
Wilde managed both to engage with and to mock the genre , while providing social commentary and offering reform . The men follow traditional matrimonial rites , whereby suitors admit their weaknesses to their prospective brides , but the foibles they excuse are ridiculous , and the farce is built on an absurd confusio... | 48a90c4e37a7bcea1a1f6a179168c7ee | 6,625 |
JACK : Gwendolen , it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth . Can you forgive me ?
| ab11b20df8a9bc38891d127d0daa0d40 | 6,626 |
GWENDOLEN : I can . For I feel that you are sure to change .
| 885118f7714605f4270d3cc4858dc672 | 6,627 |
In turn , both Gwendolen and Cecily have the ideal of marrying a man named Ernest , a popular and respected name at the time . Gwendolen , quite unlike her mother 's methodical analysis of John Worthing 's suitability as a husband , places her entire faith in a Christian name , declaring in Act I , " The only really s... | fc72c253a01f7e26bad444811592f441 | 6,628 |
Wilde embodied society 's rules and rituals artfully into Lady Bracknell : minute attention to the details of her style created a comic effect of assertion by restraint . In contrast to her encyclopaedic knowledge of the social distinctions of London 's street names , Jack 's obscure parentage is subtly evoked . He de... | 189e4da3aafb1855161bdc9e183dc339 | 6,629 |
= = = Suggested homosexual subtext = = =
| ca9223c84d26cae87cc89fb0cbc3b089 | 6,631 |
It has been argued that the play 's themes of duplicity and ambivalence are inextricably bound up with Wilde 's homosexuality , and that the play exhibits a " flickering presence @-@ absence of … homosexual desire " . On re @-@ reading the play after his release from prison , Wilde said : " It was extraordinary readin... | 573bc0e6cae009aea89143cb0dd1d35d | 6,633 |
The use of the name Earnest may have been a homosexual in @-@ joke . In 1892 , three years before Wilde wrote the play , John Gambril Nicholson had published the book of pederastic poetry Love In Earnest . The sonnet Of Boys ' Names included the verse : " Though Frank may ring like silver bell / And Cecil softer music... | d398fb30164a931e57ed0ed143852bd9 | 6,634 |
Sir Donald Sinden , an actor who had met two of the play 's original cast ( Irene Vanbrugh and Allan Aynesworth ) , and Lord Alfred Douglas , wrote to The Times to dispute suggestions that " Earnest " held any sexual connotations :
| 90e2605dd26ca62e028b2258d9f8217f | 6,635 |
Although they had ample opportunity , at no time did any of them even hint that " Earnest " was a synonym for homosexual , or that " bunburying " may have implied homosexual sex . The first time I heard it mentioned was in the 1980s and I immediately consulted Sir John Gielgud whose own performance of Jack Worthing in... | 58feac7bcbb8f14bf2298c054966357a | 6,636 |
A number of theories have also been put forward to explain the derivation of Bunbury , and Bunburying , which are used in the play to imply a secretive double life . It may have derived from Henry Shirley Bunbury , a hypochondriacal acquaintance of Wilde 's youth . Another suggestion , put forward in 1913 by Aleister ... | f7347f9d6b25d936f31afdab81e9012c | 6,637 |
= = Dramatic analysis = =
| 7178ba228c13b992cf164bc3f3f033ea | 6,639 |
= = = Use of language = = =
| 6dea846d4d904677c0e0975af2c96d02 | 6,642 |
While Wilde had long been famous for dialogue and his use of language , Raby ( 1988 ) argues that he achieved a unity and mastery in Earnest that was unmatched in his other plays , except perhaps Salomé . While his earlier comedies suffer from an unevenness resulting from the thematic clash between the trivial and the... | 36f7db23ca6a3adaf9d76cbf809aad06 | 6,644 |
Lady Bracknell 's line , " A handbag ? " , has been called one of the most malleable in English drama , lending itself to interpretations ranging from incredulous or scandalised to baffled . Edith Evans , both on stage and in the 1952 film , delivered the line loudly in a mixture of horror , incredulity and condescens... | c92743e2795cdaec90c4dc8ecb3d4d2a | 6,645 |
= = = Characterisation = = =
| c094f424bafecf495fc8741d6adc000e | 6,647 |
Though Wilde deployed characters that were by now familiar — the dandy lord , the overbearing matriarch , the woman with a past , the puritan young lady — his treatment is subtler than in his earlier comedies . Lady Bracknell , for instance , embodies respectable , upper @-@ class society , but Eltis notes how her dev... | 7a5b34980e26f6b91b73c01fa39217e4 | 6,649 |
= = = Structure and genre = = =
| 8f6fc3156d789e4d920a6b1a3b774e06 | 6,651 |
Ransome argues that Wilde freed himself by abandoning the melodrama , the basic structure which underlies his earlier social comedies , and basing the story entirely on the Earnest / Ernest verbal conceit . Now freed from " living up to any drama more serious than conversation " Wilde could now amuse himself to a full... | 31cce15e36b5ffc1c3fc0206880a92ed | 6,653 |
The genre of the Importance of Being Earnest has been deeply debated by scholars and critics alike who have placed the play within a wide variety of genres ranging from parody to satire . In his critique of Wilde , Foster argues that the play creates a world where “ real values are inverted [ and ] , reason and unreas... | 6295651f4ecbfca16997876a888e529f | 6,654 |
= = Publication = =
| 5721fbf4bcc39ee9dba03ce7e45e4805 | 6,656 |
= = = First edition = = =
| cf215cc9289409714c8f3b43a7368d6e | 6,659 |
Wilde 's two final comedies , An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest , were still on stage in London at the time of his prosecution , and they were soon closed as the details of his case became public . After two years in prison with hard labour , Wilde went into exile in Paris , sick and depressed , his... | 1641f128ecb99b37e6c19ca176334015 | 6,661 |
On 19 October 2007 , a first edition ( number 349 of 1 @,@ 000 ) was discovered inside a handbag in an Oxfam shop in Nantwich , Cheshire . Staff were unable to trace the donor . It was sold for £ 650 .
| 24c84785cff09ef33306206b006d7d0d | 6,662 |
= = = In translation = = =
| 7fed82b573f34dbf3556ba8b7b8d0376 | 6,664 |
The Importance of Being Earnest 's popularity has meant it has been translated into many languages , though the homophonous pun in the title ( " Ernest " , a masculine proper name , and " earnest " , the virtue of steadfastness and seriousness ) poses a special problem for translators . The easiest case of a suitable ... | fd1638889ac97305f9f5e3a2b2da29c4 | 6,666 |
Four main strategies have been used by translators . The first leaves all characters ' names unchanged and in their original spelling : thus the name is respected and readers reminded of the original cultural setting , but the liveliness of the pun is lost . Eva Malagoli varied this source @-@ oriented approach by usi... | 4a0042e47b42e1eb6d13872392855444 | 6,667 |
= = Adaptations = =
| 20f4c85e015822d43f62e775b5b907a5 | 6,669 |
= = = Film = = =
| 4fc987816256c5db83d1ef41dff0d280 | 6,672 |
Apart from multiple " made @-@ for @-@ television " versions , The Importance of Being Earnest has been adapted for the English @-@ language cinema at least three times , first in 1952 by Anthony Asquith who adapted the screenplay and directed it . Michael Denison ( Algernon ) , Michael Redgrave ( Jack ) , Edith Evans... | 4bb71810bad29ec05c47967d81cf362e | 6,674 |
= = = Operas and musicals = = =
| 9f291d2da3709ac6fca337929e6706d4 | 6,676 |
In 1960 , Ernest in Love was staged Off @-@ Broadway . The Japanese all @-@ female musical theatre troupe Takarazuka Revue staged this musical in 2005 in two productions , one by Moon Troupe and the other one by Flower Troupe .
| a39fb29618e2c4c0b614010565f54d28 | 6,678 |
In 1963 , Erik Chisholm composed an opera from the play , using Wilde 's text as the libretto .
| 25521586743764003c6345a6bc591654 | 6,679 |
In 1964 , Gerd Natschinski composed the musical Mein Freund Bunbury based on the play , 1964 premiered at Metropol Theater Berlin .
| 8fb11b361df2cf8e1635ca554a6c077e | 6,680 |
According to a study by Robert Tanitch , by 2002 there had been least eight adaptations of the play as a musical , though " never with conspicuous success " . The earliest such version was a 1927 American show entitled Oh Earnest . The journalist Mark Bostridge comments , " The libretto of a 1957 musical adaptation , ... | cafe030d596bb92b8377ff3acda1f983 | 6,681 |
Gerald Barry created the 2011 opera , The Importance of Being Earnest , commissioned by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Barbican Centre in London . It was premiered in Los Angeles in 2011 . The stage premiere was given by the Opéra national de Lorraine in Nancy , France in 2013 .
| ebdebc436e0367c27a8e72758f793ed2 | 6,682 |
= = = Radio and television = = =
| 6eb54fcb0d5c29b4c40fbec8daec8eba | 6,684 |
There have been many radio versions of the play . In 1925 the BBC broadcast an adaptation with Hesketh Pearson as Jack Worthing . Further broadcasts of the play followed in 1927 and 1936 . In 1977 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast the four @-@ act version of the play , with Fabia Drake as Lady Bracknell , Richard Pasco as Jack ... | 44c0aeeb3a110e3172f6019036ac834b | 6,686 |
To commemorate the centenary of the first performance of the play , Radio 4 broadcast a new adaptation on 13 February 1995 ; directed by Glyn Dearman , it featured Judi Dench as Lady Bracknell , Michael Hordern as Lane , Michael Sheen as Jack Worthing , Martin Clunes as Algernon Moncrieff , John Moffatt as Canon Chasu... | afb93f0e421d57c2ad1d26e3081693af | 6,687 |
On 13 December 2000 , BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new adaptation directed by Howard Davies starring Geraldine McEwan as Lady Bracknell , Simon Russell Beale as Jack Worthing , Julian Wadham as Algernon Moncrieff , Geoffrey Palmer as Canon Chasuble , Celia Imrie as Miss Prism , Victoria Hamilton as Gwendolen and Emma Field... | 5a9bd1dcd44fd6789a90c06c16fc5c8c | 6,688 |
A 1964 commercial television adaptation starred Ian Carmichael , Patrick Macnee , Susannah York , Fenella Fielding , Pamela Brown and Irene Handl .
| 71efce85f75890e94be2ecf1274baba7 | 6,689 |
BBC television transmissions of the play have included a 1974 Play of the Month version starring Coral Browne as Lady Bracknell with Michael Jayston , Julian Holloway , Gemma Jones and Celia Bannerman . Stuart Burge directed another adaptation in 1986 with a cast including Gemma Jones , Alec McCowen , Paul McGann and ... | dae9585c705f56dcbce2504e50e42ebe | 6,690 |
It was adapted for Australian TV in 1957 .
| d8e518dd51660ce556df27f449fd7ff3 | 6,691 |
= = = Commercial recordings = = =
| a01732f56ecffd31c381b675860a65ee | 6,693 |
Gielgud 's performance is preserved on an EMI audio recording dating from 1952 , which also captures Edith Evans 's Lady Bracknell . The cast also includes Roland Culver ( Algy ) , Jean Cadell ( Miss Prism ) , Pamela Brown ( Gwendolen ) and Celia Johnson ( Cecily ) .
| a3afe4fd38a53a1e659ca4ae6403a629 | 6,695 |
Other audio recordings include a " Theatre Masterworks " version from 1953 , directed and narrated by Margaret Webster , with a cast including Maurice Evans , Lucile Watson and Mildred Natwick ; a 1989 version by California Artists Radio Theatre , featuring Dan O 'Herlihy Jeanette Nolan , Les Tremayne and Richard Erdm... | d61cff440933a3135984898db088d5c2 | 6,696 |
= Lloyd Mathews =
| 1012d4b01890e090b27df2a2154f9e7b | 6,699 |
Sir Lloyd William Mathews , GCMG , CB ( 7 March 1850 – 11 October 1901 ) was a British naval officer , politician and abolitionist . Mathews joined the Royal Navy as a cadet at the age of 13 and progressed through the ranks to lieutenant . He was involved with the Third Anglo @-@ Ashanti War of 1873 – 4 , afterwards b... | ba453d5df9b8097dcea30fe9754139cf | 6,701 |
Mathews retired from the Royal Navy in 1881 and was appointed Brigadier @-@ General of Zanzibar . There followed more expeditions to the African mainland , including a failed attempt to stop German expansion in East Africa . In October 1891 Mathews was appointed First Minister to the Zanzibar government , a position i... | dd82cdd79d6672d5b6b24a6e55472f45 | 6,702 |
Mathews was decorated by several governments , receiving appointments as a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George , Companion of the Order of the Bath and as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George from the British government and membership in the Prussian Order of the Crown . Zanzibar ... | 6ae9a652b10a7a0065e9801bc9687301 | 6,703 |
= = Early life and career = =
| bb6858512a07322c3600720d05c21688 | 6,705 |
Mathews was born at Funchal on Madeira on 7 March 1850 . His father , Captain William Matthews was Welsh , and his mother Jane Wallis Penfold , was the daughter of William Penfold and Sarah Gilbert . Her sister , Augusta Jane Robley née Penfold was the author of a famous book about the flora and fauna of Madeira , whi... | e30f0b17b8862aaf4806025b6e4271ea | 6,707 |
= = Commander in Chief of Zanzibar = =
| 7c6b726d942382466889e41086eefddf | 6,709 |
In August 1877 , Mathews was seconded from the Navy to Sultan Barghash of Zanzibar to form a European @-@ style army which could be used to enforce Zanzibar 's control over its mainland possessions . The army had traditionally been composed entirely of Arabs and Persians but Mathews opened up recruitment to the Africa... | 91b8f9ec9b709af73d89d8a00f88386d | 6,711 |
One of the first tasks for the new army was to suppress the smuggling of slaves from Pangani on the mainland to the island of Pemba , north of Zanzibar . The troops completed this mission , capturing several slavers and hindering the trade . Mathews retired from the Royal Navy in June 1881 and was appointed Brigadier ... | c56a606f387324887fccd0133d5d6da1 | 6,712 |
In 1881 Mathews ' old vessel , the HMS London , was captained by Charles J Brownrigg . This vessel and her crew made several patrols aimed at hindering the slave trade using smaller steam boats for the actual pursuits and captures . On December 3 , 1881 , they caught up with a slave dhow captained by Hindi bin Hattam ... | f83ee284469056bef66d475940c888f1 | 6,713 |
Mathews returned to the African mainland territories once more in 1884 when he landed with a force which intended to establish further garrisons there to dissuade German territorial claims . This attempt ultimately failed when five German warships steamed into Zanzibar Town harbour and threatened the Sultan into signi... | 171cf593e7c21b9c76df4ca9f5b854c1 | 6,714 |
= = First Minister = =
| b3033446f4a37eea7d70b2687faf78ce | 6,716 |
In October 1891 , upon the formation of the first constitutional government in Zanzibar , Mathews was appointed First Minister , despite some hostility from Sultan Ali bin Said . In this capacity Mathews was " irremovable by the sultan " and answerable only to the Sultan and the British Consul . His position was so st... | 1f0f2b81f7f7c01f45de3744eef98640 | 6,718 |
Mathews was rewarded for his service in Zanzibar by the British government which appointed him a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1880 and a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 24 May 1889 . Despite becoming renowned in East Africa as a man who ran a fair administration and was strict with crimi... | f5142ac6f8d3726d5f9909742cf84ca8 | 6,719 |
Matters came to a head when Khalid bin Barghash attempted to take control of the palace in Zanzibar Town upon the death of his uncle in August 1896 , despite failing to gain the consent of the British consul there . Mathews opposed this succession and , with British agreement , called up 900 soldiers in an attempt to ... | 3a7b0735f4a20a4b352b574c15f5ec29 | 6,720 |
= = Military expeditions = =
| 13704c96455beb13f612f10a2b8c48c7 | 6,722 |
= = = Mwele = = =
| bfecc4bb9c538dceb426a7becaee3cd5 | 6,725 |
In addition to the smaller @-@ scale expeditions described earlier , Mathews embarked on two much larger expeditions to the African mainland during his tenure as first minister , the first at Mwele . The initial rebellion in the area had been led by Mbaruk bin Rashid at Gazi , which Mathews had put down with 1 @,@ 200... | ea41800a55e6c10523e6d5e29cb6121e | 6,727 |
= = = Witu = = =
| 2449be65f1d0feb78de780f7dd4f8952 | 6,729 |
Following the death of a German logger who had been operating illegally , the Sultan of Zanzibar and the British government dispatched an expedition on 20 October 1890 to bring the Sultan of Witu to justice . Nine warships and three transports carrying 800 sailors and marines , 150 Imperial British East Africa Company... | d05c3b30497f3325937fd0079fe4260f | 6,731 |
Mathews and an escort force went to Witu where , on 31 July , they removed the flag of the IBEA company and replaced it with the red flag of Zanzibar , before destroying several villages and causing Oman to retreat into the forests . The British troops then withdrew , having suffered heavily from malaria , but the Sud... | 55686928ccf222496c60ef02b4de902e | 6,732 |
= = Later life = =
| 6f7d73134ef1be26474901caa8546b0d | 6,734 |
Mathews died of malaria in Zanzibar on 11 October 1901 and was buried with full military honours in the British cemetery outside Zanzibar Town . His successor as first minister was A.S. Rogers . Changuu island , which Mathews bought for a prison , now has a restaurant named in his honour and also a church . Mathews Ho... | 3bea51f078ac0dbe24a65d8b95017bfa | 6,736 |
= HMS Boreas ( H77 ) =
| 824f9c992f124f6e4120c40d8596dc5f | 6,739 |
HMS Boreas was a B @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy around 1930 . Initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet , she was transferred to the Home Fleet in 1936 . The ship then patrolled Spanish waters enforcing the arms blockade during the first year of the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 39 . She spent most o... | 1db3de064022c4147e346142e17fcedb | 6,741 |
= = Description = =
| 7096d9cc91723f919ab4f5acdab6bccb | 6,743 |
Boreas displaced 1 @,@ 360 long tons ( 1 @,@ 380 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 790 long tons ( 1 @,@ 820 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 32 feet 3 inches ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 3 inches ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam tur... | 455a26e092059c9c9b025abc6bc9dda6 | 6,745 |
The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Boreas had two 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on a platform betwe... | 42b930d86dcd9f9901c7d27c6c5b7435 | 6,746 |
By October 1940 , the ship 's AA armament was increased when the rear set of torpedo tubes was replaced by a 3 @-@ inch ( 76 @.@ 2 mm ) ( 12 @-@ pounder ) AA gun and ' Y ' gun was removed to compensate for the additional depth charges added . Boreas was converted to an escort destroyer in late 1943 with the replacemen... | 862851c561ee572c344339533fd0f0e3 | 6,747 |
= = Construction and service = =
| 41c9b434b58dc3cd0d62ba03ed32fabd | 6,749 |
The ship was ordered on 22 March 1929 from Palmer 's at Jarrow , under the 1928 Naval Programme . She was laid down on 22 July 1929 , and launched on 11 June 1930 , as the fourth RN ship to carry this name . Boreas was completed on 21 February 1931 at a cost of £ 221 @,@ 156 , excluding items supplied by the Admiralty... | 32d01d5796c3b82cbfce3003183a62fd | 6,751 |
The ship was assigned to the 19th Destroyer Flotilla on the start of the war and spent the first six months on escort and patrol duties in the English Channel and North Sea . While assisting the damaged minesweeper Sphinx on 4 February 1940 in the Moray Firth , Boreas 's stern was damaged and she required repairs that... | acbe9236b4106d0e15b299716d954349 | 6,752 |
After working up , the ship was briefly assigned to Western Approaches Command on escort duties before she was transferred to the 18th Destroyer Flotilla at Freetown , Sierra Leone , where she arrived on 28 April . Boreas remained there until she joined Convoy HG 70 on 10 August at Gibraltar . The ship rescued survivo... | 8724bd1390841f3978ad6ac3b69e3f49 | 6,753 |
Boreas remained on escort duty in the Eastern Atlantic until she arrived in Alexandria , Egypt on 11 November after escorting a convoy around the Cape of Good Hope . She was immediately assigned to escort the ships of Operation Stoneage that relieved the Siege of Malta . The ship remained in the Mediterranean until Ja... | 68b630931fb98d5a84452a8b38f9b339 | 6,754 |
The ship was loaned to the Royal Hellenic Navy on 10 February and recommissioned by them on 25 March as Salamis . She was damaged while working up at Scapa Flow and was under repair at Hull from 28 April to 13 June . Salamis was assigned to escort duty at Gibraltar until October when she was transferred to the Aegean ... | a8056b9a9103fbed60ac164e8e5d2517 | 6,755 |
= Kaimanawa horse =
| 86f7ffaa757f4be3019896300216a4bf | 6,758 |
Kaimanawa horses are a population of feral horses in New Zealand that are descended from domestic horses released in the 19th and 20th centuries . They are known for their hardiness and quiet temperament . The New Zealand government strictly controls the population to protect the habitat in which they live , which inc... | a26ac70ec2dd19ac6d88534aa7408aa4 | 6,760 |
Horses were first reported in the Kaimanawa Range in 1876 , although the first horses had been brought into New Zealand in 1814 . The feral herds grew as horses escaped and were released from sheep stations and cavalry bases . Members of the herd were recaptured by locals for use as riding horses , as well as being ca... | c3225e9023d4429fbfe76bfe7b3122e9 | 6,761 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 6,763 |
The first horses were introduced to New Zealand by Protestant missionary Reverend Samuel Marsden in December 1814 , and wild horses were first reported in the Kaimanawa Range in central North Island of New Zealand in 1876 . The Kaimanawa breed descended from domestic horses that were released in the late 19th century ... | ac8910311d98de0b54efcd995bebe8c6 | 6,765 |
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries , horses were harvested from the feral herds and used as riding and stock horses , as well as being used for their meat , hair and hides . Originally there were many herds that roamed land owned by the British Crown and the native Māori , but many were eradicated with the intensi... | f6bc9d6a6e632bd0b08825dce5b8d7b2 | 6,766 |
Pressure from land development and an encroaching human population reduced the range and the number of the Kaimanawa horses , and in 1979 it was found that only about 174 horses remained . Starting in 1981 , the Kaimanawa population , range size , and herd movements began to be officially measured , and a protected ar... | c8f77e8f0a1f98ec26be0e0d00b2f5f1 | 6,767 |
= = Breed characteristics = =
| fa44207fdb71bb0f3408c1e80a859bf2 | 6,769 |
Many characteristics of the Comet type are said to be shown in the Kaimanawa horses today , although the varied gene input has produced a wide range of sizes , colours , and body types among the wild horses . The Kaimanawa breed varies widely in general appearance , with heights ranging between 12 @.@ 2 and 15 hands (... | 15c3478e1970ce30bd53a32d71c99eab | 6,771 |
= = Population control and study = =
| 7a3c7c45e27fd4cda8c9d9c1623f0beb | 6,773 |
Due to the increase in population after protective legislation was put into place , the Department of Conservation developed a management plan for the Kaimanawa herd in 1989 and 1990 . A draft plan was made available to the public for comment in 1991 , and the public made it clear that it objected to herd reduction th... | 01cc8e3f37720c4dc86f7c6c72e586d4 | 6,775 |
In 1994 , a working party was established to look at the management of the Kaimanawa herd . They aimed to decide which organization was in charge of long term management , to ensure that the treatment of horses is humane , to preserve and control the best attributes of the herds , and to eliminate the impacts of the h... | f5c0b45add500819657fecb9cdee986f | 6,776 |
The Department of Conservation has since 1993 carried out annual culls and muster of Kaimanawas to keep the herd population around a target level of 500 horses . The target will be reduced to 300 horses in stages starting in 2009 . These horses are either taken directly to slaughter or are placed at holding farms for ... | 058c47017ef3f994474d2e6974850efe | 6,777 |
The United Nations ' Food and Agricultural Organization lists the Kaimanawa horses as a herd of special genetic value that can be compared with other groups of feral horses such as New Forest ponies , Assateague ponies , wild Mustangs , and with free @-@ living zebras . Kaimanawas are of special value because of their... | 741ef3aebf6fec9fafa5eb2b950a80fb | 6,778 |
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